Week-1-4 MDL CM 3Q NTS112

ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)
MODULE 1 (Week 1)
ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS AND FUNDAMENTAL MEASUREMENTS IN CHEMISTRY
Lesson 1: Matter…………………………………………………………………….2 - 4
Lesson 2: Separation Techniques ……………………....…....…4 - 7
Lesson 3: Methods of Heat Transfer………...…….……….… 7
Lesson 4: Conversion of Units ……………………………...……. 8 – 13
Activities and Assessment …………………………………………..14 -16
MODULE 2 (Week 2)
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES AND SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
Lesson 1: Significant Figures …………………………………………17 - 18
Lesson 2: Scientific Notation…………….…………….……………...18 - 21
Activities and Assessment ………………………………………….22
MODULE 3 (Week 3)
ATOMS AND ITS RELATED CONCEPTS
Lesson 1: Structure and History of Discovery……... 23 - 24
Lesson 2: Atomic Models …………………………………………………. 24 – 24
Lesson 3: Atomic Mass and Atomic Number ……... 26 – 27 REMINDER:
Activities and Assessment …………………………………………27 – 29 Read and examine carefully the rubrics for your project (final output) on
pages 86 - 88 so that you can prepare or do it in advance. Furthermore, kindly
MODULE 4 (Week 4) review modules 1 – 7 for your 3rd quarterly examination. Keep posted to get
ELEMENTS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE updates and schedule(s) for the said exam and project submission.
Lesson 1: Electron Configuration …………………………….30 – 31
Lesson 2: Rules in Orbital Diagram …………...……….… 31
Lesson 3: Lewis Dot Structure …………...……………….… 32 – 35
Activities and Assessment …………………………………...…36 – 38
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THIRD QUARTER Essential Concepts and Fundamental Overview

MODULE Measurements in Chemistry According to the American Chemical Society (ACS), chemistry is the
At the end of this module, you are expected to: study of matter, defined as anything that has mass and takes up space, and
• Differentiate the different types of solution. the changes that matter can undergo when it is subject to different
• Determine the various separation techniques of a mixture, environments and conditions (Lim, 2020). Matter does not include photons
• Explain the processes that states of matter undergo, and (light), heat, sound, thought, and microwave radiation.
INCLUSIVE DATE:
• Perform measurement conversion (larger to smaller or vice-versa,
and English to Metric or vice-versa).
KEY QUESTIONS:
• How does energy become responsible for the changing of one
matter state into another?
• Why is unit conversion important?
COLLOIDS
SUSPENSION
Fig 2. Matter Flowchart
Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier is the Father of Modern Chemistry.

Lavoisier wrote the book Elements of Chemistry (1787).
• He compiles the first complete (at that time) list of elements,
• Discovered and named oxygen and hydrogen
• Helped develop the metric system
• Helped revise and standardize chemical nomenclature, and
• Discovered that matter retains its mass even when it changes forms.
Fig 1. Common Laboratory Apparatus and Equipment
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Table 1: Main Branches of Chemistry

Organic chemistry deals with chemical
BRANCHES DESCRIPTION compounds that contain carbon, an element
It involves the analysis of chemicals, and considered essential to life. Organic chemists
includes qualitative methods like looking at study the composition, structure, properties
color changes, as well as quantitative and reactions of such compounds, which
methods like examining the exact along with carbon, contain other non-carbon
wavelength(s) of light that a chemical elements such as hydrogen, sulfur and silicon.
absorbed to result in that color change. These • Most products you use involve organic
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
methods enable scientists to characterize chemistry. Your computer, furniture,
many different properties of chemicals, and home, vehicle, food, and body contain
ANALYTICAL can benefit society in a number of ways. organic compounds. Every living thing
CHEMISTRY • For example, analytical chemistry you encounter is organic. Inorganic
helps food companies make tastier items, such as rocks, air, metals, and
frozen dinners by detecting how water, often contain organic matter,
chemicals in food change when they too.
are frozen over time.
• Analytical chemistry is also used to Physical chemistry uses concepts from physics
monitor the health of the environment to understand how chemistry works.
by measuring chemicals in water or • For example, figuring out how atoms
soil. PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY move and interact with each other, or
Biochemistry is the branch of science that why some liquids, including water,
explores the chemical processes within and turn into vapor at high temperatures.
BIOCHEMISTRY related to living organisms. •
• An example of biochemistry is the
study of cell metabolism. Unlocking of Terms
Inorganic chemistry deals with synthesis and
behavior of inorganic and organometallic • PURE SUBSTANCES are further broken down into elements and compounds.
compounds. It refers to materials not • MIXTURES are physically combined structures that can be separated into their
INORGANIC containing carbon-hydrogen bonds, including original components. A chemical substance is composed of one type of atom or
CHEMISTRY metals, salts, and minerals. molecule. A mixture is composed of different types of atoms or molecules that
• Inorganic chemistry is used to create a are not chemically bonded.
variety of products, including paints, o A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture of two or more chemical substances
fertilizers and sunscreens. where the various components can be visually distinguished. For instance,
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mixtures of sand and water, mixtures of sand and iron filings, a conglomerate rock, Factors Affecting Solubility
water and oil, a salad, trail mix, mixtures of gold powder and silver powder. 1. Temperature
o A homogeneous mixture is a type of mixture in which the composition is
• Basically, solubility increases with temperature. It is the case for most of
uniform and every part of the solution has the same properties. the solvents. The situation is though different for gases. With increase of
• SOLUBILITY - is a property referring to the ability for a given substance, the the temperature they became less soluble in each other and in water,
solute, to dissolve in a solvent. It is measured in terms of the maximum amount but more soluble in organic solvents.
of solute dissolved in a solvent at equilibrium. The resulting solution is called a 2. Polarity (Nature of Solvent and Solute)
saturated solution. The solute is the substance that is being dissolved, while the • In most cases solutes dissolve in solvents that have a similar polarity.
solvent is the dissolving medium. Solutions can be formed with many different Chemists use a popular aphorism to describe this feature of solutes and
types and forms of solutes and solvents. There are three (3) conditions of a solvents: "Like dissolves like". Non-polar solutes do not dissolve in polar
solution, namely: solvents and the other way round.
1. A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of solute that will
dissolve at that temperature. Any further addition of solute will result in 3. Pressure
undissolved solid on the bottom of the container. • Solid and liquid solutes: For majority of solid and liquid solutes, pressure
2. An unsaturated solution contains less than the maximum amount of does not affect solubility.
solute that can be dissolved at that temperature. • Gas solutes: As for gasses the Henry's law states that solubility of gas is
3. A supersaturated solution contains more than the maximum amount of directly proportional to the pressure of this gas. This is mathematically
solute that can be dissolved at that temperature. It is unstable and the presented as: p = kc, where k is a temperature dependent constant for a
solute will usually begin to crystallize, especially if disturbed. gas. A good proof of Henry's law can be observed when opening a bottle
of carbonated drink. When we decrease the pressure in a bottle, the gas
Table 2: Examples of Solutions that was dissolved in the drink bubbles out of it.
4. Molecular or Particle Size
SOLUTIONS SOLUTE SOLVENT • The larger the molecules of the solute are, the larger is their molecular
Gas dissolved in gas: dry air oxygen nitrogen weight and their size. It is more difficult it is for solvent molecules to
Gas dissolved in liquid: surround bigger molecules. If all of the abovementioned factors are
carbon dioxide water
carbonated water excluded, a general rule can be found that larger particles are generally
Liquid dissolved in gas: less soluble. If the pressure, and temperature are the same than out of
water air
moist air two solutes of the same polarity, the one with smaller particles is usually
Liquid dissolved in liquid: more soluble.
acetic acid water
vinegar 5. Stirring
Solid dissolved in liquid: • Stirring does not have an effect on solubility of a substance, but
sugar tea
sweet tea everyone knows that if he puts sugar in his tea and does not stir, it will
not dissolve. Actually, if we left the tea to stand for a long enough time,
the sugar would dissolve. Stirring only increases the speed of the process
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- it increases move of the solvent what exposes solute to fresh portions the residue) the water passes through the filter paper (it becomes the
of it, thus enabling solubility. As molecules in liquid substances are in filtrate)
constant move, the process would take place anyway, but it would take
more time.
Separation Techniques
1. Handpicking - This method involves simply picking out all the unwanted
substances by hand and separating them from useful ones. For example – if
you separate black grapes from green ones from a mixture of the two.
2. Threshing - This method is mostly done during the harvesting of crops.
Normally, the stalks of the wheat are dried once it is harvested. The grain is
then separated from the stalks and grounded into the floor by beating the
dry stalks to shake off the dried grains.
3. Winnowing - When the grains are collected from the process of threshing, it
needs to be cleared out of husks and chaffs before it is turned into flour.
Normally the separation of the mixture is carried out with the help of wind or Fig 3. Sedimentation Process
blowing air. The husk and chaff are blown away by the strong wind when the 7. Separating Funnel - Separating funnel is used mainly to segregate two
farmers drop the mixture from a certain height to the ground. The heavier immiscible liquids. The mechanism involves taking advantage of the unequal
grains are collected at one place. density of the particles in the mixture. Oil and water can be easily separated
4. Sieving or Sifting - It is done to separate mixtures that contain substances using this technique.
mostly of different sizes. The mixture is passed through the pores of the 8. Magnetic Separation - When one substance in the mixture has some
sieve. All the smaller substances pass through easily while the bigger magnetic properties then this method is quite useful. Strong magnets are
components of the mixture are retained. commonly used to separate magnetic elements.
5. Evaporation or Heating - is a technique that is used in separating a mixture 9. Simple Distillation - is a method for separating the solvent from a solution.
usually a solution of a solvent and a soluble solid. In this method, the solution For example, water can be separated from salt solution by simple distillation.
is heated until the organic solvent evaporates where it turns into a gas and This method works because water has a much lower boiling point than salt.
mostly leaves behind the solid residue. When the solution is heated, the water evaporates. It is then cooled and
condensed into a separate container. The salt does not evaporate and so it
6. Filtration or Sedimentation - The most common method of separating a
stays behind.
liquid from an insoluble solid is the filtration. Take, for example, the mixture
of sand and water. Filtration is used here to remove solid particles from the 10. Fractional Distillation - Separating 1 liquid from a mixture of different liquids
liquid. Various filtering agents are normally used like filtering paper or other that have different boiling points. It is a method for separating a liquid from a
materials. The sand or mud that stays behind in the filter paper (it becomes mixture of two or more liquids. For example, liquid ethanol can be separated
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from a mixture of ethanol and water by fractional distillation. This method States of Matter
works because the liquids in the mixture have different boiling points. When
the mixture is heated, one liquid evaporates before the other. One way to
check the purity of the separated liquids is to measure their boiling points.
For example, pure ethanol boils at 78°C and pure water boils at 100°C.
11. Chromatography - Paper chromatography is a method for separating

dissolved substances from one another. It is often used when the dissolved
CLOUDS
substances are colored, such as inks, food colorings and plant dyes. It works DIAMOND JUICE NEON
because some of the colored substances dissolve in the solvent used better
than others, so they travel further up the paper.
SUBLIMATION
DEPOSITION
Fig 4. An illustration of the four common states of matter and

