Bergey's Manual Books

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BERGEY'S MANUAL
OF
DETERMINATIVE
BACTERIOLOGY
BERGEY'S MANUAL
DETERMINATIVE
BACTERIOLOGY
BY
ROBERT S. BREED
Ixite Professor Emerilus, Cnrnell Universily, Geneva, New York
E. G. D. MURRAY
Research Professor, University of Western Ontario,
London, Ontario, Canada
NATHAN R. SMITH
Senior Bacteriologist, Retired, Plant Industry Station,
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
and
Ninety-four Contributors
Whose Names Appear on the Immediately Following Pages
SEVENTH EDITION
BALTIMORE
THE WILLIAMS & WILKINS COMPANY

1957
First Edition, August, 1923
Second Edition, December, 1925
Third Edition, January, 1930
Fourth Edition, March, 1934
Preprint of pages ix + 79 of Fifth Edition, October, 1938
Fifth Edition, April, 1939
Sixth Edition, January, 1948
Seventh Edition, October, 1957
COPYRIGHT ©, 1957
The Williams & Wilkins Company
Made in United States of America
Library of Congress
Catalog Card Number
57-11183
COMPOSED AND PRINTED AT THE

WAVERLY PRESS, INC.
Mt. Royal and Guilford Aves.
Baltimore 2, Md., U. S. A.
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Allen, 0. N., Mr. & Mrs. Rhizobium 285
Andrewes, C. H. Virales 985
Barker, H. Albert Methanococcus 473
Butyrihacterium 577
Zymobacterium 577
Beger, H. Caulobacteraceae 212
Siderocapsaceae 217
Chlamydobacteriales 262
Bier, Otto Calymmatobacterium 418
Borman, E. K. Paracolobactrum 346
Branham, Sara E. Neisseria 480
Breed, R. S.f Introduction 1
Considerations influencing the classification 4
Methanomonadaceae 74
Thiobaderiaceae 78
Pholobacterium 193
Protaminobacter 200
Mycoplana 204
Caulobacteraceae 212
Siderocapsaceae 217
Vibrio 229
Methanobacterium 250
Cellvibrio 250
Cellfalcicula 252
Spirillum 253
Chlamydobacteriales 262
Chromobacterium 292
Alcaligenes 297
Achromobacter 300
Flavobacterium 309
Agarbacterium 322
Enter obacteriaceae 332
Escherichia 335
Aerobacter 341
Klebsiella 344
Serratia 359
Pasteurella 395
Bacteroidaceae 423
Sphaerophorus 441
Micrococcaceae 454
Micrococcus 455
Sarcina 467
Brevibacteriaceae 490
Cory neb acteriaceae 578
Caryophanales 830
Virales 985
Numerous contributions to various other taxa
Broom, J. C. Leptospira 907
t Deceased.
V
VI LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Buchanan, R. E. How Bacteria are Named and Identified 15

Paraspirilluni 257
Beggiatoales 837
Beggiatoaceae 837
Leucotrichaceae 850
Burkholder, Walter H. Pseudomonas 89
Xanthomonas 152
Agrobacterium 288
Erwinia 349
Corynebacterium 579
Campbell, L. Leon, Jr. Beneckea 328
Clark, F. A. Cellulomonas 601
Clise, Eleanore H. Pasteurella 395
Eubacterium 552
Catenabacterium 560
Ramibacterium 563
Cillobacterium 566
Conn, H. J. Agrobacterium 288
Alcaligenes 297
Couch, John N. Actinomycetales 694
Actinoplanaceae 825
Davis, Gordon E. Spirochaetales 892
Delwiche, Eugene A. Propionibacteriaceae 569
Doetsch, R. N. Microbacterium 600
Douglas, H. C. Hyphomicrobiales 276
Peptococcus 474
Dumas, Julien Shigella 384
Elazari-Volcani, Benjamin Halubacterium 207
Eltinge, Ethel Chromobaclerium 292
Evans, James B. Staphylococcus 464
Freundt, E. A. Streptobacillus 451
Mycoplasmatales 914
Gordon, Ruth Bacillus 613
Mycobacterium 695
Hanks, John H. Mycobacterium 695
Hansen, Paul Arne Erysipelothrix 599
Haupt, Herbert Actinobacillus 414
Haynes, William C. Pseudomonas 89
Kitchens, A. Parkerf Dialister 440
Hofer, A. W. Azotomonas 198
Azotobacteraceae 283
Hoffman, Heiner Fusobacterium 436
Sphaerophorus 441
Holmes, Francis O. Virales 985
Honigberg, B. M. Parasites of protozoa 927
Hucker, George J. Micrococcus 455
Gaffkya 466
Leuconostoc 531
Huddleson, I. F. Brucella 404
Janke, Alexander Thiobacteriaceae 78
Thiobacterium 79
t Deceased.
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Macromonas 80
Thiovulum 81
Thiospira 82
Kalz, Gertrude G. Salmonella 368
Kelly, CD. Noguchia 421
Bacteroides 424
Kirby, Harold, Jr. Parasites of protozoa 927
Kluyver, A. J.f Zymomonas 199
Langford, G. C. Erysipelothrix 599
Leathen, Wm. W. Ferrohacillus 227
Lessel, Erwin F., Jr. Photobacterium 193
Selenomonas 258
Myconostoc 260
Pasteurella 395
Euhacterium 552
Catenabacterium 560
Ramibacterium 563
Vilreoscillaceae 844
Lochhead, A. G. Arthrobacter 605
McClung, L. S. Clostridium 634
McCoy, Elizabeth Clostridium 634
Merchant, I. A. Pasteurella 395
Morse, E. V. Vibrio 229
Corynebacterium 579
Murray, E. G. D. Enter obacteriaceae 332
Moraxella 419
Bacteroidaceae 423
Neisseria 480
Lactobacillaceae 505
Diplococcus 507
Corynebacterium 579
Listeria 597
Neitz, W, O. Anaplasma 981
Nellis, Lois Mycococcus 707
Niven, C. F. Lactobacillaceae 505
Streptococcus 508
0rskov, J. Microcyclus 253
Parker, CD. Thiobacillus 83
Pederson, Carl S. Lactobacillaceae 505
Pediococcus 529
Leuconostoc 531
Lactobacillus 542
Pelczar, M. J. Neisseria 480
Veillonella 485
Peshkoff, M. A. Caryophanales 830
Philip, Cornelius B. Microtatobiotes 931 and 933
Rickettsiales 934
Anaplasmataceae 980
Pittman, Margaret Bordetella 402
Haemophilus 406
Pringsheim, E. G. Vilreoscillaceae 844
t Deceased.
Vlll LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Rake, Geoffrey W. Chlamydiaceae 957

Reed, Guilford B.f Mycobacterium 695
Robinson, Elliott S. Diplococcus 507
Robinson, George H.f Spirochaetales 892
Schatz, Albert Hydrogenomonas facilis 76
Seeley, H. W. Streptococcus 508
Seeliger, H. Corynebacterium 579
Sherman, James W.f Lactobacillaceae 505
Streptococcus 508
Skerman, V. B. D. Artificial Keys 987
Smit, Jan Sarcina 467
Smith, Louis DeSpain Lactobacillaceae 505
Peptostreptococcus 533
Smith, N. R. Bacteroidaceae 423
Bacillus 613
Snieszko, S. F. Aeromonas 189
Spray, R. S. Clostridium 634
Stanier, R. Y. Myxobacterales 854
Starkey, R. L. Nitrobacteraceae 68
Steinhaus, E. A. Virales 985
Stuart, C. A. Proteus 364
Temple, Kenneth L. Thiobacillus 83
Thj0tta, Th.t Alginornonas 202
Alginobacter 348
Tobie, W. C. Chromobacterium 292
van Niel, C. B. Rhodobacteriineae 35
Propionibacterium 569
Achromatiaceae 851
Vaughn, Reese Acetobacter 183
Verona, Onorato Cellvibrio 250
Waksman, S. A. Actinomycetales 694
Mycococcus 707
Actinomycetaceae 713
Streptomycetaceae 744
Wattie, Elsie (Mrs.
Lackey) Zoogloea 206
Spirochaetales 892
Weeks, Owen B. Flavobacterium 309
Weinman, David Bartonellaceae 968
Wolff, J. W. Leptospira 907
Yale, N. W. Escherichia 335
Aerobacter 341
ZoBell, Claude E. Desulfovibrio 248
t Deceased.
PREFACE TO SEVENTH EDITION
The general format of the seventh edition of Bergey's Manual of Deter-
minative Bacteriology differs but Uttle from that of the sixth edition. How-
ever, examination will reveal many changes in the content as the result of a
thoroughgoing revision. Among these the following seem to be worthy of special
comment.
The most obvious change is that of the separation into two volumes of the
material comparable to that which appeared in the sixth edition. The present
volume is entitled the seventh edition of Bergey's Manual of Determinative
Bacteriology. This Manual contains an outlined classification of the bac-
teria and the descriptions of the taxa from Class to Species and Subspecies, to-
gether with the appropriate keys. Nearly all species regarded as having been
inadequately described or that could not be definitely placed have been excluded,
together with many of the less important synonyms of the accepted species.
These, together with the index to all the literature of both accepted and poorly
described organisms have been transferred to a volume to be known as the
Index Bergeyana. The latter volume will include all descriptions and citations
to species formerly found as appendices or indefinitely placed as species incertae
sedis. The host and habitat index will also be found in the Index Bergeyana.
The net result is that the Manual itself contains descriptions of many more
species with more adequate descriptions than have former editions; the transfer
of much material to the Index Bergeyana has meant a reduction in the number
of pages and a book of more convenient size and greater usefulness. The Index
Bergeyana should prove to be an invaluable tool for the research microbiologist,
containing, as it will, references to the whole field of systematic bacteriology and
an index to the names of described species, both valid and invalid.
Much material of historical value and interest in the sixth and earlier editions
of the Manual has been excluded, not because it is lacking in real value to the
student, but because repetition of its publication is now unnecessary.
This edition of the Manual represents the coordinated results of the work of
one hundred contributors, about thirty-five more than assisted in preparing the
sixth edition. The contributors to the Manual are to be regarded in all nomen-
clatural matters as strictly the authors of their sections. All new names of taxa
and the names of all new combinations are to be ascribed to these authors, and
not to the editors of the Manual. Contributors from countries other than the
United States are more numerous than in the earlier editions. In other words,
the Manual is rapidly assuming the character of an international publication.
To all of these contributors the sincere thanks of the Board of Editors, and par-
ticularly ofthe Editor-in-Chief, are due. The seventh edition is a tribute to the
patience, care and scientific acumen of these individuals. Special note should be
taken of the assistance rendered in the office of the Editor-in-Chief by Mr.
Erwin Lessel, Miss Maude Hogan, Mrs. Eleanore Heist CUse and Mrs. Margaret
Edson Breed.
X PREFACE TO SEVENTH EDITION
The keys to the several categories of taxa (orders, families, tribes, genera and
species) have been revised with a view to making them more reUable and useful.
There is included also an artificial key to the species prepared by Professor
V. B. D. Skerman, which key should prove helpful.
The Section on Nomenclature, including a synopsis of the Botanical Code of
Nomenclature, has been eliminated. At the time of preparation of the sixth
edition, the International Code of Bacteriological Nomenclature had not been
finally approved, and emphasis was properly laid upon the rules used in Botany.
This is no longer pertinent. The Bacteriological Code appeared in 1948 too late
for use in making appropriate revisions in the 6th Edition of the Manual. The
revised International Code of Nomenclature of the Bacteria and Viruses is about
to be published. This contains annotations that should prove of value to the
student, and should be regarded as a helpful aid in the understanding of the
nomenclature used in the 7th Edition of the Manual.
The naming and classification of the viruses, as published in the sixth edition
of the Manual, was regarded by some eminent virologists as perhaps inadvisable
because it was premature. They felt strongly that the problems of morphology,
physiology, pathogenesis and inter-relationships of the viruses were not as yet
sufficiently resolved to make satisfactory taxonomy and classification practicable.
After consultation with the International Subcommittee on Viruses it was de-
cided that the Virus Section should not be included in the seventh edition. This
deletion has been made with the full expectation that sufficient international
agreement will be reached to make possible adequate treatment in the eighth
edition. The Editorial Committee recognizes that a satisfactory system of
nomenclature and taxonomy for the viruses is imperative.
The Editors wish to repeat and emphasize a statement made in the Preface
of the first edition of the Manual:
"The assistance of all bacteriologists is earnestly solicited in the correction of possible

errors in the text."
Among the tasks of the several editions of the Manual has been the codification
of an increasingly satisfactory classification of the bacteria and the correction of
the nomenclature of the past. The present volume undoubtedly has many errors
that were not caught notwithstanding a most earnest effort. There are also many
unresolved questions. Inasmuch as this volume appears at almost the same time
as the Revised International Bacteriological Code, there are doubtless still some
inconsistencies.
E. G. D. Murray
N. R. Smith
R. S. Breed, Chairman
Editorial Committee
PREFACE TO SEVENTH EDITION XI
NOTE
The Board of Trustees of Bergey's Manual wish to record their profound
sorrow at the death on February 10, 1956, of Dr. Robert S. Breed, Chairman of
the Board of Trustees and Editor-in-Chief of the Manual. Most regrettable is
the fact that he did not live to see in printed form the results of his untiring
and devoted labor. At the time of his death, most of the manuscript for the
seventh edition had been placed in the hands of the publisher; the remainder was
in such shape that it could be promptly submitted. The Board of Trustees of
the Bergey Trust, including the Board of Editors, wish to pay tribute to the
devotion, energy and skill of Dr. Breed over a period of many years, as shown
in the organization of better bacterial nomenclature and classification. The
science of microbiology is his debtor.
Reconciliation of the nomenclature used in the seventh edition of the Manual
with the provisions of the revised International Code of Nomenclature of the
Bacteria and Viruses had not been entirely completed by Dr. Breed. As far as
possible, these discrepancies have been corrected before publication.
The death of Dr. Breed leaves the Editorial Committee without a chairman
and editor-in-chief. The Board of Trustees is unanimous in the belief that a suc-
cessor to Dr. Breed should be found outside its present membership. Dr. Breed
was also Chairman of the Board of Trustees. Following his death, reorganization
of the Board was undertaken by Dr. Conn, as Treasurer, and Dr. Buchanan was
designated as Chairman. The latter has agreed to serve until publication of the
seventh edition of Bergey's Manual and of the first edition of the companion
volume, planned by Dr. Breed and christened by him the Index Bergeyana.
It is recognized to be a matter of urgency and diflficulty to replace Dr. Breed
with an editor-in-chief for the eighth edition and to find a means of making this
onerous responsibility something more than the labor of love it always was to him.
E. G. D. Murray
N. R. Smith
H. J. Conn
R. E. Buchanan, Chairman
Board of Trustees
PREFACE OF FIRST EDITION
The elaborate system of classification of the bacteria into families, tribes

and genera by a Committee on Characterization and Classification of the
Society of American Bacteriologists (1917, 1920) has made it very desirable
to be able to place in the hands of students a more detailed key for the
identification of species than any that is available at present. The valuable
book on "Determinative Bacteriology" by Professor F. D. Chester, pub-
lished in1901, is now of very little assistance to the student, and all previous
classifications are of still less value, especially as earlier systems of classifica-
tion were based entirely on morphologic characters.
It is hoped that this manual will serve to stimulate efforts to perfect the
classification of bacteria, especially by emphasizing the valuable features
as well as the weaker points in the new system which the Committee of the
Society of American Bacteriologists has promulgated. The Committee
does not regard the classification of species offered here as in any sense
final, but merely a progress report leading to more satisfactory classification
in the future.
The Committee desires to express its appreciation and thanks to those
members of the society who gave valuable aid in the compilation of material
and the classification of certain species. . . .
The assistance of all bacteriologists is earnestly solicited in the correction
of possible errors in the text ; in the collection of descriptions of all bacteria
that may have been omitted from the text; in supplying more detailed
descriptions of such organisms as are described incompletely; and in furnish-
ing complete descriptions of new organisms that may be discovered, or in
directing the attention of the Committee to publications of such newly
described bacteria.
David H. Bergey, Chairman
Francis C. Harrison
Robert S. Breed
Bernard W. Hammer
Frank M. Huntoon
Committee on Manual.
August, 1923.
CONTENTS
Introduction 1
Considerations Influencing the Classification Used in This Edition of the Manual. ... 4
How Bacteria are Named and Identified 15
Division I. Protophyta Sachs, 1874, cviend. Krassilnikov, 1949 29
Class I. Schizophyceae Cohn, 1879 30
Class II. Schizomycetes von Naegeli, 1857 33
Order I. Pseudomonadales Orla-Jensen, 1921 35
Suborder I. Rhodohacteriineae Breed, Murray and Kitchens, 1944 35
Family I. Thiorhodaceae Molisch, 1907 38
Genus I. Thiosarcina Winogradsky, 1888 39
Genus II. Thiopedia Winogradsky, 1888 40
Genus III. Thiocapsa Winogradsky, 1888 41
Genus IV. Thiodiclyon Winogradsky, 1888 41
Genus V. Thioihece Winogradsky, 1888 42
Genus VI. Thiocyslis Winogradsky, 1888 42
Genus VII. Lamprocystis Schroeter, 1886 43
Genus VIII. Amoebobacter Winogradsky, 1888 44
Genus IX. Thiopolycoccus Winogradsky, 1888 45
Genus X. Thiospirillum Winogradsky, 1888 46
Genus XI. Rhabdomonas Cohn, 1875 48
Genus XII. Rhodolhece Molisch, 1907 50
Genus XIII. Chromatium Perty, 1852 50
Family II. A thiorhodaceae Molisch, 1907 53
Genus I. Rhodopseudomonas Kluyver and van Niel, 1937, emend, van
Niel, 1944 53
Genus II. Rhodospirillum Molisch, 1907, emend, van Niel, 1944 58
Family III. Chlorobacteriaceae Lauterborn, 1913 61
Genus I. Chlorobium Nadson, 1912 62
Genus II. Pelodictyon Lauterborn, 1913 63
Genus III. Clathrochloris Geitler, 1925 64
Genus IV. Chlorobacterium Lauterborn, 1915 65
Genus V. Chlorochromatium Lauterborn, 1906 65
Genus VI. Cylindrogloea Perfiliev, 1914 66
Suborder II. Pseudomonadineae Breed, Murray and Smith, sub-ordo nov 67
Family I. Nitrobacteraceae Buchanan, 1917 68
Genus I. Nitrosomonas Winogradsky, 1890 68
Genus II. Nitrosococcus Winogradsky, 1892 69
Genus III. Nitrosospira Winogradsky, 1931 70
Genus IV. Nitrosocystis Winogradsky, 1931 70
Genus V. Nitrosogloea H. Winogradsky, 1935 71
Genus VI. Nitrobacter Winogradsky, 1892 72
Genus VII. Nitrocystis H. Winogradsky, 1935 73
Family II. Methanomonadaceae Breed, fam. nov 74
Genus I. Methanomonas Orla-Jensen, 1909 74
Genus II. Hydrogenomonas Orla-Jensen, 1909 75
Genus III. Carboxydomonas Orla-Jensen, 1909 77
Family III. Thiobacteriaceae Janke, 1924 78
Genus I. Thiobaclerium Janke, 1924 79
Genus II. Macromonas Utermohl and Koppe, 1923 80
Genus III. Thiovulum Hinze, 1913 81
xiii '^'366
4
CONTENTS
Genus IV. Thiospira Vislouch, 1914 82

Genus V. Thiobacillus Beijerinck, 1904 83
Family IV. Pseudomonadaceae Winslow et al., 1917 88
Genus I. Pseudomonas Migula, 1894 89
Genus II. Xanthomonas Dowson, 1939 152
Genus III. Acetobacier Beijerinck, 1898 183
Genus IV. Aeromonas Kluyver and van Niel, 1936 189
Genus V. Photohacterium Beijerinck, 1889, emend. Breed and Lessel,
1954 193
Genus VI. Azotomonas Stapp, 1940 198
Genus VII. Zymomonas Kluyver and van Niel, 1936 199
Genus VIII. Protaminobacter den Dooren de Jong, 1926 200
Genus IX. Alginomonas Thj0tta and K&ss, 1945 202
Genus X. Mycoplana Gray and Thornton, 1928 204
Genus XI. Zoogloea Cohn, 1854 206
Genus XII. Halobacterium Elazari-Volcani, 1940 207
Family V. Caulobacteraceae Henrici and Johnson, 1935, emend. Breed 212
Genus I. Caulobacter Henrici and Johnson, 1935 213
Genus II. Gallionella Ehrenberg, 1838 214
Genus III. Siderophacus Beger, 1944 216
Genus IV. Nevskia Famintzin, 1892 216
Family VI. Siderocapsaceae Pribram, 1929 217
Genus I. Siderocapsa Molisch, 1909 218
Genus II. Siderosphaera Beger, 1944 220
Genus III. Sideronema Beger, 1941 220
Genus IV. Ferribacterium Brussoff , 1916 221
Genus V. Sideromonas Cholodny, 1922 222
Genus VI. N aumanniella Dorff, 1934 223
Genus VII. Ochrobium Perfiliev, 1921 225
Genus VIII. Siderococcns Dorff, 1934 225
Genus IX. Siderobacter Naumann, 1922 226
Genus X. Ferrobacillus Leathen and Braley, 1954 227
Family VII. Spirillaceae Migula, 1894 228
Genus I. Vibrio Miiller, 1773 229
Genus II. Desulfovibrio Kluyver and van Niel, 1936 248
Genus III. Methanobacterium Kluyver and van Niel, 1936 250
Genus IV. Cellvibrio Winogradsky, 1929 250
Genus V. Cellfalcicula Winogradsky, 1929 252
Genus VI. Microcyclus 0rskov, 1928 253
Genus VII. Spirillum Ehrenberg, 1832 253
Genus VIII. Paraspirillum Dobell, 1912 257
Genus IX. Selenomonas von Prowazek, 1913 258
Genus X. Myconostoc Cohn, 1875 260
Order II. Chlamydobacteriales Buchanan, 1917 262
Family I. Chlamydobacteriaceae Migula, 1894 262
Genus I. Sphaerotilus Kiitzing, 1833 263
Genus II. Leptothrix Kiitzing, 1843 264
Genus III. Toxothrix Molisch, 1925 269
Family II. Peloplocaceae Beger, fam. nov 270
Genus I. Peloploca Lauterborn, 1913 270
Genus II. Pelonema Lauterborn, 1915 271
Family III. Crenotrichaceae Hansgirg, 1888 272
Genus I. Crenothrix Cohn, 1870 272
CONTENTS XV
Genus II. Phragmidiothrix Engler, 1883 273

Genus III. Clonothrix Roze, 1896 274
Order III. Hyphomicrobiales Douglas, ordo nov 276
Family I. Hyphomicrobiaceae Babudieri, 1950 276
Genus I. Hyphomicrobimn Stutzer and Hartleb, 1898 277
Genus II. Rhodomicrobium Duchow and Douglas, 1949 277
Family II. Pasteuriaceae Laurent, 1890, emend. Henrici and Johnson, 1935. . 278
Genus I. Pasteuria MetchnikofT, 1888 279
Genus II. Blasiocaulis Henrici and Johnson, 1935 279
Order IV. Enbacteriales Buchanan, 1917 281
Family I. Azotobacteraceae Bergey, Breed and Murray, 1938 283
Genus I. Azotobacter Beijerinck, 1901 283
Family
GenusII. Rhizobiaceae
I. RhizobiumConn, 19381889
Frank, .' 285
285
Genus II. Agrobacterium Conn, 1942 288
Genus III. Chromobacterium Bergonzini, 1881 292
Family III. Achromobacteraceae Breed, 1945 296
Genus I. Alcaligenes Castellani and Chalmers, 1919 297
Genus II. Achromobacter Bergey et al., 1923 300
Genus III. Flavobacteriurn Bergey et al., 1923 309
Genus IV. Agarbacterium Angst, 1929 322
Genus V. Beneckea Campbell, gen. nov 328
Family IV. Enterobacteriaceae Rahn, 1937 332
Tribe I. Escherichieae Bergey, Breed and Murray, 1938 334
Genus I. Escherichia Castellani and Chalmers, 1919 335
Genus II. Aerobacter Beijerinck, 1900 341
Genus III. Klebsiella Trevisan, 1885 344
Genus IV. Paracolobactrum Borman, Stuart and Wheeler, 1944 346
Genus V. Alginobacter Thj0tta and Kiss, 1944 348
Tribe II. Erwinieae Winslow et al., 1920 349
Genus VI. Erwinia Winslow et al., 1917 349
Tribe III. Serratieae Bergey, Breed and Murray, 1938 359
Genus VII. Serratia Bizio, 1823, emend. Breed and Breed, 1927 359
Tribe IV. Proteeae Castellani and Chalmers, 1919 364
Genus VIII. Proteus Hauser, 1885 364
Tribe V. Salmonelleae Bergey, Breed and Murray, 1938 368
Genus IX. Salmonella Lignieres, 1900 368
Genus X. Shigella Castellani and Chalmers, 1919 384
Family V. Brucellaceae, nom. nov 394
Genus I. Pasteurella Trevisan, 1887 395
Genus II. Bordetella Moreno-Lopez, 1952 402
Genus III. Brucella Meyer and Shaw, 1920 404
Genus IV. Haemophilus Winslow et al., 1917 406
Genus V. Actinobacillus Brumpt, 1910 414
Genus VI. Calymmatobacterium Aragao and Vianna, 1913 418
Genus VII. Moraxella Lwoff, 1939 419
Genus VIII. Noguchia Olitsky, Syverton and Tyler, 1934 421
Family VI. Bacteroidaceae Breed, Murray and Smith, fam. nov 423
Genus I. Bacieroides Castellani and Chalmers, 1919 424
Genus II. Fusobacterium Knorr, 1922 436
Genus III. Dialister Bergey et al., 1923 440
Genus IV. Sphaerophorus Pr6vot, 1938 441
Genus V. Streptobacillus Levaditi, Nicolau and Poincloux, 1925 451
XVI CONTENTS
Family VII. Micrococcaceae Pribram, 1929 454

Genus I. Micrococcus Cohn, 1872 455
Genus II. Staphylococcus Rosenbach, 1894 464
Genus III. Gaffkya Trevisan, 1885 466
Genus IV. Sarcina Goodsir, 1842 467
Subgenus I. Zyniosarcina Smit, 1930 468
Subgenus II. Methanosarcina Kluyver and van Niel, 1936 468
Subgenus III. Sarcinococcus Breed, 1948 468
Subgenus IV. Urosarcina Miquel, 1888 468
Genus V. Methanococcus Kku'ver and van Niel, 1936, emend. Barker,
1936 473
Genus VI. Peptococcus Kluyver and van Niel, 1936 474
Family VIII. Neisseriaceae Prevot, 1933 480
Genus I. Neisseria Trevisan, 1885 480
Genus II. Veillonella Prevot, 1933 485
Family IX. Brevibacteriaceae Breed, 1953 490
Genus I. Brevibacterium Breed, 1953 490
Genus II. Kiirthia Trevisan, 1885 503
Family X. Lactobacillaceae Winslow et al., 1917 505
Tribe I. Streptococceae Trevisan, 1889 506
Genus I. Diplococcus Weichselbaum, 1886 507
Genus II. Streptococcus Rosenbach, 1884 508
Genus III. Pediococcus Balcke, 1884, e77iend. Mees, 1934 529
Genus IV. Leuconostoc van Tieghem, 1878, eviend. Hucker and Pederson,
1930 531
Genus V. Peptostreptococcus Kluyver and van Niel, 1936 533
Tribe II. Laciobacilleae Winslow et al., 1920 541
Genus I. Lactobacillus Beijerinck, 1901 542
Subgenus I. Lactobacillus Beijerinck, 1901 543
Subgenus II. Saccharobacillus van Laer, 1892 543
Genus II. Eubacterium Prevot, 1938 552
Genus III. Catenabacterium Prevot, 1938 560
Genus IV. Ramibacterium Prevot, 1938 563
Genus V. Cillobacterium Prevot, 1938 566
Family XI. Propionibacteriaceae Delwiche, jam. nov 569
Genus I. Propionibacterium Orla-Jensen, 1909 569
Genus II. Butijribacterium Barker and Haas, 1944 577
Genus III. Zymohacterium Wachsman and Barker, 1954 577
Family XII. Corynebacteriaceae Lehmann and Neumann, 1907 578
Genus I. Corynebacterium Lehmann and Neumann, 1896 579
Genus II. Listeria Pirie, 1940 597
Genus III. Erysipelothrix Rosenbach, 1909 599
Genus IV. Microbacterium Orla-Jensen, 1919 600
Genus V. Cellulomonas Bergey et al., 1923, emend. Clark, 1952 601
Genus VI. Arthrobacter Fischer, 1895, emend. Conn and Dimmick, 1947. . 605
Family XIII. Bacillaceae Fischer, 1895 613
Genus I. Bacillus Cohn, 1872 613
Genus II. Clostridium Prazmowski, 1880 634
*Order V. Actinomycetales Buchanan, 1917 694
* Erratum: Due to a clerical error the orders Caryophanales and Actinomycetes of the
class Schizomycetales appear in the wrong sequence in numerous places throughout the
MANUAL: correctly, Caryophanales is Order V and should appear before Order VI, Acti-
nomycetales (see pages 12, 33, and 34 for reasons why Caryophanales precedes Actinomyce-
tales in the classification scheme).
CONTENTS XVll
Family I. Mycobacteriaceae Chester, 1901 695

Genus I. Mycobacterium Lehmann and Neumann, 1896 695
Genus II. Mycococcus Krassilnikov, 1938 707
Family II. Actinomyceiaceae Buchanan, 1918 713
Genus I. Nocardia Trevisan, 1889 713
Genus II. Actinomyces Harz, 1877 742
Family III. Streptonrycctaceae Waksman and Henrici, 1943 744
Genus I. Streptomyces Waksman and Henrici, 1943 744
Genus II. Micromunospora ^rskov, 1923 822
Genus III. Thermoactinomyces Tsiklinsky, 1899 824
Family IV. Aciinoplanaceae Couch, 1955 825
Genus I. Actinoplanes Couch, 1950 826
Genus II. Streptosporangiurn Couch, 1955 828
Order VI. Caryophanales Peshkoff, 1940 830
Family I. Caryophanaceae Peshkoff, 1940 830
Genus I. Caryophanon Peshkoff, 1940 831
Genus II. Lineola Pringsheim, 1950 832
Genus III. SimonsieUa Schmid, 1922 833
Family II. Oscillospiraceae Peshkoff, 1940 834
Genus I. Oscillospira Chatton and Perard, 1913 834
Family III. Arthromitaceae Peshkoff, 1940 835
Genus I. Arthromitus Leidy, 1849 835
Genus II. Coleomitus Duboscq and Grasse, 1930 836
Order VII. Beggiatoales Buchanan, ordo nov 837
Family I. Beggiatoaceae Migula, 1894 837
Genus I. Beggiatoa Trevisan, 1842 838
Genus II. Thiospirillopsis Uphof, 1927 840
Genus III. Thioploca Lauterborn, 1907 841
Genus IV. Thiothrix Winogradsky, 1888 842
Family II. Vitreoscillaceae Pringsheim, 1949 844
Genus I. Vitreoscilla Pringsheim, 1951 845
Genus II. Bactoscilla Pringsheim, 1951 848
Genus III. MicrosciUa Pringsheim, 1951 849
Family III. Leucotrichaceae Buchanan, farn. nov 850
Genus I. Leucothrix Oersted, 1844, emend. Harold and Stanier, 1955. . . . 850
Family IV. Achromatiaceae Massart, 1902 851
Genus I. Achromatiiim Schewiakoff, 1893 852
Order VIII. Myxobacterales Jahn, 1915 854
Family I. Cytophagaceae Stanier, 1940 858
Genus I. Cytophaga Winogradsky, 1929 858
Family II. Archangiaceae Jahn, 1924 863
Genus I. Archangium Jahn, 1924 863
Genus II. Stelangium Jahn, 1915 866
Family III. Sorangiaceae Jahn, 1924 866
Genus I. Sorangium Jahn, 1924 866
Family IV. Polyangiaceae Jahn, 1924 870
Genus I. Polyangium Link, 1809 870
Genus II. Synangium Jahn, 1924 877
Genus III. Podangium Jahn, 1924 877
Genus IV. Chondrojnyces Berkeley and Curtis, 1874 879
Family V. Myxococcaceae Jahn, 1924 882
Genus I. Myxococcus Thaxter, 1892 883
Genus II. Chondrococcus Jahn, 1924 886
XVlll CONTENTS
Genus III. Angiococcus Jahn, 1924 889

Genus IV. Sporocytophaga Stanier, 1940 890
Order IX. Spirochaeiales Buchanan, 1918 892
Family I. Spirochaetaceae Swellengrebel, 1907 892
Genus I. Spirochaeta Ehrenberg, 1833 893
Genus II. Saprospira Gross, 1911 894
Genus III. Cristispira Gross, 1910 895
Family II. Treponemataceae Robinson, 1948 896
Genus I. Borrelia Swellengrebel, 1907 897
Genus II. Treponema Schaudinn, 1905 904
Genus III. Leptospira Noguchi, 1917 907
Order X. Mycoplasmaiales Freundt, 1955 914
Family I. Mycoplasmaiaceae Freundt, 1955 914
Genus I. Mycoplasma Nowak, 1929 914
Addendum to Class II, Schizomycetes von Naegeli. Bacteria symbiotic or parasitic
in protozoa 926
Class III. Microtatobiofes Philip, 1956 931 and 933
Order I. iSz'c^êWsmZes Buchanan and Buchanan, 1938, emend. Gieszczykiewicz, 1939 934
Family I. Rickettsiaceae Pinkerton, 1936 934
Tribe I. Rickettsieae Philip, trib. nov 935
Genus I. Rickettsia da Rocha-Lima, 1916 935
Subgenus A. Rickettsia Philip, 1943 937
Subgenus B. Zinssera Macchiavello, 1947 939
Subgenus C. Dermacentroxenus (Wolbach, 1919) Philip, 1943 941
Subgenus D. Rochalimaea Macchiavello, 1947 945
Genus II. Coxiella Philip, 1948 947
Tribe II. Ehrlichieae Philip, trib. nov 948
Genus III. Ehrlichia Moshkovskiy, 1945 949
Genus IV. Cowdria Moshkovskiy, 1945 950
Genus V. Neorickettsia Philip et al., 1953 951
Tribe III. Wolbachieae Philip, 1956 952
Genus VI. Wolbachia Hertig, 1936 953
Genus VII. Symhiotes Philip, 1956 956
Genus VIII. Rickettsiella Philip, 1956 957
Family II. Chlamydiaceae Rake, fam. nov 957
Genus I. Chlamydia Rake, 1956 958
Genus II. Colesiota Rake, 1948 959
Genus III. Ricolesia Rake, gen. nov 959
Genus IV. Colettsia Rake, nom. nov 961
Genus V. Miyagawanella Brumpt, 1938 961
Family III. Bartonellaceae Gieszczykiewicz, 1939 968
Genus I. Bartonella Strong, Tyzzer and Sellards, 1915 969
Genus II. Grahariiella Brumpt, 1911 971
Genus III. Haemobartonella Tyzzer and Weinman, 1939 972
Genus IV. Eperythrozoon Schilling, 1928 977
Family IV. Anaplasmataceae Yakimov, 1931 980
Genus I. Anaplasma Theiler, 1910 981
Order II. Virales Breed, Murray and Kitchens, 1944 985
Artificial Key 987
Index of Genera and Species 1093
INTRODUCTION
Suggestions for the Use of the Manual In Classifying

Unknown Organisms
No organism can be classified before its morphological, cultural, physiological
and pathogenic characters have been determined through a detailed study.
The characters used in the keys to orders, families and genera may ordinarily
be determined by the use of a dozen or more of the procedures described in the
]\Ianual of Microbiological Methods issued by the Committee on Bacteriological
Technic of the Society of American Bacteriologists. More complete examinations
are required in special cases to identify and to describe individual species ne-
cessitating resort to the original literature. When those prevailing are inad-
equate, new criteria are desirable. This desideratum extends to some higher taxa
to achieve more exact and distinctive definitions.
It is urged that beginning students be taught all of the techniques necessary
for the identification of species in the hope that the taxonomic work of the future
may be placed on a satisfactory basis.
After a complete study of the characters of the organism has been made,
either of two courses may be followed. (1) Use the Keys in the body of the text
as explained below. These follow what are believed to be the natural relationships
that exist between various groups of bacteria. (2) The beginning student may,
however, find the artificial key at the back of the Manual to be more helpful
than the natural keys in determining the identity of an unknown culture.
In all cases it should be kept in mind that many descriptions of species of
bacteria are not mentioned in this Manual. Failure to find agreement between
an unknown culture and any of the descriptions given in this Manual does not
prove that the unknown culture represents a species that has never been studied
and described.
If the student wishes to follow through the natural keys he should turn to
page 33 and ascertain first in which order the organism belongs. When the
order has been ascertained, turn to the page of the Manual on which the key to
that order is given. In this key ascertain the family or sub-family to which the
organism belongs.
When the family has been determined, again refer to the page of the Manual
on which the key to that family is given. In this key ascertain the tribe to which
the organism belongs.
When the tribe has been determined, again find the page of the Manual on
which the key to the tribe is given. In this key ascertain the genus to which the or-
ganism belongs.
When the genus has been determined, again refer to the page of the Manual
on which the key to that genus is given. In this key trace out the species under
investigation.
1
2 SUGGESTIONS FOR USE OF THE MANUAL
For example, if one wishes to identify a short, peritrichous. Gram-negative,

non-spore-forming, non-chromogenic rod that grows well on ordinary culture
media at 37 °C., fermenting glucose and lactose with the production of acid and
gas, not liquefying gelatin, with negative reaction for acetylmethylcarbinol,
citrate-negative, alginate-negative, pectinase-negative, producing indole and
reducing nitrates, consult the key to the orders on page 33.
In this key examine I: Cells rigid. Motile by means of polar flagella or non-motile.
This does not indicate our organism, which is peritrichous. We turn next to II:
Not as above. Under A: Cells rigid. Spherical or straight, rod-shaped cells. Occur
singly, in chains or in trichomes. Motile by means of peritrichous flagella or non-
motile. These characters agree with those of the organism in question.
We turn now to 1, in the same key: Cells spherical or rod-shaped. No trichomes,
though chains of cells may occur. This indicates that the organism in question
belongs in Order IV, Eubacteriales.
In the key to the families of Order Eubacteriales, p. 281, examine I: Cells
rod-shaped. Gram-negative. This indicates the organism in question, so we turn
next to A: Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, which again indicates the organism
in question.
The next entry, 1: Large, ovoid to rod-shaped cells, sometimes yeast-like in
appearance. Free-living in soil. Fix free nitrogen, does not indicate the culture
under study so we turn to 2 : Not as above.
The heading, 2 : Heterotrophic rods which may not require organic nitrogen for
growth. Usually motile, with one to six flagella. Frequently form nodules or tubercles
on roots of plants or show violet chromogenesis. Colonies usually large and slimy,
especially on mannitol agar, does not indicate the organism in question. We then
turn to aa: Not as above.
Heading b: Straight rods which grow readily on ordinary peptone media. May
of may not ferment sugars anaerobically with the production of organic acids again
indicates the culture under study.
The heading c : Glucose usually attacked oxidatively or not at all does not indicate
the organism in question as it is an active fermenter of glucose and lactose,
cc: Ferment glucose anaerobically, frequently producing visible gas from glucose, and
sometimes lactose indicates that the culture under study belongs in the Family IV,
Enterobacteriaceae .
We now turn to the key to the tribes of family Enterobacteriaceae, page 334.
In this key we examine I: Lactose fermented anaerobically, usually within 48 hours.
This indicates the culture under study.
The entry A: Prodigiosin not produced also indicates the non-chromogenic
organism in question. Likewise, 1: Do not produce protopectinase. Not parasitic
on plants also applies to our culture, so we turn to the key to the genera of
Tribe I, Escherichieae, page 335.
We turn now to I: Alginic acid is not decomposed with the production of acid and
gas. This likewise indicates the organism is question. Under this. A: Lactose is
fermented within 48 hours also indicates the culture under study, as does 1:
SUGGESTIONS FOR USE OF THE MANUAL 3
Acetylmethylcarhinol not produced. Methyl red test positive. Salts of citric acid may
or may not he used as a sole source of carbon. This places the organism in Genus I
Escherichia.
We turn now to the key to the species of Genus I, Escherichia, page 335. On
tracing our organism in this key we find that its characters correspond with those
of Escherichia coli and turn to the description of this species for a final confirma-
tion of this identification.
It is self evident that where the characters of the original culture have not
been determined accurately or completely, the identity of the unknown can-
not be determined positively.
A second difficulty in the use of a key comes from inexperience in the use of
technical terms; that is, the student may not thoroughly understand the meaning
of the statement in the key and so cannot follow a route through the key with
certainty. For example in the keys used here, the student must know the dif-
ference between (1) chains of cells which are composed of dividing cells which
do not separate at once, and (2) trichomes which are composed of dividing cells
which remain more permanently together and are normally flattened against
each other on adjacent sides. The trichomes may show some differentiation into
holdfast cells and reproductive cells (conidia) . Both chains of cells and trichomes
are to be distinguished from the mycelial threads found in Actinomycetaceae : the
latter are unseptate and show true branching.
The student should be warned not to take descriptions in the Manual too
literally or too rigidly. Descriptions are usually drawn to represent average
findings. Especially among bacteria, characters such as sugar fermentations,
gelatin liquefaction, presence or absence of flagella and other things may vary
within a species. Sometimes these variations are due to slight, possibly un-
recognized variations in the techniques used in determining these characters.
Real knowledge of the characteristics of species may also be very incomplete.
This is true not only with respect to the physiological activities of these micro-
organisms but also to such detectable structural features as the number and
position of flagella. Dark-field movies of motile cells and photographs taken with
the electron microscope are revealing new and heretofore unsuspected facts
regarding structural features.
Source and habitat data are frequently helpful in aiding the student to rec-
ognize species of bacteria and may indicate that the pathogenicity of the culture
in question may need to be tried on some specific animal or plant. By habitat
is meant the kind of a place in which the organism normally grows; by source,
the particular material and place from which the culture was obtained. This
source may or may not indicate the natural habitat. The source of cultures is
invariably more limited in scope than the habitat, as bacteria normally occur
wherever their particular habitat may be found in a world-wide distribution.
CONSIDERATIONS INFLUENCING THE CLASSIFICA-
TION USED IN THIS EDITION OF THE MANUAL
Robert S. Breed
Cornell University, Geneva, New York
The development of the classification systems used in the various editions of

Bergey's Manual has caused those of us responsible for this work to give
considerable thought to the probable evolutionary development of the living
things that are included under the general terms bacteria and, more recently,
viruses.
For those who are not familiar with the principles of evolution, it might be
well to bear in mind that all living things, including bacteria and viruses, do but
represent the present form of a long line of ancestral forms. Customarily these
lines of development are thought of as being not lineal but like the twigs and
branches of a tree which trace their origin back to the trunk of the tree, living
species being regarded as the separate and distinct tips of the twigs.
Bacteria and viruses, endowed as they are with a simple morphology, are
naturally thought of as being primordial or primitive in nature. This concept
is fundamental in all systems of classification that have been developed for these
organisms. Nevertheless it should not be forgotten that the different species or
kinds of these morphologically simple living things now extant may have under-
gone many types of changes during the course of their evolutionary development.
However, because bacteria and viruses do not have hard parts that fossilize,
there is little that can be learned about their evolution directly from historical
geology (paleontology) .
It is difficult to picture the environment under which the undifferentiated,
unicellular organisms lived when they first appeared on the earth, but it is
certain that this environment was quite different from the environment in which
similar organisms live today. One important feature of the present-day envi-
ronment that would have been lacking in the earliest periods would be the
association of unicellular organisms with more highly developed types of living
plants and animals and with the resultant accumulation of organic materials
that must take place as the natural processes of life and death go forward.
Organisms which are saprophytic and, still less, those which are parasitic would
not have had conditions favorable for their existence in the earliest periods in
which life developed on this planet. This makes it necessary to assume that the
earliest living things must have existed on comparatively simple, largely inorganic
food materials. With this thought in mind, some students of the systematic
relationships of living things have thought of the chemoautotrophic bacteria
that still exist as being more like primordial living things than are other types of
bacteria.
CONSIDERATIONS INFLUENCING CLASSIFICATION 5
It is true that the chemoautotrophic organisms are able to Hve on simple

inorganic foods that were, in all probability, available to living things under
early conditions in the development of the earth. However, it does not necessarily
follow that chemoautotrophic forms are the only ones that could have existed
in the beginning. It seems even more reasonable to assume that early living
forms developed a pigment like chlorophyll that enabled primordial bacteria to
utilize the sun's energy in synthesizing organic matter. Such photosynthetic
pigments are found in purple or green bacteria. These photoautotrophic forms
could have existed on the simple foods available when life began as readily as
could chemoautotrophic forms.
In either case, it is necessary to assume that living protoplasm, with its com-
plex enzymatic systems, existed before primordial bacteria, which utilized
inorganic materials as food. In other words, complex proteins had to be in
existence before either chemoautotrophic or photoautotrophic bacteria of the
types now found on the earth could exist.
Even if it is granted that photoautotrophic living things were primordial, it
must also be granted that when the existence of such organisms is postulated
we are not starting with the beginning of life itself. So little is known about the
possibility of living proteins (protoplasm) developing out of inorganic com-
pounds that speculation regarding this development has brought but very little
information that is factual.
In the present edition of Bergey's Manual, the classification used has been
rearranged on the assumption that the photoautotrophic bacteria extant today
presumably are the living organisms that are most nearly like the primordial
types of bacteria.
In support of this thought it should be kept in mind that the earliest living
forms must necessarily have been free-living forms, not saprophytes nor parasites.
This being the case, forms such as viruses that are very tiny in size and therefore
necessarily of a simple structure ought not to be regarded as primitive just
because of a comparatively simple structure. The viruses are adapted to life
within living protoplasm, and they represent an extreme degree of specialization
to a parasitic existence. They are known as organisms that invade the living cells
of higher plants and animals, including man. The latter are the living things
that were latest in development in geological time. Viruses could not have existed
before their host plants and animals were developed.
The term "viruses" ought not to be used for the hypothetical, very tiny,
free-living primordial organisms that must have existed before primordial
bacteria. Some investigators feel that such organisms may still exist in some as
yet unrecognized form.
It is not surprising that a great development has taken place in outline clas-
sifications since bacteriologists first tried to develop such classifications to express
the possible relationships of the organisms with which they have worked. While
O. F. Mueller (Animalcula infusoria et Marina. Hauniae. 1786) and C. G. Ehren-
berg (Die Infusionsthierchen als vollkommende Organismen. Leipzig, 1838) made
6 CONSIDERATIONS INFLUENCING CLASSIFICATION
simple beginnings along this line, their knowledge of bacteria as they are known
today was very limited indeed. Even in 1838, when Ehrenberg published his
description of the types of organisms found in infusions, microscopes had not
yet been developed to a place where even large bacteria could be studied with
any satisfaction.
By 1872, Ferdinand Cohn (Untersuchungen iiber Bacterien. I. Beitr. z. Biol,
d. Pflanzen., 1, Heft 2, 1872, 187-222), the botanist, began to understand that
a great variety of types of bacteria were in existence, and he was able to arrange
an outline classification on which later classifications of bacteria have been built.
However, his first outline classification of bacteria was scarcely pubUshed before
he felt that he should have expressed the relationships of the bacteria to the
simplest types of algae in a more intimate way. He therefore, in 1875 (Unter-
suchungen iiber Bacterien., II. ibid., 1, Heft 3, 1875, 141-207), drew up a second
classification in which he integrated the known groups of bacteria with known
groups of blue-green algae in a class, the Schizophyta. This arrangement assumed
that the bacteria had a much more intimate relationship to the blue-green algae
than the true fungi have to the green, red and brown algae.
It should be noted that early classifications of bacteria were based primarily
upon structural characters, particularly the shape of the cells. This was a
natural development, as morphological characters had been found to be useful
in drawing up natural classifications of higher plants and animals. It is also
(luite natural that workers who drew up these classifications should have regarded
the spherical organisms that they found as being primitive in nature. Little
was known at that time of the distribution of bacteria in nature. It was not
until later that it came to be realized that the bacteria that are spherical in
shape are normally found on the skin or in secretions of skin glands (milk and
other dairy products, etc.) of vertebrates. Few cocci exist as free-living forms in
water or soil. Likewise, when physiological studies were made, it was found that
the cocci require comparatively complex foods for their existence. Few modern
classifications retain the arrangement in which cocci are placed first as suggested
by Cohn in 1872.
Others have developed the early classifications* drawn up by Cohn, with many
individuals contributing to the development of a better and better understanding
of the evolutionary development of the bacteria. In the 1890's, two groups
of individuals undertook the publication of manuals describing the known species
of bacteria. These two groups exercised a great influence on the development of
systematic bacteriology.
Migula (Arb. Bact. Inst., Karlsruhe, 1, 1894, 235-238; in Engler and Prantl,
Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Schizophyta, 1 Teil, la, 1895, 1-44) and his
students began their work at Karlsruhe, Germany, in the early part of the
1890's, publishing various papers and books, the last of which was Migula's
* For a more detailed discussion of outline classifications developed by bacteriologists,
3ee Manual, 3rd ed., 1930, 1-23; and Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 5-38.
CONSIDERATIONS INFLUENCING CLASSIFICATION Y
System der Bakterien (Bd. 1, 1897, 368 pp.; Bd. 2, 1900, 1068 pp., Jena). Only
one edition was published.
During the same period K. B. Lehmann and R. E. Neumann of Wiirzburg,
Germany, began the publication of their Bakteriologische Diagnostik, the first
edition of which was published, as were later editions, in two volumes (J. F.
Lehmann Verlag, Miinchen). The first edition was soon followed by a second and
later editions, the work being seriously interrupted by the first World War after
the publication of the 5th edition. Following the war they republished the 5th
edition with a supplement as the 6 edition and later carried through a complete
revision of this text which appeared as the 7th edition in 1927. No further editions
have been issued.
In the meantime, interest in taxonomic work had crystallized in the newly
organized (1899) Society of American Bacteriologists, led at first by F, D.
Chester. His Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, published in 1901 (The
MacMillan Co., New York), had great influence in guiding the thought of
American bacteriologists, but it never has been widely known outside of North
America.
As the Society developed, others took an active interest in this work, among
them R. E. Buchanan (Jour. Bact., 1, 1916, 591-596; 2, 1917, 155-164, 347-350,
603-617; 3, 1918, 27-61, 175-181, 301-306, 403-406, 461-474, 541-545), who
organized an outline classification of all bacteria as then known. This was pub-
lished just as another member of the Society, C.-E. A. Winslow, who had, with
his wife, completed a monographic study of the Coccaceae (Winslow, C. -E. A., and
Winslow, A. R. Systematic relationships of the Coccaceae, 300 pp., 1908, John
Wiley & Sons, New York), urged the Society to form a Committee to organize
a better classification for bacteria. The Society of American Bacteriologists'
Committee, of which Winslow was made Chairman, combined forces with Bu-
chanan and published first a preliminary (Jour. Bact., 2, 1917, 505-566) and then
a final report (Jour. Bact., 5, 1920, 191-229) on the classification of bacteria. The
report of this Committee was accepted with the thought that further revisions
of this outline classification were to be expected as knowledge developed.
Meanwhile in Europe, Orla-Jensen (Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 22, 1909, 305-346)
had made notable contributions to knowledge in this field. Still later A. J. Kluyver
and C. B. van Niel (Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 34, 1936, 369-403) and others con-
tinued the development of classifications of bacteria, but European workers have
been badly handicapped in their work because of the chaotic conditions that
have existed during two world wars fought largely in Europe.
Developments in the field of systematic bacteriology led to the publication by
D. H. Bergey of a manuscript on which he had been working for a long time, his
thought being that a new edition of Chester's Manual of Determinative Bac-
teriology was badly needed, as indeed it was. In order to aid Bergey in securing
publication of his manuscript, the Society of American Bacteriologists appointed
a Committee to assist him, Dr. F. C. Harrison, Chairman. The first edition of
Bergey's Manual appeared in 1923 (The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore).
Successive editions of this Manual were issued in 1925, 1930 and 1936. Before
his death in 1937, Bergey requested that an Editorial Board take over future
editions of Bergey's Manual.
At the same time, Bergey used the accumulated royalties that had previously
been placed in the custody of the Society of American Bacteriologists to organize
the so-called Bergey's Manual Trust. The publication of the 5th and 6th
editions of Bergey's Manual has been carried out by the Trustees of this
Trust, who, by the provisions of the Deed of Trust, must always be men trained
as bacteriologists. The Board of Trustees consisted at first of Dr. D. H. Bergey,
Professor R. S. Breed and Professor E. G. D. Murray. Dr. A. Parker Kitchens was
elected to this Board after Dr. Bergey's death, when Professor Breed was made
Chairman of the Board.
Because of the truly enormous development of our knowledge of bacteria,
viruses and related organisms, the Editorial Board asked students of special
groups to assist in the revisions of the groups in which they were interested.
Thus more than 40 specialists assisted in the preparation of the 5th edition,
and more than 60 individuals in the preparation of the 6th edition of the Manual.
Canadian bacteriologists as well as bacteriologists from the U. S. A. have
participated in the Manual work from the beginning. This participation by
Canadian workers has increased during the preparation of the manuscript for
the 7th edition, as has the participation from other countries. Fourteen countries
are represented among the more than 100 specialists who have contributed to
the 7th edition of the Manual.
After the death of Dr. A. Parker Hitchens, Dr. N. R. Smith was appointed
to the Board of Trustees and to the Editorial Board of the Manual, and shortly
thereafter the Board of Trustees was made a board of five members by the
election of Dr. R. E. Buchanan and Dr. Harold J. Conn to this Board.
In preparing manuscripts for the present edition of Bergey's Manual,
specialists have found many places where the relationships of described species
of bacteria have not been well presented in the literature. Consequently, they
have been stimulated to publish many papers reporting their findings. The
individual specialists have normally been persons who have actively worked
with cultures of the organisms that belong to the group for which they have
prepared the manuscript. Thus the development of the present edition of the
Manual has stimulated much research in the field of S3^stematic bacteriology
that would never have been accomplished under other conditions. It is hoped
that in the future the Bergey's Manual Trust can become a center for research
in the field of systematic bacteriology and virology. The work thus far accom-
plished has been carried out largely by volunteer workers. If adequate funds were
available for the support of such work its value could be greatly increased.
Out of studies by specialists of the accumulated knowledge of the systematic
relationships of the microorganisms considered in Bergey's Manual of Deter-
minative Bacteriology, the three of us chiefly responsible for organizing this
work (Professor R. S. Breed, Professor E. G. D. Murray and Dr. N. R. Smith)

have developed an outline classification which expresses our ideas of the relation-
ships of the simplest types of living things. These are represented by such common
terms as true bacteria, filamentous bacteria, actinomycetes, slime bacteria,
spirochetes, rickettsias and related larger viruses and the filterable viruses. This
general classification also expresses our ideas of the relationships of these undif-
ferentiated types of living things to higher plants.
This outline may not express the views of other special students of this subject
adequately, as all such outlines represent compromises between differing view-
points. One such difference of viewpoint that has been discussed among the
three of us chiefly responsible for the outline given here has been the question
whether a third kingdom, the Protophyta as defined below, ought not to be
recognized in addition to the Plant and Animal Kingdoms. Prof. E. G. D. Murray
has been the one in our group who has felt most strongly that the bacteria and
related organisms are so different from plants and animals that they should be
grouped in a kingdom equal in rank with these kingdoms. It is quite probable
that support for this viewpoint would be stronger if early biologists had known
how different these important and widely diversified microorganisms are from
plants and animals. Even today it must be recognized that our knowledge of the
number of kinds of bacteria is growing rapidly as habitats not previously ade-
quately explored are studied. The human body is, as a matter of fact, practically
the only habitat that has been comprehensively studied as a source of bacteria.
Even in this case it is the bacteria that cause diseases that are best known.
Our knowledge of the still smaller types of parasitic and pathogenic organisms
such as the numerous kinds of organisms found in the Rickettsiales and Virales
is still more inadequate than our knowledge of the true bacteria. In fact our
present-day knowledge of the filterable viruses could perhaps best be compared
with Cohn's knowledge of the bacteria when he first drew up a system of classifi-
cation for bacteria in 1872.
Three groups are included in the outline presented here: (a) the blue-green
algae, (b) bacteria and related forms, and (c) the rickettsias and viruses.
These are placed in a single division of the plant kingdom for which the term
Protophyta has been used. This name was suggested by a botanist, Sachs (Lehr-
buch der Botanik, 4 Aufl., 926 pp., Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig). Recently
Sachs' concept of this group has been developed further by a Russian system-
atist, N. A. Krassilnikov (Guide to the Bacteria and Actinomycetes (Russian),
Izd. Akad. Nauk, Moskau, U.S.S.R., 1949, 830 pp.), and it is developed still
further in the present edition of the Manual.
Of the three names used for the different classes of Protophyta, Schizomycetes
was suggested by von Naegeli (Bericht iiber der Verhandlungen der bot. Section
der 33 Versammlung deutscher Naturforscher und Xrzter. Bot. Ztng., 15, 1857,
760) and Schizophyceae by Cohn (Jahresber. Schles. Ges. f . vaterl. Cultur f. 1879,
279-289), and these have been generally used. The development of our knowledge
of the rickettsias and viruses is so recent that no truly satisfactory class name
has previously been suggested for this entire group. This has caused Dr. C. B.
Phihp, who has acted as editor of the section covering rickettsias and related
species in the present (7th) edition of the Manual, to suggest the name Microta-
tobiotes for Class III. The latter is a more appropriate name for the entire group
of organisms included in the orders Rickettsiales and Virales than any that has
previously been suggested. Dr. Philip has discussed the new developments in the
classification of the order Rickettsiales in a recent paper (Canadian Jour. Micro-
biol., 2,1956, 261). Therefore the present discussion is limited to an explanation
of the reasons for increasing the number of orders recognized in Class II, Schizo-
mycetes von Naegeli, from five to ten.
The organisms placed in Class II, Schizomycetes von Naegeli, in the 6th edition
were arranged in five orders as follows:
Division I. Schizophyta Cohn, 1875. (Fission plants.)
Class I. Schizophyceae Cohn, 1879. (Fission algae. Blue-green algae.)
Class II. Schizomycetes von Naegeli, 1857. (Fission fungi, bacteria.)
Order I. Eubacteriales Buchanan, 1917 (The true bacteria.)
Order II. Aciinomycetales Buchanan, 1917. (The mycobacteria, actinomyces,
streptomyces and related forms.)
Order III. Chlamydohacteriales Buchanan, 1917. (The alga-like, filamentous
bacteria.)
Order IV. Myxobacteriales Jahn, 1911. (The slime bacteria.)
Order V. Spirochaetales Buchanan, 1918. (The spirochetes and related forms.)
Supplements: Groups whose relationships were regarded as uncertain.

Group I. Order Rickettsiales Buchanan and Buchanan, 1938, emend. Gieszczy-
kiewicz, 1939. (Rickettsias and related organisms.)
Group II. Order Virales Breed, Murray and Hitchens, 1944. (Filterable viruses.)
Group III. Family
isms.) Borrelomycetaceae Turner, 1935. (Pleuro-pneumonia-like organ-
This outline as given above is similar to the outline followed in earlier editions
of the Manual and is based upon the outline classification developed by Bu-
chanan (op. cit.) in 1916-18. It is expanded in the present edition of the Manual
as follows :
Division I. Protophyta Sachs, 1874, emend. Krassilnikov, 1949.* (Primitive plants.)

Class I. Schizophyceae Cohn, 1879. (Blue-green algae.)
Class II. Schizomycetes von Naegeli, 1857. (Bacteria and related forms.)
Order I. Pseudomonadales Orla- Jensen, 1921.
Order II. Chlamydohacteriales Buchanan, 1917.
Order III. Hyphomicrobiales Douglas, 1956.
Order IV. Eubacteriales Buchanan, 1917.
* Protophyta was previously used by Endlicher, S. (Genera Plantarum, Vindobonae,

1836, p. 1) in two different senses: (1) for Sectio I, Algae and Lichens of his Regio I Thal-
lophyta, (2) for Cohors II of his Sectio III, Acrobrya, to include horse tails, ferns, etc. This
use may be disregarded under Article 26 of the International Code of Botanical Nomen-
clature. This reads: "The rules of priority and typification do not apply to names of taxa
above the rank of orders.".
Order V. Actinomycetales Buchanan, 1917.

Order VI. Caryophanales Peshkoff, 1940.
Order VII. Beggiatoales Buchanan, 1956.
Order VIII. Myxobacterales Jahn, 1911.
Order IX. Spirochaetales Buchanan, 1918.
Order X. Myco-phismatales Freundt, 1955.
Class III. Microtatobiotes Philip, 1955.
Order I. Rickettsiales Buchanan and Buchanan, 1938, emend. Gieszczy-
kiewicz, 1939.
Order II. Virales Breed, Murray and Hitchens, 1944.
Division II. Thallophyia Endlicher, 1836.
Division III. Bryophyta Haeckel, 1866.
Division IV. Pteridophyta Haeckel, 1866.
Division V. Spermatophyta Goebel, 1882.*
It has been felt desirable to subdivide the Order Eubacteriales, as defined in

the 6th edition of the Manual, into Order I, Pseudomonadales, which includes
all of the polar-flagellate types of true bacteria, and Order IV, Eubacteriales,
which includes the peritrichous types of true bacteria. As in the 6th edition, the
photosynthetic purple and green bacteria that are polar flagellate have been
included in the order with the colorless polar-flagellate bacteria. This arrangement
emphasizes a concept first introduced into the classification of bacteria by Migula
(Arb. Bact. Inst. Karlsruhe, 1, 1894, 235-238). This concept is analogous to the
concept used by protozoologists who recognize the orders Flagellata and Infusoria
in Protozoa.
Bacteriologists have recognized differences between polar flagellate and
peritrichous bacteria ever since Migula emphasized them, but there has always
been a residual protest against drawing a sharp line between the two groups of
bacteria. While there is good reason to draw a sharp line between the ordinary
polar flagellate types of bacteria and the peritrichous types, there are certain
groups such as legume nodule bacteria {Rhizobium) , the violet bacteria {Chromo-
bacterium), the agrobacteria (Agrobacterium) and certain motile forms placed in
the family Corynebacteriaceae that present a type of peritrichous flagellation that,
when studied superficially, is misleading. Some cultures of these organisms are
found to show only a single flagellum, while others closely related to these
monotrichous species show several flagella peritrichously arranged. On casual
examination these conditions appear to form a transition between the two types
of flagellation. However, this clearly is not the case. This apparently intermediate
type of flagellation seems to be a comparatively recent development in which
the flagella of certain peritrichously flagellated species have undergone a retro-
gressive specialization. In this the organisms have become primarily dependent
on one flagellum as their chief organ of locomotion. They therefore are included
in Order IV, Eubacteriales, with other peritrichous bacteria.
* Goebel, K., in his edition of Sach's Grundziige der Systematik und speciellen Pflanzen-
morphologie, p. 334, 1882, was apparently the first author to use this name, although he
used the incorrect spelling Spermaphyta.
Eubacteriales is defined to include not only the bacteria that are peritrichously
flagellated but also such non-motile forms as seem by their physiology to be
closely related to these peritrichous species.
The placing of non-motile species of bacteria in systems of classification has
always caused difficulty. Some students think that lack of motility is a character
which should be used as a basis for separation of groups. However, evidence is
continually accumulating that indicates that separation of larger groups among
the bacteria solely by means of motility or lack of motility leads to a violent
disarrangement of natural groupings. Some non-motile bacteria present funda-
mental physiologies and other characters that show that they are much like
certain polar flagellate organisms. Such non-motile species are placed in the
classification used here in Order I, Pseudomonadales. However, where non-motile
species show fundamental physiologies and other characters more like those of
peritrichous species, then they have been placed in Order IV, Eubacteriales.
Organisms living in habitats where they are unable to use organs of locomotion
are usually found to be non-motile. This is very natural from the standpoint of
evolution.
Some bacteria develop into trichomes, which may be defined as chains (fila-
ments) of bacteria where the relationship between the cells in the chain have
become so intimate that the cells rarely live a separate, independent existence.
Sometimes the cells in the chain show a differentiation into hold-fast cells and/or
reproductive cells distinct from the usual vegetative cells. This differentiation
resembles that found among the simpler algae. Because the cells in these tri-
chomes sometimes develop flagella that are placed singly or in a tuft near or at
the pole of the cell, while others develop cells with peritrichous flagella, it has been
felt desirable to recognize two orders among these bacteria that occur in tri-
chomes: Order II, Chlamydobaderiales, for the polar flagellate types and Order VI,
Caryophanales, for the peritrichous types. Some non-motile species occur in these
orders also.
Little is known about the relationships of certain species of bacteria which
show a budding form of reproduction that is different from the simple cell division
(fission) that takes place in the four orders previously discussed. Only a few of
these species that reproduce by budding are well known, though some of them
occur abundantly in suitable habitats. Because the indications are that many
species of these organisms exist in nature. Prof. H. C. Douglas has set these apart
in a new order, Hijphomicrohiales, p. 276. Where flagellation has been observed
among these budding forms, it is of the polar type so that Order III has been
associated with Order I, Pseudomonadales, and Order II, Chlamydohacteriales,
in the arrangement of the 10 orders as given above.
Until recently everyone has thought of Order V, Actinomycetalcs, as including
species all of which were non-motile.* However Couch, in a series of papers,
the latest published in 1955 (Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc, 71, 1955, 148-155),
* Also see footnote p. 713 for a discussion of motility in species of Nocardia by H. L.
Jensen.
has shown that microorganisms that belong in this order sometimes exist in
water rather than as pathogens affecting animals or plants or in soil. These
water-inhabiting, saprophytic types of Actinomycetes have developed sporangia
in which motile or non-motile spores may develop. In a way they are analogous
to the so-called water molds. The structure of the vegetative cells and mycelia
of these water-inhabiting Actinomycetes is like that of the aerobic Actinomycetes.
Order VII, Beggiatoales, has been organized by Dr. R. E. Buchanan, page 837,
to include a group of bacteria, primarily ocurring in trichomes, that are motile
but which lack flagella. In spite of this lack they have the power to glide, roll or
oscillate as do certain species of blue-green algae. While none of these bacterial
types develop photosynthetic pigments, they are frequently and apparently
quite properly regarded as colorless, saprophytic forms of blue-green algae.
Certain species oxidize sulfur compounds with the liberation of free sulfur gran-
ules. Some specialists prefer to transfer this group to Class I, Schizophyceae, as
colorless species of blue-green algae rather than to include them with Class II,
Sch.izomycetes. As bacteriologists have been primarily responsible for developing
our knowledge of the species in this order, they are retained here in Class II,
Schizomycetes.
Our knowledge of Order VIII, Myxobacterales, the so-called slime bacteria,
was first developed by botanists rather than bacteriologists. These organisms
occur in leaf mold and on the dung of animals. Recently species causing diseases
of fish have been found. The cells of these species move with a flexuous motion
in a slime which normally grows up into fruiting bodies large enough to be visible
to the naked eye.
The organisms placed in Order IX, Spirochaetales, have always been set off
by themselves though certain species are knoA\Ti that are so much like other
species of bacteria placed in the genus Spirillum in Order I, Pseudomonadales,
that they may be regarded as transitional forms. Sometimes, without sufficient
justification, these spirally twisted organisms have been placed among the
Protozoa.
The tenth order of Class II, Schizomycetes, is the newly organized Order X,
Mycoplasmatales Freundt. Because a review of the nomenclature of the pleuro-
pneumonia-like organisms (Buchanan, Cowan and Wiken, Internat. Bull. Bact.
Nomen. and Taxon., d, 1955, 13-20) has shown that the first generic name applied
to these organisms that has a legitimate standing is M mycoplasma Nowak (Ann.
Inst. Past., 43, 1929, 1330-1352), this name has been adopted for use in the
classification of the pleuropneumonia-like organisms that has been prepared
by Freundt (Internat. Bull. Bact. Nomen. and Taxon., 6, 1955, 67-78). This
generic name has also been used by Edward (Internat. Bull. Bact. Nomen. and
Taxon., 5, 1955, 85-93). While other order names, such as Borrelomycetales
Turner (Jour. Path, and Bact., 41, 1935, 1-32), have been suggested, the generic
name Borrelomyces Turner on which the order name is founded has never come
into general use, and Borrelomyces is in fact an illegitimate homonym of Myco-
plasma Nowak. Acceptance of the order name Mycoplasmatales is in accordance
with the principles of the Bacteriological Code of Nomenclature, and it should

tend to stabilize the nomenclature of this group.
In closing this discussion of the revised classification, it should again be em-
phasized that it has been developed as a result of a study of the ideas which
previous workers have expressed in preparing the outlines that they have sug-
gested. Previous workers have laid what appears, with our present knowledge,
to be a satisfactory foundation on which to build. The introduction of new ideas
has come about largely as a result of continuous study of the literature and
conferences with our colleagues, including the specialists who have contributed
and are contributing so much to the knowledge that has accumulated in past
years. A generous share of the credit for the things that constitute a real advance
in our knowledge should go to these specialists. Where the classification here
presented has defects, it is to be hoped that they will be discovered promptly
and eliminated.
HOW BACTERIA ARE NAMED AND IDENTIFIED
Prof. R. E. Buchanan
Dean of Graduate School {Emeritus) atid Director of Experiment Station (Emeritus),
Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa
A manual of determinative bacteriology, such as the present volume, has
several important functions. These should be recognized and understood by the
student if he is to use the volume with satisfaction.
First, the manual should list and describe all the kinds (species) of bacteria
and viruses known through adequate publication in bacteriology or virology.
Obviously, however, only those organisms that have usable published descrip-
tions can be included.
Second, the manual should arrange the descriptions of the kinds (species) in
smaller or larger groups (taxa, singular, taxon) on the basis of resemblances and
differences in an effort to show inter-relationships.
Third, the manual should indicate for each species its correct name, likewise
the correct name for each group (taxon) of related species.
That branch of biology which has for its purpose the orderly arrangement of
the descriptions of species and other taxa, together with the application of the
correct names, is termed taxonomy.
The manual, through its indices, should enable the student who knows the
correct name of an organism (or even a synonym of such name) to discover the
description of the organism and its characteristics, as well as something of its
relationships. If, on the other hand, he has an organism whose characteristics
and description he has determined or recorded, but whose name and relation-
ships he does not know, a satisfactory manual, through its keys, should enable
him to determine the correct name, its probable relationships and its position in
a classification.
Nomenclature. The necessity for applying names to species or kinds of bacteria
and to groups of inter-related organisms is self-evident. A name given by one
person should be understood by others, and as far as practicable all individuals
should use the same name for the same kind of organism. It is helpful, therefore,
if there can be agreement regarding the method of naming bacteria and agree-
ment as to the correct name for each kind or species. Nomenclature includes all
discussions as to methods of naming and of the correctness of particular names.
What kinds of names are used. Two kinds of names are commonly given
to the different species of plants and animals, (1) the common, provincial, ver-
nacular or casual names and (2), the international or scientific names. These
should be carefully differentiated, and their respective advantages and disad-
vantages noted.
It is inevitable, and on the whole probably 15
desirable, that for each kind of
16 HOW BACTERIA ARE NAMED AND IDENTIFIED
familiar animal or plant in each language there will be coined a name. Usually
the name for the same organism will be different in each language. For example,
we have in English Oak, in German Eiche, in Latin Quercus, etc. For many less
common kinds, however, there may be no such vernacular names developed.
There have been, of course, many casual or vernacular names given to kinds of
bacteria. In English Ave speak of the tubercle bacillus, the typhoid germ, the
gonococcus, the Welch bacillus, the golden pus coccus, and many others. Simi-
larly, we find in German Typhusbazillus and in French bacille typhique, entero-
coque, etc. Not infrequently scientific names may be adopted into a modern
language and converted into vernacular names. For example, the English name
aster and the scientific generic name Aster are applied to the same group. This
is freciuently a convenience, and in general this practice is to be commended.
For example, many of the "scientific" generic names used in bacteriology are
also used as names in English and other languages. This adaptation is particu-
larly convenient when the organisms in the group under discussion are of im-
portance and are frequently referred to in the literature. Custom and nomen-
clatural rules suggest certain discretion and appropriateness in the use of these
casual or vernacular names. The following suggestions, based upon nomenclatural
precedent and custom, should prove useful to the student.
1. The name of a genus is a noun in the singular. It is not a collective noun
and should never be used with a plural verb. Do not use such an expression as
"The Salmonella are abundant."
2. However, custom since the beginning of binomial nomenclature has sanc-
tioned the use of the plural of generic names. One may say "The Sahnonellae
(Corynehacteria, Rhizohia, Sarcinae, Bacilli) are." These Latin plurals are used
with the meaning "The species of the genus Salmonella (etc.) are." They do not
connote the existence of more than one genus Salmonella.
3. Custom has also sanctioned the use of the generic name in the singular in
an expression such as "This Sarcina is yellow" with the meaning "This species
of Sarcina is jêllow."
4. The Latin plural of a generic name should be employed whenever the name
is used as indicated in 2 above. "The Salmonellas or Sarcinas are ..." should be
avoided because of the use of the English plural endings.
5. An English (vernacular) name may be coined from any generic name. This
is done usually only for genera that are under length}^ discussion or of consider-
able economic significance.
6. An English, or vernacular, name of a genus may be used also in the plural,
as in "the corynehacteria are . . ." with the meaning "The species of coryne-
bacterium under consideration." When a Latin generic name is converted into
the English vernacular, either the English or the Latin plural may be used.
Perhaps the Latin plural is the better choice, but one finds "The salmonellas
are ... ." Note that when used as a vernacular (English) word the generic name
is never regarded as a proper noun and is not capitalized or italicized.
More than one form of a name may be derived in English (vernacular) from a
HOW BACTERIA ARE NAMED AND IDENTIFIED 17
generic name. A member of the genus Spironema may be termed a spironema

or a spironeme, a member of the genus Sireptomyces a streptomyces or a strepto-
mycete.
7. A genus includes usually se\eral to many species; it is the name of a group
of species. The expression "The genus Salmonella is . . ." or ''Salmonella is . . ."
should always be preferred to such ambiguous phrases as "The Salmonella
^roup is."
In contrast to common, vernacular or casual names, the scientific name for
each kind of organism is planned to be the same in all countries and in all lan-
guages. When a correct scientific name is used, no question should arise in any
language as to what organism is intended. The names thus applied are supposed
to conform to certain general rules.
International codes of nomenclature. In order that there be correct
scientific names, it is essential that there be international agreement as to the
rules governing their creation. Botanists and zoologists have met in numerous
international congresses in which delegates were accredited from the great
botanical and zoological societies, museums and educational institutions of the
world. Codes of nomenclature, designed to tell how names of taxa should be
published and to list the criteria of correctness, have been developed. These
codes or lists of rules and recommendations are quite similar in essentials for
botany and zoology, although they differ in some details.
The question arose in bacteriology: Are either or both of these codes satis-
factory or adaptable to the use of microbiologists? Three views have been ex-
pressed by various writers. Some few suggested that the naming of bacteria
cannot well conform to the approved international rules as their classification
involves considerations not familiar to botanists and zoologists generally. The
second group insisted that unicellular forms of life are neither plants nor animals,
but Protista, and that taxonomic rules, etc., should be distinct for this group
and coordinate with the corresponding rules for plants and for animals. The third
view, more commonly expressed, was that the bacteria are sufficiently closely
related to the plants and animals so that (in so far as they apply) the interna-
tional agreements of the botanists (or zoologists) should be used as a basis for
naming them.
International opinion on this topic was finally crystallized by resolutions
adopted by the First International Congress of the International Society for
Microbiology held in Paris in 1930. These resolutions, approved also by the ple-
nary session of the International Society for Microbiology, were in part as fol-
lows :
"It is clearly recognized that the living forms with which the microbiologists
concern themselves are in part plants, in part animals, and in part primitive. It
is further recognized that in so far as they may he applicable and appropriate the
nomenclatural codes agreed upon by International Congresses of Botany and
Zoology should be followed in the naming of micro-organisms. Bearing in mind,
however, the peculiarly independent course of development that bacteriology
has taken in the past fifty years, and the elaboration of special descriptive cri-
teria which bacteriologists have of necessity developed, it is the opinion of the
International Society for Microbiology that the bacteria constitute a group for
which special arrangements are necessary. Therefore the International Society
for Microbiology has decided to consider the subject of bacterial nomenclature
as a part of its permanent program."
The International Society established a permanent Nomenclature Committee
to pass upon suggestions and to make recommendations. This committee is
composed of members (about 100 in all) from the participating nations. Two
permanent secretaries were named, one to represent primarily medical and
veterinary bacteriology, and one to represent other phases of bacteriology.*
It soon became apparent that the botanical and zoological codes of nomen-
clature included many items having no significance in bacteriology and virology
and that bacterial and viral nomenclature required special consideration.
In 1936, at the London International Microbiological Congress, it was decided
that an independent, but closely integrated. Code of Bacteriological Nomen-
clature be developed. In 1939, at the next International Congress, a Judicial
Commission of fourteen was appointed and directed to prepare a code for con-
sideration at the next Congress. The International Code of Bacteriological
Nomenclature prepared by the Commission was approved in 1947 by the Inter-
national Committee and by the plenary session of the Copenhagen Congress.
These rules were published in English in March, 1948, f and later in French,
Spanish, German and Japanese.
The Code was amended at Rio de Janeiro in 1950 and at Rome in 1953. The
present code should be accessible to all bacteriologists and virologists. It has
been edited and annotated by the Editorial Board of the Judicial Commission.}
It should be consulted by all who wish to determine the correctness of names used
in the literature and by those who describe new species or other taxa.
Some general principles of nomenclature. Every student of bacteriology
should be familiar with certain rules of nomenclature if he is to use names in-
tel igently. Ifhe wishes to correct names improperly used or if he desires to
name new species, some additional rules should be observed:
1. Each distinct kind of bacterium is called a species.
2. To each distinct species a name is given consisting usually of two Latin
words, as Bacillus suhtilis.
3. The first word is the name of the genus or group to which the organism
belongs. It is always written with a capital letter. It is a Latin or latinized Greek
* The permanent secretary for medical and veterinary bacteriology at the present time
is Dr. S. T. Cowan, National Collection of Type Cultures, Central Public Health Labora-
tory, Colindale Avenue, London, N.W. 9, England. The permanent secretary for general
bacteriology at the present time is Dr. T. Wiken, Laboratory for Microbiology, Technical
University, Delft, Holland.
t International Bacteriological Code of Nomenclature. Edited by R. E. Buchanan,
R. St. John-Brooks and R. S. Breed. Jour. Bact., 55, 1948, 287-306.
t In press, 1956.
word, or a new word compounded from Latin or Greek stems, or it may be de-
rived from some other language; but whatever its origin, when used as a generic
name, it must he regarded as a Latin noun. If it is a word not found in classic
Latin, it is still to be treated as Latin. Some examples of generic names in bac-
teriology which are Latin or which are formed from Latin roots are: Bacillus
(masculine) a small rod; Cristispira (feminine) a crested spiral; Lactobacillus
(masculine) a milk small rod; Sarcina (feminine) a packet or bundle. Many
others are words from the Greek or are compounded from Greek roots, the words
transliterated into Latin letters and with endings modified in conformity with
Latin usage; some words of Greek origin are Micrococcus (masculine) a small
grain (sphere); Bacterium (neuter) a small rod; Clostridium (neuter) a small
spindle; Corijnebacterium (neuter) clubbed small rod; Actinomyces (masculine)
ray fungus. Other generic names have been given in honor of persons or places as
Beggiatoa (feminine), Borrelia (feminine), Eherthella (feminine), Pasteurella
(feminine), Erwinia (feminine), Zopfius (masculine).
4. The second word in the scientific name of a species is a specific epithet. It
is not capitalized (some authors capitalize species names derived from proper
nouns). The specific epithet may be:
(a) An adjective modifying the noun and indicating by its ending agreement
with the generic name in gender, as Bacterium album (white Bacterium), Bacillus
albus (white Bacillus), Sarcina alba (white Sarcina), Eberthella dispar (different
Eberthella), Bacterium variabile (variable Bacterium) , Brucella melitensis (maltese
Brucella), Bacillus teres (rounded Bacillus), Bacillus graveolens (sweet-smelling
Bacillus).
Typical adjectives
Masculine Feminine Neuter
white albus alba album
black niger nigra nigrum
delicate tener tenera tenerum
sharp acer acris acre
variable variabilis variabilis variabile
different dispar dispar dispar
Uke a berry coccoides coccoides coccoides
gas-forming aerogenes aerogenes aerogenes
(b) An adjective in the form of the present participle of a verb, as Clostridium
dissolvens (the dissolving Clostridium, in the sense of the Clostridium which is
able to dissolve). Bacillus adhaerens (the adhering Bacillus), Acetobacter ascen-
dens (the climbing Acetobacter), Bacillus esterifixâns (the ester-producing Bacil-
lus). The endings for present participles used as adjectives are the same for all
genders. The past participle is used occasionally, as in Pseudomonas aptata (the
adapted Pseudomonas), Spirillum attenuatum (the attenuated Spirillum).
(c) A noun in the genitive (possessive) modifying the generic name. There is
no necessary agreement in gender or number. Examples, Clostridium welchii
(Welch's Clostridium), Salmonella pullorum (the Salmonella of chicks), Strepto-

coccus lactis {the Streptococcus of milk), Brucella abortus (the Brucella of abortion),
Clostridium tetani (the Clostridium of tetanus), Diplococcus pneumoniae (the
Diplococcus of pneumonia), Salmonella anatum (the Salmonella of ducks).
(d) A noun in apposition, that is, an explanatory noun. This does not agree
necessarily with the generic name in gender. This method of naming is relatively
uncommon in bacteriology. Examples are Actinomyces scabies (the scurf or scab
Actinomyces) , Bacillus lacticola (the milk-dweller Bacillus), Rhizobium radicicola
(the root-dweller Rhizobium), Salmonella london (The London Salmonella).
5. The author of the name of a taxon is often cited by having his name follow
that of the species, as Bacillus subtilis Cohn. Sometimes the name of another
author is indicated also in parentheses, as Micrococcus luteus (Schroeter) Cohn.
This means that Schroeter first named the species, giving it the specific epithet
luteum, (placing it in the genus Bacteridium) . Cohn transferred it to the genus
Micrococcus. It should be noted that the name of a person following that of an
organism frequently is not that of the individual who first discovered or described
it, but of the person who first gave it the accepted name. For example, Clostrid-
ium welchii (Migula) Holland was first described by Dr. Wm. H. Welch, but
not named by him. It was named by Migula in honor of Dr. Welch and later
placed in the genus Clostridium by Holland.
6. Sometimes species of bacteria are subdivided into subspecies or varieties.
These are likewise given Latin designations, and the entire name written, as:
Streptococcus lactis subspecies (var.) maltigenes (the Streptococcus of milk produc-
ing malt flavor), or merely Streptococcus lactis maltigenes.
Some principles of taxonomy. The student of bacteriolog}^ should recognize
the meaning of certain terms used regularly in classifications.
(1) Species (plural species). A species of plant (or animal) is assumed above
to be one kind of plant. But how much difference must exist between two cul-
tures of bacteria before one is justified in regarding the organisms in them as
being of distinct kinds or species? No rule can be laid down. It depends largely
upon convenience and upon more or less arbitrary but considered decision. As
stated by Hitchcock (Descriptive Systematic Botany, New York, 1925, p. 8):
"The unit of classification is a coherent group of like individuals, called a species.
The term is difficult to define with precision because a species is not a definite
entity, but a taxonomic concept." Hucker and Pederson (New York Agric.
Exper. Sta. Tech. Bull. 167, 1930, p. 39) state: "The difficulty met with among
these lower forms in dividing them into well-defined groups has led many to
question whether these small groups of 'species' are natural groups and whether
such groups can be considered to be similar to 'species' among higher forms.
However this may be, it is necessary to arrange bacteria as well as possible into
groups or so-called 'species' for convenience in classification," and again (Hucker,
New York Agric. Exper. Sta. Tech. Bull. 100, 1924, p. 29), "characters appli-
cable to the differentiation of species must evidence a certain amount of con-
stancy when studied over a large series of tests. Furthermore, characters adapted
to the differentiation of larger natural groups or genera should, in addition to

constancy, show some correlation with other constant characteristics. The pres-
ence of this relationship or correlation between characters for the division of
genera indicates that the groupings are being made along natural rather than
artificial lines."
Type culture. It is quite evident that when a new species of bacterium is de-
scribed, itmust include the particular culture from which the species description
was made. This original culture is termed the type culture. One may develop a
definition as follows: A species of bacterium is the type culture or specimen
together with all other cultures or specimens regarded by an investigator as
sufficiently like the type (or sufficiently closely related to it) to be grouped with
it. It is self-evident that different investigators may not draw the same bound-
aries for a given species. There are some practical difficulties, but no better
definition has been evolved.
(2) Genus (plural genera). A genus is a group of related species. In some
cases a genus may include only a single species (is said to be monotypic); in
most cases several to many species are included in a genus. The ciuite pertinent
ciuestion should be asked: How close must be the resemblances (how close the
relationships) among the species of a group to entitle them to inclusion in the
same genus? In other words, how is it possible to delimit accurately the bound-
aries of a genus? This is a matter on which there is no agreement, and probably
can be none. Much of the confusion in modern bacteriological terminology is to
be attributed to this fact. Nevertheless, in the course of time experience tends to
delimit many genera with reasonable accuracy. As stated by Hitchcock (De-
scriptive Systematic Botany, New York, 1925, p. 9): "Convenience may play
a role in determining generic lines. Extremely large groups may be broken up
on the basis of differences of smaller degree not common to a group of closely
allied species, than if the group consisted of a few species. In general, the botanist,
in delimiting genera, keeps in mind two important recûirements, that of showing
natural aflftnities and that of aiding correct identification."
However, a genus may be defined helpfully in another way. One of the species
described as belonging to a genus is designated as the type species; a genus may
therefore be defined as including this type species together with such other
species as the investigator (or taxonomist) regards as sufficiently closely related.
It is apparent that some authors may draw the lines narrowly, others broadly.
Some early authors, for example, recognize only two genera of rod-shaped bac-
teria, one for those without endospores {Bacterium), and one for those producing
endospores {Bacillus). These genera thus defined are very large, each containing
hundreds, perhaps thousands, of species. Other students break up these large
genera into many smaller ones. There is not much point to the question as to
which is right and which is wrong. A better question is, which is the more con-
venient, better represents relationships, better facilitates diagnosis, and proves
most useful.
(3) Family. A family in taxonomy is a group of related genera one of which
is designated as the type genus. In general the name of the family is formed from
the name of the type genus by affixing the suffix -aceac to the stem of the generic
name. The word is plural. Among bacterial families commonly recognized are
Bacillaceae, named from its type genus, Bacillus^ Pseudomonadaceae from Pseu-
domonas, Spirochaetaceae from Spirochaeia, Actinomycetaceae from Actinomyces
and Spirillaceae from Spirillum.
(4) Order. An order is a group of related families. It is usually named by
substituting the suffix -ales for -aceae in the name of the type family. Among
ordinal names that have been used in bacteriology are Actinomijcetales, Spiro-
chaetales, Myxohacterales.
(5) Class. A class is a group of related orders. In this treatise the bacteria
are treated as constituting the class Schizomycetes in Division I., Protophyta, of
the plant kingdom.
(6) Other categories. Other categories or ranks of names are used for higher
groups. Sometimes families are divided into sub-families, these into tribes, these
into subtribes, and these finally into genera.
How to identify an organism by name. One of the purposes of this Man-
ual OF Determinative Bacteriology, as noted previously, is to facilitate the
finding of the correct scientific name of a bacterium. It is well, however, to note
some of the reasons why this result, the identification of an unknown culture,
may not eventuate. Among these the following may be listed:
(1) The unknown organism awaiting identification b}^ the investigator may
possibly be one which has never been named; or, if named, perhaps was inade-
quately described. Of course it will not be listed in the Manual. Little effort
on the part of bacteriologists has been devoted to describing or naming bacteria
except as they have been found to have some economic significance or to possess
some striking or unusual characteristics. There are quite probably many times
as many species of unknown bacteria as have been described and named. Such
unknown species are all about us. It is not surprising, therefore, if one some-
times encounters undescribed species. When such unnamed species are found,
particularly if they are of economic importance or are related to such forms, it
is highly desirable that they should be adequately described and named, and
the results published and made accessible.
(2) The unknown organism may have been described and named in some
publication, but the description and name have been overlooked in the prepara-
tion of the Manual. Perhaps the description has been so inadequate or incom-
plete that it has not been possible to place it in a satisfactory classification. It
should be noted that the number of species that have been described is so great
that no one individual can know them all. Progress in classification comes about
largely as the result of the work of specialists in particular groups. Unfortunately
most groups of bacteria have not been adequately monographed. It is evidently
the function of a Manual such as this to draw largely upon the work of those
who have published monographs covering special groups of bacteria and to
supplement their achievements as far as possible by a necessarily less satisfactory
consideration of the unmonographed groups. It is clear that the fact that an
organism cannot be identified from this text is no proof that it has not been
described and named.
(3) It is possible, of course, that an error has been made in the selection of
the correct name in this Manual. Bacteriological literature has, in recent years,
been engaged in the herculean task of rectifying the nomenclatural blunders of
the past. It is desirable, therefore, that users of the keys and descriptions of this
Manual should be familiar with the rules governing the correct choice of names,
and themselves propose suitable corrections where needed.
Some general rules governing nonienelature that should be known to
students of bacteriology. In summary, some of the more important rules and
recommendations of the Bacteriological Code may be briefly paraphrased. In
case of doubt, the Annotated Code itself should be consulted.
1. Every individual microorganism belongs to a species, every species to a
genus, every genus to a family, every family to an order, every order to a class.
Each one of these ranks is called a taxon (plural taxa) (Principle 7).
2. Each taxonomic group (taxon) with a given definition (circumscription),
position, and rank can bear only one correct name, the earliest name given to it
that is in accordance with the rules of nomenclature (Principle 9) .
3. The name of a species is made up of two words consisting of the name of
the genus followed by the specific epithet. The term "epithet" means a single
descriptive word or a single descriptive phrase. If the latter, the component
words are to be united or joined by a hyphen. Within the same genus, no two
species names may bear the same specific epithet (Rule 6).
4. Each taxon (species, genus, family, order) should have designated a nomen-
clatural type. The type of a bacterial species is preferably a designated culture
preferably maintained in a national type culture collection. When a new species
is described and named, a culture should be deposited by the author with such
type culture collection where it will be available as a standard and useful in
identification of other cultures believed to be related.
The nomenclatural type of a genus is a species of the genus selected in accord-
ance with the rules.
The nomenclatural type of a family is a genus contained within the family.
The family name is formed by adding the ending -aceae to the stem of the name
of the type genus. The nomenclatural type of the family Pseudomonadaceae is
the genus Pseudomonas (Rule 9).
5. Correct names. For the name of a taxon (species, genus, family, etc.) to
be correct it must meet certain requirements. The most important of these are
as follows :
a. The name must be the oldest that conforms to the rules.
b. The name must have been validly published. This means that the name
must have been distributed in printed matter (periodicals, books, other
publications) together with a description or clear reference to a previously
published description. The name must be accepted by the author. It is not
validly published if merely cited as a synonym. A name that has not been
validly published is without standing in nomenclature.
c. A legitimate name is one that conforms to all the nomenelatural rules.

d. A correct name of a taxon is that legitimate name which for a given taxon
takes into consideration the boundaries or circumscription of the taxon.
For example, if one author recognizes two species in a genus, each species
will have a correct name determined by the application of the rules. An-
other author may unite the two into a single species, which will have a
correct name under the rules.
6. Citation of authors and names.
a. It is customary in formal use of the name of a species to cite the name of
the author, usually with the year of publication. This means exactly what
it says, one cites the author of the name of the taxon being used. This is
not necessarily the name of the author who first described the organism.
For example, one cites Bacillus suhtilis Cohn, 1872.
b. When a named species is transferred to another genus, the name of the
author who proposed the specific epithet is inserted in parentheses between
the new species name and the name of the author of the new combination.
For example, Neisser and Kuschbert in 1883 named an organism Bacillus
xerosis. Lehmann and Neumann in 1899 transferred this organism to their
newly created genus Corynebacterium, correctly retaining the original
specific epithet (as xerose to agree in gender with Corynebacterium), and
the new combination is cited as Corynebacterium xerose (Neisser and
Kuschbert, 1883) Lehmann and Neumann, 1899. Obviously citation of
author and date with the name of an organism is necessary only when the
organism is first mentioned in a publication.
7. Changes in names required by union or segregation of taxa.
a. When a genus is divided into two or more genera, the generic name must
be retained for one of them. The generic name must be retained for the
genus containing the type species.
b. When a species is divided into two or more species, the specific epithet
must be retained for one of them. The specific epithet of the species con-
taining the type must be retained for this species.
c. When a species is transferred from one genus to another, the specific
epithet is retained unless the resulting species name is a later homonym
or a tautonym or unless there is available an earlier validly published
specific epithet.
8. Rejection and replacement of names.
a. A name or epithet must not be rejected, changed or modified merely be-
cause it is badly chosen or disagreeable, or because another is preferable
or better known. Exceptions can be made only by international action
through the Judicial Commission of the International Committee.
b. A name must be rejected if it is illegitimate, that is, if it is contrary to a
rule. There are numerous defects which may make a name illegitimate,
for example, it may have been superfluous when proposed. Exceptions can
be made by international approval through action of the Judicial Com-
9. Spelling and gender of names of taxa.

a. The original spelling of a name or epithet must be retained, except in the
case of a typographical error or of a clearly unintentional orthographic
error. It may be difficult to determine when a typographical or orthographic
error has occurred. In cases where there is doubt it is advisable to ask the
Judicial Commission to consider the matter and to render an OPINION
which ^\all be authoritative.
b. The gender of generic names is determined as follows:
(1) A Greek or Latin word adopted as a generic name retains the gender
of the Greek or Latin.
(2) Generic names which are modern compounds formed from two or more
Greek or Latin words take the gender of the last component. If the
ending is changed from that of the original Greek or Latin word, the
gender is determined by the rules of gender of the Greek or Latin
respectively.
(3) Arbitrarily formed generic names, i.e., those not formed from Latin
or Greek, take the gender assigned to them by their authors. Where
the original author did not indicate the gender, the next subsequent
author has the right of choice.
10. Provisions for exceptions to the rules or for their interpretation.
Whenever, in the opinion of any microbiologist, an interpretation of any rule
or recommendation of nomenclature is desirable because the correct application
of such rule or recommendation is doubtful, or the stability of nomenclature could
be increased by the conservation or by the rejection of some name which is a
source of confusion or error, it is recommended that he prepare a resume out-
lining the problem, citing pertinent references, and indicating reasons for and
against specific interpretations. This resume should be submitted to the Chair-
man of the Judicial Commission; if desired, through one of the Permanent
Secretaries. An OPINION will be formulated, which may not be issued until
it has been approved by at least eight members of the Commission.
Before the preparation of an OPINION, a preliminary statement is usually
published in the International Bulletin of Bacteriological Nomenclature and
Taxonomy, the official organ of the International Committee on Bacteriological
Nomenclature, Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa, U. S. A.
Those who are interested in the solution of special nomenclatural problems
have open to them as an avenue of communication and publication the columns
of the International Bulletin. The Board of Editors includes the chairman of the
Judicial Commission and the two permanent secretaries. Requests for assistance
in the solution of bacteriological nomenclatural problems may be sent to any
member of the Editorial Board at the following addresses:
Prof. R. E. Buchanan, Chairman of Judicial Commission and of the Editorial
Board. Room 316 Curtiss Hall, Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa, U. S. A.
Dr. S. T. Cowan, Permanent Secretary of the International Committee and
of the Judicial Commission. National Collection of Type Cultures, Central
Public Health Laboratory, Colindale Avenue, London, N.W. 9, England.
Prof. Dr. Torsten Wiken, Permanent Secretary of the International Commit-

tee and of the Judicial Commission. Laboratory for Microbiology, Tech-
nical University, Delft, Holland.
Derivation, accentuation and pronunciation oj names of taxa and of specific epi-
thets. Aserious attempt has been made in this Manual to give the derivation of
the words used as names of taxa (genera, families, etc.) and of the specific epi-
thets of the species names of the microorganisms described. Some guide to pro-
nunciation igiven
s by designation of the principal accent. The rules clearly state
that all names of taxa are to be treated as Latin. But in modern times the pro-
nunciation ofLatin words shows little uniformity. However, the principal accent
can be properly placed. Syllabication of the words may also be helpful.
L No Latin word consisting of two or more syllables is accented on the last
syllable.
2. A Latin word consisting of two or more syllables is accented either on the
next to the last syllable (the penult) or on the second to the last syllable (ante-
penult).
How may one determine which of the two syllables is to be accented? The rule
is easily stated. If the next to the last syllable (penult) is long, it should be ac-
cented; ifshort, the preceding syllable (antepenult) is to be accented.
When is a syllable said to be long? There are several criteria; those most readily
recognized are as follows:
L If a syllable has a single long vowel, the syllable is long. A standard Latin
dictionary will indicate whether the vowel is long. In words derived from Greek
those syllables containing omega (w) or eta (77) are long, those with omicron (o) or
epsilon (e) are short. In a Greek lexicon the other vowels are usually marked to
indicate length.
2. If a syllable contains a diphthong, it is long.
3. If there is a double consonant or two consonants following a vowel, the
syllable is long. For example:
Ba.cil'lus. The accent is on the next to the last syllable (penult) because of the
double I.
Bac . te'ri . um. The accent is on the antepenult because the vowel in the penult
is short.
Ba.cil.la'ce.ae. The accent is on the antepenult because the vowel of the
penult is short.
Spi.ro. ne'ma. The accent is on the penult because the vowel of the penult
is long; it is the Greek eta (77).
Micros. pi'ra. The Greek epsilon iota (et) is a diphthong; when translated into
Latin, it becomes a long i, and the accent is on the penult.
Use of Greek and Latin in naming taxa. The Greek and Latin alphabets are not
identical. Greek words to be used as stems for the Latin names of taxa must be
transliterated into Latin (not translated) ; the Greek letters must be changed to
the Latin equivalents. The Latins developed well-recognized rules for doing this.
With most letters the shift is simple, in other cases, the changes are more compli-
cated. Before a Latin name of a taxon is formed, the Greek word needs to be
spelled with Latin letters, and the whole word placed, when possible, in the corre-
sponding Latin declension with appropriate gender ending. How can the Greek
deri\'ations be indicated without confusion to the student who knows little or
nothing of Greek? In this Manual the following procedure has been adopted as
standard and as probably the most readily understood. The student must remem-
ber that the change is from Greek to Latin (not to English) orthography. The
system used here is not that usually found in giving derivations in medical or
general English dictionaries. Some illustrations may be helpful.
The Greek word for sulfur is delov. The first letter, theta (6), has no Latin equiv-
alent; the Latins used th. The second letter, epsilon (e), is the equivalent of short
e in Latin. The third letter, iota (t), is equivalent to i, the fourth, omicron (o), is
short 0, and the last, nu (v), is n. One may transliterate as theion. But the et of the
Greek, a diphthong, was transliterated by the Latins as a long i. The ending ov
of the Greek indicates that the noun is neuter. The corresponding neuter ending
in Latin is um. In final form we may write deiop = theion = thium. In the Manual
the statement given is simply Gr. neut. n. (Greek neuter noun) thium sulfur. Thi
is the stem from which a great number of new Latin names of taxa have been
constructed, as Thioploca, Thioderma, Thiocystis.
Some awkward transliterations are to be found in the literature. The Greek
diphthong at = ai was usually transliterated as ae by the Latins. The Greek
alfxa = haima = haema. Haemophilus is correctly spelled ; Hemophilus is not a
"simplified spelling" but an incorrectly spelled modern Latin word.
One finds many errors of transliteration in bacteriological nomenclature. If
corrected, the words should be regarded as alternative spellings (variants) of
the same word and not as two different words.
Sometimes there are incongruities in transliteration of Greek into Latin form
in a single word. For example, the specific epithet of the species Micrococcus lyso-
deikticus is an interesting mixture. The second component of the word is the Greek
8hktlk6(7. The first letter, delta (5), is d; the second, epsilon (e), is short e; the third
(and sixth), iota (t), is short i; the fourth (and seventh) is kappa (k), the Latin c;
the eighth, omicron (o), is short o; and the final, sigma (a-), is s. The Latins used
i for the diphthong et. There is no k in the Latin alphabet. The masculine ending
OS in Greek becomes us in Latin. Hence, beiKTiKocr = deicticos = dicticus. Correct
transliteration would have given lysodicticus instead of the current lysodeikticus.
However, in general, it is well to observe the rule that the original spelling of
the word be conserved, unless it can be regarded definitely as a slip of the pen.
A few generic names have been so commonly incorrectly accented as to consti-
tute accepted exceptions. Several examples may be cited.
Many generic names in bacteriology and protozoology have as the final com-
ponent -monas, as Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas. The Greek word is nopas.
The first vowel is short. Correct accentuation would give Pseu.do'mo.nas, Xan.-
tho'mo.nas, etc. with the accent on the antepenult. There is a tendency to regard
the 0 as long and to place the accent on the penult, giving Pseu.do.mo'nas, the
pronunciation accepted by such dictionaries as Century and Borland.
Again, many Modern Latin names of taxa have -myces as the last component.
The Greek is ixvK-q'i = myces in which the first vowel is definitely short. In these
generic names the accent would seem properly to be on the antepenult, as Ac-
ti.no'my.ces and Strep.to'my.ces. The commonly accepted accentuation is
Ac.ti.no. my' ces and Strep . to . my'ces.
There is also some confusion relative to syllabication and accentuation in
Modern Latin names of taxa ending in -oides. The derivation of the ending makes
it evident that the oi is not a diphthong, and the o and i should be differentiated
and separately pronounced. For example, the generic name Bacteroides should
be syllabicated and accented Bac.te.ro.i'des. There has been confusion with the
English diphthong oi, and pronunciation with one less syllable, Bac.te.roi'des, has
been recognized.
Abbreviations . The following areviations are used in the Manual in giving
derivations.
Gr. = Greek. The original Greek spelling is not given in the Manual. As noted
above, the word is transliterated into the Latin alphabet; the gender endings of
the Greek are changed usually to the Latin gender endings of the corresponding
Latin declension. This makes evident the stems* that may be used in construction
of the Modern Latin names. Gr. means latinized Greek.
L. = Latin. Usually this indicates that the word is one used in classic Latin
(or in some cases post-classic Latin) and found in an unabridged Latin dictionary.
M.L. = Modern Latin. A word used as the name of a taxon or as a specific
epithet, to be treated and used as a Latin word, of various derivations but not
classic Latin.
Med. L. = Medieval (sometimes pharmaceutical) Latin. Many words derived
from languages other than Latin were Latinized during the middle ages and uti-
lized in fields such as pharmacy, alchemy and biology. Some Modern Latin names
are derived from these.
fem. = feminine gender. noun.
mas. = masculine gender. adj. = particip
neut. = neuter gender. n. = verb.
part.
nom. = nominative.
part. = participle. V. = = genitive.
= adjective.
pi. = ad j. ■ Note that the names of all
plural. gen.
taxa higher than the genus are plural
and have plural endings, as Bacillaceae, Actinomycetales.
* The stem to be used in making compounds is not always complete in the nominative.
It is found by dropping the genitive ending. For example, the generic name Actinomyces
has as the genitive, Actinomycetis ; the stem used in compounds is Actinomycet-, hence the
famil}^ name eerived from Actinomyces is Actinomycetaceae, not Actinomycaceae. Note
should be taken of the fact that all Greek words that end in -ma are neuter and have as
genitive -malis. The stem combining form) always ends in mat. For example Treponema,
gen. Treponematis, has as its stem Treponemal- from which one may derive a family name
Treponemataceae (not Treponemaceae) .
DIVISION I. PROTOPHYTA* SACHS, 1874, EMEND.
KRASSILNIKOV, 1949.
(Sachs, Lehrbuch der Botanik, 4 Aufl., 1874, 249; Schizophyta Cohn, Beitr. z. Biol. d.
Pflanzen, /, Heft 3, 1875, 202; Krassilnikov, Guide to the Bacteria and Actinomycetes, Izd.
Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Moskau, 1949, 41.)
Pro.to.phy'ta. Gr. combining form protos first (in time), primordial; Gr. noun phylum
plant; M.L. pi. noun Protophyta primordial plants.
Unicellular organisms and organisms which occur in trichomes. Generally these forms
are too small to be distinguishable to the naked eye. Ordinarily no differentiation of cells
is evident, although those forms that occur in trichomes may show some differentiation
into vegetative and specialized cells of various types (heterocysts, holdfast cells and re-
productive cells). Increase in number of individual cells is normally effected by simple cell
division (fission), rarely by budding; however among the most highly advanced forms,
spores of various types may be developed (endospores, conidia or gonidia). In the highly
specialized parasites such as the viruses, the processes of reproduction have become so
intimately associated with the living protoplasm of the host cells, and the virus particles
are so minute (less than 200 millimicrons in diameter) that the e.xact method of reproduction
has not yet been determined with certainty. For many years it was believed that these
organisms do not possess nuclei; however, in recent years simple types of nuclear bodies
have been demonstrated in many of these organisms, and a nucleus, or at least definite
nuclear material (chromatin), has been found to be present in all cases. Do not contain
chloroplastids, which are found in the cells of the green portions of higher plants. Ubiqui-
tous, occurring in the air, everywhere on the surface of the earth, in and on plants and ani-
mals and even far below the surface of the earth in mine waters.
Key to the classes of division Protophyta.