Fig 3. A chromatogram, the results of a chromatography experiment their respective transition processes.
Matter has two properties: physical and chemical properties. Physical

properties can be observed or measured without changing the composition of
A pure substance will only produce one spot on the chromatogram during matter. Physical properties are used to observe and describe matter. Physical
paper chromatography. Two substances will be the same if they produce the same properties of materials and systems are often described as intensive and
color of spot, and their spots travel the same distance up the paper. In the example extensive properties. Examples of intensive properties include temperature,
below, red, blue and yellow are three pure substances. The sample on the left is a refractive index, density, and hardness of an object. When a diamond is cut, the
mixture of all three. pieces maintain their intrinsic hardness (until their size reaches a few atoms
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thick). In contrast, an extensive property is additive for independent, non- in a combination of these three types and seldomly occurs on its own. For
interacting subsystems. The property is proportional to the amount of material in example, the thermal environment of a building is influenced by heat fluxes
the system. In other words, intensive properties: A physical property that will be through the ground (conduction), and the building envelope (mostly convection
the same regardless of the amount of matter while extensive properties: A and radiation).
physical property that will change if the amount of matter changes.
Table 3: Methods of Heat Transfer
Change in which the matter's physical appearance is altered, but
composition remains unchanged. Meanwhile, chemical change results in one or TYPES/METHODS DESCRIPTION
more substances of entirely different composition from the original substances is heat flux through solid materials. Heat Flux
like the corrosion of metals. Corrosion is the unwanted oxidation of metals Sensors can measure conductive heat flux (see
resulting in metal oxides (2Mg+O2→2MgO(1)). CONDUCTION picture on the left).
• Touching a hot cup of coffee
is heat flux through liquids and gases. Heat Flux

Sensors can measure convective heat flux (see
picture on the left). Examples of convective heat
CONVECTION flux are:
• Feeling much colder when it is windy.
• Feeling much colder in water of 25°C than
in air of 25°C.
Radiation is heat flux through electromagnetic
waves. Heat Flux Sensors can measure radiative
heat flux (see picture on the left). Examples of
RADIATION
radiative heat flux are:
• Feeling hot when standing close to fire.
• Measurement of solar power.
Fig 5. Organizational breakdown of chemical and physical properties of matter
In a nutshell, Heat energy can be transferred from one place to another
@https://chem.libretexts.org/
by three main processes. In CONVECTION, heat energy is carried by the
movement of particles of matter. In CONDUCTION, heat is transferred by
Methods of Heat Transfer particles vibrating. In RADIATION, heat is carried directly by electromagnetic
waves. Heat flows from hot to cold objects. When a hot and a cold body are in
Heat is transferred via solid material (conduction), liquids and gases thermal contact, they exchange heat energy until they reach thermal equilibrium,
(convection), and electromagnetic waves (radiation). Heat is usually transferred with the hot body cooling down and the cold body warming up.
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Measurement and Measurements Conversion Customary common before SI units were adopted internationally.
Measurement Although Britain has largely adopted the SI system,
In science, a measurement is a collection of quantitative or numerical data the United States and some Caribbean countries still
that describes a property of an object or event. A measurement is made by use the English system for non-scientific purposes.
comparing a quantity with a standard unit. The modern International System of This system is based on the foot-pound-second units,
Units (SI) bases all types of physical measurements on seven base units: for units of length, mass, and time.
1. the kilogram (kg), for mass
2. the second (s), for time
3. the Kelvin (K), for temperature
4. the ampere (A), for electric current
5. the mole (mol), for the amount of a substance
6. the candela (cd), for luminous intensity
7. the meter (m), for distance
Measurement can be obtained by the following methods: the length of a

piece of string can be measured by comparing the string against a meter stick,
the volume of a drop of water may be measured using a graduated cylinder, the
mass of a sample may be measured using a scale or balance, and the
temperature of a fire may be measured using a thermocouple.
Table 4: Measurement Systems Fig 6. SI Prefixes for Measurement

SYSTEMS DESCRIPTIONS
SI comes from the French name Système
SI International d'Unités. It is the most commonly used There are 20 accepted prefixes. A prefix may be used to identify multiples
metric system. of the original unit or fractions of the original unit. For example, kilo- denotes a
SI is a specific metric system, which is a decimal multiple of a thousand, so there are one thousand meters in a kilometer. Milli-
system of measurement. Examples of two common denotes a thousandth; therefore, there are one thousand millimeters in a meter.
forms of the metric system are the MKS system
(meter, kilogram, second as base units) and CGS Meanwhile, a conversion factor is a number used to change one set of
METRIC units to another, by multiplying or dividing. When a conversion is necessary, the
system (centimeter, gram, and second as base units).
There are many units in SI and other forms of the appropriate conversion factor to an equal value must be used. For example, to
metric system that are built upon combinations of convert inches to feet, the appropriate conversion value is 12 inches equal 1
base units. These are called derived units. foot. Below are the lists of conversion factors commonly used in Chemistry and
ENGLISH or The British or Imperial system of measurements was Physics.
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Fig 7.1. Conversion Factors @elearnstation.com
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CONVERSION FACTORS FOR TIME AND TEMPERATURE
▪ 1 decade = 10 years
▪ 1 Score = 20 years
▪ 1 Century = 100 years
▪ 1 Millennium = 1,000 years
▪ 1 Leap Year = 366 days
▪ 1 Year = 365 ¼ days
Fig 7.3. Conversion Factors
Useful Temperature Facts

▪ Celsius and Fahrenheit are the same at -40°.
▪ Water boils at 100°C or 212°F.
▪ Water freezes at 0°C and 32°F.
▪ Absolute zero is 0 K.
Fig 7.2. Conversion Factors
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Table 5: Formulae for Temperature Conversion "infinite cold."
SCALE FORMULA
CELSIUS Kelvin to Celsius ° C = K – 273.15
▪ This temperature scale was developed by Swedish astronomer Andres Celsius in Kelvin to Fahrenheit ° F = K × 1.8 - 459.67
1742. Kelvin to Rankine Ra = K × 1.8
▪ Scientists use the Celsius scale for two main reason: In the Celsius scale the Kelvin to Reaumur R = (K - 273.15) × 0.8
freezing and boiling points of water are 100 units (or degrees Celsius) apart,
freezing point being 0 degrees Celsius and boiling point being set at 100 degrees
Celsius. ... Hence, the Celsius scale is just easier to use. RANKINE
▪ William John Macquorn Rankine developed it in 1857.
Celsius to Kelvin K = ° C + 273.15 ▪ Rankine is commonly used in the aerospace industry in the United States.
Rankine is to Fahrenheit what Kelvin is for Celsius. So when people in the United
Celsius to Fahrenheit ° F = 9/5 (° C) + 32 OR States were creating programs and using equations that needed an absolute
° F = 1.8 (° C) + 32 temperature, they used Rankine before Celsius became dominate for scientific
Celsius to Rankine Ra = °C × 9/5 + 491.67 OR calculations.
Ra = °C × 1.8 + 491.67
Celsius to Reaumur Re = °C × 0.8 Rankine to Celsius °C = (Ra - 32 - 459.67) / 1.8
Rankine to Fahrenheit °F = Ra - 459.67
FAHRENHEIT Rankine to Kelvin K = Ra / 1.8
▪ It was developed by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit in 1724 Rankine to Reaumur Re = (Ra - 32 - 459.67) / 2.25
▪ Fahrenheit is superior for measuring temperature precisely. It's also better
because humans tend to care more about air temperature rather than water REAUMUR
temperature.
• Réaumur temperature scale, scale established in 1730 by the French naturalist
René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur.
Fahrenheit to Celsius ° C = 5/9 (° F - 32) • The Rankine scale is used in engineering systems where heat computations are
Fahrenheit to Kelvin K = 5/9 (° F - 32) + 273.15 done using degrees Fahrenheit.
Fahrenheit to Rankine Ra = F + 459.67 • In the Netherlands, the Reaumur thermometer is used when cooking.
Fahrenheit to Reaumur Re = (F - 32) / 2.25
Reaumur to Celsius °C = Re × 1.25
KELVIN Reaumur to Fahrenheit °F = Re × 2.25 + 32
▪ It was developed by William Thomson aka Lord Kelvin in 1848. Reaumur to Kelvin K = Re × 1.25 + 273.15
▪ The Celsius and Fahrenheit scales were both built around water, either the Reaumur to Rankine Ra = Re × 2.25 + 32 + 459.67
freezing point, the boiling point or some combination of water and a chemical.
The Kelvin temperature scale is used by scientists because they wanted a
temperature scale where zero reflects the complete absence of thermal energy.
▪ Kelvin used this as a basis for an absolute temperature scale. He defined
"absolute" as the temperature at which molecules would stop moving, or
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SAMPLE UNITS CONVERSION OR

1m 1km
780,000cm = 7.8 km
A. LARGER UNITS TO SMALLER UNITS 100 cm 1000m
To convert from a larger unit to a smaller one, multiply.
EXAMPLES: • Cancel the same units, then perform the necessary operation(s)
1. Convert 3.2 meters to cm C. METRIC TO ENGLISH (US or IMPERIAL)

1 meter = 100 cm EXAMPLES:
3.2m = (3.2 x 100) = 320 cm 1. Convert 115cm to inches
2. Convert 7.8 km to mm 1 inch = 2.54 cm
1 km = 1,000 m and 1m = 100 cm 115 cm x 1 / 2.54cm = 45.28 inches
1 km = (7.8 x 1000) = 7800 m 2. Convert 115km to mile
1 m = (7800 x 100) = 780,000 cm or 7.8 x 10^5 cm 1 mile = 1.6 km or 1.60934km
115 km x 1mile / 1.6km = 71.88 mi
B. SMALLER UNITS TO LARGER UNITS 115 km x 1mile / 1.60934km = 71.46 mi
To convert from a smaller unit to a larger one, divide.
EXAMPLES: D. ENGLISH TO METRIC
1. Convert 320cm to meter EXAMPLES:
Since in every 1m there are 100cm, so the ratio will be 1/100 1. Convert 100 yard to meter
320 cm x 1m / 100cm – cancel the same units 1 yd = 3ft, 1ft = 12in, 1in = 2.54cm, 1m = 100cm
(320 x 1) /100 – get the product of 320 and 1 then divide by 100 100 yd x 3ft / 1yd = 300 ft
3.2 – put the remaining unit which is m 300ft x 12in / 1ft = 3600 in
= 3.2 m 3600 in x 2.54 cm / 1in = 9144 cm
2. Convert 780,000 cm to km 9144 cm x 1m / 100 cm = 91.44 m
Since in every 1km there are 1,000 meters and in every 1 meter there are 100 centimeters, so the OR
ratios will be 1/1000 and 1/100
3ft 12in 2.54cm 1m = 91.44 m
780,000cm x 1m/100 cm - cancel the same units, then perform the necessary operation(s) 100yd
780,000 x 1 / 100 = 7,800 m 1yd 1ft 1in 100cm
7,800 m x 1km/1,000 m – cancel the same units, then perform the necessary operation(s) • Cancel the same units, then perform the necessary operation(s)
7,800 x 1 / 1,000 = 7.8 km
2. Convert 20ft to meter
OR 1foot = 12in = 30.5cm (30.48cm) = 0.305m (or 0.3048cm)
780,000 cm x 1m/100 cm x 1km / 1000m – cancel the same units 20ft x 30.48 cm / 1ft x 1meter / 100 cm = 6.1 m OR
780,000 x 1 / 100 x 1/1000 – follow the MDAS rule (solve from left to right)
30.48 cm 1m
780,000/100 x 1/1000 = 7800x1/1000 = 7800 / 1000 – put the remaining unit = 6.1 m
20 feet
= 7.8 km 1 foot 100 cm
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E. TIME 4. Convert 315 K to Celsius

EXAMPLES: FORMULA: ° C = K – 273.15
1. Convert 15 minutes to second ° C = 315 – 273.15
1 minute = 60 seconds = 41.85 ° C
60 s 5. Convert 315 K to Fahrenheit
15 min = 900 s
1 min FORMULA: ° F = K × 1.8 - 459.67
° F = 315 × 1.8 - 459.67
2. Convert 1,000,000 seconds to year = 107.33 ° F
1 year = 52 weeks = 12 months = 365 ¼ days
1 day = 24 hours, 1 hour = 60 minutes, 1 minute = 60 seconds REFERENCES
1,000,000 s 1 min 1h 1 day 1y
365.25 days
Lim, A. (2020, July 29). What is Chemistry? Retrieved from
60 s 60 min 24 h
https://www.livescience.com/45986-what-is-chemistry.html
= 0.0317 calendar year or 0.0316 leap year
Substances and Mixtures. (n.d.) Retrieved from
F. TEMPERATURE https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/substances-and-
EXAMPLES: mixtures/#:~:text=Matter%20can%20be%20broken%20down,type%20of%
1. Convert 50 °C to Fahrenheit 20atom%20or%20molecule.
FORMULA: ° F = 9/5 (° C) + 32 OR ° F = 1.8 (° C) + 32
° F = 1.8 (° C) + 32 Methods of Separating Mixtures. (n.d.). Retrieved from
= (1.8 x 50) + 32 = 90 + 32 = 122 ° F https://byjus.com/chemistry/methods-of-separation/
2. Convert 50 ° C to Kelvin
FORMULA: K = ° C + 273.15 Separating Mixtures. (n.d.). Retrieved from
K = ° C + 273.15 = 50 + 273.15 = 323.15 K https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zgvc4wx/revision/4
3. Convert 122 F to Celsius
FORMULA: ° C = 5/9 (° F - 32) Solubility of Things. (n.d.). Retrieved from
5 5 https://www.solubilityofthings.com/levels-of-solubility
°C= (°F – 32) = (122 – 32)
9 9
Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter. (2020, August 17). Retrieved
5 90 450 from
= = = 50 ° C
9 1 9 https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Modules_an
13
d_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Properties_of_Ma
tter Important
RemInderS
Conduction, Convection, and Radiation. (n.d.). Retrieved from
• Tear this activity sheet and submit on the scheduled date along with the
https://www.greenteg.com/heat-flux-sensor/about-heat-flux/3-types-of-
other activity (ies) the instructor may have asked the students to do on a
heat-
separate paper.
transfer/#:~:text=The%20three%20types%20of%20heat,seldomly%20occur • If you are sending something you’ve done online such as MS presentation
s%20on%20its%20own. (s), pictures, pdfs and alike as an attachment, then you may send them to
my email at germanvertudez1211gmail.com following this format:
Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. (2020, August 26). Measurement (SECTION_LASTNAME_FIRSTNAME_ACTIVITYNAME e.g.
Definition in Science. Retrieved from IC1MA_BINABAN_PRINCESS_SCAVENGERS HUNT), or send a digital copy
https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-measurement-605880 from your flash drive together with this activity sheet.
Name: _______________________________________________________
Grade Level & Section: __________________________________________
Date Submitted: (to be filled in by the subject instructor): _______________
RATING:
MODULE 1: Assessment
PART A: UNIT CONVERSION (45 PTS)
Refer to the unit conversion factor on Module 1 for answering. NO SOLUTION shown means
wrong. (2 points each)
1. 5 decades to months
2. 15 years to hours
3. 5 feet 5 inches in meters
4. 2000 kilometers in meters
5. 6.75 hours to minutes
6. 100 degrees Fahrenheit to Celsius
7. 0.006 degrees Celsius to Fahrenheit
8. 138 degrees Fahrenheit to Kelvin
9. 116 inches to feet
10. 1200 mL to liters
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4. A gardener carefully places her outdoor thermometer in a shady location out of