I. Organisms which possess the photosynthetic pigment phycocyanin in addition to
chlorophyll.
Class I. Schizophyceae, p. 30.
II. Organisms which usually do not contain photosynthetic pigments. None contain phyco-
c\'anin.
A. Reproduction by fission. Cells not normally filterable, though filterable stages are
known in some species.
Class II. Schizomycetes, p. 33.
B. Cells so minute that the exact form of reproduction is not clearly understood as yet.
All possess filterable stages.
Class III. Microtatobiotes, p. 931.
* The sections which characterize the Division Protophyta, the classes, the orders and in
some cases the families have been prepared by Prof. Robert S. Breed, Cornell University,
Geneva, New York.
29
CLASS I. SCHIZOPHYCEAE COHN, 1879.
(Myxophyceae Stizenberger, 1860; Phycochromophyceae Hahenhorst, 18G3 -jCyanophyceen
Sachs, Lehrbuch der Botanik, 4 Aufl., 1874, 249; Cohn, Jahresber. Schles. Ges. f. vaterl.
Cultur, f. 1879, 279-289.)
Schi.zo.phy'ce.ae. Gr. noun schizo cleft, fission; Gr. noun phycus seaweed, alga; M.L.
pi. noun Schizophyceae fission algae.
The organisms in this class are usualh' designated as the blue-green algae and are studied
in connection with other types of algae (green, brown and red) and the higher fungi in
courses in Cryptogamic Botany. However, the blue-green algae differ structurally from all
other types of Thallophyta. On the other hand they resemble the bacteria so that the blue-
green algae and the bacteria are commonly classed in the same Division of the Plant King-
dom.
In order to identify the species of blue-green algae, consult any of the following books:
O. Kirchner, Schizophyceae, in Engler and Prantl, Die Natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien, I
Teil, Abt. la, 1900, 45-92; Gilbert H. Smith, Cryptogamic Botany, 2nd ed.. Vol. 1, Algae
and Fungi, New York, 1955, 526 pp.; Gilbert H. Smith, Freshwater Algae of the United
States, New York, 1950, 719 pp.
The Schizophyceae are not described further in the present Manual.
CLASS II.
By
SCHIZOMYCETES VON NAEGELI
ROB S. BRE
ER T E D
Late Professor Emeritus, Cornell University, Geneva, New York
E. G. D. MURRAY
Research Professor, University of Western Ontario,
London, Ontario, Canada
NATHAN R. SMITH
Senior Bacteriologist, Retired, Plant Industry Station, U. S. Department
of Agrictdture, Beltsville, Maryland
and
Specialists whose names appear on the following pages

in connection with the sections prepared by them
CLASS II. SCHIZOMYCETES VON NAEGELI, 1857.
(Von Naegeli, Bericht Verhandl. d. bot. Section d. 33 Versammling deutsch. Naturfonsch.
u. Arzt. Bot. Ztg., 1857, 760; Bacterien, Cohn, Beitr. z. Biol. d. Pflanzen, /, Heft 2, 1872,
127; Bacteriaceae Cohn, Arch. f. path. Anat., 55, 1872, 237; Schizomijcetaceae DeToni and
Trevisan, in Saccardo, Sylloge Fungorum, 8, 1889, 923; Bacteriales Clements (as an ordinal
name), The Genera of Fungi, Minneapolis, 1909, 8; Schizomycetacea Castellani and Chal-
mers, Manual of Tropical Medicine, 3rd ed., 1919, 924; Mychota Enderlein, Bakterien-
Cyclogenie, 1924, 236; Schizotnyceiae Stanier and van Niel, Jour. Bact., 4^, 1941, 458).
Schi.zo.m\-.ce'tes. Or. noun schiza cleft, fission; Gr. noun myces, mycetis fungus;
M.L. mas. pi. n. Schizomycetes the class of fission fungi.
Tj'pically unicellular plants. Cells usually small, sometimes ultramicroscopic. Fre-
quently motile. For many years it was thought that the cells of Schizomycetes and of the re-
lated Schizophyceae did not possess the nucleus invariably found in the cells of other plants.
However, using modern cytological techniques, investigators have now demonstrated a
true nucleus in bacterial cells. Individual cells maj- be spherical or straight, curved or spiral
rods. These cells may occur in regular or irregular masses, or even in cysts. Where they re-
main attached to each other after cell division, they may form chains or even definite
trichomes. The latter may show some differentiation into holdfast cells and into motile
or non-motile reproductive cells. Some grow as branching mycelial threads whose diameter
is not greater than that of ordinary bacterial cells, i.e., about one micron. Some species
produce pigments. The true purple and green bacteria possess pigments much like or related
to the true chlorophylls of higher plants. These pigments have photosyntêtic properties.
The phycocyanin found in the blue-green algae does not occur in the Schizomycetes . Multi-
plication istypically by cell division. Endospores are formed by some species included in
Eubacteriales. Sporocj'sts are found in Myxobacterales. Ultramicroscopic reproductive
bodies are found in Myco-plasmaiales . The bacteria are free-living, saprophytic, parasitic or
even pathogenic. The latter t3-pes cause diseases of either plants or animals. Ten orders
are recognized.
Key to the orders of class Schizomycetes.

I. Cells rigid. Spherical, rod-shaped (straight or curved) or spiral in form. Sometimes in
trichomes. Motile by means of polar flagella or non-motile.
A. Cells coccoid, straight or curved rods, or spiral in foi-m. Sometimes occur as chains
of cells. Cells may contain photosynthetic purple or green pigments. Not in tri-
chromes. Usually motile by means of polar fiagella. Occasionally non-motile.
Order I. Pseudomonadales, p. 35.
B. Not as above.
1. Cells in trichomes that are frequentl}' in a sheath. Occasionally motile (swarm
spores) or non-motile conidia are developed. The sheaths may contain a deposit
of ferric hydroxide, and the trichomes may be attached to a substrate.
Order II. Chlamydohacteriales , p. 262.
2. Cells reproduce by a process of budding rather than by ordinary cell division (fis-
sion). May be attached to a substrate by a stalk. One genus contains species with
photosynthetic pigments {Rhodomicrobium) .
Order III. Hyphomicrobiales , p. 276.
II. Not as above.
A. Cells rigid. Spherical or straight rod-shaped cells. Occur singly, in chains or in tri-
chomes. Motile by means of peritrichous flagella or non-motile. Not acid-fast.
1. Cells spherical or rod-shaped; no trichomes though chains of cells may occur.
Order IV. Eubacteriales, p. 281.
33
34 ORDER I. PSEUDOMONADALES
2. Cells in trichomes.
Order VI. Caryophanales, p. 830.
B. Not as above.
1. Cells rigid and maj- grow out into a branching mycelium-like .structure which
may even develop chains of aerial conidia giving colonies a superficial resem-
blance to mold colonies. In two genera spores develop within sporangia (sporan-
giospores), and in one of these genera the spores are motile. Where cells occur
singly or in simple branched forms, they are frequently acid-fast.
Order V. Actinomycetales, p. 694.
2. Not as above.
a. Cells rigid, usually large and may occur as coccoid cells or trichomes. Sulfur
granules may occur on the surface or within the cells. Move by a gliding, oscil-
lating or rolling, jerky motion like that of some blue-green algae. No flagella
present.
Order VII. Bcggiatoales, p. 837.
aa. Not as above.
b. Longer or shorter flexuous cells.
c. Cells flexuous, creeping on a substrate. Frequentlj^ pointed at both
ends. Fruiting bodies are usually developed from a thin spreading
colony (pseudoplasmodium). Slime bacteria.
Order VIII. Myxobacterales, p. 854.
cc. Cells in the form of longer or shorter spirals. Swim freely by flexion of
cells.
Order IX. Spirochaetales, p. 892.
bb. Non-motile, highly pleomorphic organisms of a very delicate character.
Possess filterable stages.
Order X. Mycoplasmatales, p. 914.
ORDER I. PSEUDOMONADALES ORLA -JENSEN, 1921.
(Jour. Bact., 6, 1921, 270.)
Pseu.do.mo.na.da'les. M.L. fern. pi. n. Pseudomonadaceae type family of the order; -ales
ending to denote an order; M.L. fem.pl.n. Pseudomonadales the Pseudomonadaceae order.
Straight, curved or spiral, rigid, rod -shaped bacteria. Rarely occur in pairs or chains.
The cells in a few species are ellipsoidal and are frequently spoken of as being coccoid or
even spherical in form. They are usually about 1.0 micron in diameter, but in a few species
the individual cell is larger than is normal for bacterial cells, reaching a size of 3.0 to 14.0
microns in diameter and as much as 100 microns in length. The cells are usually polar flagel-
late. When motile they sometimes bear a single flagellum, in other cases a tuft of flagella.
The flagella are normally found at one or both ends of the cell, but in one genus the curved
cells bear a tuft of flagella that is attached in the middle of the concave side (Selenomonas) .
Non-motile species whose characteristics indicate that thej' belong in this order with closely
related, motile species occasionally occur. Cells are Gram-negative so far as known. The
cells in one sub-order contain pigments that have the power of photosynthesis. The cells
in the second sub-order lack such pigments, as do all other groups of bacteria. The cells
in the first sub-order are photo-autotrophic, while chemo-autotrophic species occur in the
second sub-order. Energy is frequently secured by oxidative processes though there are also
many species that show a fermentative physiology. Cells quite frequently occur in zoogloeal
masses. No endospores are found, and reproduction is by means of fission. Many species
occur in coastal, swamp and pond waters and in soil. Some are parasitic and some are even
pathogenic, causing diseases of fishes and other cold-blooded vertebrates. There are a few
species (cholera, blue pus, etc.) that cause diseases of warm-blooded mammals, including
man.
Kerj to the sub -orders of order Pseudomonadales.

I. Cells contain red, purple, brown or green photosynthetic pigments. Sometimes also
V
enclose granules of free sulfur.
Sub-order I. Rhodobacteriineae , p. 35.
II. Cells do not contain photosynthetic pigments, although they may produce greenish,
brownish, rose or yellow, diffusible, water-soluble pigments or yellow or red non-water-
soluble pigments. Free sulfur granules may occur within or without the cells (Thio-
bacteriaceae). Ferric hydroxide may be deposited (Caulobacteriaceae) .
Sub -order II. Pseudomonadineae, p. 67.
Suborder I. Rhodobacteriineae Breed, Murray and Kitchens, 1944.*

(Family Rhodobacteriaceae Migula, Syst. d. Bakt., 2, 1900, 1042; Breed, Murray and
Hitchens, Bact. Rev., 8, 1944, 257.)
Rho.do.bac.te.ri.i'ne.ae. M.L. neut.n. Rhodobacteriuin a genus of bacteria; -ineue end-
ing to denote a suborder; M.L. fem.pl.n. Rhodobacteriineae the Rhodobacterium suborder.
* Rearranged and revised by Prof. C. B. van Niel, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific
Grove, California, July, 1953.
35
Cells spherical, rod-, vibrio- or spiral-shaped. Diameter of individual cells from less than
1.0 to over 10 microns. Red, purple, brown or green bacteria which contain bacteriochloro-
phj-ll or other chloroph3dl-like green pigments, and which usually also possess one or more
carotenoid pigments. Capable of carrying out a photosynthetic metabolism which differs
from that of green plants in that it does not proceed with the evolution of oxygen, and de-
pends upon the presence of extraneous oxidizable compounds which are dehydrogenated
with the simultaneous reduction of carbon dioxide. As oxidizable substrates, a varietj' of
simple substances can be used, such as sulfide, or other reduced sulfur compounds, molecu-
lar hydrogen, alcohols, fatty acids, hydroxy- and keto-acids, etc. All can be grown in
strictly anaerobic cultures when illuminated. Those members which can grow in the pres-
ence of air can also be cultured in the dark under aerobic conditions. Color depends mark-
edly on environmental conditions; small individuals appear colorless unless observed in
masses. May contain sulfur globules. Described species have largely been found in fresh-
water habitats. Some species occur in marine habitats.
Key to the families of suborder Rhodobacteriineae.

I. Purple bacteria whose pigment system consists of bacteriochlorophyll and various
carotenoids capable of carrying out a photosynthetic metabolism.
A. Contain sulfur globules in the presence of hj'drogen sulfide. The sulfur purple bac-
teria.
Family I. TJiiorlwdaceae, p. 38.
B. Do not contain sulfur globules even in the presence of hydrogen sulfide. All require
organic growth factors. The non-sulfur purple and brown bacteria.
Family II. Athiorhodaceae, p. 53.
II. Green sulfur bacteria containing a pigment system which has the characteristics of a
chlorophyllous compound although it differs from the chlorophyll of green plants and
from the bacteriochlorophyll of the purple bacteria.
Family III. Chlorobacteriaceae , p. 61.
The organisms previously included in the order Thiohacteriales Buchanan do not consti-
tute a taxonomic entity; they represent rather a physiological-ecological community. In
this sense, however, a special treatment of this group as a unit has decided advantages from
a determinative point of view.
When first proposed as a systematic assemblage, the order Thiobacferia Migula (Sj'st. d.
Bakt., 3, 1900, 1039) was intended to include the morphologically conspicuous organisms
which, in their natural habitat, contain globules of sulfur as cell inclusions. Since Wino-
gradsky (Beitr. z. Morph. u. Physiol, d. Bact., I, Schwefelbacterien, 1888) had elucidated
the function of hydrogen sulfide and of sulfur in their metabolism, the characteristic inclu-
sions appeared linked with a hitherto unrecognized type of physiology, viz. the oxidation
of an inorganic substance instead of the decomposition of organic materials. From this
oxidation the sulfur bacteria derive their energy for maintenance and growth.
Two groups of sulfur bacteria could be distinguished, one consisting of colorless, the
other of red or purple organisms. The members of both groups presented an unusual mor-
phology apart from the sulfur droplets : in all cases the individual cells were considerably
larger than those of the common bacteria, while many species grew as distinctive colonial
aggregates. Migula separated these sulfur bacteria into two families, Beggiatoaceae and
Rhodobucteriaceae. Even at that time, however, some difficulties e.xisted as to just what
organisms should properly be considered as sulfur bacteria. Miyoshi (Jour. Coll. Sci., Imp.
Univ., Tokyo, 10, 1897, 143) had discovered a bacterium which forms strands, incrusted with
sulfur, in sulfur springs but which does not store sulfur globules in its cells. Although
physiologically this organism appeared to comply with Winogradsky's concept of a sulfur
bacterium, the absence of the typical cell inclusions made Miyoshi decide it could not be
ORDER I. PSEUDOMONADALES 37
considered as such. The problem was aggravated when Nathansohn, Beijerinck and Jacob-
sen published their studies on small, colorless, Psendomonas-like bacteria capable of oxidiz-
ing hydrogen sulfide, sulfur and thiosulfate, and evidently dependent upon this oxidation
process for their development. Morphologically these organisms have little in common with
the Beggiatoaceae; they were designated by Beijerinck as species of Thiobacillus and have
since been rightly considered as members of the order Psendomonndales (see p. 35). Never-
theless, these organisms are physiologically in no way different from the Beggiatoaceae, so
that if phj'siology only is considered, a good case could be made out for their incorporation
in the Thiohacterinles.
Furthermore, Molisch (Die Purpurbakterien, Jena, 1907, 95 pp.) described in some de-
tail a number of bacterial species which, in view of their characteristic pigment system,
appeared closely related to the Rhodobacieriaceae , but which develop only in organic media
and are, therefore, not sulfur bacteria in the sense of Winogradsk\' or Migula. In stressing
the importance of pigmentation, Molisch combined the red sulfur bacteria and the newly-
discovered purple bacteria into an order Rhodobacteria with the two families Thiorhodaceae
and Athiorhodaceae . It is this grouping that has been followed in the present edition of the
Manual.
Among the non-sulfur purple bacteria, or Athioihodaceae, is included an organism which,
on the basis of its morphology and manner of growth, does not conform to the criteria of
the order Pseudornonadalcs . This is Rhodomicrobium vannielii Duchow and Douglas (Jour.
Bact., 58, 1949, 409). Physiologically it is a typical non-sulfur purple bacterium in that it is
capable of development in strictly anaerobic media supplied with an appropriate oxidizable
substrate only when the cultures are illuminated and carries out a photosynthetic metabo-
lisii without oxygen evolution. Multiplication is not, however, by transverse fission but by
bud formation at the end of a thin filament growing out of a pole of the mother cell followed
by the formation of a cross wall in the connecting filament. This mode of development is
similar to that encountered in the non-photosynthetic bacterium Htjphomicrobium vulgare.
It should also be emphasized here that some of the sulfur purple bacteria (Thiopedia, for
example) and all of the green sulfur bacteria appear at present to be pernianentlj- immotile.
Only a very small number of t^'pical sulfur bacteria have been studied in pure cultures. As
a result the descriptions of genera and species rest mainly on observations made with
collections from natural sources or crude cultures. Most investigators have implicitly ac-
cepted differences in cell size or in colonial appearance as a sufficient justification for es-
tablishing independent species. Evidently this procedure presupposes a considerable degree
of constancy of such characteristics in the organisms in question. It is true that Wino-
gradskj^'s investigations have provided a reasonable basis for this belief, but later studies
with pure cultures of certain purple bacteria have established beyond a doubt that environ-
mental conditions, such as composition of the medium and temperature, may exert a pro-
found influence on the general morphology of these organisms. By this it is not intended to
infer that the previously proposed genera and species of sulfur bacteria should be aban-
doned, but it does follow that a cautious evaluation of the distinguishing features is neces-
sary. In the absence of carefully conducted investigations on morphological constancy and
variability of most of the previously recognized species of sulfur bacteria with pure cultures
grown under a variety of external conditions, the best approach appears to be a tentative
arrangement of these organisms based upon those characteristics which are readily ascer-
tainable. Experience with this group over the past twenty-five years has shown that, while
Winogradskj^'s fundamental work must remain the foundation of present taxonomic ef-
forts, itis advisable to simplifj' the much more elaborate classification developed by Bu-
chanan which was followed in previous editions of this Manual.
Certain genera of sulfur purple bacteria, created by Winogradsky, will very probably be
consolidated when detailed information concerning the morphology of the organisms is
available. Until such time it seems, however, best toj-etain most of them, even though the
distinguishing characteristics are not always very clear. For the benefit of those who are
familiar with previous methods of classification, it will be indicated where deviations have
been adopted.
The non-sulfur purple bacteria {Athiorhodacene Molisch; Rhodobacterioideae Buchanan)
have been subjected to a comparative morphological and physiological study comprising
more than 150 strains, among which all previously proposed genera and species are repre-
sented (van Niel, Bact. Rev., 8, 1944, 1-118). It has been found that the characteristics
upon which Molisch based the seven genera of this group are inadequate, and a new classi-
fication with only two distinguishable genera has been proposed. This system will be fol-
lowed here.
Nadson (Bull. Jard. Imper. Bot., St. Petersburg, 13, 1912, 64) described a new type of
small, green bacteria not containing sulfur globules in the presence of hydrogen sulfide but
excreting elemental sulfur. They arephotosynthetic and are capable of growing in anaerobic
culture when illuminated. The green pigment differs from the green plant chlorophylls and
from the bacteriochlorophyll of the purple bacteria but has the characteristics of a chloro-
phyllous compound. These are grouped in the family Chlorobacteriaceae.
FAMILY I. THIORHODACEAE MOLISCH, 1907.

(Die Purpurbakterien, Jena, 1907, 27.)
Thi.o.rho.da'ce.ae. Gr. noun thium sulfur; Gr. noun rhodum the rose; -aceae ending to
denote a family; M.L. fem.pl.n. Thiorhodaceae (probably intended to mean) the family of
sulfur red bacteria.
Unicellular organisms, often developing as cell aggregates or families of variable size
and shape. Single cells have the form of spheres, ovoids, short rods, vibrios, spirals, long
rods or, occasionally, chains. Thej^ occur in nature in environments containing sulfides and
require light for their development; infra-red irradiation of a wave-length extending to
about 900 millimicrons is effective. They produce a pigment system composed of green bac-
teriochlorophyl and yellow and red carotenoids. As a result they appear as bluish violet,
pale purple, brownish to deep red cell masses. Single cells, unless they are of considerable
size, usually appear to be unpigmented. These are anaerobic or microaerophilic organisms
with a photosynthetic metabolism in which carbon dioxide is reduced with the aid of spe-
cial hydrogen donors without the liberation of molecular oxygen. Where these organisms
are found in nature, hydrogen sulfide acts as a hydrogen donor, and sulfur, the first inter-
mediate oxidation product, accumulates as sulfur droplets in the cells. Probably all mem-
bers of the group can utilize a number of organic substances in place of hydrogen sulfide as
hydrogen donors for photosynthesis. Thus they are potentially mixotrophic.
Characterization of the genera in this group has, since Winogradsky's studies (Beitrage
zur Morphologie und Physiologie der Schwefelbacterien, Leipzig, 1888), been based upon
the mode of development of the cell aggregates. Pure-culture studies (Bavendamm, Die
farblosen und roten Bakterien, I. Schwefelbakterien, Pflanzenforschung, Heft 2, 1924, 74
pp.; van Niel, Arch. f. MikrobioL, 3, 1931, 1-112; Manten, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 8,
1942, 164 pp.) have shown, however, that not only the sequence of events in the formation
of the aggregates but also the appearance and form of the latter, even including the size
and shape of the component cells, are influenced to a considerable extent by environmental
conditions. This obviously casts doubt upon the usefulness of the previously used diag-
nostic criteria for genera and species. On the other hand, the scope of pure-culture studies
has not yet attained sufficient breadth to warrant the use of a different approach. As a
provisional measure, Winogradsky's genera are therefore maintained. Even the larger
taxonomic units must be regarded as being of tentative value only.
FAMILY I. THIOEHODACEAE 6\)
Key to the genera of family Thiorhodaceae.

I. Cells usually combined into aggregates.
A. Cells grouped as regular sarcina packets.
Genus I. TMosarcina, p. 39.
B. Cells not in sarcina packets.
1. Aggregates in the form of a flat sheet.
a. Cells in regular arrangement, with tetrads as the common structural unit.
Genus II. Thiopedia, p. 40.
aa. Cells in irregular aggregates.
Genus III. Thiocapsa, p. 41.
2. Aggregates in the form of three-dimensional masses.
a. Cells distinctly rod-shaped and arranged in a net-like structure.
Genus IV. Thiodictyon, p. 41.
aa. Cells not so arranged.
b. Cells in a common capsule, individuals rather scattered and loosely
grouped.
Genus V. Thiothece, p. 42.
bb. Cells in rather dense clumps.
c. Aggregates embedded in conspicuous common slime capsule.
d. Aggregates small, compact, often several of them enclosed to-
gether in a common capsule.
Genus VI. Thiocystis, p. 42.
dd. Aggregates large and solid, later break up into small clusters.
Genus VII. Lamprocystis , p. 43.
cc. Common capsule lacking or verj^ transient.
d. Aggregates as a whole exhibit amoeboid movements.
Genus VIII. Amoebobacter, p. 44.
dd. Aggregates devoid of amoeboid movements.
Genus IX. Thiopoly coccus, p. 45.
II. Cells usually occurring singly.
A. Cells clearly spiral-shaped.
Genus X. Thiospirillum, p. 46.
B. Cells not spiral-shaped.
1. Cells irregular, often swollen, distorted, or composed of long, crooked and bent
rods to filaments.
Genus XI. Rhabdomonas , p. 48.
2. Cells regular, spherical to short rods or bean-shaped.
a. Cells spherical, as a rule non-motile, and each one surrounded by a rather
wide capsule.
Genus XII. Rhodothece, p. 50.
aa. Cells ellipsoidal, ovoid, short rods or vibrios, actively motile.
Genus XIII. Chromatium, p. 50.
Genus I. Thiosarcina Winogradsky, 1888.
(Zur Morphologie und Phj'siologie der Bacterien, I. Schwefelbacterien, Leipzig, 1888,

104.)
Thi.o.sar.ci'na. Gr. noun thium sulfur; M.L. fem.n. Sarcina a genus of bacteria; M.L.
fem.n. Thiosarcina sulfur Sarcina.
Individual cells spherical, forming regular cubical packets of sarcina-shape, resulting
from consecutive division in three perpendicular planes. Packets commonly containing
8 to 64 cells. Infrequently motile. Non-spore-forming. Contain bacteriochlorophyll and
earotenoid pigments, hence, pigmented purplish to red. Capable of carrying out a photo-
sj'nthetic metabolism in the presence of hydrogen sulfide, cells then storing sulfur globules.
Anaerobic.
The type species is Thiosarcina rosea (Schroeter) Winogradsky.
1. Thiosarcina rosea (Schroeter, 1886) Anaerobic.

Winogradsky, 1888. (Sarcina rosea Schroeter , Habitat : Occur less frequently than other
Kryptog. -Flora von Schlesien, 3, 1, 1886, 154;
sulfur purple bacteria; probably widely dis-
Winogradsky, Zur Morphologie und Physio-
logic der Schwefelbacterien, Leipzig, 1888, tributed in mud and stagnant bodies of
104.) water containing hydrogen sulfide and ex-
ro'se.a. L. adj. roseus rosy, rose-colored. posed to light; sulfur springs.
Cells spherical, 2 to 3 microns in diameter,
Illustration: Issatchenko, Recherches sur
occurring in packets containing 8 to 64 cells.
Infrequently motile. Color ranging from les microbes de I'ocean glacial arctique,
purplish rose to nearly black. Petrograd, 1914, Plate II, fig. 5.
Genus II. Thiopedia Winogradsky , 1888.

(Zur Morphologie und Physiologie der Bacterien, I. Schwefelbacterien, Leipzig, 18S8, 85.)
Thi.o.pe'di.a. Gr.n. thium sulfur; Gr.n. pedium a plain, a flat area; M.L. fem.n. Thio-
pedia a sulfur plain.
Individual cells spherical to short rod-shaped, the latter shortly before cell division.
Arranged in flat sheets with typical tetrads as the structural units. These arise from divi-
sions of the cells in two perpendicular directions. Cell aggregates of various sizes, ranging
from single tetrads to large sheets composed of thousands of cells. Non-motile. Non-spore-
forming. Contain bacteriochlorophyll and earotenoid pigments. Capable of photosynthesis
in the presence of hydrogen sulfide, then storing sulfur globules. Anaerobic.
The type species is Thiopedia rosea Winogradsky.
1. Thiopedia rosea Winogradsky, 1888. teristic the common presence of a relatively

(Erythroconis littoralis Oersted, Naturhist. large pseudovacuole, or aerosome, in the
Tidsskrift, 3, 1840-1841, 555; Winogradsky, cells of this species encountered in plankton
Zur Morphologie und Physiologie der samples. Winogradskj^ does not mention
Schwefelbacterien, Leipzig, 1888, 85.)
this; nevei-theless, it appears to be a regular
ro'se.a. L. adj. roseus rosy, rose-colored. and valuable distinguishing feature.
Cells 1 to 2 microns, often appearing as Anaerobic.
slightly elongated cocci regularly arranged Habitat: Widely distributed in mud and
in platelets.
stagnant bodies of fresh, brackish and salt
Color, pale red to nearly black, depending
upon the amount of sulfur stored. Red color water containing hydrogen sulfide and ex-
visible only with large cell masses, not in posed to light; sulfur springs. Common,
individuals. frequently giving rise to very extensive
According to Winogradsky, the cells are mass developments.
often embedded in a common slime capsule; Illustrations: Warming, Videnskab.
the e.xtensive studies of Utermohl (Archiv f . Meddel. naturhist. Forening, Kjobenhavn,
Hydrobiol., Suppl. Vol. 5, 1925, 251-276) 1876, Plate VIII, fig. 2; Winogradsky, op.
make the regular occurrence of such cap- cit., 1888, 85, Plate III, fig. 18; Pringsheim,
sules extremely doubtful. On the other Naturwissensch., £0, 1932, 481, the last one
hand, Utermohl emphasizes as quite charac- a truly excellent photomicrograph.
FAMILY I. THIORHODACEAE 41
Genus III. Thiocapsa Winogradsky, 1888.

(Schwefelbacterien, Leipzig, 1888, 84.)
Thi.o.ca'psa. Gr.n. ihiiun sulfur; L.n. capsa a box; M.L. fem.n. Thiocapsa sulfur box.
Cells spherical, occurring in families of irregularly arranged individuals held together
in a common slime capsule. The aggregates are spread out flat on the substrate. Motility
not observed. As the colony grows, the capsule bursts, and the cells are spread apart. Gen-
eral morphology and development thus appear similar to that in the genus Aphanocapsa
among the blue-green algae. Contain bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoid pigments; capable
of photosynthesis in the presence of hydrogen sulfide. Under such conditions sulfur is stored
in the form of globules in the cells. This genus is so much like TMothece that it is doubtful
whether a distinction can be maintained.
The type species is Thiocapsa roseopersicina Winogradskj'.
Key to the species of genus Thiocapsa.
I. Individual cells about 3 microns in diameter.
1. Thiocapsa roseopersicina.
II. Individual cells about 1.5 microns in diameter.
2. Thiocapsa floridana.
1. Thiocapsa roseopersicina Winograd- Illustration: Winogradsky, loc. cit., Plate

sky, 1888. (Schwefelbacterien, Leipzig, 1888, IV, fig. 15.
• •/
ro.se.o.per.si.ci T J- 2. Thiocapsa floridana Uphof, 1927.
na. L. adj. roseus rosy;
Gr. noun persicus the peach, Persian apple, (Arch. f. tt i u- i
Hydrobiol., 18, 1927, 84.)^
Persian; M.L. adj. roseopersicinus rosy- flo.ri.da'na. M.L. adj . floridanus pertain-
ng to Florida.
^^^.. , ■ 1 r.
Cells spherical, 2.5r to 3o microns
• • diam-
in 1- Cells spherical, about 1.5 microns in di-
ameter. In groups of irregular colonies, each
eter, occurring in families of irregularly ,,,j.rounded by a common capsule, several
arranged individuals held together in a colonies being stuck together. Motility not
common slime capsule. Motility not ob- observed
served. Usually a distinct rose-red. Stored Source: Palm Springs, Florida and Lake
sulfur droplets may attain a considerable Sakskoje, near Eupatoria, Crimea,
size. Habitat: Mud and stagnant water con-
Habitat: Mud and stagnant bodies of taining hydrogen sulfide and exposed to
water containing hydrogen sulfide and ex- light; sulfur springs. Probably ubiquitous,
posed to light; sulfur springs. Illustration: Uphof, ibid., 83, fig. VI.
Genus IV. Thiodictyon Winogradsky, 1888.

(Winogradsky, Schwefelbacterien, Leipzig, 1888, 80; Rhododictyon Orla-Jensen, Cent. f.
Bakt., II Abt., 22, 1909, 334.)
Thi.o.dic'ty.on. Gr. noun thium sulfur; Gr. noun dictyum or dictyoii net; M.L. neut.n.
Thiodictyon sulfur net.
Cells rod-shaped, frequently with pointed ends, somewhat resembling spindles. Form
aggregates in which the cells become arranged end to end in a net-like structure, somewhat
reminiscent of the shape of the green alga Hydrodictyon. The shape is not constant; cells
may also form more compact masses. Sometimes groups of cells separate from the main
aggregate by active movements. Common gelatinous capsule not observed. Contain bac-
teriochlorophyl and carotenoid pigments; cells usually very faintly colored. Capable of
photosynthesis in the presence of hydrogen sulfide, the cells then storing sulfur as small
globules.
The type species is Thiodictyon elegans Winogradsky.
1. Thiodictyon elegans Winogradsky, Issatchenko (Etudes niicrobiologiques des

1888. (Schwefelbacterien, Leipzig, 1888, 80.) Lacs de Boue, Leningrad, 1927, 113-114)
e'le.gans. L. adj. elegans choice, elegant. recognizes a forma vmius and a forma
Rods 1.5 to 1.7 by 2.5 to 5 microns; or âgna, differentiated mainly by the size of
longer just prior to cell division. Usually the individual rods.
contain a large pseudovacuole (aerosome),
Habitat: Mud and stagnant water con-
leaving a rather thin protoplasmic sheath
along the cell wall taining hj^drogen sulfide and exposed to
Sulfur droplets generally quite small; light; sulfur springs,

deposited exclusively in the thin proto- Illustrations: Winogradsky, ioc. ci<., Plate
plasmic layer. Ill, fig. 13-17.
Genus V. Thiothece Winogradsky, 1888.

Thi.o.the'ce Gr. noun thium sulfur; Gr. noun thece a box, chest; M.L. fem.n. Thiothece
sulfur box.
Sulfur purple bacteria which, in their growth characteristics, resemble the blue-green
alga Aphanothece. Cells spherical to relatively long cylindrical-ellipsoidal, embedded in a
gelatinous capsule of considerable dimensions. Following cell division the daughter cells
continue to secrete mucus which causes the individual bacteria to remain clearly separated
by an appreciable distance; the common capsule thus appears only loosely filled. The cells
may become actively motile and separate themselves from the colony. Such swarmers
closely resemble the cells of certain species of Chromatium. Contain bacteriochlorphyll
and carotenoid pigments. Capable of photosynthesis in the presence of hydrogen sulfide,
producing elemental sulfur as an intermediate oxidation product which is stored as sulfur
globules inside the cells.
The type species is Thiothece gelatinosa Winogradsky.
1. Thiothece gelatinosa Winogradsky, in outermost layers of protoplasm and

1888. (Schwefelbacterien, Leipzig, 1888. 82.) generally small.
ge. la. ti. no'sa. L. part. adj. gre/aiMS frozen. Habitat: Mud and stagnant water con-
stiffened; M.L. noun ffeZafznum gelatin, that taining hydrogen sulfide and exposed to
which stiffens; M.L. adj. gelatinosus gelati- jj^^^. ^^^^^^ springs.
nous.
Illustrations: Winogradsky, lac. cit., PI.
Cells 4 to 6 by 4 to 7 microns, spherical
to cylindrical. Color of individual cells, III, fig. 9-12; Miyoshi, Jour. Coll. Sci., Imp.
Univ. r
faint, often grayish violet or even dirty Univ. Tokyo, Japan, 10, 1897, 170, PI. XIV
yellowish. Sulfur globules usually deposited fig. 25.
Genus VI. Thiocystis Winogradsky, 1888.

Thi.o.cys'tis. Gr. noun thium sulfur; Gr. noun cystis the bladder, a bag; M.L. fem.n.
Thiocystis sulfur bag.
Sulfur purple bacteria which form compact colonies, many of which may be loosely em-
bedded in a common gelatinous capsule. Individual cells spherical to ovoid, often diplo-
coccus-shaped. Colonies may emerge as more or less large units from out of the common
capsule and break up afterwards, sometimes into single swarmers; or the aggregates may
split up inside the original capsule and release small motile units or single swarmers. In
pure cultures frequently develop as single cells and diplococci. Produce bacteriochlorophyll
and carotenoid pigments, coloring the cell masses purplish to red. Capable of photosyn-
thesis, in the presence of hydrogen sulfide, whereby elemental sulfur is formed as an inter-
mediate oxidation product which is deposited as droplets inside the cells.
The type species is Thiocystis violacea Winogradsky.
Key to the species of genus Thiocystis.

I. Individual cells more than 2 microns in width.
1. Thiocystis violacea.
II. Individual cells about 1 micron or less in width.
2. Thiocystis rufa.
1. Thiocystis violacea Winogradsky, taining hydrogen sulfide and exposed to

1888. (Schwefelbacterien, Leipzig, 1888, 65.) light; sulfur springs.
vi.o.la'ce.a. L. adj. violaceus violet- Illustrations: Zopf, Zur Morphologie der
colored. Spaltpflanzen, Leipzig, 1882, PI. V, fig. 12;
Cells about 2.5 to 5.5 microns in diam- Winogradsky, op. cit., 1888, 65, PI. II. Fig.
eter, spherical to ovoid. Swarmers actively 1-7.
motile
^ , by. means
f, 1,of . polar
., flagella. , 2. Ihiocystis rufa vVmogradsky, 1888.
Colonies: Small, inside a common capsule, f lu + •
(Schwefelbacterien, tLeipzig,
• • looo1888, /=\
65.)
containing not over 30 cells. Several such
colonies form loosely arranged aggregates, ru'fa. L. adj. rujus red, reddish.
Cells less than 1 micron in diameter.
most characteristically composed of about _, , , n i , î. • ., ,
,- ^ _„ , . . • 1 IT., Color red, usually darker than in the type
10 to 20 colonies in a single capsule. The re-species. . When' ,/ cells
the nare stuffed «• j with•l
suit is a nearly spherical zoogloea. In small
sulfur globules, the aggregates appear al-
colonies,
tetrads; inthelarger
cells colonies,
appear astherather
cells distinct
become ""oT bl*'"k
The common gelatinous capsule usually
somewhat compressed and the tetrad-like .obtains a far greater number
arrangement may be lost. of closely
p^^j^^^ individual colonies than is the case
In pure cultures, the species often fails to Jq Thiocystis violacea.
produce the characteristic capsules; the or- Habitat: Mud and stagnant water con-
ganisms then occur as actively motile single taining hydrogen sulfide and exposed to
cells or diplococci, with little or no slime light; sulfur springs,
formation. No pseudocapsules are formed. Illustration: Winogradsky, loc. cit., PI.
Habitat: Mud and stagnant water con- II, fig. 8.
Genus VII. Lamprocystis Schroeter, 1886.

(In part, Clathrocystis Cohn, Beitr. Biol. Pfl., /, Heft 3, 1875, 156; in part, Cohnia Winter,
in Rabenhorst, Kryptogamen-Flora, 2 Aufl., 1884, 48; not Cohnia Kunth, Enumeratio plan-
tarum, 5, 1850, 35; Schroeter, Die Pilze Schlesiens, in Cohn, Kryptogamen-Flora von
Schle-sien, 3, 1, 1886, 151.)
Lam.pro.cys'tis. Gr. adj. lamprus bright, brilliant; Or. noun cystis the bladder, a bag;
M.L. fem.n. Lamprocystis a brilliant bag.
Sulfur purple bacteria which form more or less large aggregates of cells enclosed in a
common gelatinous capsule. Individual cells spherical to ovoid. Small aggregates closely
resemble those of Thiocystis, even to the extent of the tetrad-like arrangement of cells in
the small colonies. Behavior of the large aggregates during development appears to be
different; the small individual cell groups or colonies do not emerge from the slime capsule
until the initially relatively compact cell mass becomes broken up into smaller clusters,
these eventually forming a somewhat net-like structure. This behavior has been ascribed
to a change in the mode of cell division which at first appears to take place in three per-
pendicular planes and later presumably changes to a division in only two directions. Cells
when free are motile by means of polar fiagella. In pure culture also this type rarely, if ever,
produces large aggregates with the development here mentioned as characteristic for the
genus (Bavendamm, Die farblosen und roten Schwefelbakterien, Pflanzenforschung, Heft
2, 1924, 76). This, along with the other similarities, makes it doubtful whether future studies
will result in the retention of the genera Lamprocijsiis and Thiocystis side by side. Produce
bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoid pigments, coloring the cell masses purplish pink to red.
Capable of photosynthesis in the presence of hj'drogen sulfide, storing elemental sulfur as
globules inside the cells.
The type species is Lamprocystis roseopersidna (Kiitzing) Schroeter.
1. Lamprocystis roseopersicina (Kiitz- Winogradsky reports that the cells fre-
ing, 1849) Schroeter, 1886. (Protococcus quently contain pseudovacuoles.
roseopersicinus Kiitzing, Species Algarum, Habitat: Mud and stagnant water con-
Leipzig, 1849, 196; Schroeter, in Cohn, taining hydrogen sulfide and exposed to
Kryptogamen-Flora von Schlesien, 3, 1, light; sulfur springs.
1886, 151.) Illustrations: Warming, Videnskab.
ro.se.o.per.si.ci'na. L. adj. roseus rosy; Meddel. naturhistor. Foren., Kjobenhavn,
Gr. noun persiCMS the peach (Persian apple); 1876, PI. VIII, fig. 3 g; Zopf, Z. Morphol.
M.L. adj. roseopersicinus rosy peach (-col- d. Spaltpflanzen, Leipzig, 1882, PI. V, fig. 8,
ored). 13; Winogradsky, Schwefelbacterien, Leip-
Cells spherical to ovoid, 2 to 2.5 microns zig, 1888, PI. II, fig. 9-15; Bavendamm, Die
in diameter, up to 5 microns long before cell farblosen und roten Schwefelbakterien,
division. Motile by means of polar flagella. Jena, 1924, PI. II, fig. 3.
Genus VIII. Amoebobacter Winogradsky , 18SS.

A.moe.bo.bac'ter. M.L. noun Amoeba a protozoan genus; Gr. noun amoebe change, trans-
formation; M.L. noun bacter a rod; M.L. mas.n. Amoebobacter changeable rod.
Sulfur purple bacteria, usually occurring in aggregates composed of many individuals
without a characteristic common capsule. Slime formation can, nevertheless, be observed
with very small colonies. With growth of the individual cells, the capsule bursts and the
cell mass slowly moves out while the bacteria remain united. The colonies change their
shape during growth and in response to environmental influences; the individual cells ap-
pear motile and cause the movements of the entire colon3^ Winogradsky ascribes the co-
herence of the cell masses to the existence of interconnecting protoplasmic filaments be-
tween cells, but these have never been observed, and their occurrence is extremely doubtful.
It is much more probable that the bacteria are held together by mucus, though not so much
of the latter is produced as to form a clearly discernible capsule. Produce bacteriochloro-
phyll and carotenoid pigments. Capable of photosynthesis in the presence of hydrogen
sulfide, then storing sulfur as droplets inside the cells.
The type species is Amoebobacter roseus Winogradsky.
The characterizations of the genera Amoebobacter, Lamprocystis, Thiocystis, Thiocapsa
and Thiothece are based upon the arrangement of individual bacteria in a common capsule.
However, from Winogradsky's descriptions of Amoebobacter and from pure-culture studies
with Thiocystis and Lamprocystis, the capsules have been shown to vary considerably, de-
pending upon developmental stages and environmental conditions. Therefore it is quite
possible that future investigations will show the desirability of restricting the number of
genera.
Key to the species of genus Amoebobacter.
I. Cells spherical to ovoid, al)Out 2.5 to 3.5 microns in diameter and up to 6 microns in
length prior to cell division.
1. Amoebobacter roseus.
II. Cells distinctly rod-shaped, about 1.5 to 2 microns in width by 2 to 4 microns in length.
2. Amoebobacter bacillosus.
III. Cells spherical, quite small, about 0.5 to 1 micron in diameter.
3. Amoebobacter granula.
1. Anioebobacler roseus Winogradsky, tically certain that it is identical with

1888. (Schwefelbacterien, Leipzig, 1888, 77.) Amoebobacter bacillosus. The description of
ro'se.us. L. adj. roseus rosy. Thiodictyon elegans Winogradsky {op. cit.,
Cells spherical to ovoid, 2.5 to 3.5 microns 1888, 80) suggests that it cannot be distin-
in width and up to 6 microns in length. guished from this species.
Motile. Often contain pseudovacuoles. Cell Habitat: Mud and stagnant water con-
aggregates often form transitory hollow taining hydrogen sulfide and exposed to
spheres or sacks with the bacteria occupy- light; sulfur springs.
ing the peripherj^ as a shallow layer. These Illustrations: Zopf, Z. Morphol. d.
are reminiscent of stages in the development Spaltpfl., Leipzig, 1882, PI. V, fig. 26-27;
of Lamprocystis. Winogradsky, op. cit., 1888, PI. Ill, fig. 7.
taining hj^drogen sulfide and exposed to 3. Amoebobacter granula Winograd-
light; sulfur springs. sky, 1888. (Schwefelbacterien, Leipzig,
Illustrations: Winogradsky, loc. cit., PI. 1888, 78.)
Ill, fig. 1-6. gra'nu.la. L. dim. noun granulum a small
grain; M.L. fem.n. granula a small grain.
2. Amoebobacter bacillosus Winograd- Cells spherical, small, about 0.5 to 1.0
sky, 1888. (Winogradsky, Schwefelbac- micron in diameter. Faint pigmentation;
terien, Leipzig, 1888, 78; Thioderma roseum the sulfur inclusions give the cell masses a
Miyoshi, Jour. Coll. Sci., Imp. Univ. black appearance. Aggregates are apt to
Tokyo, Japan, 10, 1897, 158.) consist of closely-knit masses which are
ba.cil.lo'sus. L. dim. noun bacillus a small difficult to separate.
staff or rod; M.L. adj. bacillosus full of When sulfur is stored, a single droplet
(made up of) small rods. usually fills most of the cell. Because of the
Cells rod-shaped, about 1.5 to 2 microns high refractive index of this globule, it be-
by 2 to 4 microns. Cells contain pseudo- comes difficult if not impossible to make
vacuoles (aerosomes). Sulfur globules de- accurate observations of the cell shape.
posited exclusively in peripheral proto- Habitat: Mud and stagnant water con-
plasmic layer, usuallj' quite small. taining hj-drogen sulfide and exposed to
Mij'oshi's incomplete description of Thio- light; sulfur springs.
derma roseum (loc. cit.), type species of Illustration: Winogradsky, loc. cit., PI.
genus Thioderma, is sufficient to make prac- Ill, fig. 8.
Genus IX. Thiopolycoccus Winogradsky, 1888.

Thi.o.po.ly.coc'cus. Or. noun thium sulfur; Gr. adj. poly many; Gr. noun coccus a berry;
M.L. noun coccus; M.L. mas.n. Thiopolycoccus with man}'- sulfur cocci.
Sulfur purple bacteria which form dense aggregates of rather solid construction and ir-
regular shape. The colonies appear, in contrast with those of Amoebobacter, non-motile and
do not tend to form hollow zoogloeal structures by which they are differentiated from
Lamprocystis. Cell masses held together by mucus which does not, however, appear as a
regular capsule. Large clumps may fissure with the formation of irregular shreds and lobes
which continue to break up into smaller groups of cells. Individual bacteria spherical, mo-
tility not observed. Contain bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoid pigments, so that the
aggregates, in accord with the dense packing with individual cells, appear distinctly red.
Capable of photosynthesis in the presence of hydrogen sulfide, when the cells store elemen-
tal sulfur as droplets inside the cells.
The type species is Thiopoly coccus ruber Winogi'adsky.
1. Thiopolycoccus ruber Winogradsky, taining hydrogen sulfide and exposed to

1888. (Schwefelbacterien, Leipzig, 1888, 79.) light; sulfur springs.
ru'ber. L. adj. rwber red. Illustrations: Winogradsky, loc. cil., PI.
Cells spherical, about 1.2 microns in di- IV, fig. 16-18; Issatchenko, Recherches sur
ameter. No motility observed. les microbes de I'ocean glacial arctique.
Habitat: Mud and stagnant water con- Petrograd, 1914, PI. II, fig. 7.
Genus X. Thiospirillum Winogradsky, 1888.

{Ophidomonas Ehrenberg, Die Infusionstierchen, Leipzig, 1838, 43; Winogradsky, Schwe-
felbacterien, Leipzig, 1888, 104.)
Thi.o.spi.ril'lum. Or. noun thium sulfur; M.L. dim.neut.n. Spirillum a bacterial genus;
Gr. noun spira a spiral; M.L. neut.n. Thiospirillum suUur Spirillum.
Sulfur purple bacteria, occurring singly as spirally wound cells, motile by means of polar
flagella. Contain bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoid pigments, coloring the cells brownish
to purplish red. Capable of photosynthesis in the presence of hydrogen sulfide, during which
they produce and store, as an intermediate oxidation product, elemental sulfur in the form
of droplets inside the cells.
The differentiation of species in this group has been based exclusively on observations
with material from natural collections and from laboratory mass cultures. The criteria
used are the size and shape of the spirals and the color of the organisms. Not a single repre-
sentative has so far been obtained and studied in pure culture, so that no information is
available concerning the constancy or variability of these characteristics. It is likely, how-
ever, that such properties may be greatly influenced by environmental factors. Hence, the
following key and descriptions of species are apt to be modified when more extensive studies
have been made. The published descriptions of some species make it seem probable that
they should not even be incorporated in Thiospirillum.
The type species is Thiospirillum jenense (Ehrenberg) Winogradsky.
Key to the species of genus Thiospirillum.

I. Width of cells 2.5 microns or more.
A. Color of cells, especially in masses, yellowish brown to orange-brown.
1. Thiospirillum jenense.
B. Color of cells deep red or violet.
1. Cells long, typical spirals; clearly red.
2. Thiospirillum sanguineum.
2. Cells short, slightly curved, vibrio-shaped; color purple to violet-red.
3. Thiospirillum viokiceum.
II. Width of cells less than 2.5 microns.
A. Width of cells 1.5 to 2.5 microns.
4. Thiospirillum rosenbergii.
B. Width of cells about 1 micron.
5. Thiospirillum rufum.
1. Thiospirillum jenense (Ehrenberg, bacterien, Leipzig, 1888, 104; Thiospirillum

1838) Winogradsky, 1888. (Ophidomonas cmssi<A« Hama, Jour. Sci. Hiroshima Univ.,
jenensis Ehrenberg, Die Infusionstierchen, Ser. B, Div. 2, Bot., 1, 1933, 157.)
Leipzig, 1838, 44; Winogradsky, Schwefel- je.nen'se. M.L. adj. jenensis pertaining to
47
FAMILY I. THIORHODACEAE
Jena; named for the city of Jena, Germany, turns measuring from 15 to 40 microns in
where Ehrenberg discovered this organism. length and from }4 to }{o of the length in
Cells 2.5 to 4.0 microns thick, cylindrical, width. Polar flagellate, usually tufted at
sometimes pointed at the ends; coiled as both ends. Individual cells rose-red with a
spirals, generally 30 to 40 microns in length, grayish hue, groups of cells deep red. Sulfur
but may be as long as 100 microns. Complete droplets numerous under appropriate con-
turns may measure from 15 to 40 microns ditions.
with a wave depth of 3 to 7 microns. Polar Habitat: Mud and stagnant water con-
flagellate. Tufted at both ends. Olive- taining hydrogen sulfide and exposed to
brown, sepia-brown and reddish brown. light; rarely in sulfur springs.
This coloring appears to be the only rec- Illustrations: Cohn, op. cit., 1875, PI. VI,
ognizable difference from Thiospirilhan san- fig. 15; Warming, Vidensk. Meddel. natur-
(juineiim. Thiospirillum crassum Hama (loc. hist. Foren., Kjobenhavn, 1876, PI. VII, fig.
cit.), reported to be 3.7 to 4 by 12 to 40 8; Buder, Jahrb. wiss. Bot., 56, 1915, 534,
microns and yellowish brown in color, thus fig. 2.
becomes indistinguishable from Thiospiril-
3. Thiospirillum violaceum (Warming,
lumjenense; the 80-microns-long Thiospiril-
lum jenense forma maxima Szafer (Bull. 1876) Winogradsky, 1888. {Spirillum vio-
Acad. Sci. Cracovie, S6r. B, 1910, 162) does laceum Warming, Vidensk. Meddel. natur-
not, at present, justify recognition as a hist. Foren., Kjobenhavn, 1876, 395; Wino-
104.) gradsky, Schwefelbacterien, Leipzig, 1888,
special taxonomic entity.
It is even doubtful whether the observed
color difference between Thiospirillum vi.o.la'ce.um. L. adj. violaceus violet-
colored.
jenense and Thiospirillum sanguineum con-
stitutes a valid criterion for their mainte- Cells short and fat, 3 to 4 by 8 to 10
nance as two distinct species (Buder, Jahrb. microns, ends smoothly rounded. Slightly
wiss. Bot., 56, 1915, 534; Bavendamm, Die curved, bean- or vibrio-shaped. Onl}^ rarely
farblosen und roten Schwefelbakterien, are they twisted suggesting a spirillum.
Pflanzenforschung, Heft 2, 1924, 131). Polar flagellate.
Habitat: Mud and stagnant water con- The shape of cell seems to fit the genus
taining hydrogen sulfide and exposed to Chromatium rather than Thiospirillum, and
light; more rarelj' in sulfur springs. Warming (op. cit., 1876, 395) emphasizes the
Illustrations: Zettnow, Ztschr. f. Hyg., resemblance to Chromatium okenii.
24, 1897, PI. II, fig. 49-52; Buder, op. cit., Color: Bluish violet; this color may be re-
1915, 534, fig. 1; Szafer, op. cit., 1910, PI. IV, lated to a scarcity of sulfur droplets in the
fig. 4; Hama, op. cit., 1933, PI. 18, fig. 1, 8a; cells.
PI. 19, fig. 1. Habitat: Mud and stagnant water.
Illustration: Warming, op. cit., 1876, PI.
VII, fig. 3.
2. Thiospirillum sanguineum (Ehren-
berg, 1840) Winogradsky, 1888. (Ophido- 4. Thiospirillum rosenbergii (Warm-
monas sanguinea Ehrenberg, Verhandl.
ing, 1875) Winogradsky, 1888. (Spirillum
Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1840, 201 ; Spirillum san-
guineum Cohn, Beitr. Biol. Pfl., 1, Heft 3, rosenbergii Warming, Vidensk. Meddel. na-
turhist. Foren., Kjobenhavn, 7, 1875, 346;
1875, 169; Winogradsky, Schwefelbacterien, Winogradsky, Schwefelbacterien, Leipzig,
Leipzig, 1888, 104.) 1888, 104.)
san.gui'ne.um. L. adj. sanguineus blood- ro.sen.ber'gi.i. M.L. gen. noun rosen&er^n
colored, blood-red. of Rosenberg; named for Rosenberg, a
Cells cylindrical, sometimes attenuated Danish algologist.
at ends, spirally coiled; 2.5 to 4.0 microns in Cells 1.5 to 2.5 by 4 to 12 microns; coiled,
width, commonly about 40 microns long with turns of about 6 to 7.5 microns in
with a range of from 10 to 100 microns. length and variable width up to 3 or 4 mi-
Size and shape of coils variable, complete crons. Color very dark, due to numerous
sulfur globules. Color of protoplasm not losen und roten Schwefelbakterien Jena,
recorded. 1924, 132) or Huber-Pestalozzi (Die Bin-
Habitat: Mud and stagnant water con- nengewasser, ^6, Heft 1, Das Phytoplankton
taining hj'-drogen sulfide and exposed to des Siisswassers, Stuttgart, 1938, 304) that
light. Probably widely distributed, but lessthe cells ever contain sulfur globules. Only
frequently recorded as the organism is not the red color is emphasized. Consequently,
so spectacular as the large Thiospirillum it is quite possible that this organism be-
jenense and Thiospirillum sanguineum. longs in the genus Rhodospirillum.
Illustration: Warming, op. cit., 1876, PI. Cells 1.0 by 8 to 18 microns; coiled to
X, fig. 12. occupy 1}4 to 4 turns, the latter commonly
4 microns wide by 4 microns long. These
5. Thiospirillum rufum (Perty, 1852) dimensions agree with those of Rhodospiril-
Migula, 1900. {Spirillum rufum Perty, Bern, lum ruhrum (Esmarch) Molisch, and it
1852, 179; Migula, S3^st. d. Bakt. 2, 1900, seems probable that the two organisms are
1050.) identical.
ru'fum. L. adj. rujus red, reddish. Habitat: Found in red slime spots on the
General characteristics presumably those side of a well. Mud and stagnant bodies of
of the genus, although it does not appear water.
either from Perty's description or from that Illustration: Migula, Syst. d. Bakt., 1,
of Migula {loc. cit.), Bavendamm (Die farb- 1897, PI. Ill, fig. 7.
Genus XI. Rhabdomonas Cohn, 1875.

(Cohn, Beitr. Biol. Pfl., 1, Heft 3, 1875, 167; Rhahdochromalium Winogradsky, Schwefel-
bacterien, Leipzig, 1888, 100.)
Rhab.do.mo'nas. Or. noun rhabdus a rod; Or. noun monas a unit, monad; M.L. noun
Manas a protozoan genus; M.L. fem.n. Rhabdomonas the rod monad.
Sulfur purple bacteria, as a rule occurring singly in the form of rather irregular, long
rods to filaments, exhibiting more or less pronounced swellings, or club and spindle shapes.
Filamentous structures, sometimes with constrictions, giving the filament the appearance
of a string of beads. These may be surrounded by a relatively inconspicuous slime capsule
which can be rendered visible by India ink. The less distorted cell t3^pes are frequently
motile b}^ means of polar flagella. Produce bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoid pigments,
coloring the cells pinkish to purplish red. Capable of photosynthesis in the presence of
hydrogen sulfide and then storing sulfur globules as an intermediate oxidation product in-
side the cells.
The status of this genus is doubtful. Winogradsky (loc. cit.) recognized the similarity of
its members to species of Chromatium and the occurrence of many intermediate forms which
make a sharp distinction between the two genera impossible. He preferred the designation
of Rhabdochromatium as a sub-genus. Warming (Videnskab. Meddel. naturhist. Foren.,
Kjobenhavn, 1876, 320 ff.), Nadson (Bull. Jard. Imp(5r. Bot. St. P^tersb., 3, 1903, 116), van
Niel (Arch. f. Mikrobiol., 8, 1931, 61) and Ellis (Sulphur Bacteria, London and New York,
1932, 151) considered the species of Rhabdochroinatium as abnormal growth forms (involu-
tion forms) of corresponding species of Chromatium, while Lauterborn (Verhandl. natur-
histor.-medizin. Vereins, Heidelberg, N.F., 13, 1915, 424), Buder (Jahrb. wiss. Bot., 68,
1919, 534) and Bavendamm (Die farblosen und roten Schwefelbakterien, Pflanzenforschung,
Heft 2, 1924, 129) favor generic rank.
The type species is Rhahdoinonas rosea Cohn.
Key to the species of genus Khabdomonas.

I. Cells not containing calcium carbonate inclusions in addition to sulfur globules.
A. Cells more than 3 microns in width.
1. Rhabdomonas rosea.
B. Cells less than 3 microns in width.

2. Rhabdomonas gracilis.
II. Cells containing calcium carbonate inclusions in addition to sulfur globules.
3. Rhabdomonas linsbaueri.
1. Rhabdomonas rosea Cohn, 1875. Winogradsky, op. cit., 1888, PI. IV, fig. 9-11,
(Cohn, Beitr. Biol. Pfl., 1, Heft 3, 1875, 167; 13-14.
Beggiatoa roseo-persicina Zopf, Z. Morphol. 2. Rhabdomonas gracilis (Warming,
d. Spaltpfianzen, Leipzig, 1882, 30; Rhabdo- 1876) Bergey et al., 1923. {Monas gracilis
chromatium roseiim Winogradsky, Schwefel- Warming, Vidensk. Meddel. naturhist.
bacterien, Leipzig, 1888, 100; Rhabdochro- Foren., Kjobenhavn, 1876, 331; Rhabdochro-
matium fusiforyne Winogradsky , ibid., 102.) matium minus Winogradsky, Schwefelbac-
ro'se.a. L. adj. roseus rosy, rose-red. terien, Leipzig, 1888, 102; Rhodocapsa sus-
Cells uneven in width and length, often pensa Molisch, Die Purpurbakterien, Jena,
swollen to spindle-shaped, sometimes tend- 1907, 17; Bergey et al.. Manual, 1st ed.,
1923, 402.)
ing towards filamentous growth. The great-
est width of a spindle-shaped or fusiform gra'ci.lis. L. adj. gracilis thin, slender.
cell may be close to 10 microns; in the more Cells much smaller than those of Rhabdo-
filamentous structures it is usually around monas rosea and with less tendency to form
5 microns. The length varies between 10 and fusiform cells. Usually filamentous, more or
30 microns for single cells; filamentous less cylindrical, often with constrictions,
forms, frequently showing bulges and con- but found up to 60 microns in length.
strictions suggestive of compound struc- Shorter filaments motile. Polar flagellate.
tures in which cell division has been incom- Slime formation may occur under special
plete, may attain considerably greater conditions. Rose-red. Sulfur globules.
lengths, up to 100 microns. The ends of Probably an abnormal growth form of Chro-
spindle-shaped cells often taper to very fine matium virosum.
points or attenuated fibers; also, filaments Habitat: Mud and stagnant water con-
are generally thinner toward the extrem- taining hydrogen sulfide and exposed to
ities. Single individuals and short filaments light; sulfur springs.
are motile by means of polar flagella, long Illustrations: Warming, op. cit., 1876, PI.
filaments rarely motile. The ends of a fila- VII, fig. 5; Winogradsky, op. cit., 1888, PI.
ment may become pinched off and swim IV, fig. 12; Molisch, op. cit., 1907, PI. II, fig.
away. 11-12.
Color rose-red; cells are usually filled with 3. Rhabdomonas linsbaueri (Gickl-
sulfur globules. horn, 1921) van Niel, 1948. (Rhabdochroma-
There is no good reason for maintaining tium linsbaueri Gicklhorn, Ber. d. deut. bot.
Rhabdomonas fusiformis (Rhabdochromatium Ges., 39, 1921, 312; van Niel, in Manual, 6th
fusiforme Winogradsky) as a separate ed., 1948, 855.)
species; the variations in size and shape lins.bau'er.i. M.L. gen. noun linsbaueri of
bring this form well within the range of Linsbauer; named for K. Linsbauer, an
Rhabdomonas rosea. Present indications Austrian botanist.
strongly suggest that the latter species Cells resemble those of Rhabdomonas rosea,
should be regarded as a peculiar develop- irregular, rod-shaped, 3 to 5 microns wide,
mental form of Chromatium okenii. up to 30 microns in length.
Habitat: Mud and stagnant water con- The characteristic feature of the species,
taining hydrogen sulfide and exposed to and the chief means of differentiation, is the
light; sulfur springs. occurrence of calcium carbonate inclusions
Illustrations: Cohn, op. cit., 1875, PI. VI, in addition to the sulfur globules in the cells.
fig. 14; Warming, Vidensk. Meddel. natur- Whether this is strictly an environmentally
histor. Foren., Kjobenhavn, 1876, PI. VII, conditioned characteristic, due to the
fig. Ic-e; Zopf, op. cit., 1882, PI. V, fig. 2b; photosynthetic development of the bacteria
in a medium rich in calcium ions, so that identity of this species with Rhabdomonas
calcium carbonate is precipitated as the rosea would become evident,
alkalinity increases, has not yet been estab- Source: From a pond near Graz, Austria,
lished but seems possible. In that case the Habitat: Fresh water.
Genus XII. Rhodothece Molisch, 1907.

Rho.do.the'ce. Gr. noun rhodum the rose; Or. noun thece box (capsule); Rhodothece the
rose capsule.
Sulfur purple bacteria, occurring singly, not aggregated in families. Cells spherical, each
surrounded by a rather wide capsule which is, however, rarely visible without special stain-
ing. Motility not observed. Contain bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoid pigments, coloring
the cells reddish. Capable of photosynthesis in the presence of hydrogen sulfide; the cells
then store sulfur globules, arising as an intermediate oxidation product of the sulfide.
In view of the experiences of Bavendamm and others that a number of representatives of
the sulfur purple bacteria, characterized by typical colonial aggregates when found in
nature, may develop as single cells in pure culture, it is quite conceivable that the genus
Rhodothece is identical with some other genus, e.g., Thiopedia or Lamprocystis, and that
these genera represent different growth forms induced by environmental conditions.
The type species is Rhodothece pendens Molisch.
1. Rhodothece pendens Molisch, 1907. nomena due to the pseudovacuoles and to

(Die Purpurbakterien, Jena, 1907, 19.) the sulfur globules distort the cell shape
pen'dens. L. part. adj. pendens hanging. under ordinary illumination so that bacteria
Cells spherical, frequentlj^ occurring as appear as polygons rather than round cells,
diplococci, occasionally as very short chains Usually 2 aerosomes and 2 sulfur globules
or clumps of 3 to 5 individuals. 1.8 to 2.5 per cell. Color not observable in individual
microns in diameter. Produce rather abun- bacteria. Cell groups are rose-red. Motility
dant slime. Cells embedded in individual not observed.
capsules which are rarely visible without Habitat: Mud and stagnant water con-
staining (India ink). Characteristic is the taining hydrogen sulfide and exposed to
regular occurrence of pseudovacuoles (aero- light. Not reported from sulfur springs,
somes) which are supposed to keep the cells Illustrations: Molisch, Die Purpurbak-
suspended in liquid media. Refractive phe- terien, Jena, 1907, PI. II, fig. 13-14.
Genus XIII. Chromatium Perty, 1852.

(Zur Kenntniss kleinster Lebensformen, Bern, 1852, 174.)
Chro.ma'ti.um. Gr. noun chromatium color, paint.
Cells occur singly, more or less ovoid, bean- or vibrio-shaped or short rods. The last-
mentioned are often thick-cj'lindrical with rounded ends. Motile by means of polar flagella.
Contain bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoid pigments, coloring the cells various shades of
red. Capable of photosynthesis in the presence of hydrogen sulfide and storing elemental
sulfur as an incomplete oxidation product in the form of globules inside the cells.
At present the genus contains twelve described species. Differentiation of these species
has, in the past, been based almost entirely upon size and shape of individual cells, often
with complete disregard for the variability of these criteria. The unsatisfactory and arbi-
trary nature of such a classification has occasionallj^ been pointed out, and with much
justification. Winogradsky (Schwefelbacterien, Leipzig, 1888, 98) mentions the many transi-
tional stagfes that can be observed between Chromatium okenii and Chromatium weissei;
Strzeszewski (Bullet. Acad. Sci., Cracovie, Ser. B, 1913, 321) holds that it is impossible to
distinguish, on the basis of sizes or otherwise, between Chromatium weissei and Chromatium
minus. Such contentions, derived from observations on material from natural collections or
crude cultures, have been greatly strengthened by studies with pure cultures of species of
Chromatium. Thus van Niel (Arch. f. Mikrobiol., 3, 1931, 59) reported variations in width
from 1 to 4 microns, and in length from 2 to 10 microns or even up to 50 microns; Manten
(Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 8, 1942, 164 S.) found size differences of 1 to 14 microns with a
pure culture of an organism that he identified as Chromatium okenii. Often the differences
in size of a pure culture can be related to special environmental conditions. On account of
such results a designation of species on the basis of size relations alone is manifest)}^ un-
satisfactory. Moreover, the available data do not suggest that differences in shape, color or
arrangement of sulfur globules can be used more effectively. Lack of adequate experimental
results with a sufficiently large number and variety of pure cultures prevents a more rational
classification at present.
The previously proposed species have been listed below with their respective character-
istics and arranged as far as possible in the order of decreasing width.
Two Chromatium species have been described as containing inclusions of calcium carbon-
ate in addition to sulfur globules. As in the case of Rhabdomonas linsbaueri, it is not known
w'hether this feature may be a direct consequence of the calcium ion content and pH of the
environment and thus fail to have taxonomic significance.
The type species is Chromatium okenii Perty.
1. Chromatium gobii Issatchenko, 1914. 147) . Special characteristic is the occurrence

of calcium carbonate inclusions. Otherwise
(Recherches sur les microbes de I'ocân
glacial arctique, Petrograd, 1914, 253.) resembles Chromatium okenii.
go'bi.i. M.L. gen.noun gobii of Gobi; Source: From a pool in the Stiftingtal,
named for Prof. X. Gobi. near Graz, Austria.
Cells 10 microns by 20 to 25 microns. Habitat: Fresh water.
Source: From sea water of the Arctic Illustrations: Gicklhorn, op. cit., 1921,
Ocean. 314, fig. 1; Ellis, op. cit., 1932, 148, fig. 31.
Habitat: Presumably ubiquitous in the
colder portions of the Ocean at least. 4. Chromatium okenii (Ehrenberg,
Illustration: Issatchenko, loc. cit., PI. II, 1838) Perty, 1852. {Monas okenii Ehrenberg,
fig. 12. Infusionsthierchen, Leipzig, 1838; Perty,
Zur Kenntniss kleinster Lebensformen,
2. Chromatium warmingii (Cohn, 1875) Bern, 1852, 174.) This is the type species of
Migula, 1900. (Monas warmingii Cohn, genus Chromatium.
Beitr. Biol. Pfl., i. Heft 3, 1875, 167; Migula, o.ke'ni.i. Named for L. Oken, a German
Syst. d. Bakt., 2, 1900, 1048.) naturalist; M.L. gen.noun okenii of Oken.
war.min'gi.i. Named for Eugene Warm- Cells 5.6 to 6.3 by 7.5 to 15 microns
ing, a Danish botanist; M.L. gen.noun (Cohn) ; minimum width 4.5 microns (Issat-
warmingii of Warming. chenko, Borodin Jubilee Vol., 1929?, 8);
Cells 8 by 15 to 20 microns, also smaller with many transitions to Chromatium weis-
(Cohn). sei (Winogradsky, Schwefelbacterien, Leip-
Illustration: Cohn, op. cit., 1875. PI. VI, zig, 1888, 92). Also: 3.5 by 8 to 12 microns
fig. 11. and varj'ing in size from 1 to 15 microns
(Manten,
164). Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 8, 1942,
3. Chromatium linsbaueri Gicklhorn,
1921. (Ber. d. deut. botan. Ges., 39, 1921, Illustrations: Cohn, Beitr. Biol. Pfl., 1,
312.) Heft 3, 1875, PI. VI, fig. 12; Winogradsky,
lins.bau'er.i. Named for K. Linsbauer, an op. cit., 1888, PI. IV, fig. 3-4; Issatchenko,
Austrian botanist; M.L. gen.noun linsbaueri
of Linsbauer. Recherches sur les microbes de I'ocean
glacial arctique, Petrograd, 1914, PI. II,
Cells 6 by up to 15 microns (Gickl- fig. 9.
horn) 6; to 8 microns in width (Ellis, Sul-
phur Bacteria, London and New York, 1932, 5. Chromatium weissei Perty, 1852.
oz ORDER I. PSEUDOMONADALES
(Zur Kenntniss kleinster Lebensformen, 8. Chromatium vinosum (Ehrenberg,

Bern, 1852, 174.) 1838). Winogradsky, 1888. {Monas vinosa
weis'se.i. Named for J. F. Weisse, a zoolo- Ehrenberg, Die Infusionstierchen, Leipzig,
gist; M.L. gen. noun weissei of Weisse. 1838, 11; Winogradsky, Schwefelbacterien,
Cells 4.2 by 5.7 to 11.5 microns (Perty); Leipzig, 1888, 99.)
also 3 to 4 by 7 to 9 microns (Issatchenko, vi.no'sum. L. adj. vinosus full of wine.
Borodin Jubilee Volume, 1929?, 8); transi- Cells 2 by 2.5 to 5 microns; also 1.4 to 3 by
tions to Chromatium okenii (Winogradsky, 1.5 to 5 microns (Jimbo, Botan. Magaz.
Schwefelbacterien, Leipzig, 1888, 92); Tokyo, 51, 1937, 872); 1.7 to 2 by 2 to 9
transitions to Chromatium minus (Strzes- microns (Issatchenko, Borodin Jubilee
zewski, Bull. Acad. Sci., Cracovie, Ser. B, Volume, 1929?, 9) ; or 1 to 1.3 microns by 2.5
1913, 321). to 3 microns (Schrammeck, Beitr. Biol. d.
Illustrations: Winogradsky, op. cit., 1888, Pflanzen, 22, 1935, 317). Jimbo considers
PI. IV, fig. 1-2, Miyoshi, Jour. Coll. Sci., Thioderma roseum Miyoshi to be identical
Imp. Univ. Tokyo, Japan, 10, 1897, PI. with Chromatium vinosum.
XIV, fig. 15. Illustrations: Winogradsky, op. cit., 1888,
PI. IV, 6-7; Miyoshi, Jour. Coll. Sci., Imp.
Univ. Tokyo, Japan, 10, 1897, PI. XIV, fig.
6. Chromatium cuculliferum Gickl-
17; Nadson, Bull. Jard. Imp. Botan., St.
horn, 1920. (Cent, f . Bakt., II Abt., 50, 1920,
419.) Petersbourg, 12, 1912, PI. Ill, fig. 1-2.
cu.cul.li'fe.rum. L. noun cucullus hood, 9. Chromatium violaceum Perty, 1852.
cap; L. V. few to bear; M.L. adj. cucullifer (Zur Kenntniss kleinster Lebensformen,
cap-bearing. Bern, 1852, 174.)
Cells 4 by 6 to 8 microns (Gicklhorn) ; vi.o.la'ce.um. L. adj. violaceus violet-
according to Bavendamm (Schwefelbak- colored.
terien, Jena, 1924, 127), identical with Cells about 2 by 2 to 3 microns. Accord-
Chromatium warmingii forma minus. Gickl- ing to Cohn (Beitr. Biol. Pfl., 1, Heft 3,
horn claims this organism to be colorless,
1875, 166), probably identical with Chro-
which appears very doubtful. matium vinosum. Apparently includes var-
Source: From the pond in the Annen ious sizes.
Castle Park, Graz, Austria.
10. Chromatium molischii (Bersa,
Habitat: Fresh-water ponds.
Illustration: Gicklhorn, op. cit., 1920, 419, 1926) van Niel, 1948. {Pseudomonas molischii
fig. 2. Bersa, Planta, 2, 1926, 375; van Niel, in
Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 858.)
mo.li'schi.i. Named for H. Molisch, an
7. Chromatium minus Winogradsky, Austrian botanist; M.L. gen. noun molischii
1888. (Schwefelbacterien, Leipzig, 1888, 99.) of Molisch.
mi'nus. L. comp.adj. minor (neut. minus) Cells about 2 by 2.5 to 8 microns. Sup-
less, smaller.
posedly contain calcium carbonate as in-
Cells 3 by 3.5 to 7 microns (Winograd- clusions.
sky)also
; 1.7 to 3 microns in width and up to Illustration: Bersa, op. cit., 1926, 376, fig.
8.5 microns in length (Issatchenko, Borodin
Jubilee Volume, 1929?, 9); all transitions to 3.
Chromatium weissei from which it cannot be 11. Chromatium gracile Strzeszewski,
distinguished (Strzeszewski, Bull. Acad. 1913. (Bull. Acad. Sci., Cracovie, Ser. B,
Sci., Cracovie, Ser. B, 1913, 321). 1913, 321.)
Illustrations: Winogradsky, op. cit., 1888, gra'ci.le. L. adj. gracilis thin, slender.
PI. IV, fig. 5; Miyoshi, Jour. Coll. Sci., Imp. Cells 1 to 1.3 by 2 to 6 microns; also to 1.5
Univ., Tokyo, Japan, 10, 1897, PI. XIV, fig. microns in width (Issatchenko, Etudes mi-
16; Issatchenko, Recherches sur les microbes crobiologiques des Lacs de Boue, Leningrad,
de I'ocean glacial arctique, Petrograd, 1914, 1927, 114).
PI. II, fig. 10-11. Illustration: Strzeszewski, op. cit., 1913,
PI. XXXIX, fig. 1-2; Tokuda, Botau. from 0.5 to 0.7 by 0.6 to 1 micron (Issat-
Magaz., Tokyo, 50, 1936, 339, fig. 1-23. chenko, Recherches sur les microbes de
I'ocean glacial arctique, Petrograd, 1914,
12. Chroniatium miniitissiniuin Wino- 253), and 1 to 3 by 2 to 5 microns (Issat-
gradskjr, 1888. (Schwefelbacterien, Leipzig, chenko, Borodin Jubilee Volume, 1929?, 9).
1888, 100.) Illustrations : Winogradsky, op. cit., 1888,
mi.nu.tis'si.mum. L. sup. adj. minutissi- PI. IV, fig. 8; Miyoshi, Jour. Coll. Sci., Imp.
mtfs very small. Univ., Tokyo, Japan, 10, 1897, PI. XIV,
Cells about 1 to 1.2 by 2 microns. Also fig. 18.
FAMILY II. ATHIORHODACEAE MOLISCH, 1907.

A.thi.o.rho.da'ce.ae. Or. pref. a without; Gr. noun ihium sulfur; Gr. noun rhodum the
rose; -aceae ending to denote a family; M.L. fem.pl.n. Athiorhodaceae (probably intended
to mean) the family of the non-sulfur red bacteria.
Unicellular bacteria, of relatively small size, occurring as spheres, short rods, vibrios,
long rods and spirals. Motility is due to the presence of polar flagella. Gram-negative. They
produce a pigment sj^stem composed of bacteriochlorophyll and one or more carotenoids,
coloring the cells yellowish brown, olive-brown, dark brown or various shades of red. Color
usually not observable with single cells but only with cell masses. Generally microaero-
philic, although many representatives may grow at full atmospheric oxygen tension. Capa-
ble of development under strictly anaerobic conditions, but only in illuminated cultures by
virtue of a photosynthetic metabolism. The latter is dependent upon the presence of ex-
traneous hydrogen donors, such as alcohols, fatty acids, hydroxy- and keto-acids, and does
not proceed with the evolution of molecular oxygen. Those members which can grow in the
presence of air can also be cultivated in darkness, but only under aerobic conditions.
The growth requirements of some of the species in this family have been reported by
Hutner (Arch. Biochem., 3, 1944, 439; Jour. Bact., 52, 1946, 217; Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 4,
1950, 286) ; his findings are incorporated in the descriptions which follow.
Key to the genera of family Athiorhodaceae.

I. Cells rod-shaped or spherical, not spiral-shaped.
Genus I. Rhodopseudomonas , p. 53.
II. Cells spiral-shaped.
Genus II. Rhodospirillum, p. 58.
Genus I. Rhodopseudomonas Kluyver and van Niel, 19S7, emend, van Niel, 1944-
(Includes Rhodobacillus Molisch, Die Purpurbakterien, Jena, 1907, 14; Rhodobacterium
Molisch, ibid., 16; Rhodococcus Molisch, ibid., 20; Rhodovibrio Molisch, ibid., 21; Rhodocystis
Molisch, ibid., 22; Rhodonostoc Molisch, ibid., 23; Rhodosphaera Buchanan, Jour. Bact., S,
1918, 472; Rhodorhagus (sic) Bergey et al.. Manual, 2nd ed., 1925, 414; Rhodomonas Kluyver
and van Niel, Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 94, 1936, 397; not Rhodomonas Orla-Jensen, Cent. f.
Bakt., II Abt., 22, 1909, 331 ; Kluyver and van Niel, in Czurda and Maresch, Arch, f . Mikro-
biol., 8, 1937, 119; Rhodorrhagus Bergey et al.. Manual, 5th ed., 1939, 905; van Niel, Bact.
Rev., 8, 1944, 86.)
Rho.do.pseu.do.mo'nas. Gr. noun rhodum the rose; Gr. adj. pseudes false; Gr. noun
monas monad, unit; M.L. fem.n. Pseudotnonas a bacterial genus; M.L. fem.n. Rhodopseudo-
monas the rose Pseudomonas.
Spherical and rod-shaped bacteria, motile by means of polar flagella. Gram -negative.
Contain bacteriochlorophjdl which enables them to carry out a photosynthetic metabolism.

The latter is dependent upon the presence of extraneous oxidizable substances and proceeds
without the evolution of molecular oxygen. Though some members can oxidize inorganic
substrates, none appears to be strictly autotrophic due to the need for special organic growth
factors. Produce accessory pigments causing the cultures, especially when kept in light, to
appear in various shades of brownish yellow to deep red.
The type species is Rhodopsendornonas palnstris (Molisch) van Niel.
Keys to the species of genus Rhodopseudomonas.