Refer to the unit conversion factor on Module 1 for answering. NO SOLUTION shown means direct sunlight, so that it doesn't give incorrectly high readings. What method of heat
wrong. (5 points each) transfer is she trying to avoid?
1. Nathaniel can lift 200kg with ease. How much is this in pounds? a. Induction
2. A can of soda holds 355mL. How many mL would be in 2 cans of soda? b. Radiation.
3. One cubic meter of Ms. Andes’ blood contains 5,000,000 WBC. There are about c. Conduction
4,900,000 cubic millimeters of blood in her body. Determine the approximate d. Convection
number of WBC she has in her body. Express your final answer in correct scientific
notation. 5. Which one of the following do all methods of heat transfer require?
4. A microscope is set so it makes an object appear 4x10^2 times larger than its actual a. The movement of particles
size. A virus has a diameter of 2X10^-7 meter. How large will the diameter of the b. A difference in thermal energy.
virus appear when it is viewed under the microscope? Express your final answer in c. A liquid or gaseous state
correct scientific notation. d. Direct physical contact
5. A box contains 5X10^3 thumb tucks. The mass of each thumb tuck in the box is
8X10^-4 kilograms. What is the combined mass of the thumb tucks in the box? 6. Which of the following statements about radiation heat transfer is true?
Express your final answer in correct scientific notation. a. A radiant heat source transfers heat by energizing the molecules of air around it
b. Radiation heat transfer does not involve particles.
c. Only glowing objects can be a radiant heat source
PART C: MULTIPLE CHOICE (15 PTS) d. Radiant heat transfer explains why a spoon in a cup of hot tea soon feels warm
Circle the letter that corresponds to your answers. (1 point each)
7. Liquids
1. Which one is a form of heat transfer? a. have a defined shape and volume
a. Conduction c. Absorption b. have a defined shape but undefined volume
b. Refraction d. Reflection c. have an undefined shape but defined volume.
d. have both undefined shape and volume
2. Which of the following statements about convection is true?
a. Convection always involves the circulation of a liquid or gas. 8. Why do solids have a fixed shape?
b. All types of currents are convection currents a. The particles are fixed in place.
c. Convection occurs between solids only at high temperatures b. The particles are closely packed
d. Convection can only occur during the process of boiling c. The particles vibrate
d. None of these
3. As a thunderhead builds, warm air at the Earth's surface rises and cold air high aloft
sinks downward. What heat transfer process is occurring here? 9. What is the name of the change when a liquid becomes a solid?
a. Conduction a. Melting
b. Radiation b. Solidification
c. Convection. c. Freezing
d. Induction d. Both B and C.
15
10. What is sublimation? d. Evaporate the hot water to get the ball bearing
a. When a solid turn into a gas.
b. When a gas turns into a solid
c. When a gas turns into a liquid
d. When gas turns into solid
11. If you want to separate iron fillings from sand, you would use a _____.
a. Funnel
b. Filter
c. magnet.
d. colander or sieve
12. The process used to separate heterogeneous mixtures of solids and liquids is called
______.
a. filtration.
b. crystallization
c. distillation
d. Chromatography
13. A technique that separates a mixture based on the individual substance's tendency
to travel across a surface is called _____.
a. filtration
b. crystallization
c. distillation
d. chromatography.
14. During filtration, an insoluble solid collect on the filter paper. What is this called?
a. Solute
b. Solvent
c. Filtrate
d. Residue.
15. In the lab, a scientist accidentally dropped a ball bearing into a beaker of hot water
and wanted to get it out as soon as possible as the hot water will be used in an
experiment. What can he do?
a. Use paper chromatography
b. Use distillation to isolate the hot water
c. Use a magnet to attract the ball bearing and get it out of the hot water.
16
Overview
1
THIRD QUARTER Significant Figure
MODULE and Scientific Notations When making a measurement, there is a limit to the accuracy of the
At the end of this module, you are expected to: reported value. Both the reporter and the reader must follow the conventions of
INCLUSIVE DATE: • Write numbers in scientific notation;
significant figures when handling measured quantities. There are simple rules
• Evaluate expressions in scientific notation; and
• Perform the basic operations for significant figures and scientific
which are used to tell how many significant figures are contained in a value.
INCLUSIVE DATE: notation.
Rules on Determining the Number of Significant Figures
1. All non-zero digits are significant
KEY QUESTIONS: EXAMPLES: 123 (3 SFs), 6.123 (4 SFs)
• How does energy become responsible for the changing of one
matter state into another? 2. Zeroes between non-zero digits are significant
• Why is unit conversion important? EXAMPLES: 106 (3 SFs), 140.01 (5 SFs)
3. All zeroes which come after non-zeroes and after the decimal place are
significant OR the trailing zeroes after / at the right side of the decimal point
are significant.
EXAMPLES: 3.00 (3 SFs), 1.0110 (5 SFs)
4. For number less than 1, all zeroes which come after the decimal point but
are before non-zeroes are not significant OR the leading zeroes (place
holders) are not significant
EXAMPLES: 0.003 (1 SF), 0.070 (2 SFs)
5. Trailing zeroes in a whole number with no decimal point shown are not
significant. (NOTE: When zeroes come before the decimal point and are after non-zeroes, it
is impossible to tell how many significant figures are present. Therefore, the number of SFs is
unknown)
EXAMPLES: 540 (2 SFs or unknown), 1000 (1 SF or unknown)
6. Trailing zeroes in a whole number with a decimal point shown are significant.
(NOTE: It is improper to report numbers in this fashion. Some ascribe to the system that a
decimal point implies all zeroes following the non-zeroes are significant)
EXAMPLES: 540. (3 SFs), 1000. (4 SFs)
Fig 1. Parts of Scientific Notation 7. For numbers in scientific notation, cases 1 through 3 are used to determine
the number of significant figures.
17
CASE 1: Multiplying or Dividing Significant Figures EXAMPLES:

RULES: The area of a triangle:
1. Multiply or divide the values as normal. Area = 1/2 Base × Height
2. Determine the number of significant figures in the multiplicands. The SFs are solely determined by the base and height
3. Round the result off to the number of significant figures as the value with
the fewest OR least number of significant figures. 8. Exact numbers have an infinite number of significant figures
EXAMPLES: EXAMPLE:
1.36 × 8.9 = 12.104 = 12 (2 SFs) 1 meter = 1.00 meter = 1.000000000 meter etc.
79.502 ÷ 99.15 = 0.8018356026 = 0.8018 (4 SFs)
8.136 × 10^8 ÷ 6 × 10^-4 = 1356000000000 = 1 × 10^12 (1SF) Scientific Notation
19.95 × 8.0 = 159.6 or 1.596 X10^2 = 1.6 × 10^2 (2SFs)
279 x 83 = 23.157 = 23,000 (2 SFs) Scientific notation (also called exponential notation) is the way that scientists
CASE 2: Adding or Subtracting Significant Figures easily handle very large numbers or very small numbers. For example, instead of
RULES: writing 0.0000000056, we write 5.6 x 10^-9. Scientific notation has three parts to it:
1. Add or subtract the values as normal. the coefficient, the base, and the exponent.
2. Determine the number of decimal places in the values. NOTES:
3. Round the result off to the number of decimal places as the value with • The coefficient must be greater than 1 and
the fewest or with the least number of decimal places. less than 10 and contain all the significant
EXAMPLES: (non-zero) digits in the number or
7.03199 + 6.954 = 13.98599 = 13.986 (5 SFs) mantissa.
7.52 × 10^3+ 9.80 × 10^2 = 8500 = 8.50 × 10^3 (3 SFs) • The base is always 10.
• The exponent is the number of places the
1.00 - 8.6754 = -7.6754 = -7.68 (3 SFs)
decimal was moved to obtain the
27 - 0.440 = 26.56 = 27 (2 SFs) coefficient.
300 – 47.465 = 252.535 = 300 (1 SF) • Sign is indicated if necessary.
300. – 47.465 = 252.535 = 253 (3 SFs) Fig 2. Parts of Scientific Notation
CASE 3: Formula Containing Constants RULES:

RULES: 1. All numbers must be ≥ 1 and ≤ (or 1 – 9, or the first significant digit in a number)
1. When using a formula which contains irrational physical constants such 2. All exponents on the X10^n must be whole numbers.
as pi, the value contains as many significant figures as you enter in the 3. The exponent on the X10^n must be equal to the number of places you move the
formula. decimal point to satisfy Rule #1.
2. When using a formula which contains integers, the integers are assumed CONVERTING STANDARD FORM TO SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
to have infinite significance, and do not limit the number of significant • If the number is big or greater than 1 or when your start moving the decimal
figures in the result point from RIGHT TO LEFT, the exponent must be positive (+)
18
5,000,000,000,000 - take the first significant digit which is 5 Exponent PLUS 1 (-4 + 1 = 3), that’s the number of zero digits we need to
- 5 X 10^12 since it took 12 moves or there are 12 place before the given significant digits or after the decimal point, giving us
numbers after the first significant digit which is 5. the answer of 0.0003456
• If the number is small or less than one or when you start moving the decimal 4. Only have as many numbers as you have significant figures. Take all the
point from LEFT TO RIGHT, the exponent must be negative (-). mantissa (magnitude) or the significant digits to the right of the decimal
0.000000000005 - take the first significant digit which is 5 point.
- 5 X 10^-12 since it took 12 moves or there are 12 1,213,400,000 = 1.2134 X 10^9 (CORRECT)
numbers before the first significant digit which is 5. = 1.21 X10^9 (WRONG)
≈ 1.21 X10^9 (ACCEPTABLE, if directed)
CONVERTING SCIENTIFIC NOTATION TO STANDARD FORM (or REAL NUMBERS)
NOTE: The equals sign or equality sign (=) is a mathematical symbol used to indicate equality in
METHOD 1: some well-defined sense. On the other hand, approximately equal to sign (≈) is used to show
Multiply the decimal number by 10 raised to the power indicated. inaccuracy or just an estimate.
EXAMPLES:
1. 3.456 x 10^4 = 3.456 x 10,000 = 34560
2. 3.456 x 10^-4 = 3.456 x (1/10000) = 0.0003456 OR Operations on Scientific Notation
3.456 x 10^-4 = 3.456 x .0001 = 0.0003456
1. Multiplying and Dividing Scientific Notation
METHOD 2:
Multiply the decimal number by 10 raised to the power indicated. RULES FOR MULTIPLICATION:
EXAMPLES: a. Multiply the coefficients
3.456 x 10^4 = 34560 b. Add the exponents
1. Exponent MINUS the number of mantissa or significant digits after the c. Express or round off the final answer in scientific notation based on the given
decimal point, 4 – 3 = 1, it means that you need to add 1 zero after the last that has the LEAST number of significant figures
significant figure which in this example is 6 OR EXAMPLE:
(5.60×10^12) (7.102×10^4)
1. Move the decimal point three times from LEFT TO RIGHT (minus) 5.6×7.102 X 10 ^ (12+4)
3.456 10^4-3 = 3456 x 10^1 39.8 X 10 ^ 16 – move the decimal point once from RIGHT TO LEFT (plus)
2. Move it one more time from LEFT to RIGHT (minus); since you take one move 3.98 X 10 ^ 16+1
you need now to add a zero digit after the last digit in the number 3.98 X 10 ^ 17
3456 x 10^1-1
34560 x 10^0 = 34560 x 1 = 34560 (any number with a zero exponent is equal to 1) RULES FOR DIVISION:
a. Divide the coefficients
3.456 x 10^-4 = 0.0003456 b. Subtract the exponent in the denominator from the exponent of the
1. Always add 1 to the negative exponent numerator
19
c. Express or round off the final answer in scientific notation based on the given 5.928 X 10^3 – it’s already in the scientific notation
that has the LEAST number of significant figures 5.9 X10^3
EXAMPLE:
(3.04×10^5) ÷ (9.89×10^2) RULES FOR MIXED OPERATIONS
FOR SIGNIFICANT FIGURE AND SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
3.04 X 10^ (5-2)
9.89 Follow GEMDAS – Grouping (parentheses, braces, brackets), E (exponent), M
0.307 X 10^3 – move the decimal point once from LEFT TO RIGHT (minus) (multiplication), D (division), A (addition), and S (subtraction) – solve it from left to
3.07 X 10^ (3-1) right fashion.
3.07 X 10^2 EXAMPLES:
1. 1.123 + 2.1 – 3.12
2. Adding and Subtracting Scientific Notation 3.223 – 3.12
RULES FOR ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION: 3.224 = 0.103 or 0.1 – since 2.1 has one decimal place (or least precise)
a. Adjust the powers of 10 in the 2 numbers so that they have the same index. 2. 1.123 – 2.1 + 3.12
(Tip: It is easier to adjust the smaller index to equal the larger index). - 0. 977 +3.12
b. Add or subtract the numbers. 2.143 or 2.1 – since 2.1 has one decimal place (or least precise)
c. Express or round off the final answer in scientific notation based on the given
3. 1.123 X 2.1 – 3.12
that has the least number of decimal places. Don’t forget to include all the
2.3583 – 3.12
mantissa or significant digits after the decimal point, and put an overbar for
-0.7617 or -0.76 since 2.1 has 2 SFs
repeating decimals.
EXAMPLES: 4. 1.123 x 2.1 ÷ 3.12
2 × 10^3 + 3.6 × 10^4 2.3586 ÷ 3.12
0.2 × 10^ (3+1) + 3.6 × 10^4 – make one move from RIGHT TO LEFT (plus) in the first 0.7558653846 or 0.76 since 2.1 has 2 SFs
given with smaller index or exponent.
5. 1.123 ÷ 2.1 x 3.12
0.2 × 10^4 + 3.6 × 10^4
0.5347619048 x 3.12
0.2 + 3.6 X 10^4 – add the numbers
1.668457143 or 1.7 since 2.1 has 2SFs
3.8 X 10^4 or 4 X10^4
6. 1.123 ÷ 2.1 x 3.12 – 1.123 + 2.1
6.2 X10^3 – 2.72 X10^2 0.5347619048 x 3.12 – 1.123 + 2.1
6.2 X10^3 – 0.272 X10^ (2+1) - make one move from RIGHT TO LEFT (plus) in the first 1.668457143 – 1.123 + 2.1
given with smaller index or exponent. 0.545471429 + 2.1
6.2 X10^3 – 0.272 X10^3 2.645457143 or 2.6 since 2.1 has 2SFs
6.2 – 0.272 X10^3 – subtract the numbers
20
7. 1.123^2 + 2.1 – 3.12 REFERENCES

1.261129 + 2.1 – 3.12
3.361129 – 3.12
0.241129 or 0.24 since 2.1 has 2SFs Significant Figures. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www2.southeastern.edu/Academics/Faculty/wparkinson/help/significa
8. 1.123 x (2.1) ^2 – 3.12
nt_figures/
3.42
1.123 x 4.41 – 3.12
Scientific Notation. (2014, December 14). Retrieved from
3.42
https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-algebra-i-second-edition/section/8.4/
4.95243 – 3.12
3.42
1.83243
Vertudez, German. Gibby-Eskwela. (2020, August 10). Significant Figures
3.42
(video). YouTube. Retrieved from
0.5357982456 or 0.54 since 2.1 has 2SFs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jIMJfa3Dyc
21
Important PART B: SCIENTIFIC NOTATION (20 PTS)

RemInderS Express the following scientific notation into its standard form, vice-versa or express it to its
correct scientific notation if needed (2 points each)
1. 200000
• Tear this activity sheet and submit on the scheduled date along with the 2. 0.000006
3. 0.63
other activity (ies) the instructor may have asked the students to do on a
4. 60
separate paper. 5. 0.0091
• If you are sending something you’ve done online such as MS presentation 6. 2X10^-7
(s), pictures, pdfs and alike as an attachment, then you may send them to 7. 2.16X10^-4
my email at germanvertudez1211gmail.com following this format: 8. 4.89X10^4
(SECTION_LASTNAME_FIRSTNAME_ACTIVITYNAME e.g. 9. 33 X10^-3
IC1MA_BINABAN_PRINCESS_SCAVENGERS HUNT), or send a digital copy 10. 71X10^3
from your flash drive together with this activity sheet.
PART C: COMPUTATION (30 PTS)
Name: _______________________________________________________ Compute the following items as required. (2 points each)
Grade Level & Section: __________________________________________ 1. 4.231 + 3.51
Date Submitted: (to be filled in by the subject instructor): _______________ 2. 7.2361 + 8.42
3. 400 – 47.465
RATING: 4. 421 – 3.59
5. 420. + 3.51
MODULE 2: Assessment 6.
7.
8.4 X 5
279 X 83
PART A: SIGNIFICANT FIGURE (10 PTS) 8. 3.46 X 2.1
Determine the number of sig figs in each item. (1 point each) 9. 464.6895 / 12.145
1. 42050 10. 3.6 X 4.6439 + 5.831
2. 7080 11. 1.65X10^4 + 9.71X10^4
3. 30,050. 12. 3.71X10^3 + 7.316X10^3
4. 0.08060
13. 1.65X10^4 + 9.71X10^3
5. 750.064080
14. (2.6X10^7) (4.1X10^-3)
6. 17
7. 101 15. 2.5X10^4 / 5 X10^2
8. 0.0001305
9. 500
10. 500.
22
The Greek philosopher Democritus introduced the idea of the atom.

THIRD QUARTER
Atoms and Its Related However, the idea was essentially forgotten for more than 2000 years. In 1800,
MODULE John Dalton re-introduced the atom. In Greek, the prefix "a" means "not" and the
Concepts word "tomos" means cut. Our word atom therefore comes from atomos, a Greek
word meaning uncuttable or indivisible.
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
• Explain the different atomic models;
• Determine the atomic mass and atomic number; and Table 1: A TIMELINE ON THE BRIEF HISTORY ON MATTER AND ATOMS
INCLUSIVE DATE:
• Discuss the different parts of an atom.
YEAR EVENT
KEY QUESTIONS: Empedocles asserted that all things are composed of
450 BC
• Why are atomic models important?
four primal elements: earth, air, fire, and water.
• How did technological advancements pave the way for Democritus proposed that all matter is made up of very
modifying the atomic models? 400 BC small particles called atom, which cannot be divided into
smaller units.
Aristotle proposed that all matter was continuous and
380 – 320 BC
be further divided infinitely into smaller pieces.
1799 Joseph Proust proposed the Law of Definite Proportions
Overview 1808
John Dalton formulate the atomic theory and proposed
the Law of Multiple Proportions.
Atoms are extremely 1869
Dmitry Mendeleev arranged the known elements in a
periodic table based on the atomic mass.
small – with diameters about Antoine Becquerel and Marie Curie observed that
many billionths of an inch – which 1890s radioactivity causes some atoms to break down
make it impossible to be seen spontaneously.
with the naked eyes. However, 1895 Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays
with the invention of the scanning
1897 Joseph John Thomson discovered electrons
tunneling microscope (STM) and
J.J. Thomson suggested the Plum Pudding Model that
other sophisticated instruments,
1904 shows electrons move in concentric orbits around a
atoms may now be seen.
Fig 1. Parts of an Atom
nucleus
Robert Millikan found that the charge of an electron is
1908 – 1917
The nucleus (center) of the atom contains the protons (positively equal to – 1.6022 X10^-19 coulombs.
charged) and the neutrons (no charge). The outermost regions of the atom are Ernest Rutherford observed that atoms are mostly
1910 – 1911
called electron shells and contain the electrons (negatively charged). empty space.
1913 Niels Bohr proposed an atomic model that shows
23
electrons move in concentric orbits around a nucleus. 2. E. RUTHERFORD’S MODEL (1911)

Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley used X-rays spectra to (Discovery of Proton)
study atomic structure.
1919 E. Rutherford discovered protons
1932 James Chadwick discovered neutrons.
DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY (1808)

1. Each chemical element is composed of extremely small particles that are
indivisible and cannot be seen by the naked eye, called atoms.
2. All atoms of an element are alike in mass and other properties, but the
atoms of one element differ from all other elements. For example, gold and
silver have different atomic masses and different properties.
3. For each compound, different elements combine in a simple numerical ratio.
4. In a chemical reaction, atoms are neither created nor destroyed. They simply
combine, separate, or rearrange.
Fig 3. Rutherford’s Atomic Model
ATOMIC MODELS Physicist Ernest Rutherford envisioned the atom as a miniature solar
1. THE PLUM PUDDING MODEL (1898 – 1903) system, with electrons orbiting around a massive nucleus, and as mostly empty
(Discovery of Electron) space, with the nucleus occupying only a very small part of the atom. The
neutron had not been discovered when Rutherford proposed his model, which
After J.J. Thompson discovered the electron in the cathode rays, he proposed had a nucleus consisting only of protons. In 1909, Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937)
the plum pudding model of an atom, which states that the electrons float in performed a series of experiments by shotting a beam of alpha particles
positively-charged material. This model was named after the plum-pudding (positively charged) at a thin piece of gold foil. Rutherford observed that the
dessert. However, it was George Stoney who first gave the term electrons to majority of the alpha particles went through the foil; however, some particles
the cathode rays. The plum pudding model is defined by electrons surrounded were slightly deflected, a small number were greatly deflected, and another
by a volume of positive charge, like negatively-charged “plums” embedded in a small number were thrown back in nearly the direction from which they had
positively-charged “pudding” (hence the name). come. In other words, Rutherford's model shows that an atom is mostly empty
space, with electrons orbiting a fixed, positively charged nucleus in set,
predictable paths. In other words, this model states that there were positive
particles within the nucleus, but failed to define what these particles are.
Rutherford discovered these particles in 1919, when he conducted an
experiment that scattered alpha particles against nitrogen atoms. When the
alpha particles and nitrogen atoms collided, protons were released.
Fig 2. Plum Pudding Model