I. Based upon morphological characters.
A. Cells clearly rod-shaped in all media.
1. Cells short, somewhat curved, to long branched rods, size of j'oung and short
cells 0.6 to 0.8 by 1.2 to 2 microns; in older cultures up to 10 microns long; do
not form slime; liquid cultures, when young, or after shaking, evenly turbid.
Color red to dark brown-red.
1. Rhodopseudomonas palustris.
2. Cells slender rods, 0.5 by 1.2 microns, usually clumped together in extensive
slime masses. Cultures pale brown to peach-colored.
2. Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa.
B. Cells more or less spherical in media at pH below 7.
1. In media at pH about 7 clearly rod-shaped, 1 by 1 to 2.5 microns. Chains of cells
frequent and in characteristic zigzag arrangement.
3. Rhodopseudomonas capsulaia.
2. In media at pH above 7 cells still predominantly spherical, 0.7 to 4 microns in
diameter. Mostly single, little tendency to chain formation.
4. Rhodopsendomonas spheroides.
II. Based chiefly on physiological properties.
A. Gelatin liquefied.
B. Gelatin not liquefied.
1. Does not produce mucus in media at pH above 8. Color the same under aerobic
and anaerobic conditions of growth.
2. Produce mucus in media at pH above 8. Color brow^n in anaerobic, red in aerobic
culture.
a. Develops readily in media with 0.2 per cent propionate as the chief oxidation
substrate. Mucus production marked at pH above 8, but very limited be-
tween 7and 8.
3. Rhodopseudomonas capsulata.
aa. Does not develop in media with 0.2 per cent propionate as the main oxida-
tion substrate. Slime formation extensive at pH above 7.
4. Rhodopseudomonas spheroides.
III. Based principally upon biochemical characters.
A. Thiosulfate used as main oxidation substrate.
B. Thiosulfate not used.
1. Propionate (0.2 per cent) used.
3. Rhodopseudomonas capsulata.
2. Propionate not used.
a. Mannitol and sorbitol (0.2 per cent) used.
4. Rhodopseudomonas spheroides.
aa. Mannitol and sorbitol not used.
55
FAMILY II. ATHIORHODACEAE
1. Rhodopseudonionas palustris (Mo- vent growth. No characteristic odors save

lisch, 1907) van Niel, 194-4. [Rhodobacillus that old cultures may develop a distinct
palustris ]Molisch, Rhodobacterium capsula- ionone-like fragrance. Gelatin is not lique-
tum Molisch and Rhodovibrio parvus Mo- fied; leucine is generally utilized as a sub-
lisch, Die Purpurbakterien, Jena, 1907, 14, strate.
18 and 21 ; van Niel, Bact. Rev., 8, 1944, 89.) Most strains are able to grow on the sur-
pa.lu.s'tris. L. adj. paluster marshy, face of agar plates or slants ; a few, especially
swampy. when first isolated, appear more sensitive to
Cells usually distinct!}^ rod-shaped, oxygen and develop only in stabs in which
though in young cultures very short, lightly the upper region may remain free of growth.
curved rods may often predominate. Size Generally such strains can be adapted to
variable, even for the same strain, and grow at full atmospheric oxygen tension.
strongly influenced by age of culture and Most fatty acids and hydroxy acids are
composition of medium. Rather consistently adequate oxidation substrates. All cultures
short cells in young cultures in yeast ex- can grow at the expense of thiosulfate and
tract, especially when incubated anaerobi- produce rapid and profuse growth in glu-
cally in the light or in anaerobic cultures tarate and ethanol media. No development
with substrates, such as malonate, which in media containing, as the chief oxidation
permit only a slow and scant develop- substrate, 0.2 per cent sorbitol, glucose or
ment. Dimensions in such cultures 0.6 to 0.8 mannose, even though these substances are
by 1.2 to 2 microns. More often, especially not inhibitory. Molecular hydrogen can be
in older cultures, cells are much longer, up oxidized.
to 10 microns. Highly characteristic is the All cultures can develop anaerobically in
pronounced tendency to the formation of illuminated cultures by photosj^nthesis.
irregularly shaped, bent and crooked long p-amino-benzoic acid is required for
rods, occasionally swollen at one or both growth (Hutner).
e.xtremities, and frequently suggesting Optimum temperature generally rather
branching. Such cells usually form clusters high, good development being possible up
reminiscent of Corynebacterium and Myco- to 37° C. However, certain strains exhibit a
bacterium cultures. lower optimum temperature.
Cells in young cultures actively motile by Distinctive characters : Morphological
means of polar flagella; irregular and long resemblance to species of Mycobacterium in
cells as a rule non -motile. Gram-negative. old cultures, ability to grow with thiosulfate
Growth in liquid media never mucoid; as the chief oxidizable substrate, and failure
sediment in older cultures homogeneous and to develop in media which contain carbohy-
smooth, readily redispersible. drates or sugar alcohols in a concentration
Color varies considerably, depending upon of 0.2 per cent as the main oxidizable com-
the medium, and especially in anaero-
bic illuminated cultures. Where develop- pounds.
Habitat: Regularly found in mud and
ment is slight (as in malonate, thiosulfate stagnant bodies of water.
and, usually, glycerol media), the color is a Illustrations: Molisch, op. cit., 1907,
light pink; in media containing fatty acids, Plate I, fig. 1, 2; Plate II, fig. 10; van Niel,
more nearly dark reddish brown. Color due
op. cit., 1944, fig. 1-3, p. 18, and fig. 18-26,
to bacteriochlorophyll and a number of dif-
ferent carotenoid pigments; most strains
produce, in addition, a water-soluble, non- p. 90.
carotenoid, bluish red pigment which dif- 2. Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa (Mo-
fuses into the culture medium. lisch, 1907) van Niel, 1944. (Rhodocystis
In yeast extract cultures growth is pos- gelatinosa Molisch, Die Purpurbakterien,
98.)
Jena, 1907, 22; van Niel, Bact. Rev., 8, 1944,
sible over the range pH 6 to 8.5. With cer-
tain substrates, especially fatty acids, the
combined effect of low pH and a substrate ge.la.ti.no'sa. L. part. adj. gclatus frozen,
concentration of 0.1 to 0.2 per cent may pre- stiffened; M.L. gelatinum gelatin, that which
stiffens; M.L. adj. gelatinosus full of gelatin, Thiosulfate is not oxidized; behavior
gelatinous. towards molecular hydrogen unknown.
Cells in young cultures short and small More pronouncedly microaerophilic than
rods, approximately 0.5 by 1 to 2 microns. the other Rhodopseudomonas species; most
In old cultures much longer, up to 15 mi- cultures cannot develop on aerobically in-
crons, and then irregularly curved rods, cubated slants or agar plates.
often swollen and gnarled in places up to 1 Capable of strictly anaerobic development
micron in width. In this stage the cells bear in illuminated cultures by virtue of a photo-
some resemblance to those found in old cul- synthetic metabolism.
tures of Rhodopseudomonas palustris, but Thiamin plus biotin is required for growth
the characteristic Mycobacterium-Yike clus- (Hutner).
ters of the latter are absent. Single cells in- Temperature relations so far unknown.
Distinctive characters: The small size of
frequent due to a copious mucus produc-
tion in all media which causes the cells to the individual cells and the pronounced
clump together. While young cells are ac- clumping which causes the cultures to be
tively motile by means of polar flagella, exceptionally stringy; the unusual color of
motility is often difficult to ascertain as a the cell masses; the ability to liquefy gela-
result of the pronounced tendency to con- tin, to utilize citrate and a number of amino
glomerate; the individuals in the clumps acids. Correlated with these is the failure to
appear to be non-motile. Gram-negative. grow in media with 0.2 per cent propionate,
Gelatin is liquefied; of the single amino acids tartrate and glycerol.
alanine, asparagine, aspartic and glutamic Habitat: Regularly' present in stagnant
acids appear generally satisfactory sub- bodies of water and in mud.
strates. Illustrations : Molisch, op. cit., 1907, Plate
Color quite distinctive in most anaerobic I, fig. 8; van Niel, op. cit., 1944, fig. 55-60, p.
cultures as a pale, delicate, pinkish shade, 99; fig. 61-66, p. 100.
rather peach-colored. Only in the presence
of rather high concentrations of yeast ex- 3. Rhodopseudomonas capsulata (Mo-
tract (when a much heavier growth is ob- lisch, 1907) van Niel, 1944. {Rhodonostoc
tained than with low concentrations supple- capsulatum Molisch, Die Purpurbakterien,
mented with 0.2 per cent of various single Jena, 1907, 23; Rhodopseudomonas capsulatus
oxidation substrates) do the slimy cell (sic) van Niel, Pact. Rev., S, 1944, 92.)
masses appear a dirty, faded brown. Color
is due to bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoid cap.su.la'ta. L. dim. noun capsula a small
chest, capsule; M.L. adj. capsulatus capsu-
pigments. Occasionally a water-soluble, lated.
non-carotenoid, bluish red pigment is Depending upon the pH of the medium,
produced which diffuses into the culture cells nearly spherical, or as distinct rods,
medium. often devoid of motility. Motility due
In jêast extract, growth occurs over a pH to polar flagella. The spherical cells are
range extending from at least 6.0 to 8.5. found in media with a pH below 7; thej' are
Cultures produce a characteristic acrid
odor. usually arranged in chains resembling strep-
tococci. Rod-shaped cells are characteristic
More sensitive to fatty acids than are for media with pH above 7; the higher the
other species of Rhodopseudomonas; with pH, the longer the rods. Individual cells
0.2 per cent propionate no growth occurs. slightly less than 1 micron wide, although
The best single oxidizable substrates appear attenuated rods (about 0.5 micron in width)
to be ethanol, glucose, fructose and man- are frequent at pH above 8, and slightly
nose, as well as a variety of amino acids. swollen cells (to 1.2 microns) are found in
Citrate also permits good growth; not, on media containing sugars. Length varies from
the other hand, glycerol, mannitol, sorbitol 1 to 6 microns; most common dimensions in
or tartrate in the usual concentration of approximately neutral media, 2 to 2.5 mi-
0.2 per cent. crons. At pH above 8, abnormal growth in
57
the form of irregular filaments. Outstand- All cultures can develop anaerobically in
ingly characteristic is the zigzag arrange- illuminated cultures by a photosynthetic
ment of the cells in chains. Gram-negative. metabolism.
Cultures in media of pH 8 or above are Thiamin is required for growth; u few
distinctly mucoid. strains require biotin and nicotinic acid in
Color: Anaerobic cultures develop with a addition (Hutrier).
brown color, the shade ranging from a light Optimum temperature distinctly lower
3'ellowish l^rown to a deep mahogany- than for Rhodopseudomonas palustris, and,
brown. When grown in the presence of oxy- as a rule, around 25° C.
gen, the cultures are dark red. Even the pig- Habitat: Regularly found in stagnant
mentation of the brown-colored organisms bodies of water and in mud.
from an anaerobic culture can be changed Illustrations: Molisch, op. cit., 1907,
into a distinct red by shaking a suspension Plate II, fig. 9; van Niel, op. cit., 1944, fig.
with air for some hours; light enhances the 4-6, p. 19; fig. 27-32, p. 92; and fig. 33-38, p.
rate of this color change. Color due to bac- 93.
teriochlorophyll and carotenoid pigments.
No diffusible water-soluble pigment is pro- 4. RhodopseudonionaH spheroides van
duced. Niel, 1944. {Rhodococcus capsulatus Molisch,
Growth possible over a pH range from at Die Purpurbakterien, Jena, 1907, 20; Rhodo-
least 6 to 8.5, morphology becoming abnor- coccus minor Molisch, ibid., 21; van Niel,
mal in the alkaline media. Bact. Rev., 8, 1944, 95.)
Most cultures are odorless, although occa- sphe.ro. i'des or sphe.roi'des. Gr. adj.
sional y afaint peach-like odor can be de- sphaeroides globular.
tected. Cells generally single, nearly spherical,
Growth is not inhibited by the presence of diameter without slime capsule variable, de-
oxygen, although the pigmentation is pending upon medium, ranging from 0.7 to
thereby affected. 4 microns. In young cultures actively motile
Fatty acids and most substituted acids by means of polar flagella; motility soon
are satisfactory substrates. Rapid and ceases in media which are or become alka-
abundant growth with propionate at a line. Copious slime production in media at
concentration of 0.2 per cent. At this same pH above 7. In strongly alkaline cultures
concentration glutaric acid leads, at best, to abnormal cell-shapes occur in the form of
very meager cultures, while tartrate, citrate irregular, swollen and distorted rods, often
and gluconate fail to induce growth, as do having the appearance of spore-bearing
also ethanol, glycerol, mannitol and sorbi- cells, simulated by the production of fat
tol. In media with 0.2 per cent glucose or bodies. In sugar-containing media egg-
fructose good growth is obtained. No growth shaped cells, measuring as a rule 2.0 to 2.5
with mannose. Thiosulfate is not, but by 2.5 to 3.5 microns, are frequently found.
molecular hydrogen can be, oxidized by this Gram-negative.
species. Color: Anaerobic cultures develop with
Gelatin is not liquefied; of the amino brown color, ranging in shade from a light,
acids, alanine and glutamic acid are satis- dirty greenish brown to a dark brown. Cul-
factory substrates while leucine is not uti- tures grown in the presence of oxygen are
lized. distinctly red. As in the case of Rhodopseudo-
Distinctive characters: Cell shape and monas capsulata, the brown color of an
arrangement in chains; brown color of anaerobic culture can be changed to red by
anaerobic, red pigmentation of aerobic cul- shaking with air, light stimulating the color
tures; ability to grow in media with 0.2 per change. Color due to bacteriochlorophyll
cent propionate, glucose, fructose, alanine and carotenoid pigments. The large major-
and glutamic acid; failure to develop with ity of cultures of this species produce, in
leucine, as well as with ethanol, glycerol, addition, a water-soluble, non-carotenoid,
mannitol and sorbitol in the above-men- bluish red pigment which diffuses into the
tioned concentration. culture medium.
Gelatin is not liquefied, and growth with of air, and in illuminated as well as in non-
single amino acids appears somewhat er- illuminated cultures. In cultures exposed to
ratic. No definite correlations have been light, the acid usually disappears later on.
observed. Thiosulfate is not oxidized; hydrogen
Development is possible over a wide pH oxidation has not been observed.
range, extending from at least 6.0 to 8.5. Oxygen does not prevent growth; colonies
All cultures exhibit an unpleasant putrid develop on the surface of agar plates ex-
odor. posed to air, with a red pigmentation.
Requires for optimal development higher Capable of strictly anaerobic development
concentrations of yeast extract as a supply in illuminated cultures by photosynthesis.
of growth factors than either Rhodopseudo- Thiamin, biotin and nicotinic acid are
7nonas palustris or Rhodopseudomonas capsu- required for growth (Hutner).
lata and is more sensitive to low fatty acid Optimum temperature, below 30° C.
concentrations. With 0.2 per cent propionate Distinctive characters: Spherical cell-
in a neutral medium, no growth occurs; shape in most media; brown color of anaero-
caproic and pelargonic acids are toxic in bic and red pigmentation of aerobic cul-
concentrations below 0.1 per cent. On the tures; growth with 0.2 per cent tartrate,
other hand, tartrate and gluconate can serve gluconate, ethanol, glycerol, mannitol,
as oxidation substrates, as can also ethanol, sorbitol, glucose, fructose and mannose;
glycerol, mannitol, sorbitol, glucose, fruc- failure to grow with 0.2 per cent propio-
tose and mannose in 0.2 per cent concentra- nate.
tions. Habitat: Regularly found in stagnant
In sugar-containing media, acid is pro- bodies of water and in mud.
duced; the pH ma}^ drop to below 4.0 before Illustrations : INIolisch, op. cit., 1907, Plate
development ceases. Acid production from II, fig. 15; van Niel, op. cit., 1944, fig. 7-8, p.
glucose occurs both in presence and absence 19; fig. 39-45, p. 96; fig. 46-54, p. 97.
Genvs II. Rhodospirillum Molisch, 1907, emend, van Niel, 1944-
(Molisch, Die Purpurbakterien, Jena, 1907, 24; van Niel, Bact. Rev., 8, 1944, 86; the genus
now includes the genus Phaeospirilhtm Kluyver and van Niel, Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 94,
1936, 396.)
Rho.do.spi.ril'lum. Gr. noun rhodum the rose; Gr. noun spira a coil, a spiral; M.L.
dim.neut.n. Spirillum a bacterial genus; M.L. neut.n. Rhodospirillum the rose Spirillum.
Spiral-shaped bacteria, motile by means of polar flagella. Gram-negative. Contain bac-
teriochlorophyll and are potentially photosynthetic in the presence of extraneous oxi-
dizable substances. Molecular oxygen is not produced. Unable to grow in strictly mineral
media, even when possessed of the ability to utilize hydrogen as oxidizable substrate, due
to the need for organic nutrilites. Produce accessory pigments causing the cultures, espe-
cially when grown in the light, to appear in various shades of red to brown.
The type species is Rhodospirillum rubrum (Esmarch) Molisch.
Key to the species of genus Rhodospirillum.
I. Cultures deep red without brownish tinge; characteristic absorption band around 550
millimicrons.
1. Rhodospirillum ruhrum.
II. Cultures reddish brown to orange; characteristic absorption maximum around 520, not
550, millimicrons.
A. Cells 0.5 or less micron in width.
2. Rhodospirillum Julvum.
B. Cells more than 0.5 micron wide.
1. Size of cells 0.7 to 0.9 by 5 to 10 microns.
3. Rhodospirillum molischianum.
2. Size 1.2 to 1.5 by 14 to 30 microns.
4. Rhodospirillum photometricum.
59
1. Rhotlospirillum rubruni (von Es- Development possible over a pH range of

march, 1887) Molisch, 1907. {Spirillum rub- at least 6 to 8.5, although, as in other cases,
rum von Esmarch, Cent. f. Bakt., 1, 1887, the combination of an acid reaction and the
225; Rhodospirillum giganteum Molisch, Die presence of fatty acids may prevent growth.
Purpurbakterien, Jena, 1907, 24; Molisch, Cultures produce a distinctive odor,
ibid., 25.) reminiscent of slightly putrid yeast.
rub'rum. L. adj. ruber red. In general, grow well with fatty acids as
Cells characteristically spiral-shaped, but the chief oxidizable substrate; however, are
size of elements variable within wide prevented from growing by 0.2 per cent
limits, depending upon environmental con- propionate in a neutral medium. Most sub-
ditions during growth. Width of cells from stituted acids are equally satisfactory, with
0.5 to 1.5 microns; length from 2 to 50 mi- the exception of tartrate, gluconate and
crons, and over ; even in a single culture such citrate. In a concentration of 0.2 per cent,
differences may be found. Also the shape and ethanol is a suitable substrate, whereas
size of the spiral coil varies much; it usually the carbohydrates and their corresponding
ranges between 1 to 4 microns in width, and polyalcohols are not utilized.
from 1.5 to 7 microns in length. In alanine Thiosulfate is not oxidized; molecular hy-
media the majority of the cells occur in the drogen can be used by some strains.
form of half -circles to complete rings; Rather microaerophilic; many strains,
malate media tend to produce much flat- upon initial isolation, incapable of growth
tened spirals. In old cultures involution at atmospheric oxygen tension. Subse-
forms appear, straightened spirals and ir- quent adaptation can be induced, but even
regularly swollen cells, the latter common in such adapted cultures exhibit negative
media with higher fatty acids. Such cells chemota.xis to air.
stain irregularly, contain fatty inclusions, Capable of strictly anaerobic develop-
and are occasionally branched. Young cul- ment in illuminated cultures on the basis
tures show active motility, due to polar of a photosynthetic metabolism.
fiagella. Gram-negative. Biotin is required for growth (Hutner).
Mucus is not produced. In calcium-defi- Optimum temperature generally between
cient media the growth is flocculent, as if 30° and 37° C.
agglutinated. With an adequate calcium Distinctive characters: The most im-
supply the growth in liquid media is ho- portant characteristics of the species are
mogeneous, suspended and consists of single the spiral shape, combined with the ability
cells. to produce a red pigment with a definite
Gelatin is not liquefied; the amino acids absorption maximum at 550 millimicrons
alanine, asparagine, aspartic and glutamic in the intact cells. Diagnostically useful are
acids are satisfactory oxidizable compounds. the good growth in media with 0.2 per cent
Color: Ordinarily deep and dark red, ethanol, alanine, asparagine, aspartate or
without any brownish tinge. In ethanol glutamate and the inadequacy of similar
media lighter, and a characteristic pink. concentrations of carbohydrates and thio-
Pigment production markedly influenced by sulfate as substrates.
oxygen and light. Slants incubated in dark- Habitat: Regularly present in stagnant
ness present a pale grayish surface growth bodies of water and in mud.
with a faint reddish hue, while often show- Illustrations: Molisch, ibid., Plate I, fig.
ing deep-red cell masses in the region 5-7; van Niel, Bact. Rev., 8, 1944, fig. 9-10,
between glass wall and agar surface where p. 19; fig. 11-16, p. 24; fig. 67-75, p. 103; fig.
development proceeds at low oxygen ten- 76-84, p. 104; fig. 85-90, p. 106; fig. 91-96, p.
sion. The color is due to bacteriochlorophyll 107.
and carotenoid pigments. Among the latter,
spirilloxanthin is quantitatively predomi- 2. Rhodospirillum fulvum van Niel,
nant and is responsible for the characteristic 1944. (Bact. Rev., 8, 1944, 108.)
absorption band at 550 millimicrons. Water- ful'vum. L. adj. fulvus deep or reddish
soluble, diffusible pigments are not pro- jêllow, tawn3^
duced. Characteristic for the species is the very
small size of the individual cells. These are p. 109; Giesberger, Jour. Microb. and Serol.,
not over 0.5 micron wide and generally not 13, 1947, fig. 1-2, p. 141.
longer than 2.5 microns. The most common
shape consists of a complete turn of about 3. Rhodospirilluin niolischianuni
1 by 1.5 microns. In media with fatty acids Giesberger, 1947. (Jour. Microbiol, and
as a substrate the spirals appear somewhat Serol., 13, 1947, 137.)
steeper than in fumarate, succinate or mo.li.schi.an'um. M.L. adj. molischianus
malate cultures. Swollen individuals re- pertaining to Molisch.
sembling vibrios are encountered in cultures Cells characteristically spiral -shaped,
which do not appear quite healthy. Forma- moderately large, 0.7 to 0.9 by 5 to 10 mi-
tion of mucus or clumping has not been ob- crons. Mostly with one or two complete
served. turns which vary in width from 1.3 to 2
Gelatin is not liquefied; aspartate has been microns and in length from 4 to 6 microns;
the only amino acid capable of inducing this depends upon environmental condi-
growth. Thiosulfate is not oxidized. tions.
Color: Quite distinct from that of Rhodo- Color: Distinctly reddish brown due to
spirillum rubrimi; colonies and stab cul- the presence of bacteriochlorophyll and
tures are a reddish brown while liquid cul- carotenoids, the latter responsible for the
tures often appear brownish orange. The absorption maxima at 520 and 485 milli-
color is due to bacteriochlorophyll and microns. Spirilloxanthin absent.
carotenoid pigments; among the latter Capable of development under stricth^
spirilloxanthin, as evidenced by the absence anaerobic conditions in media containing
of an absorption maximum at 550 milli- ethanol or fatty- or hydroxy-acids as oxidiz-
microns, isnot represented as a major con- able substrates. Citrate can also be utilized
stituent. Does not produce water-soluble, in this manner, but not glycerol, glucose,
diffusible pigments. hydrogen sulfide or thiosulfates. Tends to be
Capable of strictly anaerobic develop- strictl}^ anaerobic, and hence capable of
ment in illuminated cultures, due to photo- development onlj- in illuminated cultures.
synthetic metabolism. Does not liquefy gelatin.
Fatty acids and the four-carbon dicar- Distinctive characters : The absence of an
boxylic acids are imiformly good substrates; absorption band at 550 millimicrons and the
glutarate is not used. Ethanol and glucose, ability to utilize citrate serve to distinguish
in a concentration of 0.2 per cent, have this type from Rhodospirillum ruhrum,
yielded satisfactory cultures; other carbo- which it closely resembles in size and shape.
hydrates, as well as the corresponding poly- The individual cell size differentiates this
alcohols, have given negative results. species from R. fulvum and R. photometri-
Little information available concerning cum.
pH and temperature relations. Behaves Habitat: Widely distributed. Regularly
generally as a strict anaerobe; adaptation present in stagnant water and mud; can be
to microaerophilic conditions has not been found in abundance in anaerobic cultures of
achieved. Negative aerotaxis very pro- hay extract inoculated with such materials
nounced. and incubated in light.
Distinctive characters : The small size and Illustrations: Giesberger, ibid., fig. 3-5,
the color of the cultures serve as adequate
criteria for its differentiation from Rhodo- p. 141.
spirilhim ruhrum. The strictly anaerobic 4. Rhodospirillum photonietricum
nature and the failure to grow with glu- Molisch, 1907. (Die Purpurbakterien, Jena,
tarate and various amino acids except as- 1907, 24.)
partate can probably be used as supple- pho.to.me'tri.cum. Gr. noun phos light;
mentary specific properties. Gr. adj. metricus measured; M.L. adj.
Habitat: Bodies of stagnant water and photometriciis light-measured.
mud . Cells large, stout, spiral -shaped. Mostly
Illustrations: Van Niel, ibid., fig. 97-102, with one or two complete turns whose wave
FAMILY III. CHLOROBACTERIACEAE 61
length varies in width from 4 to 6 microns glucose, hydrogen sulfide or thiosulfates.

and in length from 7 to 10 microns; this is Strongly microaerophilic; tends to be
dependent upon environmental conditions. strictly anaerobic, and hence capable of
Actively motile by means of a single polar development only in illuminated cultures,
flagellum. Does not liquefy gelatin.
Color: Distinctly reddish brown due to Distinctive characters: Readily distin-
the presence of bacteriochlorophyll and guishable from Rhodospirillum rubrum by
carotenoids, the latter responsible for the the absence of an absorption band at 550
absorption maxima at 520 and 485 milli- millimicrons and from R. fulvum and R.
microns. Spirilloxanthin not formed. molischianum by the greater size of its cells.
Capable of development under strictly Habitat: Stagnant water and mud; widely
anaerobic conditions in media containing distributed.
ethanol, fatty acids or hydroxy acids as Illustrations: Molisch, ibid., Plate 1, fig.
oxidizable substrates. Citrate can also be 5-6; Giesberger, Jour. Microbiol, and Serol.,
utilized in this manner, but not glycerol, 13, 1947, fig. 6-9, p. 141.
FAMILY III. CHLOROBACTERIACEAE LAUTERBORN, 1913.

{Chlorobakteriaceae (sic) Lauterborn, Alg. Bot. Ztschr., 19, 1913, 99.)
Chlo.ro. bac.te.ri.a'ce.ae. M.L. neut.n. Chlorobacterium type genus of the family; -aceae
ending to denote a family; M.L. fern. pi. n. Chlorobacteriaceae the Chlorobacterium family.
Green bacteria, usually of small size, occurring singly or in cell masses of various shapes
and sizes, developing in environments containing rather high concentrations of hydrogen
sulfide and exposed to light. As a rule not containing sulfur globules but frequently de-
positing elemental sulfur outside the cells. Contain green pigments of a chlorophyllous
nature, though not identical with the common green plant chlorophylls nor with bacterio-
chlorophjdl. Capable of photosynthesis in the presence of hydrogen sulfide; do not liberate
oxygen.
A number of genera have been proposed; some are characterized by special colonial growth
forms while others are characterized on the basis of a supposed symbiotic habitus where
the green bacteria grow in more or less characteristic aggregates together with other micro-
organisms. Inview of the variations in size and shape exhibited by the only member of this
group which has so far been obtained and studied in pure culture (van Niel, Arch, f . Mikro-
hio\.,3, 1931, 65ff.), the validity of many of these genera is doubtful. The following keys and
descriptions, therefore, bear a strictly provisional character. Here, as in the case of the
sulfur purple bacteria, significant advances can only be expected from pure-culture studies
under controlled environmental conditions.
Key to the genera of family Chlorobacteriaceae.
I. Free-living bacteria not intimately associated with other microbes.
A. Bacteria not united into well defined colonies.
Genus I. Chlorobium, p. 62.
B. Bacteria united into characteristic aggregates.
1. Bacteria without intracellular sulfur globules.
Genus II. Pelodictyon, p. 63.
2. Bacteria with intracellular sulfur globules.
Genus III. Clathrochloris, p. 64.
II. Green bacteria found as symbiotic aggregates with other organisms.
A. Aggregates composed of green bacteria and protozoa.
Genus IV. Chlorobacterium, p. 65.
B. Aggregates composed of two different types of bacteria.

1. Aggregates small, barrel -shaped, actively motile and consisting of a central, polar
flagellate, rod-shaped bacterium with a covering of sulfur green bacteria.
Genus V. Chlorochromatium, p. 65.
2. Aggregates large, cylindrical, non-motile and composed of a central filamentous
bacterium with a more or less extensive covering of sulfur green bacteria.
Genus VI. Cylindrogloea, p. 66.
Genus I. Chlorobium Nadson, 1912.

(Bull. Jard. Imper. Botan., St. P^tersb., 12, 1912, 64 (Russian), 83 (German).)
Chlo.ro 'bi.um. Gr. adj. chlorus greenish yellow, green; Gr. noun hios life; M.L. neut.n.
Chlorobium green life.
Sulfur green bacteria, occurring singly or in chains, individual cells of various sizes and
shapes, from spherical to relatively long rod -shaped, the latter sometimes coiled into tight
spirals; often united in chains and generally embedded in a slime capsule. Non-motile.
Gram-negative. Contain a chlorophjdlous pigment different from the common green plant
chlorophylls and from bacteriochlorophyll. Capable of photosynthesis in the presence of
hydrogen sulfide, during which thej^ produce elemental sulfur which is excreted outside the
cells. Do not form spores.
The tj^pe species is Chlorobium limicola Nadson.
Key to the species of genus Chlorobium.

I. Does not utilize thiosulfates as oxidizable substrate.
1. Chlorobium limicola.
II. Utilizes thiosulfates as oxidizable substrate.
2. Chlorobium thiosulfatophihan.
1. Chlorobium limicola Nadson, 1912. appearance of the cultures. In healthy cul-

(Bull. Jard. Imper. Botan., St. Petersb., 12, tures the bacteria rem.ain evenly dispersed
1912, 64 (Russian), 83 (German).) and settle very slowly. Non-motile.
li.mi'co.la. L. noun limus mud; L. v. colo Color: Intensely green in healthy cul-
to dwell; M.L. fem.n. limicola the mud tures; poor pigmentation and then yellow-
dweller, ish green in media deficient in iron.
Cells occur in various sizes and shapes Strictly anaerobic, obligatory photosyn-
which are markedly dependent upon en- thetic bacteria whose occurrence in nature
vironmental conditions. In young and is dependent upon the presence of hydrogen
healthy cultures, predominantly small, sulfide. They utilize this substance, as well
ovoid to short rods, 0.7 by 0.9 to 1.5 microns, as elemental sulfur and molecular hydrogen,
frequently united in chains resemblingstrep- as oxidizable substrates; produce sulfur
tococci. Greatly elongated and irregularly from sulfides but do not store sulfur glob-
bent and curved rods also occur as involu- ules inside the cells. Oxidation of sulfide
tion forms; these rods may likewise remain may yield sulfur as an end product, but
united in chains. Club-shaped and spirally under optimal conditions the sulfur is
wound to tightly coiled involution forms further oxidized to sulfate. Unable to use
have been described, but the conditions for thiosulfate and tetrathionate as oxidizable
their formation are not understood, and in substrates. Development in organic media
recent pure-culture studies these have never free of sulfide has not been obtained,
been encountered (Larsen, Jour. Bact., 64, Source: Isolated from mud and stagnant
1952, 187). Regularly produce mucus; in water, containing hydrogen sulfide, from
media of inadequate composition this may the St. Petersburg Botanical Garden. Also
lead to the formation of cell conglomerates found by Bicknell (Lloydia, 12, 1949, 183) in
of different sizes and shapes and a stringy Sodon Lake, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan.
FAMILY III. CHLOROBACTERIACEAE 63
Habitat: Widely distributed in mud and Cells indistinguishable from those of

stagnant water. Mass development under Chlorobium limicola.
Color: As in Chlorobium limicola.
conditions of relatively high sulfide con-
centrations and low pH in environments Strictly anaerobic, obligatory photosyn-
exposed to light. thetic bacteria. Utilize sulfides, sulfur,
Illustrations: Nadson, up. cit., 1912, PI. thiosulfate, tetrathionate and molecular
hydrogen as o.xidizable substrates; produce
Ill, fig. 3-12; van Niel, Arch. f. Mikrobiol., sulfate from inorganic sulfur compounds.
3, 1931, fig. 8, p. 66.
Unable to grow in organic media free of oxi-
dizable, inorganic sulfur compounds.
2. Chlorobiuin ihiosulfatophilum Lar- Distinctive characters: Differs from
sen, 1952. (Jour. Bact., 64, 1952, 187.) Chlorobium limicola in its ability to oxidize
thi.o.sul.fa.to'phi.lum. M.L. noun thio- thiosulfate and tetrathionate.
sulfatum thiosulfate; Gr.adj. phibis loving; Source: Isolated from marine and fresh-
M.L. adj. thiosulfatophilus thiosulfate- water mud.
loving. Habitat: Same as for Chlorobium limicola.
Genus II. Pelodictyon Lauterborn, 1913.

(Allgem. botan. Ztschr., 19, 1913, 98; Verhandl. naturhistor.-medizin. Vereins, Heidel-
berg, N.F. 13, 1915, 431.)
Pe.lo.dic'ty.on. Gr. adj. pelos dark-colored; Gr. noun dictyon net; M.L. neut.n. Pelodic-
tyon adark-colored net.
Sulfur green bacteria, individual cells ovoid to distinctly rod-shaped, producing rather
extensive mucoid capsules and generally united into large colonies of characteristic shapes.
Non-motile. Contain chlorophyllous pigments different from the common green plant
chlorophylls and from bacteriochlorophyll. Capable of photosynthesis in the presence of
hydrogen sulfide, but do not store sulfur globules inside the cells.
The type species is Pelodictyon clathratiforme (Szafer) Lauterborn.
Key to the species of genus Pelodictyon.

I. Cells united in colonies in a net-like fashion.
1. Pelodictyon clathratiforme.
II. Cells arranged in tightly packed colonies without net-like structure.
A. Colonies composed of irregularly arranged cell-masses, extending in three dimen-
sions.
2. Pelodictyon aggregatum.
B. Colonies consisting of parallel strands and extending in two dimen.sions.
3. Pelodictyon parallelum.
1. Pelodictyon clathratiforme (Szafer, often vacuolated, about 0.5 to 1.5 by 2 to 4

1910) Lauterborn, 1913. (Aphanothece clath- microns, producing rather wide slime cap-
ratiforme Szafer, Bull. Acad. Sci., Cracovie, sules. Characteristically united into three-
Ser. B, 3, 1910, 162; Lauterborn, Allgem. dimensional colonies which present a
botan. Ztschr., 19, 1913, 98; also see Ver- net-like appearance with mazes of about 10
handl. naturhist.-medizin. Vereins, Heidel- to 50 microns. Non-motile.
berg, N.F. 13, 1915,430.) Color: Yellowish green.
clath.ra.ti.for'me. L. part. adj. clathratus Abnormal cell forms (involution forms)
latticed; L. noun forma shape, form; M.L. not uncommon, consisting of elongated and
adj. clathratiformis lattice-like. curved, forked, or club-shaped and swollen
Cells generally rod-shaped, ranging from rods, occasionally suggesting rudimentary
slightly elongated ovoids to distinct rods, branching at the extremities. Such cells
may be found as elements in chains for the (Ecology, 25, 1944, 277) from Scaffold Lake,
greater part composed of normal individ- Wisconsin.
uals. Habitat: Mud and stagnant water con-
Habitat: Mud and stagnant water containing rather high concentrations of hydro-
taining rather high concentrations of hy- gen sulfide and exposed to light; sulfur
drogen sulfide and exposed to light; sulfur springs.
springs. Illustrations: Perfiliev, ibid., PI. II, fig.
Illustrations: Szafer, op. cit., 1910, PI. 2; Lauterborn, Verhandl. naturhistor.-
VI, fig. 5; Perfiliev, Jour. Microbiol. (Rus- medizin. Vereins, Heidelberg, N.F. 13, 1915,
sian), 1,1914, PI. II, fig. 1, 5-12; Lauter- PI. Ill, fig. 29-31.
born, op. cit., 1915, PI. Ill, fig. 33.
2. Pelodictyon aggregatuin Perfiliev, 3. Pelodictyon parallelum (Szafer,
1914. (Aphanothece luteola Schmidle, Bei- 1910) Perfiliev, 1914. (Aphanothece parallela
hefte Botan. Cent., 10, 1901, 179; Perfiliev, Szafer, Bull. Acad. Sci., Cracovie, Ser. B, 3,
Jour. Microbiol. (Russian), 1, 1914, 197.) 1910, 163; Perfiliev, Jour. Microbiol. (Rus-
sian), 1, 1914, 198.)
ag.gre.ga'tum. L. part. adj. aggregatus
added to a flock, aggregated, clumped. pa.ral.le'lum. Gr. adj. parallelus parallel.
Cells usually rod-shaped, about 1 to 1.5 Cells rather small, spherical to ovoid, or
by 2 to 4 microns, often vacuolated, produc- even rod-shaped; about 0.5 to 1 by 1 to 3
ing slime capsules and united into irregu- microns, occurring in chains and forming
larly shaped, three-dimensional colonies in flat, plate-like, two-dimensional aggre-
which the cells are more or less tightly gates in which the chains are arranged as
packed without orderly arrangement. Colo- parallel strands. Non-motile.
Color: Yellowish green.
nies may attain a size of up to 1 mm; fre-
quently they are not fully compact but Abnormal cell forms not specifically men-
contain less dense areas or appear perfo- tioned, but likely to occur and to resemble
rated, thus forming transition stages to those of other species.
Pelodictyon claihratiforme. Non-motile. This species may well be a special growth-
Color: Yellowish green. form of Chlorobium limicola.
Abnormal cell forms (involution forms) Habitat: Mud and stagnant water con-
usually in the shape of elongated and taining rather high concentrations of hydro-
curved, forked or club-shaped and swollen gen sulfide and exposed to light; sulfur
rods, occasionally suggesting branching at springs.
extremities. Illustrations: Szafer, op. cit., 1910, PI.
Source: Isolated from sulfureted water in VI, fig. 7; Perfiliev, op. cit., 1914, PI. II, fig.
Europe ; also reported by Button and Juday 2.
Genus HI. Clathrochloris Geitler, 1925.

(Geitler, in Pascher, Die Siisswasserflora Deutschlands, Osterreichs und der Schweiz,
Jena, 12, 1925, 457.)
Clath.ro. chlo'ris. L. pi. noun clathri lattice; Gr. adj. chlorus green; M.L. fem.n. Clathro-
chloris green lattice.
Sulfur green bacteria of small size, generally spherical and arranged in chains which are
united into loose, trellis-shaped aggregates, somewhat similar to those of Pelodictyon cla-
thratiforme and Pelodictyon aggregatum. Cells usually contain sulfur globules. Color is yel-
loivish green. Non-motile.
The type species is Clathrochloris sulphurica (Szafer) Geitler.
1. Clathrochloris sulphurica (Szafer, 1910, 162; Geitler, Die Siisswasserflora

1910) Geitler, 1925. {Aphanothece sulphurica Deutschlands, Osterreichs und der Schweiz,
Szafer, Bull. Acad. Sci., Cracovie, Ser. B, 3, Jena, 12, 1925, 457.)
FAMILY III. CHLOROBACTERIACEAE
65
sul.phur'i.ca. L. noun sulfw' (sometimes have been encountered. The published de-
sulphur) sulfur; IM.L. adj. sulphuricus sul- scriptions are even more fragmentary than
furic. those of other members of the group.
Cells spherical, about 0.5 to 0.7 micron Source : Reported only from sulfur springs
in diameter, usually containing sulfur globin Lubien Wielki, near Lwow, Poland.
ules. Non-motile. Habitat: Mud and stagnant water con-
Color: Yellowish green. taining rather high concentrations of hj^-
The reported occurrence of sulfur globules drogen sulfide and exposed to light; sulfur
in the cells of this very small species is sur- springs.
prising; itis the only one among the sulfur Illustration: Szafer, op. cit., 1910, PI. VI,
green bacteria in which these inclusions fig. 6.
Genus IV. Chlorohaclerium Lauterborn, 1915.
(Luuterborn, Verhandl, naturhist.-medizin. Vereins, Heidelberg, N.F., 13, 1915, 429; not
Chlorobacteriwn* Guillebeau, Landw. Jahrb. d. Schweiz, 4, 1890, 32.)
Chlo.ro. bac.te'ri.um. Gr. adj. chlonis green; L. noun bacterium a small rod; M.L. neut.n.
Chlorobacterium a green rodlet.
Sulfur green bacteria(?) which grow sj'mbiotically as an outside covering on cells of pro-
tozoa, such as amoeba and flagellates. Cells rod-shaped, often slightly curved, greenish.
Non-motile.
The type species is Chlorobacterium symhioticum Lauterborn.
1. Chlorobacterium symbioticum Lau- bacterium: the descriptions of localities

terborn, 1915. (Verhandl. naturhist.-medi- Avhere it was found fail to mention the pres-
zin. Vereins, Heidelberg, X.F., IS, 1915, ence of hydrogen sulfide in the environ-
429.) ment; this should be a prerequisite for a
member of this group.
sym.bi.o'ti.cum. Gr. adj. stjnibioticus of
companionship, sj'mbiotic. Source : Reported from a number of pools
Cells rod-shaped, about 0.5 by 2 to 5 in Germany.
microns, often slightly curved. Non-motile. Habitat: Stagnant water.
Occur as a peripheral covering of certain Illustrations: Lauterborn, loc. cit., PL III,
protozoa with which they may form a sym- fig. 34-36; Pascher, Die Siisswasserflora
biotic unit. Deutschlands, Osterreichs und der Schweiz,
It is not certain that this is a sulfur green Jena, 12, 1925, fig. 149.
Genus V . Chlorochromatiuni Lauterborn, 1906.

(Allgem. botan. Ztschr., 19, 1906, 196.)
Chlo.ro. chro.ma'ti.um. Gr. adj. chlorus green; Gr. noun chromatium color, paint; M.L.
neut.n. Chromatium a bacterial genus; M.L. neut.n. Chlorochromatium a green Chromatium.
Sulfur green bacteria, ovoid to rod -shaped with rounded ends. Occur as barrel -shaped
aggregates consisting of a rather large, colorless, polar flagellate bacterium as the center
which is surrounded by green bacteria, arranged in 4 to 6 rows, ordinaril}' from 2 to 4 cells
high. The entire conglomerate behaves like a unit, is motile, and multiplies by the more or
less simultaneous fission of its components.
The green constituents contain a chlorophyllous pigment which is not identical with the
common green plant chlorophylls or with bacteriochlorophjdl. Capable of photosj-nthesis
in the presence of hydrogen sulfide but do not store sulfur globules in the cells.
The type species is Chlorochromatium aggregatum Lauterborn.
* It has been proposed that Chlorobacterium Guillebeau be rejected as a generic name in

bacteriology and placed in the list of nomina generica rejicienda (Internat. Bull. Bact.
Nomen. and Tax., 1, 1951, 43 and 2, 1952, 110).
GG ORDER I. PSEUDOMONADALES
1. Chlorochromatium aggregatum There is at present no good reason for

Lauterborn, 1906. (AUgem. botan. Ztschr., distinguishing 2 varieties (forma typica and
19, 1906, 196.) forma minor) or even species, on the basis
ag.gre.ga'tum. L. part. adj. aggregatus of size differences of the colony, as Geitler
flocked together, clumped.
proposed (Die Siisswasserflora Deutsch-
Cells of the green component 0.5 to 1.0 by lands, Osterreichs und der Schweiz, Jena,
1.0 to 2.5 microns, mostly from 8 to 16 in-
12, 1925, 460). The reported and personally
dividuals surrounding the central bac-
observed sizes of such units show that the
terium. Size of the total barrel-shaped unit
variable, generally 2.5 to 5 by 7 to 12 mi- extreme limits are linked by a complete
crons. Occasionally a group of the complex series of transitions.
colonies may remain attached in a chain.
Anaerobic. Illustrations: Buder, Ber. deut. botan.
Ges., 31, 1914, Generalversam., PI. XXIV,
taining rather high concentrations of hydro- fig. 1-5; Perfiliev, Jour. Microbiol. (Rus-
gen sulfide and exposed to light. sian), 1,1914, fig. 1-5, p. 213.
Genus VI. Cylindrogloea Perfiliev, 1914-

(Jour. Microbiol. (Russian), 1, 1914, 223.)
Cy.lin.dro.gloe'a. Gr. noun cylindrus cylinder; Gr. novm gloea gum; M.L. fem.n. Cylin-
drogloea cylindrical gum.
Sulfur green bacteria consisting of small ovoid to rod-shaped cells growing in association
with a filamentous, colorless, central bacterium, thus forming colonies of a cylindrical
shape. Non-motile. The green component contains a chlorophyllous pigment different from
the common chlorophylls of green plants and from bacteriochlorophyll. Capable of photo-
synthesis inthe presence of hydrogen sulfide without depositing sulfur globules in the cells.
The type species is Cylindrogloea bacterifera Perfiliev.
1. Cylindrogloea bacterifera Perfiliev, motile. Both components appear to be

1914. (Jour. Microbiol. (Russian), 1, 1914, non -spore-forming.
223.) Habitat: Mud and stagnant water con-
bac.te.ri'fe.ra. Gr. neut.n. bactrum a rod; taining rather high concentrations of hj^dro-
M.L. mas.n. bacter rod (a combining form); gen sulfide and exposed to light.
L. verbal suf. fer bearing; M.L. adj. bac- Illustration: Perfiliev, ibid., fig. 6-11, p.
terifera rod-bearing. 213.
Individual green components ovoid to Perfiliev rightly emphasizes, as Buder had
rod-shaped, about 0.5 to 1 by 2 to 4 microns, done for Chloronium mirabile, the provi-
very similar to those of the complex Chloro- sional nature of thus using a generic desig-
bacterium symbioiicum and Chlorochromatium nation for an apparently stable complex
aggregatum with which they may well be
composed of two different organisms. It re-
identical. The central filamentous bac- mains possible that the last three genera of
terium is embedded in a slime capsule of
considerable dimensions. This, in turn, is symbiotic entities represent fortuitous com-
binations whose occurrence is conditioned
surrounded by a layer of green bacteria,
usually one cell thick. The green organisms by environmental factors. If so, the generic
may form a very dense outer covering, or terminology would be devoid of any taxo-
they may be more sparsely distributed over nomic significance, and the green bacteria
the slime capsule. The entire unit is again should be relegated to more appropriate
surrounded by a sizeable slime zone. Aggre- genera. Indications suggestive of this state
gates measure about 7 to 8 microns in width of affairs can be found in the literature ; for
and up to 50 microns in length; they are non- example in Utermohl's observation (Archiv
FAMILY I. NITROBACTERACEAE 67
f. Hydrobiol., Suppl. 5, 1925, 279) that the grate, whereupon the green constituents
complex Chlorochromatium aggregalum may, appear as small Pelodictyon aggregatum
especially in the presence of oxygen, disinte- {Schmidlea luteola) colonies.
Suborder II. Pseiidomonadineae Breed, Murray and Smith, Sub-Ordo Nov.

Pseu.do.mo.na.di'ne.ae. M.L. fem.n. Pseudomonas, -adds a genus of bacteria; -ineae end-
ing to denote a suborder; ALL. fern. pi. n. Pseiidovionadineae the Pseudomonas suborder.
Cells normally about 1 micron in diameter, but among the colorless sulfur bacteria they
may be as much as 14 microns in diameter. The cells do not contain photosynthetic pig-
ments, but diffusible, water-soluble pigments of a type not found elsewhere among bacteria
occur in many species. Also, non-water-soluble yellow or red pigments occur in some gen-
era. The motile species are invariably polar flagellate. Some groups are strictly autotrophic,
oxidizing simple inorganic compounds; others are also oxidative but are facultatively
heterotrophic or heterotrophic in their physiology. A few genera include species that fer-
ment simple sugars, even producing H2 and CO2 as do the common acid- and gas-producing
coliform bacteria. The organisms in one genus {Zijmomonas) even carry out an alcoholic
fermentation similar to that of jêasts. The majority of the species grow well and fairly
rapidly on the surfaces of ordinary culture media. Some species that attack agar or cellulose
or that show other unusual types of physiology are more fastidious in their requirements.
Only a few species are strictly anaerobic as in Vibrio and Desulfovibrio . The species in this
suborder are largely found in salt- or fresh-water or in soil. Some are parasitic and a few
are pathogenic to vertebrates including man.
Key to (he families of siihordcr Pseiidomonadineae.

I. Coccoid to rod-shaped cells. Occasionally individual rods may be curved although the
majority of the cells are straight.
A. Cells not attached to a substrate.
1. Cells have the power to oxidize simple compounds such as ammonia, nitrites,
methane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, sulfur or sulfur compounds. Chemo-auto-
trophic or facultatively chemo-autotrophic.
a. Do not secure their energy from the oxidation of sulfur compounds,
b. Oxidize ammonia to nitrites or nitrites to nitrates. Autotrophic.
Family I. Nitrobacteraceae, p. 68.
bb. Oxidize methane, hydrogen or carbon monoxide. Autotrophic.
Family II. Methanomonadaceae , p. 74.
aa. Oxidize sulfur compounds, frequently with a deposit of free sulfur granules
or crystals within or without the cells.
Family III. Thiobacteriaceae, p. 78.
2. Cells frequently oxidative, although they are sometimes fermentative in their
physiology. Usually heterotrophic. Rarely facultatively autotrophic
Family IV. Pseudomonadaceae, p. 88.
B. Cells in free-floating films or attached to a substrate.
a. Cells attached to the substrate by means of a stalk, usually with a holdfast.
Family V. Caulobacteraceae , p. 212.
aa. Cells in free-floating films or attached to the substrate by means of capsular
material.
Family VI. Siderocapsaceae, p. 217.
II. Curved, vibrio-like to spiral-shaped cells.
Family VII. Spirillaceae, p. 228.
FAMILY I. NITROBACTERACEAE BUCHANAN, 1917.*

(Jour. Bact., 2, 1917, 349 and Jour. Bact., S, 1918, 179.)
Ni.tro.bac.te.ra'ce.ae. M.L. A^ z'^rofeacier name of type genus of the family; -aceae ending
to denote a family; M.L. plural noun Nitrohacteraceae the Nitrobacter family.
Cells without endospores; rod-shaped, ellipsoidal or even spherical (Nitrosococcus) or
spirillar in shape (Nitrosospira) . Flagella polar, occasionally absent. Gram-negative. Or-
ganisms which derive energy from the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite or from the oxida-
tion of nitrite to nitrate; these bacteria depend on this oxidation for growth and fail to grow
on media containing organic matter in the absence of the specific inorganic materials used
as sources of energy. Many organic compounds commonly used in standard culture media
are toxic to these bacteria. Not parasitic. Commonly found in soil and fresh water.
The type genus for the family is Nitrobacter Winogradsky.
As it appears to be a more logical arrangement, the genera that include the species that
oxidize ammonia are discussed first although the type genus does not belong in this group.
Key to the genera of family Nitrohacteraceae.

I. Ammonia oxidized to nitrite.
A. Zoogloeae not formed. Cells occur separately, free or in dense aggregates.
1. Cells not spiral -shaped.
a. Cells ellipsoidal.
Genus I. Nitrosomonas, p. 68.
aa. Cells spherical.
Genus II. Nitrosococcus, p. 69.
2. Cells spiral.
Genus III. Nitrosospira, p. 70.
B. Zoogloeae formed.
1. Zoogloea surrounded by a common membrane forming a cyst.
Genus IV. Nitrosocystis, p. 70.
2. No common membrane surrounds the cells. The massed cells are embedded in
slime.
Genus V. Nitrosogloea, p. 71.
II. Nitrite oxidized to nitrate.
A. Zoogloeae not formed.
Genus VI. Nitrobacter, p. 72.
B. Zoogloeae formed.
Genus VII. Nitrocystis, p. 73.
Genus I. Nitrosomonas Winogradsky , 1890.
{Nitromonas Winogradsky, Ann. Inst. Past., 4, 1890, 257; not Nitromonas Orla-Jensen,
Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 22, 1909, 334; Arch. Sci. biol., St. Petersburg, 1, 1892, 127; emend.
S. and H. Winogradsky, Ann. Inst. Past., 50, 1933, 393.)
Ni.tro.so.mo'nas. M.L. nitrosus nitrous; Gr. monas, monadis a unit, monad; M.L. fem.n.
Nitrosomonas nitrous monad, i.e., the monad producing nitrite.
Cells ellipsoidal, non-rhotile or with a single polar flagellum, occurring singly, in pairs,
short chains or irregular masses which are not enclosed in a common membrane. O.xidize
ammonia to nitrite more rapidly than the other genera of this family.
The type species is Nitrosomonas europaea Winogradsky.
* Completely revised by Dr. R. L. Starkey, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station,

New Brunswick, N. J., March, 1943; minor revisions, November, 1953.
FAMILY I. NITROBACTERACEAE
1. Nitrosomonas europaea Winograd- Ovoid rods, 0.6 to 0.9 micron, often oc-
sky, 1892. (Arch. Sci. biol., St. Petersburg, curring in pairs. Young cells nearly spheri-
1, 1892, 127.) cal. Motile by means of a single polar
eu.ro. pae'a. Gr. adj. europaeus of Europe, flagellum 3 to 5 times as long as the rod.
European. Gram-positive (Nelson). Found negative by
Rods, 0.9 to 1.0 by 1.1 to 1.8 microns, oc- H. J. Conn (personal communication).
curring singly, rarely in chains of three to No growth in nutrient broth, nutrient
four. Possess a single polar flagellum 3 to 4 agar, nutrient or plain gelatin, plain or lit-
times the length of the rods, or rarely one mus milk, glucose or plain yeast water, or on
at either end.
Grow readily in aqueous media without or- potato.
Silica gel or agar plates of inorganic
ganic matter and containing ammonium medium: No typical colonies, but yellowish
sulfate, potassium phosphate and mag- brown masses of growth around particles of
nesium carbonate. The cells accumulate in CaCOs in the medium.
soft masses around the particles of mag- Inorganic liquid medium containing
nesium carbonate at the bottom of the flask. ammonium salts: Uniform development
The liquid is occasionally turbid through throughout the liquid as well as in the
development of motile swarm cells or carbonate sediment.
monads. Even low concentrations of organic mat-
Small, compact, sharply defined colonies ter retard or completely inhibit the initia-
brownish in color on silica gel. tion of growth. Plant extracts are toxic.
Aerobic. Free CO 2 and O2 necessary for growth.
Strictly autotrophic. Optimum pH, 8.0 to 9.0. Poor growth
Source: Soils of Zurich, Switzerland; of below pH 7.0. Some growth above pH 9.0.
Gennevilliers, France; and Kazan, Russia.
Optimum temperature for growth and oxi-
Habitat: Presumably widely distributed
in soil. Aerobicdation,. 28° C.
2. Nitrosomonas monocella Nelson, Strictly autotrophic.
1931. (Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 83, 1931, 287.) Source: Isolated from field soil.
mon.o.cel'la. Gr. monus single; L. cella Habitat: Presumably widely distributed
oom, cell; M.L. adj. monocellus one-celled. in soil.
Genus II. Nitrosococcus Winogradshj, 1892.

(Arch. Sci. biol., St. Petersburg, 1, 1892, 127.)
Ni.tro.so.coc'cus. M.L. nitrosus nitrous; Gr. coccus grain, berry; M.L. mas.n. Nitroso-
coccus nitrous sphere.
Cells large spheres, non-motile, not producing zoogloeae. Oxidize ammonia to nitrite.
The type species is Nitrosococcus nitrosus (Migula) Buchanan.
1. Nitrosococcus nitrosus (Migula, aniline dyes. Zoogloea formation not ob-

1900) Buchanan, 1925. {Nitrosococcus Wino- served. Gram-positive (Omelianski, Cent. f.
gradsky, Ann. Inst. Past., 5, 1891, 577; Bakt., II Abt., 19, 1907, 263).
Arch. Sci. biol., St. Petersburg, 1, 1892, 127; Liquid medium: Turbid.
Micrococcus nitrosus Migula. Sj^st. d. Bakt., Silica gel: Both dark and light colonies.
2, 1900, 194; Buchanan, Gen. Syst. Bact., Surface colonies look like small drops of a
1925, 402.) turbid yellowish liquid.
ni.tro'sus. M.L. adj. nitrosus nitrous. Aerobic.
Large spheres, 1.5 to 1.7 microns in size,
with thick cell membranes. Motility could 25°Optimum
C. temperature, lietween 20° and
not be demonstrated. Stain readily with Source: Isolated from .soil from (ûito.
Ecuador; Campinas, Brazil; and Melbourne, Habitat: Presumably widely distributed

Australia. in soil.
Genus III. Nitrosospira Winogradsky, 1931.
(S. Winogradsky, Compt. rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, 192, 1931, 1004; S. Winogradsky
and H. Winogradsky, Ann. Inst. Past., 50, 1933, 394 and 406.)
Ni.tro.so.spi'ra. M.L. nifrosus nitrous; Gr. spira a coil, spiral; M.L. fem.n. Nitrosospira
nitrous spiral.
Cells spiral-shaped. Oxidize ammonia to nitrite very slowly.
The type species is Nitrosospira briensis S. Winogradsky and H. Winogradsky.
1. Nitrosospira briensis S. Winogradsky Habitat: Presumably widely distributed

and H. Winogradsky, 1933. (Ann. Inst. in soil.
Pasteur, 50, 1933, 407.)
bri.en'sis. French Brie, place name; M.L. 2. Nitrosospira antarctica S. Wino-
adj. briensis of Brie. gradsky and H. Winogradsky, 1933. (Ann.
Spirals wound tightly to form very small Inst. Past., 50, 1933, 407.)
cylinders as long as 15 to 20 microns. Short ant. arc 'tic. a. Gr. anti opposite; Gr. arcius
spirals have the appearance of short rods a bear; Gr. adj. antarcticus opposite the
and ellipsoidal cells. Small pseudo-cocci ob- bear, antarctic,
served in old cultures. Cells and colonies similar to those of N .
Colonies on silica gel: Small, occasionally briensis except that the cells are generally
containing cyst-like aggregates of cells. The wound together to form more compact
cysts are more poorly developed than in spirals.
Nitrosocystis. Aerobic.
Aerobic. Optimum pH, between 7.0 and 7.2.
Optimum pH, between 7.0 and 7.2. Source: Soil from the Antarctic.
Source: Uncultivated pasture soil of Brie, Habitat: Presumably widely distributed
France. in soil.
Genus IV. Nitrosocystis Winogradsky, 1931.

(S. Winogradsky, Compt. rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, 192, 1931, 1003; also see S. Winogradsky
and H. Winogradsky, Ann. Inst. Past., 50, 1933, 394 and 399.)
Ni.tro.so.cyst'is. M.L. adj. nitrosus nitrous; Gr. noun cystis bladder, cyst; M.L. fem.n.
Nitrosocystis nitrous cyst.
Cells ellipsoidal or elongated, uniting in compact, rounded aggregates surrounded by a
common membrane to form cysts. The cysts disintegrate to free the cells, particularly when
transferred to fresh media. Within the cyst the cells are embedded in slime. Ammonia is
oxidized to nitrite at a rate intermediate between that of Nitrosoijionas and that of Nitroso-
spira.
Winogradsky and Winogradsky (ibid., 393) differentiated between Nitrosomonas and
Nitrosocystis in that the former produced soft (or clear) colonies and the latter produced
hard (or dark) colonies on silica gel. However, Kingma Boltjes (Arch. Mikrobiol., 6,
1935, 79) was able to obtain both hard and soft colonies in cultures of Nitrosomonas derived
from single-cell isolates. Meiklejohn (Nature, 168, 1951, 561 ; also see Jour. Soil Sci., 4, 1953,
62), furthermore, states that the appearance of hard or soft colonies is dependent upon the
density of the silica gel and upon whether the colonies are in the gel or on the surface;
consequently she regards Nitrosocystis as probably identical with Nitrosomonas. Some ob-
servers (Imsenecki, Nature, 157, 1946, 877; and Grace, Nature, 168, 1951, 117; also see
Riassunti d. Comunicazione, VI Cong. Internaz. d. Microbiol., Roma, 1, 1953, 53) have
FAMILY I. NITROBACTERACEAE
71
suggested that the organisms described in this genus are myxobacters or that the cultures
were contaminated with myxobacters; however, this does not seem probable.
The type species is Nitrosocystis javanensis (Winogradsky) Starkey.
1. Nitrosocystis javanensis (Wino- 401; Starkey, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 72.)
gradsky, 1892) Starkey, 1948. {Nitrosomonas coc.co.i'des. Gr. coccus grain, berry; Gr.
javanensis Winogradsky, Arch. Sci. biol., idus form, shape; M.L. adj. coccoides coccus-
St. Petersburg, 1, 1892, 127; Starkey, in shaped.
Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 72.) Ellipsoidal cells about 1.5 microns in di-
jav.a.nen'sis. Java, a place name; M.L. ameter. Occur as compact aggregates of
adj. javanensis of Java, Javanese. cells imbedded in mucus and surrounded by
Small ellipsoidal cells having a diameter of a thickened capsule to form cyst-like bod-
0.5 to 0.6 micron. Possess a polar flagellum ies. Cells rarely solitary but more often in
20 times as long as the rods. pairs and in small groups of four or more.
In liquid medium produces very compact Probably motile. The mucus which sur-
zoogloeal masses of cells and motile swarm- rounds the cells is not readily stained
ers. The large zoogloeae are themselves whereas the outside coating stains more
easily.
composed of smaller compact aggregates of
cells. Colonies on silica gel : As colonies develop,
On silica gel the colonies are circular to the coating of CaCOs on the gel becomes
elliptical becoming clear or light brown. yellowish and dissolves, and the colony ap-
Aerobic. pears as a bulbous, angular, brown body
Strictly autotrophic. which may become 0.5 mm in diameter.
Source: Soil of Buitenzorg, Java; Tokyo, The cells are held firmly together in these
Japan; and La Reghaia, Tunisia. irregularly shaped bulbous aggregates.
Habitat: Presumably wddely distributed Aerobic.
in soil. Source: Poor soils of Brie and elsewhere
2. Nitrosocystis coccoides Starkey, in France.
1948. {Nitrosocystis a, S. Winogradsky and Habitat: Presumably widely distributed
H. Winogradsky, Ann. Inst. Past., 50, 1933, in forest and manured soils.
Genus V. Nitrosogloea H. Winogradsky, 1935.

(Compt. rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, £00, 1935, 1887; Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 58, 1937, 335.)
Ni.tro.so.gloe'a. M.L. nitrosus nitrous; Gr. gloea glue, jelly; M.L. fem.n. Nitrosogloea
nitrous jelly.
Cells ellipsoidal or rod-shaped. Embedded in slime to form zoogloeae. No common mem-
brane surrounds the cell aggregates. Oxidize ammonia to nitrite.
It has been suggested that these organisms were contaminated with myxobacters. See
note under Nitrosocystis for references.
The type species is Nitrosogloea merismoides H. Winogradsky.
1. Nitrosogloea merismoides H. Wino- Ellipsoidal cells 0.5 by 1.5 microns. Oval

gradsky, 1935. {Nitrosocystis "I", H. Wino- cells or short rods forming tetards or
gradsky, Trans. Third Intern. Cong. Soil chains, each group with its own sheath. The
Sci., Oxford, 1, 1935, 139; H. Winogradsky, groups vary in shape producing branched
Compt. rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, 300, 1935, chains, irregular or compact aggregates.
1887; also see Ann. Inst. Past., 58, 1937, Colonies on silica gel: Cells encased in a
333.) pale yellow mucilage giving the colony a dull
mer.is.mo.i'des. Gr. merismus a divi- appearance. Colony surface studded with
sion; Gr. idus form, shape; M.L. adj. meris- little humps.
moides resembling a division. Aerobic.
ORDER I. PSEUDOMONADALES
Source: Activated sludge. Source: Activated sludge.

Habitat: Unknown. Habitat: Unknown.
2. Nitrosogloea schizobacteroides H. 3. Nitrosogloea membranacea H.

Winogradsky, 1935. (Nitrosocystis "11", H. Winogradsky, 1935. (Nitrosocystis "III", H.
Winogradsky, Trans. Third Intern. Cong. Winogradsky, Trans. Third Intern. Cong.
Soil Sci., Oxford, 1, 1935, 139; H. Winograd- Soil Sci., Oxford, 1, 1935, 139; Compt. rend.
sky, Compt. rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, 200, Acad. Sci., Paris, 200, 1935, 1887; Ann. Inst.
1935, 1887; Ann. Inst. Past., 58, 1937, 333.) Past., 58, 1937, 333.)
schiz.o.bac.te.ro.i'des. Gr. schiza cleft, mem.bran.a'ce.a. L. adj. membranaceus
fission; Gr. noun bactrmn a rod; Gr. noun membranaceous .
idus form, shape; M.L. adj. schizobacteroides Ellipsoidal cells commonly in pairs and
shaped like a fission rod. also solitary.
Elongated rods or short filaments 3 to 4 Colonies on silica gel: Appear as dull mu-
microns long. coid material with a pale straw color. The
Colonies on silica gel : Flat groups of cells cells are held firmly together so that the
are produced which are united in a common entire colony is easily picked up with the
sheath. The aggregates form a pseudo-tissue transfer needle. No structural units within
of interwoven filaments suggestive of a the colony.
fungus pad. The pad can be removed as a Aerobic.
unit from the medium. Source: Activated sludge.
Aerobic. Habitat: Unknown.
Genus VI. Nitrobacter Winogradsky, 1892.

(Arch. Sci. biol., St. Petersburg, 1, 1892, 127.)
Ni.tro.bac'ter. Gr. noun nitrum nitre, M.L. nitrate; M.L. noun bacter the masculine
form of the Gr. neut.n. bactrum a rod; M.L. mas.n. Nitrobacter nitrate rod.
Cells rod-shaped. Oxidize nitrites to nitrates.
The type species is Nitrobacter winogradshji Winslow et al.
1. Nitrobacter winogradskyi Winslow very small, light brown, circular to irregular

et al., 1917. (Nitrobacter Winogradsky, colonies, becoming darker.
Arch. Sci. biol., St. Petersburg, 1, 1892, 127; Silica gel: Colonies smaller but more
Bacterium nitrobacter Lehmann and Neu- dense than those on washed agar.
mann, Bakt. Diag., 2 Aufl., 2, 1899, 187; Washed agar slant: In 7 to 10 days scant,
Winslow et al.. Jour. Bact., 2, 1917, 552.) grayish streak.
wi.no.grad'sky.i. Named for S. Wino- Inorganic solution medium: After 10 daj's
gradsky, the microbiologist who first iso- flocculent sediment. Sensitive to ammonium
lated these bacteria; M.L. mas.gen.n. salts under alkaline conditions.
winogradskyi of Winogradsky. Nitrite is oxidized to nitrate.
Description taken from Gibbs (Soil Sci., Aerobic.
8, 1919, 448). Strictly autotrophic.
Short, non-motile rods with gelatinous
membrane, 0.6 to 0.8 by 1.0 to 1.2 microns. 28°Optimum
C. temperature, between 25° and
Do not stain readily. Gram-negative Source: Soil.
(Omelianski, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 19,
1907, 263). Habitat: Presumably widely distributed
in soil.
Can be cultivated on media free of organic
matter. Sensitive to certain organic com-
pounds. 2. Nitrobacter agilis Nelson, 1931.
Washed agar colonies: In 7 to 10 days (Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 83, 1931, 287.)
FAMILY I. NITROBACTERACEAE 73
ag'il.is. L. adj. agilis agile, quick. Inorganic liquid medium containing ni-
Rods, 0.5 by 0.8 to 0.9 micron, occurring trite: Produces uniformly dispersed growth.
singly, sometimes in pairs or larger aggre- Optimum pH, between 7.6 and 8.6. Limits
gates. Rapidly motile with a long, thin, of growth, 6.6 to 10.0.
polar flagellum often 7 to 10 times as long as Temperature relations: Optimum for
the rod. (Non-motile culture obtained by growth, between 25° and 30° C. Optimum
Kingma Boltjes, Arch. f. Mikrobiol., 6, for oxidation, 28° C. No oxidation at 37° C.
1935, 79.) Gram-negative. Thermal death point, 60° C. for five min-
No growth in nutrient broth, nutrient utes.
agar, nutrient or plain gelatin, litmus or Strictly autotrophic.
plain milk, glucose or plain yeast water, or Aerobic.
on potato. Source: Isolated from greenhouse soils
Nitrite agar: After two weeks, produces and from sewage effluents in Madison,
semi -spherical, minute, nearly transparent Wisconsin.
colonies. Oxidation usually complete in 10 Habitat: Presumably widely distributed
to 14 days. in soil.
Genus VII. Nitrocystis H. Winogradsky , 1935.

(Trans. Third Intern. Cong. Soil Sci., Oxford, 1, 1935, 139.)
Ni.tro.cyst'is. Gr. noun nitrum nitre, M.L. nitrate; Gr. noun cyslis bladder, cj'st; M.L.
fem.n. Nitrocystis nitrate cyst.
Cells ellipsoidal or rod-shaped. Embedded in slime and united into compact zoogloeal
aggregates. Oxidize nitrites to nitrates.
It has been suggested that these organisms were really myxobacters. See note under
Nitrosocystis for references.
The type species is Nitrocystis sarcinoides H. Winogradsky.
1. Nitrocystis sarcinoides H. Wino- 2. Nitrocystis micropunctata (H.

gradsky, 1937. {Nitrocystis B. A., H. Wino- Winogradsky, 1935) H. Winogradsky, 1937.
gradsky, Compt. rend. Acad. Sci., Paris,
(Nitrocystis "III", H. Winogradsky, Trans.
200, 1935, 1888; also see Ann. Inst. Past., Third Intern. Cong. Soil Sci., Oxford, 1,
58, 1937, 336.) 1935, 139; Nitrogloea micropiinctata H.
sar.cin.o.i'des. L. sarcina a packet; Gr. Winogradsky, Compt. rend. Acad. Sci.,
idus form, shape; M.L. adj. sarcinoides re- Paris, 200, 1935, 1888; H. Winogradsky,
sembling Sarcina, a genus of bacteria. Ann. Inst. Past., 58, 1937, 326.)
Small rods 0.5 by 1.0 micron. Cells ellip-
soidal or wedge-shaped and grouped in sar- mi.cro.punc.ta'ta. Gr. micrus small; L.
cina-like packets. punctatus spotted; M.L. adj. micropunctatus
Colonies on silica gel : On the surface of full of small spots.
gel coated with kaolin the colonies appear Cells are ellipsoidal rods, about 0.5 mi-
as small, raised, amber warts. The colonies cron in diameter, which stain poorly except
grow up to 5 mm in diameter. The colonies at the ends. Encased in a viscous slime.
are viscous and sticky when young, and
Colonies on silica gel: Like those of A^.
they become brown with age, shrink, and sarcinoides except that they are clearer and
look like scales and become hard like grains
have a more plastic consistency. The cells
of sand. Each colony is enveloped in several
are not held together by the slime in the
layers of a thick slime which holds the cells
together so that the entire colony can be colony as with N. sarcinoides. The capsule
removed with a transfer needle. is more readily differentiated in old colonies.
Aerobic. Aerobic.
Source: Activated sludge. Source: Activated sludge.
Babitat: Unknown. Habitat: Unknown.
FAMILY II. METHANOMONADACEAE BREED Fam. Nov.*

(Oxydobacteriaceae Orla-Jensen, pro parte, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 22, 1909, 329;
Protohacterieae Rahn, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 96, 1937, 273.)
Me. tha.no. mo. na.da'ce.ae. M.L. noun Methanonwnas, -adis a genus of bacteria; -aceae
ending to denote a familj^; M.L. fern. pi. n. Methanomonadaceae the Methanonwnas family.
Rod -shaped organisms deriving their life energy from the oxidation of simple compounds
of hydrogen or carbon. Polar flagellate when motile. Gram-negative. Found in soil and
water.
It is clear that the species placed in the genera in this family belong with other polar
flagellate bacteria (the group of pseudomonads in the broad sense). Their method of de-
riving energy from oxidative processes is in accord with that of many other polar-fiagellate
bacteria. As a matter of convenience and as a means of emphasizing the fact that the species
included here secure their energy from the oxidation of simple hydrogen and carbon com-
pounds, the genera that have been proposed to include these species are grouped into a
family separate from those of the species that secure their energy from the oxidation of
simple nitrogen or sulfur compounds on the one hand, and those that normally secure their
energy from the oxidation of glucose or other organic compounds on the other hand. Further
studies of the differences in physiology found among the polar flagellate bacteria are badly
needed.
Key to the genera of the family Methanomonadaceae.

I. Organisms deriving their life energy from the oxidation of simple compounds of hy-
drogen.
A. Cells capable of securing growth energy by the oxidation of methane.
Genus I. Methanomonas, p. 74.
B. Cells capable of securing growth energy by the oxidation of hydrogen.
Genus II. Hydrogenomonas , p. 75.
II. Organisms deriving their life energy from the oxidation of carbon monoxide.
Genus III. Carhoxydomonas , p. 77.
Genus I. Methanomonas Orla-Jensen, 1909.

(Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 22, 1909, 311.)
Me.tha.no.mo'nas. Gr. methy wine; Gr. methe strong drink; M.L. methanum methane;
Gr. monas a unit, monad; M.L. fem.n. Methanomonas methane monad.
Cells monotrichous, capable of obtaining energj' from oxidation of methane to CO2
and water.
The type species is Methanomonas methanica (Sohngen) Orla-Jensen.
1. Methanomonas methanica (Sohn- motile in young cultures by means of a

gen, 1906) Orla-Jensen, 1909. {Bacillus single flagellum. In older cultures nearly
me/AamciiS Sohngen, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., spherical. Can be cultivated in an atmos-
15, 1906, 513; Orla-Jensen, Cent. f. Bakt., phere composed of one part CH4 and two
II Abt., ^^, 1909, 311.) parts air on washed agar containing the
me.tha'ni.ca. M.L. noun methanum necessary inorganic salts. The growth is
methane; M.L. adj. melhanicus relating to membranous,
methane. At the end of two weeks, the organisms
Short rods, 0.5 to 0.8 by 2.0 to 3.0 microns, changed an atmosphere containing 225 ml
* Revised })y Prof. Robert S. Breed, Cornell University, Geneva, New York, January,
1954.
FAMILY II. METHANOMONADACEAE 75
CH4 and 321 ml O2 to the following: In addition, 21 ml CO2 were dissolved in

CH4 0 ml the liquid.
CO2 78 ml Habitat : Presumably widely distributed
O2 172 ml in soil.
Genus II. Hydrogenomonas Orla-Jensen, 1909.

(Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 22, 1909, 311.)
Hj-.dro.ge.no.mo'nas. Gr. hydro water; Gr. genus race, offspring; whence, M.L. hy-
drogenum hydrogen, that which produces water; Gr. monas a unit, monad; M.L. fem. noun
Hydrogenomonas hydrogen monad.
Short rods that are polar flagellate when motile. Cells capable of deriving energy from the
oxidation of hydrogen. They may grow well on organic media without hydrogen although
this has not been shown to be true in all cases. Gram-negative. Found in soil and water.
This group of bacteria is characterized by the ability to grow in substrates containing no
organic matter and to use elemental hydrogen as the source of energj^ for growth. Under
these conditions CO2 is used as the source of carbon. Bacteria with similar phj'siological
characteristics but differing in morpholog}' are placed in the genera Bacillus and Clos-
tridium. Although other bacteria and even certain algae have enzyme systems which can
activate hydrogen and reduce CO2 in the process, there is no evidence that these organisms
are able to grow in inorganic media with hydrogen as the exclusive source of energj^ (see
Stephenson and Strickland, Biochem. Jour., 25, 1931, 205-215; Woods, Biochem. Jour., 30,
1936, 515; Lee and Umbreit, Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 101, 1940, 354; Gaffron, Amer. Jour.
Bot., 27, 1940, 273).
The tj'pe species is Hydrogenomonas pantotropha (Kaserer) Orla-Jensen.
Key to the species of genus Hydrogenomonas.
I. Not sensitive to high concentrations of O2 .
A. When growing autotrophically, no pellicle on liquid media.
1. Hydrogenomonas pantotropha.
B. When growing autotrophically, pellicle formed on liquid media.
2. Hydrogenomonas facilis.
II. Sensitive to high concentrations of O2 .
A. When growing autotrophically, no pellicle on liquid media.
3. Hydrogenomonas flava .
B. When growing autotrophically, pellicle formed on liquid media.
4. Hydrogenomonas vitrea.
1. Hydrogenomonas pantotropha (Ka- Inorganic solution: When cultivated

serer, 1906) Orla-Jensen, 1909. (Bacillvs under an atmosphere of O2 , CO2 and Ho ,
paniotrophus Kaserer, Cent. f. Bakt., II the liquid becomes turbid without pellicle
Abt., 16, 1906, 688; Orla-Jensen, Cent. f. formation.
Bakt., II Abt., .?^, 1909, 311.) Inorganic solid media: When cultivated
pan.to'troph.a . Gr. prefix panto all; Gr. ""êr an atmosphere of O2 , CO2 and H2 ,
, 7 r 1 TiTT J- I i I the colonies are yellow and slimy, and the
trophus feeder; M.L. adj. pantotrophus om- ,
agar plates ,
have ^ an odor
, resembling
, ,- ,hot,
mvorous. x
soapy water.
Rods, 0.4 to 0.5 by 1.2 to 1.5 microns, with G^\^t\,, colonies: Yellow, smooth, rarely
rounded ends. Occur singly, in pairs and in concentrically ringed or greenish,
chains. Encapsulated. Actively motile by Gelatin stab: Growth only at surface. As
means of a single, long, polar flagellum. a rule no liquefaction.
Gram stain not recorded. Bipolar staining Agar colonies: Same as on gelatin, green-
in old cultures. ish, often slimy.
Broth: Turbid, somewhat slimy; pellicle toglutarate are added (Schatz, Jour. Gen.
occasionally produced. Microbiol., 6, 1952, 329).
Milk: No coagulation. A yellow pellicle Broth: Turbid with pellicle.
forms. Medium becomes slimy and assumes Milk: Slowly digested with alkalinization.
a dirty flesh color. Potato: Abundant, spreading, non-pig-
Potato: Moist, yellow, glistening. mented growth.
Indole not produced. Indole not produced.
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced.
Carbohydrates not utilized. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Aerobic. Aerobic, obligate.
Non-hemolytic.
Optimum temperature, between 28° and
30° C. Optimum temperature, 28° C.
Facultatively autotrophic. Source: Isolated from soil.
Distinctive characters: Develops auto- Habitat: Presumably widely distributed
trophically in inorganic medium under an in soil.
atmosphere of H2 , O2 and CO2 . Oxidizes
hydrogen to water and uses CO2 as the 3. Hydrogenomonas flava Niklewski,
source of carbon for growth. 1910. (Jahrb. f. wissensch. Botanik, 48,
Source: Isolated from soil near Vienna. 1910, 113; emend. Kluyver and Manten, An-
Habitat: Probably widely distributed in tonie V. Leeuwenhoek, 8, 1942, 71.)
soil. fla'va. L. flavus yellow.
Rods 1.5 microns in length. Motile by
2. Hydrogenomonas facilis Schatz and means of polar flagella. Gram-negative.
Bovell, 1952.* (An undescribed Hydrogeno- Agar colonies on inorganic medium in
monas, Schatz, Proc. Soc. Amer. Bact., presence of H2 ,02andC02 : Small, smooth,
Baltimore Meeting, 1950, 124; Schatz and yellow, shining, adhering to medium. De-
Bovell, Jour. Bact., 63, 1952, 87.) velop well below surface of medium, but
fa'ci.lis. L. Sid\.Jacilis ready, quick. growth is paler.
Rods 0.3 bj^ 2.0 microns in autotrophic Gelatin not liquefied.
and 0.4 by 2.5 microns in heterotrophic cul- Inorganic liquid medium in presence of
tures. Occur singly, in pairs and in short H2 , O2 and CO2 : No pellicle formation.
chains. Motile by means of one or two polar Good development when there is from 2 to 8
flagella. Gram-negative. per cent oxygen in the gas. At higher O2
Gelatin stab: Rapidly liquefied. concentrations good growth occurs only in
Agar colonies: Round, raised, glistening, association with H. vitrea or other bacteria.
translucent, non-fluorescent and non-mu- Oxidizes hydrogen to water.
coid. No distinctive odor developed. Microaerophilic, growing in an atmos-
Autotrophic media: Cultures readily phere of low oxygen tension, not exceeding
maintained in media of this type.
8 per cent.
Autotrophic gas uptake : The same overall Facultatively autotrophic.
reaction is effected as that carried out by Distinctive characters: Found singly on
certain anaerobically adapted green algae slides whereas the rod-shaped cells of Hydro-
(6H2 + 2O2 + CO2 -^ CH2O + 5H2O). In an genomonas vitrea tend to cling together in
atmosphere of CO 2 and H2 , no CO2 fixation masses. Colonies on agar opaque, not trans-
accompanies the quantitative reduction of
nitrate to nitrite by molecular H2 ; nor is parent.
Source: Isolated from mud, garden soil,
there any change in concenti-ation of bicar- pasture land, vegetable mold and peat.
bonate or in total gas pressure (Warburg Habitat: Presumably widely distributed
apparatus) when acetone, pyruvate ora-ke- in soil.
* Prepared by Prof. Albert Schatz, National Agricultural College, Farm School P.O.,
Bucks Co., Pennsylvania, December, 1953.
FAMILY II. METHANOMONADACEAE 77
4. Hydrogenomonas vitrea Niklewski, of tube. Good development when there is

1910. (Jahrb. f. wissensch. Botanik, 48, 1910, from 2 to 8 per cent oxygen in the gas. At
113.) higher O2 concentrations good growth occurs
vit're.a. L. vitreus of glass. only in association with H. flava or other
Rods 2.0 microns in length, cells adhering bacteria.
to each other as by slime. Motility not ob- Oxidizes hydrogen to water.
served.
Microaerophilic, growing in an atmos-
Agar colonies on inorganic medium in phere of low oxygen tension, not exceeding
presence of H2 , O2 and CO2 : Delicate,
transparent, with slight fluorescence and 8 per cent.
Facultatively autotrophic.
yellow center. Surface folded. Do not de- Distinctive characters: Grows in sub-
velop readily beneath the surface of me- strates containing no organic matter and
dium.
Agar streak on inorganic substrate : Same produces a pellicle.
as agar colonies e.xcept that growth is Source: Isolated from mud, garden soil,
spreading. pasture land, vegetable mold and peat.
Inorganic liquid medium in presence of Habitat: Presumably widely distributed
H2 , O2 and CO2 : Pellicle, adherent to wall in soil.
Gemis III. Carboxydonionas Orla-Jensen, 1909.

(Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 22, 1909, 311.)
Car.box.y.do.mo'nas. L. noun carbo charcoal, carbon; Gr. adj. oxys sharp; Gr. noun
monas a unit, monad; M.L. fem.n. Carboxydomonas the carbon-oxidizing monad.
Autotrophic, rod-shaped cells capable of securing growth energy by the oxidation of CO,
forming CO2 .
The tj^pe species is Carboxydomonas oligocarbophila (Beijerinck and van Delden) Orla-
Jensen.
1. Carboxydonionas oligocarbophila Growth occurs in culture fluids free from

(Beijerinck and van Delden, 1903) Orla- organic matter and on washed agar con-
Jensen, 1909. (Bacillus oligocarbophilns taining the necessarj^ inorganic salts.
Beijerinck and van Delden, Cent. f. Bakt., Media containing carbonaceous materials :
II Abt., 10, 1903, 33; Orla-Jensen, Cent. f. No growth.
Bakt., II Abt., 22, 1909, 311.)* Liquid media: A thick, slimy film is pro-
duced.
o.li.go.car.bo'phi.la. Gr. adj. nligus
little, scanty; L. noun carbo charcoal, car- CO is utilized as food and as such is oxi-
bon; Gr. adj. ■philus loving; M.L. adj. oligo- dized to CO 2 • In symbiosis with other bac-
carbophilus loving little carbon. teria, hj'drogen in water is o.xidized by the
Rods very small, 0.5 by 1.0 micron, color- catalytic reduction of CO2 to CO. The CO is
less, united into irregular masses by a then metabolized, again forming CO2 (Ka-
slimy substance. Non-motile. There is little serer. Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 16, 1906, 681).
cytoplasm within the slimy, cellulose-like Growth best in the dark.
wall of the cells.
Optimum temperature, 25° C.
* Kistner (Proc. Kon. Nederl. Akad. van Wetenschappen, Amsterdam, Series C, 56,
1953, 443) , in a paper received after the section covering Carboxydomonas was prepared , ques-
tions the data gathered by Beijerinck, Kaserer, Lantzsch and others. He concluded that
their reports were based on doubtful and imperfect ol)servations. Using a carefully con-
trolled technique, he was able to isolate an organism which oxidized CO to CO2 and which
had the characters of a pseudomonad (polar flagellate, straight rod). On further testing,
however, because it also oxidized H2 , he concluded that it belonged in the genus Hydro-
genomonas. Further studies on the species are promised.
Discussion : In spite of the fact that reaction would be helpful in clarifying this
several able bacteriologists have studied situation. If the species is to be accepted as
this species and the actinomycete that has a non-motile but related to polar-flagellate
similar physiology, several important points bacteria, it must be Gram-negative. If an
are left in doubt; the most important of
actinomycete, it would be Gram -positive.
these is whether Beijerinck was right ii
Lantzsch reports the organism he studied
thinking the actinomycete something dis , , . , ,. , ^ , , ^
^. . r \- T> 11 T h i,-i „>. (which was an actinomj^cete) to be Gram-
tinct from his Bacillus ohgocarbophilus, or ^ j /
whether Lantzsch (Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., Positive.
57, 1922, 309) was right in thinking of them as Source: Isolated from garden soil.
but stages in the growth cycle of a single Habitat: Presumably widely distributed
species. Definite data in regard to the Gram in soil.
FAMILY III. THIOBACTERIACEAE JANKE, 1924.*

(Allgem. Tech. Mikrobiol., Dresden and Leipzig, I Teil, 1924, 68.)
Thi.o.bac.te.ri.a'ce.ae. M.L. neut.n. Thiobacterium type genus of the family; -aceae
ending to denote a family; M.L. fem.pl.n. Thiobacteriaceae the Thiobacterium family.
Coccoid, straight or curved rod-shaped bacteria. Oxidize sulfur compounds, usually de-
positing free sulfur granules within or without the cells. Never filamentous. Colorless sulfur
bacteria that are sometimes embedded in gelatinous pellicles or in gelatinous bladder-like
colonies. Polar flagellate when motile. Presumably Gram-negative. Found in places where
hydrogen sulfide occurs or may oxidize free sulfur, thiosulfates or related compounds.
While all of the species placed in this family have been described as colorless sulfur bac-
teria, they are still inadequately known and may not all deserve to be designated as sulfur
bacteria. It is hoped that placing them together in one family will cause comparative studies
to be made.
The type genus is Thiobacterium Janke.
Key to the genera of family Thiobacteriaceae.
I. Free sulfur granules deposited within or without the cells. Usually found in sulfurous
waters or soil.
A. Cells coccoid or straight rods.
1. Non-motile so far as known. ^
Genus I. Thiobacterium, p. 79.
2. Motile by means of polar flagella so far as known.
a. Cells rod-shaped, very large.
Genus II. Macromonas, p. 80.
aa. Cells round to ovoid, large.
Genus III. Thiovuhim., p. 81.
B. Cells large, curved rods, somewhat pointed.
Genus IV. Thiospira, p. 82.
II. Oxidize free sulfur, thiosulfates and related sulfur compounds to sulfates. Autotrophic
or facultatively autotrophic.
Genus V. Thiohacillus, p. 83.
* Revision of Thiobacteriaceae Janke prepared by Prof. Dr. Alexander Janke, Technische

Hochschule, Vienna, Austria, December, 1954, with the assistance of Prof. Robert S. Breed,
Cornell University, Geneva, New York.
FAMILY III. THIOBACTERIACEAE 79
Genus I. Thiobacterium Janke, 1924*

(Janke, Allgem. Tech. Mikrobiol., I Teil, 1924, 68; not Thiobacterium Issatchenko and
Salimowskaja, Zur Morphologie u. Physiol, der Thionsaurebakterien (Russian),
Izyiestia Gosud. Gidrobiol. Inst. (Memoirs State Hydrobiol. Inst.
Leningrad), No. 21, 1928, 61.)
Thi.o.bac.te'ri.um. Gr. noun thi iwi suUur; Gr. dim. noun bacterium a small rod; M.L.
neut.n. Thiobacterium small sulfur rod.
Rod-shaped, sulfur bacteria found in fresh or salt water or soil. Cells 1.0 micron or less
in diameter. Motility not observed. Sulfur granules sometimes found inside, sometimes
outside the cells. These cells may or may not be embedded in pellicles or in spherical,
bladder-like colonies.
The type species is Thiobacterium bovista Janke.
Key to the species in genus Thiobacterium.

I. Sulfur grains are found within the cells. Forms colonies in bladder-like masses which
resemble puff balls.
1. Thiobacterium bovista.
II. Sulfur grains are found outside of the cells.
A. Produces colonies on the surface of water containing proper nutrients. Sulfur crys-
tals are found among the cells.
2. Thiobacterium cristalliferum.
B. Produces a surface film in the form of a network on water. Sulfur globules are found
among the cells.
3. Thiobacterium retiformans.
1. Thiobacterium bovista (Molisch, of variable sizes. They occur near the surface
1912) Janke, 1924. {Bacterium bovista Mo- of the water.
lisch, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 33, 1912, 59; These organisms have not been cultivated
Janke, Allgem. Tech. Mikrobiol., I Teil, in pure culture.
1924, 68.) Source: Found commonly in sulfurous
bo.vis'ta. M.L. noun Bovista a genus of sea-water in the harbor at Trieste.
puff balls; from German bovist puff ball; Habitat: Presumably widely distributed
M.L. fem.n. bovista puff ball. in coastal waters containing hydrogen sul-
Rod-shaped bacteria embedded in the fide.
wall of bladder-like gelatinous colonies, the
interiors of which are filled with a clear 2. Thiobacterium cristalliferum (Gickl-
liquid. The cells are 0.6 to 1.5 by 2.0 to 5.0 horn, 1920) Janke, 1924. (Bacterium cris'
microns, occurring by the thousands in talliferum Gicklhorn, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt.,
each colony. Each cell contains from one to 50, 1920, 420; Janke, Allgem. Tech. Mikro-
four sulfur granules. No motility observed. biol., ITeil, 1924, 68.)
The cells stain well with gentian violet while cris. tal.li'fe. rum. Gr. noun crystallus a
the gelatinous matrix stains poorly, if at all. crystal; L. v.fero to bear; M.L. adj. cristal-
The spherical colonies increase in number liferus crystal-bearing.
by a kind of budding process that produces Straight to curved, rod-shaped bacteria.
smaller colonies. The colonies are white by 0.3 to 0.5 by 1.0 to 2.4 microns. Deposit sul-
reflected light, black or bluish black by fur crystals outside of the cells. Non-motile.
transmitted light. Groups of these colonies Stain readily in gentian violet.
have the appearance of groups of puff balls Colonies developed on the surface of water
* Prepared by Prof. Dr. Alexander Janke, Technische Hochschule, Vienna, Austria,

December, 1954.
containing potassium sulfide (K2S) which re. ti. for 'mans. L. noun rete a net; L. v
was inoculated with a handful of garden soil formo to form; M.L. part. adj. retifonnans
from Graz, Austria. At the end of three net-forming.
weeks, numerous, snow-white colonies de- Rod-shaped bacteria, 0.5 to 1.0 by 2.0 to
veloped on the surface of the water. 4.5 microns. Globular sulfur granules found
Colonies which at first are of microscopic among the cells. Non-motile. Forms pelli-
size maj^ become 0.8 to 1.5 mm in diameter. cles and zoogloeal masses.
Sulfur crystals appear by transmitted light Developed in water containing potassium
as a black mass in the center of the smaller sulfide (K2S) which was inoculated with the
colonies, but these crystals extend to the decaying roots of nettle plants. This species
margin in older colonies. developed a delicate pellicle in the form of a
Habitat: Garden soil. network on the surface of the water. It
3. Thiobacteriuni retifornians (Gickl- also formed zoogloeal masses attached to
the wall of the culture flask.
horn, 1920) Janke, 1924. (Bacterium retifor-
nians Gicklhorn, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 50, Source: Soil containing decaying roots,
1920, 421; Janke, Allgem. Tech. Mikrobiol., Graz, Austria.
I Teil., 1924, 68.) Habitat: Presumably widely distributed.
Gemis II. Macromonas Utermohl and Koppe, 1923.*

(Utermohl and Koppe, Verhandl. Intern. Ver. f. Theoret. u. angew. Limnologie, 1923, 86;
Thiovibrio Janke, Allgem. Tech. Mikrobiol., I Teil, 1924, 68.)
Mac.ro.mo'nas. Gr. adj. macrus large; Gr. noun monas a unit, monad; M.L. fem.n. Macro-
monas alarge monad.
Colorless, cylindrical to bean -shaped bacteria, actively motile by means of a single polar
flagellum. Cells large, 3.0 to 14.0 microns in diameter. Multiplication by constriction (fis-
sion). Chiefly characterized by the occurrence of calcium carbonate inclusions in the form
of large spherules. In their natural habitat they may also contain small sulfur globules.
Two species have been distinguished, primarily on the basis of cell size. Whether this is
sufficiently constant to serve as a specific character has not been definitely established.
From studies on the organisms in their natural habitat, which are still limited in scope and
extent, it appears at present that the two species should be maintained, at least provi-
sional y. Itis possible, however, that further observations, especially with cultures under
different environmental conditions, will show the occurrence of intermediate types and of a
greater range of variation in size of pure cultures than has previously been reported.
The type species is Macromonas mobilis (Lauterborn) Utermohl and Koppe.
Key to the species of genus Macromonas.

I. Cells measure 12 microns or more in length and 8 microns or more in width.
1. Macromonas mobilis.
II. Cells measure less than 12 microns in length and 5 microns or less in width.
2. Macromonas bipunctata.
1. Macromonas mobilis (Lauterborn, Verhandl. Intern. Ver. f. theoret. u. angew.

1915) Utermohl and Koppe, 1923. {Achro- Limnologie, 1923, 86 and Utermohl and
matiitm mobile Lauterborn, Verhandl. Koppe, Arch. f. Hydrobiol., Suppl. Bd. 5,
Naturhist.-medizin. Vereins, Heidelberg, 1925, 234.)
N. F., IS, 1915, 413; Utermohl and Koppe, mo'bi.lis. L. adj. mobilis movable, motile.
* Prepared by Prof. Dr. Alexander Janke, Technische Hochschule, Vienna, Austi
December, 1954.
Colorless sulfur bacteria always occurring Cells colorless, occurring singly; cylindri-
singly; slightly curved, elongated ellipsoids cal with hemispherical ends, after cell divi-
or cylinders with broad, hemispherical ends. sion often temporarily pear-shaped. 3 to 5
Width varies from 8 to 14 microns, length by 8 to 12 microns. Multiplication by con-
from 12 to 30 microns; most common size, 9 striction inthe middle.
by 20 microns. Multiplication by constric- Actively motile by means of a single polar
tion in the middle. flagellum, about 10 to 15 microns long, al-
Cells actively motile by means of a single ways posteriorlj^ placed with respect to the
polar flagellum distinctly visible without direction of movement. Flagellum delicate,
special staining. It is 20 to 40 microns long, not visible without staining. Rate of move-
and, with respect to the direction of mo- ment sluggish, about 600 microns per min-
tion, always posteriorly placed. Rate of ute. Probably this slow motion is due to the
movement somewhat sluggish, about 800 high specific gravity of the cells.
microns per minute, probably on account Normally contain calcium carbonate
of the high specific gravity of the cells. crystals as inclusions. These are in the form
Normally contain small sulfur droplets of large spherules, one or two of which
and, in addition, large, roughly spherical nearly fill the individual cells. Sulfur glo-
inclusions of calcium carbonate. Two to bules have not been demonstrated with
four such crystal masses almost fill a single certainty as yet.
cell. Under unfavorable conditions the Microaerophilic, but it is uncertain
calcium carbonate crystals may disappear whether hj^drogen sulfide is required.
before the sulfur globules. A second species that is like Macromonas
Microaerophilic; apparently require hy- bipunctata, except that the cells are smaller
drogen sulfide. in size, has been named by Gicklhorn (op.
Habitat: Found in fresh-water environ- cit., 50, 1920, 425). Pure-culture studies may
ments containing sulfide and calcium ions, show the two species to be identical as dif-
as in shallow basins and streams in the upper ference insize of cells has not been found to
layers of the mud. be significant elsewhere among sulfur bac-
tei'ia.
2. Macromonas bipunctata (Gicklhorn, Source: From stems, leaves, etc. of fresh-
1920) Utermohl and Koppe, 1925. (Pseudo- water plants in ponds near Graz, Austria.
nonas bipunctata Gicklhorn, Cent. f. Bakt., Habitat: Found in fresh-water environ-
[I Abt., 50, 1920, 425; Utermohl and Koppe, ments containing calcium ions; but it has
A.rch. f. Hydrobiol., Suppl. Bd. 5, 1925, 235.) been found in sulfide-containing as well as
bi.punc.ta'ta. L. bis twice; L. part. adj. in sulfide-free water. Also found in shallow
punctatus punctate, dotted; M.L. adj. bi- basins and streams in upper layers of the
punctatiis twice punctate. mud.
Genus III. Thiovulum Hinze, 1913.*

(Ber. d. deutsch. bot. Ges., 31, 1913, 195.)
Thi.o'vu.lum. Gr. noun thium sulfur; L. noun ovum egg; M.L. neut.dim.n. Thiovulum
small sulfur egg.
Unicellular organisms, round to ovoid, 5.0 to 20.0 microns in diameter. Cytoplasm often
concentrated at one end of the cell, the remaining space being occupied by a large vacuole.
Multiplication by constriction which, in late stages, merges into fission. Actively motile;
movements accompanied by rapid rotation. Flagellation not definitely demonstrated, but
type of locomotion suggests polar flagellation. Normally contain sulfur globules in the cj^to-
plasm; hence, these are frequently concentrated at one end of the cell.
It is difficult to establish distinct species. Those that have been described differ only in
* Prepared by Prof. Dr. Alexander Janke, Technische Hochschule, Vienna, Austria, De-
cember, 1954.
size, and the differences appear to be far from constant. The ovoid cells of Thiovulum majiis
are noted as being 11 to 18 microns long and 9 to 17 microns wide, while Thiovulum minus
comprises the smaller forms from 9.6 to 11.0 microns long by 7.2 to 9.0 microns wide. In
view of the regular occurrence of all intermediate sizes, it seems best to recognize only a
single species at present.
The type species is Thiovulum majus Hinze.
1. Thiovulum majus Hinze, 1913. ovoid, colorless sulfur bacteria capable of

(Hinze, Ber. d. deutsch. bot. Ges., 31, 1913, rapid movement. Flagellation has not been
195; including Thiovulum minus Hinze, definitely demonstrated, but the type of
loc. cit.; Thiovulum muUeri Lauterborn, locomotion suggests the presence of polar
Verhandl. Naturhist.-medizin. Vereins, flagella.
Heidelberg, N. F., 13, 1915, 414.) Normally contains sulfur droplets in cyto-
ma 'jus. L. comp.adj. major larger. plasm, frequently concentrated at one end
Unicellular organisms, spherical to ovoid. of cell.
Cytoplasm often concentrated at one end Microaerophilic ; apparently' requires hj^-
of the cell, the remainder being occupied by drogen sulfide.
a vacuole. Multiplication by constriction Habitat: Found in sulfide-containing
which, in late stages, merges into fission. water, usually accumulating near the sur-
Size of cells, 5 to 20 microns in diameter. face. Often found in cultures of decaying
The most characteristic feature is its mo- algae and in both fresh-water and marine
tility; itis the only one of the spherical to environments.
Genus IV. Thiospira Vislouch, 1914*

(Vislouch, Jour, de Microbiologic, 1, 1914, 50; Sulfospirillum Kluyver and van Niel, Zent.
f. Bakt., II Abt., 94, 1936, 396; Thiospirillum Janke, Allgem. Tech. Mikrobiol., I Teil,
1924, 68; not Thiospirillum Winogradsky, Schwefelbakterien, Leipzig, 1888, 104.)
Thi.o.spi'ra. Gr. noun thium sulfur; Gr. noun spira a coil; M.L. fem.n. Thiospira sulfur
coil or spiral.
Colorless, motile, slightly bent, large rods, somewhat pointed at the ends, with granules
of sulfur within the cells and a small number of flagella at the ends.
The type species is Thiospira winogradskyi (Omelianski) Vislouch.
Key to the species of genus Thiospira.
I. Large spirilla containing numerous sulfur granules.
1. Thiospira winogradskyi.
II. Clear center of spirilla cells contains two, occasionally one or three, sulfur granules.
2. Thiospira bipunctata.
1. Thiospira winogradskyi (Omelian- granules of sulfur. Very motile, with one to

ski, 1905) Vislouch, 1914. (Thiospirillum two polar flagella.
winogradskyi Omelianski, Cent. f. Bakt., II The large, very active sulfur spirillum
Abt., 14, 1905, 769; Vislouch, Jour, de Mi- found by Gicklhorn (Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt.,
crobiologic (Russian), 1, 1914, 50.) 50, 1920, 418) may have belonged to this
wi.no.grad'sky.i. M.L. gen. noun wino- species.
gradskyi of Winogradsky; named for S. N. Habitat: Curative mud.
Winogradsky, a Russian bacteriologist.
Large sulfur spirilla, somewhat pointed at 2.. Thiospira bipunctata (Molisch, 1912)
the ends, 2.0 to 2.5 by 50 microns. Numerous Vislouch.
louch, 1914. (Svirillum
{Spirillum bivunctatum
bipunctatum
* Prepared by Prof . Dr. Alexander Janke, Technische Hochschule, Vienna, Austria, De-
cember, 1954.
Molisch, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 33, 1912, of the cell). Both ends are more or less filled
55; Vislouch, Jour, de Microbiologie (Riis- ^vith large volutin (metachromatic) gran-
sian),/, 1914,50.) ules. Several minute granules of sulfur are
bi.punc.ta'ta. L. bis twice; L. noun present in the clear center and sometimes at
punctum a point, spot; M.L. adj. bipunc-
the ends. Old cells possess one flagellum at
tatus two-spotted
Small, slightly bent sulfur spirilla, mark- each end; young cells have a flagellum at one
edly pointed at the ends; 6.6 to 14 microns end.
long, 1.7 to 2.4 microns wide (in the center Habitat: Sea and salt waters.
Genus V. Thiobacillus Beijerinck, 1904*

(Beijerinck, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 11, 1904, 593; not Thiobacillus Ellis, Sulphur Bacteria,
London, 1932, 130; Sulfomonas Orla-Jensen, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 22, 1909, 314.)
Thi.o.ba.cil'lus. Gr. nounîum sulfur; L. noun bacillus a small rod; M.L. mas.n. Thio-
bacillus a sulfur rodlet.
Small, Gram-negative, rod-shaped cells. Non-motile or motile, usually by means of a
single polar flagellum. Energy derived from the oxidation of incompletely oxidized sulfur
compounds, principally from elemental sulfur and thiosulfate but in some cases also from
sulfide, sulfite and polythionates. The principal product of oxidation is sulfate, but sulfur
is sometimes formed. Grow under acid or alkaline conditions and derive carbon from carbon
dioxide or from bicarbonates in solution; some are obligate and some facultatively auto-
trophic. Some species are anaerobic in the presence of nitrate. Found in soil, mine waste-
waters, sewage, effluents and related sources.
The type species of this genus is strictly autotrophic as are the majority of the species in
the genus. It has been suggested that Thiobacillus should be restricted to these autotrophic
species and that the facultatively autotrophic species be placed in the genus Psexidomonas.
Some heterotrophic species now placed in Pseudomonas are known to have the ability to oxi-
dize thiosulfates (Starkey, Soil Sci., 89, 1935, 325).
The type species is Thiobacillus thioparus Beijerinck.
Key to the species of genus Thiobacillus.