24
In 1933, James Chadwick (1891-1974) discovered a new type of radiation lowest energy level. The orbits n=1, 2, 3, 4… are assigned as K, L, M, N…. shells and
that consisted of neutral particles. It was discovered that these neutral atoms when an electron attain the lowest energy level, it is said to be in the ground state.
come from the nucleus of the atom. This last discovery completed the atomic • The electrons in an atom move from a lower energy level to a higher energy level by
model. gaining the required energy and an electron moves from a higher energy level to
lower energy level by losing energy.
3. BOHR’S ATOMIC MODEL (1913)
4. SOMMERFELD’S MODEL (1916)
In 1913 Bohr proposed his quantized shell model of the atom to explain how
electrons can have stable orbits around the nucleus. Bohr modified the
Rutherford model by requiring that the electrons move in orbits of fixed size and
energy. The energy of an electron depends on the size of the orbit and is lower
for smaller orbits. Radiation can occur only when the electron jumps from one
orbit to another. The atom will be completely stable in the state with the
smallest orbit, since there is no orbit of lower energy into which the electron can
jump.
Fig 5. Sommerfeld’s Model of an Atom
The German Physicist Arnold Sommerfeld postulated that electrons can

follow elliptical, rather than a purely circular, paths and therefore introducing a
new (azimuthal) quantum number to account for angular momentum. This
Fig 4. Bohr’s Model of an Atom
model explains the fine spectrum of Hydrogen atom. The important postulates of
Sommerfeld atomic model are:
• Bohr’s model consists of a small nucleus (positively charged) surrounded by negative • The orbits may be both circular and elliptical.
electrons moving around the nucleus in orbits. Bohr found that an electron located • When path is elliptical, then there are two axis – major axis & minor axis. When
away from the nucleus has more energy, and electrons close to the nucleus have less length of major & minor axis becomes equal then orbit is circular.
energy. • The angular momentum of electron moving in an elliptical orbit is (kh/2π).
• In an atom, electrons (negatively charged) revolve around the positively charged Where k is an integer except zero. Value of k = 1,2,3,4. (n/k)= length of major
nucleus in a definite circular path called orbits or shells. axis / length of minor axis. With increase in value of k, ellipticity of the orbit
• Each orbit or shell has a fixed energy and these circular orbits are known as orbital decreases. When n= k, then orbit is circular.
shells. • Sommerfeld suggested that orbits are made up of sub energy levels. These are s,
• The energy levels are represented by an integer (n=1, 2, 3…) known as the quantum p, d, f. These sub shells possess slightly different energies
number. This range of quantum number starts from nucleus side with n=1 having the
25
• When an electron jumps from one orbit to another orbit, the difference of energy called the atomic number. In contrast, the number of neutrons for a given
(ΔE) depends upon sub energy levels. element can vary. Forms of the same atom that differ only in their number of
• It explains the splitting of individual spectral lines of hydrogen & thus fine neutrons are called isotopes such as carbon, potassium, and uranium - have
spectrum. It could not predict the exact number of lines which are actually multiple naturally occurring isotopes.
present in the fine spectrum.
ATOMIC NUMBER (Z)
ATOMIC MASS AND ATOMIC NUMBER Z = P = e (when an atom of an element is neutral)
Today, we know that the atomic number gives the number of protons ATOMIC MASS (A)
(positive charges) in the nucleus. This was the discovery made by Henry Gwyn- A=P+N
Jefferies Moseley. He found that certain lines in the X-ray spectrum of each
element moved the same amount each time you increased the atomic number by
Table 2: ATOMIC NUMBER AND ATOMIC MASS
one. Atomic number (Z), also called proton number, refers to the number of proton
SYMBOL ELEMENT NAME A Z P E N
number in the nucleus of each atom of an element. In a neutral atom, proton is
I Iodine 127 53 53 53 74
equal to electron number
Cr+2 Chromium > Chromous ion 51 24 24 22 28
O-2 Oxygen > oxide 16 8 8 10 8
Atoms have different properties based on the arrangement and number

of their basic particles. Before we delve into how the 118 elements in the
Periodic Table were formed, let’s familiarize first the following radioactive
particles involved in nuclear reactions: a) fusion – two nuclei combine and b)
fission – a nucleus split into two smaller nuclei. These two reactions or processes
involving the emission of energetic particles of an atom is called radioactivity.
Below are the examples of radioactive particles present in nuclear reactions:
MOST COMMON TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS
1. ALPHA DECAY - high speed particle consisting of 2 protons and 2 neutrons. 2

Fig 2. Atomic Number (Z) and Atomic Mass (A) of Sodium protons and 2 neutrons lost. Atomic number down by 2, atomic mass down
by 4.
Atoms of each element contain a characteristic number of protons. In 2. BETA DECAY – high speed electron. 1 neutron turns into a proton. Atomic
fact, the number of protons determines what atom we are looking at (e.g., all number up by 1
atoms with six protons are carbon atoms); the number of protons in an atom is
26
3. GAMMA RADIATION – high energy stream of photons (a bundle of Important

electromagnetic energy. It is the basic unit that makes up all light). Due to a RemInderS
high energy nucleus, energy is given off and nucleus becomes stable.
4. POSITRON EMISSION – positively charged electron in which 1 proton turns
into a neutron. Atomic number down by 1. • Tear this activity sheet and submit on the scheduled date along with the
5. ELECTRON CAPTURE – drawing of an electron into an atom’s nucleus. other activity (ies) the instructor may have asked the students to do on a
6. BOMBARDMENT OF ALPHA PARTICLE: addition of alpha particle separate paper.
7. PROTON – positive charge • If you are sending something you’ve done online such as MS presentation
8. NEUTRON - no charge or uncharged (s), pictures, pdfs and alike as an attachment, then you may send them to
my email at germanvertudez1211gmail.com following this format:
(SECTION_LASTNAME_FIRSTNAME_ACTIVITYNAME e.g.
IC1MA_BINABAN_PRINCESS_SCAVENGERS HUNT), or send a digital copy
from your flash drive together with this activity sheet.
REFERENCES Name: _______________________________________________________
Grade Level & Section: __________________________________________
Atomic Theory. (2020, August 22). Retrieved from Date Submitted: (to be filled in by the subject instructor): _______________
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoreti
cal_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physi
RATING:
cal_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory/Atomic_Theor
y
MODULE 3: Assessment
Rutherford Model. (2020, November 09). Retrieved from PART A: ATOMIC MASS AND ATOMIC NUMBER (35 PTS)
https://www.britannica.com/science/Rutherford-model Supply the table with needed information.
NAME SYMBOL Z A P E N
Bohr’s Model of an Atom. (n.d.). Retrieved from Copper 29 29 35
https://byjus.com/chemistry/bohrs-model/ Tin 119 50
Iodine 53 127
Uranium 92 146
Potassium 39
Lithium 7 3 4
Oxygen 8 16
Gold 79 197
Sulfur 32 16
27
PART B: MULTIPLE CHOICE (25 PTS) a. Protons c. electrons

Circle the letter that corresponds to your answers. (1 point each) b. nucleus. d. Neutrons
1. Compared to the charge and mass of a proton, an electron has ______. 9. Electron was discovered by___________.
a. the same charge and a smaller mass a. Chadwick c. Thomson.
b. the same charge and the same mass b. Rutherford d. Millikan
c. an opposite charge and a smaller mass.
d. an opposite charge and the same mass 10. Carbon-12 atom has_______________.
a. 6 electrons, 12 protons, 6 neutrons
2. When alpha particles are used to bombard gold foil, most of the alpha particles pass b. 12 electrons, 6 protons, 6 neutrons
through undeflected. This result indicates that most of the volume of a gold atom c. 6 electrons, 6 protons, 6 neutrons.
consists of ____. d. 18 electrons, 6 protons and 6 neutrons
a. deuterons (H-2) c. neutrons
b. protons d. unoccupied space. 11. Mass number is equal to the_________.
a. number of protons + number of electrons
3. A proton has approximately the same mass as ____. b. number of protons + number of neutrons.
a. a neutron. c. an alpha particle c. number of neutrons + number of electrons
b. a beta particle d. an electron d. number of electrons
4. Which symbols represent atoms that are isotopes? 12. The development of the concept that elements have isotopes helps explain why
a. C-14 and N-14 c. O-16 and O-18. atomic _______.
b. I-131 and I-131 d. Rn-222 and Ra-222 a. masses are not whole numbers.
b. masses differ from atomic numbers
5. Which atom contains exactly 15 protons? c. nuclei are charged
a. P-32. c. S-32 d. nuclei are neutral
b. O-15 d. N-15
13. In an experiment by Rutherford, the deflection of alpha particles backward when
6. An ion with 5 protons, 6 neutrons, and a charge of 3+ has an atomic number of shot at gold foil indicated _____.
_____. a. all the positive charge and most of the mass of the atom was concentrated in a
a. 5. c. 6 small volume.
b. 8 d. 11 b. all of the mass and charge of the atom were contained in the same region
c. the alpha particle was very light and positively charged
7. What is the mass number of an atom which contains 28 protons, 28 electrons, and d. all matter was continuous and impenetrable
34 neutrons?
a. 28 c. 56 14. When Rutherford bombarded gold foil with positively charged alpha particles, most
b. 62. d. 90 of the particles went through but some were deflected back. Rutherford concluded
that atoms _____.
8. Almost the entire mass of an atom is concentrated in the _____. a. have negative charges c. contain neutral particles
28
b. are solid spheres d. have positive nuclei. b. other elements d. mixtures
15. Which one of the following would contain the other four? 23. A characteristic of the nucleus of an atom is that ________.
a. compound. d. molecule a. it has positive charge equal to the atomic number.
b. Element e. atom b. its mass is small compared to the mass of the atom
c. nucleus c. it contains all the electrons of the atom
d. the electrons and the protons balance each other
16. Positive ions are formed from neutral atoms by the loss of _____.
a. Neutrons c. protons 24. Atom is to element, as molecule is to ________.
b. Electrons. d. energy a. Mixture c. atom
b. Compound. d. solution
17. The particles which have equal but opposite electrical charges are ________.
a. electrons and neutrons c. protons and hydrogen nuclei 25. Scientists visualize the way atoms behave by using ________.
b. protons and electrons. d. neutrons and protons a. Pictures c. genes
b. Microscopes d. models.
18. Which of the following statement is correct?
a. A proton is a positively-charged particle in the nucleus.
b. A proton is a negatively-charged particle in the nucleus
c. Neutrons and protons are charged particles in the nucleus
d. None of these
19. The neutral atoms in a given sample of an element could have different ________.
a. number of protons c. mass numbers.
b. atomic numbers d. number of electrons
20. Which of the following is a characteristic of an atom?

a. atoms are alike
b. An atom is the smallest particle of matter
c. An atom is the smallest particle of an element with the properties of the
element.
d. All atoms have the same mass, which equals l a.m.u
21. The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom determines the ________.
a. mass number c. atomic number.
b. atomic mass d. isotopic mass
22. Elements can be combined chemically to form _______.

a. Compounds. c. oxygen
29
Here is a summary of the types of orbitals and how many electrons each can
Elements in the Periodic

THIRD QUARTER contain:
Table 1: ORBITALS AND ELECTRON CAPACITY

Table
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
• Classify and group the elements in the periodic table,
• Write the electron configuration, orbital diagram and noble
INCLUSIVE DATE: gas notation,
• Explain the basis of arrangement of elements in the PTE, and
• Draw the Lewis dot structure.
KEY QUESTIONS:
• Why do we assign quantum numbers to electrons?
• Why are the rules followed in making electron notations?
• What is the significance of observing the specific arrangement
of elements in the periodic table?
Overview
Electron configurations
are the summary of where the
The symbols used for writing the
electrons are around a nucleus.
electron configuration start with the
For example, the electron
shell number (n) followed by the type of
configuration of Potassium atom
as shown in the left side depicts orbital and finally the superscript
the arrangement of electrons indicates how many electrons are in the
distributed among the orbitals orbital. Looking at the periodic table,
and subshells. you can see that Oxygen has 8 electrons.
Fig 1. Electron Configuration So, oxygen's electron configuration
Fig 2. How to Write Electron Configuration would be 1s^2 2s^2 2p^4.
30
RULES OF ORBITAL DIAGRAM
1. Pauli Exclusion Principle

• states that, in an atom or molecule, no
two electrons can have the same four
electronic quantum numbers. The atom
has 2 bound electrons and they occupy
the outermost shell with opposite spins.
2. Aufbau Principle
• The Aufbau principle states that
electrons fill lower-energy atomic
orbitals before filling higher-energy ones
(Aufbau is German for "building-up").
3. Hund’s Rule
• Every orbital in a
subshell is singly
occupied with one
electron before any one
orbital is doubly
occupied, and all
electrons in singly
occupied orbitals have
the same spin.
Fig 3. SPDF Blocks and Parts of Periodic Table of Elements
31
WAYS ON WRITING ELECTRON CONFIGURATION There are two main exceptions to electron configuration: chromium and
copper. In these cases, a completely full or half full d sub-level is more stable
1. SPDF NOTATION than a partially filled d sub-level, so an electron from the 4s orbital is excited and
The configuration notation provides an easy way for scientists to write and rises to a 3d orbital.
communicate how electrons are arranged around the nucleus of an atom.
Calcium: 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2
LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE
2. ORBITAL DIAGRAM
Orbital diagrams are pictorial descriptions of the electrons in an atom. A Lewis Structure is a very simplified representation of the valence shell
CALCIUM: electrons in a molecule. It is used to show how the electrons are arranged around
individual atoms in a molecule. Electrons are shown as "dots" or for bonding
electrons as a line between the two atoms. The goal is to obtain the "best" electron
configuration, i.e., the octet rule and formal charges need to be satisfied.
3. NOBLE GAS NOTATION

A noble gas configuration of an atom consists of the elemental symbol of the
last noble gas prior to that atom, followed by the configuration of the
remaining electrons.
CALCIUM: [AR] 4s^2
EXCEPTIONS
In the d block, specifically the groups containing Chromium and Copper,

there is an exception in how they are filled. Here are the actual configurations:
Fig 4. Lewis Dot Structure
32
Lewis structures (also known as 32 valence electrons

Lewis dot structures or electron dot - 8 valence electrons for the central atom
structures) are diagrams that represent the 24 remaining valence electrons to distribute to the terminal atoms
valence electrons of atoms within a
molecule. Calcium belongs in Group 2A or 3. DISTRIBUTE THE REMAINING VALENCE
Alkaline Earth Metal therefore, it has 2 ELECTRONS
valence electrons. Valence electrons are Add the remaining electrons to the
used for chemical bonding. terminal atoms until their octets are
filled.
Remaining 24e were already used
Used all 32 electrons
STEPS IN DRAWING LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE FOR SiBr4 4. CHECK THE OCTET RULE OF ATOM
Every atom must have 8e around it. Except for Helium (H), it only needs 2e to
1. COUNT ALL THE VALENCE ELECTRON be stable following the duplet rule.
Silicon is in Group 4A with 1 atom 5. MAKE MULTIPLE BONDS (if required)
Bromine is in Group 7A with 4 atoms When all electrons are used and some atom does not complete octet
4X1 + 7x4 = 32 valence electrons
4x1 + 6x1 + 7x2 = 24e
2. ARRANGE AND CONNECT ATOMS Used all 24e
Distribute the valence electrons for each atom. Atoms with least Move electron from Oxygen
electronegativity is the central atom to make double bond with
Carbon to complete the
Octet Rule.
NOTE:
33
KEY IDEAS • The Electron Affinity of an element is the amount of energy gained or
released with the addition of an electron. The electronegativity and
• In the modern periodic table, the elements are listed in order of increasing Electron Affinity increases in the same pattern in the periodic table. Left to
atomic number or proton number. Dmitri Mendeleev is the Father of right and bottom to top.
Modern Periodic Table of Elements (118 where 94 of them were naturally- • There are three main types of chemical formulas:
occurring) 1. Molecular formulas show the number of each
• The rows of the periodic table are called periods or series. type of atom in a molecule
• The columns of the periodic table are called groups or families.
• The three broad categories of elements are metals, nonmetals, and 2. Empirical formulas show the simplest whole-
metalloids. Most elements are metals. Nonmetals are located on the number ratio of atoms in a compound
righthand side of the periodic table. Metalloids have properties of both
metals and nonmetals. 3. Structural formulas show how the atoms in a
• Molecules are aggregate of at least 2 atoms held together by chemical molecule are bonded to each other.
forces and are uncharged.
1. Monoatomic: Na+ and Cl-1
2. Diatomic: N2, O2, H2, F2, I2, Cl2, Br2 TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENT
3. Polyatomic: O3, H2O, NH4, CO
• An ion is a charged atom or molecule: cation (+) and anion (-) 1. JOHANNE DOBEREINER (1829)
• Periodic Law, a law stating that the elements, when listed in order of their Model of Triads, he observed that elements with similar physical and
atomic numbers (originally, atomic weights), fall into recurring groups, so chemical properties fall into groups of three. One of these triads included
that elements with similar properties occur at regular intervals. chlorine, bromine, and iodine; another consisted of calcium, strontium,
• Periodicity refers to trends or recurring variations in element properties and barium. It states that the atomic number of the intermediate element
with increasing atomic number. is the approximate average of atomic weight or density of the two
• Electronegativity is an atoms ability to pull electrons towards itself. elements: For example: Li, Na, K
Electronegativity generally increases as you move from left to right across Z: 3Li, 11Na, 19K = 3+19 / 2 = 11
a period and decreases as you move down a group. The most A: 7Li, 23Na, 39K = 7+39 / 2 = 23
electronegative element is Fluorine.
• Ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove an electron 2. JOHN NEWLANDS (1863)
from an atom. The more electronegative the element, the higher the Law of Octaves, states that if the chemical elements are arranged
ionization energy. The ionization energy decreases from top to bottom in according to increasing atomic weight, those with similar physical and
groups, and increases from left to right across a period. Thus, helium has chemical properties occur after each interval of seven elements.
the largest first ionization energy, while francium has one of the lowest.
3. DMITRI MENDELEEV (1869)
34
He corrected the atomic weight of Be, Ir, and U, and correctly predicted REFERENCES
the periodic position of unknown elements such as Sc, Ge, and Ga.
4. LOTHAR MEYER (1869) Lewis structures. (2020, August 16) Retrieved from
Arranged the PTE at increasing atomic mass, and periodicity or the physical https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistr
and chemical properties of elements. y_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Che
mistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/L
5. HENRY MOSELEY (1913)
ewis_Structures
Moseley postulated that each successive element has a nuclear charge
exactly one unit greater than its predecessor. This determined the actual
atomic number through his works on x-rays by exposing them to alpha Lewis Structures. (n.d.) Retrieved from
(+) rays confirming that the elements were indeed arranged according to http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch8/lewis.html#:
increasing atomic number. ~:text=Step%201%3A%20Determine%20the%20total,valence%20electrons%
20as%20nonbonding%20electrons.
6. GLENN T. SEABORG (1944)
He co-discovered the 10 new elements (transuranium elements, or Electron Configurations. (n.d.) Retrieved from
elements with atomic number greater than 92). He put 14 elements https://www.chem.fsu.edu/chemlab/chm1045/e_config.html
below lanthanide series and named Sb after him while he was still alive.
Santiago, K.S.., Silverio, A.A., (2016). Exploring Life through Science Series:
Senior High School Physical Science. Elements in the Periodic Table. pp 26-45.
Quezon City, Phoenix Publishing House Inc.
35
9. He proposed the Plum Pudding atomic model