I. Thiosulfate oxidized with increa.sed acidity.
A. Tetrathionate not formed as an intermediate product.
1. Strictly autotrophic.
a. Does not oxidize ferrous salts.
1. Thiobacilhis thioparus.
aa. Oxidizes ferrous salts.
2. Thiobacillus ferrooxidans .
2. Facultatively autotrophic.
a. Aerobic.
b. Does not oxidize free sulfur.
3. Thiobacillus novellus.
bb. Oxidizes free sulfur to sulfate.
4. Thiobacillus coproliticus .
aa. Facultatively anaerobic in presence of nitrate.
5. Thiobacillus denitrificans .
B. Tetrathionate formed as intermediate product.
1. Final pH, 3.0.
6. Thiobacillus neopoUtanus.
* Revised by Dr. C. D. Parker, South Melbourne, Australia, with the assistance of Dr.
Kenneth L. Temple, Morgantown, West Virginia, June, 1954.
2. Final pH, 1.0 or less,

a. Nitrate utilized.
7. Thiohacilhis concretivonis.
aa. Nitrate not utilized.
8. Thiobacillus thiooxidans .
II. Thiosulfate oxidized with increased alkalinity.
9. Thiobacillus trautweinii.
1. Thiobacillus thioparus Beijerinck, oxidize or make acid; M.L. part. adj. Jer-
1904. (Arch. d. Sci. Exact, et Nat. Haar- rooxidans iron-oxidizing.
lem, Ser. 2, 9, 1904, 153; also see Cent. f. Description prepared by Dr. Kenneth L.
Bakt., II Abt., 11, 1904, 593.) Temple, Morgantown, West Virginia.
thi.o'par.us. Gr. noun thium sulfur; L.v. Short rods, 0.5 by 1.0 micron, with rounded
paro to produce; M.L. adj. thioparus sulfur- ends. Occur singly or in pairs, rarely in
producing. chains. Motile, presumably polar flagel-
Thin, short rods, 0.5 by 1.0 to 3.0 microns, late. Gram -negative.
averaging 0.5 by 1.7 microns. Motile. Thiosulfate agar colonies: Very thin and
Starkey (Soil Sci., 39, 1935, 209) reports the small with irregular margins, becoming
isolation of cultures (C) that he regards as whitish in center upon aging.
practically identical with this species Thiosulfate liquid medium: Uniform tur-
though they were non-motile and of coccoid bidity; delicate pellicle in two or three
form. Gram-negative. weeks.
Thiosulfate liquid medium: Pellicle con- Ferrous agar: Colonial appearance varies
sists of cells and free sulfur. Medium be- with ferrous-iron content of agar: on low to
comes turbid. pH drops to 4.5. moderate iron concentration, an amber zone
Thiosulfate agar colonies: Small (1 to 2 reveals the presence of microscopic colonies
mm in diameter) circular, whitish yellow due which become lobed and coated with hy-
to precipitated sulfur. Turn brown in old drated ferric oxide; on high ferrous iron
cultures. concentration, growth is abundant becom-
No growth on organic media. ing heavily encrusted with hydrated ferric
Optimum reaction, close to neutrality. oxide.
Growth occurs between pH 7.8 and 4.5. Ferrous liquid medium: Clear, rapidly
Strictly autotrophic. Derives its energy turning amber to reddish brown due to pro-
by the oxidation of thiosulfate to sulfate duction of ferric iron; ferric hydrate pre-
and sulfur without the intermediate forma- cipitated. Pellicle composed of cells and
tion of tetrathionate. Also oxidizes ele- ferric hydrate.
mental sulfur. Does not oxidize hydrogen Nitrogen sources: Utilizes ammonia; ni-
sulfide or sulfides. trate to a lesser extent.
Utilizes nitrate and ammonium salts as Aerobic.
sources of nitrogen. Optimum pH, between 2.5 and 5.8. No
Aerobic. growth above pH 6.0. There is some step-
Source: Canal water, mud and soil. wise adaptation to a lower pH than 2.5.
Habitat: Presumably widely distributed. Strictly autotrophic, deriving its energy
from the oxidation of thiosulfates or inor-
2. Thiobacillus ferrooxidans Temple ganic ferrous iron. Sulfur not appreciably
and Colmer, 1951. (Iron oxidizing bacter- utilized.
ium, Colmer, Temple and Hinkle, Jour. Distinctive characters: The pH range ap-
Bact., 59, 1950, 317; Temple and Colmer, proaches that of Thiobacillus thiooxidans but
Jour. Bact.,6^, 1951,605.) does not extend below pH 2.0, and elemental
fer.ro.o'xi.dans. L. noun Jerrum iron; sulfur is not appreciably used. Thiosulfate
Gr. adj. oxys sharp, acid; M.L. v. oxido to is oxidized rapidly but both liquid and agar
cultures differ in appearance from Thio- Thiosulfate agar stab: No appreciable

bacillus thioparus. Ferrous iron serves as a surface growth.
sufficient energy source with the concomi- Broth: Slightly turbid. Gelatinous pel-
tant formation of enormous quantities of licle. Forms long, streamer-like network
ferric ions in acid media where ferric iron is extending from surface to the bottom. Some
not otherwise produced in quantity. The sediment.
lobed, iron-encrusted colony formed on Thiosulfate broth: Uniform turbidity. No
ferrous agar is unique. Cultures maintained pellicle. Whitish sediment with thin, incom-
on ferrous media lose the ability to oxidize plete membrane on the bottom of the flask.
thiosulfate, but colonies maintained on Reaction acid in a few days, changes pH 7.8
thiosulfate media retain their iron-oxidiz- to 5.8 with decomposition of a small quantity
ing capacity. of thiosulfate.
Source: Isolated from bituminous coal Sulfur solution medium of slightly alka-
mine drainage waters which were strongly line reaction: No growth.
acid and high in ferrous iron. Found in Potato slant: Growth limited, cream-
West Virginia and Pennsylvania. colored, moist, shining, slightly brown.
Habitat : Acid waters of high iron content Litmus milk: Slow development of slight
including drainage from several types of alkalinity.
mines and soils containing pyrite or marca- Facultatively autotrophic.
site. Optimum reaction: Close to neutrality
(limiting reactions, pH 5.0 to 9.0).
Aerobic.
3. Thiobacillus novellus Starkey,
1934. (Jour. Bact., 28, 1934, 365; Jour. Gen. Distinctive characters: Oxidizes thiosul-
Physiol., 18, 1935, 325; Soil Sci., 39, 1935, fate to sulfate and sulfuric acid. Does not
207, 210.) oxidize free sulfur.
Source: Isolated from soils.
no.vel'lus. L. dim. adj. novellus new. Habitat: Soils.
Short rods or ellipsoidal cells 0.4 to 0.8
by 0.6 to 1.8 microns. Non-motile. Gram-
negative. 4. Thiobacillus coproliticus Lipman
Gelatin stab: Mucoid growth at point of and McLees, 1940. (Soil Sci., 50, 1940, 432.)
inoculation. Sub-surface growth meager, co.pro.Iit'i.cus. Gr. noun coprus dung;
slow liquefaction. Gr. noun lithus a stone; whence coprolite, a
Agar plate : Growth slow, colorless, moist, fossil dung; M.L. adj . coproliticus of a copro-
lite.
raised, circular, 1 mm in diameter. Deep
Long, thin rods 0.1 to 0.2 by 6 to 8 (may
colonies tiny, lens-shaped.
Thiosulfate agar plate: Growth slow, be- measure 3 to 40) microns. Straight, S-shaped
coming white from precipitated sulfur. and curved cells. Motile by means of a sin-
Surface colonies small, circular, moist. gle polar flagellum.
Crystals of CaS04 appear throughout the Peptone soil extract agar: Slight growth.
Nutrient broth: Little or no growth.
agar.
Agar slant: Growth fairly abundant, soft, Thiosulfate agar: Slow development. Pro-
duces small, watery colonies raised above
somewhat ropy, raised, shining, moderately
the agar surface. Colonies have been noted
spreading; whitish in reflected light, brown- which were white from precipitated sulfur.
ish opalescence in transmitted light.
Thiosulfate broth: Thiosulfate is oxi-
Thiosulfate agar slant: Growth very thin, dized. Little or no turbidity. No pellicle.
practically colorless. No sub-surface No sediment. Change in reaction from pH
growth. Sulfur usually precipitated as 7.6 to 6.1.
white, frosty film on the surface. Sulfur broth: Sulfur is oxidized. No tur-
bidity.
Agar stab : White to cream-colored growth
confined close to point of inoculation; pene- Facultatively autotrophic.
trates to bottom of tube. Aerobic.
Distinctive characters: Develops in inor- ne.a.po.li.ta'nus. L. adj. neapolitanus

ganic media and oxidizes thiosulfate and pertaining to Naples.
sulfur to sulfate. Media with slightly alka- Short rods, 0.5 by 1.0 to 1.5 microns. Non-
line reactions most favorable for growth. motile. Gram-negative.
Source: Isolated from coprolite rock ma- Thiosulfate agar colonies: Small (1 to 2
terial from Triassic period (Arizona). mm in diam.) circular, convex; whitish yel-
Habitat: Unknown. low due to precipitated sulfur.
Thiosulfate liquid medium; Uniform tur-
5. Thiobacillus denitrificans Beijer- bidity with pellicle which contains free
inck, 1904. (Beijerinck, Cent. f. Bakt., II sulfur. pH drops to 3.0.
Abt., 11, 1904, 597; Sulfomonas denitrificans Sulfur liquid medium: Very slight, uni-
Orla-Jensen, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 22, form turbidity.
1909, 314.) Optimum pH, about 6.0; growth occurs
de.ni.tri'fi.cans. L. pref. de off, removed; between pH 8.5 to 3.0.
M.L. noun niter saltpeter, nitrate; M.L. v. Temperature relations: Optimum, 28° C;
nitrifico to make nitrate, to nitrify; M.L. slow growth at 10° and 37° C; death occurs
denitrifico to denitrify; M.L. part. adj. de- at 55° C.
nitrificans denitrifying. Strictly autotrophic. Derives energy by
Short rods, 0.5 by 1 to 3 microns. Motile the oxidation of thiosulfate, tetrathionate,
by means of a single polar flagellum (Tjulpa- elemental sulfur and hydrogen sulfide.
nova-Mossevitch, Arch. d. Sci. Biol., Thiosulfate is oxidized to tetrathionate,
U.S.S.R.,SO, 1930, 203). sulfate and sulfuric acid; tetrathionate is
Inorganic broth: Growth with production oxidized to sulfate and sulfuric acid while
of gas, predominantly nitrogen. free sulfuric acid only is formed from ele-
Thiosulfate agar colonies: Thin; clear or mental sulfur and hydrogen sulfide. Utilizes
weakly opalescent. atmospheric CO 2 as a source of carbon.
Optimum reaction: Neutral or slightly • Nitrogen sources: Ammonium; nitrate-
alkaline. and nitrite-nitrogen.
Autotrophic, utilizing carbon from COo , Aerobic.
carbonates and bicarbonates. Considered to Comments: It has not been clear until re-
be strictly autotrophic by Lieske (Ber. d. cently (Parker, Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 8,
deutsch. botan. Gesell., 30, 1912, 12) and 1953, 344) that this organism is a species
facultatively by Tjulpanova-Mossevitch (op. separate from Thiobacillus thioparus Beijer-
cit., 30, 1930, 203). Beijerinck stated (Kon. inck. The isolation and detailed study of an
Akad. V. Wetenschappen Amsterdam, 42, organism from concrete identical in most
1920, 899) that whereas the organism de- respects with Nathansohn 's description of
veloped initially in an inorganic medium, it his isolate but different from Beijerinck's
lost the autotrophic habit bj^ cultivation in and Starkey's description of Thiobacillus
an organic medium. thioparus makes it clear that two separate
Facultatively anaerobic. Can live in the species are involved. Thiobacillus neapoli-
absence of free O2 in the presence of nitrate. tanus produces tetrathionate and sulfate
Distinctive characters: Oxidizes thiosul- from thiosulfate and oxidizes HoS and tetra-
fate to sulfate under anaerobic conditions thionate whereas Thiobacillus thioparus
using nitrate as the hydrogen acceptor which produces sulfur and sulfate from thiosulfate
is reduced to N2 . Also oxidizes sulfide, ele- and does not oxidize H2S or tetrathionate.
mental sulfur and dithionate. Source: Originally isolated by Nathan-
Habitat: Canal and river water, salt sohn from sea water at Naples, Italy. Iso-
water, soil, peat, composts and mud. lated by Parker from early stages of the cor-
rosion of concrete sewers and other concrete
6. Thiobacillus neapolitanus Parker, structures.
nom. nov. (Neue Gruppe von Schwefelbak- Habitat: Presumably widely distributed
terium, Nathansohn, Mitt. Zool. Sta., in soil and water, including sea water.
Neapel, 15, 1902, 655; Thiobacillus X,
Parker, Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 8, 1953, 344.) 7. Thiobacillus concretivorus Parker,
1945. (Austral. Jour. Exper. Biol, and Med. make acid, to o.xidize; M.L. part. adj. thio-
Sci., S3, 1945, 81; also see Jour. Gen. Micro- oxidans oxidizing sulfur.
biol., 8,1953, 344.) Short rods: 0.5 by 1.0 micron with rounded
con.cre.ti'vo.rus. L. noun concretum firm ends. Occur singly, in pairs or in chains.
or solid matter; L. v. voro to devour or de- Motile by means of a single polar flagellum.
stroy; M.L. part. adj. co/ic?'e<iwrM.s concrete- Gram-negative (Starkey, Soil Sci., 39, 1935,
210).
destroying.
Short, straight rods 0.5 by 1.5 to 2.0 Thiosulfate agar: Scant growth. Nearly
microns with square ends. Stain irregularly, transparent colonies.
showing deeply stained granules in poorly Sulfur broth: Uniform turbidity. No sedi-
stained slender rods. Motile, presumably ment or surface growth. Medium becomes
polar flagellate. Motility lost in older cul- very acid (below pH 1.0).
tures. Single polar flagellum, two to three Thiosulfate broth: Uniform turbidity.
times the length of the organism (unpub- Medium becomes acid, and sulfur is precipi-
lished data). Gram-negative. tated.
Thiosulfate agar colonies: Minute, water- Nitrogen sources: Utilizes ammonia-
clear, whitish yellow on prolonged incuba- nitrogen but not nitrate-nitrogen, which is
tion. No confluent growth. toxic. Asparagin, urea and peptone not
Thiosulfate liquid medium: Uniform tur- utilized.
bidit\-, slight deposit of sulfur. No pellicle. Temperature relations: Optimum, be-
Sulfur liquid medium: Uniform turbidity; tween 28° and 30° C. Slow growth at 18°
floating sulfur granules fall to the bottom. and 37° C. Death occurs between 55° and
Strictly aerobic. 60° C.
Temperature relations: Optimum, 28° C.; Optimum reaction, between pH 2.0 and
slow growth at 10° and 37° C.; death occurs 3.5. (Limiting reactions, pH 6.0 to less than
at 55° C. pH 0.5.)
Strictly autotrophic, utilizing atmos- Strictly autotrophic, deriving its energy
pheric CO2 as the source of carbon; growth from the oxidation of elemental sulfur and
inhibited by higher concentrations of glu- thiosulfate, o.xidizing these to sulfuric acid.
cose, glycerol and lactate. Derives energy It utilizes the CO 2 of the atmosphere as a
from its oxidation of elemental .sulfur, thio- source of carbon.
sulfate and hydrogen sulfide, o.xidizing Strictly aerobic.
them ultimately to sulfate and sulfuric acid. Distinctive characters: This species pro-
Thiosulfate is oxidized with the intermedi- duces more acid, from oxidation of sulfur,
ate production of tetrathionate. and continues to live in a more acid medium,
Nitrogen sources: Utilizes ammonium- than any other living organism yet reported,
and nitrate-nitrogen equally well. Nitrate the hydrogen-ion concentration of the me-
is not toxic whereas nitrite is. dium increasing to a pH 0.6 and less.
Optimum reaction: Growth occurs be- Source: Isolated from composts of soil,
tween pH 6.0 and acid concentrations up to sulfur and rock phosphate, and soils con-
10 per cent. Sulfuric acid optimum is be- taining incompletel}' oxidized sulfur com-
tween pH 2.0 and 4.0.
Distinctive characters: Responsible for pounds.
Habitat: Soil.
the rapid corrosion of concrete sewers and
other concrete structures where the sewer 9. Thiobacillus trautweinii Bergey et
air contains hydrogen sulfide. al., 1925. (Thionsaurebakterium, Trautwein,
Habitat: Corroding concrete in sewers; Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 53, 1921, 513; also
also found in sewage and presumably in soil see ibid., 61, 1924, 1; Bergey et al.. Manual,
and fresh water. 2nd ed., 1925, 39; Bacterium thiogenes
Lehmann, in Lehmann and Neumann,
8. Thiobacillus thiooxidans Waksman Bakt. Diag., 7 Aufl., 2, 1927, 516.)
and Joffe, 1922. (Jour. Bact., 7, 1922, 239.) traut.wein'i.i. M.L. gen. noun trautweinii
thi.o.ox'i.dans. Gr. noun thiuvi sulfur; of Trautwein; named for K. Trautwein, who
Gr. adj. oxys sharp, acid; M.L. v. oxido to first isolated and studied this species.
Short rods, 0.5 by 1.0 to 2.0 microns. Mo- Optimum pH, between 7.9 and 8.5. pH
tile by means of six to eight long flagella. limits, 6.0 and 10.0.
Gram-negative. Comments: Trautwein (Cent. f. Bakt., II
Gelatin stab: Slow liquefaction. No Abt., 61, 1924, 5) regards his bacterium as
chromogenesis. being closely related to the fluorescent
Thiosulfate agar: Colonies small, white, group and to the denitrifying bacteria of
1 mm in diameter.
Burri and Stutzer. Starkey (Jour. Gen.
Thiosulfate liquid medium: Verj' little Physiol., 18, 1935, 346) reports this species
visible turbiditjs no sulfur precipitated.
to be heterotrophic. However, Lehmann (in
Produces sulfate and tetrathionate with in-
Lehmann and Neumann, Bakt. Diag., 7
crease in pH. Rate of thiosulfate oxidation
Aufl., ^, 1927, 516), under whom Trautwein
increased by presence of organic com-
pounds. did his work, reports that this species is a
No acid or gas from sugars. facultative autotroph as does Parker also
Nitrites and gas produced from nitrate- (Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 3, 1953, 344). As
peptone broth; no ammonia produced. May facultatively autotrophic species are in-
live anaerobically in the presence of ni- cluded in Thiobacillus as defined, this
trates. species has again been included in Thio-
Indole not produced. bacillus (see Manual, 2nd ed., 1925, 39).
Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Starch is hydrolyzed. Starkey 's culture B and Parker's M cul-
ures appear to be identical with Thioba-
Lipolytic. cillus trautweinii.
Catalase-positive. Source: Isolated from soil and water
Non-hemolytic.
(Trautwein) and from purified sewage from
Temperature relations: Optimum, 27° C. Wiirzburg (Lehmann).
Minimum, 6.9° C. Maximum, lêtween 36.5°
and 40° C. Death occurs in 2 to 5 minutes at Habitat: Widely distributed in polluted
55° C. waters and soil.
FAMILY IV. PSEUDOMONADACEAE WINSLOW ET AL., 1917.

(Winslow, Broadhurst, Buchanan, Krumwiede, Rogers and Smith, Jour. Bact., 2, 1917, 555.)
Pseu.do.mo.na.da'ce.ae. M.L. fem.n. Pseudomonas tj'pe genus of the family; -aceae
ending to denote a family; M.L. fern. pi. n. Pseudomonadaceae the Pseudomonas family.
Cells elongate, straight rods, occasionally coccoid. Motile by means of polar flagella
which are either single or in small or large tufts. A few species are non-motile. Gram-nega-
tive. May possess either water-soluble pigments that diffuse through the medium or non-
water-soluble pigments. Usually grow well and fairly rapidly on the surface of culture
media. Aerobic. Frequently oxidative in their physiology but may be fermentative. Usually
found in soil or water, including sea water or even heavy brines. Many plant and a few
animal pathogens.
Key to the genera of family Pseudomonadaceae.

I. Attack glucose and other sugars either oxidatively or fermentatively.
A. Genera in which the species are either known or are thought to attack glucose oxi-
datively.
1. Bacteria which do not produce readily detectable acetic acid though they may
oxidize ethanol. May produce a water-soluble pigment which diffuses through
the medium,
a. Cultures may or maj' not produce a water-soluble pigment which is bluish,
greenish or brownish in color. Rose, lilac- and yellow-colored, diffusible pig-
ments occasionally occur.
FAMILY IV. PSEUDOMONADACEAE »«
Genus I. Pseudomonas, p. 89.

aa. Cultures develop a yellow, non-water-soluble pigment. Cells normally mono-
trichous. Mostlj^ plant pathogens which cause a necrosis.
Genus II. Xanthomonas, p. 152.
2. Bacteria which produce readily detectable amounts of acetic acid bj- the oxida-
tion of ethanol. The vinegar bacteria.
Genus III. Acetobacter, p. 183.
B. Genera in which the species ferment glucose, usually with the production of H2 and
CO2.
1. Cells carry out a fermentation like that of the coliform bacteria. Usually produce
acid and gas from glucose.
a. Cells not known to fix free atmospheric nitrogen.
b. Water organisms. Common species cause diseases of fishes. Also found in
leeches. Not luminescent.
Genus IV. Aeromo?ias, p. 189.
bb. Luminescent bacteria commonly found on dead fishes and Crustacea on
salt-water beaches.
Genus V. Photobacterium , p. 193.
aa. Cells fix free atmospheric nitrogen.
Genus VI. Azotomonas, p. 198.
2. Cells carry out an alcoholic fermentation similar to that of yeasts.
Genus VII. Zymomonas, p. 199.
II. Do not attack carbohydrates or, if so, produce only slight amounts of acid from glu-
cose and similar sugars. Includes certain species which require at least 12 per cent salt
for growth.
A. Do not require salt in excess of 12 per cent for growth.
1. Cells not embedded in a gelatinous matrix.
a. Cells rod-shaped.
b. Soil and water bacteria that are known to dissimilate alkylamines.
Genus VIII. Protaminobacter , p. 200.
bb. Soil and water bacteria that are known to dissimilate alginic acid.
Genus IX. Alginovwnas , p. 202.
aa. Soil bacteria that are known to utilize phenol and similar aromatic com-
pounds. Cells may be branched.
Genus X. Mycoplana, p. 204.
2. Cells embedded in a gelatinous matrix; this matrix may be of a branching form.
Genus XI. Zoogloea, p. 206.
B. Requires at least 12 per cent salt before growth will take place.
Genus XII. Halobacterium, p. 207.
Genus I. Pseudomonas Migula, 1894*

{Chlorobacterium Guillebeauf, Landw. Jahrb. d. Schweiz, 4, 1890, 32; Migula,
Arb. bakt. Inst. Karlsruhe, 1, 1894, 237.)
Pseu.do'mo.nas or Pseu.do.mo'nasJ. Gr. pseudes false; Gr. monas a unit, monad; M.L.
fem.n. Pseudomonas false monad.
Cells monotrichous, lophotrichous or non-motile. Gram-negative. Frequently develop
* Completely revised by Dr. Wm. C. Haynes, Northern Utilization Research Branch,
U.S.D.A., Peoria, Illinois (Species Nos. 1-58) and by Prof. Walter H. Burkholder, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York (Species Nos. 59-149), September, 1953.
t See Footnote, p. 65. Also see Internat. Bull. Bact. Nomen. and Tax., 2, 1952, 121, foi
a proposal to conserve Pseudomonas Migula.
t The former accords with the Latin rules of accentuation; the latter is commonly used.
fluorescent, diffusible pigments of a greenish, bluish, violet, lilac, rose, yellow or other
color. Sometimes the pigments are bright red or yellow and non-diffusible; there are many
species that fail to develop any pigmentation. The majority of species oxidize glucose to
gluconic acid, 2-ketogluconic acid or other intermediates. Usually inactive in the o.xidation
of lactose. Nitrates are frequently reduced either to nitrites, ammonia or to free nitrogen.
Some species split fat and/or attack hydrocarbons. Many species are found in soil and
water, including sea water or even heavy brines. Many are plant pathogens; verj^ few are
animal pathogens.
The borderline between the straight rods found in Pseudomonas and the curved rods
found in Vibrio is not sharp : occasionally curved rods ma.y occur in species that normally
are composed of straight rods, this variation sometimes being dependent upon the medium
used. Recently, however, Shewan, Hodgkiss and Liston (Nature, 173, 1954, 208) have de-
scribed amethod employing antibiotics and a vibriostatic agent whereby a sharper differen-
tiation between pseudomonads and vibrios may possibly be effected. Future studies of this
nature may show that some of the species in the genus Pseudomonas should be transferred
to the genus Vibrio, and vice versa.
The type species is Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schroeter) Migula.
Key to the species of genus Pseudomonas.

I. Soil and water forms. A few species are pathogenic to warm- and cold-blooded verte-
brates.
A. Soil and fresh-water forms (a few are pathogenic).
1. Produce diffusible pigments, usually of a yellow, green or blue color; may be
fluorescent. (Soluble pigments are not formed in all media. Furthermore, the
ability to produce such pigments may be lost. Therefore, failure to observe sol-
uble-pigment formation does not preclude identity with species listed in this
category.)
a. Grow in gelatin.
b. Gelatin liquefied.
c. Polar flagellate.
d. Grows readily at 42°C. on ordinary media,
e. Milk becomes alkaline.
1. Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
ee. Milk acidified.
2. Pseudomonas pseudomallei.
dd. Grow poorly or not at all at 42° C.
e. Grow readily at 37° C.
f. Not known to attack cellulose.
g. Milk becomes alkaline, indole not produced.
3. Pseudomonas reptilivora.
gg. Milk acidified, indole produced.
4. Pseudomonas caviae.
ggg. Action on milk and indole production unre-
corded.
5. Pseudomonas horeopolis.
ff. Attack cellulose.
g. Milk becomes alkaline, coagulated and pep-
tonized, and litmus is reduced.
6. Pseudomonas effusa.
gg. No growth in milk.
7. Pseudomonas ephemerocyanea.
FAMILY IV. PSEUDOMOXADACEAE 91
ee. Grow poorly or not at all at 37°C.

f. Reaction in milk becomes acid or alkaline,
g. Acid reaction produced in milk.
8. Pseudotnonas fairmontensis .
gg. Alkaline reaction produced in milk.
h. Produces crj'stals of chlororaphine.
9. Pseudomonas chlororaphis.
hh. Chlororaphine not produced.
i. Indole produced.
10. Pseudomonas myxogenes.
11. Pseudomonas schuylkilliensis.
ii. Indole not produced.
j. Produces an intense, diffusible, yel-
low to orange pigment in cream or in
cream layer of milk.
12. Pseudomonas sijnxantha.
jj . Fail to produce diffusible, yellow pig-
ment in cream or in cream laj-er of
milk,
k. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
13. Pseudomonas fluorescens.
kk. Nitrites not produced from ni-
trates.
14. Pseudomonas pavonacea.
15. Pseudomonas geniculata.
16. Pseudomonas sepiica.
ii. Reaction in milk unchanged. Becomes blue in asso-
ciation with lactic-acid bacteria.
17. Pseudomonas syncyanea.
cc. Non-motile.
d. Produces iodinin.
18. Pseudomonas iodinum.
dd. Iodinin not produced.
e. Grows poorly or not at all at 37° C.
13. Pseudotnonas fluorescens (non-
motile variety),
ee. Grows readilj' at 37° C.

19. Pseudomonas smaraydina.
bb. Gelatin not liquefied.
c. Polar flagellate.
d. Grow readily at 37° C.
e. Reaction in milk unchanged.
20. Pseudomonas puiida.
ee. Alkaline reaction in milk.
f. Litmus reduced.
21. Pseudomonas striata,
ii. Litmus not reduced.
22. Pseudomonas oralis.
dd. Grow poorly or not at all at 37° C.
e. Reaction in milk acid.
f. Musty odor produced in culture media.
23. Pseudomonas taetrolens.
ff. Musty odor not produced in culture media.

24. Pseudomonas incognita.
25. Pseudomonas rugosa.
ee. Reaction in milk alkaline.
26. Pseudomonas mildenhergii.
27. Pseudomonas convexa.
cc. Non-motile.
28. Pseudoinonas eisenbergii.
aa. No growth in gelatin.
29. Pseudomonas erythra.
2. Soluble pigments not produced or not reported.
a. Gelatin liquefied.
b. Polar flagellate.
c. Grow readil}" at 42° C.
d. Alkaline reaction in milk.
1. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (achro-
dd. Acid reaction in milk. mogenic variety' ).
2. Pseudomonas pseudomallei
(achromogenic variety).
cc. Grow readily at 25° C. but poorly or not at all at 37° C.
d. Acid reaction in milk.
e. May-apple odor produced in milk. Nitrites not produced
from nitrates.
30. Pseudomonas fragi.
ee. Musty odor produced from all media. Nitrites and am-
monia produced from nitrates.
31. Pseudomonas perolens.
dd. Alkaline reaction in milk.
32. Pseudomonas mephitica.
33. Pseudomonas putrefaciens .
34. Pseudomonas cohaerens.
aa. Gelatin not liquefied.
c. Grow readily at 37° C.
d. Action on cellulose not known or not reported,
e. Acid produced in milk.
35. Pseudomonas avMgua.
ee. Milk imchanged.
36. Pseudomonas oleovorans.
eee. Action on milk unknown or unreported.
f. Utilize hydrocarbons.
37. Pseudomonas arvilla.
38. Pseudomonas dacunhae.
39. Pseudomonas desmolytica.
40. Pseudomonas rathonis.
41. Pseudomonas salopia.
ff. Ability to utilize hydrocarbons unreported.
g. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
42. Pseudomonas cruciviae.
gg. Nitrates, nitrites, nitramids and NoO reduced
to elemental nitrogen.
43. Pseudomonas stutzeri.
FAMILY IV. PSEUDOMONADACEAE 93
dd. Attack cellulose

e. Acid produced in milk.
44. Pseudomonas tralncida.
ee. Milk unchanged.
45. Pseudomonas lasia.
cc. Grow readily at 25° C. but poorly or not at all at 37°C.

d. Action on cellulose unknown or unreported.
e. Alkaline reaction in milk. Attacks riboflavin converting
it to lumichrome.
46. Pseudomonas riboflavina.
ee. Reaction in milk unknown or unreported.
f. Nitrates reduced to elemental nitrogen.
47. Pseudomonas denitrificans .
ff . Nitrates reduced to nitrites. Indole decomposed with
formation of blue crj'stals of indigotin.
48. Pseudomonas indoloxidans.
dd. Attacks cellulose.
49. Pseudomonas mira.
B. Sea-water and brine forms (a few are pathogenic).
1. Produces pigments which are soluble in culture media. Gelatin liquefied.
50. Pseudomonas nigrifaciens.
2. Pigments soluble in culture media not produced.
a. Gelatin liquefied.
c. No growth in milk.
d. "Indole produced; nitrites produced from nitrates.
51. Pseudomonas ichthyodermis.
dd. Indole not produced; nitrites not produced from nitrates.
e. Produces hydrogen sulfide and ammonia from tr5^ptone:
no acid from glucose.
52. Pseudomonas marinoglutinosa .
ee. Hydrogen sulfide not produced; glucose acidified.
53. Pseudomonas memhranoformis .
cc. Action in milk unknown or unreported.
d. Digests agar.
54. Pseudomonas gelatica.
dd. Do not digest agar.
e. Deposit CaCOs in sea-water gelatin and in agar media in
old cultures. Do not grow in 12 to 30 per cent salt solu-
tions.
55. Pseudomonas calcis.
56. Pseudomonas calciprecipitans.
ee. Does not deposit CaCOs in sea-water gelatin or in agar
media. Grows well in 12 to 30 per cent salt solutions.
56a. Pseudomonas halestorga.
bb. Non-motile. Cellulose attacked. Insoluble yellow pigment produced.
57. Pseudomonas iridescens (gela-
tin-liquefying variety),
aa. Gelatin not liquefied,
c. Does not attack cellulose. Produces an insoluble purjjle pigment
in vegetable extracts.
58. Pseudomonas beijerinckii .
bb. Non-motile.
c. Cellulose attacked. Produces an insoluble yellow pigment.
57. Pseudomonas iridescens (non-
gelatin-liquefying variety) .
II. Plant pathogens, causing leaf spot, leaf stripe and similar diseases. (Also see Host Plant
Key, p. 96.)
A. Green fluorescent pigment produced.
1. Gelatin liquefied.
a. Acid from sucrose.
b. Growth in 5 per cent salt.
59. Pseudomonas aceris.
60. Pseudomonas angulata.
61. Pseudomonas aptata.
62. Pseudomonas primulae.
63. Pseudomonas viridilivida.
bb. No growth in 5 per cent salt.
c. Beef peptone agar turns deep brown.
64. Pseudomonas delphinii.
cc. Beef peptone agar imcolored.
d. Colonies yellow.
65. Pseudomonas cepacia.
dd. Colonies white to cream.
66. Pseudomonas apii.
67. Pseudomonas asplenii.
68. Pseudomonas berberidis.
69. Pseudomonas coronafaciens .
70. Pseudomonas lachrymans.
71. Pseudomonas maculicola.
72. Pseudomonas mangiferaeindicae.
73. Pseudomonas marginata.
74. Pseudomonas medicaginis.
75. Pseudomonas phaseolicola .
76. Pseudomonas pisi.
77. Pseudomonas syringae.
78. Pseudomonas tomato.
bbb. Growth in salt solution not recorded.
79. Pseudomonas atrofaciens.
80. Pseudomonas cumini.
81. Pseudomonas desaiana.
82. Pseudomonas erodii.
83. Pseudomonas lapsa.
84. Pseudomonas martyniae.
85. Pseudomonas matthiolae.
86. Pseudomonas 7uorspru?iorum.
87. Pseudomonas papulans.
88. Pseudomonas pseudozoogloeae.
89. Pseudomonas rimaefaciens .
90. Pseudomonas striafaciens.
91. Pseudomonas tabaci.
aa. No acid from sucrose,
b. Lipolytic.
92. Pseudomonas polycolor
95
FAMILY IV. PSEUDOMONADACEAE
bb. Not lipolytic,

93. Pseudomonas viridiflava.
bbb. Lipolytic action not reported.
94. Pseudomonas ananas,
95. Pseudomonas bowlesiae .
96. Pseudomonas ligustri.
97. Pseudomonas marginalis.
98. Pseudomonas sesami.
99. Pseudomonas setariae.
100. Pseudomonas tolaasii.
101. Pseudomonas washingtoniae .
aaa. Acid from sucrose not i-eported. harkeri.
102. Pseudomonas
103. Pseudomonas be tie.
104. Pseudomonas
105. Pseudomonas niellea.
gladioli.
106. Pseudomonas
107. Pseudomonas ribicola .
panacis.
108. Pseudomonas xanthochlora.
2. Gelatin not liquefied,
109. Pseudomonas aleuritidis.
110. Pseudomonas glycinea.
111. Pseudomonas savastanoi.
112. Pseudomonas tonelliana.
I. No acid from sucrc
b. Non-motile.
113. Pseudo?nonas cissicola.
bb. Motile.
114. Pseudomonas calendulae.
115. Pseudomonas dehor ii.
116. Pseudomonas nectarophila.
117. Pseudomonas viburni.
aaa. Acid from sucrose not reported.
118. Pseudomonas mori.
119. Pseudomonas stizolobii.
120. Pseudomonas viciae.
B. Green fluorescent pigment not produced or not reported.
a. Acid from sucrose,
b. Beef -peptone agar turns dark brown.
121. Pseudomonas alliicola.
122. Pseudomonas gardeniae.
bb. Beef-peptone agar uncolored or only slightly so.
c. Colonies tan to brown.
123. Pseudomonas caryophylli .
124. Pseudomonas solanacearum.
cc. Colonies white or colorless.
125. Pseudomonas casianeae.
126. Pseudomonas passiflorae.
127. Pseudomonas seminum.
128. Pseudomonas vitiswoodrowii.
96 ORDER I. PSEUDOMOXADALES
aa. No acid from sucrose,

129. Pseudomonas fabae.
130. Pseudouionas astragali.
131. Pseudomonas colurnae.
132. Pseudomonas iridicola.
133. Pseudomonas levistici.
134. Pseudomonas viauhlancii.
135. Pseudomonas
136. Pseudomonas radiciperda.
polygoni.
137. Pseudomonas cattleyae.
138. Pseudomonas dysoxyli.
139. Pseudomonas helianthi.
140. Pseudomonas melophthora.
aa. No acid from sucrose.
141. Pseudomonas alhoprecipitans .
142. Pseudomonas andropogonis.
143. Pseudomonas lignicola.
144. Pseudomonas petasitis.
145. Pseudomonas woodsii.
146. Pseudomonas eriobotryae.
147. Pseudomonas panicimiliacei .
148. Pseudomonas salicivp.rda
3. Gelatin liquefaction not reported.
149. Pseudomonas wieringae.
HOST PLANT KEY
Where the host plant is known, the following key will be foimd useful.
I. Cause of necrotic spots on mushrooms.
100. Pseudomonas tolaasii.
II. Cause of spots on ferns, Asplenium nidus.
67. Pseudomonas asplenii.
III. Cause of leaf blights and streaks on monocotyledonous plants.
A. Attack members of the family Amaryllidaceae.
121. Pseudomonas alliicola.
65. Pseudomonas cepacia.
B. Attacks members of the family Bromeliaceae.
94. Pseudomonas ananas.
C. Attack members of the family Gramineae.
141. Pseudomonas alboprecipitans.
142. Pseudomonas andropogonis.
79. Pseudomonas atrofaciens.
69. Pseudomonas coronafaciens .
81. Pseudomonas desaiana.
83. Pseudomonas lapsa.
147. Pseudomonas panicimiliacei.
99. Pseudomonas setariae.
90. Pseudomonas striafaciens .
D. Attack members of the family Iridaceae.

104. Pseudoinonas gladioli.
132. Pseudomonas iridicola.
73. Pseudomonas marginata.
E. Attacks members of the family Musaceae.
134. Pseudomonas matihlancii.
F. Attacks members of the family Orchidaceae.
137. Pseudomonas cattleyae.
G. Attacks members of the family Palmaceae.
101. Pseudomonas washingtoniae .
IV. Cause of leaf, stem and fruit spots on dicotyledonous plants.
A. Attacks members of the famih' Aceraceae.
59. Pseudomonas aceris.
B. Attacks members of the family Anacardiaceae.
72. Pseudomonas mangiferaeindicae.
C. Attacks members of the family Apocynaceae.
112. Pseudomonas tonelliana.
D. Attacks members of the family Araliaceae.
106. Pseudomonas panacis.
E. Attacks members of the family Berberidaceae .
68. Pseudomonas berberidis.
F. Attacks members of the family Betulaceae .
131. Pseudomonas colurnae.
G. Attacks members of the family Caprifoliaceae.
117. Pseudomonas vihurni.
H. Attack members of the family Caryophyllaceae.
123. Pseudomonas caryophylli.
145. Pseudomonas woodsii.
I. Attacks members of the family Chenopodiaceae.
149. Pseudomonas wieringae.
J. Attack members of the family Compositae.
114. Pseudoynonas calendulae.
115. Pseudomonas cichorii.
139. Pseudomonas helianthi.
97. Pseudomonas marginalis.
144. Pseudomonas petasitis.
63. Pseudomonas viridilivida.
K. Attack members of the family Cruciferae.
71. Pseudomonas maculicola.
85. Pseudomonas matthiolae.
L. Attacks members of the family Cucurbitaceae.
70. Pseudomonas lachrymans.
M. Attacks members of the family Euphorbiaceae.
109. Pseudomonas aleuritidis.
N. Attacks members of the family Fagaceae.
125. Pseudoinonas castaneae.
O. Attacks members of the family Geraniaceae.
82. Pseudomonas erodii.
P. Attack members of the family Legmninosae.
130. Pseudomonas astragali.
129. Pseudomonas fabae.
110. Pseudomonas glycinea.
98 ORDER I. PSEUDOMOXADALES
74. Pseudomonas medicaginis.

75. Pseudomonas phaseolicola.
76. Pseudomonas pisi.
136. Pseudomonas radiciperda.
127. Pseudomonas seminum.
119. Pseudomonas stizolohii.
110. Pseudomonas viciae.
93. Pseudomonas viridiflava.
Q. Attacks members of the family Martyniaceae.
84. Pseudomonas martyniae.
R. Attacks members of the family Meliaceae.
138. Pseudomonas dysoxyli.
S. Attacks members of the family Moraceae.
118. Pseudomonas mori.
T. Attack members of the family Oleaceae.
96. Pseudomonas ligustri.
111. Pseudomonas savastanoi.
U. Attacks members of the famih' Passifloraceae.
126. Pseudomonas passiflorae.
V. Attacks members of the family Pedaliaceae.
98. Pseudomonas sesami.
W. Attacks members of the iamily Piperaceae.
103. Pseudomonas belle.
X. Attacks members of the family Polygonaceae.
135. Pseudomonas polygoni.
Y. Attacks members of the family Primulaceae.
62. Pseudomonas primulae.
Z. Attacks members of the famih^ Ranunculaceae.
64. Pseudomonas delphinii.
AA. Attack members of the family Rosaceae.
102. Pseudomonas harkeri.
146. Pseudomonas eriobotryae.
140. Pseudomonas melophthora.
86. Pseudomonas morsprunorum.
116. Pseudomonas nectarophila.
87. Pseudomonas papulans.
BB. Attacks members of the family Rubiaceae.
122. Pseudomonas gardeniae.
CC. Attacks members of the famil}^ Salicaceae.
148. Pseudomonas saliciperda.
DD. Attacks members of the family Saxifragaceae.
107. Pseudomonas ribicola.
EE. Attack members of the family Solanaceae.
60. Pseudomonas angulata.
105. Pseudomonas mellea.
92. Pseudanonas polycolor.
88. Pseudomonas pseudozoogloeae.
91. Pseudomonas tabaci.
78. Pseudomonas tomato.
FF. Attacks members of the family Ulmaceae.
143. Pseudomonas lignicola.
GG. Attack members of the family Umbelliferae.
66. Pseudomonas apii.
95. Pseudomonas bowlesiae.

80. Pseudomonas cumini.
133. Pseudomonas levistici.
HH. Attacks members of the family Vitaceae.
113. Pseudomonas cissicola.
II. Attack members of numerous families.
61. Pseudomonas aplata.
124. Pseudomonas solanacearum.
11 . Pseudomonas syringae.
108. Pseudomonas xanthochlora.
1. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schroe- Indole usually not produced (Sandiford,

ter, 1872) Migula, 1900. {Bacterium aerugi- Jour. Path, and Pact., U, 1937, 567).
nosum Schroeter, in Cohn, Beitrage z. Nitrates reduced to nitrites and nitrogen.
Biologic, 1, Heft 2, 1872, 126; Bacillus pyo- Glucose, fructose, galactose, arabinose,
cyaneus Gessard, Compt. rend. Acad. Sci., maltose, lactose, sucrose, dextrin, inulin,
Paris, 94, 1882, 536; Pseudomonas pyocyanea glycerol, mannitol and dulcitol are not fer-
Migula, in Engler and PrantI, Die natiirl. mented. Glucose oxidized to gluconic acid,
Pflanzenfam., 1, la, 1895, 29; Migula, Syst. 2-ketogluconic acid and other intermediates
d. Bakt., 2, 1900, 884.) (Lockwood, Tabenkin and Ward, Jour.
ae.ru. gi.no'sa. L. adj. aeruginosus full of Bact., 42, 1941, 51; Hajmes, Jour. Gen.
copper rust or verdigris, hence green. Microbiol., 5, 1951,939).
Common name: Blue pus organism. Blood serum: Liquefied. Yellow liquid,
Rods, 0.5 to 0.6 b}' 1.5 microns, occurring greenish on surface.
singly, in pairs and short chains. Motile, Blood hemolyzed.
possessing one to three polar flagella. Cultures have marked odor of trimethyl-
(Monotrichous according to Reid, Naghski, amine.
Farrell and Haley, Penn. Agr. E.xp. Sta., Aerobic, facultative.
Bull. 422, 1942, 6.) Gram-negative. Optimum temperature, 37° C. Good
Gelatin colonies: Yellowish or greenish
growth at 42° C.
Pathogenic for rabbits, guinea pigs, rats
yellow, fringed, irregular, skein-like, granu-
lar, rapidly liquefying. and mice.
Gelatin stab: Rapid liquefaction. The Distinctive characters: Some strains pro-
fluid assumes a yellowish green or bluish duce p.yocyanine, a phenazine derivative
green color. which is extractable from alkaline media
Agar colonies: Large, spreading, grayish with chloroform as a deep blue pigment.
with dark center and tran.slucent edge, ir- Upon addition of acid, the color is trans-
regular. Medium greenish. formed to red and becomes insoluble in
Agar slant: Abundant, thin, white, glis- chloroform. The ability to grow well at
tening, the medium turning green to dark
brown or black, fluorescent. 42° C, to oxidize gluconic acid to 2-keto-
gluconic acid and to produce a slime in
Broth: Marked turbidity with thick pel-
licle and heavy sediment. Medium yellowish potassium gluconate media permits identifi-
cation even though pyocyanine is not
green to blue, with fluorescence, later
formed (Haynes, loc. cit.).
brownish. Often produces pyocyanine, fluo- Source: Pus from wounds. Regarded as
rescein and pyrorubrin (Meader, Robinson
and Leonard, Am. Jour. Hyg., 5, 1925, 682). identical with one of the plant pathogens
Litmus milk: A soft coagulum is formed, (Pseudomonas polycolor) by Elrod and Braun
with rapid peptonization and reduction of (Jour. Bact., U, 1942, 633).
litmus. Reaction alkaline. Habitat: Cause of various human and
Potato: Luxuriant, dirty brown, the me- animal lesions. Found in polluted water and
dium becoming dark green.
2. Pseudoiiionas pseudomallei (Whit- when cultured on glycerol agar media. While

more, 1913) Haynes, comb. nov. {Bacilhis this pigment has sometimes been described
pseudomallei Whitmore, Jour. Hyg., 13, as water-soluble, Brindle and Cowan (op.
1913, 1; Bacillus whitmori Stanton and cit., 1951, 574) suggest that this species may
Fletcher, Trans. 4th Cong. Far East Assn. be more closely related to the species placed
Trop. Med., ^, 1921, 196; also see Jour. Hyg., in Xanthomonas than to those placed in
23, 1925, 347; Malleomyces pseudomallei Pseudomonas. The xanthomonads develop
Breed, in Manual, 5th ed., 1939, 300; yellow, non-diffusible, carotenoid pigments.
Loefflerella pseudomallei Brindle and Cowan, Source: Isolated from lesions and blood in
Jour. Path, and Bact., 63, 1951, 574.) rats, guinea pigs, rabbits and man; also iso-
lated once from a transient nasal discharge
pseu.do.mal'le.i. Or. adj. pseudes false;
L. noun malleus the disease glanders; M.L. in a horse, once from a splenic abscess in a
noun pseudomalleus false glanders; M.L. cow and once from a fatal case of an infected
gen. noun pseudoviallei of false glanders. sheep. Virulent and avirulent strains can
Short rods, with rounded ends, occurring also be readily isolated from water at
singly and in short chains. Motile. Possess Saigon, Indochina, if appropriate media are
1 to 4 polar flagella (Brindle and Cowan, used (Fournier and Chambon, personal
ibid., 571) ; this was confirmed by de Lajudie, communication, 1955).
Fournier and Chambon (Ann. Inst. Past., Habitat: Glanders-like infections (melioi-
85, 1953, 112). Show bipolar staining. Gram- dosis) in rats, guinea pigs, rabbits and man
negative. in India, Federated Malay States and Indo-
Gelatin stab: Moderate, crateriform China.
liquefaction.
Agar colonies: Circular, slightly raised, 3. Pseudomonas reptilivora Caldwell
thick, opaque, cream-colored with irregular and Ryerson, 1940. (Pseudomonas reptilivor-
margin. ous (sic) Caldwell and Ryerson, Jour. Bact.,
Glycerol agar slant: Wrinkled, thick, 39, 1940, 335.)
rugose, cream-colored growth. rep.ti.li'vo.ra. L. n. reptile a reptile;
Broth: Turbid with pellicle. L. V. voro to devour; M.L. adj. reptilivorus
Litmus milk: Curdling with slowly de- reptile-destroying.
veloped acidity; pink sediment; may be Rods, 0.5 by 1.5 to 2.0 microns, occurring
digested. singly, in pairs and in short chains. Actively
Potato: Vigorous, cream-colored growth. motile with two to six polar flagella. Gram-
Indole not produced. negative.
Acid from glucose, maltose, lactose, Gelatin colonies: After 24 hours, small,
sucrose and mannitol. circular, smooth, entire. Liquefaction.
Grows in simple, chemically defined media Medium becomes yellowish green fluores-
containing single amino acids or the am- cent.
monium salt of certain organic acids as the Gelatin stab: Infundibuliform liquefac-
sole carbon, nitrogen and energy source in a tion becoming stratiform. Putrid odor
mineral salt base (Levine, Dowling, Even-
son and Lien, Jour. Bact., 67, 1954, 350). present.
Serum slant: Liquefied.
Blood serum slowly liquefied. Agar cultures: Circular, smooth, glisten-
Aerobic, facultative. ing, slightly raised, butyrous, translucent, 2
mm in diameter.
Optimum temperature, 37° C; but will
grow readily at 42° C. (Cowan, personal Agar slant: Growth abundant, smooth,
communication, March, 1955). filiform, glistening, butyrous and translu-
Distinctive character: Brygoo and Rich- cent.
ard (Ann. Inst. Past., 83, 1952, 822) report Broth: Turbid with pellicle and sediment.
that a large number of strains, isolated in Putrid odor.
Saigon, produce a yellow pigment which is Litmus milk: Alkaline, peptonization,
extractable in 2 per cent boiling HCl ; a few complete reduction. Disagreeable odor.
of these strains become non-pigmented Potato: Growth moderate, spreading.
i^listening, yellowish gray to creamy. Dis- tually tinged greenish j'ellow, becoming
agreeable odor. Medium becomes brownish brownish yellow.
gray. Broth: Cloudy, pellicle, abundant light
Indole not produced. yellow granular sediment, becoming brown.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. IVIedium becomes jêllow.
Acetylmethjdcarbinol not produced. Litmus milk: Acidified, coagulated, pep-
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. tonized, litmus partially reduced.
Slightly acid, becoming alkaline in glu- Potato: Growth scant, filiform, glisten-
cose. No acid from arabinose, .xylose, lactose, ing, light yellow to light orange, becoming
sucrose, maltose, trehalose, raffinose, man- light brown.
nitol, dulcitol, inositol or salicin. Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Starch not hydrolyzed. Indole produced.
Pathogenic for guinea pigs and rabbits, Nitrites produced from nitrates.
horned lizards, Gila monsters and chuck- Blood serum not liquefied.
wallas. Marked hemolysis of rabbit cells Blood not hemolyzed.
and slight hemolysis of Gila monster cells Sodium formate decomposed.
suspended in agar. Catalase-negative.
Temperature relations: Optimum, 20° to Methyl red positive; acetylmethylcar-
25° C. Maximum, 37° C. A retest of several binol not produced.
strains of this organism by Haynes shows Citrate broth: No growth.
that it grows well at 37° C. and is closelj^ Methylene blue reduced.
related to, though not identical with, Acid but no gas from glucose, fructose,
Pseudomonas aervginosa Migula. galactose, maltose, cellobiose, mannitol,
Distinctive characters: Yellowish green lactose, arabinose, sucrose, trehalose, sor-
fluorescence present only in meat infusion bitol, mannose, dextrin, salicin, glycerol,
media. The pigment is water-soluble, but aesculin, am3^gdalin and starch. No acid
insoluble in chloroform. Pathogenic for from xylose, dulcitol, rhamnose, inulin,
guinea pigs, rabbits, horned lizards and adonitol, raffinose, erythritol or inositol.
chuckwallas. Aerobic, facultative.
Source: Isolated from a bacterial disease
of horned lizards and Gila monsters. 25°Optimum
C. temperature, 37° C. Grows at
Habitat: Pathogenic for lizards. Source: Isolated from guinea pigs dead
from epizootic septicemia.
4. Pseudomonas caviae Scherago, 1936. Habitat : From infected guinea pigs so far
(Jour. Bact., 31, 1936, 83; also see Jour. Inf. as known.
Dis., 60, 1937, 245.)
ca'vi.ae. M.L. fem.noun Cavia generic 5. Pseudomonas boreopolis Gray and
name of the guinea pig; from So. American Thornton, 1928. (Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 73,
1928, 92.)
Indian, "cabiai", a guinea pig; caviae of
Cavia. bo.re.o'po.lis. Gr. boreas north; Gr. polis
Rods, 0.6 to 1.0 by 1.5 to 3.0 microns, oc- aCity.
city; M.L. fern. gen. n. boreopolis of North
curring singly and in pairs; rounded ends.
Motile by means of 1 to 3 polar flagella. Rods, 0.5 to 1.0 by 2.0 to 3.0 microns, oc-
curring singly and in pairs. Motile with one
Encapsulated. Gram-negative.
to five polar flagella. Gram-negative.
Gelatin stab: Infundibuliform liquefac- Gelatin colonies: Liquefied.
tion.
Gelatin stab: Liquefied. Medium red-
Agar colonies: Circular, convex, smooth, dened by some strains.
iridescent and translucent, finely granular, Agar colonies: Circular or amoeboid,
entire.
white to buff, flat to convex, smooth,
Agar slant: Growth abundant, grayish glistening, translucent border.
white, butyrous, filiform, glistening, trans- Agar slant: Filiform, whitish, raised,
lucent, markedly iridescent. Medium even- smooth, glistening, fluorescent.
Broth: Turbid. rus short-lived; Gr. adj. ajaneus blue; M.L.

Nitrates reduced to nitrites by some adj. ephemerocyaneus ephemeral blue.
strains. Rods, 0.3 to 0.4 by 2.2 to 2.8 microns,
Starch not hydrolyzed. straight to slightly bent with rounded ends,
Acid produced from glucose by most arranged singlj-. Motile by means of 1 to 3
strains. polar flagella. Gram-negative.
Attacks naphthalene. Gelatin stab: Liquefied.
Aerobic, facultative. Starch agar colonies: Pinpoint colonies
Grows at 35° to 37° C. in three days, 1 to 2 mm in 5 days. White
Source: Isolated from soil. becoming tan, raised, glistening, smooth,
Habitat: Soil. entire.
Water-insoluble de.xtrin colonies: Pin-
6. Pseudomonas efifusa Kellerman et al., point colonies show an enzymic zone, white,
1913. (Kellerman, McBeth, Scales and convex, entire.
Smith, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 39, 1913, 515; Starch agar slant: Heavy gelatinous,
also see Soil Science, 1, 1916, 472.) light brown becoming deeper brown.
ef.fu'sa. L. adj. effusus spread out. Litmus milk: No visible growth.
Rods 0.4 by 1.7 microns. Motile by means Indole not produced.
of one to three polar flagella. Gram-nega- Nitrites produced from nitrates.
tive. Starch hydrolyzed.
Gelatin stab: Liquefied. A non-liquefying Attacks glucose, lactose, maltose, galac-
variety is also found.
tose, arabinose and xylose. Utilizes cellu-
Agar slant: Luxuriant, glistening, moist, lose, cellulosan, water-soluble and water-
creamy, spreading growth. Medium be- insoluble cellulose dextrins and pectin. Slow
comes greenish fluorescent. utilization of gum arable and calcium glu-
Peptone starch agar slant : Abundant, flat, conate.
moist, rich creamy growth. Medium shows In mineral nutrient media, filter paper
greenish fluorescence. strips are disintegrated at the air-liquid
Broth: Turbid; viscid sediment. Medium interface with the formation of a transitory
becomes greenish fluorescent. violet or blue color which becomes light
Litmus milk: Alkaline. Coagulation and brown.
digestion. Litmus reduced. A variety that
acts more slowly on litmus milk is also Peptone, yeast extract, nitrate and am- ■
monia serve as nitrogen sources.
found. Aerobic.
Potato: Abundant, creamy, glistening,
brownish flesh-colored growth. Optimum temperature, 22° to 35° C.
Distinctive characters: In media con-
Indole not produced. taining cellulose a transitory intense blue
Nitrites produced from nitrates. or violet color develops. In aerated cultures
Ammonia is produced. the entire medium becomes blue. The pig-
No acid from glucose, starch, lactose,
ment appears to be water-soluble. After a
sucrose, maltose, glj'cerol or mannitol. few hours the color becomes light brown.
Starch hydrolysis weak. Source: Isolated from soil.
Cellulose is attacked. Habitat: Soil.
Aerobic, facultative.
Temperature relations: Optimum, 37° C. 8. Pseudomonas fairmontensis
Survives 60° C, but not 70° C, for 15 min-
utes. (Wright, 1895) Chester, 1901. (Bacillus Fair-
montensis (sic) Wright, Memoirs Nat. Acad.
Source: Isolated from soils in Utah.
Habitat: Soil. Sci., 7, 1895, 458; Chester, Man. Determ.
Bact., 1901, 311.)
7. Pseudomonas ephemerocyanea Ful- fair.mon.ten'sis. Fairmount Park (Phila-
ler and Norman, 1943. (Jour. Bact., 46, delphia) place name; M.L. adj. fairmonten-
1943, 274.) sis pertaining to Fairmount.
Medium-sized rods, occurring singly, in
e.phe.me.ro.cy.a'ne.a. Gr. adj. epheme-
103
pairs and in chains. Motile, possessing a Microbiol. Fac. Pharm. Nancy, Fasc. 9,
1936, 35).
single polar flagellum. Gram-negative.
Gelatin colonies: Circular, white, trans- Gelatin stab : Rapid liquefaction. Fluores-
lucent. Dark centers with a greenish shim- cent. Chlororaphine crystals may form.
mer, thinner edges and faint radial lines. Broth: Turbid, greenish, fluorescent.
Gelatin stab: Crateriform liquefaction. Crystals of green chlororaphine may form.
Agar slant: Grayish white, glistening. Broth becomes viscous.
Agar becomes green. Litmus milk: Alkaline; coagulated. Be-
Broth: Turbid; delicate pellicle; white comes viscous. Chlororaphine crystals may
sediment. Becomes green. form in the central part of the culture. Odor
Litmus milk: Acid, coagulated; litmus of coumarin.
reduced. Potato: Citron-yellow layer. Crystals of
Potato: Raised, granular, spreading, vis- chlororaphine are formed.
cid. Becomes brownish. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Indole produced. Indole not produced.
Action on nitrates unknown. Pigment formation: Asparagine, potas-
Aerobic, facultative. sium phosphate, glycerol, sulfate of mag-
Optimum temperature, 20° to 25° C. Fails nesium and sulfate of iron are indispensable
to grow at 35° C. to the formation of crystals of chlorora-
Source: From water from the Schuylkill phine. Green crystals develop slowly and
River. poorly in peptone solutions, best in syn-
Habitat: Water. thetic media.
9. Pseudomonas chlororaphis (Guig Optimum temperature, between 25° and
nard and Sauvageau, 1894) Bergey et al. 30° C.
63° C. Cultures killed in ten minutes at
1930. (Bacillus chlororaphis Guignard and
Sauvageau, Compt. rend. Soc. Biol., Paris Pathogenic for mice, guinea pigs, frogs,
1, 10 ser., 1894, 841; Bergey et al.. Manual fresh-water fishes and crayfishes. An e.xo-
toxin is formed.
3rd ed., 1930, 166.)
Distinctive character: Produces a beauti-
chlo.ro'ra.phis. Gr. chlorus green; Gr
noun rhaphis a needle; M.L. fem.n. chloro ful emerald-green pigment which crystal-
r aphis a green needle. lizes in cultures as fine needles in bundles
Description taken from Lasseur (Ann. de or as needles radiating from a center. The
la Sci. Agron., Ser. 4,2« Annee, 2, 1913, 165) crystals form slowly and are not always
While Guignard and Sauvageau {op. cit. present. Other species of pseudomonads,
1894, 841) found .spores in this species e.g. Pseudomonas iodinum, form crystals.
Gessard, on reisolation, could find no spores As this power is readily lost, it raises the
(Ann. de la Sci. Agron., Ser. 3, 6^ Annê, 2 question whether other species of green,
1911, 374). The identification of the reiso fluorescent pseudomonads may not form
lated culture was confirmed by Guignard crystals under proper conditions.
Source: Isolated from dead larvae of the
The original description is brief and inade-
quate and is probably based on a contami- cockchafer. Later reisolated bj^ various
nated culture. French bacteriologists from contami-
nated water supplies.
Rods, 0.8 b}' 1.5 microns, with rounded Habitat: Decomposing organic matter
ends, occurring singly and in pairs. Motile and fresh water so far as known.
with one to si.\ polar flagella. Gram-nega-
tive. After continued cultivation some cells 10. Pseudomonas myxogenes Fuhr-
decolorize slowly. mann, 1907. (Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 17,
Gelatin colonies: Circular, viscid, trans- 1907, 356.)
parent, glistening, lobate margin with myx.o'ge.nes. Gr. myxa slime; Gr. gennao
fluorescent corona. Dissociates readilj^ to produce, beget; M.L. adj. myxogenes
(Lasseur and Dupai.x-Lasseur, Trav. Lab. slime-producing.
Rods, 0.4 to 0.5 by 1.0 to 1.5 microns, oc- Agar slant: Grayish, translucent growth.
curring singly and in pairs. Motile, possess- Medium shows greenish fluorescence.
ing a bundle of five to seven polar flagella. Broth: Turbid, with delicate pellicle and
Gram-negative. blue-green fluorescence. Stringy sediment.
Gelatin colonies: Smooth, soft, flat, Litmus milk: Alkaline. Coagulated, with
spreading, brownish yellow, entire. Medium slow reduction of litmus; peptonized.
becomes yellowish green fluorescent. Potato: Brownish, spreading, viscid,
Gelatin stab: Growth along stab. Lique- thick.
faction with yellowish white sediment. Indole jjroduced (trace).
Agar colonies: Circular, raised, smooth, Aerobic, facultative.
amorphous, entire. Does not grow at 35° to 36° C.
Agar slant: Lemon-yellow, moist, mu- Source: Isolated from Schuylkill River
coid, gistening, becoming light green- water.
fluorescent. Habitat: Water.
Broth: Turbid, with slimy white sedi-
ment. No pellicle. 12. Pseudomonas synxantha (Ehren-
Litmus milk: Flocculent precipitation. berg, 1840) Holland, 1920. (Vibrio synxan-
Slow peptonization with yellow serum. thus Ehrenberg, Verhandl. d. Berl. Akad.,
Alkaline. 1840, 202; Holland, Jour. Bact., 5, 1920, 220.)
Potato: Dirty yellow, moist, glistening, syn.xan'tha. Gr. pref. syn- along with,
entire. together; Gr. adj. xanthus yellow; M.L.
Indole produced. adj . synxanihus with yellow.
Nitrates reduced to nitrites and am- Description from Hammer (Res. Bull. 20,
monia. No gas formed. Iowa Agr. Exp. Sta., 1915); also see Zim-
Acid from glucose. No acid from lactose mermann (Bakt. unserer Trink- und Nutz-
or sucrose. wasser, Chemnitz, 2, 1890, 44).
Aerobic, facultative. Rods, 0.5 to 0.6 by 1.3 to 2.2 microns, oc-
Optimum temperature, 22° C. Scant curring singly and in pairs. Motile with
growth at 35° C. polar flagella (Hammer, personal communi-
Distinctive character: Grows in broth cation, 1944). Gram-negative.
containing up to 6 per cent by volume of Gelatin stab: Liquefied; a greenish tinge,
alcohol. a heavy, flocculent sediment and a partial
Source: Isolated from beer. membrane and ring appear in two weeks.
Habitat: Found in materials undergoing Agar colonies: After 72 hours, large,
alcoholic fermentation, but probably also spreading, transparent; bluish cast by re-
occurs elsewhere. flected light. Colonies may show flesh
color (Zimmermann).
11. Pseudomona.s schuylkilliensis Agar slant: Growth raised, shiny, white,
Chester, 1901. (Bacillus fluorescens schuyl- becoming brown and heavy.
killiensis Wright, Memoirs Natl. Acad. Agar stab : Growth heaviest near the sur-
Sci., 7, 1895, 448; Chester, Man. Determ.
ing. face, becoming light brown, heavy, spread-
Bact., 1901, 320.)
schuyl.kil.li.en'sis. Schujdkill, name of a Broth: Turbid, becoming alkaline and
river; M.L. adj. schuylkilliensis of the green; pellicle and brittle membrane form
Schuylkill. in older cultures. With the addition of glu-
Short rods, with rounded ends, occurring cose or galactose, black granules form on
singly, in pairs and in chains. Motile, posses- the membranes of older cultures.
sing a polar flagellum. Gram-negative. Uschinsky's and Dunham's solutions:
Gelatin colonies: Grayish white, translu- Turbid, occasionally becoming green.
cent. Medium becomes bluish green fluores- Litmus milk: Coagulated; casein digested
cent. in older cultures. Litmus reduced.
Gelatin stab: Slow crateriform liquefac- Potato: Growth spreading, brown with
tion, with blue-green fluorescence. greenish edges.
Indole not produced. foodstuffs that have become contaminated

Acid but no gas from glucose, fructose, from these sources.
galactose and glycerol. No acid or gas from
salicin or raffinose. 14. Pseudomonas pavonacea Levine
Aerobic. and Soppeland, 1926. (Bull. No. 77, Iowa
Grows well at 20° C. State Agr. College, 1926, 41.)
Distinctive character: Produces an in- pa.vo.na'ce.a. L. adj. pavonaceus like a
tense, diffusible, yellow to orange color in peacock's tail, variegated.
cream or in the cream layer of milk. Rods, 0.5 by 4.5 microns, with truncate
Source: Isolated from bitter milk. ends, occurring singly and in chains. Old
Habitat: Milk and cream so far as is cell'- develop 2 to 4 knob-like processes.
known. Sluggishly motile. Gram-negative.
Gelatin stab: Crateriform liquefaction.
13. Pseudoinonas fluorescens INIigula, Medium becoming brown.
1895. (Bacilhis fluorescens liquefadens Agar colonies: Circular, raised, becoming
Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1886, 289; green, amorphous, entire.
Migula, in Engler and Prantl, Die natiirl. Agar slant: Green, smooth, glistening,
Pflanzenfamilien, 1, la, 1895, 29.) viscid, medium becoming dark brown.
flu.o.res'cens. L. fluor a flux; M.L. Broth: Turbid, with viscid sediment. Me-
fluoresco to fluoresce; fluor-spar, a fluxing dium turned brown.
mineral which is fluorescent; M.L. part. Litmus milk: Slightly alkaline. Litmus
ad] . fluorescens fluorescing. reduced. Peptonized after 10 days.
Rods, 0.3 to 0.5 by 1.0 to 1.8 microns, oc- Potato: No growth.
curring singly and in pairs. Motile, posses- Hydrogen sulfide produced.
sing a polar flagellum; occasionally non- Indole not produced.
motile. Gram-negative. Neither nitrites nor gas produced from
Gelatin colonies: Circular, with greenish nitrates.
center, lobular, liquefying quickly; occa- Blood serum liquefied in 5 days.
sionally viscid. No acid or gas from glucose, lactose,
Gelatin stab: Infundibuliform liquefac- sucrose or glycerol.
tion, with whitish to reddish gray sediment. Aerobic, facultative.
Agar slant: Abundant, reddish layer, be- Optimum temperature, 22° C. Scant
coming reddish gray. The medium shows
growth at 37° C.
greenish to olive-brown coloration. Distinctive characters: Growth on solid
Broth: Turbid, flocculent, with yellowish media distinctly green. Not fluorescent.
green pellicle and graj'ish sediment. Medium becomes brown.
Litmus milk: No coagulation; becoming Source: Isolated from activated sludge.
alkaline.
Potato: Thick, grayish yellow, spreading, 15. Pseudomonas geniculata (Wright,
becoming light sepia-brown in color; occa- 1895) Chester, 1901. (Bacillus geniculatus
sionally viscid. Wright, Memoirs Nat. Acad. Sci., 7, 1895,
Indole not produced. 313.)
459; Chester, Man. Determ. Bact., 1901,
Nitrates reduced to nitrites and am-
monia.
ge.ni.cu.la'ta. L. adj. geniculatus jointed.
Acid from glucose. Medium-sized rods, occurring singly, in
Blood serum liquefied. pairs and in chains. Motile, possessing 1 to
Aerobic.
4 polar flagella. Gram-negative.
Optimum temperature, between 20° and Gelatin colonies: Circular, whitish, as-
25° C. sume a greenish shimmer, translucent. Deep
Not pathogenic. colonies yellowish.
Source: Water, sewage, feces. Gelatin stab: Infundibuliform liquefac
Habitat: Soil, water and occasionally tion. Sediment light pink.
Agar slant: Grayish, glistening, translu- Rods with rounded ends, occurring singly,
cent, limited. Agar becomes brownish green. occasionally in chains, 0.7 by 2.0 to 4.0
Broth: Turbid, with slight gray pellicle microns. Motile with two to four polar fla-
and sediment. Broth becomes green. gella. Gram-negative.
Litmus milk: Alkaline; reduction of lit- Gelatin colonies: Flat, bluish, translu-
mus; slight coagulation. Serum becomes cent.
green. Gelatin stab: Surface growth shiny,
Potato: Thin, brownish, moist, glistening, grayish blue. The medium is colored steel-
viscid. blue with greenish fluorescence. Gelatin is
Indole not produced. liquefied. Some strains do not liquefy.
Aerobic, facultative. Agar slant: Grayish white streak. The
Optimum temperature, between 20° and medium takes on a bluish gray color with
25° C. No growth at 35° C. slight fluorescence.
Source: From water from the Schuylkill Broth: Turbid with marked fluorescence.
River. Litmus milk: Unchanged. In association
Habitat: Water. with lactic-acid bacteria the milk takes on a
deep blue color.
16. Pseudomonas septica Bergey et al., Potato: Yellowish gray, shiny layer, be-
1930. (Bacilhis fluorescens septicus Stutzer coming bluish gray. The tissue becomes
and Wsorow, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 71, bluish gray.
1927, 113; Bergey et al., Manual, 3rd ed., Indole not produced.
1930, 169.) Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
sep'ti.ca. Gr. adj. septicus putrefactive, Aerobic, facultative.
septic. Optimum temperature,
Rods, 0.6 to 0.8 by 0.8 to 2.0 microns, oc- Source: From milk that25°was
C. bluish in
curring singly. Motile with a polar flagel- color.
lum. Gram-negative. Habitat: The cause of blue milk.
Gelatin stab: Infundibuliform liquefac-
tion. 18. Pseudomonas iodinum (Davis,
Agar colonies: Circular with opalescent 1939) Tobie, 1939. (Chromobacierium io-
center and transparent periphery. dinum Davis, Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 100,
Agar slant: Moderate, undulate margin. 1939, 273; Tobie, Bull. Assoc. Diplomes
Broth: Turbid with fragile pellicle, green- Microbiol. Fac, Nancy, No. 18, 1939, 16.)
ish in upper portion. i.o.di'num. M.L. neut.noun iodinum
Litmus milk: Alkaline, coagulated. iodine.
Blood serum not liquefied. Rods, 0.5 by 1.0 to 2.0 microns, occurring
Acid from glucose. singly. Non-motile. Gram-negative.
Aerobic, facultative. Gelatin stab: Stratiform liquefaction.
Optimum temperature, 20° C. Crystals of iodinin form.
Source: Isolated from diseased caterpil-
lars. Agar colonies: Round, smooth, gray-
Habitat: From infected caterpillars so white, moist, glistening. Dark purple crys-
far as known. tals having the appearance of iodine crystals
form in the growth and in the adjacent
17. Pseudomonas syncyanea (Ehren- medium. This pigment is actually a phena-
zine di-N-oxide, there being no iodine
berg, 1840). Migula, 1895. (Vibrio syncyaneus
Ehrenberg, Berichte ii.d. Verh. d. k. Preuss. present (Clemo and Mcllwain, Jour. Chem.
Akad. d. Wissensch. z. Berlin, 5, 1840, 202; Soc, Pt. 1, 1938, 479; Clemo and Daglish,
Migula, in Engler and Prantl, Die natiirl. Jour. Chem. Soc, Pt. 1, 1950, 1481).
Pflanzenfam., 1, la, 1895, 29.) Broth: Turbid. Crystals of iodinin form
on bottom of tube.
syn.cy.a'ne.a. Gr. srjn- along wîth, en-
tirely; Gr. cyaneus dark blue, dark; M.L. Litmus milk: Alkaline; slow reduction of
adj. syncyaneus entirely blue. litmus.
Potato: Viscous, creamy, spreading, be- Aerobic, facultative.

coming dark. Optimum temperature, 37° C.
Catalase-positive. Subcutaneous and intravenous inocula-
Indole not produced. tions into rabbits cause death in 36 to 48
Nitrites produced from nitrates. hours.
No acid from carbohj-drates. Source: Isolated from nasal secretions in
Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced. ozena.
Aerobic. Habitat: Unknown.
Optimum temperature, 28° C. Grows at
37° C. 20. Pseudomonas putida (Trevisan,
Distinguishing character: The pigment, 1889) Migula, 1895. {Bacillus fluorescens
iodinin, is readih' formed in any medium putidus Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 2
containing soluble nitrogenous compounds.
Aufl., 1886, 288; Bacillus putidus Trevisan,
Potassium and sodium citrates markedly I gen. e le specie d. Batteriacee, 1889, 18;
stimulate pigment production. Yeast ex- Migula, in Engler and Prantl, Die natiir.
tract is inhibitory to formation of iodinin, Pflanzenfam., 1, la, 1895, 29.)
which is soluble in benzene, toluene, xylene,
chloroform, carbon disulfide and ethyl ace- ])u'ti.da. L. adj. putidus stinking, fetid.
Rods with rounded ends. Motile, posses-
tate. Such solutions are ruby red. The pig-
sing polar flagella. Gram-negative.
ment, like pyocyanin and chlororaphine, is a Gelatin colonies: Small, finely granular,
phenazine derivative.
Source: Isolated from milk. fluorescent with dark center, surrounded by
Habitat: Unknown. a yellow zone, with pale gray margin.
Gelatin stab: Dirty white surface growth,
19. Pseudomonas smaragdina (Mez, becoming greenish, fluorescent. No liquefac-
tion.
1898) Migula, 1900. {Bacillus smaragdinus
foetidus Reiman, Inaug. Dissertation, Agar colonies: Circular, raised, smooth,
Wiirzburg, 1887; Bacterium smaragdinum amorphous, entire, with fluorescent zone
around the periphery.
Mez, Mikroskopische Wasseranalyse, Ber-
lin, 1898, 49; Migula, Svst. d. Bakt., £, 1900, Agar slant: Yellowish green layer, be-
890.) coming fluorescent.
Broth: Turbid, fluorescent.
sma.rag'di.na. Gr. adj. smaragdinus of Litmus milk: Unchanged.
smaragdus, emerald -green.
Small rods, occurring singly. Non -motile. Potato: Thin, gray to brownish, slim}-
Gram-negative. layer.
Gelatin colonies: Small, convex, irregular, Cultures give off odor of trimethylamine.
whitish with greenish shimmer. Indole not produced.
Gelatin stab: Slight surface growth. In- Nitrites produced from nitrates.
fundibuliform liquefaction. The liquefied
medium becomes light emerald-green in Temperature relations: Optimum, 25° C.
color. Will grow at 37° C. (Reid et al., Penn. Agr.
Agar colonies: Small, brownish yellow, Exp. Sta., Bull. 422, 1942,9).
convex. Relationship to other species: Identical
Agar slant: Abundant growth with green- with Pseudomonas flxiorescens Migula ac-
ish fluorescence. cording to Lehmann and Neumann (Bact.
Broth: Turbid. Diag., 1, Aufl., 2, 1896, 271) except that it
Litmus milk: Not coagulated. does not liquefy gelatin. See Pseudomonas
Potato: Dark brown, becoming chocolate- eisenbergii Migula.
brown. Source: Isolated from putrid materials.
Indole not produced. Habitat: Putrefying materials; water.
Nitrates not reduced.
The cultures give off an odor resembling 21. Pseudomonas striata Chester, 1901.
jasmine. {Bacillus striatus viridis Ravenel, Memoirs
Nat. Acad. Sci., 8, 1896, 22; Chester, Man. and Anderson, Jour. Bact., 23, 1932, 343;
Determ. Bact., 1901, 325.) not Pseudomonas graveolens Migula, Syst. d.
stri.a'ta. L. v. strio to groove; L. part. adj. Bakt., 2, 1900, 934.)
striatus grooved. taet'ro.lens. L. adj. taeter offensive; L.
Slender rods, of variable lengths, staining part, olens having an odor; M.L. part. adj.
irregularl}^ occurring singly and in pairs. taetrolens foul-smelling.
Motile, possessing polar flagella. Gram-nega- Short rods with rounded ends, occurring
tive. singly, in pairs and in short chains. Motile
Gelatin colonies: Circular, yellowish, with (Levine and Anderson). One to five polar
filamentous border.
flagella (found on retest of cultures bj-
Gelatin stab: No liquefaction. Haynes, 1953). Gram-negative.
Agar slant: Smooth, glistening, irregular, Gelatin stab: Not liquefied.
spreading. Agar becomes j-ellowish green. Agar colonies: Circular, slightly raised,
Broth: Turbid, becoming slightly greenish. smooth, entire, amorphous internal struc-
Litmus milk: No coagulation; becoming ture.
alkaline; litmus reduced. Agar slant: Growth abundant and tan-
Potato: Moist, glistening, spreading, be- colored; medium darkened. Penetrating
coming chocolate-brown. odor of must.
Indole not produced. Broth: Turbid; thin, oily pellicle and
Aerobic. sediment. Odor of must.
Grows well at 25° and 36° C. Litmus milk: Acid, coagulated; litmus
Source: Isolated from soil. reduced.
Habitat: Soil. Indole not produced.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
22. Pseudomonas ovalis Chester, 1901. Hj'drogen sulfide produced.
(Bacillus fltmrescens ovalis Ravenel, Mem- Starch not hydrolyzed.
oirs Nat. Acad. Sci., 8, 1896, 9; Chester, Acid but no gas produced from glucose,
Man. Determ. Bact., 1901, 325.) lactose, galactose, mannose, fructose,
o.va'lis. L. n. ovum an egg; M.L. adj. rhamnose and xjdose. Slight acidity in
ovalis oval. glycerol and mannitol. No acid or gas from
Rods, short with rounded ends, occurring aesculin, amygdalin, arabitol, dextrin, dul-
singly. Motile, possessing polar flagella. citol, glycogen, inulin, maltose, melizitose,
Gram-negative. pectin, raffinose, salicin, sorbitol, starch,
Gelatin colonies: Irregular, lobate, sucrose, xylan, arabinose, erythritol or
slightly granular, translucent, grayish be- trehalose.
coming bluish. Aerobic.
Gelatin stab: No liquefaction. Faintly Catalase-positive.
green near surface.
Agar colonies: Circular, opaque, entire, 25° C. Scant growth at 33° and 10° C.
greenish fluorescence. Distinctive character: A strong musty-
Agar slant: Thin, spreading, greenish odor develops in media in which this or-
white. Agar becomes j'ellowish. ganism grows. In this respect it resembles
Broth: Turbid, with pellicle and white P. perolens which, however, liquefies gelatin
sediment; faintly green. and reduces nitrates.
Potato: Scant, yellowish brown growth. Source: Isolated from musty eggs; also
Indole not produced. from milk by Olsen and Hammer (Iowa
Aerobic, facultative. State College Jour. Sci., 9, 1934, 125).
Grows well at 25° and 36° C. Habitat : Found in various foods that have
Source: Isolated from soil. a musty odor; presumably widely dis-
Habitat: Soil. tributed.
23. Pseudomonas laelrolens Haynes, 24. Pseudomonas incognita Chester,

7iom. nov. (Pseudomonas graveolens Levine
1901. (Bacillus fluorescensincognitus'WTight,
109
Memoirs Nat. Acad. Sci., 7, 1895, 436; Broth: Turbid, with thin whitish pellicle
Chester, Man. Determ. Bact., 1901, 323.) and sediment.
in.cog'ni.ta. L. adj. incognitus not ex- Litmus milk: Acid, coagulated, partly re-
amined, unknown. duced.
Short rods, with rounded ends, occurring ing.Potato: Moist, glistening, brown, spread-
singly, in pairs and in chains. Motile, pos-
ses ing a polar flagellum. Gram-negative. Indole is produced (trace).
Gelatin colonies: Thin, translucent, Aerobic.
slightly granular, becoming greenish. Mar- Optimum temperature, 30° C. Does not
gin undulate. The medium assumes a blue-
green fluorescence. grow at 35°From
Source: C. water from the Schuylkill
Gelatin stab: No liquefaction. River.
Agar slant: Thin, moist, translucent. Agar Habitat: Water.
becomes greenish.
Broth: Turbid, becoming greenish. Pel- 26. Pseudomonas mildenbergii Bergey
licle and whitish sediment form. et al., 1930. (Der Blaubacillus, Mildenberg,
Litmus milk: Slightly acid in a month. Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 56, 1922, 309; Bergey
Litmus slowly reduced. et al., Manual, 3rd ed., 1930, 172.)
Potato: Moist, glistening, spreading, mil.den.ber'gi.i. Mildenberg, a patro-
brown. nymic; M.L. gen. noun mildenbergii of Mil-
Indole is produced (trace). denberg.
Aerobic, facultative. Rods, 0.3 to 0.5 by 1.0 to 3.5 microns,
No growth at 35° to 36° C. with rounded ends, occurring singly. Mo-
Comment: Wright (op. cit., 1895, 441) tile, possessing polar flagella. Gram-nega-
described an organism that is very similar tive.
to this species except that it may produce a Gelatin colonies: Circular, lobed, smooth,
faint brownish green coloration in a gelatin glistening, slightly raised, steel-blue, entire.
stab; Wright named the organism Bacillus Gelatin stab: No liquefaction.
nexibilis {Bacterium nexibilis Chester, Ann. Agar colonies: Small, circular, yellowish
Rept. Del. Col. Agr. Exp. Sta., 9, 1897, 74; or reddish yellow, entire, becoming lobed,
Pseudomonas nexibilis Chester, op. cit., grayish green, iridescent. The medium be-
1901, 309). comes dirty grayish green.
Source: Isolated from water from the Agar slant: Smooth, spreading, slimy,
Schujdkill River. glistening, grayish green to dark green,
Habitat: Water. fluorescent.
Broth: Turbid green, iridescent to opales-
25. Pseudomonas rugosa (Wright, 1895) cent with slimy sediment.
Chester, 1901. {Bacillus rugosus Wright, Litmus milk: Not coagulated, blue ring.
Memoirs Nat. Acad. Sci., 7, 1895, 438; Potato: Slimj^, glistening, spreading, steel
Chester, Man. Determ. Bact., 1901, 323.) blue.
ru.go'sa. L. adj. rugosus full of wrinkles. Indole not produced.
Small rods, with rounded ends, occurring Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
singl}^ in pairs and in chains. Motile, pos- Aerobic, facultative.
ses ing 1to 4 polar flagella. Gram-negative. Optimum temperature, 25° C.
Gelatin colonies: Grayish, translucent, Source : Isolated from air.
slightly raised, irregular, sinuous, radiately
arose to entire. 27. Pseudomonas eonvexa Chester,
Gelatin stab : Dense grayish green, lim- 1901. {Bacillus fluorescens convexus Wright,
ited, wrinkled, reticulate surface growth. Memoirs Nat. Acad. Sci., 7, 1895, 438;
No liquefaction. Medium becomes green. Chester, Man. Determ. Bact., 1901, 325.)
Agar slant: Grayish white, limited, con.vex'a. L. adj. convexus vaulted, con-
slightl}^ wrinkled, translucent. Agar be- vex.
comes green. Short, thick rods, with rounded ends.
no PSEUDOMONADALES
Motile, possessing a polar flagellum. Gram- Not pathogenic.

negative. Habitat : Water.
Gelatin colonies: Circular, convex, glis-
tening, greenish, translucent. The medium 29. Pseudomonas erythra Fuller and
becomes blue-green, fluorescent. Norman, 1943. (Jour. Bact., 46, 1943, 276.)
Gelatin stab: Light green, raised, glisten- e'ry.thra. Gr. adj. erythrus red.
ing surface growth. No liquefaction. Me- Rods, 0.2 to 0.4 by 1.2 to 1.5 microns, with
dium becomes blue-green fluorescent. rounded ends, usually arranged singly.
Agar slant: Moist, translucent, glisten- Motile with a single polar flagellum. Encap-
ing, light greenish. The medium assumes a sulated. Gram-negative.
greenish color. Gelatin stab: No growth.
Broth: Turbid, becoming greenish. Starch agar: No growth.
Litmus milk: No coagulation; alkaline. Water-insoluble dextrin agar: Scant
Potato: Pale brown, spreading. growth. Subsurface colonies appear after
Indole not produced. 8 to 10 days. Colonies are angular, small,
Aerobic, facultative. surrounded by a clear zone 2 to 5 mm in
diameter. Buff or reddish brown.
Little or no growth at 35° to 36° C.
Source: From water from the Schuylkill Litmus milk: No growth.
River. Indole not produced.
Habitat: Water. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Starch not hydrolyzed.
28. Pseudomonas eisenbergii Migula, No growth in media containing the usual
1900. (Fluorescirender Bacillus No. 18, carbohydrates. Cellulose and water-in-
Eisenberg, Bakt. Diag., 1 Aufl., 1886, Taf. soluble dextrins are utilized. Filter paper
7; Bacillus fluorescens non liquefaciens Eis- strips in mineral solution develop reddish
enberg, Bakt. Diag., 3 Aufl., 1891, 145; Mig- brown spots above the surface of the liquid.
ula, Syst. d. Bakt., 3, 1900, 913; Pseud- Solution becomes cloudy. Colonies enlarge
omonas non-liquefaciens Bergey et al.. and become viscous, and the paper becomes
Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 132.) reddish. The filter paper does not break
eis.en.ber'gi.i. Named for James Eisen- with moderate shaking but may be wound
berg, the bacteriologist who first described up in a slimy mass. In cellulose media a
this species; M.L. gen.n. eisenbergii of reddish, water-soluble pigment is produced.
Eisenberg. Yeast extract and nitrate are suitable
Short, slender rods with rounded ends. nitrogen sources.
Non-motile. Gram-negative. Aerobic.
Gelatin colonies: Fern-like surface col-
Grows in a range from 22° to 35° C.
onies. Medium around colonies has a pearly Source: Isolated from soil.
luster. Habitat: Soil.
Gelatin stab: Surface growth has fluores-
cent shimmer. Scant growth along stab. No 30. Pseudomonas fragi (Eichholz, 1902)
liquefaction. Huss, 1907, emend. Hussong et al., 1937.
Agar slant: Greenish growth. {Bacterium fragi Eichholz, Cent. f. Bakt.,
Broth: Turbid, fluorescent. II Abt., 9, 1902, 425; Huss, Cent. f. Bakt.,
Litmus milk: Unchanged. II Abt., 19, 1907, 661; Hussong, Long and
Potato: Diffuse, brownish laj-er. The sur- Hammer, Iowa Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. Bull.
face acquires a grayish blue color. 225, 1937, 122.)
Indole not produced. fra'gi. L. neut.n. fragum strawberry; L.
Nitrites produced from nitrates. gen.n. fragi of the strawberry.
Acid from glucose. Description from Hussong, Long and
Blood serum liquefied. Hammer {loc. cit.).
Aerobic. Rods, 0.5 to 1.0 by 0.75 to 4.0 microns,
Optimum temperature, 25° C. occurring singly, in pairs and in chains.
Motile with a polar flagellum. Gram-nega- pe.ro 'lens. L. v. perolere to emit a pene-
tive. trating odor; L. part. adj. perolens emitting
Gelatin: Crateriform to stratiform lique- an odor.
faction in 3 to 4 daj's. Small, imperfect spheres and coccoid rods;
Agar colonies: Convex, glistening, gen- occasionallj' longer rods with rounded ends;
erally butyrous, occasionally viscid. Rough, occur singly and in short chains. 0.3 by 0.4
smooth and intermediate forms are recog- to 2.55 microns. Motile with a single polar
nized in the description quoted. The rough flagellum. Gram-negative.
forms are less proteolytic and less active Gelatin: Liquefied.
in the hydrolysis of fats. Agar slants: Growth moderate, glisten-
Agar slant: Growth abundant, spreading, ing, raised, butyrous, spreading, with un-
raised, white, shiny, generally butyrous. dulate border; whitish by reflected and
Sweet ester-like odor resembling that of the semi-translucent by transmitted light.
flower of the May apple. Broth: Turbid, with a flocculent sediment
Broth: Turbidit}^ and sediment with a and a slight pellicle.
thin pellicle. Litmus milk: Acid, gradually decolorized,
Litmus milk: Acid ring followed by acid partial clotting.
coagulum at surface. Complete coagulation Blood serum: Liquefied.
in 2 to 3 weeks, some digestion. Characteris- Potato: Growth thick, glistening, raised,
brownish.
tic Maj'-apple or strawberry odor.
Potato : Growth echinulate to arborescent, Nitrites and ammonia produced from ni-
trates.
raised, glistening, white, becoming brown-
ish. Indole not produced.
Indole not produced. Acid but no gas from glucose, fructose,
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. galactose, glycerol, mannitol and arabinose.
Ammonia produced from peptone. Sucrose, maltose, lactose, raffinose, dulcitol,
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. salicin and inulin not utilized.
Acid from glucose and galactose, some- Aerobic, facultative.
times arabinose. No acid from glycerol, Grows well at room temperature. No
inulin, lactose, fructose, maltose, mannitol,
growth at 37° C.
raffinose, salicin or sucrose. Distinctive characters : Produces a musty
No acetylmeth3-lcarbinol produced. odor in eggs. Other varieties and species of
Fat is generally hydrolyzed (Nashif and Pseudomonas that produce the same odor
Nelson, Jour. Dairy Sci., 36, 1953, 459-488). have been described (Szybalski, loc. cit.).
Aerobic. Resembles Pseudomonas fragi but produces
Grows from 10° to 30° C. No growth at a musty rather than a May-apple odor in
media.
37° C. Very sensitive to heat.
Comment: Various names have been Source: Isolated from eggs with a musty
given this species. Hussong (Thesis, Iowa odor.
State College, 1932) thinks that these varie- Habitat: Musty eggs.
ties are the result of dissociative action.
Source: Isolated from milk and other 32. Pseudomonas mephitica Claydon
254.)
dairy products, dairy utensils, water, etc. and Hammer, 1939. (Jour. Bact., 37, 1939,
Habitat: Soil and water. Widely dis-
tributed (Morrison and Hammer, Jour. me.phi'ti.ca. L. adj. mephiticus pestilen-
Dairy Sci., ^4, 1941,9). tial (skunk-like) odor.
Rods, 0.5 to 1.0 by 1.5 to 14.0 microns,
31. Pseudomonas perolens (Turner, occurring singly, in pairs and in chains.
1927) Szybalski, 1950. {Achromobacter pero- Actively motile with a polar flagellum.
lens Turner, Austral. Jour. Exp. Biol, and Gram-negative.
Med. Sci., 4, 1927, 57; Szybalski, Nature, Gelatin: Slow liquefaction.
165, 1950, 733.) Agar colonies: Convex, circular, about 3
mm in diameter, shiny, grajish white, en- Potato: Echinulate, smooth, glistening,

tire, of the consistency of bread dough. viscous, reddish brown.
Agar slant: Growth grayish white, Indole not produced.
wrinkled, echinulate. After 1 or 2 days a Nitrites are produced from nitrates.
skunk-like odor develops. Acid from maltose and sucrose. No action
Broth: Turbid. Sediment. White pellicle. on glucose, fructose, galactose, arabinose,
Potato: Growth echinulate, shiny, brown- lactose, raffinose, dextrin, inulin, salicin,
ish. amj'gdalin, glycerol, mannitol or sorbitol.
Litmus milk: A skunk-like odor develops Ammonia is formed.
in 1 to 2 days. Grayish blue surface ring in Aerobic, facultative.
about 3 days. Alkaline in 7 to 10 daj^s. In Optimum temperature, 21° C. No growth
two weeks complete reduction. Slight pro- at Source:
37° C. Isolated from tainted butter.
teolysis and viscosity.
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. Habitat: Milk, cream, butter, water, soil
Indole not produced. and creamery equipment (Long and Ham-
Nitrites produced from nitrates. mer, loc. cit.; Claj'don and Hammer, op.
Acid but no gas produced slowly from cit., Res. Bull. 267^ 1939).
glucose, fructose, maltose and sucrose. No
acid from arabinose, dextrin, galactose, 34. Pseudomonas cohaerens (Wright,
glycerol, lactose, mannitol, raffinose or 1895) Chester, 1901. {Bacillus cohaerens
salicin. Wright, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., 7, 1895, 464;
Aerobic, facultative. Pseudomonas cohaerea (sic) Chester, Man.
Optimum temperature, 21° C. Growth Determ. Bact., 1901, 312.)
slight at 5° and 30°C. No growth at 37° C. co.hae'rens. L. part. adj. cohaerens co-
Source: Several cultures isolated from hering, uniting together.
butter having a skunk-like odor. Rods, occurring singly and in pairs, some-
Habitat: Presumably derived from the times in chains. Motile, possessing a polar
rinse water. flagellum. Gram-negative.
Gelatin colonies : Circular, elevated, gray-
33. Pseudomonas putrefaciens (Derby ish, translucent, entire. Become white with
and Hammer, 1931) Long and Hammer, an elevated, brownish, central nodule.
1941. (Achromobacter putrefaciens Derby Gelatin stab: Slow liquefaction.
and Hammer, Iowa Agr. Exp. Sta., Res. Agar slant: Elevated, grayish white,
Bull. 145, 1931, 401; Long and Hammer, translucent, glistening, with irregular mar-
Jour. Bact., 41, 1941, 100.)
pu.tre.fa'ci.ens. L. v. ptdrefacio to make Broth: Turbid; coherent, wrinkled pel-
gins.
rotten; L. part. adj. putrefaciens making licle which adheres to the walls of the con-
rotten. tainer.
Rods, 0.5 to 1.0 by 1.1 to 4.0 microns, Litmus milk: Alkaline, coagulated, slowly
occurring singly and in pairs. Motile with
peptonized, litmus reduced.
a single flagellum. Gram-negative. Potato: Thick, granular, translucent,
Gelatin stab: Rapid, saccate to strati-
spreading.
form liquefaction, with reddish brown sedi-
ment in the liquefied portion. Indole not produced.
Agar colony: Circular, smooth, glisten- Grows at 25° C.
Aerobic.
ing, slightly raised, somewhat transparent,
with brownish tinge. Source: Isolated from water from the
Agar slant: Echinulate, slightly reddish Schuylkill River.
brown, viscous. Habitat: Water.
Broth: Turbid, with thin, gray pellicle
and reddish brown sediment. 35. Pseudomonas ambigua (Wright,
Litmus milk: Rapid reduction and pro- 1895) Chester, 1901. (Bacillus amhiguus
teolysis with odor of putrefaction. Wright, Memoirs Nat. Acad. Sci., 7, 1895,
113
439; Chester, Man. Determ. Bact., 1901, Starch is hydrol3'zed.

308.) No acid from glucose, lactose, sucrose,
am.bi'gu.a. L. adj. anibiguus going galactose, xylose, mannitol, salicin or
about, hence uncertain.
Small rods, with rounded ends, occurring glycerol.
Equally good growth at 25° and 37° C.
Aerobic.
singly, in pairs and in chains. Motile, pos-
ses ing a polar flagellum. Gram-negative. Distinctive character: The fluorescent
Gelatin colonies: Gray, translucent, quality of the colonies is not imparted to
slightly raised, irregular, radiate, with any of the artificial media used.
transparent margin. Source: Isolated from cutting compound
Gelatin stab: No liquefaction. (oil-water emulsion) circulating in a ma-
Agar slant: Graj^, limited, entire. chine shop. The oil in this compound may
Broth: Turbid, with gray sediment. be utilized as a sole source of energj'.
Litmus milk: Acid, slowly coagulated. Habitat: Probably oil-soaked soils. Abun-
Litmus reduced. dant in cutting compounds.
Potato: Gray to creamj-, viscid, spread-
ing. 37. Pseudonionas arvilla Gray and
Indole produced. Thornton, 1928. (Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 73,
1928, 90.)
Optimum temperature, between 30° and ar.vil'.la. L. arvum a field; M.L. dim. noun
35° C. arvilla a small field.
Source: Isolated from water from the Rods, 0.5 to 0.7 by 2.0 to 3.0 microns.
Schuylkill River. Motile with one to five polar flagella. Gram-
Habitat: Water.
negative.
Gelatin colonies: Circular, whitish, con-
36. Pseudonionas oleovorans Lee and vex, smooth, glistening, lobate.
Chandler, 1941. (Jour. Bact., 4^, 1941, 378.) Gelatin stab: No liquefaction.
o.le.o'vor.ans. L. ole^^moil■, L. v. voro to Agar colonies: Circular or amoeboid,
destro}', consume; M.L. part. adj. oleovorans white to buff, flat to convex, smooth, glis-
oil-consuming. tening, opaque, entire.
Short rods, 0.5 by 0.8 to 1.5 microns, Agar slant: Filiform, whitish, convex,
occurring singly and in pairs. Motile. Gram- smooth, ringed, entire.
negative. Broth: Turbid.
Gelatin stab: No liquefaction after 6 Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
weeks. Starch not hydrolj'zed.
Gelatin colonies : Up to 1 mm in diameter, Acid from glucose.
fluorescent; similar to agar colonies. Attacks naphthalene.
Surface agar colonies: After 24 hours 1 to Aerobic, facultative.
2 mm in diameter, smooth, convex, shiny,
Grows at 37° C.
opaque, creamy, fluorescent bj^ transmitted Source: Isolated from soil.
light. Edge entire in young colonies. Habitat: Soil.
Deep agar colonies: 0.5 by 1.0 to 1.5 mm,
lens-shaped, buff-colored, not fluorescent. 38. Pseudomonas daciinhae Gray and
Agar slant: Growth raised, smooth, fluo- Thornton, 1928. (Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 73,
rescent, edge erose. 1928, 90.)
Broth : After 24 hours, moderate turbidity da.cun'hae. d'Acunha, place name. Island;
with slight yellowish, viscid sediment. No
M.L. gen. noun dacimhae of d'Acunha.
pellicle or ring. No soluble pigment pro- Rods 0.5 to 0.8 by 1.5 to 3.0 microns.
duced. Motile with one to six polar flagella. Gram-
Litmus milk: No change. negative.
Indole not produced. Gelatin colonies: Circular, whitish,
Potato: Good growth. raised, smooth, glistening, entire.
Nitrites are produced from nitrates. Gelatin stab: No liquefaction.
Agar colonies: Circular to amoeboid, Agar colonies : Circular, buff, flat, smooth,
white, flat, glistening, opaque, entire. glistening, entire.
Agar slant: Filiform, pale buff, raised, Agar slant: Filiform, pale buff, convex,
smooth, glistening, undulate. smooth, glistening, undulate.
Broth: Turbid. Broth: Turbid; pellicle may form.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Nitrites may be produced from nitrates.
Starch not hydrolyzed. Starch may be hydrolyzed.
No acid from carbohydrate media. Acid may be produced from glucose and
Attacks phenol.
Aerobic, facultative. glycerol.
Attacks phenol and cresol at times, also
Grows at 37° C. naphthalene.
Source: Isolated from soil. Aerobic, facultative.
Habitat: Soil.
Grows at 35° C.
Source: Isolated from manure and soil.
39. Pseudomonas desmolytica Gray Habitat: Manure and soil.
and Thornton, 1928. (Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt.,
73, 1928, 90.) 41. Pseudomonas salopia Gray and
des.mo.ly'ti.ca. Gr. desmus bond; Gr. Thornton, 1928. (Pseudomonas salopium
lyticus able to loose; M.L. adj. desmolyiiciis (sic) Gray and Thornton, Cent. f. Bakt., II
bond-loosening. Abt., 73, 1928, 91.)
Rods, 0.7 to 0.8 by 2.0 to 3.0 microns, sa.lo'pi.a. Med.L. Salop Shropshire;
occurring singly and in pairs. Motile, with M.L. adj. salopius of Shropshire.
one to five polar flagella. Gram-negative. Rods, 0.7 to 1.0 by 1.0 to 3.0 microns,
Gelatin colonies: Circular, gray to buff, occurring singly and in pairs. Motile with
raised or umbonate. Smooth, glistening, one to six polar flagella. Gram-negative.
entire.
Gelatin stab: No liquefaction. Gelatin colonies: Circular, grayish buff',
flat, rugose or ringed, translucent border.
Agar colonies: Circular or amoeboid, Gelatin stab: No liquefaction.
whitish, flat or convex, smooth, translucent Agar colonies: Circular or amoeboid,
to opaque, entire. white to buff, flat to convex, smooth, glis-
Agar slant: Filiform, pale buff, raised, tening, translucent border, entire.
smooth, undulate. Agar slant: Filiform, whitish, raised,
Broth: Turbid. smooth, glistening, lobate.
Nitrites often produced from nitrates. Broth: Turbid with pellicle.
Starch not hydrolyzed. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Acid usually produced from glucose. Starch not hydrolyzed.
Attacks naphthalene. Acid from glucose and sucrose.
Attacks naphthalene.
Grows at 35° C. Aerobic, facultative.
Source: Isolated from soil.
Habitat: Soil. Grows at 35° C.
Habitat: Soil.
40. Pseudomonas rathonis Gray and
Thornton, 1928. (Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 73,
1928, 90.) 42. Pseudomonas cruciviae Gray and
Thornton, 1928. (Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 73,
ra.tho'nis. RathoPark, place name; M.L. 1928, 91.)
gen. noun rathonis of Ratho.
Small rods, 0.5 to 1.0 by 1.0 to 3.0 microns, cru.ci'vi.ae. L. crux, cruets a cross; L.
occurring singly and in pairs. Motile, with via a way; M.L. Crucivia Waycross, a place
polar flagella. Gram-negative. name.
Gelatin colonies: Circular, white, raised, Rods, 1.0 by 1.0 to 3.0 microns, occurring
smooth, glistening, undulate. singly and in pairs. Motile with one to five
Gelatin stab: No liquefaction. polar flagella. Gram-negative.
115
Gelatin colonies: Circular, white, convex, Nitrates, nitrites, nitramines and N2O
smooth, undulate. reduced to elemental nitrogen.
Gelatin stab: No liquefaction. Carbohj^drates : No growth when used as
Agar colonies: Circular or amoeboid, a carbon source in mineral media.
white to buff, flat to convex, smooth, entire. Aerobic, facultative.
Agar slant: Filiform, pale buff, raised, Optimum pH, 7.0; growth even at pH 9.0.
smooth, undulate. Optimum temperature, 35° C.
Broth: Turbid. Distinctive characters: Colony shape
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. and consistency, mode and color of potato
Starch not hj^droh-zed. growth, ability to grow anaerobically in
No acid in carbohydrate media. media with nitrate, nitrite, nitramine or
Attacks phenol and m-cresol. N2O, producing foam.
Aerobic, facultative. Source: Isolated from soil.
Optimum temperature, between 30° and Habitat: Found widely distributed in soil,
35° C. manure, mud and stagnant water.
Habitat: Soil. 44. Pseudomoiias tralucida Kellerman
et al., 1913. (Kellerman, McBeth, Scales
37.)
43. Pseudonionas stutzeri (Lehmann and Smith, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 39, 1913,
and Neumann, 1896) Kluyver, 1942.
{Bacillus denitrificans II Burri and Stutzer, tra.lu'ci.da. L. adj. frahicidus trans-
Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 1, 1895, 392; Bac-
terium stutzeri Lehmann and Neumann, parent.
Rods 0.6 by 1.2 microns. Motile with one
Bakt. Diag., 1 Aufl., 2, 1896, 237; Bacillus or two polar flagella. Gram-negative.
nitrogenes Migula, Syst. d. Bakt., 2, 1900, Gelatin stab: No liquefaction.
793; Pseudonionas stutzeri Kluyver, in Agar slant: Moderate, flat, glistening,
Koningsberger, Leerb. d. algem. Plant- grayish growth.
kunde, Scheltema and Holkema, Amster- Broth: Turbid; granular sediment.
dam, 2, 1942, 198; not Pseudonionas stutzeri Litmus milk: Acid, no coagulation.
Migula, Syst. d. Bakt., 2, 1900, 929.) Potato: No growth.
Indole not produced.
stut'ze.ri. Named for Dr. A. Stutzer, one
of the bacteriologists who originally de- Nitrites produced from nitrates.
scribed this species; M.L. gen. noun stutzeri Ammonia not produced.
of Stutzer. Starch hydrolysis slight.
Description taken from van Niel and Acid from glucose, maltose, lactose, su-
Allen (Jour. Bact., 64, 1952, 421). crose, starch, glycerol and mannitol.
Rods, 0.5 to 0.8 by 1.0 to 3.0 microns. Mo- Attacks cellulose.
tile, possessing a single polar flagellum. Aerobic, facultative.
Gram-negative. Optimum temperature, 37° C. Grows also
Gelatin and agar colonies: Strongly coat Habitat:
20° C. Soil.
herent to media, dry consistency later be-
coming mucoid, resemble craters with ele-
45. Pseudonionas lasia Fuller and Nor-
vated ridges which often branch and merge,
man, 1943. (Jour. Bact., 46, 1943, 275.)
concentric zones, polygonal elements,
granular. la'si.a. Gr. adj. lasius hairy, rough,
Gelatin: No liquefaction. shaggy, woolly.
Peptone and yeast agar: Good growth. usually occurring singly but sometimes in
Broth: Surface film on nitrate- or nitrite- chains. Motile with a single polar flagellum.
free media which readily breaks up and pre- Gram-negative.
cipitates. Gelatin stab: No liquefaction.
Potato: Luxuriant, wrinkled, slimy, flesh- Starch agar colonies : Convex, pale 3'ellow,
to peach-colored growth. becoming cream color, entire, round. Sub-
surface colonies look like small, woolly sodium nitrate cannot be used as substi-
balls. tutes for organic-nitrogen sources. Neither
Water-insoluble dextrin colonies: Col- could 20 water-soluble accessory factors
onies grow below the surface and have a substitute for yeast extract in a synthetic
woolly appearance. Colonies are surrounded mineral salts-glucose medium.
by clear zones. Become cream to pale yellow No pigment produced in any medium.
in color. Starch not hydrolyzed.
Litmus milk : Unchanged except for reduc-
tion of litmus at bottom of the tube. 33°Optimum
Indole not produced. Distinctive characters: In organic media
Nitrites produced from nitrates. containing a small amount of organic matter
Starch hydrolyzed. such as yeast extract or peptone and 0.05 to
Glucose, .xylose, maltose and starch read- 0.2 per cent riboflavin, the riboflavin is
ily utilized. Arabinose, galactose and gum attacked and converted to lumichrome,
arable feebly attacked. No acid formed in which accumulates in the culture as lemon-
any of the above-mentioned substrates. yellow crystals. If riboflavin is not provided
Cellulose, cellulosan, water-soluble and in the medium, appreciable quantities of it
water-insoluble cellulose, dextrins, hemi- are synthesized by this organism.
cellulose and pectin readily attacked. Filter Source: Isolated from soil rich in ribo-
paper strips become pale yellowish in the flavin.
area attacked. Habitat: Unknown.
Peptone, yeast extract, nitrate and am-
monia are suitable nitrogen sources. 47. Pseudomonas denitrificans Bergey
Aerobic. et al., 1923. (Bacillus denitrificans fluorescens
Grows between 22° and 35° C. Christensen, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 11,
Source: Isolated from soil. 1903, 190; Bergey et al., Manual, 1st ed.,
Habitat: Soil. 1923, 131.)
de.ni.tri'fi.cans. L. de away, from; L.
46. Pseudonionas riboflavina Foster, nitruni soda; M.L. nitrate, niter; M.L.
1944. (Pseudotnonas riboflavinus (sic) Foster, denitrifico to denitrify; M.L. part. adj.
Jour.Bact.,47, 1944,27; also see Jour. Bact., denitrificans denitrifying.
48, 1944, 97.) Rods, 0.5 to 0.7 by 0.5 to 1.25 microns,
ri.bo.fla'vi.na. M.L. adj. riboflavinus occurring singly and in pairs in large, slimy
pertaining to riboflavin. masses. Motile. Gram-negative.
Thin rods of variable length. Motile. Gelatin colonies: Small, circular, con-
Gram-negative. ing. toured, raised, moist, pearly gray, glisten-
Gelatin stab: No liquefaction.
Yeast-extract agar colonies: Small, con- Gelatin stab: Whitish, lobed surface
vex, smooth, transparent; slightly dentate growth. Yellowish green growth in stab. No
edges. If glucose is added to the agar, liquefaction.
copious quantities of polj'saccharides are Agar colonies: Pearly white, circular,
formed. Presence of fructose, mannitol, su- entire.
crose, maltose, lactose, xylose and galactose Agar slant: Broad, whitish, contoured,
also lead to polysaccharide formation. moist, entire.
Yeast-extract glucose broth: Becomes so Broth: Turbid, with thick, wrinkled
viscid that it scarcely flows.
Milk: Soft curd forms. Slowly peptonized. pellicle.
Litmus milk: Not coagulated.
Nitrites produced from nitrates. Potato: Reddish gray layer.
No acid or gas from fructose, mannitol, Indole not produced.
sucrose, maltose, lactose, xylose or galac- Nitrates reduced with production of
tose. Acetic acid oxidized. nitrogen.
Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced. Aerobic, facultative.
Urea, glycine, ammonium chloride or
117
Source: Isolated from soil. Ammonia is produced.

Habitat: Soil. No acid from glucose, maltose, lactose,
sucrose, starch, glycerol or mannitol.
48. Pseudomonas indoloxidans Gray, Cellulose decomposed. Pllter paper strips
1928. (Proc. Roy. Soc. London, B, 102, 1928, disintegrated at surface of liquid medium.
263.) Aerobic, facultative.
in.dol.o'xi.dans. M.L. neiit.n. indolum Optimum temperature, 20° C.
indole; M.L. part. adj. oxidans oxidizing; Source: Isolated from soil.
from Gr. adj. oxys sharp, acid; M.L. part, Habitat: Soil.
adj. indoloxidans indole-oxidizing.
Rods 1.0 by 3.0 microns. Motile with one 50. Pseudomonas nigrifaciens White,
to four polar flagella. Gram-negative 1940. (Scientific Agriculture, 20, 1940, 643.)
Gelatin colonies: Round, convex, buff, ni.gri.fa'ci.ens. L. niger black; L. v.
smooth, glistening, erose. Jacio to make; M.L. part. adj. nigrofaciens
Gelatin stab: No liquefaction. blackening.
Agar colonies: Round, convex, white, Rods, 0.5 by 1.5 to 2.0 microns, occurring
watery; transparent border, erose. singly or in pairs and having rounded ends.
Agar slant: Filiform, convex, whitish, Actively motile with a single polar flagel-
smooth, glistening, undulate. lum. Gram-negative.
Broth: Cloudy. Gelatin stab: Pigmented surface growth
Indole not produced. after 24 hours. Slight crateriform liquefac-
Nitrites produced from nitrates. No gas. tion changing to saccate.
No acid or gas from glucose, sucrose, lac- Agar colonies: Circular, convex, smooth,
tose, maltose or glycerol. glistening, entire, 2 to 4 mm in diameter.
Starch not hydrolyzed. Slight fluorescence in early stages. The me-
Phenol and m-cresol not attacked. dium assumes a brownish color.
Distinctive character: Indole decomposed Agar slant: Growth filiform, smooth,
in mineral salts agar medium with the for- moist, glistening, with blackish pigmenta-
mation of blue crystals of indigotin. tion at 4° and 15° C. in 48 hours, the medium
Aerobic. turning brownish. Slight fluorescence in
Optimum temperature, between 25° and early stages.
28° C. Broth: Turbid after 24 hours. After 5 to 6
Source: Isolated from soil from Italian days a black ring and then a pellicle forms,
Tyrol. later a black sediment. Medium turns
Habitat: Soil. brown.
Litmus milk: A black ring appears after 3
49. Pseudomonas niira McBeth, 1916. days at 15° C. followed by a pellicle. Litmus
(Soil Science, 1, 1916, 467.) is reduced. Alkaline reaction. No coagula-
mi'ra. L. adj. minis extraordinary. tion. Digested with a putrid odor.
Rods 0.4 by 1.6 microns. Motile with a Potato: No growth, even in presence of
single polar flagellum. Gram-negative. 1.5 per cent salt.
Gelatin stab: Good growth. No liquefac- Nitrites not produced from nitrates in 7
tion. days. No gas produced.
Agar colonies : Circular, convex, grayish Starch is hydrolyzed. Natural fats not
white, granular, lacerate.
Agar slant: Moderate, flat, grayish white, hydrolj'zed.
Alkaline reaction produced in sucrose,
somewhat iridescent. maltose, lactose, glucose, mannitol and
Broth: Turbid. raffinose broth (pH 8.2). No gas produced.
Litmus milk: Alkaline. Ammonia produced in peptone broth.
Potato : Moderate, grayish white, leathery Aerobic.
growth. Optimum pH, 6.8 to 8.4.
Temperature relations: Minimum, 4° C.
Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Optimum, 25° C. Maximum, 33° to 35° C.
Distinctive characters : No or slow growth Habitat: Skin lesions and muscle tissue of
in culture media in the absence of salt. infected marine fish.
Maximum growth and pigmentation ap-
pears with 1.5 and 2.5 per cent salt. Opti- 52. Pseudonionas niarinoglutinosa
mum pigmentation occurs at 4° and 15° C. (ZoBell and Allen, 1935) ZoBell, 1943.
Pigment insoluble in chloroform. {Achromobacter viarinoglutinosus (sic) Zo-
Source: Several cultures isolated from Bell and Allen, Jour. Bact., 29, 1935, 246;
samples of discolored butter. ZoBell, Jour. Bact., ^6, 1943, 45.)
Habitat : Causes a black to reddish brown ma.ri.no.glu.ti.no'sa. L. marinus ma-
discoloration of print butter. Evidently rine; L. glutinosus full of glue, viscous; M.L.
widely distributed in nature. adj. marinoglutinosus . Meaning obscure.
Short rods, 0.7 to 1.0 by 1.8 to 2.4 microns,
51. Pseudonionas ichthyodermis (Wells with rounded ends, occurring singly, in pairs
and ZoBell, 1934) ZoBell and Upham, 1944. and in clumps. Motile with polar flagella.
(Achromobacter ichthyodermis (sic) Wells and Staining granular. Encapsulated. Gram-
ZoBell, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., £0, 1934, 123; negative.
ZoBell and Upham, Bull. Scripps Inst. Gelatin stab: Moderate filiform growth f;
Oceanography, 5, 1944, 246 and 253.) with slight napiform liquefaction. No pig-
ment.
ich.thy.o.der'mis. Gr. ichthys fish; Gr.
derma skin; M.L. ichthyodermis fish skin. Agar colonies: Round with concentric
Small rods, 0.9 to 1.3 by 3.0 to 5.0 microns, circles and crinkled radial lines, 1.5 to 5.0
occurring singlj^ and in pairs. Motile, with mm in diameter. No pigment.
a tuft of polar flagella. Pleomorphic forms Agar slant: Moderate, filiform, flat.
predominate in old cultures. Encapsulated. Butyrous consistency.
Gram-negative. Broth: Moderate clouding, marked ring,
Requires sea water following initial iso- adherent film of growth on test tube wall,
lation. The following differential media are flaky sediment.
prepared with sea water: Milk: No growth.
Agar colonies: Glistening, colorless, con- Potato: No growth.
vex, circular, 2 to 4 mm in diameter. Indole not produced.
Agar slants: Abundant, filiform, raised, Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
smooth, opalescent growth. Hydrogen sulfide and ammonia produced
Gelatin tube : Rapid crateriform liquefac- from Bacto-tryptone.
tion complete in 5 days at 18° C. Acid but no gas from xylose and dextrin.
Sea-water broth: Turbidity, with pellicle, No acid from glucose, lactose, sucrose or
little granular sediment and no odor. mannitol.
Milk: No growth. Starch is hydrolj'zed.
Potato : No growth unless dialyzed in sea
water. Then fair growth with no pigment. 25°Optimum
Acid from glucose, sucrose and mannitol Aerobic, facultative.
but not from lactose or glycerol. Source : Isolated from sea water.
Starch hydrolyzed. Habitat: Sea water.
Ammonia liberated from peptone, but no
hydrogen sulfide produced. 53. Pseudonionas nienibranoforniis
Indole formed in tryptophane sea-water (ZoBell and Allen, 1935) ZoBell, 1943.
broth. {Achromobacter membranoformis ZoBell and
Nitrites produced from nitrates. Allen, Jour. Bact., £9, 1935, 246; ZoBell,
Optimum temperature, between 25° and Jour. Bact., 46, 1943, 45.)
30° C.; 37° C. incubation will kill recently mem. bra. no. for 'mis. L. membrana a
isolated organisms. membrane; L. forma appearance; M.L. adj.
Aerobic, facultative. membranoform is membranous .
Source: Isolated from diseased kilifish Reds, 0.9 to 1.2 by 3.5 to 4.8 microns, oc-
{Fundnlus parvipinnis) . curring singly and in pairs. Motile with
lophotrichous flagella. Encapsulated. Gram- Indole not produced.

negative. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Gelatin stab : Growth filiform, best at top, Starch hj^drolyzed.
1 with slow crateriform liquefaction. No action on sugars.
Agar colonies: Circular, 1.0 to 2.5 mm, Aerobic, facultative.
with crinkled surface. Temperature relations : Optimum temper-
Agar slant: Moderate, beaded, raised ature, between 20° and 25° C. Maximum,
growth. ]\Iembranous consistency. Becomes between 30° and 32° C. Minimum, 0° C.
browned with age. Distinctive character: Requires 3 to 4 per
Broth: Slight turbidity, flocculent sedi- cent salt for growth.
ment, film of growth on walls of test tube. Source : Isolated from sea water from the
IMilk: No growth. Norwegian coast.
Potato: No growth. Habitat: Probably associated with the de-
Indole not produced. composition ofalgae in coastal waters.
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. 55. Pseudomonas calcis (Drew, 1912)
Acid but no gas from glucose, sucrose, Kellerman and Smith, 1914. (Bacterium
dextrin and mannitol. No acid from lactose calcis Drew, Yearbook Carnegie Inst.
or xylose. Wash., 11, 1912, 136; Kellerman and Smith,
Starch not hydrolyzed. Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., 4, 1914, 400.)
Optimum temperature, between 20° and cal'cis. L. fem.noun calx, calcis limestone,
25° C. chalk; L. calcis of limestone.
Aerobic. Rods, 1.1 by 1.5 to 3.0 microns, usually
Source: Isolated from sea water. single but may form long chains. Actively
Habitat: Sea water. motile with one polar flagellum. Gram-
negative.
54. Pseudonionas gelatica (Gran, 1902) Grows best in sea water or 3 per cent salt
Bergey et al., 1930. {Bacillus gelaticus Gran, media. Deposits CaCOs .
Bergens Museums Aarbog., 1902, 14; Bergey Agar colonies: Circular, with finely ir-
et al.. Manual, 3rd ed., 1930, 175.) regular outline, granular appearance, ele-
ge.la'ti.ca. L. part. adj. gelatns frozen, vated, spreading; old colonies having
congealed, jellied; M.L. adj. gelaticus re- brownish tinge in center.
sembling hardened gelatin. Gelatin stab: Infundibuliform liquefac-
Rods, with rounded ends, 0.6 to 1.2 by 1.2 tion.
to 2.6 microns, occurring singly, in pairs, Gelatin colonies : Small, with liquefaction.
and sometimes in short chains. Motile, type Broth: Good growth especially in pres-
of flagellation not recorded. Gram -negative. ence of potassium nitrate, peptone or cal-
All media prepared with 3 per cent salt. cium malate.
Fish-gelatin colonies: Circular, trans- Acid from glucose, mannitol and sucrose
parent, glistening, becoming brownish in but not from lactose.
color. Nitrates reduced to nitrites and am-
monia.
Fish-gelatin stab: Liquefaction infun-
dibuliform. Two varieties are recognized: Aerobic, facultative.
one produces a green fluorescence; the other
does not produce a water-soluble pigment. 28°Optimum
Sea-weed agar colonies: Circular, flat, Habitat: Sea water and marine mud.
entire, glistening, grayish blue center with
reddish brown periphery. Liquefied. 56. Pseudomonas calciprecipitans
Fish-agar slant: Flat, transparent streak, Molisch, 1925. (Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 65,
with undulate margin, reddish brown to 1925, 130.)
grayish white. cal.ci. pre. ci'pi. tans. L. calx, calcis lime;
Broth: Turbid with flocculent pellicle L. praecipito to throw down; M.L. part. adj.
and grayish yellow sediment, viscid. calciprecipitans lime-precipitating.
Thin rods, 0.5 to 0.8 by 1.5 to 3.6 microns, Indole not produced.
with rounded ends, often staining irregu- No acid or gas from glucose, fructose,
larly. Motile, with one polar flagellum. galactose, mannose, lactose, sucrose, mal-
Gram-negative. tose, arabinose, xylose, rafEnose, inulin,
Gelatin colonies: Circular, light brown in dextrin, glycerol, mannitol or salicin.
color (large colonies show CaCOg crystals). Starch not hydrolyzed.
Gelatin stab : Surface growth with filiform Nitrites are produced from nitrates; no
growth in depth. Liquefaction starts at gas is produced.
bottom. Aerobic.
Agar colonies (sea water) ; Grayish white, Optimum temperature, 30° C.
glistening. In two to three weeks crystals Salt tolerance: Halotolerant, growing
of calcium carbonate form in the agar. slightly in 0.5 per cent salt, strongly in 3 to
Agar slant: Slight, whitish surface 30 per cent salt and moderately in Dead Sea
growth becoming thick, spreading, glisten- water.
ing, with abundant CaCOs crystals in Source: Isolated from the water of the
medium. Dead Sea.
Ammonia formed. Habitat: Found in places where the salt
Aerobic, facultative. content of water is high.
Source : Isolated from sea water. 57. Pseudomonas iridescens Stanier,
Habitat: Sea water. 1941. (Jour. Bact., 4S, 1941, 542.)
ir.id.es'cens. Gr. fem.noun iris, -idis the
56a. Pseudomonas halestorga Elazari- rainbow; M.L. part. adj. iridescens showing
Volcani, 1940. (Pse2idomonas halestorgus (sic) colors of the rainbow.
Elazari-Volcani, Studies on the Microflora Rods, 0.2 to 0.3 by 1.5 to 7.0 microns,
of the Dead Sea. Thesis, Hebrew University, average length 5.0 to 6.0 microns, occurring
Jerusalem, 1940, VIII and 82.) singly. Non-motile. Gram-negative.
hal.e'stor.ga. Gr. noun hale salt water; Sea water gelatin stab: Filiform growth.
Gr. adj. storgus loving; M.L. adj. halestorgus Liquefaction by some strains.
salt-water-loving. Sea water agar colonies: Concave, 2 to 3
Rods, the length of which varies greatly mm in diameter, smooth, glistening, trans-
depending on the concentrations of salt : at lucent, pale jêllow, edge irregular. After 2
3 to 24 per cent, they are usually 0.5 bj^ 1.3 to 3 days a marked iridescence. Later
to 4.0 microns, occurring singly and in pairs; colonies rough, opaque, bright yellow,
in 0.5 and 30 per cent salt and in Dead Sea sunken central portion with translucent
water, the rods are usually very long, peripher3^
twisted threads. Motile by means of a single, Sea water agar slant: Growth spreading,
polar flagellum. Gram-negative. smooth, glistening, translucent, pale yel-
Gelatin stab (12 per cent salt, 1 per cent low, iridescent, butyrous.
proteose peptone, 15 per cent gelatin) : Fili- Sea water broth: Turbid, light yellow,
form, very slight infundibuliform liquefac- granular pellicle.
tion after six weeks. Indole not produced.
Agar colonies (12 per cent salt, 1 per cent Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
proteose peptone, 2 per cent KNO3) : Circu- Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
lar, smooth, entire, slightly convex, glisten- Catalase-positive.
ing, slightly transparent, grayish. Urease-negative.
Agar slant (12 per cent salt, 1 per cent Acid from xylose, glucose, galactose,
proteose peptone, 2 per centKNOa) : Moder- lactose, maltose, sucrose and cellobiose. No
ate, filiform, raised, smooth, slightly trans- acid from arabinose. Starch and cellulose
parent, grayish growth. are attacked.
Broth (12 per cent salt, 1 per cent pej)- Aerobic.
tone) : Very turbid; whitish pellicle is Temperature relations: Optimum, 23° C.
formed. Minimum, 5° C. Maximum, 30° C.
121
Salt range: 0.25 to 6.0 percent. Optim\im, Acid from glucose, fructose, galactose,
1.0 to 4.0 per cent. arabinose, xylose, sucrose, maltose, lactose,
Source: Sea water. raffinose, mannitol, glycerol and dulcitol.
Habitat: Common along the coast of the Slight growth in broth plus 6 per cent salt
North Pacific. (Burkholder).
58. Pseudomonas beijerinckii Hof, 31°Optimum

1935. (Travaux botaniques neerlandais, 32, Source : From diseased leaves of the large
1935, 152.) leaf maple, Acer niacrophyllum.
Habitat: Causes a disease of Acer spp.
bei.jer.inck'i.i. M.L. gen. noun heije-
rinckii of Beijerinck; named for Prof . M. W.
Beijerinck of Delft, Holland. 60. Pseudomonas angulata (Fromme
Small rods. Motile with polar flagelhi. and Murray, 1919) Holland, 1920. (Bac-
Gelatin: No liquefaction. terium angulatum Fromme and Murray,
Indole not produced. Jour. Agr. Res., 16, 1919, 219; Holland, Jour.
Nitrites produced from nitrates by four Bact.,5, 1920,224.)
out of six strains. ang.u.la'ta. L. part. adj. angulatus wdth
Cellulose not decomposed. angles, angular.
Acid from glucose. In yeast-water with 2 Description from Clara (Cornell Agr.
per cent glucose and 12 per cent NaCI, no gas Exp. Sta. Mem. 159, 1934, 24).
is produced. Rods 0.75 to 1.5 by 1.5 to 3.0 microns.
Pigment production: Insoluble purple pig- Motile, with 1 to 6 polar flagella. Gram-
ment produced but not in all media; is lo- negative.
calized markedl}^; reduced oxygen tension Gelatin: Liquefied.
necessary; optimum pH, 8.0; not produced Green fluorescent pigment produced.
in yeast-water or in peptone-water; pro- Beef-extract agar colonies: Dull white,
duced only when grown in extracts of beans circular, raised, smooth and glistening.
or some other vegetable. Broth: Turbid and greenish in 36 hours.
Aerobic. Milk: Alkaline.
Source: Six strains isolated from beans Nitrites produced from nitrates (Burk-
preserved with salt. holder and Starr, Phytopath., 38, 1948, 498).
Habitat: Causes purple discoloration of Indole not produced.
salted beans. Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Lipolytic action negative (Starr and
59. Pseudomonas aceris (Ark, 1939) Burkholder, Phytopath., 32, 1942, 601).
Starr and Burkholder, 1942. (Phytomonas Acid but no gas from glucose, galactose,
aceris Ark, Phytopath., 29, 1939, 969; Starr fructose, mannose, arabinose, xylose, su-
and Burkholder, Phytopath., 32, 1942, 601.) crose and mannitol. Alkaline reaction from
a'ce.ris. L. acei- the maple; L. neut. salts of citric, malic, succinic and tartaric
gen. noun aceris of the maple. acids. Rhamnose, maltose, lactose, raffinose,
Rods 0.3 to 0.8 by 0.8 to 2.5 microns. glycerol, salicin, and acetic, lactic and
Motile, with 1 to 2 polar flagella. Gram- formic acids are not fermented.
negative. Starch not hydrolyzed.
Green fluorescent pigment produced. Slight growth in broth plus 5 to 6 per cent
Gelatin: Liquefied. salt (Burkholder).
Beef -extract-peptone agar: Colonies are Aerobic, facultative.
grayish white, appearing in 24 hours. Relationship to other species: Braun
Broth: Turbid. (Phytopath., 27, 1937, 283) considers this
Milk: Clearing with no coagulation. species to be identical in culture with Pseu-
Nitrites produced from nitrates (Burk- domonas tabaci, but they differ in the type of
holder and Starr, Phytopath., 38, 1948, 498). disease they produce.
Indole not produced. Source : Isolated by Fromme and Murray
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. from small angular leaf spots on tobacco.
Habitat : Causes the angular leaf spot of Gelatin: Liquefied.

tobacco {Nicotiana tahacum). Agar colonies: Round, convex, smooth,
glistening, j-ellowish.
61. Pseudomonas aptata (Brown and Milk: Coagulated.
Jamieson, 1913) Stevens, 1925. {Bacterium Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
aptatum Brown and Jamieson, Jour. Agr. Indole not produced.
Res., 1, 1913, 206; Stevens, Plant Disease Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Fungi, New York, 1925, 22.) Not lipolj'tic (Starr and Burkholder,
ap.ta'ta. L. part. adj. aptahis adapted. Phytopath., 32, 1942, 601).
Rods 0.6 by 1.2 microns. Motile, with bi- Acid but no gas from glucose, lactose, su-
polar fiagella. Gram-negative. crose, maltose, galactose, arabinose, glyc-
Green fluorescent pigment produced in erol, dulcitol and mannitol. Starch not
culture. hydrolyzed.
Gelatin: Liquefied. Growth in broth plus 5 per cent salt.
Agar slants: Moderate growth along Temperature relations : Optimum between
streak, filiform, whitish, glistening. 19° and 22° C. Minimum, 10° C. Maximum,
Broth: Turbid, with formation of a pel- 34° C.
licle. Optimum pH between 6.8 and 7.0. Mini-
Milk: Becomes alkaline and clears. mum, between 4.5 and 5.0.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Aerobic, facultative.
Indole not produced in 10 daj's. Slight Source : Isolated from leaf -spot of Primula
amount found later.
polyantha.
Habitat: Pathogenic on Primula spp.
Acid from glucose, galactose and sucrose.
No acid from lactose, maltose or mannitol 63. Pseudomonas viridilivida (Brown,
(Paine and Banfoot, Ann. Appl. Biol., 11, 1915) Holland, 1920. {Bacterium viridilivi-
1924, 312). dum Brown, Jour. Agr. Res., 4, 1915, 475;
Starch not hydrolyzed. Holland, Jour. Bact., 5, 1920, 225.)
Slight growth in broth plus 7 per cent salt vi.ri.di.li'vi.da. L. viridis green; L. livi-
(Burkholder) . dus blue; M.L. adj. viridilividus greenish
Temperature relations: Optimum, be- blue.
tween 27° and 28° C. Minimum, below 1° C. Rods 1.0 to 1.25 by 1.25 to 3.0 microns.
Maximum, between 34° and 35° C. Motile, with 1 to 3 polar flagella. Gram-
Aerobic. negative.
Source : Isolated from diseased nasturtium Green fluorescent pigment produced in
leaves from Virginia and diseased beet culture.
leaves from Utah. Gelatin: Slow liquefaction.
Habitat: Pathogenic on sugar beets, nas- Beef agar colonies: Cream- white, round,
turtiums and lettuce. smooth, translucent, edges entire.
Broth: Turbid, becomes lime-green.
62. Pseudomonas primulae (Ark and Milk: Alkaline and clears.
Gardner, 1936) Starr and Burkholder, 1942. Nitrites produced from nitrates (Burk-
{Phytomonas primnlae Ark and Gardner, holder and Starr, Phytopath., 38, 1948, 498).
Phytopath., S6, 1936, 1053; Starr and Burk- Indole produced.
holder, Phytopath., 32, 1942, 601.) Not lipolytic (Starr and Burkholder,
pri'mu.lae. L. dim. adj. prinmlus the first; Phytopath., S^, 1942,601).
M.L. fem.noun Primula generic name; Acid from glucose and sucrose (Burk-
holder).
M.L. gen. noun primulae of Primula.
Rods 0.51 to 0.73 by 1.0 to 3.16 microns. Grows well in 4.5 per cent salt. Grows in 7
Motile, with a polar flagellum. Gram-nega- per cent salt (Burkholder).
tive.
Temperature relations: Minimum, 1.5° C.
Green fluorescent pigment produced in
culture. Maximum,
Aerobic. 34.5° C.
123
Source: Isolated from diseased lettuce Beef -extract-peptone agar: Slants sulfur-
from Louisiana. yellow, filiform, butyrous to slightly viscid.
Habitat: Pathogenic on lettuce, Lactuca Most cultures appear rough. Yellow to
saliva. yellow-green pigment diffuses into medium
about the colony.
64. Pseudonionas delphinii (Smith, Potato dextrose agar: Pale yellow. No
1904) Stapp, 1928. {Bacillus delphinii Smith, change in medium.
Science, 19, 1904, 417; Stapp, in Sorauer, Broth: Turbid in 24 hours; yellow pellicle.
Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 2, 5 Milk: Litmus reduced. Medium clears and
Aufl., 1928, 106.) becomes tan with a yellow pellicle.
del.phi'ni.i. Gr. delphinium the larkspur; Krumwiede's Triple sugar agar: Growth
ALL. dim. neut. noun Delphinium generic very abundant, j-ellow-green and extremely
name; M.L. gen. noun delphinii of larkspur. wrinkled; medium becomes red.
Rods 0.6 to 0.8 by 1.5 to 2.0 microns. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Chains present. Motile, with 1 to 6 polar Indole not produced.
flagella. Encapsulated. Gram-negative. Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Green fluorescent pigment produced in Acid but no gas from glucose, fructose,
culture. lactose, maltose, sucrose, arabinose, xylose,
Gelatin: Liquefied. glycerol, mannitol and salicin; alkaline re-
Beef agar slants: Growth thin, smooth, action from sodium salts of citric, hippuric,
shining, transparent, margins entire, crys- malonic and tartaric acids. Growth is slight
tals. Agar becomes dark brown. in rhamnose. 2 per cent ethyl alcohol jiot
Broth: Turbid in 24 hours with delicate utilized.
pellicle. Starch not hydrolj^zed.
Milk: Becomes alkaline and clears. Sodium ammonium pectate medium not
Nitrites produced from nitrates (Burk- liquefied.
holder and Starr, Phytopath., 38, 1948, 498). Methyl red test negative; acetylmethyl-
Lidole not produced. carbinol not produced.
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. Growth in 3 per cent but not in 5 per cent
Lipolytic action negative (Starr and salt.
Burkholder, Phytopath., 32, 1942, 601). Temperature relations: Optimum, 30° C.
Acid from glucose, galactose and fructose; Minimum, between 6° and 9° C. Maximum,
42° C.
slight acid from sucrose. No acid from lac-
tose, maltose, glj'cerol or mannitol. Aerobic.
Starch: Hydrolysis feeble. Source: Seven isolates from different
Weak growth in broth plus 4 per cent salt. onion bulbs collected in New York State.
Optimum pH, 6.7 to 7.1. pH range, 5.6 to Habitat: Pathogenic on onions. Allium
8.6. cepa.
Temperature relations: Optimum, 25° C.
Minimum, 1° C. or less. Maximum, 30° C. 66. Pseudonionas apii Jagger, 1921.
Source: Isolated from black spot of del- (Jour. Agr. Res., 21, 1921, 186.)
phinium. a'pi.i. L. apium celery; M.L. neut. noun
Habitat: Pathogenic on delphinium caus- Apium generic name of celery; M.L. neut.
ing a black spot in the leaves. gen. noun apii of celery.
Description from Clara (Cornell Agr.
65. Pseudonionas cepacia Burkholder, Exp. Sta. Mem. 159, 1934, 24).
1950. (Phytopath., J^0, 1950, 116.) Rods 0.75 to 1.5 by 1.5 to 3.0 microns.
ce.pa'ci.a. L. fem.noun caepa or cepa Motile with a polar flagellum. Gram-nega-
onion; M.L. adj. cepacius of or like onion. tive.
Rods, 0.8 by 1.0 to 2.8 microns, occurring Green fluorescent pigment produced in
singly or in pairs. Motile, with 1 to 3 polar various media.
flagella. Gram-negative. Gelatin: Liquefied.
Gelatin: Slow liquefaction. Beef -extract agar colonies: Circular,
glistening, smooth, edges entire. Grayish Starch not hydrolyzed.

white with bluish tinge. Growth good in Fermi's, Cohn's and
Broth: Turbid in 36 hours. Pellicle Uschinsky's solutions.
formed. Temperature relations : Optimum between
Milk: Becomes alkaline. No curd. 22° and 30° C. Minimum, 1° C. Maximum,
34° C.
Nitrites produced from nitrates (Burk-
holder and Starr, Phytopath., 38, 1948, 498). Source : Six isolates and 3 reisolates from
Indole not produced. lesions on the bird's nest fern.
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. Habitat: Pathogenic on the fern, Asple-
Acid but no gas from glucose, galactose, nium nidus.
fructose, mannose, arabinose, xylose, su-
crose, mannitol and glycerol. Alkaline reac- 68. Pseudomonas berberidis (Thorn-
tion from salts of acetic, citric, malic and berry and Anderson, 1931) Stapp, 1935.
succinic acids. Rhamnose, maltose, lactose, (Phytomonas berberidis Thornberry and An-
raffinose salicin, and formic, lactic and derson, Jour. Agr. Res., 43, 1931, 36; Stapp,
artaric acids are not utilized. Bot. Rev., 1, 1935,407.)
Starch not hydrolyzed. ber.be'ri.dis. M.L. Berberis generic name
Aerobic, facultative. of barberry; M.L. fem. gen. noun berberidis
Distinctive character: Pathogenicity ap- of barberry.
pears limited to celery. Rods, 0.5 to 1.0 by 1.5 to 2.5 microns, oc-
Source: Jagger isolated this repeatedly curring singly or in pairs. Motile with 2 to 4
from diseased celery leaves. polar flagella. Encapsulated. Gram-negative
Habitat: Pathogenic on celery, Apiutn (Burkholder); not Gram-positive as stated
graveolens. in original description.
67. Pseudomonas asplenii (Ark and culture (Burkholder).
Tompkins, 1946) Savulescu, 1947. (Phj/to- Gelatin: Not liquefied.
monas asplenii Ark and Tompkins, Phyto- Glucose agar slants: Growth moderate,
path., 36, 1946, 760; Savulescu, Anal. Acad. filiform at first, later beaded, raised,
Romane, III, 2^, 1947, 11.) smooth, white. Butyrous in consistency.
a.sple'ni.i. Gr. neut.noun asplenum Milk: Becomes alkaline. No other change.
spleenwort; M.L. neut.noun Asplenium Nitrites produced from nitrates (Burk-
generic name; M.L. gen.noun asplenii of holder and Starr, Phytopath., 38, 1948, 498).
Asplenium. Indole not produced.
Rods 0.3 to 0.5 by 1.2 to 2.4 microns. Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Motile, with 1 to 3 polar flagella. Gram- Not lipolytic (Starr and Burkholder,
negative. Phytopath., 3^, 1942, 601).
Gelatin: Liquefied. Acid from glucose, galactose and sucrose.
Beef -extract-peptone agar slants : Grayish Maltose
white with fluorescence in the medium. holder). and rhamnose not utilized (Burk-
Potato-dextrose-peptone agar: Growth No gas from carbohydrates.
rapid, heavy, strongly grayish white, Starch not hydrolyzed.
butyrous; medium darkens with age.
Nutrient broth: Turbid in 24 hours; no Temperature relations: Optimum, 18° C.
pellicle. ]\Iinimum, 7° C. Maximum, 30° C.
Milk: No curd. Aerobic.
Source: Repeated isolations from leaves
and twigs of barberry.
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. Habitat: Pathogenic on barberry, Berberis
Acid but no gas from glucose, galactose, thnnbergerii and B. vulgaris.
fructose, arabinose, xylose, maltose and
sucrose. Slight acidity in lactose after long 69. Pseudomonas coronafaeiens (El-
incubation; no acid in rafiinose. liott, 1920) Stevens, 1925. {Bacterium corona-
125
faciens Elliott, Jour. Agr. Res., 19, 1920, 153; Description from Smith and Bryan {op.
Steven.s, Plant Disease Fungi, 1925, 27.) cit., 1915, 466) and Clara (Cornell Agr. Exp.
co.ro.na.fa'ci.ens. L. corona crown; L. Sta. Mem. 159, 1934,26).
facio to make; M.L. part. adj. coronafaciens Rods 0.8 by 1.0 to 2.0 micron.s. Motile
halo-producing. with 1 to 5 polar flagella. Encapsulated.
Rods, 0.65 by 2.3 microns, occurring in Gram-negative.
chains. Motile with polar flagella. Encapsu- Green fluorescent pigment produced in
lated. Gram-negative. culture.
Green fluorescent pigment produced in Gelatin: Liquefied.
culture. Beef-peptone agar colonies: Circular,
Gelatin: Slow liquefaction. smooth, glistening, transparent, whitish,
Nutrient agar colonies: White, becoming entire margins.
irregularly circular, flat with raised mar- Broth: Turbid in 24 hours. White precipi-
gins. tate with crystals.
Broth : Slight turbidity in 24 hours. Heavy Milk: Turns alkaline and clears.
pellicle formed. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Milk: Alkaline. A soft curd formed fol- Indole reaction weak.
lowed by clearing. Curd sometimes absent. Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Test for nitrites produced in nitrate broth Not lipolytic (Starr and Burkholder, Phj--
negative or faint (Burkholder and Starr, topath.,5j?, 1942, 601).
Phytopath., 38, 1948, 498). Acid but no gas from glucose, fructose,
Indole not produced. mannose, arabinose, xylose, sucrose and
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. mannitol. Alkaline reaction from salts of
Not lipolytic (Starr and Burkholder, citric, malic and succinic acids. Maltose,
Phytopath., 32, 1942, 601). rhamnose, lactose, raffinose, glycerol and
Acid but no gas from glucose and sucrose. salicin not fermented (Clara, op. cil., 1934,
Starch hj^drolysis slight. 26).
Slight growth in broth plus 2 per cent salt. Starch partially digested. Not digested
Temperature relations: Optimum between
(Clara, loc. cit.).
24° and 25° C. Minimum, 1° C. Maximum, Growth in 3 per cent salt after 12 days. No
31° C.
Comment: A variety pathogenic on growth in 4 per cent salt.
Temperature relations : Optimum between
brome-grass, Bromus inermis, has been de-
scribed by Reddy and Godkin (Phytopath., 25° and 27° C. Minimum, 1° C. Maximum,
35° C.
IS, 1923, 81). Produces water-soaked spots
which are dark purple in color. Has been Aerobic, facultative (Clara, loc. cit.).
artificially inoculated on oats {Avena saliva) . Source : Isolated from diseased cucumber
Also pathogenic on Agropyron repens. leaves collected in New York, Wisconsin,
Source: Numerous isolations from Indiana and in Ontario, Canada.
blighted blades of oats. Habitat: Pathogenic on cucumber, Cucu-
Habitat: Causes a halo spot on oats mis sativus, and related plants.
{Avena saliva). Artificial inoculations show
barley (Hordeum vulgare), rye (Secale 71. Pseudomonas niaculicola (McCul-
cereale) and wheat {Trilicum aesHvum) to be
loch, 1911) Stevens, 1913. {Baclerium macu-
susceptible. licolum McCulloch, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur.
Plant Ind. Bui., 225, 1911, 14; Stevens, The
70. Pseudotnonas lachrymans (Smith
Fungi which cause Plant Diseases, 1913, 28.)
and Bryan, 1915) Carsner, 1918. {Bacterium
lachrymans Smith and Bryan, Jour. Agr. ma.cu.li'co.la. L. macula spot; L. -cola a
Res., 5, 1915, 466; Carsner, Jour. Agr. Res., dweller; M.L. noun maculicola spot dweller.
15, 1918, 201.) Rods 0.9 by 1.5 to 3.0 microns. Filaments
lach'ry.mans. L. lacrimo to shed tears; present. Motile with 1 to 5 polar flagella.
M.L. part. adj. lachrymans shedding tears. Gram-negative.
Green fluorescent pigment produced in Uschinsky's solution: Good growth.

culture. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Gelatin: Liquefied. Indole not produced.
Beef -peptone agar colonies: Whitish, cir- Hydrogen sulfide produced.
cular, shining, translucent, edges entire. Acid but no gas from glucose, lactose and
Broth: Turbid. No ring or pellicle. sucrose. Slight growth and acid in mannitol.
Milk: Becomes alkaline and clears. L-arabinose, maltose, fructose, inulin,
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. glycerol, salicin, sodium tartrate and
Indole production feeble. asparagine not utilized.
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. Starch hydrolyzed.
Not lipolytic (Starr and Burkholder, Lipase not produced.
Phytopath., 32, 1942, 601). Growth in 2 per cent salt.
Acid from glucose, galactose, xylose, su- Temperature relations : Optimum between
crose, glycerol and mannitol. Alkaline reac- 20° and 25° C. Minimum, 5° C. Maximum,
tion from salts of citric, malic, malonic and 35° C.
succinic acids. Salicin, maltose and salts of Aerobic.
hippuric and tartaric acids not utilized Source: Isolated from diseased leaves of
(Burkholder). mangoes.
Slight growth in broth plus 4 per cent salt Habitat : Pathogenic on Mangifera indica,
(Erw. Smith, Bact. Plant Diseases, 1920, Spondias mangiferae and Anacardium occi-
306). dentale.
Aerobic.
Temperature relations : Optimum between 73. Pseudonionas marginata (McCul-
24° and 25° C. Minimum, 0° C. Maximum, loch, 1921) Stapp, 1928. {Bacterium margi-
29° C. natum McCulloch, Science, 54, 1921, 115;
Source: Isolated from diseased cauliflower Jour. Agr. Res., 29, 1924, 174; Stapp, in
leaves from Virginia. Sorauer, Handbuch der Pflanzenkrank-
Habitat: Pathogenic on cauliflower and heiten, 2, 5 Aufl., 1928, 56.)
cabbage. mar.gi.na'ta. L. margino to furnish with
a border; L. part. adj. marginatus margined.
72. Pseudonionas mangiferaeindicae Rods 0.5 to 0.6 by 0.8 to 1.8 microns. Mo-
Patel et al., 1948. (Pseudonionas mangijerae- tile with 1 to 4 bipolar flagella. Encapsu-
indicae (sic) Patel, Moniz and Kulkarni, lated. Gram-negative.
Curr. Sci., 17, 1948, 189; Indian Phytopath., Green fluorescent pigment produced in
1, 1948, 147.) Uschinsky's and Fermi's solutions.
man.gi'fe.rae.in"di.cae. M.L. fem.noun Gelatin: Liquefied.
Mangifera mango bearer; L. adj. indicus of Agar colonies: White, circular, smooth,
Indm; mangiferaeindicae of Mangifera indica. translucent, viscid, with definite margins at
Rods, 0.36 to 0.54 by 0.45 to 1.44 microns, first thin but later thick and contoured.
occurring singly or in chains of 2 to 4. Motile Surface wrinkled.
with 1 or 2 polar flagella. Gram-negative. Milk: At first slightly acid, then alkaline.
Gelatin: Liquefied. Casein digested.
Nutrient agar colonies: Flat, smooth, Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
glistening, round with entire margins, white Indole production slight.
to creamy, border deeper in color. Hydrogen sulfide production slight.
Potato glucose agar slants: Growth Lipolytic (Starr and Burkholder, Phyto-
copious, raised, smooth, glistening, filiform, path., 32, 1942, 601).
opalescent, butyrous, white. Acid but no gas from glucose, lactose, su-
Broth: Turbid with pellicle in 7 days. crose and glycerol.
Slight sediment. Starch hydrolysis feeble.
Milk: Litmus reduced in 7 days. Cleared Growth in 3.5 per cent salt. No growth in
with gelatinous sediment. Casein digested. 4 per cent salt.
Loeffler's blood serum: Liquefied. Temperature relations : Optimum between
127
30° and 32° C. Minimum between 8° and bean; L. cola dweller; M.L. fem. noun
9° C. Maximum, 40° C. phaseolicola the bean dweller.
pH range, 4.6 to 9.1. Description from Burkholder and Zaleski
Source : Repeatedly isolated from diseased (Phytopath., ^^, 1932, 85).
gladiolus. Rods 1.0 by 2.0 microns, sometimes
Habitat: Pathogenic onGladiolus spp. and slightly curved; filaments present. Motile
7m spp. with a polar flagellum. Gram-negative.
74. Pseudonionas inedicaginis Sackett, culture.
1910. (Science, 31, 1910, 553; also Colorado Gelatin stab: Slow liquefaction.
Agr. Exp. Sta., Bull. 158, 1910, 11.) Beef extract agar: Whitish, circular
me.di.ca'gi.nis. Gr. medice the Median colonies, 2 mm in diameter. Edges entire.
grass, alfalfa, lucerne, medic; M.L. fern, Broth: Turbid.
noun Medicago generic name of alfalfa; M.L. Milk: Alkaline.
fem. gen. noun medicaginis of lucerne or Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
alfalfa. Indole not produced.
Rods 0.7 by 1.2 microns. Motile with 1 to Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
4 flagella. Filaments present. Gram-nega- Not lipolytic (Starr and Burkholder,
tive. Phytopath., 82, 1942, 601).
Green fluorescent pigment produced in Acid but no gas from glucose, fructose,
culture. mannose, arabinose, xylose, sucrose and
Gelatin: Not liquefied. glycerol. No acid from rhamnose, lactose,
Nutrient agar colonies: Growth in 24 maltose, mannitol or salicin. Alkali from
hours whitish, glistening. salts of citric and malic acids, but not from
Broth: Turbid in 24 hours. Pellicle acetic, formic, lactic or tartaric acids.
formed. Viscid sediment. Starch and cellulose not hydrolyzed.
Milk: Becomes alkaline. No change. Slight growth in broth plus 4 per cent salt.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Temperature relations : Optimum between
Indole not produced. 20° and 23° C. Minimum, 2.5° C. Maximum,
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. 428).
33° C. (Hedges, Jour. Agr. Res., 36, 1928,
Not lipolytic (Starr and Burkholder,
Phytopath., 3£, 1942, 601). Chemical tolerance: Optimum pH be-
Starch not hydrolyzed. tween 6.7 and 7.3. Minimum between 5.0
No gas from carbohydrates. Acid from and 5.3. Maximum between 8.8 and 9.2
sucrose. (Kotte, Phyt. Zeitsch., 2, 1930 453).
Slight growth in broth plus 3.75 per cent Microaerophilic.
salt. Source: Isolated from leaves, pod and
Temperature relations : Optimum between stem of beans showing halo blight.
28° and 30° C. Maximum, 37.5°C. Habitat: Pathogenic on beans (Phaseo-
Aerobic. lus vidgaris), the kudzu vine (Pueraria
Source: Isolated from brown lesions on hirsuta) and related plants.
leaves and stems of alfalfa.
Habitat: Pathogenic on alfalfa, Medicago 19.)76. Pseudonionas pisi Sackett, 1916.
sp. (Colorado Agr. Exp. Sta., Bull. 218, 1916,
75. Pseudomonas phaseolicola (Burk- pi'si. Gr. pisus or pisum the pea; M.L.
holder, 1926) Dowson, 1943. (Phytomonas neut.noun Pisum generic name of the pea;
medicaginis var. phaseolicola Burkholder, M.L. neut. gen. noun pisi of the pea.
Phytopath., 16, 1926, 915; Dowson, Trans. Rods 0.68 to 2.26 microns. Motile with a
Brit. Mycol. Soc, 26, 1943, 10.) polar flagellum. Gram-negative.
pha.se.o.li'co.la. Gr. phaseolus the kid- Green fluorescent pigment produced in
ney bean; L. dim. mas. noun phaseolus the culture.
kidney bean; L.mas.gen.noun phaseoli of the Gelatin: Liquefied.
Agar slants : Moderate growth in 24 hours, acids. Rhamnose, maltose, lactose, raffinose,
filiform, glistening, grayish white. salicin, and acetic, formic and tartaric acids
Broth: Turbid with a scum in 5 days. not fermented.
Milk: Alkaline, soft curd, clears. Starch not hydrolj'zed.
Indole not produced. Comment: Orsini (Intern. Bull. Plant
Hj'drogen sulfide not produced. Protect., S3, 1942, 33) reports that a variety
Not lipolytic (Starr and Burkholder, of this species is pathogenic on the pepper
Phytopath., 32, 1942, 601). plant {Capsicum).
Acid but no gas from glucose, galactose Source: Van Hall originally isolated this
and sucrose. pathogen from lilac.
Starch not hydrolyzed. Habitat: Pathogenic on lilac, citrus, cow
Temperature relations : Optimum between peas, beans, lemons, cherries and many un-
27° and 28° C. Minimum, 7° C. Maximum, related plants.
37.5° C.
Aerobic. 78. Pseudonionas tomato (Okabe, 1933)
Source: Ten cultures isolated from 5 col- Alstatt, 1944. {Bacterium tomato Okabe,
lections of diseased peas showing water- Jour. Soc. Trop. Agr. Formosa, 5, 1933, 32; .„
soaked lesions on stems and petioles. Alstatt, U. S. Dept. Agr., Plant Dis. Rept.,
Habitat: Pathogenic on garden peas, 28, 1944, 530.)
Pisum sativum, and field peas, P. sativum to.ma'to. Am.Ind. tomatl; Sp. tornate;
var. arvense. Eng. tomato; M.L. noun tomato.
Rods 0.69 to 0.97 by 1.8 to 6.8 microns.
77. Pseudonionas syringae van Hall, Motile with 1 to 3 polar flagella. Gram-
1902. (Kennis der Bakt. Pflanzenziekte, negative.
Inaug. Diss., Amsterdam, 1902, 191.) Green fluorescent pigment produced in
culture.
sy.rin'gae. Gr. syrinx, syringis a pipe or
tube; M.L. fem.noun Syringa generic name Gelatin: Slow liquefaction.
of syringa or lilac; M.L. fem. gen. noun. Beef -extract agar colonies: White, circu-
syringae of the lilac. lar, flat and glistening.
Description from Clara (Cornell Agr. Broth: Turbid in 24 hours. Pellicle.
Exp. Sta. Mem. 159, 1934, 29). Milk: Becomes alkaline and clears.
Rods 0.75 to 1.5 by 1.5 to 3.0 microns. Nitrites are usually produced from ni-
Motile with 1 or 2 polar flagella. Gram- trates.
negative. Indole not produced.
Green fluorescent pigment produced in Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
culture. Acid but no gas from glucose, sucrose and
Gelatin: Liquefied. lactose. No acid from maltose or glycerol.
Beef -extract agar colonies: Circular, Starch hydrolysis feeble.
grayish white with bluish tinge. Surface Slight growth in 3 per cent salt.
smooth. Edges entire or irregular. Temperature relations : Optimum between
Broth: Turbid in 36 hours. No pellicle. 20° and 25° C. Maximum, 33° C.
Milk: Alkaline. Aerobic.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Source: Isolated from diseased tomato
Indole not produced. leaves.
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. Habitat: Pathogenic on tomato, Lyco-
Not lipolytic (Starr and Burkholder, persicon esculenium.
Phytopath., 3^, 1942, 601).
Slight growth in broth plus 4 per cent salt. 79. Pseudomonas atrofaciens (McCul-
Acid but no gas from glucose, galactose, loch, 1920) Stevens, 1925. {Bacterium atro-
mannose, arabinose, xylose, sucrose, man- faciens McCulloch, Jour. Agr. Res., 18, 1920,
nitol and glycerol. Alkaline reaction from 549; Stevens, Plant Disease Fungi, New
salts of citric, malic, succinic and lactic York, 1925, 22.)
129
at.ro.fa'ci.ens. L. ater black; L. facio to Acid but no gas from glucose and sucrose.
make;M.L. part. adj. atrofaciens blackening. No acid from lactose or glycerol. Starch not
Rods 0.6 by 1.0 to 2.7 microns. Long hydrolyzed.
chains formed in culture. Encapsulated.
Temperature
Aerobic. range, 5° to 31° C.
Motile with 1 to 4 polar or bipolar flagella.
Gram-negative Source: Isolated from blighted cumin
Green fluorescent pigment produced in (Cuminian).
culture. Habitat: Pathogenic on cumin and dill.
Gelatin: Liquefied.
Beef-peptone-agar colonies: Circular, 81. Pseudomonas desaiana (Burk-
shining, translucent, white. holder, 1939) Savulescu, 1947. (B. pyo-
Broth: Growth never heavy, slight rim, cyaneiis saccharum Desai, Ind. Jour. Agr.
and a delicate pellicle. Sci., 5, 1935, 391; Phytomonas desaiana Burk-
Milk: Becomes alkaline and clears. holder, in Bergey et al., Manual, 5th ed.,
Nitrites produced from nitrates (Burk- 1939, 174; Savulescu, Anal. Acad. Romane,
holder and Starr, Phytopath., 38, 1948, 498). III, 22, 1947 11.)
Indole: Slight production. de.sai.a'na. M.L. adj. desaianus. Named
Hydrogen sulfide: Slight production. for Prof. Desai of India.
Acid but no gas from glucose, galactose Rods 0.6 to 1.2 by 1.2 to 2.2 microns. Mo-
and sucrose. tile with a polar flagellum. Gram-negative.
Starch is slightly hydrolyzed. Green fluorescent pigment produced in
Temperature relations : Optimum between culture.
25° and 28° C. Minimum below 2° C. Maxi- Gelatin: Liquefied.
mum between 36° and 37° C. Agar colonies: Grayish blue. Raised.
Aerobic. Broth: Light clouding. Pellicle.
Source: Isolated from diseased wheat Milk: Peptonized without coagulation.
grains collected throughout the United Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
States and Canada. Indole not produced.
Habitat: Causes a basal glume-rot of Glucose, sucrose, lactose and gh'cerol fer-
wheat. mented without gas.
Starch: Hydrolysis present.
80. Pseudomonas cuniini (Kovachev- Optimum
ski, 1936) Dowson, 1943. {Phytomonas cumini Aerobic. temperature, 30° C.
Kovachevski, Bull. Soc. Bot. Bulgarie, 7, Source: Isolated from stinking rot of
1936, 27; Dowson, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc, sugar cane in India and associated with a
m, 1943, 10.) white non-pathogenic bacterium.
cu'mi.ni. Gr. cuminum cumin; M.L. Habitat: Pathogenic on sugar cane, Sac-
neut.noun Cuminum generic name of cu- char u m officinaru tn .
min; M.L. neut. gen. noun cumini of cumin.
Rods, 0.5 to 0.7 by 1.0 to 3.0 microns, oc- 82. Pseudomonas erodii Lewis, 1914.
curring in chains and filaments. Motile with (Phytopath.,.^, 1914,231.)
1 to 3 polar fiagella. Gram-negative. e.ro'di.i. Gr. erodius the heron; M.L.
Green fluorescent pigment formed in cul- neut.noun Erodium generic name of heron-
ture. bill; M.L. neut. gen. noun erodii of Erodium.
Gelatin: Rapidly liquefied. Rods 0.6 to 0.8 by 1.2 to 1.8 microns.
Potato agar colonies: Grayish white, cir- Motile with 1 to 3 polar flagella. Gram-
cular, glistening, smooth, butyrous. negative.
Broth: Moderate turbidity. Pseudozoo- Green fluorescent pigment produced in
gloea. culture.
Milk: Not coagulated. Casein peptonized. Gelatin: Liquefied.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Agar streak: Heavy, smooth, cream-
Indole not produced. colored growth in 24 hours.
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. Broth: Dense clouding in 24 hours.
Milk: Turns alkaline and clears, litmus Gelatin: Liquefied.

reduced. Beef agar colonies: White, round, smooth,
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. glistening, raised.
Indole produced in 14 days. Broth: Clouding in bands. Thin pellicle.
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. Small crystals.
Acid but no gas from glucose, sucrose, lac- Milk: Soft acid curd with peptonization.
tose and glycerol. Nitrites jiroduced from nitrates after 2
weeks.
Temperature: No growth at 35° C.
Aerobic, obligate. Indole not produced.
Source: Isolated from Erodium texanum Hydrogen sulfide production slight.
and 4 varieties of Pelargonium. Acid but no gas from glucose, galactose,
Habitat: Causes a leaf spot of Erodium arabinose and sucrose. No acid from rham-
texanum and Pelargonium spp. nose, lactose, maltose, raffinose, mannitol
or glycerol.
83. Pseudomonas lapsa (Ark, 1940) Starch hydrolysis none or feeble.
Starr and Burkholder, 1942. {Phytomonas Temperature relations: Optimum, 26° C.
lapsa Ark, Phytopath., 30, 1940, 1 ; Starr and Minimum, 1.5° C. Maximum, 37° C.
Burkholder, Phytopath., SS, 1942, 601.) Chemical tolerance: Optimum pH, 6.0 to
lap'sa. L. V. labor to fall down, slip; L. 6.7. pH range, 5.4 to 8.9.
part. adj. lapsus fallen down. Aerobic.
Rods 0.56 by 1.55 microns. Motile, with Source: Isolated from diseased leaves of
1 to 4 polar flagella. Gram reaction not re- the unicorn plant from Kansas.
ported; presumably Gram-negative. Habitat: Pathogenic on Martynia louisi-
Produces fluorescence in Uschinsky's, ana.
Fermi's and Cohn's solutions.
Gelatin: Liquefied (Burkholder). 85. Pseudomonas matthiolae (Briosi and
Nitrites produced from nitrates (Burk- Pavarino, 1912) Dowson, 1943. {Bacterium
holder and Starr, Phytopath., 38, 1948, 498). matthiolae Briosi and Pavarino, Atti della
Acid but no gas from glucose, sucrose, 10.) Accad. dei Lincei Rend.,î, 1912, 216;
Reale
maltose, lactose, glycerol, arabinose, xy- Dowson, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc, 26, 1943,
lose, galactose, raffinose and mannitol.
Slight grow^th in broth plus 5 per cent salt mat.thi'o.lae. Mattioli patronymic; M.L.
(Burkholder). fern. noun Matthiola generic name of stock;
Relationship to other species: Resembles M.L. fern. gen. noun matthiolae of Matthiola.
Pseudomonas desaiana. Rods 0.4 to 0.6 by 2.0 to 4.0 microns.
Source: Isolated from stalk rot of field Gram-positive. Gram-negative (Mushin,
corn in California; also from Diabrotica Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 53, 1941, 201).
beetles. Green fluorescent pigment produced in
Habitat: Pathogenic on corn and sugar culture.
cane. Gelatin: Liquefied.
Beef agar colonies: White, circular,
84. Pseudomonas martyniae (Elliott, slightly elevated, margins smooth.
1924) Stapp, 1928. {Bacterium martyniae Broth: Slightly turbid. Becomes pale
Elliott, Jour. Agr. Res., 29, 1924, 490; Stapp,
in Sorauer, Handbuch der Pflanzenkrank- Milk: Coagulation with acid reaction.
green.
heiten,^, 5 Aufl., 1928,278.) Nitrites produced from nitrates (Mushin,
mar.tyn'i.ae. M.L. Martynia genus of Proc. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc, 26, 1943, 10).
flowering plants; M.L. gen.fem. martyniae of Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Martynia. Acid from glucose, galactose, fructose,
Rods, 0.59 to 1.68 microns, occurring in mannose, rhamnose, glycerol, mannitol,
chains. Encapsulated. Motile with one to acetic acid, citric acid, formic acid, lactic
several bipolar flagella. Gram-negative. acid, malic acid and succinic acid. Feeble
Green fluorescent pigment produced. acid from maltose. No acid or gas from lac-
tose, sucrose, raffinose, starch, salicin or Green, fluorescent pigment produced in

tartaric acid (Mushin). various media.
Temperature relations : Optimum, between Gelatin: Liquefied.
20° and 24° C. Minimum, below 0° C. Maxi- Broth: Turbid with pellicle.
mum, 38.5° C. (Mushin). Fermi's and Uschinsky's solutions: Good
Limits of growth in broth are pH 4.4 to
growth.
pH 9.5 (Mushin). Milk: Litmus reduced; no acid.
Aerobic. Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Ni-
Source: Isolated from vascular and trites produced from nitrates (Burkholder
parenchymatic disease of stocks, Matthiola and Starr, Phytopath., 38, 1948, 498).
incana var. annua. Indole not produced.
Habitat: Pathogenic on stocks. Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Acid but no gas from glucose, fructose,
86. Pseudonionas inorsprunoruin Wor- galactose, mannose, arabinose, xylose, su-
mald, 1931. {Pseudomonas mors-pnmorum crose, glycerol, mannitol, sorbitol, salicin
(sic) Wormald, Jour. Pom. and Hort. Sci., and esculin.
9, 1931, 251.) No acid or gas from rhamnose, lactose,
mors'pru.no.rum. L. mors death; L. maltose, raffinose, trehalose, melizitose,
prunus plum; M.L. fem.noun morspruno- starch, inulin, dextrin, dulcitol or arbutin.
rum plum death. Alkaline reaction produced in glycogen
Rods. Motile with a polar flagellum. and in acetic, citric, formic, lactic, malic
Gram-positive (1931). Gram-negative and succinic acids.
(1932).
Gelatin: Liquefied. Minimum, 3.5° C. Maximum, 34.5° C.
Agar colonies: White. Chemical tolerance: Optimum pH, 7.0.
Broth plus 5 per cent sucrose : White and Minimum, 5.0. Maximum, 9.4.
cloudy. Source: Twenty-five cultures isolated
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. from blisters on apples and from rough bark.
Acid but no gas from glucose, lactose, Habitat: Pathogenic on apple trees.
sucrose and glycerol.
Starch not hydrolyzed. 88. Pseudomoiias pseudozoogloeae
Strict aerobe. (Honing, 1914) Stapp, 1928. (Bacterium
Comment: Possibly a green fluorescent pseudozoogloeae Honing, Bull, van Het. Deli
organism since it produces a faint yellow Proefstation, Medan, 1, 1914, 7; Stapp, in
color in Uschinsky's solution. Sorauer, Handbuch der Pflanzenkrank-
Distinctive characters: Differs from heiten, ^, 5 Aufl., 1928,274.)
Pseudomonas prunicola (Pseudomonas syrin- pseu.do.zo.o.gloe'ae. Gr. pseudes false;
gae) in that it produces a white cloudy Gr. zoum animal; Gr. gloea glue; M.L.
growth in broth plus 5 per cent sucrose, a fem.noun Zoogloea bacterial generic name;
rapid acid production in nutrient agar plus M.L. fem. gen. noun pseudozoogloeae of a
5 per cent sucrose, and a faint yellow or no false zoogloea.
color in Uschinsky's solution. Rods 0.7 to 1.5 by 0.9 to 2.5 microns.
Source: Isolated from cankers on plum Chains. Motile with 1 or 2 polar flagella.
trees in England. Gram-negative.
Habitat: Pathogenic on Prunus spp. Green fluorescent pigment produced in
culture.
87. Pseudomonas papulans Rose, 1917. Gelatin: Liquefied.
(Phytopath., 7, 1917, 198.) Agar colonies: Round, flat, yellow-gray.
pa'pu.lans. L. v. papulo to produce pus- Broth: Moderate turbidity with pseudo-
tules; L. part. adj. papulans producing zoogloeae in the pellicle.
pustules. Milk: Coagulation. No clearing.
Rods 0.8 by 0.8 to 2.5 microns. Motile Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
with 1 to 6 polar flagella. Gram-negative. Indole not produced.
Hydrogen sulfide produced. from poplar cankers in France and in the

Acid but no gas from glucose, lactose, mal- Netherlands.
tose, sucrose and mannitol. Habitat: Pathogenic on Populus braban-
Aerobic, facultative. tica, P. trichocarpa and P. candicans.
Source: Isolated from the black rust of
tobacco. 90. Pseudomonas striafaciens (Elliott,
Habitat: Pathogenic on tobacco, Nico- 1927) Starr and Burkholder, 1942. (Bac- y
tiana tnbacum. terium striafaciens Elliott, Jour. Agr. Res.,
35, 1927, 823; Starr and Burkholder, Phyto-
89. Pseudomoiia.s riniaefaciens Koning, path., 32, 1942, 601.)
1938. (Chron. Bot., 4, 1938, 11; Meded. stri.a.fa'ci.ens. L. stria a furrow; M.L.
Phj-top. Labor, Willie Comm. Scholt., 14, part. adj. striafaciens furrowing.
1938, 24.) Rods 0.66 by 1.76 microns. Motile with
ri.mae.fa'ci.ens. L. rima a crack; L. v. one to several flagella. Encapsulated. Gram-
facio to make; M.L. part. adj. riniaefaciens negative.
making cracks. Green fluorescent pigment produced.
Rods 0.6 to 2.4 microns in length. Motile Gelatin: Liquefied.
with 1 to 3 flagella. Gram-negative. Beef -peptone agar colonies: White,
Yellow-green, fluorescent, water-soluble ing.
raised, margins entire or slighth' undulat-
pigment produced in culture.
Gelatin: Liquefied. Broth: Clouding in layers. Ring and slight
Agar colonies: Round, conve.x, smooth,
somewhat granular with hyaline edge. pellicle.
Milk: Alkaline, sometimes a soft curd
Broth: Turbid. Surface growth with a w^hich digests or clears.
sediment in a few days. Slight production of nitrites from ni-
Milk: Alkaline and clears. trates.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Pep- Indole not produced.
tone, asparagin, urea, gelatin, nitrates and Acid but no gas from glucose, fructose
ammonium salts are sources of nitrogen. and sucrose. No acid from lactose, maltose,
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. glycerol or mannitol.
Indole production slight. Starch: Hydrolysis slight.
Growth with the following carbon sources
plus NO3 : glucose, sucrose, glycerol, suc- Optimum pH, between 6.5 and 7.0.
cinates, malates, citrates and oxalates. Less Aerobic.
growth with mannitol, fructose, galactose, Distinctive characters: Differs from
lactose and salicylate. Acid is produced Pseudomonas coronafaciens in that the cells
from the sugars. No growth with dextrin, are somewhat smaller and the pathogen pro-
inulin, maltose, lactose, rhamnose, salicin, duces a streak on oat blades instead of a
tartrates, acetates or formates. halo spot.
Starch not hydrolyzed. Source : Forty cultures isolated from oats
Aerobic. gathered in various parts of America.
Temperature relations: Optimum, 25° C. Habitat: Pathogenic on cultivated oats
Very slow growth at 14° C. Maximum, about and, to a slight degree, on barley.
37° C. Thermal death point between 42° and
48° C. 91. Pseudomonas tabaci (Wolf and
Relationship to other species: This may Foster, 1917) Stevens, 1925. {Bacterium ta-
be Pseudomonas syringae since the charac- bacum (sic) Wolf and Foster, Science, 46,
ters are the same and both organisms can 1917, 362; also Jour. Agr. Res., 12, 1918, 449;
infect Impatiens sp. Pseudomonas syringae Stevens, Plant Disease Fungi, New York,
infects poplars (Elliott, Bacterial Plant 1925, 36.)
Pathogens, 1930, 218). ta.ba'ci. M.L. noun iabacum tobacco;
Source: Strains of the pathogen isolated M.L. gen. noun tabaci of tobacco.
Rods 1.2 by 3.3 microns. Motile with a fructose, mannose, arabino.se, xylose, man-
polar flagellum. Gram-negative. nitol and glycerol. Alkaline reaction from
Gelatin: Liquefied. salts of acetic, citric, malic, lactic and for-
Potato agar colonies: Grayish white, cir- mic acids. Rhamnose, sucrose, maltose, lac-
cular, raised, wet-shining, smooth. tose, raffinose and salicin not fermented.
Milk: Alkaline; clears. Starch not hydrolyzed.
Nitrites produced from nitrates (Burk- Aerobic, facultative.
holder and Starr, Phytopath., 38, 1948, 498). Good growth in broth plus 7 per cent salt.
Indole not produced. Temperature relations: Optimum be-
Acid from glucose, galactose, fructose, tween 25° and 30° C. Maximum between 37°
1-arabinose, xj'lose, sucrose, pectin, man- andDistinctive
39° C.
nitol and glycerol (Braun, Phytopath., 27, characters: Differs from
1937, 289). Pseudomonas mellea in type of lesion pro-
Ammonium sulfate, potassium nitrate, duced; does not digest starch nor reduce
cystine, glutamic acid, glycine, succin- nitrates and does not form acid from lactose
imide, oxamide, acetamide and urea can be nor sucrose. Pathogenic for laboratory ani-
used as nitrogen sources (Braun). mals (Elrod and Braun, Sci., 94, 1941, 520).
Starch not hydrolyzed. Cultural characters differ from those of
Aerobic. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Migula.
Relationship to other species: Braun {loc. Source: Repeatedly isolated from leaf
cit.) states that Pseudomonas tabaci and spot of tobacco in the Philippines.
Pseiidomonas angulata are identical in Habitat: Pathogenic on tobacco.
culture.
Source: Isolated from wildfire lesions and 93. Pseudomonas viridiflava (Burk-
tobacco leaves in North Carolina. holder, 1930) Clara, 1934. (Phytomonas viri-
Habitat: Pathogenic on tobacco, Nico- diflava Burkholder, Cornell Agr. Exp. Sta.
tinna fabacvm. 111.) 127, 1930, 63; Clara, Science, 75, 1934,
Mem.
92. Pseudoniona.s poly color Clara, 1930. vi.ri.di.fla'va. L. viridis green; L. flavus
(Phytopath., 20, 1930, 704.) yellow; M.L. adj. viridiflavus greenish
po.lj^'co.lor. Gr. poly- many; L. color
color; M.L. adj. polycolor many colored. yellow.
Description from Clara (Cornell Agr.
Description taken from Clara (Cornell Exp. Sta. Mem. 139, 1934, 30).
Agr. E.xp. Sta. Mem. 159, 1934, 28). Rods 0.75 to 1.5 by 1.5 to 3.15 microns.
Rods 0.75 to 1.2 by 1.05 to 3.0 microns. Motile with 1 or 2 polar flagella. Gram-
Motile with 1 or 2 polar flagella. Gram- negative.
negative. Green fluorescent pigment produced in
Green fluorescent pigment produced in culture.
culture. Gelatin: Liquefied.
Gelatin: Liquefied. Beef -extract agar colonies: Grayish
Beef -extract agar colonies: Grajîsh white, margins corrugated, edges irregular.
white, circular, raised; thin, transparent Broth: Turbid in 36 hours.
margins. Milk: Becomes alkaline and clears.
Broth: Turbid in 36 hours with thin pel- Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
licle. Indole not produced.
Milk: Alkaline; no curd. Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Not lipolytic (Starr and Burkholder,
Indole not produced. Phytopath.,3^, 1942, 601).
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. Acid but no gas from glucose, fructose,
Lipolytic (Starr and Burkholder, Phyto- mannose, arabinose, xjdose, mannitol and
path., 32, 1942, 601). glycerol. Alkaline reaction from salts of
Acid l)Ut no gas from glucose, galactose. acetic, citric, malic, lactic and succinic
acids. Sucrose, lactose, maltose, raffinose, Watson, 1927) Dowson, 1943.* (Phytomonas
salicin, and salts of formic and tartaric acids 9.)
bowlesii (sic) Lewis and Watson, Phyto-
not fermented. path., 17, 1927, 511; Pseudomonas bowlesiae
Starch: No hydrolj'sis. Dowson, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc, 26, 1943,
Growth in broth plus 5 per cent NaCl.
Aerobic, facultative. bow.le'si.ae. M.L. fem.n. Bowlesia ge-
Comment: A variety that does not grow neric name; M.L. gen. noun bowlesiae of
Bowlesia.
in Uschinsky's solution and that produces
colonies of an unusual shape has been iso- Rods, 0.5 to 0.7 by 1.2 to 1.6 microns,
lated from the stems and leaves of blighted occurring singly, in pairs or in short chains.
beans in Denmark. See Petersen (Tidsskr. Motile with bipolar flagella. Gram-negative.
f. Planteavl., 38, 1932, 851). Green fluorescent pigment produced in
Source: Two cultures isolated from culture.
spotted beans, one from England and one Gelatin: Liquefied.
from Switzerland. Agar slants: Yellowish, moist, glistening
Habitat: Pathogenic on bean, Phaseolus and viscid.
vulgaris. Broth: Uniform turbidity throughout.
Heavy viscous sediment in old cultures.
94. Pseudoitionas ananas Serrano, 1934. Milk: Alkaline; coagulation with a slow
(Philipp. Jour. Sci., 55, 1934, 355.) peptonization.
a'na.nas. Braz.Ind. ananas pineapple; Nitrites produced from nitrates.
M.L. indecl.neut.noun ananas. Indole produced.
Rods 0.6 by 1.8 microns. Motile with 1 to Hj'drogen sulfide produced.
4 polar flagella. Gram-negative. Acid from glucose, maltose and xylose.
Green fluorescent pigment produced in No acid from sucrose.
certain media.
Gelatin: Liquefied. Minimum, —1° C. Maximum, 37° C.
Beef -extract glucose agar colonies: White, Chemical tolerance: Optimum pH, 7.2.
with undulating edges, smooth to rugose, pH range, 4.5 to 8.6.
glistening to dull. Aerobic.
Beef-extract agar: Growth scant. Source: Isolated from diseased, water-
Broth: Feeble growth. soaked spots of bowlesia.
Milk: Becomes alkaline with curd. Habitat: Pathogenic on Bowlesia septen-
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. trionalis.
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. 96. Pseudomonas ligustri (d'Oliveira,
Acid but no gas from glucose, xylose and 1936) SSvulescu, 1947. {Bacterium ligustri
mannitol. Feeble with lactose. No acid from
d'Oliveira, Revista Agron., 2J^, 1936, 434;
sucrose. Savulescu, Anal. Acad. Romane, III, 22,
Starch not hydrolyzed. 1947, 11.)
Temperature relations : Optimum between li.gus'tri. L. ligustrum the privet; M.L.
30° and 31° C. Minimum between 7° and neut.noun Ligustrum generic name of
10° C. Maximum, 45° C. privet; ligustri of the privet.
Aerobic. Rods 0.5 to 0.7 by 1.3 to 3.0 microns. No
Source: Isolated from rotted pineapples. chains. Not encapsulated. Motile with 2 to
Habitat: Causes a rot of pineapples. 5 polar flagella. Gram-negative.
Ananas comosus. Green pigment produced on Dox agar and
in broth.
95. Pseudomonas bowlesiae (Lewis and Gelatin: Liquefied.
* The authors of this binomial report (personal communication) that the original spell-
ing bowlesii used for the specific epithet is an orthographic error. The correct spelling is
"bowlesiae" .
135
Beef -extract agar colonies: Growth mod- Source: Isolated from marginal lesion on
erate. Milky white, circular, convex. lettuce from Kansas.
Broth: Turbid in 24 hours. No pellicle. Habitat: Pathogenic on lettuce and re-
Milk: Coagulated in 6 days and later di- lated plants.
gested. Litmus slightly acid.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. 98. Pseudomonas sesami Malkoff, 1906.
Indole not produced. (Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 16, 1906, 665.)
Ammonia not produced. se'sa.mi. Gr. sesamum sesame; M.L.
No gas from carbohydrates. Acid from neut.noun Sesamum generic name of sesame;
glucose, galactose, arabinose and mannose. sesami of sesame.
No acid from sucrose, maltose, lactose, raf- Description from Nakata (Ann. Phyt.
finose, raannitol or salicin. Soc. Japan, .?, 1930, 242).
Source: From diseased Japanese privet Rods 0.6 to 0.8 by 1.2 to 3.8 microns.
in Lisbon, Portugal. Motile with 2 to 5 polar flagella. Gram-
Habitat: Pathogenic on privet, Ligus- negative.
trum ja'ponicum. Green fluorescent pigment produced in
culture.
97. Pseudomonas marginalis (Brown, Gelatin: Liquefaction rapid.
1918) Stevens, 1925. {Bacterium marginale Beef -agar colonies: Circular, flat, striate,
Brown, Jour. Agr. Res., 13, 1918, 386; smooth, entire margins, white.
Stevens, Plant Disease Fungi, New York, Broth: Growth rapid. No pellicle.
1925, 30; Phyfomonas intyhi Swingle, Phyto- Milk: Alkaline. No coagulation.
path., 15, 1925, 730.) Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
mar.gi.na'lis. L. margo, marginis edge, Indole not produced.
margin; M.L. adj. marginalis marginal. Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Description from Brown (op. cit., 1918, Acid but no gas from glucose. No acid
386) and Clara (Cornell Agr. Exp. Sta. Mem. from lactose, sucrose or glycerol.
159, 1934, 27). Starch not hj^drolyzed.
Rods. Motile with 1 to 3 polar flagella. Temperature relations: Optimum, 30° C.
Gram-negative. Minimum, 0° C. Maximum, 35° C.
Green fluorescent pigment produced in Aerobic, facultative.
culture. Source: Isolated from l)rown spots on
Gelatin: Liquefied. leaves and stems of sesame.
Agar colonies: Cream-colored to yellow- Habitat: Pathogenic on sesame.
ish.
Broth: Turbid, with pellicle. 99. Pseudomonas setariae (Okabe,
Milk: Alkaline. Soft curd at times. 1934) Savulescu, 1947. (Bacterium setariae
Nitrites are produced from nitrates. Not Okabe, Jour. Soc. Trop. Agr. Formosa, 6,
produced (Clara). 1934, 63; SSvulescu, Anal. Acad. Romane,
Indole not produced. III, 22, 1947, 11.)
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. se.ta'ri.ae. L. saeta a bristle; M.L.
Acid but no gas from glucose, galactose, saetarius bristle-like; M.L. fem.noun Se-
fructose, mannose, arabinose, xylose, rham- taria generic name of foxtail; setariae of
nose, mannitol and glycerol. Alkali from Setaria.
salts of acetic, citric, malic, formic, lactic, Rods 0.4 to 0.8 by 1.8 to 4.4 microns.
succinic and tartaric acids. Sucrose, mal- Motile with a polar, seldom bipolar, flagel-
tose, lactose, raffinose and salicin not fer- lum. Gram-negative.
mented (Clara). Yellowish, water-soluble pigment pro-
Starch hydrolysis feeble. None (Clara). duced in culture.
Temperature relations : Optimum between Gelatin: Slow liquefaction.
25° and 26° C. Minimum, 0° C. Maximum, Beef -extract agar colonies: Circular,
38° C. white, opalescent, smooth, glistening.
Aerobic. Broth: Tur])id after 18 hours. Pellicle.
Milk: Alkaline; clears. singly or in short chains. Motile with 1 to 3

Nitrites produced from nitrates. polar flagella. Gram-negative.
Indole produced. Green pigment in certain media.
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. Gelatin: Liquefied.
Acid but no gas from glucose, galactose Potato dextrose agar colonies: Circular,
and glycerol. No acid from lactose, maltose smooth, convex, glistening, white to cream,
or sucrose. butyrous, edges entire.
Starch: Feeble hydrolysis. Milk: No curd; peptonization with a green
Grows in 3 per cent salt. color in 7 days.
Temperature relations: Optimum be- Indole not produced.
tween 31° and 34° C. Maximum, 42° C. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Aerobic. Hydrogen sulfide produced in minute
Source: Isolated from brown stripe of amounts.
Italian millet. Acid but no gas from glucose, fructose
Habitat: Pathogenic on Italian millet, and L-arabinose in 24 hours; from galactose
Setaria italica. and xylose in 48 hours. No acid from sucrose,
lactose, cellobiose, maltose, mannitol,
100. Pseudomonas tolaasii Paine, 1919. D-sorbitol, glycerol, salicin or raffinose.
(Ann. Appl. Biol., 5, 1919, 210.) Starch not hydrolyzed.
Aerobic.
to.laa'si.i. Tolaas patronymic; tolaasii
of Tolaas.
48°Thermal
C. death point between 47° and
Motile with 1 to 5 polar flagella. Gram- Source : Isolated from spots on the leaves
negative. of the palm, Washingtonia filifera.
Green fluorescent pigment produced in Habitat: Pathogenic on the Washington
culture.
Gelatin: Liquefied. palm.
Bouillon agar: Streak develops in 24 102. Pseiidonioiias barker! (Berridge,
1924) Clara, 1934. (Bacillus of pear blossom
hours, dirty bluish white, wet-shining and
slightly raised. disease. Barker and Grove, Ann. Appl.
Broth: Turbid in 24 hours. Pellicle. Biol., 1, 1914, 94; Barker and Grove's or-
Milk: Becomes alkaline and clears. ganism, Doidge, Ann. Appl. Biol., 4, 1917,
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. 50; B. barkeri Berridge, Ann. Appl. Biol., 11,
Indole production slight. 1924, 73; Clara, Science, 75, 1934, 11.)
Acid but no gas from glucose. No acid bar'ker.i. M.L. gen. noun barkeri of
from lactose or sucrose. Barker; named for B. T. P. Barker, one of
Starch hydrolysis feeble. the two men who first described this or-
Optimum temperature, 25° C. ganism.
Description from Doidge (op. cit., 1917,
Source : Isolated in England from brown- 50).
spot of cultivated mushrooms.
Habitat: Pathogenic on cultivated mush-
Motile with 1 to 4 polar flagella. Gram-nega-
tive (Burkholder), not Gram-positive.
101. Pseudomonas washingtoiiiae culture.
(Pine 1943) Elliott 1951. {Phytomonas Gelatin: Liquefied.
washingtoniae Pine, Phytopath., 33, 1943,
Agar: Growth is white, feeble, flat, glist-
1203; Elliott, Man. Bact. Plant Path., 2nd
ening, smooth-edged.
ed., 1951, 100.) Broth: Slightly turbid in 24 hours.
wash.ing.to'ni.ae. M.L. fem.noun Wash- Milk: Slowly cleared.
ingtonia a generic name; washingtoniae of Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Washingtonia. Indole not produced unless culture
Rods, 0.69 l)y 1.61 microns, occurring warmed.
137
Starch slowly digested. Habitat: Causes a corm rot of gladiolus

Source: Barker made many cultures from and other tubers.
blighted pear blossoms. Doidge received a
culture from Barker. 105. Pseudomonas mellea Johnson,
Habitat : Causes a blossom blight of pear. 1923. (Jour. Agr. Res., 23, 1923, 489.)
mel'le.a. L. adj. melleus pertaining to
honey.
103. Pseudonionas betle (Ragunathan,
Rods 0.6 by 1.8 microns. Encapsulated.
1928) Burkholder, 1948. {Bacterium betle
Motile with 1 to 7 polar flagella. Gram-
Ragunathan, Ann. Roy. Gard., Peradeniya,
negative.
Ceylon, 11, 1928, 51; Burkholder, in Man- Green fluorescent pigment produced in
ual, 6th ed., 1948, 130.) culture.
bet'le. Malaj-an noun betle betel; M.L. Gelatin: Liquefied.
indeclin.noun betle.
Potato-glucose agar: Growth abundant,
Rods, 0.5 by 1.5 to 2.5 microns, occurring
smooth, glistening, viscid, honey-colored.
singly or in short chains. Non-motile. Gram- Broth: Turbid in 24 hours. Pellicle.
negative. Milk: Alkaline; clears.
Green pigment formed in nutrient gelatin Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
and in broth.
Gelatin: Liquefied.
Bovril agar colonies: Honey-yellow, cir- Starch hydrolysis feeble.
cular at first, later echinulate. Raised, Growth inhibited by 4 per cent salt.
smooth and shiny.
Temperature relations: Optimum be-
Bi-oth: Surface becomes cloud.y in 2
tween 26° and 28° C. Maximum, 36° C.
days. Pellicle. Aerobic, facultative.
No gas from lactose, maltose or sucro.se.
Distinctive character: Differs from Pseu-
Starch is reduced.
domonas pseudozoogloeae in that it produces
Aerobic.
on tobacco a brown instead of a black spot
Source: Five cultures isolated from leaf
with a halo, is orange-yellow in culture, and
spots on the betel vine. turns milk alkaline.
Habitat: Pathogenic on the betel vine, Source: Isolated from brown rusty spots
Piper betle. on tobacco in Wisconsin.
Habitat: Pathogenic on leaves of tobacco,
104. Pseudomonas gladioli Severini, Nicotiana tobacum.
1913. (Annali d. Bot., Rome, 11, 1913, 420.)
106. Pseudomonas panacis (Nakata
gla.di'o.li. L. gladiolus a small sword
lily; M.L. mas.n. Gladiolus generic name of and Takimoto, 1922) Dowson, 1943. {Bac-
terium panaxi Nakata and Takimoto, Bull.
gladiolus; M.L. gen. noun gladioli of gladio-
lus. Agr. Sta. Chosen, 5, 1922, 1 ; Dowson, Trans.
Brit. Mycol. Soc, S6, 1943, 10.)
Rods 0.6 by 2.3 to 2.8 microns. Motile
with one or more polar flagella. Gram-nega- pa'na.cis. Gr. panax the plant heal-all;
tive. M.L. neut.noun Panax a generic name;
M.L. gen. noun panacis of Panax.
A pale yellow, water-soluble pigment
found, later orange. Description from Elliott (Bact. Plant
Pathogens, 1930, 173).
Gelatin colonies: Cream-colored, wart-
Rods 0.5 by 1.3 to 1.5 microns. Chains.
like. Rapid liquefaction.
Milk: Coagulated and slowly peptonized.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. negative.
Indole not produced. culture.
No gas. Gelatin: Slight liquefaction.
Aerobic.
Agar colonies: White.
Optimum temperature between 28° and Milk: Coagulated.
30° C. No gas from sugars.
Habitat: Causes a root rot of ginseng, chlorus green; M.L. adj. xanthochlorvs yel-
Panax quinquefoliitm. lowish green.
Description from Erw. Smith (Bacteria
107. Pseudomonas ribicola Bohn and in Rel. to Plant Dis., 3, 1914, 272).
Maloit, 1946. (Jour. Agr. Res., 73, 1946, 288.) Rods 0.75 to 1.5 by 3.0 microns. Motile
ri.bi'co.la. M.L. noun Ribes generic name with 1 to 3 polar flagella. Gram-negative.
of currant; L. colo to dwell; M.L. fera.n. Green fluorescent pigment produced in
ribicola the currant dweller. culture.
Rods, 0.4 to 0.9 by 0.9 to 1.7 microns, Gelatin: Slow liquefaction.
Agar colonies: Circular, slightly raised,
occurring singly, in pairs and in hypha-like
chains. Motile by 1 or more polar flagella. yellow-white.
Gram-negative. Broth: Strong clouding in 24 hours. A
Gelatin: Very slow liquefaction. white pellicle.
Beef -extract agar colonies: Punctiform, Milk: Slow coagulation and clearing.
smooth, translucent, white; edges entire. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Beef -extract agar slant: Growth scant, Indole produced after 10 days.
filiform, glistening, translucent, white, Hydrogen sulfide produced slowly.
slightly viscid. Acid but no gas from glucose and galac-
Broth: Slightly turbid; no ring or pellicle. tose.
Potato dextrose slants: Growth moder- Temperature relations: Optimum, 27° C.
ate, filiform, glistening, butyrous to viscid. Minimum, 2° C. Maximum, 44° C.
Source: Isolated from rotting potato
Medium slightly yellow. Dirty pink pig-
ment in old cultures. tubers in Germany.
Milk: Slightly darkened, becoming alka- Habitat : Pathogenic on potato tubers and
line. a number of unrelated plants.
109. Pseudomonas aleuritidis (McCul-
Growth good in Uschinsky's and Fermi's
solutions; yellow-green pigment produced. loch and Demaree, 1932) Stapp, 1935. (Bac-
terium aleuritidis McCulloch and Demaree,
No growth in Cohn's and Ashby's mannitol Jour. Agr. Res., 43, 1932, 339; Stapp, Bot.
solutions.
Indole not produced. Rev., 1, 1935,408.)
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. a.leu.ri'ti.dis. Gr. aleurites of wheaten
Acid from glucose, galactose, fructose, flour; M.L. fem.noun Aleurites generic
xylose and mannitol. name; M.L. gen. noun aleuritidis of Aleu-
rites.
Asparagine utilized as a carbon-nitrogen
Motile with 1 to 5 polar, rarely bipolar,
source. Tj^rosine oxidized.
Not lipolytic. flagella. Encapsulated. Gram-negative.
Temperature relations: Optimum, be- certain media.
tween 20° and 25° C. Minimum, less than Gelatin: Not liquefied.
3.5° C. Maximum, between 30° and 32° C. Beef agar slants: Growth is thin, white
Source: Six single-cell isolates from leaf and viscid.
spot of golden currant in Wyoming.
Broth: A heavy white surface growth in
Habitat: Pathogenic on Ribes aureum. 24 hours. Sediment.
108. Pseudomonas xanthochlora (Schuster, Milk: Becomes alkaline, but no separa-

tion.
1912) Stapp, 1928. {Bacterium xanthochlorxim Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Schuster, Arbeit, a. d. Kaiserl. Biolog. Indole test feebly positive.
Anstalt. f. Land. u. Forstw., 8, 1912, 452; Hydrogen sulfide test feebly positive.
Stapp, in Sorauer, Handbuch der Pflanzen- Acid but no gas from glucose, galactose
krankheiten, 2, 5 Aufl., 1928, 213.) and glycerol. Slow acid production from
xan.tho.chlo'ra. Gr. xanthus yellow; Gr. sucrose, maltose and lactose.
139
Starch hydrolysis feeble. savastanoi Erw. Smith, U. S. Dept. Agr.