Important 10. He determined the actual Z through his works on x-ray by exposing
RemInderS the elements to alpha rays.
11. It states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same four
quantum numbers.
• Tear this activity sheet and submit on the scheduled date along with the
12. It says that the lower energy level fill before the higher energy level
other activity (ies) the instructor may have asked the students to do on a in order of increasing atomic number.
separate paper. 13. It suggests that one electron goes into each orbital before they start
• If you are sending something you’ve done online such as MS presentation to double up.
(s), pictures, pdfs and alike as an attachment, then you may send them to 14. The chart that organizes all of the elements.
my email at germanvertudez1211gmail.com following this format: 15. The columns in the periodic table.
(SECTION_LASTNAME_FIRSTNAME_ACTIVITYNAME e.g. 16. The rows in the periodic table.
IC1MA_BINABAN_PRINCESS_SCAVENGERS HUNT), or send a digital copy 17. Ability to attract electrons toward itself when bonded.
from your flash drive together with this activity sheet. 18. It states that the elements with similar and physical properties occur
after each interval of 7 elements.
Name: _______________________________________________________ 19. It states that the atomic weight of the middle element is nearly the
Grade Level & Section: __________________________________________ same as average of the atomic weights of other two elements.
Date Submitted: (to be filled in by the subject instructor): _______________ 20. It is the number of naturally occurring elements found in the Periodic
Table.
21. It is the other name for atomic number.
RATING: 22. This is the other name given for the lanthanides and actinides series.
23. It happens to the atomic number as you move from left to right and
MODULE 4: Assessment top to bottom of the Periodic Table.
24. These are elements that have same metallic and nonmetallic
PART A: IDENTIFICATION (30 PTS) properties.
Identify which area of Biology the statement describes. Write your answer before the 25. He has correctly predicted the existence of several unknown
number. (1 point each) elements like Ga, Ge, Sc.
1. He discovered neutron in an atom. 26. These are atoms of the same element that may have different
2. He said that objects are composed of indivisible units he called number of neutrons.
atomos. 27. There are three parts of an atom: protons, neutron, and electrons.
3. He discovered electron. __________ have a positive charge, _________ have a negative
4. He is the Father of Modern Periodic Table. charge, and ___________ possess no net charge. __________ are
5. He suggested that elements are arranged according to the Model of the smallest parts of the atom.
Triads. 28. The __________ or proton number (symbol Z) of a chemical element
6. He proposed periodicity which states that elements are arranged is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom while the
according to their physical and chemical properties. ______________ (symbol A), also called atomic mass number or
7. He proposed the Law of Octaves. nucleon number, is the total number of protons and neutrons
8. He’s the chemist whose an element was named after while still alive. (together known as nucleons) in an atomic nucleus.
36
29. Elements in the Periodic Table are arranged according to their a) No charge b) A negative charge
__________ atomic number. c) A positive and a negative charge d) A positive charge
30. It states that the atomic weight of the intermediate element is the
approximate average of the sum of the two elements. 2. Neutrons are in the nucleus of the atom. A neutron has
a) A positive charge b) No charge
PART B: TABLE COMPLETION (20 PTS) c) A negative charge d) Twice as much positive charge as a proton.
Supply the table with the needed information.
3. An electron is in a region outside the nucleus. An electron
Number a) is larger than a proton and has no charge
Element Atomic Atomic Number Number of
Name
Symbol
Number Mass of Protons Electrons
of b) Has less mass than a proton and has a negative charge
Neutrons c) Is smaller than a proton and has no charge
Iodine 53 53 78 d) Has a positive charge.
Chromium 24 56
Cr +2 24 52 22
Iron 26 56 30 4. A hydrogen atom is made up of one proton and one electron. The proton and
Li 5 3 1 electron stay near each other because
Potassium 19 24 a) Positive and negative charges repel
b) Positive and positive charges repel
PART C: ELECTRON CONFIGURATION c) Positive and negative charges attract
Write the ground state electron configuration of the following neutral elements in: Orbital d) Two negatives make a positive
Diagrams, SPDF notation, and Noble gas notation.
1. Beryllium 5. The atomic number of an atom is
2. Nitrogen a) The mass of the atom
3. Potassium b) The number of protons added to the number of neutrons
4. Manganese c) The number of protons
5. Chlorine d) Negatively charged
6. The atoms of the same element can have different isotopes. An isotope of an atom
PART D: LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE
a) Is an atom with a different number of protons
Draw the Lewis dot structure for the following.
b) Is an atom with a different number of neutrons
1. Lithium and Nitrogen
c) Is an atom with a different number of electrons
2. Oxygen and Chlorine
d) Has a different atomic number
3. Carbon and Sulfur
4. Potassium and Iodine
7. The atomic mass of an element is
5. Potassium and Oxygen
a) The average mass of all the isotopes of the element
b) A measure of the density of that element
PART D: MULTIPLE CHOICE
c) The mass of the most common isotope of that element
Circle the letter that corresponds to your answers. (1 point each)
d) The number of protons and electrons in the atoms of the element
1. Protons are located in the nucleus of the atom. A proton has
37
8. An element and an atom are different but related because a) by number of electrons
a) A particular element is made up of many different types of atoms b) by increasing atomic weight and similar properties
b) A molecule is the same as an atom c) by increasing atomic number and similar properties
c) An element is made up of all the same type of atom d) in alphabetical order
d) An element is smaller than an atom
15. The elements in the present periodic table are arranged according to their:
9. The periodic table shows that a carbon atom has six protons. This means that a a) atomic masses b) mass number
carbon atom also has c) atomic number d) atomic weight
a) Six electrons b) Six neutrons
c) More protons than electrons d) An atomic mass that equals six 16. A vertical column in the periodic table is called a:
a) Valence b) branch
10. The atomic number of Nitrogen is 7. The atomic mass is 14.01. This means that c) group d) period
a) All nitrogen atoms have exactly 7 neutrons.
b) A small percentage of nitrogen atoms have fewer than 7 neutrons 17. A horizontal row in the periodic table is called a:
c) A small percentage of nitrogen atoms have more than 7 neutrons a) Shells b) branch
d) Some nitrogen atoms have fewer than 7 electrons c) group d) period
11. Electrons are in regions around the nucleus called energy levels. The first energy 18. Elements in the same group have:
level a) similar symbols
a) Is furthest from the nucleus b) the same number of neutrons
b) Is closest to the nucleus c) the same number of valence electrons
c) Holds the most electrons d) the same number of electrons
d) Needs more than two electrons to fill it up
19. Elements in the same period have:
12. Neon has 10 protons and 10 electrons. The electrons fill the energy levels in Neon a) the same number of neutrons
like this: b) gradually changing properties
a) 2 in the first, 2 in the second, and 6 in the third c) similar symbols
b) 4 in the first, 4 in the second, and 2 in the third d) identical chemical properties
c) 2 in the first, 4 in the second, and 4 in the third
d) 2 in the first, and 8 in the second 20. How many valence electrons does boron have?
a) One b) two
13. The atoms in a column of the periodic table all have c) three d) four
a) The same abbreviation
b) The same number of energy levels
c) The same number of electrons
d) The same number of electrons in the outer energy level
14. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the chemical elements:
38

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ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

THIRD QUARTER Essential Concepts and Fundamental Overview

Fig 2. Matter Flowchart

Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier is the Father of Modern Chemistry.

Table 1: Main Branches of Chemistry

11. Chromatography - Paper chromatography is a method for separating

Fig 4. An illustration of the four common states of matter and

Matter has two properties: physical and chemical properties. Physical

is heat flux through liquids and gases. Heat Flux

Measurement can be obtained by the following methods: the length of a

Table 4: Measurement Systems Fig 6. SI Prefixes for Measurement

Fig 7.1. Conversion Factors @elearnstation.com

CONVERSION FACTORS FOR TIME AND TEMPERATURE

Fig 7.3. Conversion Factors

Useful Temperature Facts

Table 5: Formulae for Temperature Conversion "infinite cold."

SAMPLE UNITS CONVERSION OR

1. Convert 3.2 meters to cm C. METRIC TO ENGLISH (US or IMPERIAL)

E. TIME 4. Convert 315 K to Celsius

4. A gardener carefully places her outdoor thermometer in a shady location out of

CASE 1: Multiplying or Dividing Significant Figures EXAMPLES:

CASE 3: Formula Containing Constants RULES:

7. 1.123^2 + 2.1 – 3.12 REFERENCES

Important PART B: SCIENTIFIC NOTATION (20 PTS)

The Greek philosopher Democritus introduced the idea of the atom.

electrons move in concentric orbits around a nucleus. 2. E. RUTHERFORD’S MODEL (1911)

DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY (1808)

Fig 2. Plum Pudding Model

Fig 5. Sommerfeld’s Model of an Atom

The German Physicist Arnold Sommerfeld postulated that electrons can

Atoms have different properties based on the arrangement and number

MOST COMMON TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS

1. ALPHA DECAY - high speed particle consisting of 2 protons and 2 neutrons. 2

3. GAMMA RADIATION – high energy stream of photons (a bundle of Important

PART B: MULTIPLE CHOICE (25 PTS) a. Protons c. electrons

b. are solid spheres d. have positive nuclei. b. other elements d. mixtures

20. Which of the following is a characteristic of an atom?

22. Elements can be combined chemically to form _______.

Elements in the Periodic

Table 1: ORBITALS AND ELECTRON CAPACITY

RULES OF ORBITAL DIAGRAM

1. Pauli Exclusion Principle

Fig 3. SPDF Blocks and Parts of Periodic Table of Elements

3. NOBLE GAS NOTATION

In the d block, specifically the groups containing Chromium and Copper,

Fig 4. Lewis Dot Structure

Lewis structures (also known as 32 valence electrons

9. He proposed the Plum Pudding atomic model

1. Protons are located in the nucleus of the atom. A proton has

14. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the chemical elements:

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