Temperature relations : Optimum between Plant Ind. Bull. 131, 1908, 31; Stevens, The
33.)
Fungi which Cause Plant Diseases, 1913,
27° and 28° C. Maximum, 37° C.
Chemical tolerance: Optimum pH be-
tween 6.2 and 6.8. pH range, 5.4 to 8.9. sa.vas.ta'no.i. Savastano patronymic;
Source: Isolations from naturally infected savastanoi of Savastano.
timg oil trees in Georgia. Description from Brown (Jour. Agr. Res.,
Habitat: Pathogenic on the tung oil tree U, 1932, 711).
(Aleurites Jordi), on the bean {Phaseolus Rods 0.4 to 0.8 by 1.2 to 3.3 microns.
vulgaris) and the castor bean (Ricinus com- Motile with 1 to 4 polar flagella. Gram-
munis). negative.
Green fluorescent pigment found in cul-
110. Pseudoinonas glycinea Coerper, ture.
1919. (Jour. Agr. Res., 18, 1919, 188.) Gelatin: No liquefaction.
gly.ci'ne.a. Gr. glycys sweet; M.L. Beef agar colonies: White, smooth, flat,
fem. noun Glycine generic name of a legume ; glistening, margins erose or entire.
M.L. adj. glycinea of the soybean. Broth: Turbid on the second day. No
Rods 1.2 to 1.5 by 2.3 to 3.0 microns. pellicle or ring.
Motile with polar flagella. Gram-negative. Milk: Becomes alkaline.
Green fluorescent pigment produced in Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
culture. Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Gelatin: Not liquefied. Acid but no gas from glucose, galactose
Beef -peptone agar colonies: Appear in and sucrose.
24 hours. Circular, creamy white, smooth, Starch hydrolyzed.
shining and convex. Margins entire. Buty- Temperature relations: Optimum be-
rous in consistency. tween 23° and 24° C. Minimum, 1° C. Max-
Milk: Litmus turns blue and later a sepa-
ration of the milk occurs. Casein not di- imum, 32° C.
Chemical tolerance: Optimum between
gested. 6.8 and 7.0. Minimum, 5.6. Maximum, 8.5.
Nitrites produced from nitrates (Burk- Aerobic.
holder and Starr, Phytopath., 38, 1948, 498). Comment: A variety that differs but
Indole test feebly positive. slightly from this species is described as
Not lipolytic (Starr and Burkholder, pathogenic on ash, Fraxinus excelsior and F.
Phytopath., 32, 1942, 601). americana, but not on olive. Produces a
Acid from glucose and sucrose. canker on ash. See Brown (Jour. Agr. Res.,
Starch not hydrolyzed. U, 1932, 721).
Temperature relations: Optimum be- Source: Smith isolated his cultures from
tween 24° and 26° C. Minimum, 2° C. Maxi- olive galls collected in California.
mum, 35° C. Habitat: Pathogenic on olive.
Comment: A variety of this species that 112. Pseudoinonas tonelliana (Ferra-
differs slightly in morphology, action in ris, 1926) Burkholder, 1948. {Bacterixim to-
milk and in chromogenesis has been de- nellianum Ferraris, Trattato di Patologia e
scribed by Takimoto (Jour. Plant Prot., TerapiaVegetale,3rded.,/, 1926, 104; Burk-
Tokyo, 14, 1927 556). It was isolated from holder, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 132.)
leaf spots on soy bean in Formosa. to.nel.li.a'na. M.L. adj. tonellianus per-
Source: A number of cultures isolated taining to Tonelli; named for A. Tonelli.
from soybeans in Wisconsin. Description from C. O. Smith (Phyto-
Habitat: Pathogenic on soybean. Glycine path., 18, 1928, 503) unless otherwise noted.
max {Soja niax) . Rods 0.5 to 0.6 by 1.5 to 2.5 microns.
111. Pseudonionas savastanoi (Erw. negative (Adam and Pugsley, Jour. Dept.
Smith, 1908) Stevens, 1913. (Bacterium Agr. Victoria, 32, 1934, 304).
Gelatin: No liquefaction. leaves of Japanese ivy, Cissus japonica, in

Potato glucose agar colonies: Flat, circu- Japan.
lar, shining; margins somewhat undulated. Habitat: Pathogenic only on Cissus ja-
Broth: Dense clouding with partial pel-
licle. ponica.
Milk: Alkaline. No separation. 114. Pseudomonas ealendulae (Taki-
Nitrites not produced from nitrates moto, 1936) Dowson, 1943. (Bacterium
(Adam and Pugsley). ealendulae Takimoto, Ann. Phytopath. Soc.
Indole produced. Not produced (Adam Japan, 5, 1936, 341; Dowson, Trans. Brit.
and Pugsley). Mycol. Soc, 26, 1943, 9.)
Acid but no gas from glucose and sucrose. ca.len'du.lae. L. fem.pl. noun calendae
No acid from lactose (Adam and Pugsley). (Kalendae) The Calends, first day of month;
Starch not hydrolyzed (Adam and Pugs- M.L. fem. dim. noun Calendula generic name
ley). of a flowering plant; M.L. gen. noun ealen-
Comment: Pseudomonas savastanoi is dulae of Calendula.
similar in culture but is not pathogenic on Rods 0.5 by 1.0 to 2.0 microns. Motile
oleanders. with 1 to 3 polar flagella. Gram-negative.
Source: Both Ferraris and C. O. Smith Green fluorescent pigment produced in
isolated the pathogen from galls on olean- Uschinsky's and in Cohn's solutions.
der. Gelatin: Not liquefied.
Habitat: Pathogenic on oleander, Nerium Agar colonies: Circular, smooth, flat,
oleander. dirty white.
Broth: Turbid.
113. Pseudomonas cissicola (Takimoto, Milk: No coagulation.
1939) Burkholder, 1948. (Aplanobacter cissi- Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
cola Takimoto, Ann. Phytopath. Soc. Japan, Indole produced in small amount.
9, 1939, 43; Burkholder, in Manual, 6th ed., Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
1948, 134.) Acid but no gas from glucose and glycerol.
No acid from lactose or sucrose.
cis.si'co.la. Gr. cissus ivy; M.L. fem.noun
Cissiis generic name of flowering plant; Starch not hydrolyzed.
L. -cola dweller; M.L. fem.noun cissicola Temperature relations: Optimum be-
Cissus dweller. tween 27° and 30° C. Minimum between 0°
Rods 0.5 to 0.9 by 1.0 to 2.0 microns. and 7° C. Maximum, 37° C.
Non-motile. Encapsulated. Gram-negative. Habitat: Pathogenic on marigolds, Calen-
Green fluorescent pigment formed in dula officinalis.
Uschinsky's solution. 115. Pseudomonas cichorii (Swingle,
Gelatin: No liquefaction.
Potato-extract agar colonies: Circular, 1925) Stapp, 1928. {Phjtomonas cichorii
conve.x, smooth, dirty white. Swingle, Phytopath., 15, 1925, 730; Stapp, in
Broth: Feeble clouding followed by pre- Sorauer, Handbuch der Pfianzenkrank-
heiten, 2, 5 Aufll., 1928, 291; Pseudomonas
cipitation ofpellicle and rim.
endiviae Kotte, Phyt. Ztschr., 1, 1930, 609;
Bacterium formosanum Okabe, Jour. Soc.
Trop. Agr., Formosa, 7, 1935, 65.)
ci.cho'ri.i. Gr. cichora (pi.) succory, chi-
No acid nor gas from sucrose, glucose, lac- cory; L. cichoriutn chicory; M.L. neut.noun
tose or glycerol. Cichoriutn generic name of flowering plant;
Starch not hydrolyzed. M.L. gen. noun cichorii of chicory.
Salt toleration, 3 per cent. Description from Clara (Cornell Agr.
Temperature relations: Optimum, 30° C. Exp. Sta. Mem. 159, 1934, 26) which is a de-
Minimum, 10° C. Maximum, 35° C. Ther- scription of a culture of Pseudomonas endi-
mal death point between 49° and 50° C. viae from Kotte. Swingle's description is
Source: Isolated from black spots on very meager.
141
Rods 0.75 to 1.5 by 1.5 to 3.75 microns. Nutrient agar colonies: Yellowish white,
Motile with 1 or 2 polar fiagella. Gram- wet-shining, smooth; margins irregular.
negative. Broth: Heavy turbidity in 24 hours.
Green fluorescent pigment produced in Sediment.
culture. Milk: Cleared.
Gelatin: No liquefaction. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Beef -extract agar colonies: Circular, Indole not produced.
grayish white with bluish tinge, raised with Acid from glucose and galactose. No acid
slightly irregular edges. from sucrose.
Broth: Turbid in 36 hours with a smooth, Starch hydrolysis feeble.
viscous pellicle.
Milk: Alkaline. 30°Optimum
C. temperature between 25° and
Indole not produced. Distinctive character : Differs from Pseu-
H3'drogen sulfide not produced. domonas barkeri in that it does not liquefy
Not lipolytic (Starr and Burkholder, Phj^- gelatin nor produce indole. Produces cap-
topath., 32, 1942, 601). sules.
Acid but no gas from glucose, galactose Source : Isolated from blighted pear blos-
fructose, mannose, arabinose, xylose, man- soms in South Africa.
nitol and glycerol. Alkaline production from Habitat: Pathogenic on pear blossoms.
salts of acetic, citric, lactic, malic, succinic
and tartaric acids. Rhamnose, maltose, 117. Pseudomonas viburni (Thornberry
sucrose, lactose, raffinose and salicin not and Anderson, 1931) Stapp, 1935. (Phyto-
utilized. monas viburni Thornberry and Anderson,
Starch not hydrolyzed. Phytopath., 21, 1931, 912; Stapp, Bot. Rev.
Slight growth in broth plus 6 per cent 1, 1935,407.)
NaCl. vi.bur'ni. L. viburnum waj' -faring tree;
Chemical tolerance: Optimum pH, be- M.L. neut.noun Viburnum name of a genus
tween 6.8 and 7.1. Minimum, between 5.0 of flowering plants; M.L. gen. noun viburni
and 5.3. Maximum, between 9.2 and 9.4. of Viburnum.
(Kotte, op. cit., 2, 1930, 453). Rods 0.5 to 1.0 by 1.0 to 2.0 microns.
Aerobic, facultative. Encapsulated. Motile with 2 to 4 polar
Source: Isolated from rot of French en- flagella. Gram-negative (Burkholder); not
dive, Cichorium intybus, by Swingle and by Gram-positive as stated in original.
Okabe, and from C. endivia by Kotte. Green fluorescent pigment produced in
Habitat: Pathogenic on endive, lettuce culture (Burkholder).
and larkspur. Gelatin: No liquefaction.
Glucose beef-extract colonies: Dull gray,
116. Pseiidomonas nectarophila circular, edges entire.
(Doidge, 1917) Rosen and Bleeker, 1933. Broth: Turbid with pellicle.
Milk: Alkaline.
{Bacterium nectar ophilum Doidge, Ann.
Appl. Biol., J^, 1917, 73; Rosen and Bleeker, Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Jour. Agr. Res., ^6, 1933, 98.)
nee. ta.ro 'phi. la. Gr. nectar nectar; Gr. Not lipolytic (Starr and Burkholder,
adj. philus loving; M.L. adj. nectarophilns
Phytopath., 32, 1942, 601).
nectar-loving. Acid from glucose and galactose but not
Rods 0.5 to 0.7 by 0.6 to 1.5 microns. sucrose (Burkholder).
Motile with 1 to 5 polar flagella. Encapsu- Starch: No hydrolysis.
lated. Gram-negative. Slight growth in 3.5 per cent salt (Burk-
Green fluorescent pigment produced in holder).
culture.
Gelatin: No liquefaction. Minimum, 12° C. Maximum, 35° C.
Aerobic. with a short polar flagellum (McCulloch,

Source: Isolated from angular leaf spots Phytopath., 18, 1928, 460). Encapsulated.
and stem lesions on arrow-wood, Viburnum Gram-negative.
opulus, etc. Gelatin: No liquefaction.
Habitat: Pathogenic on Viburnum spp. Agar colonies: Circular, smooth, white,
raised and opaque. Margins entire to
118. Pseudomonas mori (Boyer and slightly undulate.
Lambert, 1893) Stevens, 1913. {Bacterium Broth: Slightly turbid throughout. No
mori Boyer and Lambert, Compt. rend. pellicle or ring.
Acad. Sci., Paris, 117, 1893, 342; Bacterium Milk: Alkaline.
mori Boyer and Lambert emend. Erw. Smith, Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Science, 31, 1910, 792; Stevens, The Fungi Indole not produced.
which Cause Plant Diseases, 1913, 30.) No acid or gas in peptone broth plus
mo'ri. Gr. morum the black mulberry; sugars.
M.L. fem.noun Morus the generic name of Starch not hydrolyzed.
mulberry; M.L. gen. noun mori of the mul-
berry. 28°Optimum
Description from Smith (op. cit., 1910, Distinctive characters: Differs from
792). Pseudomonas sojae (Pseudomonas glycinea)
Rods 0.9 to 1.3 by 1.8 to 4.5 microns. in the smaller size of cell, the absence of a
Motile with a polar flagellum. Gram-nega- pellicle and dense clouding of broth. The
tive. pathogen does not infect soybean.
Green fluorescent pigment produced in Source: Isolated from the leaf spot of
culture. velvet bean.
Gelatin: Not liquefied. Habitat: Pathogenic on velvet bean,
Agar colonies: White, slow-growing, Stizolobium deeringianium.
smooth, flat; edges entire, becoming undu-
late. 120. Pseudomonas viciae Uyeda, 1915.
Milk: Becomes alkaline and clears. (Uyeda, in Takimoto, Jour. Plant Protect.,
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Japan, 2, 1915, 845.)
Indole test negative or feebly positive. vi'ci.ae. L. vicia vetch; M.L. fem.noun
Hydrogen sulfide not produced (Okabe, Vicia generic name of vetch; M.L. gen.noim
Jour. Soc. Trop. Agr., 5, 1933, 166). viciae of vetch.
No growth in broth plus 4 per cent salt Rods 0.5 to 0.8 by 1.2 to 2.0 microns.
(Okabe, loc. cit.). Motile with 2 to 4 polar flagella. Reported
No gas from carbohydrates. as Gram-positive; however, probably in
error. No cultures are available for a retest
Temperature range, 1° C. to 35° C.
Source: Smith isolated the pathogen from of this character.
blighted shoots of mulberry from Georgia. Green fluorescent pigment produced in
Also received cultures from Arkansas and culture.
the Pacific Coast. Gelatin colonies: Pale white, glistening,
Habitat: Pathogenic on mulberry, Morus. finally turning brown. No liquefaction.
Milk: Coagulates and clears.
119. Pseudomonas stizolobii (Wolf, 1920) Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Stapp, 1935. (Aplanobactcr stizolobii Wolf, Hj'drogen sulfide not produced.
Phytopath., 10, 1920, 79; Stapp, Bot. Rev., Aerobic, facultative.
1, 1935, 405.) Habitat: Pathogenic on the broad bean
sti.zo.lo'bi.i. Gr. stizo to prick, tat- (Vicia faba), the turnip (Brassica rapa), the
too; Gr. dim. labium a small lobe; M.L. carrot (Da^lcus carota) and the sweet potato
neut.noun Stizolobium plant generic name; (Ipomoea batatas) .
M.L. gen. noun stizolobii of Stizolobium.
Rods 0.6 to 0.7 by 1.0 to 1.6 microns. 121. Pseudomonas alliieola (Burk
Non-motile (Wolf, op. cit., 1920, 79). Motile holder, 1942) Starr and Burkholder, 1942.
(Phytomonas alliicola Burkholder, Phyto- Broth: Turbid with pellicle. Dark brown.
path., 32, 1942, 146; Starr and Burkholder, Milk: Soft curd with pellicle. Clears in
Phytopath., ibid., 601.) zones. Litmus reduced.
al.li.i'co.la. L. allium onion; L. -cola Nitrites produced from nitrates.
dweller; M.L. fern. noun alliicola onion Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
dweller. Indole not produced.
Rods 0.7 to 1.4 by 1.05 to 2.8 microns. Acid from glucose, galactose, xylose,
Motile with 1 to several polar flagella, at rhamnose, sucrose, maltose, mannitol,
times bipolar. Gram-negative. glycerol and salicin. Alkali produced from
Gelatin: Liquefied. the salts of citric, malic, malonic, succinic,
Beef -extract peptone agar streaks : Mod- tartaric and hippuric acids. Good growth
erate in growth, white at first, later dirty in tyrosine and in asparagine broth.
in appearance, edges wavy, consistency vis- Starch not hydrolyzed.
cid. Medium deep brown. Aerobic.
Potato-glucose agar frequently becomes Source: Eight isolates from leaf spots of
greenish. gardenias in New Jersey.
Broth: Turbid with light pellicle. Brown. Habitat : Pathogenic on leaves of Gardenia
Milk: Cleared and litmus reduced. Neu- jasminoides.
tral.
Nitrites produced from nitrates. 123. Pseudonionas caryophylli (Burk-
Indole not produced. holder, 1942) Starr and Burkholder, 1942.
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. {Phytomonas caryophylli Burkholder, Phy-
Lipolytic action very strong. topath., 32, 1942, 143; Starr and Burk-
Acid but no gas from 1-arabinose, d-xy- holder, ibid., 601.)
lose, rhamnose, glucose, d-galactose, fruc- ca.ry.o'phyl.li. Gr. caryophyllum nut
tose, d-lactose, maltose, sucrose, glycerol, leaf, the clover tree; M.L. mas. noun
mannitol and salicin. Alkali from salts of caryophyllus specific epithet in Dianthus
acetic, citric, formic, hippuric, lactic, malic, caryophyllus , the clove-pink or carnation;
succinic and tartaric acids. M.L. gen. noun caryophylli of the carnation.
Starch not hydrolyzed. Rods 0.35 to 0.95 by 1.05 to 3.18 microns.
Slight growth in broth plus 4 per cent At times slightly curved. Motile with 1 to
salt. several polar flagella. Frequently bipolar.
Aerobic. Gram-negative.
Temperature relations: Optimimi, 30° C. Gelatin: Liquefaction after 3 to 4 weeks.
Minimum, 5° C. Maximum, 41° C. Potato glucose agar colonies: 3 to 4 mm in
Source: Seven isolates from storage rot diameter, circular, smooth, glistening,
of onion bulbs. edges entire. Color is tan to gray-mauve.
Habitat: Pathogenic on onion bulbs, Al- Old culture dark brown. Consistency buty-
lixun cepa. rous.
Broth: Turbid with a white sediment.
122. Pseiidonionas gardeniae Burk- Milk: Litmus slowly becomes blue. Slight
holder and Pirone, 1941. (Phytopath., 31, reduction at bottom of tube. No clearing.
1941, 194.) Nitrites produced from nitrates. Also
gar.de'ni.ae. L. Garden patronymic; ammonia and gas are produced in a syn-
M.L. fem.noun Gardenia plant generic thetic nitrate medium. Asparagine, KNO3
name; M.L. gen. noun gardeniae of Gardenia. and NH4H2PO4 can be utilized.
Rods 0.75 by 2.4 microns. Motile with Indole not produced.
1 to 2 polar flagella. Gram-negative. Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Gelatin: Liquefied. Lipolytic action slight to moderate.
Beef -extract peptone agar colonies: Acid from 1-arabinose, d-xylose, rham-
Growth fair, white to dirty gray and viscid. nose, glucose, d-galactose, fructose, d-lac-
Medium becoming dark brown. tose, maltose, sucrose, glj^cerol, mannitol
Potato-glucose agar: No brown color. and salicin. Alkali with sodium salts of
acetic, citric, formic, hippuric, lactic, malic, 35° C.

and 37° C. Minimum, 10° C. Maximum,
41°
maleic, succinic and tartaric acids.
Starch not hydrolyzed. Pathogenicity readily lost in culture.
Aerobic. Comment: A variety that turns litmus
Temperature relations: Optimum be- milk and cream red has been described by
tween 30° and 33° C. Minimum, 5° C. or Erw. Smith (Bact. in Relation to Plant
less. Maximum, 46° C. Diseases, S, 1914, 282). It was isolated by
Slight growth in broth plus 3.5 per cent J. A. Honing from diseased tobacco plants
salt. in Medan, Sumatra.
Source: Isolated first by L. K. Jones and Source: Isolated from brown-rot of
later by W. H. Burkholder from dying car- solanaceous plants.
nation plants from Spokane, Washington. Habitat: Soil pathogen in warm, moist
Twelve isolates used in description. climates attacking numerous species of
Habitat: Pathogenic on roots and stalks plants, especially potato, tobacco and
of the carnation, Dianthus caryophyllus . tomato.
124. Pseudonionas solanacearuni (Erw. 125. Pseudonionas castaneae (Kawa-

Smith, 1896) Erw. Smith, 1914. {Bacillus mura, 1934) SSvulescu, 1947. {Bacterium
solanacearuni Erw. Smith, U. S. Dept. Agr., castaneae Kawamura, Ann. Phytopath. Soc.
Div. Veg. Phys. and Path., Bull. 12, 1896, Japan, 3, 1934, 15; SSvulescu, Anal. Acad.
10; Erw. Smith, Bacteria in Relation to Romane, III, 22, 1947, 11.)
Plant Diseases, 3, 1914, 178.) cas.ta'ne.ae. Gr. castanum the chest-
so.la.na.ce.a'rum. L. solarium the night- nut tree; L. castanea the chestnut; M.L.
shade; -aceae familial ending; M.L. fem.pl. fem.noun Castanea generic name of chest-
noun Solanaceae the nightshade family;
M.L. fem.pl. gen. n. solanacearuni of the nut. nut; M.L. gen. noun castaneae of the chest-
Solanaceae. Rods 0.8 to 1.2 by 1.0 to 1.8 microns.
Rods 0.5 to 1.5 microns. Motile with a
Motile with 1 to 5 polar flagella. Gram-nega-
polar flagellum. Gram-negative. tive.
Gelatin: Nakata (Jour. Sci. Agr. Soc. Gelatin: Liquefied.
Tokyo, 29^, 1927, 216) states there are two Beef agar colonies: White, circular, edges
forms, one of which shows slight liquefac- slightly undulate, viscid.
tion. The other shows no liquefaction. Milk: No coagulation. Peptonized.
Agar colonies: Small, irregular, roundish, Acid but no gas from glucose, sucrose and
smooth, wet-shining, opalescent, becoming glycerol. No acid from lactose.
brown.
Broth: Slight pellicle. Broth turns brown. 25° and 27° C. Minimum, 3° C. Maximum,
Milk: Cleared without precipitation of 35° C.
casein. Aerobic, facultative.
Nitrites produced from nitrates. Habitat: Causes water-soaked spotting
Indole not produced. on leaves and shoots of chestnut, Castanea.
Hydrogen sulfide not produced (Burk-
holder).
126. Pseudonionas passiflorae (Reid,
Glucose, sucrose, glycerol, sodium citrate,
peptone, tyrosine, asparagine and glutamic 1939) Burkholder, 1948. {Phytomonas passi-
acid are utilized (Mushin, Austral. Jour. florae Reid, New Zealand Jour. Sci. and
Expt. Biol, and Med., 16, 1938, 325). Tech., 22, 1939, 264a; Burkholder, in Man-
Nitrogen sources utilized are ammonia, ual, 6th ed., 1948, 138.)
nitrates (KNO3), asparagine, tyrosine, pep- pas.si.flo'rae. L. passio passion; L. flos,
tone and glutamic acid, but not potassium floris a flower; M.L. fem.noun Passiflora
nitrite (Mushin, loc. cit.). generic name of passion flower; M.L.
Starch not hydrolyzed. gen. noun passiflorae of the passion flower.
Temperature relations: Optimum between Rods 0.2 to 0.5 by 1.2 to 3.2 microns-
145
FAMILY IV. PSEUDOMO^ÂDACEAE
Motile with 1 to 5 polar flagella. Encapsu- Woodrow patronymic; M.L. gen. noun woo(/-
lated. Gram-negative. rowii of Woodrow.
Gelatin: Liquefied. Rods 0.8 by 1.5 microns. Motile with
Beef -peptone agar colonies: Small, flat, a single polar flagellum. Gram-negative.
.smooth, dry, shining, translucent, grajîsh Gelatin: Liquefied.
and butyrous. Potato dextrose agar colonies: Circular,
Broth: Turbid in 4 days. Transient pel- capitate with margins entire. Pale, dull
licle.
gray. 1.2 cm in diameter in 7 daj's.
Milk: Slightly alkaline. No coagulation Broth: Turbid.
nor clearing. Potato cylinders: Scant growth. Medium
dark gray.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. No
growth on synthetic nitrate agar. Milk : Litmus reduced and casein digested.
Indole not produced. Hydrogen sulfide produced.
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. Loefiler's blood serum: Liquefied.
Acid reaction occurs in galactose, starch Indole not produced.
and sucrose. No gas. Synthetic asparagine medium. No growth.
Starch not hj-drolyzed. Methyl red test negative; acetylmethyl-
Source : From diseased leaves and fruit of carbinol not produced.
the passion fruit in New Zealand. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Habitat: Pathogenic on Passiflora edulis. Acid but no gas from glucose, lactose and
sucrose, but no growth in salicin.
127. Pseudomonas seininuni Caylej', Salt tolerance: Up to 1 per cent.
1917. (Jour. Agr. Sci., 8, 1917, 461.)
28°Optimum
se'mi.num. L. semen, sennnis seed; L.
gen.pl. semimim of seeds. Aerobic.
Source: Isolated from leaves of Vitis
Rods 1.0 by 4.0 to 5.0 microns. Spore-
like bodies present. Encapsulated. Motile woodrowii in India.
with a single flagellum. Reported as Gram- Habitat : Pathogenic on V. woodrowii but
not on V. vinifera.
po.sitive; however, probablj^ in error. No
cultures are available for a retest of this
character. 129. Pseudomonas fabae (Yu, 1936)
Gelatin: Rapid liquefaction. Burkholder, 1948. (Phytomonas fabae Yu,
Agar colonies: White, more or less circu- Bull, of the Chinese Bot. Soc, 2, 1936, 34;
lar, transparent, spreading. Burkholder, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 139.)
Broth: Turbid. Pellicle. fa'bae. L. faba the horse bean; M.L.
Litmus milk: Milk becomes clear and gen. noun /aftoe of the hor.se bean.
apricot color. Rods 0.8 to 1.1 by 1.1 to 2.8 microns. Mo-
Nitrites produced from nitrates. tile with 1 to 4 polar flagella. Gram-nega-
Acid but no gas from glucose and sucrose. tive.
No acid from lactose. Gelatin: Liquefied.
Starch: No hydrolysis. Nutrient agar colonies: Circular, entire,
Optimum temperature, 25° C. viscid, glistening, raised, smooth to
Aerobic, facultative. wrinkled, white to salmon. Medium amber.
Source: Isolated from seeds, stems and Broth: Turbid after 12 hours. Pellicle.
pods of diseased peas in England. Milk: Growth slow. Clears.
128. P.seiidonionas vitiswoodrowii Pa- Indole production slight.
id and Kulkarni, 1951. (Pseudomonas ritis- Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
woodrowii (sic) Patel and Kulkai'ui, Curr. Acid but no gas from glucose. No acid
Sci.,^0, 1951, 132.) nor gas developed from arabinose, xylose,
vi.tis.wood.ro'wi.i. L. fem.noun vitis fructose, galactose, sucrose, lactose, mal-
a vine; M.L. fem.noun Vitis a generic name; tose, raffinose, dextrin, inulin, mannitol or
adonitol in a 1 per cent Bacto-peptone berry and Anderson, 1937) Burkholder,

broth. 1948. {Phytomonas colurnae Thornberry and
Starch: Very weak diastatic action. Anderson, Phytopath., 37, 1937, 948; Burk-
holder, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 139.)
Minimum, 4° C. Maximum between 37° and co.lur'nae. L. fem.noun corylus the hazel
38° C. Thermal death point between 52° and or filbert; L. adj. colurnus (transposition of
53° C. corulnus) pertaining to hazel.
Aerobic. Rods 0.8 to 1.0 by 1.0 to 1.8 microns.
Growth retarded in 2 per cent salt. Very Single, in pairs or chains. Encapsulated.
slight growth in 3 per cent salt. Motile with 1 to 2 polar flagella. Gram-
Source: From diseased broad beans at negative.
Nanking, China. Gelatin: Liquefied.
Habitat : Pathogenic on broad or Windsor Glucose agar slants: Growth filiform,
bean, Vicia faba. raised, dull, smooth, opaque and viscid.
Broth: Moderate turbidity. Ring.
130. Pseudomonas astragali (Taki- Milk: Peptonization complete with acid
moto, 1930) Savulescu, 1947. {Bacterium production. No reduction of litmus nor
astragali Takimoto, Jour. Plant Protect., coagulation.
17, 1930, 732; SSvulescu, Anal. Acad. Ro- Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
mane. III, ££, 1947, 11.) Indole not produced.
as.tra'ga.li. Gr. astragalus a vertebra, Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
also a leguminous plant; M.L. mas. noun No appreciable amount of gas from
Astragalus a generic name; M.L. gen. noun xylose, glucose, sucrose or glycerol.
astragali of Astragalus. Starch hydrolyzed.
Description translated by Dr. K. To- Temperature relations: Optimum, 21° C.
gashi. Minimum, 5° C. Maximum, 35° C. Thermal
death point, 50° C.
Aerobic.
Motile, with 1 or 2 flagella. Gram-negative.
Gelatin: Liquefied. Source: From leaves and young stems of
Agar plates: Growth somewhat slow, the Turkish hazelnut in Illinois.
colorless or grayish white, entire margins, Habitat: Pathogenic on the Turkish
more or less aqueous, butyrous. hazelnut, Corylus colurna.
Uschinsky's medium: Growth vigorous,
turbid, not viscid; ring and sediment. 132. Pseudomonas iridicola (Taki-
Milk: No coagulation of casein, slow di- moto, 1931) Stapp, 1935. {Bacterium iridicola
gestion. Alkaline. Takimoto, Fungi, Nippon Fungological
408.)
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Soc, 1, 1931, 24; Stapp, Bot. Rev., 1, 1935,
Hydrogen sulfide produced in small i.ri.di'co.la. Gr. iris, iridis the rainbow,
amount. the plant iris; M.L. fem.noun 7ns generic
No acid or gas from glucose, sucrose, name; L. -cola dweller; M.L. fem.noun
lactose or glycerol in broth. iridicola iris dweller.
Starch not hydrolyzed. Rods 0.7 to 0.8 by 1.2 to 2 microns.
Temperature relations: Minimum, below Motile with 1 to 3 polar flagella. Gram-
5° C. Maximum, 33° C. Thermal death negative.
point between 50° and 51° C. Gelatin: Liquefied.
Aerobic. Beef agar colonies: White, circular,
Source: Species isolated from Astragalus raised or convex.
sp. Milk: Clears without coagulation.
Habitat: Causes a black leaf -spot of No acid or gas from carbohydrates.
Astragalus sp. Starch digested.
131. Psevidomonas colurnae (Thorn- Minimum, 4° C.
147
Source : Isolated from a brown leaf spot of Habitat: Causes a disease of the banana
iris.
Habitat : Pathogenic on Iris tectorum and plant.
Iris japo7iica. 135. Pseudomonas polygoni (Thorn-
berry and Anderson, 1937) Burkholder,
133. Pseudomonas levistici Oster- 1948. (Phytomonas polygoni Thornberry
walder, 1909. (Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 25, and Anderson, Phytopath., 27, 1937, 947;
1909, 260.) Burkholder, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 140.)
le.vis'ti.ci. L. neut.noun ligusticum a po.ly'go.ni. Gr. polygonum knot weed;
Ligurian plant, lovage; L. neut.noun le- M.L. neut.noun Polygonum generic name;
visticum a corruption of ligusticum; M.L. M.L. gen. noun polygoni of Polygonum.
neut.noun Levisticum generic name of Rods 0.5 to 1.5 by 1.5 to 2.5 microns.
lovage; M.L. gen. noun levistici of Levisti- Motile with 2 to 8 bipolar flagella. Encap-
cum. sulated. Gram-positive (?). Other species
Rods 0.5 to 0.7 by 1.1 to 1.5 microns. reported by these investigators as Gram-
Motile with a polar flagellum. Gram-nega- positive have proved to be Gram-negative
tive. on a retest (Burkholder).
Gelatin: Colonies greenish white. Li- Gelatin: Liquefied. Brown.
quefied. Glucose agar slant: Abundant, filiform,
Nutrient agar: Good growth at room flat, dull, smooth, pale olive-gray, bvity-
temperature. Yellowish white. rous. Medium turns brown.
Broth: Pellicle. Broth: Turbid. Pellicle.
Indole produced. Milk: Alkaline and clears. Litmus not re-
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. duced.
Source : Isolated from spots on the leaves Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
of lovage. Indole not produced.
Habitat: Pathogenic on lovage, Levisti- Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
cum officinale. No appreciable amount of gas from car-
bohydrates.
134. Pseudomonas niaublaucii (Foex Starch: No hydrolysis.
and Lansade, 1936) SHvulescu, 1947. {Bac- Temperature relations: Optimum, 18° C.
terium maublancii Foex and Lansade,
Minimum, 7° C. Maximum, 35° C.
Compt. rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, 202, Aerobic.
1936,2174; Savulescu, Anal. Acad. Romane, Source: From diseased leaves of Poly-
III, 22, 1947, 11.) gomim convolvulus in Illinois.
mau.blan'ci.i. Maublanc, patronymic; Habitat: Pathogenic on black bindweed,
M.L. gen. noun maublancii of Maublanc. Polygonum convolvulus.
Rods 0.4 by 1.3 microns. Motile with 1
to 3 polar flagella. Gram-negative. 136. Pseudomonas radiciperda (Javo-
Gelatin: Liquefied. ronkova, 1932) Savulescu, 1947. (Bacterium
Gelatin colonies: Round, translucent, radiciperda Javoronkova, Bull. Plant Pro-
margins entire. tect., Leningrad, Ser. II, 5, no. 1, 1932, 161;
Broth: Thin pellicle. savulescu. Anal. Acad. Romane, III, 22,
Milk: Not coagulated; clears. 1947, 11.)
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. ra.di.ci.per'da. L. radix, radicis root; L.
Indole not produced. perdo to destroy; M.L. fem.noun radiciperda
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. the root destroyer.
Carbohydrates not fermented. Description from Javoronkova (Rev. App.
Ammonia produced. Myc, 11, 1932, 652).
Growth in Fermi's solution, not in Us- Rods 0.8 by 1.0 to 2.0 microns. Encapsu-
chinsky's solution. lated. Motile by means of 1 or 2 polar fla-
Source: Isolated from rotting vascular gella. Gram-negative.
and parenchymatic tissue of banana stalks. Gelatin: Liquefied.
Beef-peptone agar colonies: Round, dy.so'xy.li. M.L. neut.noun Dysoxylum

smooth, shining, white to pale yellow. generic name of a forest tree; M.L. gen. noun
Milk: Peptonized. dysoxyli of Dysoxylum.
Indole not produced. Rods 0.4 to 0.6 by 0.6 to 1.0 micron.
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. Motile with 1 to 2 polar flagella. Gram-nega-
Acid but no gas from carbohydrates. tive.
Optimum temperature between 23° and Gelatin: No liquefaction.
25° C. Beef -peptone agar colonies: Circular,
Aerobic. punctiform to 8 mm in diameter, gray,
Habitat: Causes a root rot of red clover translucent. Surface smooth and edges en-
{Trifolium praiense) , lentils (Lens escu- tire to undulate. Medium brown in 1 week.
lenta) and lucerne. Nutrient broth: Dense flocculent pellicle
at surface. Strong clouding in 3 days.
137. Pseudomonas cattleyae (Pava- Litmus milk: No change in 4 days. After
rino, 1911) SS,vulescu, 1947. {Bacterium 12 days amber whey at top and 1 inch of pink
cattleyae Pavarino, Atti R. Acad. Naz.
Lincei Rend. CI. Sci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 20, precipitate at base.
1911, 233; Savulescu, Anal. Acad. Romane,
III, 22, 1947, 11.)
Methyl red test negative; acetylmethyl-
catt'ley.ae. M.L.fem.noun Cattleya a carbinol not produced.
generic name; M.L. gen. noun cattleyae of Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Cattleya.
Synthetic medium: Acid but no gas from
Description from Ark and Thomas (Phy- glucose, fructose, lactose, sucrose, raffinose
topath., 36, 1946, 697). and mannitol within 3 weeks. No acid from
Rods, 0.4 to 0.6 by 2.4 microns, occurring arabinose, maltose, melizitose, starch,
singly or in pairs. Motile by means of 1 or
inulin, dextrin, glycerol or salicin.
2 bipolar flagella. Gram-negative. Starch hydrolj^zed.
Beef -extract peptone agar colonies: Temperature relations: Optimum, 25° C.
Large, entire, smooth, with criss-cross Minimum, 4° C. Maximum, 36° C.
Source: Many cultures isolated from
markings. Grayish white and butyrous.
diseased leaves of Dysoxylum spectabile in
Broth: Turbid in 24 hours with very deli- New Zealand.
cate pellicle. Habitat: Pathogenic on leaves of the
Fermi's, Cohn's, and Uschinsky's solu- forest tree Dysoxylum spectabile.
tions: Good growth.
Indole not produced. 139. Pseudomonas helianthi (Kawa-
Nitrites produced from nitrates. mura, 1934) SSvulescu, 1947. {Bacterium
Litmus milk: Unchanged after 2 weeks. helianthi Kawamura, Ann. Phyt. Soc.
Acid but no gas from glucose, galactose, Japan, 4, 1934, 27; Savulescu, Anal. Acad.
fructose, arabinose, xylose, lactose, sucrose, Romane,III,^^, 1947, 11.)
dulcitol, glycerol and mannitol. No acid or he.li.an'thi. Gr. heliiis the sun; Gr.
gas from raffinose. anthus a flower; M.L. mas. noun Helianthus
generic name of sunflower; M.L. gen. noun
Starch: Slight hydrolj'sis. helianthi of the sunflower.
Optimum temperature between 25° and Rods 1.0 to 1.4 by 1.6 to 2.4 microns.
35° C.
Source : Four isolates and 4 reisolates from Motile with a single polar flagellum. Gram-
leaf spots of orchids by Ark and Thomas. negative.
Habitat: Pathogenic on Cattleya sp. and Gelatin: No liquefaction.
Phalaenopsis sp. Beef agar colonies: White, circular, edges
entire.
138. Pseudomonas dysoxyli Hutchin- Broth: Turbid. Pellicle.
son, 1949. (New Zealand Jour. Sci. and Milk: Peptonized. Litmus reduced.
Tech., Sec. B, 30, 1949, 275.) Nitrates: Gas production.
149
Indole not produced. Johnson, Roberts and Cash (Jour. Agr. Res.,
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. 78, 1949, 723).
Acid but no gas from sucrose and glycerol. Rods, 0.6 by 1.8 microns, occurring singly
No acid from lactose and maltose. or in pairs. Encapsulated. Motile with a
Starch hydrolyzed. polar flagellum. Gram-negative.
Temperature relations : Optimum between Gelatin: Liquefied
Nutrient agar colonies: White, circular,
27° and 28° C. Minimum, 12° C. Maximum,
35.5° C. raised, smooth, sticky, with margins entire.
Chemical tolerance: Good growth at pH Whitish discoloration of the medium.
6.4. No growth at pH 5.4 and pH 8.8 Broth: Turbid in 24 hours. Heavy sedi-
Habitat: Pathogenic on sunflower, Heli- ment in old cultures.
anthus debilis. Uschinsky's solution: Turbid in 24 hours;
pellicle formed.
140. Pseudonionas melophthora Allen Cohn's and Fermi's solutions: No growth.
Milk: Becomes alkaline and slowly clears.
and Riker, 1932. (Phytopath., 22, 1932, 557.)
me.loph'tho.ra. Gr. melum apple; Gr. Indole not produced.
phthora decaj^ destruction; M.L. adj.
Hydrogen sulfide production slight.
rnelophthonis apple-destroying.
Rods 0.68 by 1.32 microns. Motile with 2 Acid but no gas from glucose, galactose,
fructose, sucrose, lactose, raflfinose, glycerol
polar flagella. Gram-negative; Gram-posi- and mannitol. No acid from maltose.
tive cells appear in old cultures.
Gelatin : No liquefaction. Starch hydrolyzed.
Nutrient agar plus 2 per cent glucose: Temperature relations : Optimum between
Colonies appear in 36 hours. After 3 days 30° and 35° C. Minimum, 0° C. Maximum,
40° C.
colonies circular, smooth, glistening, con-
Aerobic.
ve.x; edges entire; light pink, but not con-
stant. Distinctive character: White precipitate
in culture media.
Broth: Good growth. Pellicle and sedi-
ment. Source: Isolated a number of times from
Milk: Little change, if any. foxtail grass.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Habitat: Pathogenic on foxtail, Chacto-
Indole not produced. chloa hdescens, and other grasses.
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. 142. Pseudonionas andropogonis (Erw.
Acid from arabinose, glucose, galactose,
Smith, 1911) Stapp, 1928. (Bacterium andro-
fructose, sucrose and glycerol. No acid from pogoni (sic) Erw. Smith, Bacteria in Relation
lactose, maltose, dextrin or inulin. to Plant Diseases, 2, 1911, 63; Elliott and
Smith, Jour. Agr. Res., 38, 1929, 4; Pseudo-
Optimum temperature between 21° and nionas andropogoni (sic) Stapp, in Sorauer,
25° C. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 2, 5
Source: Description based on 7 cultures Aufl., 1928,27.)
isolated from rotting apples and from apple
an.dro.po.go'nis. Gr. aner, andris a man;
maggots. Gr. mas. noun pogon, pogonis beard; M.L.
Habitat : Pathogenic on apples and found
with the apple maggot , Rhagoletis ponionella. mas. noun Andropogon, -onis man's beard,
generic name; M.L. gen. noun andropogonis
of Andropogon.
141. Pseudonionas alboprecipitans Description from Elliott and Smith (op.
Rosen, 1922. (Ann. Missouri Bot. Garden, 9, cit., 1929, 4).
1922, 383.) Rods 0.64 by 1.76 microns. Motile with
al.bo.pre.ci'pi.tans. L. album the color one to several bipolar flagella. Encapsu-
white; L. v. praecipito to precipitate; M.L. lated. Gram-negative.
part. adj. alboprecipitans forming a white Gelatin: Feeble liquefaction or none.
sediment. Beef -extract agar colonies : Slow growing,
Description revised in accordance with round, smooth, glistening, viscid, white.
Broth: Growth slow with moderate tur- mas. noun petasites a broad-leafed plant,
bidity in 48 hours. A thin pellicle. colt's foot; M.L. mas. noun Petasites generic
Milk: Alkaline and clears. name; M.L. gen. noun petasitis of Petasites.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Rods 0.8 to 1.1 by 1.1 to 1.7 microns.
Indole not produced. Motile with a polar flagellum. Gram-
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. negative.
Not lipolytic (Starr and Burkholder, Gelatin: No liquefaction.
Phytopath., 3£, 1942,601). Beef agar colonies: White, circular or
Acid but no gas from glucose, arabinose, amoeboid, butyrous.
fructose and xylose. No acid from sucrose, Broth: Strong turbidity. Pellicle.
maltose, lactose, raffinose, glycerol or Milk: Coagulated in 30 days.
mannitol. Nitrites produced from nitrates with gas
Starch partially digested. formation.
Temperature relations : Optimum between Indole not produced.
22° and 30° C. Minimum, 1.5° C. Maximum Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
between 37° and 38° C. No evident acid in peptone broth, but gas
Chemical tolerance: Optimum pH be- from glucose, lactose and sucrose. Acid but
tween 6.0 and 6.6. Minimum, 5.0. Maximum no gas from glycerol.
between 8.3 and 8.6. Weak growth in broth plus 6 per cent salt.
Source : Elliott used for her description 4 Temperature relations : Optimum between
cultures isolated from lesions on sorgo, 27° and 30° C. Minimum, approximately
sorghum and broom-corn. 5° C. Maximum, 47° C.
Habitat: Pathogenic on sorghum, Holcus Source: Isolated from brown to black
sorghum. lesions on Petasites japonicus in Japan.
Habitat : Pathogenic on leaves of Petasites
143. Pseudomonas lignicola Westerdijk
japonicus.
and Buisman, 1929. (De lepenziekte, Arn-
hem, 1929, 51.) 145. Pseudomonas woodsii (Erw. Smith,
lig.ni'co.la. L. lignum wood; L. -cola 1911) Stevens, 1925. {Bacterium woodsii
dweller; M.L. fem.noun lignicola wood Erw. Smith, Bacteria in Relation to Plant
dweller or inhabitant. Diseases, 2, 1911, 62; Stevens, Plant Disease
Rods. Single or short chains. Motile with Fungi, New York, 1925, 39.)
1 to several polar flagella. Gram-negative. wood 'si. i. Named for A. F. Woods, an
Gelatin: No liquefaction. American plant pathologist; M.L. gen. noun
Malt agar streaks: Milk-w^hite with a woodsii of Woods.
colorless edge.
Description from Burkholder and Guter-
Broth: Turbid with light pellicle. man (Phytopath., 25, 1935, 118).
Milk: No coagulation. No acid. Rods 0.67 by 1.56 microns. Motile with a
polar flagellum. Gram-negative.
Indole not produced. Gelatin: No liquefaction.
Starch hydrolysis slight. Beef -extract agar slants : Growth slow and
Optimum temperature, ±25° C. scant, filiform, creamy, butyrous.
Source : From vessels of elm wood showing Broth: Turbid.
dark discoloration, in Holland. Milk: Becomes alkaline but otherwise
Habitat: Pathogenic on elm wood. little changed.
144. Pseudomonas petasitis (Takimoto, Indole not produced.
1927) Siivulescu, 1947. {Bacterium petasitis Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
(sic) Takimoto, Ann. Phyt. Soc. Japan, Not lipolytic (Starr and Burkholder,
2, 1927, 55; Savulescu, Anal. Acad. Romane, Phytopath., 3^, 1942,601).
III,^^, 1947, 11.) Acid but no gas from glucose, fructose,
pe.ta'si.tis. Gr. mas. noun petasus a galactose, arabinose, xylose, rhamnose, lac-
sombrero, a broad-brimmed felt hat; Gr. tose, glycerol and mannitol. Alkaline reac-
tion from salts of acetic, citric, malic and grass; L. adj. miliaceus pertaining to millet;
succinic acids. Sucrose, maltose, salicin, and Panicum miliaceum millet.
lactic and formic acids not fermented. Description translated by Dr. K. Togashi.
Starch not hydrol3-zed. Rods 0.8 to 1.1 by 1.8 to 2.6 microns.
Slight growth in broth plus 3 per cent salt. Motile, with a single flagellum. Gram-
Aerobic. negative.
Source: Isolated from water-soaked Gelatin: Not liquefied.
lesions on carnation leaves. Potato-agar plates: Growth moderate,
Habitat: Pathogenic on carnation, Dian- whitish, then tinged with light orange, un-
tfius canjophylbis. dulating margins.
Broth: Turbid; white pellicle formed.
146. Pseudonionas eriobotryae (Taki- Milk: No coagulation and slow digestion.
moto, 1931) Dowson, 1943. {Bacterium erio- Alkaline.
botryae Takimoto, Jour. Plant Protect., 18, Nitrites produced from nitrates.
1931, 354; Dowson, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc, Indole not produced.
26, 1943, 10.) Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
e.ri.o.bo'trj^.ae. Gr. erium wool; Gr. No acid and no gas from sucrose, glucose,
hotrys grape cluster; M.L. fem.noun Erioho- lactose, glycerol or sodium nitrate.
trya woolly grape, a generic name; M.L. Starch not hydroh'zed.
gen. noun eriobotryae of Eriobotrya.
Translated by Dr. K. Togashi. 35°Optimum
Rods 0.7 to 0.9 by 2.2 to 3.0 microns. Aerobic, facultative.

Motile, with 1 or 2 flagella. Gram-negative. Source : Species first isolated from millet,
Gelatin: Not liquefied. Panicum, miliaceum.
Agar-plates : Colonies appear after 3 days, Habitat: Causes a leaf stripe of Panicum
white or hyaline, butyrous, margins entire. miliaceum.
Broth: Moderately turbid; pellicle pow-
dery; ring formed. 148. Pseudonionas saliciperda Lin-
Milk: No coagulation, peptonized slowly.
Alkaline. deijer, 1932. (Inaug. Diss., Univ. Amster-
dam, 1932; Phytopath. Ztschr., 6, 1933, 373.)
sa.li.ci.per'da. L. salix, salicis willow; L.
Indole not produced. perdo to destroy; M.L. fem.noun saliciperda
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. willow^ destroyer.
No acid or gas from glucose, sucrose, lac- Rods 1.2 to 2.1 microns in length. Motile
tose or glycerol in broth.
with a polar flagellum. Gram-negative.
Starch not hj^lrolyzed. Gelatin: No liquefaction.
Beef wort agar colonies: Gray-white.
25° and 26° C. Minimum, below 4° C. Maxi- Milk: No acid nor coagulation.
mum, 32° C. Thermal death point, 51° C. Nitrites produced (small amount) from
Aerobic. nitrates.
Source: Species isolated from loquat, Indole production slight.
Eiiobotrya japonica.
No gas from carbohydrates.
Habitat: Causes a bud rot of Eriobotrya
japonica.
Source: Isolated from wilted branches of
147. Pseudonionas panicimiliacei
willow.
(Ikata and Yamauchi, 1931) SSvulescu,
Habitat: Pathogenic on willow, Salix spp.
1947. {Bacterium panici-miliacei Ikata and
Yamauchi, Jour. Plant Protect., 18, 1931,
149. Pseudomonas wieringae (Elliott,
35; Pseudomonas panici-miliacei (sic) Siivu-
lescu. Anal. Acad. Romane, III, 22, 1947, 1930) Savulescu, 1947. {Phytomonas betae
11.) Wieringa, Nederl. Tijdschr. Hyg., Micro-
pa.ni.ci.mi.li.a'ce.i. L. panicum panic biol, en Serol., Leiden, 2, 1927, 148; Bac-
terium wieringae Elliott, Man. Bact. Plant Rods 0.5 by 2.0 microns. Motile with 1 to
Pathogens, 1930, 264; Saviilescu, Anal. 5 polar flagella. Gram-negative.
Acad. Romane, III, 22, 1947, 11.) Beef -agar colonies: Smooth, round, white
wie'ring.ae. Named for Dr. K. T. Wie- to grayish, fluorescent,
ringa, the bacteriologist who first described Milk: Cleared in 5 days. Not coagulated,
the species; M.L. gen. noun wieringae of Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Wieringa. No gas from sugars.
Because Bacterium betae Chester (Ann. Temperature relations : Optimum between
Rept. Del. Col. Agr. Exp. Sta., 9, 1897, 53) 28° and 30° C. Minimum, 4° C. Maximum,
may be a pseudomonad, the more distinctive 37° C.
species name proposed by Elliott has been Source: Isolated from vascular rot of
retained. beets in Holland.
Description from Elliott (op. cit., 1930, Habitat: Pathogenic on beets, Beta vul-
264). garis.
Genus II. Xanthomonas Dowson, 1939 *

{Phijtomonas Bergey et al., Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 174; not Phytomonas Donovan, Lancet,
177, 1909, 1495 (type species (monotypy) Phytomonas davidi Donovan, a flagellate);
Dowson, Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 100, 1939, 187.)
Xan.tho'mo.nas or Xan.tho.mo'nasf. Gr. adj. xanthus yellow; Gr. fem.n. monas unit,
monad; M.L. fem.n. Xanthomonas yellow monad.
Cells usually monotrichous. A yellow, non-water-soluble pigment is produced on agar. A
diffusible, brown color infrequently occurs in beef extract agar. Proteins are usually readily
digested. Milk usually becomes alkaline. Hydrogen sulfide is produced. Asparagine is not
sufficient as an only source of carbon and nitrogen. Acid (and also gas in one species, No.
19) produced from mono- and disaccharides. Some species liquefy a pectin medium, others
do not (Burkholder and Starr, Phytopath., 38, 1948, 500). Mostly plant pathogens causing
necroses.
The type species is Xanthomonas hyacinthi (Wakker) Dowson.
Key to the species of genus Xanthomonas.

I. Colonies yellow; pigment non -water-soluble.
1. Starch hydrolysis feeble.
a. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
1. Xanthomonas hyacinthi.
2. Xanthomonas pruni.
3. Xanthomonas vitians.
aa. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
4. Xanthomonas beticola.
5. Xanthomonas rubrilineans .
2. Starch hydrolysis strong.
b. No brown pigment in beef -extract agar.
6. Xanthomonas barbareae.
7. Xanthomonas begoniae.
8. Xanthomonas betlicola.
9. Xanthomonas campestris.
* Prepared by Prof. Walter H. Burkholder, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., June,

1943; revised November, 1953.
t The former accords with the Latin rules of accentuation; the latter is in common usage.
10. Xanthomonas cassiae.

11. Xanthomonas cajani.
12. Xanthomonas citri.
13. Xanthomonas derodendri.
14. Xanthomonas corylina.
15. Xanthomonas cucurbitae.
16. Xanthomonas desmodii.
17. Xanthomonas desmodiigangeticii.
18. Xanthomonas dieffenbachiae .
19. Xanthomonas hemmiana.
20. Xanthomonas holcicola.
21. Xanthomonas incanae.
22. Xanthomonas juglandis.
23. Xanthomonas lespedezae.
24. Xanthomonas macidifolngardeniae.
25. Xanthomonas malvacearum.
26. Xanthomonas pelargonii.
27. Xanthomonas phaseoli.
28. Xanthomonas plantaginis .
29. Xanthomonas ricinicola.
30. Xanthomonas sesbaniae.
31. Xanthomonas stizolobiicola.
32. Xanthomonas taraxaci.
33. Xanthomonas translucens.
34. Xanthomonas uppalii.
35. Xanthomonas vasculorum.
36. Xanthomonas vesicatoria.
37. Xanthomonas vignicola.
bb. Brown pigment produced in beef-extract media.
38. Xanthomonas nakatae.
27. Xanthomonas phaseoli.
39. Xanthomonas papavericola.
aaa. Ammonia produced from nitrates.
40. Xanthomonas alfalfae.
3. Starch not hydrolyzed.
a. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
41. Xanthomonas acernea.
aa. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
42. Xanthomonas carotae.
43. Xanthomonas hederae.
44. Xanthomonas phormicola.
aaa. Ammonia produced in nitrate media.
45. Xanthomonas geranii.
4. Starch hydrolysis not reported.
46. Xanthomonas antirrhini.
47. Xanthomonas heterocea.
48. Xanthomonas badrii.
49. Xanthomonas gummisudans.
50. Xanthomonas nigromacidans.

1. Starch hydrolyzed.
51. Xanthomonas axonopodis.
2. Starch not hydrolyzed.
52. Xanthomonas oryzae.
C. Gelatin not reported.
53. Xanthomonas celebensis.
II. Colonies whitish to cream; pigment non-water-soluble.
54. Xanthomonas panici.
55. Xanthomonas proteamaculans .
56. Xanthomonas manihotis .
aa. Nitrites not reported.
57. Xanthomonas ruhrisuhalhicans
2. Starch not reported.
58. Xanthomonas cannae.
59. Xanthomonas conjac.
60. Xanthomonas zingiberi.
HOST PLANT KEY
The following key will be found useful for purposes of identification where the bacterium
is isolated from a known host plant.
I. Cause of leaf, stem and fruit spots and occasional blights of monocotyledonous plants.
A. Attack members of the family Araceae.
59. Xanthomonas conjac.
18. Xanthomonas dieffenbachiae.
B. Attacks members of the family Cannaceae.
58. Xarithomonas cannae.
C. Attack members of the family Gramineae.
51. Xanthomonas axonopodis.
20. Xanthomonas holcicola.
52. Xanthomonas oryzae.
53. Xanthomonas panici.
5. Xanthomonas rubrilineans .
57. Xanthomonas rubrisubalbicans .
33. Xanthomonas translucens.
35. Xanthomonas vasculorum,.
D. Attacks members of the family Iridaceae.
49. Xanthomonas gummisudans.
E. Attack members of the family Liliaceae.
1. Xanthomonas hyacinthi.
44. Xanthomonas phormicola.
F. Attacks members of the family Musaceae.
52. Xanthomonas celebensis.
G. Attacks members of the family Zingiberaceae.
60. Xanthomonas zingiberi.
II. Cause of leaf, stem and fruit spots and occasional blights of dicotyledonous plants.
A. Attacks members of the family Aceraceae.
41. Xanthomonas acernea.
B. Attacks members of the family Araliaceae.

43. Xanlhomonas hederae.
C. Attacks members of the family Bcgoniaceae.
7. Xanthovwnas begomae.
D. Attacks members of the family Befulaceae.
14. Xanthomonas corylina.
E. Attacks members of the family Chenopodiaceae.
4. Xanthomonas beticola.
F. Attack members of the family Compositae.
48. Xanthomonas hadrii.
50. Xanthomonas nigromaculans.
32. Xanthomonas taraxaci.
3. Xanthomonas vitians.
G. Attacks members of the family Convolvulaceae.
34. Xanthomonas uppalii.
H. Attack members of the family Cruciferae.
6. Xanthomonas barbareae.
9. Xanthomonas campestris.
21. Xanthomonas incanae.
I. Attacks members of the family Cucurbitaceae.
15. Xanthomonas cucurbitae.
J. Attack members of the family Euphorbiaceae.
56. Xanthomonas manihotis.
29. Xanthomonas ricinicola.
K. Attack members of the family Geraniaceae.
45. Xanthomonas geranii.
26. Xanthomonas pelargonii.
L. Attacks members of the family Jnglandaceae.
22. Xanthomonas juglandis.
M. Attack members of the family Leguminosae.
40. Xanthomonas alfalfae.
11. Xanthomonas cajani.
10. Xanthomonas cassiae.
16. Xanthomonas desmodii.
17. Xanthomonas desmodiigangeticii .
23. Xanthomonas lespedezae.
27. Xanthomonas phaseoU.
30. Xanthomonas sesbaniae.
31. Xanthomonas stizolobiicola.
37. Xanthomonas vignicola.
N. Attacks members of the family Malvaceae.
25. Xanthomonas malvacearum.
O. Attacks members of the family Papaveraceae.
39. Xanthomonas papavericola.
P. Attacks members of the family Piper aceae.
8. Xanthomonas betUcola.
Q. Attacks members of the family Plantaginaceae .
28. Xanthomonas plantaginis.
R. Attacks members of the family Proteaceae.
55. Xanthomonas proteamaculans .
S. Attacks members of the family Rosaceae.
2. Xanthomonas pruni.
T. Attacks members of the family Rubiaceae.

24. Xanthomonas maculifoliigardeniae.
U. Attacks members of the family Rutaceae.
12. Xanthomonas citri.
V. Attacks members of the family Scrophulariaceae.
46. Xanthomonas antirrhini.
W. Attack members of the family Solanaceae.
19. Xanthomonas hemmiana.
47. Xanthomonas heterocea.
X. Attacks members of the family Tiliaceae.
38. Xanthomonas nakatae.
Y. Attacks members of the family Umbelliferae.
42. Xanthomonas carotae.
Z. Attacks members of the family Verbenaceae.
13. Xanthomonas clerodendri .
1. Xanthomonas hyacinth! (Wakker, Habitat: Produces a yellow rot of hj-a-

1883) Dowson, 1939. {Bacterium hyacinthi cinth bulbs, Hyacinthus ovientalis.
Wakker, Botan. Centralblatt, 14, 1883, 315;
Dowson, Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 100, 1939, 2. Xanthomonas pruni (Erw. Smith,
188.) 1903) Dowson, 1939. {Pseudomonas pruni
hy.a.cin' thi. Gr. hyacinthus the hyacinth; Erw. Smith, Science, N. S. 17, 1903, 456;
M.L. mas.n. Hyacinthus generic name; M. 190.)
Dowson, Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 100, 1939,
L. gen. noun hyacinthi of hyacinth.
Description from Smith (Div. Veg. Phys. pru'ni. L. prunus plum; M.L. fem.n.
and Path., U. S. D. A. Bui. 26, 1901, 40); Prunus generic name; M.L. gen. noun
additional characters determined by Burk- pruni of Prunus.
holder. Description from Dunegan (U. S. Dept.
Rods 0.4 to 0.6 by 0.8 to 2.0 microns. Agr., Tech. Bull. 273, 1932, 23).
Motile with a polar flagellum. Filaments Rods 0.2 to 0.4 by 0.8 to 1.0 micron.
present. Gram-negative. Encapsulated. INIotile with a polar flagellum.
Gelatin: Slow liquefaction. Gram-negative.
Agar colonies: Circular, flat, moist, Gelatin: Liquefied.
shining, bright yellow. Media stained Beef -extract agar colonies: Yellow, circu-
brown. lar, smooth, convex, edges entire.
Milk: Casein is precipitated and digested. Broth: Turbid becoming viscid.
Tyrosine crystals produced. Milk: Precipitation of casein; digestion.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Indole: Slight production. Indole not produced.
Hydrogen sulfide produced. Hydrogen sulfide not produced. Hydrogen
Acid but no gas from glucose, fructose, sulfide produced (Burkholder).
lactose, sucrose, galactose, maltose, salicin
and ethyl alcohol. Slight acid from xylose. Lipolytic (Starr and Burkholder, Phj^-
Alkaline reaction in citrate. Mannitol, topath., 32, 1942, 600).
Acid from arabinose, .xylose, glucose,
dulcitol and malonate not utilized.
Starch: Hydrolysis slight. fructose, galactose, manno.se, maltose, lac-
Pectate medium not liquefied. tose, sucrose, rafRnose and melezitose.
Starch is hydrolyzed (slight).
Temperature relations: Optimum, be-
Pectate medium not liquefied.
tween 28° and 30° C. Minimum, 4° C. Ma.xi-
Aerobic.
mum, between 34° and 35° C.
Aerobic, with the exception of maltose, Temperature relations: Optimum, be-
where it is facultatively anaerobic. tween 24° and 29° C. Maximum, 37° C.
157
Source: Smith isolated this ])uthogeii from Broth: Turbid, yellow ring, abundant
Japanese plimis. sediment.
Habitat: Pathogenic on plum {Prunus Milk: Coagulation and peptonization.
salicina), peach (P. persica), apricot (P. Indole not produced.
(irmeniaca), etc. Hydrogen sulfide produced.
3. Xaiilhonionas vilians (Brown, 1918) Acid from glucose, sucrose, maltose and
Dowson, 1943. {Bacterium vitians Brown, mannitol. No acid from lactose.
Jour. Agr. Res., 13, 1918, 379; Dowson, Starch hydrolysis feeble.
Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc, 26, 1943, 13.) Temperature relations: Optimum, 29° C.
vi'ti.ans. L. vitio to injure; L. part. adj. Minimum, 1.5° C. Maximum, 39° C.
vitians injuring. Chemical tolerance: Optimum pH, 6.5.
Rods. Motile with bipolar flagella. Gram- Minimum, between 4.5 and 4.8. Maximum,
negative. between 9.0 and 9.5.
Gelatin: Slow liquefaction. Tolerates salt up to 9 per cent.
Beef-extract agar colonies: Circular, Aerobic.
smooth, thin, cream to cream-yellow. Comment: It is doubtful whether this
Broth: Turbid with yellow ring. species belongs in this genus.
Milk: Clears and turns alkaline. Source: Isolated from galls on sugar beets
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. collected in Colorado, Kansas and Virginia.
Indole: Feeble production. Habitat: Produces galls on sugar beets
Hydrogen sulfide: Feeble production. and on garden beets.
Acid but no gas from glucose.
Starch: Feeble hydrolysis. 5. Xanthomonas rubrilineans (Lee et
Pectate medium not liquefied. al., 1925) Starr and Burkholder, 1942.
Temperature relations: Optimum, be- {Phytomonas rubrilineans Lee, Purdy, Bar-
tween 26° and 28° C. Minimum, 0° C. Maxi- num and Martin, Hawaiian Sugar Planters'
mum, 35° C. Assoc. Bui., 1925, 25; Starr and Burkholder,
Aerobic. Phytopath., 32, 1942, 600.)
Source : Isolated from the stem of diseased
ru.bri.li'ne.ans. L. ruber red; lineo to
lettuce plants from South Carolina. make a straight line; rubrilineans making
Habitat: Pathogenic on lettuce, Lactuca red stripes.
sativa. Rods 0.7 by 1.67 microns. Motile with 1
or seldom more polar flagella. Gram-nega-
4. Xanthonionas beticola (Smith tive.
et al., 1911) Savulescu, 1947. {Bacterium Gelatin: Liquefied.
beticolum Smith, Brown and Townsend, U. Agar (Beef-extract + glucose) colonies:
S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Ind., Bui. 213, Small, smooth, glistening, buff to yellow.
1911, 194; S&vulescu, Anal. Acad. Romane, Broth: Turbid with pellicle. Sediment.
III, 22, 1947, 12). Milk: Casein precipitated and digested.
be.ti'co.la. L. beta the beet; L. v. colo to Nitrites produced from nitrates.
inhabit; M.L. noun beticola the beet dweller.
Description from Brown, Jour. Agr. Res., Indole not produced.
37, 1928, 167, where the species is referred to Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
as Bacterium beticola (Smith, Brown and Not lipolytic (Starr and Burkholder,
Townsend) Potebnia. Phytopath., 32, 1942, 600).
Rods 0.4 to 0.8 by 0.6 to 2.0 microns. Acid from glucose, fructose, arabinose,
Motile with 1 to 4 polar flagella. Encapsu- xylose, lactose, sucrose, raffinose and man-
lated. Presumably Gram-negative although nitol.
originally reported as Gram-variable. Starch: Slight hydrolysis.
Gelatin: Liquefied. Pectate medium not liquefied.
Beef-agar slants: Growth moderate, Growth range, pH 5.4 to pH 7.3.
filiform, flat, glistening, yellow. Aerobic, facultative.
Source: Isolated from red stripe lesions in Motile with a polar flagellum. Gram-
sugar cane. negative.
Habitat: Pathogenic on sugar cane. Gelatin: No liquefaction. Liquefaction
(Wieringa, Tidschr. Plantziekt., 4I, 1935,
6. Xanthoinonas barbareae Burkholder, 312; McCulloch, Jour. Agr. Res., 54, 1937,
1941. (Phytopath., 31, 1941, 348.) 859; Dowson, op. cit., 1939, 190; Stapp,
Arbeiten Biol. Reichsanst. f. Land- u.
bar.ba're.ae. M.L. fem.n. Barbarea ge- Forstw., 22, 1938, 392).
neric name of cress; M.L. gen. noun barbareae
of Barbarea. Potato agar colonies: Circular, convex,
Rods 0.4 to 0.95 by 1.0 to 3.15 microns. smooth, moist, shining, yellow.
Motile with a single polar flagellum. Gram- Broth: Turbid. Yellow pellicle and pre-
negative. cipitation.
Gelatin: Liquefied. Milk: No coagulation. Casein digested.
Alkaline.
Beef-extract peptone colonies: Circular,
yellow, smooth, butyrous, growth moderate. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Potato glucose agar: Growth abundant, Indole not produced.
Hydrogen sulfide produced.
pale 3'ellow. Mucoid.
Broth: Turbid, jêllow granular ring. Lipolytic (Starr and Burkholder, Phy-
Milk: Soft curd, with clearing and produc- topath., 32, 1942, 600).
tion of tyrosine crystals. Litmus reduced. No acid or gas in peptone broth from
Nitrates utilized but no nitrites produced. glucose, sucrose, lactose or glycerol. Acid
Asparagine and nitrites not utilized. from glucose, sucrose, lactose, mannitol and
Hydrogen sulfide produced. glycerol in peptone-free medium (McCul-
Indole not produced. loch, op. cit., 1937,859).
Starch hydrolyzed (Dowson, Jour. Roy.
Lipolytic (Starr and Burkholder, Phy- Hort. Soc.,6S, 1938,289).
topath., 32, 1942, 600).
Acid from glucose, galactose, xylose, Pectate medium not liquefied.
maltose, sucrose and glycerol. Alkali pro- Temperature relations: Optimum, 27°C.
duced from salts of malonic, citric, malic Minimum, between 1° and 3° C. Maximum,
37° C.
and succinic acids. Rhamnose, salicin and
hippuric acid salts not utilized. Source: Isolated from leaf spot of tu-
Starch hydrolyzed. berous begonia.
Pectate medium liquefied. Habitat: Pathogenic on Begonia spp.
Aerobic.
Distinctive characters: Similar to 8. Xanthomonas betlicola Patel et al.,
Xanthomonas campestris but does not infect 1951. (Patel, Kulkarni and Dhande, Curr.
cabbage, cauliflower or horseradish. Sci.,^0, 1951, 106.)
Source: From black rot of winter cress, bet.li'co.la. East Indian betle, the name
Barbarea vulgaris. of the betel, a shrubby vine; L. v. colo to
Habitat: Pathogenic on leaves and stems dwell; M.L. fem.n. betlicola the betel-
dweller.
of Barbarea vulgaris.
Rods slender, occurring singly or in
pairs. Motile. Encapsulated. Gram-nega-
7. Xanthoinonas begoniae (Takimoto, tive.
1934) Dowson, 1939. (Bacterium begoniae Gelatin: Liquefied.
Takimoto, Jour. Plant Protect., 21, 1934, Potato-glucose agar colonies: 11 mm in
262; Dowson, Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 100, diameter in 7 days, baryta-yellow, lobate,
1939, 190.) striations at periphery.
be.go'ni.ae. Named for B6gon; M.L. Broth: Turbid; yellow growth.
fem.n. Begonia generic name; M.L. gen. Milk: Litmus reduced. Casein digested.
noun begoniae of Begonia. Loeffler's blood serum liquefied.
Translated by Dr. K. Togashi. Indole not produced.
Rods 0.5 to 0.6 by 1.2 to 2.0 microns. Hydrogen sulfide produced.
159
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Aerobic.

Methyl red negative: acetylmethylcarbi- Distinctive characters : Causes a vascular
nol not produced. infection in cabbage, cauliflower and ruta-
Synthetic asparagine medium: No growth. bagas.
Acid but no gas from glucose, lactose and Comment : A variety pathogenic on horse-
sucrose. Salicin not attacked. radish and related species has been de-
Starch hydrolyzed. scribed by McCulloch (Jour. Agr. Res., 38,
Salt tolerance: Up to 3 per cent. 1929, 269). Causes a leaf spot. Does not
Optimum temperature, between 25° and liquefy pectate medium.
28° C. Source: Pammel {op. cit., 1895, 130) first
Aerobic. isolated the pathogen from diseased ruta-
Source: Isolated from leaves, stems and bagas.
petioles of Piper betle in India. Habitat: Pathogenic on cabbage, cauli-
Habitat: Pathogenic on Piper betle. flower and other related species.
9. Xanthoiuonas campestris (Pammel, 10. Xanthonionas cassiae Kulkarni et

1895) Dowson, 1939. (Bacillus campestris al., 1951. (Kulkarni, Patel and Dhande,
Pammel, Iowa Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 27, Curr. Sci., 20, 1951, 47.)
1895, 130; Dowson, Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., cas'si.ae. M.L. fem.n. Cassia generic name
100, 1939, 190.) of host; M.L. gen. noun cassiae of Cassia.
cam.pes'tris. L. campestris of a level Rods 0.8 to 1.0 by 1.2 to 2.1 microns.
field this specific epithet is also that of Motile with a single polar flagellum. Gram-
Brassica campestris , a host. negative.
Description from McCulloch (Jour. Agr. Gelatin: Liquefied.
Res., 38, 1929, 278). Species is probably Potato-glucose agar colonies: 1.2 cm in
composed of several varieties. See descrip- diameter after 7 days, smooth, circular,
tions by Mekta, Ann. Appl. Biol., 12, 1925, lobate, glistening, convex, butyrous, pinard-
330; Paine and Nirula, Ann. Appl. Biol.,
15, 1928, 46; Wormald and Frampton, Ann. yellow.
Milk: Litmus reduced. Medium pepto-
Rept. East. Mall. Res. Sta., 1926 and 1927, nized.
II Supplement, 1928, 108; and others. Hydrogen sulfide produced.
Rods 0.3 to 0.5 by 0.7 to 2.0 microns. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Motile with a polar flagellum. Encapsu- Loeffler's blood serum: Liquefied.
lated. Gram-negative. Methyl red negative; acetylmethylcar-
Gelatin: Liquefied. binol not produced.
Beef agar colonies: Wax-j'ellow, round, Acid but no gas from glucose, lactose and
smooth, shining, translucent, margins sucrose. Arabinose, glycerol and salicin not
entire. attacked.
Broth: Turbid with yellow rim and some- Starch hydrolyzed.
times a pellicle. Koser's citrate medium: Growth.
Milk: Casein digested with the formation Synthetic asparagine medium: Slight
of tyrosine crystals. Alkaline.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. growth.
Non-lipolytic.
Indole production weak. Salt tolerance: Up to 3 per cent.
Lipolytic (Starr and Burkholder, Phy- Aerobic.
topath., 32, 1942, 600). Source: Isolated from leaves, stems and
Acid but no gas from glucose, sucrose, petioles of Cassia tora in India.
lactose, glycerol and mannitol. Habitat: Pathogenic on Cassia tora.
Starch hydrolyzed.
Pectate medium liquefied. 11. Xanthonionas cajani Kulkarni et
Temperature relations: Optimum, be- al., 1950. (Kulkarni, Patel and Abhyankar,
tween 28° and 30° C. Maximum, 36° C. Curr. Sci., 19, 1950, 384.)
160 PSEUDOMONADALES
Starch hydrolyzed (Reid, loc. cit.).

ca'ja.ni. M.L. mas.n. Cajanus generic
name of host; M.L. gen. noun cajani of Aerobic.
Cajanus. Temperature relations: Optimum, be-
Rods 0.9 to 1.4 by 1.3 to 2.2 microns. tween 25° and 34° C. Minimum, 10° C.
Encapsulated. Motile with a single polar Maximum, 38° C. (Okabe, Jour. Soc. Trop.
flagellum. Gram-negative. Agr., J^, 1932,476).
Gelatin: Liquefied. Source: Isolated from canker on orange.
Potato-glucose agar colonies: 1.5 cm in Habitat: Produces a canker on man.y
diameter after 7 days, smooth, glistening, species of Citrus and related plants.
entire, pulvinate, naphthalene-yellow. 13. Xanthomonas clerodendri Patel
Milk: Litmus reduced. Casein digested.
et al., 1952. (Xanthomonas clerodendroni (sic)
Loeffler's blood serum: Liquefied in 10 Patel, Kulkarni and Dhande, Curr. Sci., 21,
days. 1952, 74.)
cle.ro. den'dri. M.L. neut.n. Clerodendron
generic name of the plant host; M.L. gen.
Acid but no gas from glucose, lactose and noun clerodendri of Clerodendron.
sucrose. Salicin not attacked. Citrates
Rods, 0.5 by 1.1 microns, occurring singly
utilized.
or in chains. Encapsulated. Gram-negative.
Starch hydrolyzed.
Gelatin: Liquefied.
Methyl red negative; acetylmethylcar- Potato-glucose agar colonies: Circular,
binol not produced.
1.8 cm in diameter in 7 days, margins entire.
Synthetic asparagine medium: No growth.
Salt tolerance: Up to 3 per cent. Pale lemon-yellow.
Litmus milk: Casein digested. Litmus re-
Optimum temperature, 30° C. duced and milk peptonized.
Aerobic.
Relationship to other species: Similar to
Xanthomonas phaseoli, which also infects
Acid but no gas from glucose, sucrose and
various legumes.
lactose. No growth in salicin.
Source: Isolated from the pigeon pea,
Starch h3^drolyzed.
Cajanus cajan, in India.
Habitat: Pathogenic on Cajanus cajan. Optimum temperature, about 31° C.
Thermal death point, 51° C.
Source: From a leaf spot on Clerodendron
12. Xanthomonas citri (Hasse, 1915)
Dowson, 1939. {Pseudomonas citri Hasse, phlornoides .
Habitat: Pathogenic on Clerodendron
Jour. Agr. Res., 4, 1915, 97; Dowson, Zent. f.
Bakt., II Abt., 100, 1939, 190.) phlomoides.
cit'ri. L. citrus the citrus; M.L. fem.n. 14. Xanthomonas corylina (Miller et
Citrus generic name; M.L. gen. noun citri of al., 1940) Starr and Burkholder, 1942. (Mil-
Citrus. ler, Bollen, Simmons, Gross and Barss,
Rods, 0.5 to 0.75 by 1.5 to 2.0 microns, Phytopath., 30, 1940, 731; Starr and Burk-
occurring in chains. Motile with a single holder, Phytopath., 32, 1942, 598.)
polar flagellum. Gram-negative. co.ry.li'na. Gr. conjlus the hazel; IVI.L.
Gelatin: Liquefied. adj. corylinus pertaining to hazel.
Beef agar colonies: Appear in 36 to 48 Rods 0.5 to 0.7 by 1.1 to 3.8 microns.
hours; circular, smooth, raised, dull yellow. Motile with a polar flagellum. Encapsu-
Broth: Turbid in 24 hours. A yellow ring lated. Gram-negative.
forms. Gelatin: Liquefied.
Milk: Casein is precipitated. Nutrient glucose-agar streaks: Growth
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. abundant, filiform, convex, glistening,
Hydrogen sulfide produced (Reid, New smooth, opaque, pale lemon-jêllow, viscid.
Zealand Jour. Sci. and Tech., 22, 1938, 60). Broth: Turbid. Ring formed in 2 to 5
Indole not produced. days.
No gas from glucose, lactose or mannitol. Milk: Enzymatic curd that is slowly di-
gested. Litmus reduced. Crystal formation Broth: Moderately turbid. Ring and j-el-
(Burkholder). low sediment.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Milk: Precipitation of casein; digestion.
Nitrogen sources utilized are peptone, Alkaline.
aspartic acid, alanine, leucine, sodium Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
ammonium phosphate, allantoin, t.yrosine, Indole not produced.
uric acid and brucine. Hydrogen sulfide produced.
Indole not produced. Acid from glucose, galactose, fructose,
Hydrogen sulfide not produced on lead lactose, maltose, sucrose and glycerol. No
acetate agar. HoS produced after ZoBell acid from mannitol.
and Feltham's method (Burkholder). Starch hydrolyzed.
Selenium dioxide reduced. Pectate medium not liquefied.
Lipolytic (Starr and Burkholder, ibid., Temperature relations: Optimum, be-
600). tween 25° and 30° C. Maximum, 35° C.
Acid but no gas from glucose, fructose, pH range for growth: pH 5.8 to 9.0. Opti-
galactose, lactose, sucrose, maltose, xylose, mum pH, between 6.5 and 7.0.
raffinose, mannitol, glycerol and starch. Slight growth in 5 per cent salt.
Alkali from salts of citric, lactic, malic and Aerobic.
succinic acids. Arabinose, rhamnose, dulci- Source: Species first isolated from squash.
tol, salicin, inulin and cellulose not utilized. Habitat : Causes a leaf spot of squash and
Starch hydrolj^zed. related plants.
Pectate medium not liquefied.
Temperature relations: Optimum, be- 16. Xanthomonas desniodii Uppal and
tween 28° and 32° C. Minimum, between 5° Patel, 1949. (Uppal and Patel, in Patel,
and 7° C. Maximum, 37° C. Thermal death Curr. Sci., 18, 1949, 213; also see Patel,
point between 53° and 55° C. Indian Phytopath., 2, 1949, 5.)
pH range for growth: pH 5.2 to 10.5. Opti- des.mo'di.i. M.L. neut.n. Desmodium
mum pH, between 6 and 8. generic name of host; M.L. gen. noun
Strict aerobe. desmodii of Desmodium.
Distinctive characters: Cultural charac- Rods, 0.4 to 0.8 by 1.6 to 2.4 microns, oc-
ters the same or similar to those of Xantho- curring singly or in pairs. Motile with a
monas juglandis. The two species do not single polar flagellum. Gram-negative.
cross-infect. Gelatin: Liquefied.
Source: 26 isolates from widely scattered Nutrient agar slants: Growth fair, filiform,
filbert orchards in Oregon and Washington. flat, dull, smooth, opaque and pinard-
Habitat: Pathogenic on filberts {Corylus
avellana and C. maxima). yellow.
Potato-glucose agar (neutral) colonies :
Yellowish amber with colorless margins,
15. Xanthomonas cucurbitae (Bryan, circular, viscid, smooth and wet.
1926) Dowson, 1939. (Bacterium cucurbitae Beef broth: Growth slow. Moderate in 48
Bryan, Science, 63, 1926, 165; Bryan, Jour. hours and good in 4 daj's.
Agr. Res., 40, 1930, 389; Dowson, Zent. f. Milk: Litmus turns red in 10 days. Reduc-
Bakt., II Abt., 100, 1939, 190.) tion slow.
cu.cur'bi.tae. L. cucurbita a gourd; M.L. Indole not produced.
fem.n. Cucurbita generic name; M.L. gen. Hydrogen sulfide production fair.
noun cucurbitae of Cucurbita. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Rods 0.45 to 0.6 by 0.5 to 1.3 microns. No growth in Cohn's, Uschinsky's or
Motile, usually with a single polar flagellum. Fermi's solution.
Gram-negative. Acid but no gas from glucose, galactose,
Gelatin: Liquefied. lactose, mannitol, maltose and sucrose in
Beef -agar slants: Growth moderate, mus- synthetic medium. Poor growth in salicin,
tard-yellow, undulating margins, viscid to rafhnose, fructose, arabinose, xylose, dulci-
butyrous. tol and glycerol, and no growth in tartaric,
citric, acetic or formic acids. No growth Source: From a disease of Desmodium

when asparagine is used as carbon-nitrogen gangeticum found in India.
source. Habitat: Pathogenic on Desmodium gange-
Starch hydrolyzed. ticum but not on D. diffusum.
tween 25° and 30° C. Slight growth at 11° C. 18. Xanthomonas diefFenbachiae (Mc-
No growth at 38° C. Culloch and Pirone, 1939) Dowson, 1943.
Chemical tolerance: Optimum pH, be- {Phytomonas dieffenbachiae McCulloch and
tween 6.8 and 7.3. No growth at pH 8.5; Pirone, Phytopath., 29, 1939, 962; Dowson,
slight growth at pH 3.2. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc, 26, 1943, 12.)
Aerobic. dief .fen.bach'i.ae. Dieffenbach patro-
Source: From diseased Desmodium dif- nymic; M.L. fem.n. Dieffenbachia generic
fusum in India. name; M.L. gen. noun dieffenbachiae oi Dief-
Habitat: Pathogenic on Desmodium dif- fenbachia.
fusum, not on D. gangeticum. Rods 0.3 to 0.4 by 1.0 to 1.5 microns.
Encapsulated. Motile with a single polar
17. Xanthonionas desmodiigangeticii flagellum. Gram-negative.
Uppal et al., 1948. {Xanthomonas desmodii- Gelatin: Liquefied.
gangeticii (sic) Uppal, Patel and Moniz, in Beef -infusion peptone agar colonies:
Patel and Moniz, Indian Phytopath., 1, Slow growing, circular, flat, smooth, trans-
1948, 140; also see Patel and Moniz, Curr. lucent, butyrous, massicot- to Naples-
Sci., 17, 1948, 268.)
des.mo'di.i.gan.ge'ti.ci.i. M.L. neut.n. yellow.
Broth: Turbid. Yellow rim or slight
Desmodium gangeticum name of host species;
pellicle.
Milk: Slow peptonization and formation
M.L. gen. noun desmodiigangeticii of Des-
)iiodium gangeticum. of tyrosine crystals. Litmus reduced.
Rods 0.7 to 1.4 by 1.5 to 2.5 microns. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Motile with a single flagellum. Gram-nega- Indole not produced.
tive. Hydrogen sulfide produced.
Gelatin: Liquefied. Acid from glucose, sucrose, lactose,
Nutrient agar slants: Growth fair, dull, galactose, fructose and glycerol. Growth
flat, opalescent, lemon-chrome. but no acid in maltose and mannitol.
Nutrient broth: Moderately turbid. No Starch moderately hydrolyzed.
pellicle. Temperature relations: Optimum, be-
Milk: Litmus reduced. No tyrosine. tween 30° and 31° C. Minimum, 5° C. Maxi-
mum, between 37° and 38° C.
Aerobic.
Indole not produced. Source: Seven isolates from diseased
Non-lipolytic. leaves of Dieffenbachia picta.
Uschinsky's solution: Growth. Habitat: Pathogenic on Dieffenbachia
Acetylmethjdcarbinol not produced. picta. Artificial infection of Dracaena fra-
Arabinose, xylose, glucose, galactose,
fructose, maltose, sucrose, raffinose, manni- grans.
tol, salicin and sodium citrate are utilized. 19. Xanthomonas hemmiana (Yama-
Asparagine utilized as carbon-nitrogen moto, 1951) Burkholder, comb. nov. (Phyto-
source. monas hemmianus (sic) Yamamoto, Forsch.
Starch hydrolyzed. auf dem Gebiet d. Pflanzenkr., 4, 1951, 163.)
Salt tolerance: Growth retarded by 3 per hem.mi.a'na. Named for T. Hemmi, a
cent salt; inhibited by 4 per cent salt. Japanese plant pathologist; M.L. adj.
Temperature relations: Optimum, be- hemmianus of Hemmi.
tween 20° and 25° C. Minimum, 5°C. Maxi- Rods, 0.3 to 0.7 by 1.3 to 2.2 microns,
mum, 35° C. occurring singly or in pairs. Motile with 1 to
Aerobic. 3 polar flagella. Gram-negative.
163
Gelatin: Liquefied. Hydrogen sulfide produced.

Beef extract agar colonies: Small, circu- Lipolytic (Starr and
cit.). Burkholder, loc.
lar, smooth, flat or raised with regular
margins, white to pale yellow. Acid but no gas from sucrose.
Beef broth: Moderate clouding. Starch hydrolyzed.
Milk: Clearing after coagulation. Litmus Temperature relations: Optimum, be-
red. tween 28° and 30° C. Minimum, 4° C. Maxi-
Uschinsky's solution: Good growth. mum, between 36° and 37° C.
Cohn's solution: Poor growth. pH range for growth: pH 5.5 to 9.0. Opti-
Potato: Growthsmooth, copious andolive- mum pH, between 7.0 and 7.5.
bufT. Source: Isolated from many collections of
Nitrites produced from nitrates. sorghum leaves showing a streak disease.
Indole produced. Habitat: Pathogenic on leaves of Holcus
Hydrogen sulfide produced. sorghum and H. halepensis.
Acid and gas from glucose, sucrose and
glycerol. Acid from lactose. 21. Xanthomonas incanae (Kendrick
Starch hydrolyzed. and Baker, 1942) Starr and Weiss, 1943.
Temperature relations: Optimum, 32° C. (Phytomonas incanae Kendrick and Baker,
Growth above 36° C. and below 2° to 8° C. California Bull. 665, 1942, 10; Starr and
Optimum pH, between 6 and 7; no growth Weiss, Phytopath., 33, 1943, 316.)
below pH 3. in.ca'nae. L. adj. incanus hoary, gray;
Aerobic. from host Matthiola incana.
Relationship to other species: This spe- Rods 0.4 to 0.8 by 0.6 to 2.5 microns.
cies closely resembles the specie.s placed in Motile with a polar flagellum. Gram-nega-
Aeromonas Kluyver and van Niel. tive.
Source : Isolated from leaf spot of Jimson Gelatin: Liquefied.
weed. Datura spp. Beef extract agar colonies: Round,
Habitat: Pathogenic on Datura metel, D. smooth, convex or pulvinate, glistening,
meteloides, D. inermis, tomato and petunia. margin entire, picric-yellow to amber color.
Broth: Turbid.
20. Xaiithomona.s holcicola (Elliott, Milk: No coagulation. A clearing of
1930) Starr and Burkholder, 1942. {Bac- the medium.
terium holcicola Elliott, Jour. Agr. Res., 40, Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
1930, 972; Starr and Burkholder, Phytopath. Indole not produced.
32, 1942, 600.) Lipolytic (Starr and Burkholder, Phy-
hol.ci'co.la. Gr. holcus kind of grass; topath., 32, 1942, 600).
M.L. mas.n. Holcus generic name of velvet Acid but no gas from glucose, lactose,
grass and sorghum; L. v. cola to dwell ; M.L. sucrose, mannitol, d-galactose, xylose,
fem.n. holcicola, Holcus dweller. d-mannose, raffinose, trehalose and glycerol.
Rods 0.75 by L58 microns. Motile with No acid from maltose, 1-arabinose or
1 or 2 polar flagella. Encapsulated. Gram- rhamnose.
negative. Starch not hydrolyzed. Starch hydrolyzed
Gelatin: Liquefied. (Burkholder).
Beef -infusion peptone agar colonies: Pectate medium liquefied.
Round, umbonate, glistening, smooth, Tolerates 3 per cent salt.
translucent to opaque, wax-yellow, buty- Growth in beef broth at pH 4.4.
rous. Aerobic.
Broth: Trace of growth in 24 hours. Later Distinctive characters: Causes a disease
turbid with a slight ring. of flowering stock but not of cabbage. Dif-
Milk: Casein precipitated and peptonized. fers from Xanthomonas campestris in that it
Alkaline. does not utilize 1-arabinose or maltose.
Nitrite production doubtful. Source: Four isolates from diseased plants
Indole not produced. of Matthiola incana.
Habitat: Pathogenic on flowering stocks. Habitat:

lans spp. Pathogenic on the walnut, Jug-
22. Xanthoinouas juglandis (Pierce,
1901) Dowson, 1939. (Pseudomonas juglandis 23. Xanthomonas lespedezae (Ayers
Pierce, Bot. Gaz., 31, 1901, 272; Dowson, et al., 1939) Starr, 1946. (Phytomonas lespe-
Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 100, 1939, 190.) dezae Ayers, Lefebvre and Johnson, U. S.
jug.lan'dis. L. juglans, juglandis the wal- Dept. Agr. Tech. Bull. 704, 1939, 19; Starr,
nut; M.L. fem.n. Juglans generic name of Jour. Bact., 51, 1946, 136.)
walnut; M.L. gen.noun juglandis of the wal- les.pe.de'zae. Named after Lespedez;
nut. M.L. fem.n. Lespedeza generic name; M.L.
Description from Miller, Bollen, Sim- gen.noun lespedezae of Lespedeza.
mons, Gross and Barss (Phytopath., 30, Rods, 0.56 by 1.62 microns, occurring
1940, 731). singly, in pairs, or occasionally in short
Rods 0.5 to 0.7 by 1.1 to 3.8 microns. chains. Encapsulated. Motile with a single
Motile with a polar flagellum. Encapsu- polar flagellum. Gram-negative.
lated. Gram-negative. Gelatin: Liquefied.
Gelatin: Liquefied. Nutrient agar colonies: Circular, raised,
Nutrient glucose-agar streaks: Growth glistening, translucent, viscid, yellow.
abundant, filiform, convex, glistening, Broth: Turbid in 48 hours.
smooth, opaque, pale lemon-yellow, viscid. Milk: Peptonized; becomes alkaline.
Broth : Turbid. Ring formed in 2 to 5 days. Blood serum and egg albumin: Liquefied.
Milk: Enzjmiatic curd that is slowly di- Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
gested. Litmus reduced. Crystal formation Indole produced after 11 days.
(Burkholder) . Hydrogen sulfide produced.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. No gas from carbohydrates.
Nitrogen sources utilized are peptone, Starch hydrolyzed.
aspartic acid, alanine, leucine, sodium Pectate medium liquefied.
ammonium phosphate, allantoin, tyrosine, Aerobic.
uric acid and brucine. Temperature relations: Optimum, near
Indole not produced. 35°C. No growth at 5°C. or at 40°C.
Hydrogen sulfide not produced on lead Source: Isolated from diseased Lespedeza
acetate agar. H2S produced after ZoBell spp. collected in Virginia, New York and
and Feltham's method (Burkholder). Illinois.
Selenium dioxide reduced. Habitat: Pathogenic on Lespedeza spp.
Lipolytic (Starr and Burkholder, Phy-
topath., 32, 1942, 600). 24. Xanthomonas maculifoliigarden-
Acid but no gas from glucose, fructose, iae (Ark, 1946) Elrod and Braun, 1947.
galactose, lactose, sucrose, maltose, xylose, (Phytomonas maculifolium-gardeniae (sic)
raffinose, mannitol, glycerol and starch. Ark, Phytopath., 36, 1946, 867; Xantho-
Alkali from salts of citric, lactic, malic and monas maculajoliumgardeniae (sic) Elrod
succinic acids. Arabinose, rhamnose, dulci- and Braun, Jour. Bact., 53, 1947, 515.)
tol, salicin, inulin and cellulose not utilized. ma.cu.li.fo'li.i.gar.de'ni.ae. L. fem.n.
Starch hydrolyzed. macula a spot; L. neut.n. folium a leaf; M.L.
Pectate medium not liquefied. neut.n. maculijolium a leaf spot; M.L.
Temperature relations: Optimum, be- fem.n. Gardenia the generic name of the
tween 28° and 32° C. Minimum, between 5° host; gardeniae of gardenia; M.L. gen.noun
and 7° C. Maximum, 37° C. Thermal death maculifoliigardeniae of leaf spot of gar-
point, between 53° and 55° C. denia.
pH range for growth, 5.2 to 10.5. Optimum Rods 0.3 to 0.5 by 1.6 to 2.0 microns.
pH, between 6 and 8. Encapsulated. Motile with 1 to 2 polar
Source: Isolated from black spots on the flagella. Gram-negative.
leaves and nuts of English walnuts, Juglans Gelatin: Slow liquefaction.
regia. Beef-peptone agar colonies: Growth
165
rapid. Slightly raised, yellow, butyrous in fructose, xylose, lactose, maltose, sucrose,
young cultures, difficult to pick up in old raffinose, glycerol, inulin and glycogen.
cultures. Alkaline reaction from salts of acetic, citric,
Broth: Turbid in 24 hours. lactic and succinic acids. No fermentation
Milk: White curd in bottom. Litmus a of arabinose, mannitol, dulcitol, salicin, and
dirty wine color in supernatant liquid. salts of formic, oxalic and tartaric acids
Uschinsky's medium: Good growth. (Lewis).
Fermi's solution: Scant growth. Starch hydrolyzed (Lewis).
Indole not produced. Pectate medium not liquefied.
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. Temperature relations: Optimum, be-
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. tween 25° and 30° C. Maximum, between
Ammonia produced from peptone. 36" and 38° C. (Elliott).
Acid but no gas from arabinose, glucose, Source: Isolated from angular leaf spot
fructose, galactose, lactose, maltose, man- of cotton.
nitol, raffinose, sucrose and xylose. Glycerol Habitat: Pathogenic on cotton, where-
not attacked. Tartrate utilized. ever it is grown, causing a leaf spot, a stem
Starch hydrolj^zed. lesion and a boll lesion.
tween 22° and 28° C. Minimum, 10° C. Maxi- 26. Xanthomonas pelargonii (Brown,
mum, 37° C. Thermal death point, 50° C. 1923) Starr and Burkholder, 1942. (Bac-
Source: Six isolates from gardenia leaf terium pelargoni (sic) Brown, Jour. Agr.
spots. Res., 23, 1923, 372; Starr and Burkholder,
Habitat : Causes a spot on young leaves of Phytopath., 32, 1942, 600.)
gardenias. pe.lar.go'ni.i. Gr. pelargus the stork:
M.L. neut.n. pelargonium generic name of
25. Xanthomonas nialvacearum (Erw. stork's bill; M.L. gen. noun pelargonii of
f Smith, 1901) Dowson, 1939. (Pseudomonas Pelargonium.
nialvacearum Erw. Smith, U. S. Dept. Agr., Rods 0.67 by 1.02 microns. Encapsulated.
Div. Veg. Phys. and Path., Bull. 28, 1901, Motile with a single polar fiagellum. Gram-
153; Dowson, Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 100, negative.
1939, 190.) Gelatin: Slow liquefaction.
mal.va.ce.a'rum. L. malva the mallow; Beef -agar colonies: Cream-colored, glis-
M.L. fem.pl.n. Malvaceae the mallow family; tening, round, with delicate internal mark-
M.L. fem.pl. gen. n. malvacearum of the mal- ings.
lows. Broth: Turbid in 24 hours. Incomplete
Description from Elliott (Man. Bact.
Plant Pathogens, 1930, 153) and Lewis pellicle.
Milk: Alkaline. Clearing in bands.
(Phytopath., 20, 1930, 723). Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Rods. Motile with a single polar fiagellum. Indole production slight.
Gram-negative. Hydrogen sulfide produced.
Gelatin: Liquefied. Lipolytic (Starr and Burkholder, Phy-
Agar slants: Growth moderate, convex, topath., 32, 1942, 600).
smooth, glistening, pale yellow, wavy to Slight acid but no gas from glucose, su-
irregular margins. crose and glycerol.
Broth: Slight to moderate turbidity. Starch hydrolysis feebly positive.
Sediment. Pectate medium liquefied.
Milk: Casein precipitated and slowly di- Temperature relations: Optimum, 27° C.
gested. Maximum, 35° C.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. No growth in broth plus 3.5 per cent salt.
Hydrogen sulfide produced (Burkholder) . Aerobic.
Not lipolytic (Starr and Burkholder, Source: Isolated from spots on leaves of
Phytopath., 32, 1942, 600). Pelargonium from District of Columbia,
Acid but no gas from glucose, galactose. Maryland and New Jersey.
166 ORDER I, PSEUDOMONADALES
Habitat: Pathogenic on Pelargonium spp. in a beef extract peptone medium and also in
and Geranium spp. tj^rosine medium. The first of these is patho-
genic on beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and re-
27. Xanthomonas phaseoli (Erw. lated plants. The second was isolated from
Smith, 1897) Dowson, 1939. {Bacillus white kidney beans in India and is patho-
phaseoli Erw. Smith, Bot. Gaz., U, 1897, genic on Phaseolus vulgaris, P. lunatus, P.
192; A. A. A. S. Proc, 46 1898, 288; Dow- coccineus and Dolichos lablab.
son, Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 100, 1939, 190.) Habitat: Pathogenic on the bean {Phase-
pha.se'o.li. Gr. phaselus the kidnej^ bean; olus vulgaris), the hyacinth bean {Dolichos
L. phaseolus kidney bean; M.L. mas.n. lablab) , the lupine {Lupinus polyphyllus) , etc.
Phaseolus generic name of bean; M.L. gen. Not pathogenic on the soy bean {Glycine
noun phaseoli of the bean. sp.) nor cowpea {Vigna sp.).
Description from Burkholder (Cornell
Agr. Exp. Sta. Mem. 127, 1930, 18; Phyto- 28. Xanthomonas plantaginis (Thorn-
path.,^^, 1932,609). berry and Anderson, 1937) Burkholder, 1948.
Rods 0.87 by 1.9 microns. Motile with a {Phytomonas plantaginis Thornberry and
single polar flagellum. Gram-negative. Anderson, Phytopath., 27, 1937, 947; Burk-
Gelatin: Liquefied. holder, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 161.)
Beef -extract agar colonies: Circular, plan.ta'gi.nis. L. plantago, plantaginis
amber-yellow, smooth, butyrous, edges the plantain; M.L. fem.n. Plantago generic
entire. name of plantain; M.L. gen. noun plantaginis
Broth: Turbid in 24 hours. Yellow ring. of plantain.
Milk: Casein precipitated and digested. Rods, 0.6 to 1.0 by 1.0 to 1.8 microns, oc-
Alkaline. Tyrosine crystals formed. curring singly or in chains. Encapsulated.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Motile with 1 to 2 polar flagella. Gram-nega-
Indole not produced. tive.
Hydrogen sulfide produced. Gelatin: Slight liquefaction.
Lipolytic (Starr and Burkholder, Phy- Glucose agar slant: Growth moderate,
topath., 3^, 1942,600). filiform, raised, opaque, yellow and viscid.
Acid but no gas from glucose, galactose, Broth: Moderately turbid with ring.
fructose, arabinose, xjdose, maltose, lactose, Milk: Slight acidity, no reduction of lit-
sucrose, raffinose and glycerol. Alkaline mus. Peptonization.
reaction from salts of acetic, malic, citric Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
and succinic acids. Mannitol, dulcitol, sali- Indole not produced.
cin and formic and tartaric acids not fer- Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
mented. No appreciable amount of gas from carbo-
Starch hydrolj^zed. hydrates.
Pectate medium not liquefied. Starch hydrolyzed.
Aerobic.
Very slight growth in beef broth plus 4 Minimum, 12° C. Maximum, 35° C. Thermal
per cent salt (Hedges, Jour. Agr. Res., 29,
1924, 243). death point, 50° C.
Aerobic.
Distinctive character: Similar in culture Source: From diseased leaves of Plantago
to Xanthomonas campestris, X.juglandis, X. lanceolata in Illinois.
vesicatoria, etc., but they do not cross Habitat: Pathogenic on Plantago spp.
infect.
Comments: A variety that produces pus- 29. Xanthomonas ricinicola (Elliott,
tules on the leaves and pod of soy bean, 1930) Dowson, 1939. {Bacterium ricini Yoshi
Glycine max, both in America and Japan, and Takimoto, Jour. Plant Protect., Tokyo,
has been described by Hedges (Science, 66, 16, 1928, 12; Bacterium ricinicola Elliott,
1922, 11). Liquefies pectate medium. Man. Bact. Plant Path., 1930, 193; Dowson,
Two additional varieties have been de- Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 100, 1939, 190.)
scribed which produce a dark brown color ri.ci.ni'co.la. L. ricinus the castor oil
167
plant; M.L. mas.n. Kicinus generic name of 31. Xanthonionas stizolobiicola Patel
the castor bean; L. v. colo to dwell; M.L. et al., 1951. (Patel, Kulkarni and Dhande,
fem.n. ricinicola, Ricinus dweller. Curr. Sci., 20, 1951, 106.)
Rods, 0.4 to 0.9 by 1.3 to 2.6 microns, sti.zo.Io.bi.i'co.la. M. L. neut.n. Stizolo-
occurring in short chains. Encapsulated. biutn generic name of host; L. v. colo to
Motile with polar flagella. Gram-negative. inhabit; M.L. fem.n. stizolobiicola the
Gelatin: Liquefied. Stizolobium dweller.
Nutrient agar colonies: Lemon-yellow, Rods. Mostly single. Encapsulated. Mo-
changing to brown. tile. Gram-negative.
Milk: Slightly acid. No coagulation. Pep- Gelatin: Liquefied.
tonization. Nutrient agar colonies : 8 mm in diameter
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. in 4 days, flat, entire, glistening, creamy to
Acid but no gas from lactose. pinard-yellow.
Starch hydrolyzed. Broth: Good growth.
Temperature relations: Optimum, be- Synthetic asparagine medium: No growth.
tween 29° and 30° C. Minimum, 2.5° C. Maxi- Loeffller's blood serum: Liquefied in 10
days.
mum, 39° C.
Aerobic. Hydrogen sulfide produced.
Comment: Elliott (loc. cit.) renamed this Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
species to avoid confusion with Phytomonas Methyl red negative; acetylmethylcar-
ricini Archibald. binol not produced.
Source: Isolated from leaf -spot of castor Indole not produced.
bean. Acid but no gas from glucose, lactose and
Habitat: Pathogenic on Ricinus com- sucrose. Salicin not attacked.
Starch and casein hydrolyzed.
Lipolytic.
30. Xanthonionas sesbaniae Patel Salt tolerance: Up to 3 per cent.
et al., 1952. (Patel, Kulkarni and Dhande, 30°Optimum
Curr. Sci.,^^, 1952,74.)
Aerobic.
ses.ba'ni.ae. M.L. fem.n. Sesbania generic Relationship to other species: Elliott
name of the plant host; M.L. gen. noun
sesbaniae of Sesbania. (Man. Bact. Plant Path., 2nd ed., 1951, 129)
Rods, 0.7 by 1.3 microns, occurring singly lists Xanthomonas phaseoli on Stizolobium
deeringianum. The two pathogens appear
or in chains. Encapsulated. Gram-negative. similar.
Gelatin: Liquefied.
Source: Isolated from leaves, stems and
Potato-glucose agar colonies: Circular, 2
cm in diameter in 7 daj^s, with striations petioles of Stizolobium deeringianum in
India.
starting 5 mm awaj" from the center up to
Habitat: Pathogenic on Stizolobium
the periphery. Barium-yellow.
Litmus milk: Slightly peptonized with deeringianum.
casein digested. Litmus slowly reduced.
32. Xanthonionas taraxaci Nieder-
hauser, 1943. (Phytopath., 33, 1943, 961.)
Acid but no gas from glucose, sucrose and ta.ra.x'a.ci. M.L. neut.n. Taraxacum ge-
neric name of host; M.L. gen. noun taraxaci
lactose. Salicin not attacked. of Taraxacum.
Starch hydrolyzed. Rods, 0.7 to 1.2 by 1.4 to 3.3 microns,
Temperature relations: Optimum, 31° C. occurring singly or in pairs. Motile with a
Thermal death point, 51° C. single polar flagellum. Gram-negative.
Source: Isolated from leaf spots on jSes- Gelatin: Rapid liquefaction.
bania aegyptiaca. Beef-extract peptone agar colonies: Cir-
Habitat: Pathogenic on Sesbania aegyp- cular, smooth, bright yellow. Growth mod-
tiaca. erate.
Broth: Turbid with thin ring. Lipolytic (Starr and Burkholder, Phy-
Milk: Litmus reduced. Soft curd precipi- topath., 32, 1942, 600).
tated and slowly digested. Liquid gradually Ammonia from peptone.
clears. Tyrosine crystals produced. Acid but no gas from glucose, d-fructose,
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. d-mannose, d-galactose, sucrose, lactose
Indole not produced. and sometimes salicin. No utilization of
Hydrogen sulfide produced. 1-rhamnose, inositol, maltose, raffinose,
Lipase produced. inulin, d-mannitol or dulcitol.
Acid from glucose, xylose, galactose, Starch hydrolyzed.
fructose, lactose, sucrose and glycerol. Pectate medium not liquefied.
Arabinose, maltose, raffinose, inulin, manni- Temperature relations: Optimum, 26° C.
tol, ethanol and salicin not attacked. Salts Minimum,
of acetic, citric, lactic, malic and succinic Aerobic. 6° C. Maximum, 36° C.
acids utilized with an increase in pH. Salts Distinctive characters: Many forms of
of tartaric, formic, salicylic and benzoic Xanthomonas translucens have been de-
acids not utilized. scribed, all of which have the same cultural
Starch hydrolyzed. characters; they differ mainly in patho-
Pectate medium liquefied. genicity.
Salt tolerance: 3.25 to 3.5 per cent. Comment: Various varieties, formae spe-
Temperature relations: Optimum, 30° C. ciales and races of this species have been
Minimum, between 0° and 3° C. Maximum, described. See Elliott (Man. Bact. Plant
38° C. Path., 2nd ed., 1951, 142-146) for details.
Aerobic. Source : Originally isolated from bacterial
Source: Seven isolates from diseased Rus- blight of barley.
sian dandelions grown at Ithaca, New York. Habitat: Causes water-soaked stripes,
Habitat: Pathogenic on Taraxacum kok- streaks or other lesions on leaves, culms
Russian dandelion. or glumes of grain and related plants.
Occurs naturally on Triticum spp., Hor-
33. Xanthoinonas translucens (Jones deum spp., Bromus spp., Secale cereale,
et al., 1917) Dowson, 1939. (Bacterium trans- Phleum pratense and, by inoculation, on
Avena spp.
lucens Jones, Johnson and Reddy, Jour.
Agr. Res., 11, 1917, 637; Dowson, Zent. f.
Bakt., II Abt., 100, 1939, 190.) 34. Xanthomonas uppalii Patel, 1948-
trans. lu'cens. L. transluceo to be trans- (Indian Phytopath., 1, 1948, 67.)
lucent; L. part, translucens being translu- up.pa'li.i. Named for B. N. Uppal, an
cent. Indian plant pathologist; M.L. gen. noun
Rods 0.5 to 0.8 by 1.0 to 2.5 microns. uppalii of Uppal.
Motile with a single polar flagellum. Gram- Rods, 0.7 to 1.0 by 2.0 to 2.4 microns,
negative. mostly single. Motile with a single polar
Gelatin: Liquefied. flagellum. Gram-negative.
Beef-peptone agar colonies: Round, Gelatin: Rapid liquefaction.
smooth, shining, amorphous except for Nutrient agar slants: Growth smooth,
inconspicuous, somewhat irregular con- slightly raised, dull, filiform, opalescent,
centric striations within, wax-yellow tinged lemon-chrome.
with old gold; margin entire. Potato-glucose agar colonies: Growth
Broth: Turbidity becomes rather strong. copious, glistening, butyrous, empire-
Pellicle.
Milk: Soft coagulum and digestion. Milk yellow.
Broth: Turbid. No pellicle. Sediment and
clears. Tyrosine crystals produced. floccules in 4 days.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Milk: Growth good. Litmus reduced.
Indole: Slight production. Indole not produced.
Hydrogen sulfide produced. Hydrogen sulfide produced.
Nitrites and ammonia not produced. Habitat: Pathogenic on sugar cane,

Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced. Saccharum officinarum, causing a bacterial
No growth in Uschinsky's, Cohn's or gummosis.
Koser's uric acid medium.
Acid but no gas from glucose, lactose, 36. Xanthomonas vesica torla (Doidge,
sucrose, mannitol, raffinose, salicin and 1920) Dowson, 1939. {Bacterium vesicatorium
-xylose. Fructose, arabinose and rhamnose Doidge, Jour. Dept. Agr., S. Africa, 1, 1920,
not attacked. 718; also Ann. Appl. Biol., 7, 1921, 428;
190.)
Starch hydrolyzed. Dowson, Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 100, 1939,
Temperature relations: Optimum, 30°C.
Minimum, 10°C. Maximum, 40°C. ve.si.ca.to'ri.a. L. vesica a blister;
pH range for growth, pH 5.3 to 9.2. Opti- M.L. adj. vesicatorius causing a blister.
mum pH, 7.0. Rods 0.6 to 0.7 by 1.0 to 1.5 microns. En-
Source: Isolated from Iponioea niuricata capsulated. Motile with a single polar flagel-
in India. lum. Originally reported as Gram-positive
Habitat: Pathogenic on Ipomoea nmricata. but later found to be Gram-negative by
Gardner and Kendrick (Phytopath., 13,
35. Xanthoiiionas vasculoruni (Cobb, 1923, 307) and Higgins (Phytopath., 12,
1893) Dowson, 1939. {Bacillus vascidarum 1922, 513).
(sic) Cobb, Agr. Gaz. of New South Wales, Gelatin: Liquefied.
Jf, 1893, 777; abst. in Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., Nutrient agar colonies: Good growth.
1, 1895, 41; Xanthomonas vascularum (sic) Circular, wet-shining, Naples-yellow, edges
Dowson, Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 100, 1939, entire.
190.) Milk: Casein precipitated and slowly
vas.cu.lo'rum. L. vascnlum a small digested. Tyrosine crystals.
vessel; M.L. neut.pl. gen. n. vasculorum of Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
small vessels. Indole not produced.
Description from Erw. Smith (Bact. in Hydrogen sulfide produced (Burkholder).
Rel. to Plant Dis., 3, 1914, 54). Lipolytic (Starr and Burkholder, Phy-
Rods 0.4 by 1.0 micron. Motile with a topath., 32, 1942, 600).
single polar flagellum. Originally reported Acid but no gas from glucose, fructose,
as Gram-variable but later found to be sucrose, lactose, galactose, glycerol and
Gram-negative (Elliott, Man. Bact. Plant dextrin.
Path., 2nded., 1951, 147). Certain strains hydrolyze starch, others
Gelatin: Liquefaction feeble. Liquefac- do not (Burkholder and Li, Phytopath., 31,
tion good (Burkholder). 1941, 753).
Beef-e.xtract agar colonies: Pale yellow, Pectate medium liquefied.
smooth, glistening, not noticeablj^ viscid. Optimum temperature, 30° C.
Broth: Good growth. Distinctive character: Xanthomonas vesi-
Milk: Alkaline. catoria is reported as pathogenic on toma-
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. toes and peppers. However Burkholder and
Lipolytic (Starr and Burkholder, Phy- Li {loc. cit.) report that there are sufficient
topath., 3^, 1942, 600). cultural and pathogenic differences between
Acid but no gas from glucose, fructose the organism infecting tomatoes and the
and glycerol. No acid from lactose. organism infecting peppers to warrant their
Starch hydrolyzed (Burkholder). separation into distinct species.
Pectate medium liquefied. Comment: A variety pathogenic on
Temperature relations: Optimum, 28° C. radishes, turnips and other crucifers, and
Thermal death point, about 50° C. (Elliott, on tomato and peppers, has been described
op. cit., 1951, 147). by White (Phytopath., 20, 1930, 653). Differs
Source: Isolated from diseased sugar from Xanthomonas campestris in that it
cane. does not cause a vascular disease. Unlike a
variety of the latter species, it is not patho- peas, Vigna spp., and disease of the red
genic on horseradish. Originally isolated kidney bean, Phaseolus vulgaris.
from leaf spots of radishes and turnips in
Indiana. 38. Xanthomonas nakatae (Okabe,
Source: Isolated from spotted tomato 1933) Dowson, 1943. {Bacterium nakatae
fruits in South Africa. Type B, Okabe, Jour. Soc. Trop. Agr.,
Habitat: Pathogenic on tomatoes, Lyco- Formosa, 5, 1933, 161; Dowson, Trans.
persicon esculenhim, and peppers, Capsicum Brit. Mycol. Soc, 26, 1943, 12.)
annuum. na'ka.tae. Named for K. Nakata, a
Japanese plant pathologist; M.L. gen. noun
37. Xanthomonas vignicola Burk- nakatae of Nakata.
holder, 1944. (Phytopath., 34, 1944, 431.) Rods 0.3 to 0.4 by 1.1 to 2.5 microns.
vig.ni'co .la. M.L. fem.n. V igna gen&vic Encapsulated. Motile with a single polar
name of host; L. v. colo to dwell; M.L. flagellum. Gram-negative.
fem.n. vignicola the Vigna dweller. Gelatin: Liquefied. Brown color.
Rods 0.7 (0.46 to 0.92) by 1.76 (1.0 to Beef -extract agar colonies: Amber-yellow,
2.8) microns. Motile with a single polar circular, smooth, glistening, margins entire.
flagellum. Gram-negative. Medium turns brown.
Gelatin: Liquefied. Broth: Moderate turbidity with yellow
Beef -extract peptone agar slant: Fili- ring. Medium turns brown.
form, glistening, edges entire, primuline- Milk: Casein precipitated and digested.
yellow, butyrous. Tyrosine crystals produced. Brown color.
Broth: Turbid in 48 hours; heavy ring; Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
no pellicle. Indole not produced.
Litmus milk: Light curd becoming solid. Hydrogen sulfide produced (slight) .
Slow peptonization with crystal formation. Acid but no gas from glucose, sucrose,
Litmus reduced. Brownish syrup at end of maltose and lactose.
6 weeks. Starch: Active hydrolysis.
Hydrogen sulfide produced. Temperature relations: Optimum, be-
Indole not produced. tween 30° and 32° C. Minimum, 10° C.
Asparagine and tyrosine not utilized as Maximum, 39° C.
No growth in beef extract broth plus 2
carbon-nitrogen sources. Tyrosine broken per cent salt.
down to a brownish pigment in other media. Aerobic.
Lipolytic. Distinctive character: Differs from Type
Salt tolerance: 2 per cent retards and 3 A in that it produces a brown pigment in
per cent inhibits growth. culture. (Description of Type A not seen.)
Acid but no gas from glucose, galactose, Source: Isolated from water-soaked to
lactose, maltose, sucrose and raffinose. brown leaf spots on jute.
Alkaline reactions with salts of citric and Habitat: Pathogenic on jute, Corchorus
malic acids. Fructose, 1-arabinose, xylose, capsularis.
rhamnose, glycerol, salicin and the sodium
salts of lactic, formic, succinic, tartaric and 39. Xanthomonas papavericola (Bryan
hippuric acids not attacked. and McWhorter, 1930) Dowson, 1939.
Starch hydrolyzed. (Bacterium papavericola Bryan and Mc-
Pectate medium liquefied. Whorter, Jour. Agr. Res., 40, 1930, 9; Dow-
Aerobic. son, Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 100, 1939, 190.)
Temperature relations: Optimum, be- pa.pa.ve.ri'co.la. L. papaver the poppy;
tween 27° and 30° C. Minimum, between M.L. neut.n. Papaver generic name of
6° and 9° C. Maximum, 37° C. poppy; L. V. colo to dwell; M.L. fem.n.
Source : Six isolates from cankers of cow- papavericola poppy dweller.
pea stems. Rods, 0.6 to 0.7 by 1.0 to 1.7 microns,
Habitat: Causes canker disease of cow- occurring in chains. Encapsulated. Motile
with a single polar flagellum. Gram-nega- Aerobic.

tive. Temperature relations: Optimum, be-
Gelatin: Liquefied. tween 24° and 32° C. Minimum, below 4° C.
Beef agar colonies: Mustard-yellow to Maximum, below 36° C.
primuline-yellow, circular, margins entire. Source: Six single-cell cultures isolated
Broth: Turbidity prompt with a yellow from diseased alfalfa.
ring and an incomplete pellicle. Habitat: Pathogenic on the leaves of
Milk: Soft coagulation; peptonization alfalfa, Medicago saliva.
and production of tyrosine crystals.
Nitrates: A weak reaction for nitrites 41. Xanthomonas acernea (Ogawa, 1937)
after 10 days. Burkholder, 1948. (Pseudomonas acernea
Indole not produced. Ogawa, Ann. Phyt. Soc. Japan, 7, 1937,
Hydrogen sulfide produced. 165.) Burkholder, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948,
123;
topath., 32, 1942, 600). a.cer'ne.a. L. acerneus made of maple.
Acid but no gas from glucose, galactose, Rods 0.2 to 0.6 by 0.5 to 1.2 microns.
fructose, sucrose, lactose, maltose, glycerol Motile with a single polar flagellum. Gram-
and mannitol. negative.
Starch hydrolyzed. Gelatin: Liquefied.
Pectate medium liquefied. Agar colonies: Round, smooth, convex,
Temperature relations: Optimum, be- white to citron-yellow, glistening, trans-
tween 25° and 30° C. Maximum, 35° C. lucent with amorphous structure.
No growth in broth plus 5 per cent salt. Broth: Turbid.
Aerobic. Milk: Slowly cleared, slightly acid. No
Source: Isolated from black spots on coagulation.
leaves, buds and pods of poppy. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Habitat: Pathogenic on poppy, Papaver Hydrogen sulfide produced.
rhoeas . No gas produced in peptone water plus
sugars.
40. Xaiithomonas alfalfae (Riker Starch not hydrolyzed.
et al., 1935) Dowson, 1943. (Bacterium al- Temperature relations: Optimum, about
falfae Riker, Jones and Davis, Jour. Agr. 32° C. Thermal death point, 59° C.
Res., 51, 1935, 177; Dowson, Trans. Brit. Aerobic.
Mycol. Soc, £6, 1943, 11.) Source: From diseased leaves of Acer
al.fal'fae. Spanish alfalfa (lucerne); trifidum in Japan.
M.L. gen. noun alfalfae of alfalfa. Habitat: Causes a disease in Acer spp.
Rods 0.45 by 2.4 microns. Motile with and in Aesculus turhinata and Koelrenteria
a single polar flagellum. Gram-negative. paniculata.
Gelatin: Liquefied.
Nutrient agar slant: Growth abundant, 42. Xanthomonas carotae (Kendrick,
filiform, smooth, glistening, butyrous, pale 1934) Dowson, 1939. (Phytomonas carotae
yellow. Kendrick, Jour. Agr. Res., 49, 1934, 504;
Broth: Turbid in 24 hours. Light sedi- 190.)
ment.
Milk: Casein precipitated and digested. ca.ro 'tae. L. carota the carrot; M.L.
Ammonia produced slowly in a nitrate gen. noun carotae of the carrot.
medium. Rods 0.42 to 0.85 by 1.38 to 2.75 microns.
Acid but no gas from glucose, maltose, Motile with 1 or 2 polar flagella. Gram-nega-
lactose, arabinose and salicin (Patel, Kul- tive.
karni and Dhande, Indian Phytopath., 2, Gelatin: Liquefied.
1949, 166). No acid in yeast broth plus Potato-glucose agar colonies: Circular,
sugars. smooth, glistening, entire, straw-jêllow in
Starch hydrolyzed. color.
Milk: Casein precipitated and milk Aerobic, facultative.

cleared; alkaline. Source : Isolated from diseased ivy leaves.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Habitat: Pathogenic on ivy, Hedera
Indole not produced. helix.
Acid but no gas from glucose, d-galactose,
xylose, d-mannose, 1-arabinose, sucrose, 44. Xanthonionas phorniicola (Taki-
lactose, raffinose, trehalose, d-mannitol moto, 1933) Dowson, 1943. {Bacterium
and glycerol. No acid from maltose or phorniicola Takimoto, Jour. Plant Protect.,
rhamnose. 20, 1933, 777; Dowson, Trans. Brit. Mycol.
Starch not hydrolyzed. Soc, 26, 1943, 12.)
Pectate medium liquefied. phor.mi'co.la. Gr. dim. phormiîm the
Optimum temperature, between 25° and name of a plant; M.L. neut.n. Phormium
30° C. generic name of New Zealand flax; L. v.
Tolerates 4 per cent salt at pH 7. colo to dwell; M.L. fem.n. phormicola the
Aerobic. Phormium dweller.
Source: Two original isolations from Description translated by Dr. K. Togashi.
diseased carrots and a reisolation from Rods 0.5 to 0.6 by 1.0 to 2.0 microns.
inoculated carrots were used for the descrip- Motile with a single flagellum. Gram-nega-
tion. tive.
Habitat : Pathogenic on leaves of Daucvs Gelatin: Liquefied.
carota var. saliva. Agar colonies: Light j'ellow, then waxy
yellow; butyrous, then viscid.
43. Xanthonionas hederae (Arnaud, Broth: Turbid; pellicle formed.
1920) Dowson, 1939. {Bacterium hederae Milk: Casein coagulated slowly and pre-
Arnaud, Compt. rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, cipitated, then digested. Alkaline.
171, 1920, 121; Dowson, Zent. f. Bakt., II Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Abt., 100, 1939, 190.) Indole not produced.
he'de.rae. L. Aedera the ivy; M.L. fem.n. Hydrogen sulfide produced.
Hedera generic name of ivy; M.L. gen. noun. No gas from sucrose, glucose, lactose or
hederae of ivy.
Description taken from Burkholder and No acid from various sugars in broth.
glycerol.
Guterman (Phytopath., £2, 1932, 783). Temperature relations: Optimum, about
Rods 0.6 by 2.13 microns. Motile with a 29° C. Minimum, about 0° C. Maximum,
single polar flagellum. Gram-negative. 39° C.
Gelatin: Liquefied. Aerobic.
Beef-extract-agar slants: Growth good, Source: Species isolated from New Zea-
filiform, amber-yellow, butyrous. land flax, Phormixim tenax.
Broth: Turbid.
Habitat: Causes a leaf stripe of Phor-
Milk: Casein precipitated and digested. mium tenax.
Milk becomes alkaline.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. 45. Xanthonionas geranii (Burkholder,
Hydrogen sulfide produced. 1937) Dowson, 1939. {Phytomonas geranii
Indole not produced. Burkholder, Phytopath., 27, 1937, 560;
Not lipolytic (Starr and Burkholder, 190.)
Phytopath., 32, 1942, 600).
Acid from glucose, fructose, galactose,
.xylose, sucrose, lactose and glycerol. Alkali ge . ra'ni . i. Gr. geranium geranium, crane's
from salts of acetic, citric, lactic, malic bill; M.L. neut.n. Geranium generic name;
and succinic acids. The following are not M.L. gen. noun geranii of Geranium.
utilized: arabinose, rhamnose, maltose, Rods 0.75 to 2.0 microns. Motile with a
salicin, cellulose and formic acid. single polar flagellum. Gram-negative.
Starch not hydrol3^zed. Gelatin: Liquefied.
Pectate medium not liquefied. Beef -extract agar slants: Moderate to
good filiform growth, glistening, primuline- Temperature relations: Optimum, be-

yellow. Develops in 24 hours. tween 26° and 27° C. Maximum, 34° C.
Broth: Turbid in 24 hours. No pellicle Habitat: Causes a leaf spot of Aniirr
but a moderate sediment. hinum niajus.
Milk: Becomes clear with a heavy casein
precipitate. Peptonization with crystal 47. Xanthomonas heterocea (Vzoroff,
formation. 1930) Sa.vulescu, 1947. {Phytomonas heterocea
Nitrates reduced to ammonia. Vzoroff, Bull. North Caucasian Plant
Indole not produced. Prot. Sta. Roztoff-on-Don, 6-7, 1930, 263;
Hydrogen sulfide produced. Sa,vulescu, Anal. Acad. Romane, III, 22,
1947, 11.)
topath., 32, 1942, 600). he.te.ro'ce.a. Gr. adj. heterus another,
Acid from glucose, galactose, fructose, different.
xylose, rhamnose, lactose, sucrose, raffinose Description taken from Rev. App. Myc,
and glycerol. Alkaline reaction from salts 10, 1931, 628.
of citric, malic, malonic and succinic acids. Rods 0.4 to 0.6 by 1.0 to 2.0 microns.
No growth in arabinose or formic, hippuric, Motile. Gram-negative.
maleic or tartaric acids. Gelatin: Slow liquefaction.
Starch not hydrolyzed. Agar colonies : Circular, 2 mm in diameter,
Pectate medium liquefied. convex, smooth, semi-transparent, glisten-
Aerobic. ing, yellow to amber. Pitted surface.
Distinctive characters: Pathogenic on Milk: No coagulation. At first acid, later
Geranium spp., not on the house geranium, alkaline.
Pelargonium hortorum. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Relationship to other species: Similar in Indole not produced.
culture to Xanthomonas pelargonii. Hydrogen sulfide produced.
Source: Three cultures isolated from Acid from glucose, galactose, arabinose,
Geranium sanguineum. xylose, sucrose, maltose, salicin, glycerol
Habitat: Pathogenic on Geranium san- and mannitol. Does not ferment lactose,
guineum, G. maculatum, G. praiense and G. inulin, ethyl alcohol, esculin, adonitol or
sylvaticum. dulcitol.
30°Optimum
46. Xanthomonas antirrhini (Taki-
moto, 1920) Dowson, 1943. (Pseudomonas Source: Isolated from diseased tobacco in
antirrhini Takimoto, Bot. Mag. Tokyo, 34, the North Caucasus.
1920, 257; Dowson, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc, Habitat: Pathogenic on Nicoliana ta-
26, 1943, 11.) bacum.
an.tir.rhi'ni. Gr. antirrhinum the plant 48. Xanthomonas badrii Patel et al.,
snapdragon; M.L. gen. noun antirrhini of
the snapdragon. 1950. (Patel, Kulkarni and Dhande, Indian
Description from Elliott (Man. Bact. Phytopath.,3, 1950, 104.)
Plant Path., 1930, 93). bad'ri.i. From the given name of Badri
Rods 0.3 to 0.4 by 0.8 to 1.2 microns. En- Uppal, Indian plant pathologist; M.L.
gen. noun badrii of Badri.
capsulated. Motile with polar flagella.
Gram-negative. occurring singly and rarely in chains. Motile
Gelatin: Liquefied.
with a single polar flagellum. Gram-nega-
Agar colonies: Circular, glistening, white, tive.
later yellow. Gelatin: Liquefied.
Milk: Coagulated and casein digested. Nutrient agar colonies: Smooth, glisten-
Nitrites produced from nitrates. ing, entire, empire-yellow; growth slow.
No gas produced. Milk: Cleared in 8 days. Litmus reduced.
Aerobic.
Loeffler's blood serum: Liquefied.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Description translated by Dr. K. Togashi.

Indole not produced. Rods 0.6 to 0.9 by 1.5 to 2.8 microns.
Ammonia produced. Motile with 1 or 2 polar fiagella. Gram-
Methjd red negative; acetylmethylcarbi- negative.
nol not produced. Gelatin: Liquefied.
Acid but no gas from glucose, lactose, Agar colonies: Yellow, circular, entire,
sucrose, mannitol and salicin. smooth, glistening.
Broth: Growth moderate with yellow
Source: Isolated from leaf spot of Xan-
thium strumarium in India. pellicle.
Milk: Coagulation and digestion of the
Habitat: Pathogenic on Xanthium stru- casein.
marium. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
49. Xanthoinonas guniniisudans (Mc- No acid or gas from glucose, sucrose,
Culloch, 1924) Starr and Burkholder, 1942. lactose, mannitol or glycerol in peptone
{Bacterium giunmisudans McCulloch, Phy- water.
topath., 14-, 1924, 63; also see Jour. Agr. Temperature relations: Optimum, be-
Res., 27, 1924, 229; Starr and Burkholder, tween 27° and 28° C. Minimum, 0° C. Maxi-
Phytopath., 32, 1942, 600.)
Aerobic.mum, 33° C.
gum. mi.su 'dans. L. gummi gum; L. v.
sudo to sweat, exude; M.L. part. adj. gum- Comment : A forma specialis that is path-
misudans exuding gum. ogenic on Zinnia spp. has been described
Rods 0.6 to 0.8 by 1.0 to 2.8 microns. (Hopkins and Dowson, Trans. Brit. Mycol.
Encapsulated. Motile with a single polar Soc, 32, 1949, 253).
flagellum. Gram-negative. Source: Isolated from lesions on leaf and
Gelatin: Liquefied. petioles of burdock.
Beef-peptone agar colonies: Amber- Habitat: Pathogenic on leaves and peti-
yellow, circular, transparent, smooth, with oles of Arctium lappa, the burdock.
definite margins.
Broth: Moderately turbid with a yellow 51. Xanthoinonas axonopodis Starr
ring. and Garces, 1950. {Xanthomonas axonoperis
Milk: Soft curd which is digested with (sic) Starr and Garces, Rev. Fac. Nal. de
formation of tyrosine crystals. Agron. de Medellin, 12, 1950, 75.)
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. ax.on.o'pod.is. Gr. noun axon axis; Gr.
Indole not produced. noun pous foot; M.L. mas.n. Axonopus
Hydrogen sulfide produced. generic name of a grass; M.L. gen. noun
Lipolytic (Starr and Burkholder, loc. cit.). axonopodis of Axonopus.
Acid from glucose and sucrose. Rods 0.4 by 1.0 to 3.0 microns. Encapsu-
Temperature relations: Optimum, 30° C. lated. Motile by means of a single polar
Minimum, 2° C. Maximum, 36° C. flagellum. Gram-negative.
Aerobic. Gelatin: Not liquefied.
Source: From gummy lesions on gladiolus Yeast extract agar: Growth slow; small,
leaves. yellow colonies appear in 7 days.
Habitat: Pathogenic on leaves of gladioli. Peptone sucrose agar: Growth slow; yel-
low colonies 1 mm in diameter appear in 7
50. Xanthonionas nigromaculans (Ta- days.
kimoto, 1927) Dowson, 1943. {Bacterium Potato-glucose agar: No growth.
nigromaculans Takimoto, Jour. Plant Pro- Broth: Slight turbidity in two days;
tect., Tokyo, ^, 1927, 522; Dowson, Trans. slimy pellicle in 2 weeks. Yellowish ring
Brit. Mycol. Soc, 26, 1943, 12.)
produced.
Milk: Litmus not reduced.
ni.gro.ma'cu.lans. L. niger black; L. v.
maculo to spot; M.L. part. adj. nigromacu- Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
lans spotting with black. Indole not produced.
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. 11.)

Dowson, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc, 26, 1943,
Non-Iipolytic.
Tyrosine in a caseinate medium: Growtli ce.le.ben'sis. Celebes, an island name;
slight; no color reaction. M.L. adj. celebensis of Celebes.
Carbohj'drate utilization difficult to Rods 0.9 by 1.5 microns. Motile by a
determine because of meager growth. Glu- single polar flagellum. Gram-negative.
cose, sucrose and trehalose probably uti- Agar colonies: Graj'ish yellow.
lized. Lactose, maltose, raffinose, dulcitol, Broth: Thin pellicle.
gl,ycerol, mannitol, sorbitol, dextrin, inulin, Milk: Coagulated and cleared.
aesculin and salicin utilization doubtful. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Starch hydrolyzed. Sodium selenite: Brick red.
Pectate medium not liquefied. Starch hydrolyzed.
Temperature relations: Optimum, 30° C. Source: From vascular bundles of dis-
Minimum, 5° C. Maximum, 37° C. eased bananas from the Celebes.
Moderate growth in broth plus 1 per cent Habitat: Causes the blood disease of
NaCl; no growth with 1.5 per cent NaCl. banana.
Chemical tolerance: Optimum pH be-
tween 6.6 and 7.6. Minimum, 5.8. 54. Xanthonionas panici (Elliott, 1923)
Source: Isolated from diseased grass, Savulescu, 1947. (Bacterium panici Elliott,
Axonopus scoparius, in Colombia. Jour. Agr. Res., 26, 1923, 157; Sivulescu,
Habitat: Pathogenic on Axonopvs spp. Anal. Acad. Romane, III, 22, 1947, 11.)
pa'ni.ci. L. panicum Italian panic grass;
52. Xanthonionas oryzae (Uyeda and M.L. neut.n. Panicum generic name; M.L.
Ishiyama, 1926) Dowson, 1943. (Pseudo- gen. noun panici of Panicum.
monas oryzae Uyeda and Ishiyama, Proc. Rods 0.69 by 1.66 microns. Encapsu-
Third Pan-Pacific Sci. Congr., Tokyo, 2, lated. Motile with 1, rarely 2, polar flagella.
1926, 2112; Dowson, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Gram-negative.
Soc, 26, 1943, 12.) Gelatin: Liquefaction slow.
o.ry'zae. Gr. oryza rice; M.L. fem.n. Beef agar colonies: Circular, white,
Oryza generic name of rice; M.L. gen. noun smooth, glistening, margins at first entire,
oryzae of Oryza. later undulate.
Rods 0.5 to 0.8 by 1.0 to 2.0 microns. Broth: Moderate turbidity in 24 hours.
Motile with a single polar flagellum. Gram- Thin pellicle. Medium brownish.
negative. Milk: Alkaline and clears.
Gelatin: No liquefaction. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Nutrient agar colonies: Circular, smooth, Indole not produced.
glistening, wax-j-ellow. Hydrogen sulfide produced.
Milk: Slightly acid. No acid or gas from carbohydrates.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Starch: Hydrolysis moderate.
Acid but no gas from glucose, lactose and
sucrose. Minimum, 5° C. Maximum, 45° C.
pH range for growth, pH 5.4 to 10.0.
Optimum temperature, between 26° and Optimum pH, between 6.15 and 6.3.
30° C. Aerobic.
Strict aerobe. Distinctive characters: Differs from
Source: Isolated from a leaf blight of rice. Pseudomonas andropogoni in that it liquefies
Habitat: Pathogenic on rice, Oryza saliva. gelatin, produces nitrites from nitrates and
does not infect sorghum and broom corn.
53. Xanthonionas celebensis (Giiu- Source: Isolation from water-soaked le-
mann, 1923) Dowson, 1943. {Fseiidomonas sions on leaves, sheaths and culms of millet
celebensis Gaumann, Ztschr. f. Pflanzen- collected in Wisconsin and in S. Dakota.
krank., SS, 1923, 11; Meded. Inst, voor Habitat: Pathogenic on i)roso millet,
Plantenziek., Buitenzorg, 59, 1923, 17; Panicum miliaceum.
55. Xanthomonas proteamaculans Broth: Turbid with a whitish granular

ring.
(Paine and Stansfield, 1919) Burkholder,
1948. (Pseudomonas proteamaculans Paine Litmus milk: Litmus reduced and milk
and Stansfield, Ann. Appl. Biol., 6, 1919, clears. With return of color, litmus is purple.
38; Burkholder, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, Indole not produced.
169.) Hydrogen sulfide produced.
pro.te.a.ma'cu.lans. Gr. Proteus a god; Nitrites produced from nitrates (Drum-
M.L. noun Protea a plant generic name; L. mond and Hipolito, Ceres, 2, 1941, 298).
V. maculo to spot; M.L. part. adj. 'proteama- Asparagine not used as a nitrogen and
culans spotting Protea. carbon source. No growth in nitrate syn-
Rods 0.6 to 0.8 by 0.8 to 1.6 microns. thetic broth.
Motile with 1 to 3 polar flagella. Gram- Weak growth but slight acid production
positive (Paine and Stansfield). Gram-nega- in synthetic medium plus glucose, d-galac-
tive (Dowson, personal communication, tose, d-fructose, d-xylose, maltose or su-
August, 1953). crose. No growth in rhamnose, 1-arabinose,
Gelatin: Liquefied. d-lactose, glycerol, mannitol or salicin.
Agar slant: Growth wet-shining, dirty Good growth with alkaline reaction in same
white with a faint yellow tinge. medium plus salts of the following acids:
Broth: Turbid in 24 hours. Slight ring. acetic, citric, malic, maleic or succinic.
Milk: Acid with soft curd after 2 days. The salts of formic, hippuric, lactic and
Later a separation of whey. tartaric acids were not utilized.
Nitrites produced from nitrates. Starch hydrolyzed.
Acid and gas from glucose, sucrose and Pectate medium liquefied.
mannitol. No acid or gas from lactose. Lipolytic action slight.
Starch: Slight hydrolysis. Aerobic.
Source: Repeated isolation from a leaf- Temperature relations: Optimum, 30° C.
spot of Protea in England. Minimum, 5° C. Maximum, 38° C.
Habitat: Pathogenic on Protea cynar- Source: First isolated from the cassava.
oides . Manihotus utilissima, in Brazil.
Habitat: Produces a wilt disease on
56. Xanthomonas manihotis (Ar- various species of Manihotus.
thaud-Berthet, 1912) Starr, 1946. {Bacillus
manihotus (sic) Arthaud-Berthet, in Bon- 57. Xanthomonas rubrisubalbioans
dar, Chacaras and Quintaes, 5 (4), 1912, (Christopher and Edgerton, 1930) Savu-
15; Starr, Jour. Bact., 51, 1946, 136.) lescu, 1947. {Phytomonas rubrisubalbicans
ma.ni.ho'tis. M.L. Manihot a plant Christopher and Edgerton, Jour. Agr. Res.,
generic name; M.L. gen. noun manihotis of 41, 1930, 266; Sivulescu, Anal. Acad. Ro-
Manihot. mane. III, 22, 1947, 11.)
Description from Burkholder (Phyto- ru.bri. sub. al'bi. cans. L. ruber red; L.
path.,S^, 1942, 147). subalbicans whitish; M.L. adj. rubrisubalbi-
Rods 0.35 to 0.93 by 1.4 to 2.8 microns. cans red whitish.
Mostly non-motile. One isolate showed a Short rods with polar flagella. En-
few cells with a single polar flagellum. capsulated. Gram-negative.
Amaral (Instit. Biol., Sao Paulo, Arq., Gelatin: No liquefaction.
IS, 1942, 120) states that the species is mo- Bacto-glucose agar colonies: Circular,
tile with a single polar flagellum. Gram- glistening, viscid, milky gray to buff.
negative. Margins translucent, entire.
Gelatin: Liquefied. Broth: Turbid after 24 hours. Pellicle
Beef -extract-peptone agar slant: Growth and a ropy sediment.
raised, ivory-colored, smooth, shiny, with Indole produced.
edges entire. Hydrogen sulfide produced.
Potato-glucose agar: Growth abundant, No acid or gas from carbohydrates.
white to hyaline, very mucoid. Starch hydrolyzed.
177
Milk: Coagulated.
Optimum pH, 6.8 to 8.0. Conjac: Liquefied.
Source: Isolated many times from mot- Nitrites produced from nitrates.
tled stripe of sugar cane in Louisiana. Indole produced.
Habitat: Pathogenic on sugar cane. Hydrogen sulfide produced.
Johnson's grass and sorghum Gas from glucose.
58. Xanthomonas cannae (Bryan, 1921) Habitat: Pathogenic on Amorphophallus
Savulescu, 1947. (Bacterium cannae Bryan, konjac.
Jour. Agr. Res., 21, 1921, 152; Sivulescu,
Anal. Acad. Romane, III, 22, 1947, 12.) 60. Xanthomonas zingiber! (Uyeda,
can'nae. Gr. carina a reed; M.L. fem.n. 1908) SSvulescu, 1947. (Eine neue species,
Canna generic name; M.L. gen. noun cannae Uyeda, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 17, 1907,
of Canna. 383; Pseudomonas zingiheri Uyeda, Rept.
Rods 0.5 to 0.7 by 1.0 to 2.0 microns. Imp. Agr. Exp. Sta., Japan, No. 35, 1908,
Encapsulated. Motile with 1 to 3 polar 114; Savulescu, Anal. Acad. Romane, III,
flagella. Gram-negative. 22, 1947, 13.)
Gelatin: Slow liquefaction. zin.gi'be.ri. Gr. indecl. zingiheri ginger.
Agar slants: Growth filiform, white, Description from Stapp (in Sorauer,
moist, with thin margins and granular Handb. d. Pflanzenkrank., 2, 5 Aufl., 1928,
centers. 65).
Broth: Turbid; heavy sediment. Rods 0.5 to 1.1 by 0.75 to 1.8 microns.
Milk: Alkaline and clears. Non-motile at first, later a polar flagellum
Nitrites produced from nitrates. develops. Gram-negative.
Indole not produced. Gelatin: Liquefied.
Hydrogen sulfide produced. Agar colonies: White.
No acid produced from carbohydrates. Milk: Coagulation and peptonization of
Temperature relations: Optimum, 35° C. the casein.
Minimum, 5° C. Maximum, 40° C. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Aerobic. Indole not produced.
Source: Isolated from diseased canna Hydrogen sulfide produced.
leaves collected in Washington, D. C. and No gas from glucose.
in Illinois.
Habitat: Causes a disease in Canna
Minimum, 5° C. Maximum, 40° C.
indica. Source: Isolated from ginger plant show-
ing a rot at the base of the sprouts.
59. Xanthomonas conjac (Uyeda, Habitat: Pathogenic on ginger. Zingiber
1910) Burkholder, 1948. {Pseudomonas
officinale.
conjac Uyeda, Bot. Mag. Tokyo, 24, 1910,
182; Burkholder, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, Addendum: Species inceriae sedis. Two
171.) additional groups of yellow, polar-flagellate
con'jac. M.L. conjac the specific epithet species are described in this addendum al-
of Amorphophallus konjac, the host. though they are not typical of the genus
Description from Elliott (Man. Bact. Xanthomonas in all respects. The first is a
Plant Path., 19,30, 121). group of three species of plant pathogens.
Rods 0.75 to 1.0 by 1.5 microns. Motile One of these species is non-motile, but it ap-
with 1 to 4 polar flagella. Presumably Gram- pears to be closely related to the two polar-
negative although the original description flagellate species with which it is associated.
records this species as Gram-positive (Burk- Plant pathologists have placed these three
holder). species in Xanthomonas even though they do
Gelatin colonies: Circular to irregular, not possess all of the characteristics of the
light yellow. species in this genus senszi stricto. The
Broth : Pellicle formed. non-water-soluble, yellow pigment differs
17i ORDER I. PSEUDOMONADALES
from that found in true xanthomonads. as is known. They have been isolated from
Likewise none of the three species liquefies the surface of leaves, soil and similar ma-
gelatin. Neither do they show the gummy terials. All produce a non-water-soluble,
growth of true xanthomonads, and they yellow pigment, but no one has as yet under-
differ in other important characteristics. taken a comparative study of cultures to
The second group comprises eleven species determine which of these species, if any,
which are not pathogenic to plants so far are true xanthomonads.
Key to Xanthomonas Addendum.

I. Plant pathogens.
A. Non-motile.
1. Xanthomonas stewartii.
B. Polar flagellate.
1. Litmus milk alkaline. Pathogenic on 7ns spp.
2. Xanthomonas tardicrescens.
2. No change in litmus milk. Pathogenic on sugar cane, Saccharum officinarum.
3. Xanthomonas albilineans.
II. Saprophytic species.
1. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
a. Acid but no gas from glucose.
4. Pseudomonas trifolii.
5. Pseudomonas xanthe.
aa. Action on glucose not recorded.
6. Pseudomonas caudata.
2. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
a. Litmus milk acid; ferments lactose.
7. Pseudomonas perlurida.
aa. Litmus milk slimy, alkaline.
8. Pseudomonas ochracea.
a. Do not attack cellulose.
b. Does not attack phenol.
9. Pseudomonas cerevisiae.
bb. Attacks phenol.
10. Pseudomonas pictorum.
aa. Attack cellulose.
b. Litmus milk acid but no digestion.
11. Pseudomonas arguta.
bb. No growth in litmus milk.
12. Pseudomonas subcreta.
2. Nitrites not produced from nitrates; may or may not hydrolyze agar.
a. Butter-colored pellicle on litmus milk.
13. Pseudomonas lacunogenes.
aa. No surface pellicle.
14. Pseudomonas segnis.
Group I. -Plant pathogens. 130, 1897 , 423; Bacterium stewarti (sic) Smith,
1. Xanthomonas stewartii (Erw. Bacteria in Relation to Plant Diseases, S,
Smith, 1914) Dowson, 1939. (Sweet corn 1914, 89; Xanthomonas stewarti (sic) Dow-
bacillus, Stewart, N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. son, Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 100, 1939, 190.)
179
ste.war'ti.i. Stewart patronymic; JVI.L. part. adj. crescens growing; M.L. adj. tardi-
gen. noun stewartii of Stewart. crescens slow growing.
Description from Smith (U. S. Dept. Rods 0.6 to 0.8 by 1.58 microns. Motile
Agr., Div. Veg. Phys. and Path., Bull. 28, with a polar flagellum. Gram-negative.
1901). Gelatin: No liquefaction.
Rods 0.4 to 0.7 by 0.9 to 2.0 microns. Beef -extract agar colonies: Circular,
Encapsulated. Non- motile (McCulloch, mustard -yellow, edges entire, 1.0 to 1.5 mm
Phytopath., 8, 1918, 440). Gram-negative. in diameter.
Gelatin: No liquefaction. Broth: Light clouding.
Nutrient agar colonies: Small, round, Milk: Slightly alkaline. Clearing after 5
yellow. to 6 weeks.
Broth: Growth feeble with whitish ring Nitrites produced from nitrates.
and yellow precipitate. Indole not produced.
Milk: Yellow ring but no visible action Hydrogen sulfide not produced, or feebly
on the milk. Slightly acid. so.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Acid but no gas from glucose, fructose,
McNew (Phytopath., 28, 1938, 773) states galactose, arabinose, xylose and rhamnose.
that less virulent strains assimilate only Alkaline reaction from salts of citric, malic
organic nitrogen; those of intermediate and succinic acids.
virulence assimilate nitrogen from inorganic Starch not hydrolyzed.
salts without reduction of nitrates to ni- Not lipolytic (Starr and Burkholder,
trites; virulent strains reduce nitrates to Phytopath., 82, 1942, 603).
nitrites. Temperature relations: Optimum, 26° C.
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. Maximum, 32° C. Minimum, 5° C. (McCul-
Indole production slight or none. loch, Phytopath., 28, 1938, 648).
Reduction of methylene blue in Dun- Chemical tolerance: Optimum pH be-
ham's solution feeble or doubtful. tween 6.5 and 7.5. Growth slight at 5.8 and
Acid but no gas from glucose, galactose, 8.0 (McCulloch, loc. cit.).
sucrose, mannitol and glycerol. No acid No growth with 3 per cent salt (McCul-
from maltose. Acid from fructose, arabinose loch, loc. cit.).
and xylose (McNew, loc. cit.); also from Aerobic.
lactose and mannose (Dowson, op. cit., Distinctive character: Very slow grower.
100, 1939, 190). Source: Isolated by McCulloch and by
Starch not hydrolyzed. Burkholder from blighted iris leaves.
Temperature relations: Optimum, 30° C. Habitat: Pathogenic on Iris spp.
Maximum, 39° C. Minimum, 8° C.
Chemical tolerance: Optimum pH be- 3. Xanthomonas albilineans (Ashby,
tween 6.0 and 8.0. Limits, about pH 4.5 to 1929)
11.) Dowson, 1943. {Bacterium albilineans
8.5. Ashby, Trop. Agr., Trinidad, 6, 1929, 135;
8 per cent salt restricts growth. Dowson, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc, .^5,1943,
Strict aerobe.
Source: From wilted sweet corn. al.bi.li'ne.ans. L. adj. albus white; L.
Habitat: Pathogenic on corn, Zea mays. part. adj. lineans striping; M.L. adj. albili-
Sweet corn very susceptible and field corn neans white-striping.
Description from Martin, Carpenter and
slightly so.
Weller (The Hawaiian Planters' Record,
36, 1932, 184).
2. Xanthomouas tardicrescens (Mc- Rods, 0.25 to 0.3 by 0.6 to 1.0 micron,
Culloch, 1937) Dowson, 1943. (Bacterium occurring singly or in chains. Motile with a
tardicrescens McCulloch, Phytopath., £7, polar flagellum. Gram-negative.
1937, 135; Dowson, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc, Agar colonies: After 7 to 10 days, minute
26, 1943, 12.) transparent drops, moist, shining. Honey-
tar.di.cres'cens. L. adj. tardus slow; L. yellow to Naples -yellow.
Gelatin: No liquefaction. Cultures have an agreeable odor.

Milk: Growth, but no visible change in Volutin formed.
the milk. Aerobic, facultative.
No growth with ammonium salts, nitrates
or asparagine as a source of nitrogen. 35°Optimum
No growth in peptone water without Source: Isolated from clover hay.
carbohydrates. Invertase secreted. Habitat: Evidently a common organism
Starch not hj'drolyzed. on the leaves of plants.
Temperature relations: Optimum, about
25° C. Maximum, 37° C. 5. Pseudomonas xanthe Zettnow, 1916.
Distinctive characters: Differs from Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 77, 1916, 220.)
Xanthomonas vasculorum, which produces a xan'tha. Gr. adj. xanthus yellow.
large gummy type of colony and which is Rods 0.5 to 0.6 by 0.4 to 1.4 microns.
a very active organism biochemically. The Motile, possessing a single or occasionally
two pathogens also differ in the type of two or more very long (20 microns) polar
lesion they produce on sugar cane. flagella. Gram-negative.
Source : Isolated by D. S. North (Colonial Gelatin colonies: Circular, yellow, granu-
Sugar Ref. Co., Sydney, N. S. Wales, Agr. lar.
Rept., 8, 1926, 1) from white stripe and leaf Gelatin stab: Pale yellow surface growth.
scald of sugar cane in Australia. Brownish jêllow under surface colonies.
Habitat: Vascular pathogen of sugar Saccate liquefaction.
cane, Saccharum officinarum. Agar slant: Dark yellow, glistening, with
dark yellow sediment in water of condensa-
Group II. — Saprophytic species. tion. Pigment not water-soluble.
4. Pseudomonas trifolii Huss, 1907. Broth: Turbid.
(Huss, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 19, 1907, 68; Milk becomes rose-yellow in 4 weeks with-
Xanthomonas trifolii James, Canadian Jour. out anj^ other change.
Microbiol., 1, 1955, 479.) Potato: Grayish yellow to brownish
tri.fo'li.i. L. trifoUum trefoil, clover;
M.L. neut.n. TrifoUum generic name of growth.
Indole produced.
clover; M.L. gen. noun trifolii of TrifoUum. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Rods, 0.5 to 0.7 by 0.75 to 2.0 microns, Acid produced from glucose, sucrose and
occurring singly, in pairs and in chains. maltose.
Motile, possessing a single polar flagellum. Starch hydrolyzed.
Gram-negative. Blood serum not liquefied.
Gelatin colonies: Convex, smooth, moist, Aerobic, facultative.
glistening, grayish yellow. Optimum
Gelatin stab: Napiform liquefaction. Source: Airtemperature, 30° C.
contamination.
Agar colonies: Small, circular, grayish,
becoming brownish yellow. 6. Pseudomonas caudata (Wright,
Agar slant: Yellowish, becoming brown- 1895) Conn, 1919. (Bacillus caudatus Wright,
ish yellow streak, lacerate margin. Memoirs Nat. Acad. Sci., 7, 1895, 444;
Broth: Turbid, with grayish yellow pel- Conn, Jour. Agr. Res., 16, 1919, 313.)
licle and sediment. cau.da'ta. L. noun canda a tail; M.L. adj.
Litmus milk: Slowly coagulated; alkaline; caudatus having a tail.
with yellow ring. Rods long, granular, slender, occurring
Potato: Thick, yellowish, fiat, smooth, singly, in pairs and in chains. Appear like
glistening. cocci in old cultures. Motile, possessing a
Hydrogen sulfide produced. polar flagellum (Conn). Gram-negative.
Indole produced. Gelatin colonies: Yellow, translucent,
Acid from glucose, sucrose, xylose, arabi- smooth, undulate.
nose and mannitol. No acid from lactose. Gelatin stab: Villous growth in stab.
Nitrites produced from nitrates. Crateriform liquefaction.
181
Agar slant: Yellow to orange, glistening, undulatory motion (Zimmermann). Polar

translucent, slightly spreading. May lose flagella (Lehmann and Neumann, Bakt.
power to form pigment. Diag., 1 Aufl., 2, 1896, 255). Gram-negative.
Broth: Turbid, with yellow sediment. Gelatin colonies: Pale yellow to golden,
Litmus milk: Unchanged. ochre-yellow, slightly raised, with slightly
Potato: Dark yellow, raised, rough, fringed margin, granular.
spreading. Gelatin stab: Yellowish to yellow -gray
Indole not produced. surface growth. Infundibuliform lique-
Nitrites and ammonia produced from faction. Pale yellow to ochre-yellow sedi-
nitrates. ment.
Ammonia produced from peptone. Agar colonies: Thin, flat, yellowish,
Starch digested. smooth.
Aerobic, facultative. Agar slant: Thin, yellowish gray to
Optimum temperature, 25° C. ochraceous growth.
Habitat: Water and soil. Broth: Slightly turbid, with pale yellow
sediment.
7. Pseudonionas perlurida Kellerman Litmus milk: Medium becomes slimv:
et al., 1913. (Kellerman, McBeth, Scales alkaline.
and Smith, Cent, f . Bakt., II Abt., S9, 1913,
Potato: Ochre-yellow streak.
516; also see McBeth, Soil Sci., /, 1916, Indole produced.
472.)
per.lu'ri.da. L. prefi.x per very; L. luridus Hydrogen sulfide produced.
pale yellow, sallow; M.L. adj. perluridus Aerobic, facultative.
verj' sallow.
Rods 0.4 by 1.0 micron. Motile with one Optimum temperature, 35° C.
Source: Chemnitz tap water.
to three polar flagella. Gram-negative. Habitat: Water.
Gelatin stab: Liquefied.
Agar slant: Moderate, flat, faint yellow
9. Pseudonionas cerevisiae Fuhrmann,
growth.
Broth: Turbid in 5 days. 1906. (Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 16, 1906, 309.)
Litmus milk: Acid. Peptonization after ce.re.vi'si.ae. L. cerevisia beer; M.L.
16 days. gen. noun cerevisiae of beer.
Rods straight or slightly curved, 0.6
Potato: Scant, 3'ellow growth with
bleaching along line of growth. by 1.5 to 2.0 microns, occurring singly and
Indole not produced. in chains. Motile, possessing a tuft of four
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. to six polar flagella. Gram-negative.
Ammonia produced. Gelatin colonies: Circular, white, slightly
Acid from glucose, maltose, lactose, contoured, becoming brownish yellow.
sucrose, starch, glycerol and mannitol. Gelatin stab: Slight yellowish growth in
Aerobic, facultative. stab. No liquefaction.
Agar colonies: Thin, spreading, con-
Optimum temperature, 20° C. toured.
Source: Soil from Virginia, Louisiana
and Missouri. Agar slant: Moist, glistening, thin, pale
Habitat: Soil. yellow, spreading, contoured.
Litmus milk: Slow coagulation.
8. Pseudonionas ochracea (Zimmer- Potato: Yellowish brown, spreading
mann, 1890) Chester, 1901. {Bacillus ochra-
ceus Zimmermann, Bakt. unserer Trink- growth.
und Nutzwasser, Chemnitz, /, 1890, 60; Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Chester, Man. Determ. Bact., 1901, 316.) No gas from glucose.
och.ra'ce.a. Gr. noun ochra ochre; M.L. Aerobic, facultative.
adj. ochraceus of the color of ochre.
Optimum temperature,
Source: Isolated 30° C.
from beer.
occurring in pairs and longer chains. Slow, Habitat: Unknown.
10. Pseudomonas pictorum Gray and Acid from glucose, maltose, lactose and
Thornton, 1928. (Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 73, starch. No acid from glycerol, mannitol or
1928, 89.) sucrose.
pic.to'rum. Named for the Picts, a Scot- Aerobic, facultative.
tish tribe; M.L. neut.pl. gen. n. 'pictorum of Optimum temperature,
the Picts. Source: Isolated twice 20° C. California
from
Rods 0.5 to 0.8 by 1.5 to 5.0 microns. soils.
Motile, usually with a single polar flagel- Habitat: Soil.
lum. Gram-negative. 12. Pseudomonas subcreta McBeth and
Gelatin colonies: Circular, greenish
Scales, 1913. (Bur. Plant Industry, U. S.
yellow, convex, smooth, glistening, entire.
Gelatin stab: No liquefaction. Dept. Agr., Bull. 266, 1913, 37.)
Agar colonies: Circular, yellow, conve.x, sub.cre'ta. L. pref. sub- somewhat; L.
creta chalk; M.L. adj. subcretus somewhat
smooth, glistening, entire. chalky.
Agar slant: Filiform, yellow, convex,
Rods 0.3 by 1.4 microns. Motile with one
smooth, glistening, entire.
Broth: Turbid. to five polar flagella. Gram-negative.
Nitrites produced from nitrates. Gelatin stab: Filiform growth, no lique-
Starch not hydrolyzed. faction.
Acid from glucose and maltose. Cellulose agar: No surface growth.
Attacks phenol. Moderate, generally faint yellow growth
in medium, area of growth sunken.
Agar slant: Glistening, smooth, moist,
Optimum temperature, 25°C. vitreous to faint yellow growth.
Source: One culture from soil.
Habitat: Soil. Starch agar: Enzymatic zone 2 to 4 mm.
Broth: No growth.
Litmus milk: No growth.
11. Pseudomonas argiita McBeth, 1916. Potato: Growth scant, concave due to
(Soil Science, 1, 1916, 465.) slight liquefaction, white to faint yellow.
ar.gu'ta. L. part. adj. argutus clear, Bleached around growth.
bright. Indole not produced.
Rods 0.3 by 0.8 micron. Motile with one Trace of nitrites produced from nitrates.
or two polar flagella. Gram-negative. Ammonia not produced.
Gelatin stab : Moderate, yellowish growth. Acid from glucose, lactose, maltose,
No liquefaction in 30 daj^s. sucrose and starch. No acid from glycerol
Agar colonies: Circular, slightly convex, or mannitol.
soft, grayish white, granular, entire. Aerobic, facultative.
Agar slant: Scant, grayish white growth.
Potato agar slant: Moderate, yellowish, Optimum temperature, 20° C.
Habitat: Soil.
glistening growth.
Broth: Turbid. 13. Pseudomonas lacunogenes Gores-
Ammonia cellulose agar: Enzymatic zone line, 1933. (Jour. Bact., £6, 1933, 447.)
2 to 3 mm in 30 days. la.cu.no'ge.nes. L. lacuna a hollow; L.
Filter paper broth: Paper is reduced to gicjno to produce; M.L. adj. lacunogenes pro-
loose flocculent mass which disintegrates ducing hollows.
very readily on slight agitation. More rapid Short rods, 0.2 to 0.3 by 1.0 to 1.2 microns,
decomposition when the broth contains with pointed ends, occurring singly or in
ammonium sulfate, potassium nitrate, pep- pairs. Motile with a single polar flagellum
tone or casein as source of nitrogen. from 2 to 15 microns in length. Gram-nega-
Litmus milk: Acid, not digested. tive.
Potato: No growth. Plain gelatin stab: No growth.
Indole not produced. Nutrient gelatin stab: Growth brownish
Nitrites produced from nitrates. yellow, half-way down stab, heavier at
Ammonia not produced. surface. No liquefaction.
183
Nutrient agar colonies: Small, yellow; Short rods, 0.2 to 0.3 by 1.0 to 1.2 microns,
surface of the agar pitted or dimpled. After with pointed ends, occurring singly or in
5 days colonies 5 to 7 mm in diameter, pairs. Motile with a single polar flagellum.
orange-yellow, slightly raised, surrounded Gram-negative.
b.y a depression. Plain gelatin stab: No growth.
Nutrient agar slant: Growth heavy, light Nutrient gelatin stab: Growth yellow,
orange-yellow; consistency of warm butter; half-way down stab, best at surface. No
edge entire, slightly raised. Shallow de- liquefaction.
pression formed on each side of streak. Nutrient agar colonies: Very small, light
Agar softened beneath growth. yellow surface pitted. After 5 days colonies
Nutrient broth: Turbid in 48 hours. Light 5 mm in diameter.
orange-j'ellow pellicle; considerable, viscous Nutrient agar slant: Growth heavy,
sediment. orange -yellow, consistency of warm butter;
Litmus milk: Alkaline; butter-colored edge entire, slightly raised; slight de-
pellicle. Reduction in bottom of tube after pression formed on each side of growth.
10 daj's. No curd. No digestion. Agar softened beneath growth.
Potato: Growth moderate, orange-yellow, Nutrient broth: Turbid in 48 hours. No
smooth. No darkening. pellicle or surface growth. Moderate amount
Indole not produced. of sediment. Old cultures with a yellow ring
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. at surface and occasionally a loose mem-
Starch agar plates not hydrolyzed. brane.
Utilizes arabinose, galactose, lactose, Litmus milk: Slightly alkaline after 10
fructose, maltose, melezitose, raffinose, daj's. No reduction. No surface growth.
starch, xj-lose, glucose, mannose, sucrose, Potato: Scant j'ellow-orange growth. No
pectin, rhamnose, salicin and dextrin. No darkening.
growth in dulcitol, erythritol, glycerol, hidole not produced.
sorbitol, mannitol or inulin. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Temperature relations: Optimum, 28° C. Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Good growth at 25° C. Moderate growth at Starch not hydrolyzed.
20° and at 37° C. No growth at 10° and at Arabinose, glucose, galactose, lactose,
42° C. fructose, maltose, mannose, xylose, sucrose,
Limits of pH: 5.4 to 10.0. melezitose and raffinose utilized.
Aerobic, facultative. Temperature relations: Optimum, 28° C.
Distinctive characters: Softens agar; Good growth at 25° C. Moderate growth at
considerable change in viscosity of agar due 20° and at 37° C. No growth at 10° and at
to this digestion; utilization of ammonium 42° C.
sulfate as nitrogen source. Limits of pH: 5.8 to 9.0.
Source: Three cultures isolated from an Aerobic, facultative.
experimental trickling filter receiving Distinctive characters: Softens agar; con-
creamery wastes. siderable change in viscosity of agar due to
Habitat: Probably widely distributed in this digestion.
nature.
Source: Isolated from an experimental
14. Pseudonionas segnis Goresline, trickling filter receiving creamery wastes.
1933. (Jour. Bact., 26, 1933, 452.) Habitat: Probably widely distributed in
nature.
seg'nis. L. adj. segnis slow, tardy.
Genus III. Acetobacter Beijerinck, 1898.*

{Acetobacter Beijerinck, quoted from Krai's Sammlung v. Mikroorg., Prague, 1898, 7;
Acetobacterium in Ludwig's abstract of Hoyer, Bijdrage tot de kennis van de azijnbacterien,
* Revised by Dr. Reese H. Vaughn, Univ. of California, Berkeley, California, June,
1943, and Davis, California, March, 1954.
Thesis, Leiden, 1898, 115 pp.. Delft, in Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 4, 1898, 857; Acetobader
Beijerinck, Proc. Kon. Akad. v. Wetenschapp., Amsterdam, 2, 1900, 503; Acetobacter Bei-
jerinck. Arch, nêrl. d. sciences exact, et natur., S^r. II, 6, 1901, 212; Acetobacter in Fuhr-
mann, Beiheft Bot. Centralbl., Orig., 19, 1905, 8; Acetimonas Orla-Jensen, Cent. f. Bakt.,
II Abt., 22, 1909, 312; Acetobacter Winslow et al.. Jour. Bact., 5, 1920, 201; Acetomonas
Leifson, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 20, 1954, 109.)
A.ce.to.bac'ter. L. noun acetum vinegar; M.L. mas.n. bacter the masculine form of the
Gr. neut.n. bactrum a rod or staff; M.L. mas.n. Acetobacter vinegar (acetic) rod.
Individual cells ellipsoidal to rod-shaped, occurring singly, in pairs or in short or long
chains. Motile with polar flagella*, or non-motile. Involution forms may be spherical,
elongated, filamentous, club-shaped, swollen, curved or may even appear to be branched.
Young cells Gram-negative; old cells often Gram- variable. Obligate aerobes; as a rule
strongly catalase-positive, sometimes weakly so. Oxidize various organic compounds to
organic acids and other oxidation products which may undergo further oxidation. Com-
mon oxidation products include acetic acid from ethyl alcohol, gluconic and 5-keto-
gluconic acid from glucose, dihydroxy-acetone from glycerol, sorbose from sorbitol, etc.
Nutritional requirements vary from simple to complex. Development generally best in
yeast infusion or yeast autolysate media with added ethyl alcohol or other o.xidizable sub-
strates. Optimum temperature varies with the species. Widely distributed in nature where
they are particularly abundant in plant materials undergoing alcoholic fermentation;
of importance to man for their role in the completion of the carbon cycle and for the pro-
duction of vinegar.
It is recognized that there are marked morphological and physiological similarities be-
tween species of Acetobacter and Pseudomonas (see Vaughn, Jour. Bact., 46, 1943, 394; and
Stanier, Jour. Bact., 54, 1947, 191, among others). However, the species of Acetobacter may
be differentiated from all other Pseudomonadaceae by their unique ability to oxidize sig-
nificant quantities of ethanol under the extremely acidic conditions imposed by the
presence of from about 2 to more than 11 per cent acetic acid.
The evidence also indicates a significant difference in the end-products of hexose and di-
saccharide oxidation. The species of Acetobacter produce gluconic and 5-ketogluconic acids
from both glucose and maltose whereas species of Pseudomonas oxidize glucose to gluconic
and 2-ketogluconic acids and maltose to maltobionic acid (see Pervozvanski, Khim. Referat.
Zhur., 7, 1939, 43; Lockwood, Tabenkin and Ward, Jour. Bact., 4^, 1941, 51; Stodola and
Lockwood, Jour. Biol. Chem., 171, 1947, 213; Kluyver, Deley and Rijven, Antonie van
Leeuwenhoek, 16, 1950, 1; and Foda and Vaughn, Jour. Bact., 65, 1953, 233, among others).
The type species is Acetobacter aceti (Beijerinck) Beijerinck.
Key to the species of genus Acetobacter.

I. Oxidize acetic acid to carbon dioxide and water.
A. Utilizes ammonium salts as a sole source of nitrogen (Hoyer's solution). f
1. Acetobacter aceti.
* Leifson (Bact. Proc, 53rd Gen. Meeting Soc. Amer. Bact., 1953, 34, and Antonie van
Leeuwenhoek, 20, 1954, 102), in a study of the flagellation of cultures of Acetobacter, reports
that the species of Acetobacter that oxidize acetic acid are peritrichous, and that the species
that do not oxidize acetic acid ordinarily have four polar flagella. Further photographs such
as can be obtained with the electron microscope must, however, be obtained before the exact
point of attachment of the flagella can be determined with certaint3^
t It is not known with certainty whether Acetobacter pasteurianus and Acetobacter kuetz-
ingianus are capable of using inorganic nitrogen as a sole source of nitrogen for growth.
See Acetobacter rancens Beijerinck to which these two species are very closely related. Also
see Frateur, La Cellule, 53, 1950, 316^320.
Species Nos. 2 to 3b inclusive will, however, utilize ammonium salts if supplied with
185
B. Do not utilize ammonium salts as a sole source of nitrogen.

1. Forms a thick, zoogloeal, cellulose membrane on the surface of liquid media.
2. Acetobacter xylinum.
2. Do not form a thick, zoogloeal, cellulose membrane on the surface of liquid media.
3. Acetobacter rancens.
3a. Acetobacter pasteurianus .
3b. Acetobacter kuetzingianus .
II. Do not oxidize acetic acid.
A. Form pigments in glucose media.
1. Dark brown to blackish pigment.
4. Acetobacter melanogenus.
2. Pink to rose pigment.
5. Acetobacter roseus.
B. Do not form pigments.
1. Optimum temperature, between 30° and 35° C.
6. Acetobacter suboxydans.
2. Optimum temperature, between 18° and 21° C.
7. Acetobacter oxydans.
1. Acetobacter aceti (Beijerinck, 1898) Liquid media: Forms slimy pellicle; may
Beijerinck, 1900. (Mycodermes, Pasteur also form a ring or turbidity without pel-
Compt. rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, 54, 1862 licle.
265; Pasteur, ibid., 55, 1862, 28; Mycoderma Acid from glucose, ethanol, propanol and
aceti Pasteur, Ann. Sci. d. Ecole Normal glycol. No acid from arabinose, fructose,
superiore, 1, 1864, 103-158; Bacterium aceti galactose, sorbose, sucrose, maltose, lactose,
Beijerinck, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 4, 15 raffinose, dextrin, starch, glycogen, inulin,
211; Acetobacter aceti Beijerinck, published methanol, isopropanol, butanol, isobutanol,
as a synonym in Krai's Sammlung v. Mikro pentanol, glj'cerol, erythritol, mannitol,
org., Prague, 1898, 7; Beijerinck, Proc. Kon dulcitol or acetaldehyde (Henneberg, Die
Akad. V. Wetensch., Amsterdam, 2, 1900 deutsch. Essigind., 2, 1898, 147).
503.) Distinctive characters : Marked oxidative
a.ce'ti. L. noun acetum vinegar; L. gen power causing rapid and complete oxidation
noun aceti of vinegar.
of substrate such as glucose or ethyl alcohol ;
Beijerinck's description of this organism ability to utilize inorganic nitrogen salts as
which forms the basis of the description
a sole source of nitrogen (Hoyer, Inaug.
given here, is based on Pasteur's earlier de Diss., Leiden, 1898, 43; Beijerinck, Cent. f.
scription.* Bakt., II Abt., 4, 1898, 215); growth and
Rods, 0.4 to 0.8 by 1.0 to 2.0 microns, oc
curring singly and in long chains, frequently oxidative activity in association with fer-
showing large club-shaped forms. Stain yel menting yeasts (Vaughn, Jour. Bact., 36,
low with iodine solution. Motility variable 1938, 360).
Motile cells possess a single polar flagellum Optimum temperature, 30° C. Growth
(Vaughn, Jour. Bact., 46, 1943, 394). occurs between 10° and 42° C.
Beer gelatin containing 10 per cent su- Habitat: Vinegar, souring fruits, vege-
crose: Large, shiny colonies are formed. tables and beverages.
other required nutrients (Stokes and Karsen, Jour. Bact., 49, 1945, 495; Foda and Vaughn,
Jour. Bact., 65, 1953,79).
* Beijerinck (op. cit., 4, 1898, 211) explains the relationship of Pasteur's organism to
those described by others as follows: "Two of the many varieties of B. (Bacterium) rancens
have been described by Henneberg under the names B. oxydans and B. acetosum. Hansen
erroneously named this species B. aceti as did Brown also. Neither Hansen nor Brown
knew B. aceti of Pasteur."
2. Acetobacter xylinum (Brown, tion forms commonly appear as filaments

Holland, 1920. {Bacterium xylinum Brown, and enlarged cells.
Jour. Chem. Soc, London, Jfi, 1886, 439; Wort agar slant: Growth abundant,
Holland, Jour. Bact., 5, 1920, 216.) butyrous, pale-buff in color in one week.
xy'li.num. Gr. adj. xylinus of cotton; L. Yeast infusion, glucose, calcium carbon-
neut.n. xylinum cotton. ate slant: Growth abundant, butyrous and
Rods, about 2 microns long, occurring cream-colored in one week.
singl}^ and in chains. The cells have a slimy With petri-dish cultures, well isolated
envelope which gives the cellulose reaction. colonies are large, smooth and butyrous on
A zoogloeal film forms on all liquid media the above-mentioned media.
in which growth occurs; the nature of the Broth cultures containing peptone or
medium influences the thickness of the film yeast infusion form a mucilaginous, slimy
which may vary from 2 to 250 millimeters. pellicle. Beijerinck {op. cit., 4, 1898, 211)
The film becomes cartilagenous and falls called this polysaccharide pellicle cellulose-
to the bottom if disturbed. like and intimated that the mucilaginous
X-ray pattern studies made by Khouvine, material in the pellicle was somewhat
Champetier and Sutra (Compt. rend. Acad. different from that produced by Acetobacter
Sci. Paris, IH, 1932, 208) and by Barsha and xylinutn. The pellicle material stained blue
Hibbert (Can. Jour. Research, 10, 1934, when treated with iodine and hydroiodic
170) have shown that the cellulose contained acid.
in the membranes formed by Acetobacter Minimum nutritional requirements: Pan-
xylinum is identical with cotton cellulose. tothenic acid, nicotinic acid, p-aminoben-
Acid from glucose, ethanol, propanol and zoic acid, thiamine, valine, alanine, isoleu-
glycol. No acid from arabinose, fructose, cine, histidine, cystine, proline, aspartic or
galactose, maltose, lactose, raffinose, dex- glutamic acid, mineral salts and an oxidiz-
trin, starch, methanol, isopropanol, bu- able substrate such as alcohol, glucose, etc.
tanol, isobutanol, pentanol, mannitol or (Foda and Vaughn, Jour. Bact., 65, 1953,
acetaldehyde (Henneberg, Die deutsch. 79).
Essigind., 2, 1898, 147). Acid from glucose, ethanol, propanol,
Distinctive character: The production of butanol, glycol, adonitol, mannitol and sor-
thick, leather}'', zoogloeal, cellulosic mem- bitol. No acid from numerous other com-
branes on the surface of liquids. pounds tested.
Distinctive character: Production of a
Habitat: Vinegar, souring fruits, vege- thin, mucilaginous, slimj^, polysaccharide
tables and beverages. membrane on the surface of liquids as com-
pared with the thick, true cellulose mem-
3. Acetobacter rancens Beijerinck, 1898. brane of Acetobacter xylinum grown under
{Bacterium rancens Beijerinck, Cent. f. the same conditions. Beijerinck {op. cit., 4-,
Bakt., II Abt., 4, 1898, 211; Beijerinck, in 1898, 211) reported the production of a
Krai's Sammlung v. Mikroorg., Prague, cellulose-like membrane with some cultures
1898, 4.) of Acetobacter rancens.
ran'cens. L. part. adj. rancens putrid, Source: Isolated from shavings in the
stinking. quick- vinegar process.
The following description is taken in part Habitat: Found in fermented grain mash,
from a study of a culture of Acetobacter malt beverages, mother of vinegar, and
rancens received from Kluyver by Vaughn; souring fruits.
also see Frateur (La Cellule, 53, 1950, 339).
Rods with the usual morphological ap- Beijerinck (Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 4,
pearance ofcultures of acetic-acid bacteria. 1898, 211) thought that the next two species
Gram-negative. Molitility variable. Motile were hardly more than varieties of Acetobac-
cells possess a single polar fiagellum ter rancens; also see Frateur (La Cellule,
(Vaughn, Jour. Bact., ^6, 1943, 394). Involu- 53, 1950, 339).
3a. Acetobacter pasteurianus (Han- aceti in showing a heavier growth above the
sen, 1879) Beijerinck, 1916. (Mycoderma surface of the medium.
pasteurianum Hansen, Compt. rend. d. Acid from glucose, ethanol, propanol and
Trav. d. Lab. d. Carlsberg, 1, 1879, 96; Bei- glycol. No acid from arabinose, fructose,
jerinck, Proc. Sect. Sci., Kon. Akad. v. galactose, sorbose, sucrose, maltose, lactose,
Wetenschappen, Amsterdam, 18, 1916, 1199.) rafiinose, dextrin, starch, glycogen, inulin,
pas.teur.i.a'nus. Named for Pasteur, methanol, isopropanol, butanol, isobutanol,
French chemist and bacteriologist; M.L. pentanol, glycerol, erythritol, mannitol,
adj . pasteurianus of Pasteur. dulcitol or acetaldehyde (Henneberg, Die
Rods, 0.4 to 0.8 by 1.0 micron, occurring deutsch. Essigind., 2, 1898, 147).
singly and in chains, at times showing thick, Optimum temperature, 34° C; minimum,
club-shaped forms. Motility variable. between 6° and 7° C; maximum, 42° C.
Motile cells possess a single polar flagellum Habitat: Beer. Found in double beer.
(Vaughn, Jour. Bact., 46, 1943, 394). Stain
blue with iodine. 4. Acetobacter inelanogenus Beije-
Wort gelatin colonies: Small, circular, rinck, 1911. (Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 29,
entire, gray, slimy. 1911, 175.)
Forms a dry, wrinkled, folded pellicle on me.la.no'ge.nus. Gr. adj. melas, melanis
double beer with one per cent alcohol. black; Gr. v. gennao to produce; M.L. adj.
Meat infusion gelatin: Growth wide- inelanogenus black-producing.
spread; later rosette form, toothed. Rods. Non-motile or motile. Motile cells
Acid from glucose, ethanol, propanol and possess a single polar flagellum (Vaughn,
glycol. No acid from arabinose, fructose, Jour. Bact., 46, 1943, 394).
galactose, sorbose, sucrose, maltose, lactose, Gelatin: Apparent liquefaction probably
raffinose, dextrin, starch, glycogen, inulin, caused by acid, not an enzyme. When held
methanol, isopropanol, butanol, isobutanol, on artificial media for some time, the power
pentanol, glycerol, erythritol, mannitol, of liquefying gelatin is lost, probably due to
dulcitol or acetaldehyde (Henneberg, Die a slower production of acid. Deep brown pig-
deutsch. Essigind., 2, 1898, 147). ment produced; gelatin becomes insoluble
Optimum temperature, 30° C. Growth in boiling water and in trypsin solution.
occurs between 5° and 42° C. Beer- or wort-gelatin plates: Characteris-
Habitat: Vinegar; beer and beer wort. tic dark brown, wide-spreading, diffuse
areas.
3b. Acetobacter kuetzingianus (Han- Tap water - agar - glucose - peptone - potas-
sen, 1894) Bergey et al., 1923. {Bacterium sium phosphate-iron citrate-chalk medium:
klitzingianum (sic) Hansen, Compt. rend. d. In 24 hours at 30° C, black, spreading, dif-
Trav. d. Lab. d. Carlsberg, 3, 1894, 191; fuse areas.
Bergey et al.. Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 35.) Produces the pigment from peptone or
yeast autolysate if maltose or glucose is
kuet.zing.i.a'nus. Named for Kuetzing, present as a source of carbon. When grown in
a German botanist; AL L. adj. kuetzingianus
of Kuetzing. glucose-peptone broth or agar with CaCOa
Short, thick rods, occurring singly, rarely at 25° to 30° C, the pigment is produced
after one to several weeks.
forming chains of notable length. Capsule
Pigment : The pigment causing the brown
stains blue with iodine and with potassium coloration is an aromatic substance which is
iodide. Non-motile. blackened by iron salts. Reduces alkaline
Double beer gelatin colonies: Small, en- solutions of silver and mercury, blackening
tire, w'ith vermiform surface. them (Beijerinck, op. cit., 29, 1911, 175).
Wort gelatin colonies: Small, entire, with Minimum nutritional requirements : Pan-
surface free of wrinkles.
tothenic acid, nicotinic acid, p-aminoben-
Double beer: Forms a rather thick, folded zoic acid, thiamine, mineral salts and an
pellicle. Distinguished from Acetobacter oxidizable substrate such as alcohol, glu-
cose, etc. (Gray and Tatum, Proc. Nat'l. lactose, raffinose, de.xtrin, starch, inulin,
Acad. Sci., 30, 1944, 404, and Foda and sorbitol, glycogen, isodulcitol or methanol.
Vaughn, Jour. Bact., 65, 1953, 79). Optimum temperature, between 30° and
Acetic acid produced from alcohol. Glu- 35° C; minimum, between 10° and 15° C;
conic and 5-ketogluconic acids produced maximum, between 40° and 41° C.
from glucose and maltose. Thermal death point, 50° C. for 5 minutes.
O.xidizes mannitol to fructose; sorbitol to Distinctive character: The formation of a
sorbose; and glj^cerol to dihydroxjâcetone. rose to red pigment in suitable media, par-
Produces acid from arabinose, .xylose, glu- ticularly those containing glucose and cal-
cose, fructose, galactose and maltose. Some cium carbonate.
strains do not attack maltose. Note: Vaughn {loc. cit.) has proposed the
Distinctive character: The formation of name Acetobacter roseus to replace the name
dark brown to black pigment in media con- Acetobacter hoshigaki. As originally de-
taining glucose. scribed, this organism was given the name
Source: Isolated from beer. Bacterium hoshigaki var. rosea by Takahashi
Habitat : Causes light-colored beer to be- and Asai {op. cit., 82, 1930, 390) without the
come darker brown. It is a very strong beer- authors having first named and described
vinegar bacterium. Also found in souring the species Bacterium hoshigaki. The Japa-
fruits. nese word "hoshigaki" has been used in a
confusing manner, viz. Bacterium indiis-
5. Acetobacter roseus Vaughn, 1942. trium var. hoshigaki (Takahashi and Asai,
{Bacterium hoshigaki var. rosea Takahashi loc. cit.) and Bacterium hoshigaki var.
and Asai, Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 82, 1930, glucuronicum I, II and III (Takahashi and
390; Vaughn, Wallerstein Lab. Communica- Asai, Jour. Agr. Chem. Soc. Japan, 9, 1933,
tions, 5,No. 14, 1941,20.) 351 and Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 87, 1933,
ro'se.us. L. adj roseus rose -colored. 385). None of these Japanese names are in
Rods, 0.7 to 0.9 by 1.5 to 1.8 microns, the form of true binomials.
generally occurring singly, in pairs, often Source: Isolated from fermenting mash of
in chains. Non-motile. Pellicle on fluid dried persimmons (hoshigaki) ; also from
media yields no starch or cellulose reaction. souring figs and dates.
Koji (a mixture of rice and mold spores
used to start fermentation of Japanese bread 6. Acetobacter suboxydans Kluyver
and sake) extract agar colonies: Small, and de Leeuw, 1923. (Paper read at the con-
granular, circular, glistening, umbonate, vention of the Dutch Society of Micro-
becoming brownish. biology, Utrecht, December, 1923; see
Wort agar colonies: Circular, milky Tijdschrift v. Vergelijkende Geneeskunde,
white, becoming brownish in the center and 10, Afl. 2-3, 1924.)
yellowish at the periphery. sub. ox'y. dans. L. pref. sub- somewhat,
Koji extract agar streak: Grayish white, slightly; Gr. adj. oxys sharp; M.L. part. adj.
glistening with ciliate margin, becoming oxydans oxidizing; M.L. part. adj. suboxydans
purple-brown to brown. slightly o.xidizing.
Koji extract: Turbid, with thin film as- Short rods. Occur singly or in chains.
cending on wall of tube. Non-motile. Morphologically like Aceto-
Bouillon: Turbid with ring formation. bacter rancens.
Yeast infusion glucose agar: Colonies Forms a very thin, hardlj' visible pellicle
similar to those on wort agar. on fluid media.
Yeast infusion glucose broth: Turbid with Wort agar colonies: Very small, circular,
thin, ascending film. slightly yellow.
Red color produced on sake-wort agar and Minimum nutritional requirements: Pan-
all media containing calcium carbonate. tothenic acid, nicotinic acid, p-aminoben-
Acid from glucose, fructose, galactose, zoic acid, valine, alanine, isoleucine,
arabinose, glycerol, mannitol, ethanol and histidine, cystine, proline, mineral salts
propanol. No acid from maltose, sucrose. and an oxidizable substrate such as alcohol,
glucose, etc. (Landy and Dicken, Jour. Jour. Bact., 46, 1943, 394). The chains show
Biol. Chem., H6, 1942, 109; Lampen, Under- bud-like swellings.
kofler and Peterson, Jour. Biol. Chem., 1^6, Gelatin colonies: Circular, becoming
1942, 277; Underkofler, Bantz and Peterson, irregular in shape with peculiar ramifica-
Jour. Bact., 45, 1943, 183; Stokes and Lar- tions.
sen, Jour. Bact., J^, 1945, 495). Minimum nutritional requirements: Pan-
Acid from ethanol, propanol, glycol, tothenic acid, nicotinic acid, p-amino-
glucose, glycerol and sorbitol. benzoic acid, valine, alanine, isoleucine,
Optimum temperature, 30° C. histidine, cystine, proline, mineral salts
Distinctive character: Partial o.xidation and an o.xidizable substrate such as alcohol,
of substrates as indicated by the formation glucose, etc. (Foda and Vaughn, Jour.
of calcium 5-ketogluconate crystals on the Bact., 65, 1953, 79).
surface of agar slants containing glucose and Acid from arabinose, fructose, glucose,
calcium carbonate. galactose, sucrose, maltose, rafiinose, dex-
Source: Isolated from spoiled beer. trin, ethanol, propanol, erythritol, man-
Habitat: Beer; also found in souring nitol, glycol or glycerol. No acid from
fruits and wine vinegar. sorbose, lactose, starch, gl3^cogen, inulin,
methanol, isopropanol, butanol, isobutanol,
7. Acetobacter oxydans (Henneberg, pentanol, dulcitol or acetaldehyde (Hen-
1897) Bergey et al., 1923. {Bacterium oxydans neberg, Die deutsch. Essigind., 2, 1898, 147).
Henneberg, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 3, 1897,
223; Bergey et al.. Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 21°Optimum
36.) Distinctive characters: Low optimum
ox'y.dans. Gr. adj. oxys sharp; M.L. temperature for growth and oxidation of
part. adj. oxydans oxidizing. substrates; also the ability to oxidize a
Rods, 0.8 to 1.2 by 2.4 to 2.7 microns, large number of substrates.
occurring singly and in chains. Motile cells Habitat: Beer, souring fruits, wine vine-
possess a single polar flagellum (Vaughn,
Genus IV. Aeromonas Kluyver and van Niel, 1936.*

gar.
(Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 94, 1936, 398.)
A.e.ro.mo'nas. Gr. mas.n. aer air, gas; Gr. fem.n. monas unit, monad; M.L. fem.n.
Aeromonas gas (-producing) monad.
Short (rarely more than 3 microns), rod-shaped cells. Motile by means of polar flagella,
usually monotrichous; occasionally non-motile. Gram-negative. Heterotrophic, o.xidizing
various organic compounds. Carbohydrates fermented with the production of Ho , CO2 and
2,3-butylene glycol. Methyl red negative. Slow or no fermentation of lactose. The majority
of species thus far described are from water or are known to be pathogenic to marine and
fresh -water animals such as fish and amphibians.
Physiologically these organisms appear to be identical with certain species found in the
family Enter ohacteriaceae. The chief differences between the species in Aeromonas and those
in Paracolobactrum Borman, Stuart and Wheeler are found in the arrangement of their
flagella, in the less active fermentation of carbohydrates by the former, and in their patho-
genicity.
The type species is Aeromonas liquefaciens (Beijerinck) Kluyver and van Niel.
Key to the species of genus Aeromonas.

I. Motile.
A. Originally isolated from water.
* Prepared by Dr. S. F. Snieszko, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Leetown via Kear-
neysville, West Virginia, August, 1953.
1. Not proven to be pathogenic for fish and amphibians.

1. Aeromonas liquefaciens.
2. Generally regarded as the cause of an infectious edema of carp and other fish.
2. Aeromonas punctata.
B. Originally isolated from a septicemia in frogs (red leg).
3. Aeromonas hydrophila.
II. Non-motile. Pathogenic for fish, particularly Salmonidae.
4. Aeromonas salmonicida.
1. Aeromonas liquefaciens (Beijerinck, Urea not attacked.

1900) Kluyver and van Niel, 1936. {Aero- Methylene blue reduced.
bacter liquefaciens Beijerinck, Cent. f. Bakt., Starch hydrolyzed (Miles and Miles) ;
II Abt., 6, 1900, 199; Kluyver and van Niel, starch not hydrolyzed (Beijerinck).
Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 94, 1936, 399.) Acid and gas from glucose, galactose,
li.que.fa'ci.ens. L. v. liquefacio to fructose, mannose, maltose, sucrose, man-
liquefy; L. part. adj. liquefaciens liquefying. nitol, glycerol and starch. Acid from lactose,
Description taken from Beijerinck (op. raffinose, inositol and sorbitol. Slight acid
cit., 6, 1900, 199) and from E. M. Miles and from salicin at 22° C. but none at 37° C.
A. A. Miles (Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 5, 1951, Glucose fermented with the production of
299). 2,3-butanediol. Arabinose, rhamnose and
Rods, 0.4 to 0.8 by 1.5 to 3.0 microns, dulcitol not attacked.
with parallel sides and rounded ends. Fila- Aerobic, facultative.
ments common in "rough" colony forms. Temperature relations: Optimum, 37° C;
Motile by means of a single polar flagellum good growth on ordinary laboratory media
about 5 to 6 microns long. Gram-negative.
Gelatin stab: Liquefaction marked and at Produces
20° C. a characteristic black-rot in
commonly saccate, good growth. hen eggs.
Horse blood agar colonies: 2 to 3 mm in Pathogenic to mice, also to frogs, causing
diameter, round, entire, raised, smooth, a fatal bacteriemia.
moist, opaque, semi-translucent, grayish Source: Found rarely in canal mud,
white, forming a dirty brown-yellow colora- generally in certain marshes and swamps.
tion after 3 to 5 days at room temperature ; Habitat relationships uncertain. Those
non-hemolytic. that believe this organism to be identical
Broth: Growth abundant, turbid, with a with Aeromonas punctata would associate it
moderate, readily disintegrable sediment with a disease of carp, eels and other fishes.
and delicate pellicle.
Loeffler's serum: Growth abundant, but 2. Aeromonas punctata (Zimmermann,
no digestion. 1890, emend. Lehmann and Neumann, 1896)
Litmus milk: Acid; coagulated; digested. Snieszko, comb. nov. (Bacillus punctatus
Potato: Growth abundant, moist and Zimmermann, Bakt. unserer Trink- und
glistening, light brown. Nutzwasser, Chemnitz, 1, 1890, 38; Bac-
Indole is produced. terium punctatum Lehmann and Neumann,
Nitrites but not ammonia produced from Bakt. Diag., 1 Aufl., 2, 1896, 238; Pseudo-
nitrates (Beijerinck); ammonia produced, monas punctata Chester, Man. Determ.
presumably from peptones (Miles and Bact., 1901, 147; also see Schaperclaus,
Miles) . Ztschr. f. Fischerei, 28, 1930, 289.)
Methyl red test negative. punc.ta'ta. L. noun punctum a point, a
Citric acid and salts of citric acid may be small hole; M.L. adj. punctata full of points.
utilized as sole sources of carbon. Rods, 0.7 by 1.0 to 1.5 microns, occurring
Ammonium sulfate, uric acid and aspara- singly, in pairs and in chains. Motile with
gine may be utilized as sources of nitrogen. a single polar flagellum. Gram-negative.
Catalase produced. Gelatin colonies: Small, circular, gray,
Hydrogen sulfide produced. erose to filamentous, punctiform.
Gelatin stab: Crateriform liquefaction. flagellum (Kulp and Borden, Jour, of Bact.,
No pellicle. U, 1942, 673). Gram-negative.
Agar slant: Gray, smooth, filamentous. Gelatin colonies: Small, circular, gray,
Broth: Turbid with delicate pellicle. translucent, stippled.
Litmus milk: Acid; coagulated; pep- Gelatin stab: Napiform liquefaction.
tonized. Agar colonies: Whitish, raised, moist,
Potato: Brownish yellow to brownish stippled.
red color. Horse blood agar colonies: 2 to 3 mm in
Indole is produced. diameter, round, entire, raised, smooth,
Hydrogen sulfide is produced. moist, semi-translucent, grayish white,
Acid and gas from glucose broth (Leh- forming a dirty brown-yellow coloration
mann and Neumann, op. cit., 1896, 238). after 3 to 5 days at room temperature;
Aerobic, facultative. marked hemolysis.
Optimum temperature, between 25° and Agar slant : Thin, whitish, glassy, spread-
30° C. ing, becoming yellowish and opalescent.
Distinctive characters: There does not Broth: Turbid, with heavy pellicle.
seem to be any real difference between this Loeffler's serum: Growth abundant, but
organism and Aeromonas liquefaciens Kluy- no digestion.
ver and van Niel. Schaperclaus (Fisch- Litmus milk: Acid; coagulated; pep-
krankheiten, Braunschweig, 1 Aufi., 1935, tonized.
46; Ztschr. f. Fischerei, 37, 1939, 7) recog- Potato: Yellowish brown, moist, slightly
nizes definite varieties of this species: raised.
some are non-pathogenic, others are patho- Indole is produced.
genic to carp, and still others are patho- Nitrites produced from nitrates.
genic to eels. Ammonium sulfate, uric acid and aspara-
Source: From Chemnitz tap water (Zim- gine may serve as sources of nitrogen.
mermann). Commonly found in water of Catalase produced.
the River Main (Lehmann and Neumann, Hydrogen sulfide produced.
op. cit., 238; also see op. cit., 7 Aufl., 2, 1927, Urea not attacked.
47). Methylene blue reduced.
Habitat: Found in water supplies, es- Acid and gas from glucose, galactose,
pecially those in which carp, eels and other fructose, mannose, maltose, sucrose, man-
fishes occur. Causes an infectious edema in nitol, glycerol and starch. Acid and gas
carp (Cyprinus) (Schaperclaus, op. cit., from salicin at 22° C. but not at 37° C. Acid
1930, 289; see Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 105, from glycogen and dextrin. Glucose fer-
1942, 49) and other fishes. mented with the production of 2,3-butane-
diol. Lactose, arabinose, raffinose, rham-
3. Aeromonas hydrophila (Chester, nose, dulcitol, sorbitol and inositol not
1901) Stanier, 1943. {Bacillus htjdrophilus attacked.
fuscus Sanarelli, Cent. f. Bakt., 9, 1891, In the fermentation of beet molasses,
222; Bacillus hydrophilus Chester, Manual Murphy, Watson, Muirhead and Barnwell
Determ. Bact., 1901, 235; Proteus hydro- (Canad. Jour. Tech., 29, 1951, 375) found
philus Bergey et al.. Manual, 1st ed., 1923, this organism to yield up to 96 per cent of
211; Stanier, Jour. Bact., 46, 1943, 213.) theoretical 2,3-butariediol and acetoin.
hy.dro'phi.la. Gr. noun hydor water; Gr. This is a higher yield than the same authors
philus loving; M.L. adj. hydrophilus water- found for Aerobacter aerogenes.
loving. Starch hydrolyzed.
Description taken from Emerson and Gas ratio HjrCOs = 1:4.71. Methyl red
Norris (Jour. Exp. Med., 7, 1905, 32) and negative, acetylmethylcarbinol positive,
from E. M. Miles and A. A. Miles (Jour. indole negative, citrate positive (Speck and
Gen. Microbiol., 5, 1951, 299). Stark, Jour. Bact., U, 1942, 697).
Rods, 0.6 by 1.3 microns, occurring singly Aerobic, facultative.
and in chains. Motile, with a single polar
Produces a characteristic black-rot in Colonies developed on trypticase agar

hen eggs. quickly turn a violet-black color after the
Pathogenic for frogs, salamanders, fish, addition of 1 per cent aqueous p-phenyl-
mice, guinea pigs and rabbits, causing enediamine (Griffin, Proc. 52nd Gen. Meet-
hemorrhagic septicemia. Causes a hemor- ing, Soc. Ajner. Bact., Boston, 1952, 53;
rhagic septicemia in snakes. In this case the also see Vet. Med., 48, 1953, 280).
disease is transmitted by mites (Camin, Broth: Moderate to strong clouding; no
Jour, of Parasitol., 34, 1948, 345). ring or pellicle; moderate, flocculent sedi-
Source: Isolated from frogs dead of ment. Medium may clear in the upper
septicemia (red leg). layers and some growth may adhere to walls
Habitat: Water and infected fresh-water of test tubes of old cultures.
animals. Litmus milk: Slight and temporary acidi-
fication. Complete peptonization in one
4. Aeroinonas salmonicida (Lehmann week.
and Neumann, 1896) Griffin, 1954. (Bacillus Rabbit blood agar: Beta-hemolysis in 2
der Forellenseuche, Emmerich and Weibel, days.
Arch. f. Hyg.jBl, 1894, 1; Bacterium salmoni-
cida Lehmann and Neumann, Bakt. Diag., Nitrites produced from nitrates.
1 Aufl., 2, 1896, 240; see Mackie, Arkwright, Ammonia produced in tryptic digest of
Pryce-Tannatt, Mottram, Johnston and casein-yeast extract medium.
Menzies, Final Rept. of the Furunculosis Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Committee, H. M. Stationery Office, Edin- Methyl red negative; acetylmethylcarbi-
burgh, 1935; Griffin, Trans. Amer. Fish. nol not produced; sodium citrate does not
serve as a sole source of carbon.
Soc, 83, (1953) 1954, 241.)
Urea not attacked.
sal.mo.ni'ci.da. L. noun salmo, salmonis
Acid and gas from glucose, fructose,
salmon; L. v. suffix -cida from L. v. caedo to
maltose, galactose, arabinose, mannose,
cut, kill; M.L. fem.n. salmonicida salmon-
killer. starch, dextrin, glycogen, salicin, esculin
Description taken from Griffin (Trans. and mannitol. Lactose, sucrose, xylose,
Amer. Fish. Soc, 82 (1952) 1953, 129). rhamnose, trehalose, melibiose, cellobiose,
Rods, 1.0 by 1.7 to 2.0 microns, with raffinose, melizitose, inulin, amygdalin,
rounded ends, occurring singly, in pairs or methyl glucoside, glycerol, erythritol,
in chains. Non-motile. Gram-negative. adonitol, sorbitol and dulcitol not attacked.
Gelatin stab: Crateriform to infundibuli- Starch hydrolyzed.
form liquefaction in 1 to 3 days; complete Arginine and methionine are essential
liquefaction in 7 days. Growth filiform, for growth; asparagine and leucine are
beaded, best at top. Medium turns light highly stimulative while lysine is only
brown near the surface of old cultures. moderately so (unpublished data, Griffin).
Agar colonies : Circular, punctiform in 24 Temperature relations: Optimum, be-
hours and 1 to 2 mm in diameter in 4 to 5 tween 20° and 25° C. Minimum, 6° C. Maxi-
days, convex, entire, semi-translucent. mum, 34.5° facultative.
Aerobic, C.
Colonies and medium turn brown in old
cultures. Pathogenic for most fresh-water fish,
particularly those belonging to Salmonidae.
Agar slant: Growth abundant, butyrous, Source: From dead fish, of the family
glistening, filiform, opaque to transparent, Salmonidae, taken from a fish hatchery in
odorless, colorless. A soluble, brown, me- Southern Germany.
lanin-like pigment forms in 3 to 5 days. Habitat: Found in fresh-water lakes,
A bright salmon-pink color develops when streams, rivers and fish ponds throughout
i8-2-thienylalanine is present (Griffin, Europe and also in the United States and
Snieszko and Friddle, Jour. Bact., 65, 1953, Canada. Causes a furunculosis in infected
658). fish; also occurs in apparently normal fish.
Note: Species incertae sedis. At least tons) is listed in the Manual as producing
twelve additional species that appear to acid and gas from glucose and related
be identical with or closely related to the sugars. A monographic studj' of these or-
four species described in full have been ganisms is needed. The descriptions of some
reported in the literature. These were isola- species that were found before 1900 appear
ted from water, aquatic animals (midge to be as adequate as are the early descrip-
larvae, leeches, fishes) or dairy products. tions of Aeromonas liquefaciens. No attempt
It should also be noted that at least one has been made to determine which specific
plant pathogen {Xanthomonas proteamacu- epithet or epithets have priority.
Genus V. Photobacteriuni Beijerinck, 1889, emend. Breed and Lessel, 1954.*

(Beijerinck, Arch, neerl. d. Sci. exact, et natur., 23, 1889, 401; Photobader Beijerinck,
Troc. Sect. Sci., Kon. Akad. v. Wetensch., Amsterdam, 3, 1900, 352; ? Photomonas Orla-
Jensen {nomen nudum). Jour. Bact., 6, 1921, 271; Breed and Lessel, Antonie van Leeuwen-
hoek, 20, 1954, 60.)
Pho.to.bac.te'ri.um. Gr. noun phos light; Gr. ueut.dim.n. bacterium a small rod; M.L.
neut.n. Photobacterium light (-producing) bacterium.
Coccobacilli and occasional rods which, in the presence of glucose and asparagine, tend to
ramify in a manner analogous to that of bacteroids. Polar flagellate when motile. The type
species is normally non-motile but shows motility in young cultures (Kluyver). May or may
not liquefy gelatin. Produce acid, or acid and visible gas (H2 and CO2), from glucose and
other carbohydrates but not from lactose. Luminescent. Growth and luminescence best, or
even exclusively, on salt-water media containing 3 to 5 per cent salt. Found on dead fish
and other salt-water animals and in sea water. Reports by various authors indicate that the
luminescent^ coccoid and rod-shaped bacteria found living symbiotically in the tissues of
the phosphorescent organs of various cephalopods and deep-sea fishes also belong to this
genus. Other coccoid and rod-shaped luminescent bacteria found in the blood of Crustacea
and caterpillars appear to be parasitic or even pathogenic.
The type species is Photobacterium phosphoreum (Cohn) Ford.
Key to the species of genus Photobacterium. t

I. Coccobacilli which produce acid and gas from glucose.
A. Saprophytic on dead fish, Crustacea, meat and similar products.
1. Photobacterium phosphoreum.
B. Symbiotic, found in the photogenic organ of a cephalopod.
2. Photobacterium pierantonii .
IL Short rods which produce acid but no gas from glucose.
A. No growth at 37° C.
3. Photobacterium fischeri.
B. Grows well at 37° C.
4. Photobacterium harveyi.
1. Photobacterium phosphoreum fende het geneeskundig staatstoezicht in

(Cohn, 1878) Ford, 1927. {Micrococcus Nederland, 1878, 126; Bacterium phos-
phosphoreus Cohn, see letter addressed to phorescens Fischer, Cent. f. Bakt., 3, 1888,
J. Penn, Verzameling van stukken betref- 107; Photobacterium phosphorescens Bei-
* Prepared by Prof. Robert S. Breed and Mr. Erwin F. Lessel, Jr., Cornell University,
Geneva, New York, February, 1954.
t See Speucer (Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 13, 1955, 111) for a recent discussion of the classifica-
tion of this group.
jerinck, Arch, neerl. d. Sci. exact, et natur., Distinctive characters: Coccoid bacteria
£3, 1889, 401; Photobacter phosphoreum which do not liquefy gelatin and which
Beijerinck, Folia Microbiologica, Delft, produce acid and gas from glucose but not
4, 1916, 15; Ford, Textb. of Bact., 1927, from lactose. In the presence of glucose,
615.) especially when combined with asparagine,
phos.pho're.um. Gr. v. phosphor eo to the cells swell up greatly and lose their
bring light; M.L. adj. phosphoreus light- luminescent property. Luminescence on
bearing. organic matter occurs only when there is a
Description taken from Fischer (op. cit., sufficient proportion of inorganic salt.
1888, 107) and Beijerinck {op. cit., 1889, Comments: Several publications which
401). antedate that of Fischer (op. cit., 1888, 107)
Coccobacilli, 0.5 to 2.0 microns; oc- allude to the fact that the binomial Bac-
casional rods are 0.5 to 1.0 micron. In the terium phosphorescens might have been
presence of glucose, especially glucose and effectively published earlier than 1888. One
asparagine combined, some of the cells tend reference (Anonymous, Nature, 35, 1886-
to branch and to take the form of bac- 1887, 377) cites Hermes, the Director of the
teroids. Frequently occur as zoogloeae. Berlin Aquarium, as having published an
Non-motile (Fischer); some cells show a article in which he describes and names as
sluggish motility (Beijerinck); (Johnson, Bacteriian phosphorescens a luminescent
personal communication, 1953, stated that organism obtained from a specimen of cod
even electron micrographs failed to reveal (Gadus callarias) at the Berlin Aquarium;
flagella) ; actively motile on suitable media this was the same organism which Fischer
(Kluyver, personal communication, June, secured from the Berlin Aquarium and
1953) ; Leifson (personal communication, which he named Bacterium phosphorescens.
July, 1953) reports that an occasional cell A second reference (Ludwig, Cent. f. Bakt.,
of culture L342 from Delft shows mono- 2, 1887, 404) states that Hermes demon-
trichous flagellation. Stain lightly with strated before the Berlin Society the phos-
aniline dyes. Gram-negative (Manual, 3rd phorescent bacterium from the Berlin
ed., 1930, 178). Aquarium under the name Bacterium phos-
Gelatin: No liquefaction. phorescens. Other references (Anonymous,
Agar slant: Grayish white layer (Manual, Gesell. deutsch. Naturforsch. u. Aerzte,
loc. cit.). Tageblatt, 60, 1887, 77 and 254) showed
Broth: Slightly turbid with thin pellicle that Hermes used this organism several
(Manual, loc. cit.). times for demonstration purposes in the
Potato: Ordinary acid potato, no growth; Aquarium and before the Society. As
neutralized with sodium phosphate, thin Hermes' publication has not been found, and
brownish growth (Chester, Ann. Rept. Del. as the binomial Bacterium phosphorescens is
Col. Agr. Exp. Sta., 9, 1897, 124). not effectively published in anj- of the three
Proteolytic enzymes not secreted. references given directly above, Fischer is
Glucose, fructose, maltose and galactose credited here as the author of this binomial.
are anaerobically fermented with the pro- Considerable confusion exists in the
duction of gas. This is a butanediol fermen- literature concerning this species, most of
tation that produces H2 and CO2 (Kluyver, which can be elucidated by the following:
personal communication, 1953). (1) Fischer (Ztschr. f. Hyg., 2, 1887, 54-92)
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. described an organism, isolated from sea
Minimum temperature, between 5° and water from the West Indies, which he named
10° C. Bacillus phosphorescens; (2) a second species
Quality of luminescence: Bluish green. of phosphorescent bacteria, obtained from
Salt tolerance: To assure phosphorescence the Berlin Aquarium, was described, but
and good growth, the osmotic tension of not named, by Fischer in a supplement to
inorganic salt solutions used for cultivation the work cited above (ibid., 92-95); Leh-
should be equivalent to that produced in a mann (Cent. f. Bakt., 5, 1889, 785) also
3 per cent sodium chloride solution. described an organism obtained from the
Berlin Aquarium, and he states that it is Guide to the Bacteria and Actinomycetes,
identical with the one which Fischer ob- 514.)
Izd. Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Moskau, 1949,
tained from this same source; (3) in a later
paper (Cent. f. Bakt., S, 1888, 107), Fischer pie.ran.to'ni.i. M.L. gen. noun pier-
identified the second species, as well as antonii of Pierantoni; named for Prof. U.
phosphorescent bacteria that he isolated Pierantoni, an Italian scientist.
from dead fish from the Baltic and North Original description supplemented by
Seas, as Bacterium phosphorescens. Some material taken from Meissner (Cent. f.
authors, e.g. Lehmann and Neumann (Bakt. Bakt., II Abt., 67, 1926, 204).
Diag., 1 Aufl., 2, 1896, 198; and other edi- Cocci, 0.8 micron in diameter, and short
tions), Migula (Syst. d. Bakt., 2, 1900, 433) rods, 0.8 by 1.0 to 2.0 microns. Occasionally
and Chester (Man. Determ. Bact., 1901, vacuolated. Motile or non-motile, the
181), when referring to Bacterium phos- motile cells possessing a single flagellum or
phorescens Fischer, quote the supplement a tuft of 2 to 4 flagella. Gram-negative.
to Fischer's paper in the Ztschr. f. Hyg., 2, Gelatin colonies: Circular, luminous.
1887, 92, as the source of the name Bacterium Gelatin stab: No liquefaction.
phosphorescens, whereas the first use of this Sepia agar colonies: Circular, white,
binomial by Fischer was in the Cent. f. convex, smooth and serrate with an intense,
Bakt., 3, 1888, 107. This failure to give an greenish luminescence.
exact reference has caused confusion in Egg glj'cerol agar slant: Yellowish green,
later publications, especially since Bacillus luminous streak.
phosphorescens is the only binomial pro- Broth: Turbid.
posed, or even used, by Fischer in his paper Indole not produced.
published in the Ztschr. f. Hyg., 2, 1887, Acid and gas from glucose and maltose.
54-95, which also contains a description of Some strains produce acid but no gas from
the organism he later identified as Bacterium lactose and sucrose.
phosphorescens. Still other writers (Gorham, Aerobic.
in Dahlgren, Jour. Franklin Inst., 180, 1915,
517 and insert following 714) have used the Optimum temperature, 33° C.
Optimum pH for growth, 9.0. No growth
name Bacillus phosphorescens in lieu of at pH 5.0.
Bacterium phosphorescens, thus augmenting Optimum pH for luminescence, 8.0. No
the confusion. luminescence at pH 5.0.
Relationships to other species of bacteria: Quality of luminescence: Greenish.
Beijerinck regards Photobacterium phos- Source: Isolated from the photogenic
phorescens Beijerinck as identical with organ of the cephalopod Rondeletia minor.
Micrococcus phosphoreus Cohn (Folia Micro- Habitat: Apparently found only in
biologica, Delft, 4, 1916, 15, footnote 4) Rondeletia minor but may also be found in
but different from Photobacterium pfleugeri closely related species.
Ludwig (Arch, neerl. d. Sci. exact, et natur.,
24, 1891, 369). 3. Photobacterium fischeri Beijerinck,
Source: Isolated from cod (Gadus cal- 1889. (Einheimischer Leuchtbacillus, Fis-
larias) from the Baltic Sea; also found on cher, Cent. f. Bakt., 3, 1888, 107; Beijerinck,
haddock {Melanogrammus aeglifinus) and on Arch, nderl. d. Sci. exact, et natur., 23, 1889,
lobster (Homarus sp.). 401; Vibrio fischeri Lehmann and Neumann,
Habitat: Found on dead fish and in sea Bakt. Diag., 1 Aufl., 2, 1896, 342; Achromo-
water, so far as known. bacter fischeri Bergey et al.. Manual, 3rd ed.,
1930, 220.)
2. Photobacterium pierantonii (Zir- fisch'er.i. M.L. gen. noun ^scê/z of Fis-
polo, 1918) Krassilnikov, 1949. {Micrococcus cher; named for Prof. Bernhard Fischer,
pierantonii Zirpolo, Boll. del. Societa dei one of the earliest students of luminescent
Natural, in Napoli, 31, (1918) 1919, 75; bacteria.
Photobacterium pierantonii, incorrectly Description taken from Fischer (op. cit.,
ascribed to Bergey et al. by Krassilnikov, 1888, 107), Beijerinck (op. cit., 1889, 401) and
Johnson and Shiink (Jour. Bact., 31, 1936, tol, inositol, sorbitol, erythritol, arabitol
589). or alpha-methyl-glycoside.
Short, thick rods, 0.4 to 0.8 by 1.0 to 2.5 Starch hydrolysis is doubtful or verj'
microns, with rounded ends, occurring slight.
singly and in pairs. Occasional rods slightly Decarboxjlates glutamic acid to form
curved, ends slightly pointed. Not encap- 7-aminobutyric acid and CO2 ; decarboxjd-
sulated. Motile. Johnson, Zworykin and ates lysine (Pearson, Jour. Cell, and Comp.
Warren (Jour. Bact., 46, 1943, 167) made Physiol., 41, 1953, 65).
pictures with the electron microscope of Alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic
a culture which they identified with this acid and threonine are capable of serving
species; the organism showed a tuft of polar as sole nitrogen sources for this organism
flagella. Gram-negative. (Pearson, Jour. Tenn. Acad. Sci., 27, 1952,
229).
Sea-water gelatin colonies : After 48 hours,
colonies small (less than 0.5 mm in diam- Nitrites produced from nitrates.
eter), circular, entire, homogeneous, with Ammonia produced in peptone media.
slight liquefaction. Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
Sea-water gelatin stab: Slight, infundi- Temperature relations: Optimum, be-
buliform liquefaction, sometimes slightly tween 25° and 28° C. Minimum, between 5°
beaded, tending to become crateriform in and 10° C. No growth at 37° C.
old cultures. Optimum temperature for luminescence,
Nutrient sea-water agar colonies: Small, 28° C. Weak at 10° C., none at 5° nor at 37° C.
circular, smooth, entire, slightly raised, Optimum pH for luminescence, between
homogeneous, iridescent. Old colonies be- 7.4 and 7.8; less intense at 7.0 and 8.2.
come yellowish with margins slightly ser- Fischer (Erg. d. Plankton Expedition d.
rate. Humboldt-Stiftung, 4, 1894) noted that
Sea-water agar slant: Growth abundant, this organism grows best in alkaline rnedia.
grayish to jellowish, smooth, viscous, Quality of luminescence: Orangish, main-
homogeneous, iridescent. tained for 5 to 8 weeks (Beijerinck); green-
Growth on autoclaved fish: Moderate, ish (Johnson and Shunk). Luminescence
grayish to yellowish, smooth, glistening, favored by the presence of glycerol in the
luminescent, no odor of putrefaction. medium.
Sea water containing 0.2 per cent peptone : Salt tolerance: The osmotic tension of
Moderate growth, mostly near the surface; inorganic salt solutions used as media for
very thin pellicle; sediment found in old this species must be equivalent to that
tubes. produced in a 2.8 to 3.0 per cent sodium
Milk: No growth. Milk with 2.8 per cent chloride solution to assure luminescence and
sodium chloride : Slight growth and lumines- good growth.
cence, but no action on the milk. Not pathogenic for white rats.
Distinctive character: Luminescence on
Potato plugs resting on cotton saturated
organic matter occurs only when there is a
in sea water: Growth fairly abundant,
spreading, slightly brownish, luminous. suflftcient proportion of inorganic salt pres-
Blood serum: No growth. ent.
Source: Isolated from sea water at Kiel
and from herring.
Hydrogen sulfide is produced.
Habitat: Frequentlj^ found on dead fish,
Acid but no gas from glucose (Gorham, Crustacea and other salt-water animals and
in Dahlgren, Jour. Franklin Inst., 180, in coastal sea water. Phosphorescent bac-
1915, 517 and insert following 714). Acid teria also occur on meat and even on sol-
from glycerol, fructose, galactose, mannose, dier's wounds where they produce no known
maltose, cellobiose, dextrin and salicin. harmful effects. No food poisoning has been
No acid or gas from lactose, sucrose, arabi- traced to meat on which these organisms
nose, xylose, fucose, rhamnose, trehalose, have grown (Niven, Circular No. 2, Ameri-
raffinose, glycogen, inulin, adonitol, dulci- can Meat Inst. Foundation, 1951, 1-11).
4. Photobacteriuni harveyi (Johnson several days. Luminescence at surface only

and Shunk, 1936) Breed and Lessel, 1954. unless the tube is shaken.
(Achro)nobacter harveyi Johnson and Shunk, Milk, with or without the addition of 2.8
Jour. Bact., 31, 1936, 587; Breed and Lessel, per cent salt: No growth.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 20, 1954, 61.) Potato plugs resting on cotton saturated
har'vey.i. M.L. gen. noun harveyi of with sea water: Growth slight, somewhat
Harvey; named for E. N. HarveJ^ spreading, slightly brownish. Luminous.
Description taken from Johnson and Indole produced (Gore's method).
Shunk (op. cif., 1936, 587). Hydrogen sulfide is produced (ZoBell
Rods, .0.5 to 1.0 by 1.2 to 2.5 microns, and Fantham method).
occurring singly or in pairs, with rounded Fixed acid from glucose, fructose, man-
ends. Occasionally slightly curved; ends nose, galactose, sucrose, maltose, mannitol,
occasionally slightly pointed. Non-spore- dextrin, glycogen, trehalose, cellobiose;
forming. Not encapsulated. Motile by slowly from salicin. Non-fixed acid from
means of a single, polar flagellum 2 to 3 melezitose; slight acid from sorbitol, disap-
times the length of the cell. Gram-negative. pearing in 24 hours. No acid from glycerol,
Sea-water gelatin colonies: After 24 xylose, arabinose, dulcitol, inositol, adoni-
hours at 20° C, circular, about 1.5 mm in tol, erythritol, arabitol, lactose, raffinose,
diameter or larger, margin slightly undu- rhamnose, fucose or alpha methyl glucoside.
late, sunken due to the beginning of lique- Starch agar: Wide zone of hydrolysis.
faction, interior somewhat zonate; colonies Nitrites produced from nitrates.
surrounded by a halo of numerous small Ammonia produced in peptone media
secondary colonies, circular and finely (Hansen method).
granular. In crowded plates a large number Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
of gas bubbles are formed. Luminescent. Temperature relations: Optimum, be-
Sea-water gelatin stab: Rapid saccate tween 35° and 39° C. Abundant growth be-
liquefaction complete in 5 daj^s at 22° C. tween 22° and 25° C.
Abundant flocculent sediment. Optimum temperature for luminescence,
Sea-water agar colonies: Mostly very between 20° and 40° C.
large, 6 to 8 cm in diameter in 24 hours, flat, Optimum pH for luminescence, between
highly iridescent, circular with undulate pH 7.4 and 7.8.
margin, or composed of narrow and close or Quality of luminescence (to completely
wide filamentous growth. Occasionally dark-adapted eyes) : Yellowish green to
small colonies appear that are circular, with green on fish and typically green on sea-
entire or slightly undulate margin, often water agar or gelatin.
producing irregular secondary growth, sur- Not pathogenic for white rats or amphi-
face always smooth. Luminescent.
Sea-water agar slant: Growth abundant, Distinctive character: Luminescence not
spreading, grayishly viscous, homogeneous, pods.
favored by the presence of glycerol in the
iridescent, the medium becoming rapidly medium.
alkaline w^hen inoculated at an initial pH Source: Isolated from a dead amphipod
of 7.0. With fish decoctions added to the (Talorchesda sp.) at Woods Hole, Massa-
medium, luminescence is much brighter chusetts.
and growth becomes brownish after several Habitat: Sea water.
days.
Growth on autoclaved fish: Abundant, Note: Species incertae sedis. Additional
smooth, glistening, yellowish, becoming luminescent bacteria which probably be-
dirty brown after several days. Mild putre- long in this genus have been reported in
factive odor. Luminescence very brilliant. the literature. However many of the de-
Sea water containing 0.2 per cent peptone : scriptions are not adequate enough to
Abundant uniform turbidity, thin pellicle, permit the determination of the identity
sediment accumulating over a period of and relationships of these organisms.
Genus VI. Azotonionas Stapp, 1940.*

(Stapp, Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 102, 1940, 18; not Azotomonas Orla-Jensen,
Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., U, 1909, 484.)
A.zo.to.mo'nas. Gr. azous without life; Fr. noun azote nitrogen; Gr. fem.n. monas unit,
monad; M.L. fem.n. Azotomonas nitrogen (-fixing) monad.
Rod- to coccus-shaped cells. Motile by means of 1 to 3 polar fiagella. No fat-like reserve
food granules in the cells. Chemo-heterotrophic. Produce acid and sometimes gas from glu-
cose and other sugars and alcohols. Many carbon compounds other than sugars are used as
sources of energj-. Indole is produced. Aerobic. Active in the fixation of atmospheric nitro-
gen. Found in soil.
The type species is Azotomonas insolita Stapp.
Key to the species of genus Azotonionas.

I. Acid and gas from glucose.
1. Azotomonas insolita.
II. Acid but no gas from glucose.
2. Azotomonas fluorescens.
1. Azotomonas insolita Stapp, 1940. 7.0° and 9.5° C. Maximum, 48° C. Good
(Abstracts of Communications, Third In- growth at 37° C. Thermal death point,
ternat. Congr. for Microbiol., Sect. VIII, 60° C.
1939, 306; abst. in Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. of Limits of pH, 3.3 to 9.5.
America, 4, 1939, 244; Zent. f. Bakt., II Source: Isolated from a mixture of chop-
Abt., 102, 1940, 1.) ped cotton husks and rice hulls.
in.so'li.ta. L. adj. insolitus unusual. Habitat: Soil.
Coccoid rods 0.6 to 1.2 by 0.6 to 1.8 mi-
crons. Motile by means of 1 to 3 polar 2. Azotonionas fluorescens Krassilni-
flagella. Gram-negative. kov, 1947. (Quoted from Krassilnikov, Guide
Gelatin: No liquefaction. to the Bacteria and Actinomycetes, Izd.
Agar colonies: Flat, whitish, entire, Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Moskau, 1949, 420.)
weakly fluorescent.
flu.o.res'cens. L. noun fluor a flux; M.L.
Agar slant: Glistening, white growth.
v. fluoresco to fluoresce; fluor-spar, a flux-
Broth: Strongly turbid; sediment; pel- ing mineral which is fluorescent; M.L.
licle.
part. adj. fluorescens fluorescing.
Milk: Unchanged.
Translated by Dr. A. Petraitis, New York
Potato: Growth somewhat dry, not slimy,
dirty gray, spreading. State Experiment Station, Geneva, New-
York.
Acid and gas from adonitol, arabinose, Rod-shaped cells, 0.5 to 0.8 by 2.0 to 5.0
dextrin, glucose, galactose, glycerol, microns, which become shorter in old cul-
inositol, lactose, fructose, maltose, man- tures. Motile by means of one to three
nose, mannitol, raffinose, rhamnose, salicin, polar flagella. Gram-negative.
sorbitol, starch, sucrose and xylose. Gelatin: Slow liquefaction.
Starch is hydrolyzed. Inorganic media with or without nitro-
Nitrites produced from nitrates. gen: Good growth.
Atmospheric nitrogen is fixed. Colonies are wide, smooth and glistening.
Ammonium salts are utilized. A slightly yellowish or violet fluorescent
Aerobic. pigment is produced which diffuses through
Temperature relations: Optimum, be- the medium.
tween 25° and 30° C. Minimum, between Milk: Peptonized.
* Rearranged by Dr. A. W. Hofer, New York State Experiment Station, Cornell Univer-
sity, Geneva, New York, November, 1953.
199
Acid but no gas from various sugars and Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
alcohols. Aerobic.
Starch is hj'drolyzed. Source: Isolated from soil.
Fixes nitrogen. Habitat: Soil.
Genus VII. Zymomonas Kluyver and van Niel, 1936*

(Kluj'ver and van Niel, Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., H, 1936, 399; Saccharomonas
Shimwell, Jour. Inst. Brewing, 56 (N.S. 47), 1950, 179.)
Zy.mo'mo.nas or Zy.mo.mo'nas. Gr. noun zyme leaven, ferment; Gr. noun monas a
unit, monad; M.L. fem.n. Zymomonas fermenting monad.
Rod-shaped cells, occasionally ellipsoidal. Motile cells are lophotrichous. Anaerobically
ferment glucose with the production of carbon dioxide, ethyl alcohol and some lactic acid.
Found in fermenting beverages such as pulque, palm juice and beer.
The type species is Zymomonas mobilis (Lindner) Kluyver and van Niel.
1. Zymomonas mobilis (Lindner, 1928) Anaerobic, although with a certain

Kluyver and van Niel, 1936. (Termobac- oxygen tolerance of aerobic growth in the
terium mobile Lindner, Atlas d. Mikrosk presence of fermentable sugars.
Grundl. d. Garungsk., 3 Aufl., 2, 1928, Taf Optimum temperature, 30° C.
68; also see Lindner, 50 Jubilaumsber Distinctive character: Apart from the
Westpreuss. Bot.-Zool. Vereins, 1928, 253 production of some lactic acid, the fermen-
Pseudomonas lindneri Kluyver and Hoppen tation resembles the alcoholic fermentation
brouwers, Arch. f. Mikrobiol., £, 1931, 259 produced by j'easts.
Zymomonas mobile (sic), Kluyver and van Source : Isolated from the fermenting sap
Niel, Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 94, 1936, 399 (pulque) of Agave americana in Mexico and
Saccharomonas lindneri Shimwell, Jour. from fermenting palm juice {Arenga sac-
Inst. Brewing, 56 (N. S. 47), 1950, 179.) charifera) in Sumatra and Java (Roelofsen,
mo'bi.lis. L. adj. mobilis movable, motile. Natuurwetenschappelijk Tijdschrift voor
Short rods with rounded ends, 1.4 to 2.0 Ned-. Indie, 101, 1941, 374).
by 4.0 to 5.0 microns. Occur usually as pairs Habitat: Found in fermenting plant
with a central constriction and rarely as juices in tropical countries (Mexico and
short chains. Motile with polar flagella. Indonesia).
Gram-negative.
Peptone gelatin: Poor growth. 2. Zymomonas anaerobia (Shimwell,
Peptone agar: Poor growth. 1937) Kluyver, comb. nov. (Achromobacier
Wort agar: White, round, raised colonies anaerobium Shimwell, Jour. Inst. Brewing,
1 mm in diameter. Good growth. Still better 43, 1937, 507; Saccharomonas anaerobia Shim-
growth where 2 per cent sucrose or yeast well, op. cit., 56 (N. S. 47), 1950, 179 (type
extract with sucrose is added. Chalk may be species of genus Saccharomonas Shimwell).)
added to neutralize acid. an.a.e.ro'bi.a. Gr. pref. an not; Gr.
Wort gelatin stab: Uniform growth in noun aer air; Gr. noun bins life; M.L. adj.
stab; no surface growth. No liquefaction. anaerobius not living in air.
Broth: Poor growth in peptone or yeast Rods, 1.0 to 1.5 by 2.0 to 3.0 microns,
extract broth unless sugars are added. plump with rounded ends. Cells occasionally
Carbon dioxide, ethyl alcohol and some clump together to form rosette-like clusters.
lactic acid produced from glucose and Young cells actively motile with lophotri-
fructose but not from mannose. Ferments chous flagella, old cells become non-motile.
sucrose usually after a somewhat prolonged Not encapsulated. Gram-negative.
lag period. May produce as much as 10 per Glucose-beer-gelatin stab: Dense, fili-
cent alcohol. form to beaded growth in stab; no surface
Catalase-positive. growth. No liquefaction.
* Prepared by Prof. A. J. Kluyver, Technische Hogeschool, Delft, Holland, December,
1953.
Glucose-beer-agar colonies: When in- Temperature relations: Optimum, 30° C.;

cubated inCO2 , irregularly circular, entire, thermal death point, 60° C. for 5 minutes.
convex, about 1 mm in diameter, cream- pH range for growth, 3.4 to 7.5.
colored by reflected light, brown by trans- Distinctive characters: Does not grow in
mitted light, thinly butyrous, granular. any medium unless glucose or fructose is
Glucose-beer-agar slant: Normally there present. 8himwell {loc. cit.) recognizes a
is no growth although there may be a slight non-motile variety of this species. A related
growth after prolonged incubation. Fili- or perhaps identical species has been de-
form or beaded, creamy white, thinly scribed as the cause of "cider sickness" in
butyrous, non-adherent growth when incu- England (see Barker, Ann. Rept. Nat.
bated in CO2 . Fruit and Cider Inst. Long Ashton, 1948).
Glucose-beer-agar stab: Dense, filiform A comparative study of cultures of Zymo-
to beaded growth in stab; no surface growth. monas mobilis, Z. anaerobia and the cider
Yeast extract, sugar-free beer: No organism made in 1951 shows that these
growth. organisms are closely related. Z. anaerobia
Beer, 2 per cent glucose: Densely turbid, did show fermentation of sucrose although
later becoming clear with a heavy sediment. the cider organism did not show this fer-
Yeast extract glucose broth: Growth only mentation (Kluyver, personal communica-
tion).
in deep medium; slight deposit on walls of
tube; dense sediment at bottom. Source: Isolated from beer, from the
Indole not produced. surface of brewery yards and from the
Glucose and fructose readily fermented; brushes of cask-washing machines.
maltose, sucrose, lactose and ethyl alcohol Habitat: Plant juices or extracts con-
not attacked. taining glucose.
Acetylmethylcarbinol and diacetyl not
produced. Note: Species incertae sedis. Additional
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. species which probably belong in this genus
Anaerobic, microaeroduric (not micro- but which have not been well described have
aerophilic) . been reported from beer and cider.
Genus VIII. Protaminobacter den Dooren de Jong, 1926 *

(Bijdrage tot de kennis van het mineralisatieproces. Thesis, Rotterdam, 1926, 159.)
Pro.ta.mi.no.bac'ter. Gr. sup.adj. protus first; M.L. noun aminum an amine; M.L.
mas.n. bacter masculine form of Gr. neut.n. bactrum rod or staff; M.L. mas.n. Protaminobacter
protamine rod.
Cells motile or non-motile. Capable of dissimilating alkylamines. Pigmentation frequent.
Soil or water forms.
Recently Slepecky and Doetsch (Bact. Proc, 54th Gen. Meeting, Soc. of Amer. Bact.,
1954, 44) have isolated 23 fresh cultures of polar flagellate organisms that utilize alkyl-
amines. Of these, one resembled a known species of Protaminobacter, but all showed the
general characters of organisms placed in the genus Pseudomonas. The authors question
the recognition of the genus Protaminobacter on a biochemical basis only.
The type species is Protaminobacter albofiavus den Dooren de Jong.
Key to the species of genus Protaminobacter.

I. Non-motile. Gelatin colonies light yellow to colorless.
1. Protaminobacter albofiavus.
II. Motile. Gelatin colonies red.
2. Protaminobacter ruber.
* Prepared by Prof. D. H. Bergey, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, June, 1929; further re-

vision by Prof. Robert S. Breed, New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, New York,
July, 1953.
201
1. Protaminobacter alboflavus den Table I. — Organic Substances Utilized as a

Dooren de Jong, 1926. (Thesis, Rotterdam, Source of Carbon by Varieties (biotypes) of
1926, 159; also see Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., Protaminobacter alboflavus
71, 1927, 218.) « 0 7
al.bo.fla'vus. L. adj. alhus white; L.
adj. flavus j-ellow; M.L. adj. alboflavus
whitish yellow. Organic acids:
Rods. Non-motile. Gram-negative.
Acetic + + +
Gelatin colonies: Circular, dry, light
Valerianic + 0
yellow or colorless.
a-crotonic + + +
Gelatin stab: No liquefaction. Undecyclic 0 0 0
Agar colonies: Circular, opaque, pigment
Lactic + 0 0
bright red, yellow, light gray or colorless. /3-oxybutyric + + +
Amine agar colonies: Circular, white to
Succinic + + +
dark yellow.
Formic + + +
See Table I for list of organic substances
Glutaric 0 + 0
utilized. Adipic 0 0 0
Catalase produced.
Fumaric + + +
Malic + + +
Tartaric 0 + 0
Distinctive characters : The author recog-
Citric + + +
nizes four varieties of this species which he /3-phenj'lpropionic + 0 0
differentiates on the basis of organic sub- Quinic + + 0

stances attacked (see Table) and pigment Amino compounds:
produced. Variety a shows light yellow a-alanin 0 0 +
growth on gelatin, bright red on agar and a-aminocapronic acid + 0 +
yellow on amine agar. Variety' /3 is light 3'el- Leucin + + 0
low on gelatin, yellow on agar and dark
Propionamid + 0 +
yellow on amine agar. Variety y is light
Capronamid + 0 +
yellow on gelatin, light gray on agar and Uric acid + 0 0
yellow on amine agar. Variety 5 is colorless
on gelatin and agar and white on amine
Hippuric acid + 0 0
agar. Alcohol :
Habitat: Soil and water. Ethyl + +
2. Protaminobacter ruber den Dooren
Sugar :
de Jong, 1926. (Thesis, Rotterdam, 1926, Glucose + + +
159; also see Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 71, 1927,
218.) Amines :
ru'ber. L. ruber red. Ethyl + + +
Rods. Motile with a single polar flagellum Diethyl + + 0
(Weaver, Samuels and Sherago, Jour. Bact., Propyl + + +
35, 1938, 59). Gram-negative. Isopropyl 0 + 0
Gelatin colonies: Circular, red, dry. Dipropyl + + 0
Gelatin stab: No liquefaction. Tripropyl + 0 0
Agar colonies: Circular, red, opaque. Butyl + 0 +
Amine agar colonies: Circular, dark red. Isobutyl + + +
The following organic acids are attacked: Diisobutyl + + 0
Amyl + + +
Acetic, lactic, |3-oxybutyric, glycerinic, Diamyl 0 + 0
succinic, malonic, formic, methyl formic, Ethanol + + +
glutaric, maleinic, fumaric, malic, tartaric, Glucosamin + + +
citric and quinic.
The following amino compounds are
Benzyl + 0 +
attacked: Sarcosiu, betain, hippuric acid, Catalase produced,

asparagine, propionamid, capronamid, lac- Aerobic, facultative,
tainid, succinamid, allantoin and uric acid. Optimum temperature, 30° C.
Glucose fermented. Habitat: Soil and v/ater.
Genus IX. Alginomonas Thj^tta and Kdss, 1945.*

(Thj0tta and K&ss, Norske Videnskaps-Akad., Oslo, I Mat.- Naturv. Klasse, No. 5, 1945,
17; also see lass. Lid and MoUand, ibid., No. 11, 1945, 8.)
Al. gi.no. mo 'nas. L. fem.n. alga seaweed; M.L. adj. alginicus pertaining to alginic acid
from seaweed; Gr. noun nionas a unit, monad; M.L. fem.n. Alginomonas alginic-acid (-de-
composing) monad.
Coccoid rods which are motile with one to four polar fiagella. Gram-negative. Fluorescent.
Gelatin is usually liquefied. Carbohydrates are not utilized. Citric acid is not used as a sole
source of carbon. Alginic acid is decomposed. Found on algae and in sea water and soil.
As the type of flagellation has not been determined for all of the species here included in
the genus, it may be found later that some of these species do not belong in Alginomonas
as here defined.
The type species is Alginomonas nonjermentans K&ss et al.
Key to the species of genus Alginomonas.

I. Gelatin is liquefied.
A. Grow on potato.
1. Gray to grayish brown growth on potato.
1. Alginomonas nonjermentans.
2. Pinkish or ivory-colored growth on potato.
a. Pink growth on potato.
2. Alginomonas terrestralginica.
aa. Ivory-colored growth on potato.
3. Alginomonas alginovora.
B. No growth on potato.
4. Alginomonas fucicola.
II. Gelatin not liquefied in seven days.
5. Alginomonas alginica.
1. Alginomonas nonfermentans K&ss Potato: Abundant, grayish brown

et al., 1945. (K&ss, Lid and Molland, Norske growth.
Videnskaps-Akad., Oslo, 1 Mat. -Naturv. Indole not produced.
Klasse, No. 11, 1945, 9.) Hydrogen sulfide is produced.
non.fer.men'tans. L. prefix non- not, Alginic acid is decomposed without the
non-; L. y. fermento to ferment; M.L. part. production of acid or gas.
adj. nonjermentans non-fermenting. Carbohydrates are not utilized.
Small, coccoid rods. Motile with one to (.^^^.j^ ^^j^ ^^^^^^ ê used as a sole source
four polar fiagella. Gram-negative. , oarbon
Good growth on ordinary media. ^t-, .. i i j- -^ j.
^ . ^. -r ■ r ^- Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Gelatin: Liquefaction.
Agar colonies: Smooth, fluorescent. Aerobic.
Grows at 37° C.
Broth: Turbid; sediment; no pellicle. Chemical
Litmus milk: Coagulated; peptonized; tolerance: No growth at pH
reduced. 9.6.
♦Prepared by Prof. Th. Thj0tta, Microbiological Institute, University of Oslo, Oslo,

Norway, January, 1955.
203
No growth in 6 per cent sodium chloride 9.)

Allen, Jour. Bact., 28, 1934, 215; K&ss, Lid
broth. and Molland, Norske Videnskaps-Akad.,
Source: Five strains were isolated from Oslo, I Mat.-Naturv. Klasse, No. 11, 1945,
soil.
Habitat: Presumably soil. al.gi.no'vo.ra. L. fem.n. alga seaweed;
M.L. noun acidum alginicum alginic acid
2. Alginomonas terrestralginica (derived from seaweed); L. v. voro to de-
(Waksman et al., 1934) K^ss et al., 1945. vour; M.L. adj. alginovorus alginic acid-
{Bacterium terrestralginicum Waksman, destroying.
Carey and Allen, Jour. Bact., 28, 1934, 217; Rods, 0.75 to 1.2 by 1.5 to 2.0 microns,
Kiss, Lid and MoUand, Norske Viden- with rounded to almost elliptical ends,
skaps-Akad., Oslo, 1 Mat.-Naturv. Klasse, especially when single, occurring frequently
No. 11, 1945, 9.) in pairs and even in chains. Encapsulated.
ter.res.tral.gi'ni.ca. L. noun terrestris Actively motile. Gram-negative.
land, earth; M.L. adj. alginicus pertaining Alginic acid plate: Colony large, white
to alginic acid from seaweed; M.L. adj. in appearance, with coarse, granular center,
terrestralginicus land-alginic; presumably entire margin. Clears up turbidity caused
intended to mean an alginic bacterium from by alginic acid on the plate. No odor.
the soil. Alginic acid liquid medium: Heavy pel-
Long rods, 1.0 to 1.5 by 1.5 to 2.5 microns, licle formation. Active production of an
with somewhat rounded ends, usually oc- enzyme, alginase, which brings about the
curring singly but also in pairs, occasionally disappearance of alginic precipitate in sea-
in chains of shorter rods. Motile. Granular. water medium.
Gram-negative. Salt-water medium: A slimy pellicle of a
Alginic acid plate: Colonies small, whitish highly tenacious nature is produced, the
in appearance with a slight metallic sheen. whole medium later turning to a soft jelly.
Alginic acid liquid medium: Medium at Sea-water gelatin : Active and rapid lique-
first clouded. Later a pellicle is formed on faction in two to six days at 18° C; highly
the surface of the medium; it is soon broken turbid throughout the liquefied zone.
up due to active gas formation. Reaction of Agar liquefaction: Extensive softening of
medium becomes slightly alkaline. agar, no free liquid.
Gelatin medium: Slow growth throughout Sea-water glucose broth: Abundant,
stab, slow liquefaction at surface of medium uniform turbidity with surface pellicle;
at 18° C. some strains give heavier turbidity, and
Agar liquefaction: None. others heavier pellicle.
Glucose broth: Abundant turbidity; some Litmus milk containing 3.5 per cent
sediment; no pellicle; slightly fluorescent. salt: No apparent growth.
Litmus milk: Acid; milk coagulated; Potato moistened with sea water: Moist,
only limited digestion of coagulum. spreading, ivory-colored growth; heavy
Potato: Abundant, pinkish, compact, sediment in free liquid at the bottom.
dry growth on surface of plug, the rest of Starch plate: Abundant, cream-colored,
the plug becoming gray with a tendency to slimy growth; extensive diastase produc-
darkening. tion.
Starch plate: Limited growth along Aerobic to microaerophilic.
streak; no diastase.
Aerobic to facultatively anaerobic. Optimum temperature, 20° C.
Source: Isolated from sea water, sea-
Optimum temperature, 30° C. bottom sediments and from the surface of
Source: Isolated from New Jersey soil. algal growth in the sea.
Habitat: Soil. Habitat: Very common in the sea.
3. Alginomonas alginovora (Waks- 4. Alginomonas fucicola (Waksman et

man et al., 1934) Kiss et al., 1945. {Bac- al., 1934) Kiss et al., 1945. {Bacterium fuci-
terium alginovorum Waksman, Carey and cola Waksman, Carey and Allen, Jour. Bact.,
28, 1934, 213; K&ss, Lid and MoUand, Norske al., 1934) Kiss et al., 1945. {Bacterium algini-
Videnskaps-Akad., Oslo, I Mat.-Naturv. cum Waksman, Carey and Allen, Jour.
Klasse, No. 11, 1945, 9.) Bact., 28, 1934, 213; K&ss, Lid and Molland,
fu.ci'co.la. L. mas.n./tiCMS a seaweed; M. Norske Videnskaps-Akad., Oslo, I Mat.-
L. noun Fucus a genus of brown seaweeds; Naturv. Klasse, No. 11, 1945, 9.)
L.v. colo to inhabit; M.L. noun fucicola the al.gi'ni.ca. L. fem.n. alga seaweed; M.L.
Fucus dweller. adj . alginicus pertaining to alginic acid from
Short rods, 0.6 to 1.0 by 1.0 to 1.5 microns, seaweed.
with ends rounded to almost coccoid; Rods short to almost spherical, 0.6 to 1.0
slightly curved. Actively motile with twirl- micron in diameter. Encapsulated. Slug-
ing motion. Gram-negative. gishly motile. Gram-negative.
Alginic acid plate : Colonies finely granu- Alginic acid plate: White, finely granu-
lar, entire; at first whitish, turning brown in lated colonies with entire margin. Does not
three to five days, and later almost black, clear up the turbidity in plate. Odor pro-
producing a deep brown, soluble pigment. duced resembles that of old potatoes.
Alginic acid liquid medium: Limited Alginic acid liquid medium: Thin pellicle;
growth on surface in the form of a pellicle. weak alginase formation.
Frequently produces no growth at all. Sea-water gelatin: Thin growth through-
Sea-water gelatin: Active liquefaction; out gelatin stab; no liquefaction in 7 days
no growth on stab; thin, fluorescent growth
at 18° C.
throughout liquefied zone. Agar liquefaction: None.
Agar liquefaction: Positive, although lim- Sea-water glucose broth: Uniform but
ited; only softening of agar. very limited turbidity; no pellicle; no sedi-
Sea-water glucose broth: Faint turbidity; ment.
no pellicle; no sediment. Litmus milk containing salt : No apparent
Litmus milk containing salt: No apparent
growth. growth.
Potato moistened with sea water: Moist,
Potato moistened with sea water: No spreading, cream-colored growth; heavy
growth. sediment in free liquid at bottom.
Starch plate: No growth. Starch plate: Limited, pale blue growth;
Aerobic. no diastase.
Optimum temperature, 20° C. Aerobic.
Source : Isolated from sea water near the
surface of the sand bottom. Optimum temperature,
Source: Isolated from sea20°water
C. and from
Habitat: Rare in sea water.
the surface of algal growth.
5. Alginomonas alginica (Waksman et Habitat: Common in sea water.
Genus X. Mycoplana Gray and Thornton, 1928.*

(Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 73, 1928, 82.)
My.co.pla'na. Gr. tnyces fungus; Gr. planus a wandering; M.L. fem.n. Mycoplana fungus
wanderer.
Cells branching, especially in young cultures. Frequently banded when stained. Polar
flagellate. t Capable of using phenol or similar aromatic compounds as a sole source of
energy. Grow well on standard culture media. From soil.
The type species is Mycoplana diniorpha Gray and Thornton.
* Prepared by Prof. Robert S. Breed, Cornell University, Geneva, New York, January,
1954.
t The orginal statements regarding the flagellation of these species are contradictory.
The first reads "Polar, peritrichous"; the second "Polar or peritrichous".— Editors.
Key to the species of genus Mycoplana.

I. Gelatin not liquefied
1. Mycoplana dimorpha.
II. Gelatin liquefied.
2. Mycoplana bullata.
1. Mycoplana dimorpha Gray and fied as belonging to this species or even to
Thornton, 1928. (Cent. f. Bakt., II. Abt., this genus. For example, while it is stated in
73, 1928,82.) one place that carbohydrate fermentation
di.mor'pha. Gr. adj. diniurphus two forms. is feeble, it is stated in another place that
Short, curved and irregular rods, 0.5 to about 50 per cent of the cultures actively
0.7 by 1.25 to 4.5 microns, showing branch- fermented maltose and sucrose, these sugars
ing especially in young cultures. Originally being fermented more actively than glucose.
reported as "polar, peritrichous". Draw- Some cultures are reported as attacking
ings show some cells with a polar flagellum cellulose, others as attacking alginates or
and others where the several flagella shown even chitin. In other words many of the cul-
could represent a tuft of polar flagella. tures identified as Mycoplana dimorpha
Cultures preserved in the American Type possessed characters not ascribed to the
Culture Collection have been retested (T. species by Gray and Thornton. Apparently
H. Lord, Manhattan, Kansas; F. E. Clark, all cultures from marine habitats that were
Beltsville, Maryland) and show typical Gram-negative branching forms were identi-
pseudomonad cells, i.e., straight rods with a fied as Mycoplana dimorpha unless they
single polar flagellum. Meanwhile P. H. H. showed a yellow, pink or lemon-yellow chro-
Gray (Macdonald College, Quebec) reports mogenesis. Wood's work would indicate that
that his cultures still show branching cells branching, polar flagellate species of very
on the media he uses. Gram-negative. diverse physiologies exist in marine habitats
Gelatin colonies: Circular, bufi", smooth, that are as yet scarcely studied from the
resinous, entire. standpoint of the species present. M. E.
Gelatin stab: No liquefaction. Growth Norris of the Pacific Fisheries Experiment
filiform. Station, Vancouver, B.C. reports (personal
Agar colonies: Circular, buff, convex, communication. May, 1954) that she also
smooth, glistening, entire. finds Gram-negative, branching, polar
Agar slant: Filiform, white, convex, flagellate organisms in sea water.
glistening, entire. Habitat: Probably widely distributed in
Broth: Turbid, with surface ring. soil. Possibl}^ also found in marine habitats.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates, but
gas evolved in fermentation tubes. 83.)2. Mycoplana bullata Gray and Thorn-
Starch hydrolyzed. ton, 1928. (Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 73, 1928,
No acid from carbohydrate media.
Attacks phenol. bul.la'ta. L. adj. bullatvs with a knob.
Aerobic.
Rods curved or irregular in shape, branch-
Optimum temperature, below 30° C. ing, 0.8 to 1.0 by 2.25 to 4.5 microns. Origi-
Source : Only one strain was found in soil
by Gray and Thornton {loc. cit.). Wood nally stated to be either "polar or peri-
(Aust. Jour. Marine and Freshwater Res., trichous" in its flagellation, but recent
studies show that the American Type Cul-
4, 1953, 184) identifies 1010 cultures out of
2969 cultures isolated from Australian ture Collection culture of this organism is
marine habitats as belonging to this species. polar flagellate. It resembles Mycoplana
Some appeared on svibmerged glass slides as liiinurpha in this respect. Gram-negative.
attached forms. A diversity of characters Gelatin colonies: Circular, buff, smooth,
was found in these cultures, indicating that glistening; edge diffuse. Gelatin partially
many of them should not have been identi- liquefied.
Gelatin stab: Saccate liquefaction. Aerobic.

Agar colonies: Circular, white, convex, Optimum
smooth, glistening, entire. Source: Twotemperature, below from
strains isolated 30°C.soil.
Agar slant: Filiform, white, convex, Habitat: Probably widely distributed in

smooth, glistening, entire. soil. Possibly also found in marine habitats.
Broth: Turbid. Note: Species incertae sedis. Other bac-
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Gas, teria from sea water, fresh water and soil
presumably N2, in fermentation tubes. have been described as belonging in this
genus. Their relationships to the species
described by Gray and Thornton (Cent,
No acid from carbohydrate media. f. Bakt., II Abt., 73, 1928, 82) have not yet
Attacks phenol. been definitely established.
Genus XI. Zoogloea Cohn, 1854.*

(Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop. -Carol. Nat. Cur., 24, 1854, 123.)
Zo.o.gloe'a. Gr. adj. zous living; Gr. gloea glue; M.L. fem.n. Zoogloea living glue.
Rod-shaped cells embedded in a gelatinous matrix. Free-floating forms found in fresh
water that contains organic matter. Occur as compact masses or as branched forms. Cells
may become detached and motile in which case they are monotrichous.
The original description of this genus follows :
Zoogloea. Cellulae minimae bacilliformes hyalinae, gelatina hyalina in massas globosas,
uvaeformes, mox membranaceae consociatae, dein singulae elapsae, per aquam vacillantes.
This may be freely translated as follows :
Zoogloea. Transparent, very small, rod-shaped cells embedded in transparent, gelatinous,
clustered, spherical masses. Afterwards become detached as individuals swimming to and
fro in the water.
Zoogloea termo Cohn, 1854, the tj^pe species (monotypy) of this genus, is generally thought
to be unrecognizable. While awaiting further study of this problem by modern methods, it
is recommended that Zoogloea ramigera Itzigsohn be accepted as the type species of Zoogloea
Cohn.
1. Zoogloea ramigera Itzigsohn, 1867, a single, long, polar flagellum. Gram-nega-

emend. Bloch, 1918. (Itzigsohn, Sitzungsber. tive.
d. Gesellschaft naturf. Freunde, Berlin, Bloch reports no growth at 25° C. on gela-
Nov. 19, 1867, 30; Bloch, Cent. f. Bakt., II tin, poor growth on nutrient agar, good
Abt., 48, 1918, 44-62.) growth in nutrient broth, weak growth in
ra.mi'ge.ra. L. ramus a branch; L. v. gero peptone water, very good growth in hay in-
to bear; M.L. adj . ramigerus branch-bearing. fusions, good growth in yeast extract water,
Description taken from Bloch (loc. cit.), no growth in liquid manure, no growth in
who made the first cultural studies of this beer wort, no growth on potato and no
species, Butterfield (Public Health Reports, growth on yellow sugar beet. Butterfield re-
50, 1935, 671) and Wattie (Pub. Health Re- ports that growth is best in aerated liquid
ports, 57, 1942, 1519). media.
Rods, 1 by 2 to 4 microns, with rounded Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
ends. Numerous cells are found embedded Ammonia produced from peptones.
in a gelatinous, branching matrix (see Koch, Indole not produced.
Beitrage z. Biol. d. Pflanzen, 2, Heft 8, 1877, Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
399, Taf. XIV, and Butterfield, op. cit., Methyl red negative; acetylmethylcar-
1935, plates I-IV). Free cells are motile with binol not produced.
* Revised by Mrs. James B. Lackey nê Elsie Wattie, University of Florida, Gaines-
ville, Florida, March, 1954.
207
Bloch reports that sugars are utilized in (Kl. Mitt. d. Ver. f. Wasser-, Boden- und
developing cell substances. Wattie finds that Lufthyg., Berlin-Dahlem, 4, 1928, 143; also
there is evidence of slight acid production see Beger, Zent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 154,
from glucose, lactose, xylose and mannitol, 1949, 61.)
whereas Butterfield finds no action on all
fi.li.pen'du.la. L. nounfilum a thread; L.
sugars tested. In addition to the sugars adj. penduhis hanging down; M.L. adj.
named above, these included sucrose, filipendulus thread hanging down.
arabinose, galactose, mannose, cellobiose, Description prepared by Prof. H. Beger,
raffinose, melizitose, dextrin and salicin. Berlin-Dahlem, Germany.
Ptire-culture "activated sludges" formed Cells coccoid (0.8 micron in diameter) to
bj' this species have been shown to produce rod-shaped (0.8 by 2.0 microns). The cells
a high rate of oxidation of the pollutional are surrounded by a gelatinous mass which
material in sewage (synthetic and natural), varies in size from 1.5 to 2.0 by 4.5 cm and
oxidizing about 50 per cent of the 5-day bio- which is composed of numerous, more or
chemical oxygen demand in a 5-hour aera- less spherical masses 3 to 5 mm long. The
tion period and about 80 per cent in a 24- largest cells completely fill the newly formed
hour interval. Nitrogenous materials are not globules which lie at the end of filaments
included in this oxidation as this species is hanging downward from zoogloeal masses
not capable of such action. suspended from the under surface of pump
Temperature relations: Optimum, be- pistons and other submerged objects; the
tween 28° and 30° C. Good growth at 20° and cells in the older globules are smaller (0.4
at 37° C. Minimum, 4° C. by 0.7 micron) and are found near the sur-
Optimum pH, 7.0 to 7.4. face of the globule, the interior being rela-
Strict aerobe. tively free of cells.
Distinctive characters: Oxidizes sewage Several other bacteria are found in asso-
and other organic solutions. Also see ciation with this species. As a result, the
McKinney and Horwood (Sewage and Ind. gelatinous mass appears rust-colored (cov-
Wastes, 2^, 1953, 117), who found other floc- ered with iron bacteria) when found in acid
forming organisms besides Zoogloea ramigera waters and grayish white when isolated from
in activated sludge; these were identified water that is neutral.
as Bacillus cereus, Escherichia intermedia, Nutrient gelatin: Only the small forms,
Paracolohactrum aerogenoides and Nocardia such as those found in older globules, are
actinomorpha. A species of Flavobacterium able to grow on this medium. Substantial
was also found in the floes in association growth occurs at the bottom of the stab in
with these species. 48 hours.
Source: Originally (1867) found in a cul- Source: Isolated from pump pistons and
ture of decomposing algae. It has been re- other submerged objects from a waterworks
peatedly found in materials containing de- near Berlin.
composing plant materials and sewage and f Habitat: Found in water contaminated
is especially common in the floes formed in with sewage or industrial wastes.
the activated sludge process of purifying
sewage. Note: Species incertae sedis: For species
Habitat: Produces zoogloeal masses in that resemble those placed in the genus
water containing decomposing organic mat- Zoogloea Cohn in many important respects,
ter. Common. see Nevskia ramosa Famintzin and Myco-
nostoc gregarium Cohn. Additional species
2. Zoogloea filipendula Beger, 1928. have also been placed in the genus Zoogloea.
Genus XII. Halobacterium Elazari-Volcani, 1940.*

(Elazari-Volcani, Studies on the Microflora of the Dead Sea. Thesis, Hebrew Univ., Jeru-
salem, 1940, V and 59; not Halibacterium Fischer, Ergebnis.se der Plankton-E.xpedition der
* Prepared by Dr. B. Elazari-Volcani, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovoth,
Israel, February, 1955.
Humboldt-Stiftung, 1894, 19; not Halophilus Sturges and Heideman (nomen nudum), Abst.
of Bact., 8, 1924, 14; not Halobacterium Schoop (nomen nudum), Zent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig.,
134., 1935, 26; Halobacter Anderson, Applied Microbiol., 2, 1954, 66.)
Ha.lo.bac.te'ri.um. Gr. noun hals salt; Gr. dim. noun bacterium a small rod; M.L. neut.n.
Halobacterium the salt bacterium.
Obligate halophilic, rod-shaped bacteria which are highly pleomorphic. Require at least
12 per cent salt for growth, and will live even in saturated brine solutions. Motile species
are polar flagellate; some species are non-motile. Gram-negative. Usually chromogenic,
producing non-water-soluble, carotenoid pigments which vary in shade from colorless
to orange or even brilliant red. Carbohydrates may or may not be attacked without the
production of visible gas. Nitrates are reduced, occasionally with the production of gas.
Found in tidal pools, especially in the tropics, salt ponds, salt seas or other places where
heavy brines occur naturally; also found on salted fish, salted hides and similar materials.
The type species is Halobacterium salinarium Elazari-Volcani.
Key to the species of genus Halobacterium.
I. Gas not produced from nitrates.
A. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
1. Pale pink to scarlet chromogenesi
1. Halobacterium salinarium.
2. Pink to dark red chromogenesis.
2. Halobacterium cutirubrum.
B. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
3. Halobacterium halobium.
II. Gas produced from nitrates.
A. Produces acid from glucose.
4. Halobacterium marismortui.
B. Does not produce acid from glucose.
5. Halobacterium trapanicum.
1. Halobacterium salinarium (Harrison unless supplemented with 16 to 35 per cent

and Kennedy, 1922) Elazari-Volcani, 1940. sodium chloride and 2 per cent MgS04-7H20
{Pseudomonas salinaria Harrison and Ken- (Katznelson and Lochhead, Jour. Bact.,
nedy, Trans. Royal Soc. of Canada, 16, 64, 1952, 97) . Grows well on salted fish and
1922, 121; Flavobacterium (Halobacterium) hides.
salinarium Elazari-Volcani, Studies on Gelatin (salt) : Slow liquefaction (Katz-
the Microflora of the Dead Sea. Thesis, nelson and Lochhead, loc. cit.).
Hebrew Univ., Jerusalem, 1940, 59.) Codfish agar colonies (16 to 30 per cent
sa.li.na'ri.um. L. adj. salinarius of salt salt) : In seven days punctiform, smooth,
works. raised, entire, granular, pale pink to scarlet
Occurs as spheres and rods. The spheres (Ridgway chart), 1.5 mm in diameter.
are 0.8 to 1.4 microns in diameter. The rods, Milk salt agar (24 to 35 per cent salt) :
0.6 to 1.5 by 1.0 to 6.0 microns, occur singly Pink colonies 4 to 5 mm in diameter, be-
as ovoid, amoeboid, clavate, cuneate, trun- coming scarlet.
cate, spindle- and club-shaped, pyriform Putrefactive odor. Definite proteolytic
and other irregular forms. Age of culture zones develop (Lochhead, Can. Jour. Res.,
and nature of medium influence the size and 10, 1934, 275).
shape of cells. Reproduction is by means of Codfish agar slant (16 to 35 per cent salt) :
fission but apparently also by budding. In seven days moderate, filiform, slightly
Motile by means of a polar flagellum at one raised, glistening, smooth, translucent,
or both poles. Gram-negative. bright red, viscid. Unpleasant odor.
Does not grow on ordinary culture media Milk salt agar slants (24 to 35 per cent
209
salt): Filiform, slightly raised, smooth, cu.ti.ru'brum. L. nonn cutis the skin; L.
glistening, butyrous, bright red (Lochhead, adj . ruber red; M.L. adj . cutirubrus skin-red.
loc. cit). Occurs as spheres and rods. The spheres
Broth (5 to 35 per cent salt) : No growth. are 1.0 to 2.0 microns in diameter, and the
Good growth when grown according to di- rods measure 0.7 to 4.0 by 1.5 to 8.0 microns.
rections of Katznelson and Lochhead {op. Age of culture and nature of medium influ-
cit., 1952,97). ence the size and shape of cells. Rod forms
Codfish broth (25 per cent salt): Turbid, are motile with a single polar flagellum;
dense, pink sediment; imperfect, pink pel- coccoid forms are motile when young. Gram-
licle.
negative.
Potato immersed in brine: No growth. No growth on ordinary media.
Indole not produced. Milk agar (20 per cent salt to saturation;
Hj'drogen sulfide is produced. optimum 28 to 32 per cent) colonies : 3 to 4
No indication of action on carbohydrates. mm in diameter, round and slightly convex,
Starch not hydrolyzed. pink to dark red (rose dorde, Ridgway
Cannot utilize inorganic nitrogen as a sole chart) .
source of nitrogen. Tests (Warburg respir- Milk agar slants: Growth filiform, slightly
ometer) show active oxidation of amino spreading, rather flat with smooth, glisten-
acids (such as serine, glutamic acid and as- ing surface and membranous consistency.
partic acid); also active oxidation of glj'c- Proteolytic action.
erol. Liquid media: No or slight growth. Good
Nitrites not produced from nitrates growth when grown according to directions
(Lochhead, op. cit., 1934, 275). of Katznelson and Lochhead (Jour. Bact.,
Aerobic. 64, 1952, 97).
Optimum temperature, 37° C. Grows at Gelatin (salt): Pronounced liquefaction.
22° C. Indole not produced (Lochhead, op cit.,
Optimum salinity, 28 to 32 per cent (Loch- 1934, 275) ; faint positive (Gibbons, Jour.
head, loc. cit.). When the salt concentration Biol. Board Canada, 3, 1936, 75).
is reduced to 8 per cent, cells are ruptured. Hydrogen sulfide is produced.
Distinctive characters: See Halobacterium
Tests (Warburg respirometer) show slow
cutirubrum.
oxidation of amino acids (such as serine,
Source: Isolated from cured codfish
glutamic acid and aspartic acid) ; also slow
(Harrison and Kennedy, op. cit., 1922, 121)
oxidation of glycerol.
and salted fish (Browne, Absts. Bact., 6,
1922, 25, and Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol, and Med.,
Diastatic action negative.
19, 1922, 321) ; also from salted hides (Loch-
head, op. cit., 1934, 275). No carbohydrate fermentation.
Habitat: Produces a reddening of salted Aerobic.
fish and hides where untreated solar salt is
Optimum temperature, 37°C.
used. Abundant in tidal pools along shores Salt tolerance: Halophilic, obligate. No
of tropical seas. Reddens the water in the rupturing of cells occurs when the salt con-
pools where solar salt is produced as soon as centration isreduced to 8 per cent; rup-
the brine is concentrated to 18 per cent salt. turing occurs when the salt concentration is
Common on untreated solar salt.
4 per cent.
Distinctive characters: Resembles Halo-
2. Halobacterium cutirubrum (Loch- bacterium salinarium. Differs from it in mor-
head, 1934) Elazari-Volcani, 1940. {Serratia phology and cultural characters, particu-
cutirubra Lochhead, Can. Jour. Research, larly as regards color and consistency. More
10, 1934, 275; Flavobacterium {Halobacterium) actively proteolytic. Slower oxidative ac-
cutirubrum Elazari-Volcani, Studies on the tion on amino acids and glycerol. Ruptur-
Microflora of the Dead Sea. Thesis, Hebrew ing of cells does not occur as rapidly when
Univ., Jerusalem, 1940, 59.) the salt concentration is reduced.
Source: Isolated from salted hides which Broth (30 per cent NaCl + 1 per cent pep-
were presumably salted with solar salt. tone "Poulenc"): Pellicle; turbid; colored
Habitat: Sea water and solar salt. sediment.
3. Halobacterium halobium (Petter, Asparagine broth (30 per cent NaCl -|- 3
per cent asparagine) : No growth.
1931) Elazari-Volcaui, 1940. (Microbe du Indole not produced.
rouge de morue, Le Dantec, Ann. Inst. No acid from glucose, sucrose or maltose
Past., 5, 1891, 656; also see Le Dantec,
(tests made in 30 per cent salt + 1 per cent
Compt. rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, 61, 1906, 136;
Bacillus halobius ruber Klebahn, Mitteil. peptone -|- 2 per cent carbohydrate).
Nitrites produced from nitrates; no gas is
a. d. Inst. f. allg. Bot. i. Hamburg, 4, 1919,
47; abst. in Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 52, 1921, produced.
123; Bacterium halobium Petter, Proc. Kon. Catalase-positive.
Aerobic.
Acad. V. Wetensch. Amsterdam, 34, 1931,
1417; also see Petter, Over roode en andere Optimum temperature, 37° C.
Salt tolerance: Halophilic, obligate;
bacterien van gezouten visch. Thesis,
grows above 12 per cent NaCl up to satura-
Utrecht, 1932; Flavobacterium {Halobac- tion.
terium) halobium Elazari-Volcani, Studies on Distinctive character: The pigment is
the Microflora of the Dead Sea. Thesis,
soluble in methanol, ethanol, acetone,
Hebrew Univ., Jerusalem, 1940, V and 59.)
chloroform, carbon disulfide, benzol, petro-
ha.lo'bi.um. Gr. noun hals salt; Gr. noun leum ether, toluene and xylene. The carot-
bius life; M.L. adj. halobius living on salt.
enoids are named bacterio-ruberine a and /3.
Rods, the length of which varies greatly
Source: Seven different strains were iso-
with the medium and age of culture: 0.6 to
0.9 by 2.0 to 6.0 microns in young cultures ring. lated from reddened, salted codfish and her-
grown on agar (30 per cent NaCl + 1 per Habitat: Produces a red discoloration on
cent peptone "Poulenc"); 2.0 to 27.0 mi- salted herring and codfish.
crons long in liquid peptone media, occur-
ring singly. (Klebahn described rods up to
45 microns in liquid media; in old cultures 4. Halobacterium marismortui Ela-
(horse-serum agar), irregular involution zari-Volcani, 1940. (Flavobacterium {Halo-
forms appear which are round, ovoid or bacterium) maris-mortui (sic) Elazari-Vol-
coccus-like, 1.0 to 1.5 by 1.7 to 2.7 microns.) cani, Studies on the Microflora of the Dead
Cells from opaque colonies contain charac- Sea. Thesis, Hebrew Univ., Jerusalem, 1940,
V and 48.)
teristic gas vacuoles. The cells are very sen-
sitive to changes in salt concentration; be- ma.ris.mor'tu.i. L. noun mare the sea;
low 12 per cent NaCl and in wâter, they L. gen. noun maris of the sea; L. adj. mortuus
swell and form ovoid, amoeboid and club-, dead; M.L. gen. noun marismortui of the
spindle-, drumstick- and pear-shaped arte- Dead Sea.
facts. Because of these irregular forms, the Rods, the length and shape varj'ing
organism was described by several investi- greatly with the medium : in Dead Sea water
gators as polymorphic (Cloake, Dept. of -f 1 per cent proteose peptone, the cells
Scientific and Ind. Research, Food Investi- occur singly and measure 0.5 by 1.6 to 3.0
gation Board No. 18, London, 1923). Slightly microns; in 24 per cent salt + 1 per cent
motile with a pendulum-like movement; peptone and on agar + peptone + salt and
flagella observed with electron microscope on Dead Sea water + peptone + agar, the
(Houwink, Jour. Gen. Microlnol., 15, 1956, cells are spheroids which measure 1.0 to
146). Gram-negative. 1.5 microns in diameter. Non-motile. When
Agar colonies (30 per cent NaCl -f 1 per stained, the rods burst while the spheroids
cent peptone "Poulenc"): Circular, trans- retain their shape. Gram-negative.
parent or opaque; color varies from almost Gelatin stab (18 per cent salt + 1 per cent
white to orange, red, violet and purple; the peptone + 30 per cent gelatin) : Surface
color of the colonj^ also changes during the growth. No liquefaction (2 months).
course of growth. Agar colonies (24 per cent salt + 1 per
211
FAMILY IV. PSBUDOMONADACEAE
cent proteose peptoue + 2 per cent KNO3) : Rods, 0.6 by 1.5 to 3.5 microns. The length
Circular, smooth, entire, raised to convex, and shape of the cells may vary greatly with
butyrous, glistening, opaque with a slightly the medium: in Dead Sea water + 1 per cent
transparent margin which is less colored, proteose peptone, the cells occur singly and
orange-brown, orange-red or orange-yellow. are 0.45 to 0.55 by 1.5 to 4.8 microns with
Agar slant (24 per cent salt + 1 per cent occasional rods measuring 8.0 to 16.0 mi-
peptone + 2 per cent KNO3): Growth crons in length; in 24 per cent salt + 1 per
moderate, filiform, raised to convex, glisten- cent peptone, the short rods predominate;
ing, smooth, butyrous, opaque, orange-red. in 24 per cent salt + 1 per cent peptone + 2
Broth (24 per cent salt + 1 per cent pepper cent KNO3 agar, the cells are ovoid,
tone):Turbid; orange-red pellicle; slightly measuring 1.0 to 1.5 microns in diameter.
viscous sediment. Non-motile. Gram-negative.
Asparagine broth (24 per cent salt + 1 Gelatin stab (18 per cent salt -f 1 per
per cent asparagine): Turbid. cent peptone -1- 30 per cent gelatin) : Surface
Indole not produced. growth. No liquefaction (2 months).
Acid from glucose, fructose, mannose and Agar colonies (24 per cent salt + 1 per
glycerol ; slight acid from xylose and salicin cent proteose peptone + 2 per cent KNO3) :
(tests made in 24 per cent salt + 1 per cent Small (1 to 2 mm in diameter), circular,
peptone + 1 per cent carbohydrate during smooth, entire, convex, glistening, trans-
3 weeks). parent, light orange or slightly colorless.
Starch not hj-drolyzed. Agar slant (24 per cent salt -f 1 per cent
Nitrites rapidly produced from nitrates; peptone + 2 per cent KNO3): Growth
gas is produced (tests made in 24 per cent moderate, filiform, raised, glistening,
salt + 1 per cent peptone + 2 per cent smooth, opaque or slightly transparent,
KNO3). light orange.
Aerobic. Broth (Dead Sea water -f 1 per cent pep-
Optimum temperature, 30° C. tone):Orange-rose pellicle; turbid; orange
Salt tolerance: Halophilic, obligate; sediment. In 24 per cent salt + 1 per cent
grows in 18 per cent to saturated salt solu- peptone: orange -rose ring; turbid; orange
tions; slight growth in 15 per cent salt. sediment.
Distinctive character: The pigment pro- Asparagine broth (24 per cent salt + 1
duces a blue color with concentrated sul-
per cent asparagine) : Moderately turbid.
furic acid, thus suggesting a carotenoid; it Indole not produced.
is very soluble in pyridine, less soluble in No acid from arabinose, xylose, glucose,
methanol, ethanol and chloroform, slightly
soluble in acetone, very slightly so in ben- fructose, galactose, mannose, lactose, su-
zol and insoluble in xylene and petroleum crose, maltose, raffinose, inulin, dextrin,
ether. glycerol, mannitol or salicin (tests made in
Source: Isolated from Dead Sea water. 24 per cent salt + 1 per cent peptone + 1
Habitat: Salt lakes. per cent carbohydrate during 3 weeks).
5. Halobacteriuin trapanicum (Petter, Nitrites rapidly produced from nitrates;
1931) Elazari-Volcani, 1940. (Bacterium gas is produced (tests made in 24 per cent
trapanicum Petter, Proc. Kon. Acad. v. salt + 1 per cent peptone + 2 per cent
KNO3).
Wetensch. Amsterdam, S4, 1931, 1417; also
see Petter, Over roode en andere bacterien Catalase-positive.
van gezouten visch. Thesis, Utrecht, 1932; Aerobic.
Flavohacterium (Halobacterium) trapanicum
Elazari-Volcani, Studies on the Microflora 37° C.
of the Dead Sea. Thesis, Hebrew Univ., Salt tolerance: Halophilic, obligate;
Jerusalem, 1940, V and 59.) grows in 18 per cent to saturated salt solu-
tra.pa'ni.cum. M.L. adj. trapanicus per- tionsslight
; growth in 15 per cent salt.
taining to "Trapani" salt. Distinctive character: The pigment pro-
duces a blue color with concentrated sul- Source: Isolated from "Trapani" salt
furic acid, thus suggesting a carotenoid. r..^^ • -d ,~.j , ,
,. 1 ui ■ -J- 1 , , , • "^"^ ^ cannery in Bergen (Norway) and
Very soluble in pyridine; less soluble in = Sea.
from the water of the Dead \ j/
methanol, ethanol and chloroform; slightly
soluble in acetone, very slightly so in ben- Habitat: Sea salt, sea-water brine and
zol; insoluble in xylene and petroleum ether. salt lakes.
FAMILY V. CAULOBACTERACEAE HENRICI AND

JOHNSON, 1935, EMEND. BREED.*
(Includes the typical families and genera of Caulobacteriales (sic) Henrici and Johnson,
Jour. Bact., 29, 1935, 4 and ibid., 30, 1935, 83. The Order Caulobacterales Henrici and Johnson
was redefined as a Sub-order, Caidobacteriineae (sic), by Breed, Murray and Kitchens, Bact.
Rev., 8, 1944, 255. The present emendation reduces the Order Caulobacterales, as originally
defined, to the status of a family in the Sub -order Pseudomonadineae Breed, Murray and
Smith.)
Cau.lo.bac.ter.a'ce.ae. M.L. neut.n. Caulobacter the type genus of the family; -aceae
ending to denote a family; M.L. fem.pl.n. Caulobacteraceae the Caulobacter famil}^
Non-filamentous, rod-shaped bacteria normally attached by branching or unbranching
stalks to a substrate. In one floating form the stalks are branched. Cells occur singly, in
pairs or in short chains. The cells are asymmetrical in that a stalk is developed at one end
of the cell or ferric hydro.xide or other material is secreted from one side of the cell to form
stalks. Cells are polar flagellate in the free-living state, non-motile in the attached forms.
Gram-negative. Multiply by transverse fission, the daughter cells remaining in place or
swimming away as swarm cells. Typically fresh- or salt-water forms.
The family Caulobacteraceae, as here defined, includes the genera Caulobacter Henrici and
Johnson, Gallionella Ehrenberg, Siderophacus Beger and Nevskia Famintzin.
The species in this family as presented here have close affinities with the species in the
family Pseudomonadaceae . In all cases where motility has been observed and stains made,
polar flagella have been found. It seems probable that when the life histories of these seden-
tary bacteria have been investigated, it will be found that practically all, if not all, of these
attached forms develop a motile stage. Such a stage permits the distribution of the species
in its environment.
The stalked bacteria studied by Henrici and Johnson (op. cit., 30, 1935, 83) were of fresh-
water origin. Bacteria of this type are found, however, equally if not more abundantly in
marine habitats where they play their part in the fouling of underwater surfaces. ZoBell
and Upham (Bull. Scripps Inst, of Oceanography, LaJolla, California, 5, 1944, 253) summa-
rize this situation as follows: "Many of the bacteria found in sea water are sessile or peri-
phytic, growing preferential!}^ or exclusivelj^ attached to solid surfaces. The sessile habit
of marine bacteria is most pronounced when they are growing in very dilute nutrient solu-
tions, such as sea water, to which nothing has been added. . . . Most sessile bacteria appear
to attach themselves tenaciously to solid surfaces by exuding a mucilaginous holdfast. A
few have stalks. Some of the sessile bacteria grow on the walls of the culture receptacle
without clouding the medium itself.".
The submerged-slide technique as employed by Henrici (Jour. Bact., 25, 1933, 277) and
* Redefined and rearranged by Prof. Robert S. Breed, Cornell University, Geneva, New
York, December, 1953. Prof. Herbert Beger, Institut fiir Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene,
Berlin-Dahlem, Germany, has given this section a further revision so as to include genera
and species not previously recognized in the Manual, February, 1954.
FAMILY V. CAULOBACTERACEAE 213
by ZoBell and Allen (Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol, and Med., 30, 1933, 1409) has proved to be
most useful for studying bacteria that live attached to a substrate.
The species included in Pasteuria Metchnikoff and Blaslocmdis Henrici and Johnson
reproduce by a curious form of fission or budding. They have been transferred to a new-
Order, Hyphomicrobiales Douglas.
Key to the genera of family Caulobacteraceae.

I. Long axis of cell coincides with axis of stalk. Stalks slender.
Genus I. Caulobacter , p. 213.
II. Long axis of cell transverse to long axis of stalk. Stalks may be twisted and branched.
A. Stalks are band-shaped or rounded. Contain ferric hydroxide.
1. Stalks band-shaped and twisted. Dumb-bell-shaped in cross section.
Genus II. Gallionella, p. 214.
2. Stalks horn-shaped, not twisted. Round in cross section.
Genus III. Siderophacus, p. 216.
B. Stalks lobose, composed of gum. Forming zoogloea-like colonies. Free-floating.
Genus IV. Nevskia, p. 216.
Genus I. Caulobacter Henrici and Johnson, 1935.

(Jour. Bact., 29, 1935, 4; ihid., 30, 1935, 83.)
Cau.lo.bac'ter. L. noun caxdis a plant stem or stalk; M.L. noun bader masculine form of
Gr. neut.n. bactrum a rod; M.L. mas.n. Caulobacter stalk rod.
Stalked, curved, rod-shaped bacteria, the long axis of the elongated cells coinciding with
the long axis of the stalks. Young cells motile by means of a single polar flagellum. Old cells
attached to submerged objects by a stalk that is a continuation of the cell. A holdfast is de-
veloped at the distal end. Multiplication of cells is by transverse binary fission. Periphytic,
growing upon submerged surfaces.
The type species is Caulobacter vibrioides Henrici and Johnson emend. Bowers et al.
1. Caulobacter vibrioides Henrici and Agar colonies: Surface colonies up to 5

Johnson, 1935, emend. Bowers et al., 1954. mm in diameter, round, smooth, slightly
(Henrici and Johnson, Jour. Bact., 30, 1935, raised, glistening, finely granular in the
83; Bowers, Weaver, Grula and Edwards, center, grayish white, with center and re-
Jour. Bact., 68, 1954, 194.) verse side becoming brownish yellow. Sub-
vib.ri.oi'des. L.v. vibro to vibrate; M.L. surface colonies dense, brownish yellow,
noun Vibrio name of a genus; Gr. noun lenticular, up to 0.5 mm in diameter and 1.0
eidus shape, form; M.L. adj. vibrioides re- mm in length,
sembling a vibrio. Agar slant: Growth filiform, grayish
Cells elongated, curved, vibrio-like, with white, glistening, viscid,
rounded ends, 0.5 to 1.2 by 1.5 to 3.0 mi- Broth: Moderate turbidity with slightly
crons; filamentous forms occasionally pro- viscid sediment,
duced. Young cells actively motile with a Litmus milk: Unchanged,
single polar flagellum; older cells develop p^^^^^^ kittle
a stalk at the flagellated end. The stalk has or no growth,
a central filament or tube and a membrane Indole not produced.
that is continuous with the cell wall. Organ-
isms attached singly or in rosettes, with No acid or gas from carbohydrates.
iron and
stalks attached to a common holdfast. Usu- Requires riboflavin, phosphates,
ally surrounded by a slime layer. Gram- an organic source of energy for growth. Glu-
negative. cose, maltose or casamino acids are used as
Gelatin: Surface growth and filiform sources of carbon and energy; sodium bi-
growth in stab without liquefaction. carbonate, sodium lactate, sodium acetate
or glycerol not utilized. Ammonium sulfate ander, Minnesota, and other fresh-water
or casamino acids used as sources of nitro- lakes (Henrici and Johnson, op. cit., 30,
gen; ammonium nitrate not utilized. 1935, 83). Also found in well-water in Ken-
Optimum temperature, 30° C. tucky (Bowers et al., op. cit.).
Aerobic, facultative. Habitat: Water, where it grows upon firm
Source: Found frequently in Lake Alex- substrates.*
Genus II. Gallionella Ehrenberg, 1838.-f

(Ehrenberg, Die Infusionsthierchen, 1838, 166; not Gaillonella Bory de St. Vincent, Diet.
Classique d'Hist. Nat., 4, 1823, 393; Didymohelix Griffith, Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 2, 12, 1853, 438.)
Gal.li.o.nel'la. Named for Benjamin Gaillon, receiver of customs and zoologist (1782-
1839) in Dieppe, France; M.L. dim. ending -ella; M.L. fem.n. Gallionella a generic name.
Cells kidney-shaped or rounded. Placed at the end of the stalk with the long axis of the
cell transverse to the long axis of the stalk. Stalks secreted by the cells are slender and
twisted. Branch dichotomously or in the form of umbels. Stalks more or less dumb-bell or
bisquit-shaped in cross section. Composed of ferric hydroxide, completely dissolving in
weak acids. Two polar flagella are present when the cells are motile. Gram-negative. Multi-
plication byfission of the cells, the daughter cells remaining at first at the end of the stalk;
later they may be liberated as swarm cells. Grow only in iron-bearing waters. Do not store
manganese compounds. From both fresh and salt water. When the first species was discov-
ered the twisted stalks were thought to be a chain of diatoms.
The type species is Gallionella ferruginea Ehrenberg.
Key to the species of genus Gallionella.

I. Stalks branched.
A. Stalks dichotomously branched.
1. Stalks slender, spirally twisted,
a. Cells small, stalks very slender.
1. Gallionella ferruginea.
* The papers by Houwink (Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 21, 1955, 29) and by Kandler,
Zehender and Huber (Arch. f. Mikrobiol., 21, 1954, 57) were received after the manuscript
covering the family Caulobacteraceae was prepared. They give further information regard-
ing the structure and function of the stalk of Caulobacter sp. Clearly the stalks developed
by species in this genus are quite different in nature from the stalks of ferric hydroxide or
gum secreted by the cells of other species placed in other genera of this family.
t Gallionella Ehrenberg is accepted and is continued in use in this edition of the Manual
although under a strict interpretation of Rules of Nomenclature it should apparently be
regarded as a homonym and therefore illegitimate. Gaillonella Bory de St. Vincent, proposed
as the name of a genus of algae, appears to have priority (see Internat. Bull. Bact. Nomen.
and Tax., 2, 1951, 96). However, Gaillonella B. de St. V. is no longer used by students of
diatoms so that Gallionella E. may be retained as a gemis conservandum in bacteriology with-
out causing confusion. Unless Gallionella E. is retained, the little used Didymohelix Griffith
must be again introduced into the Manual with the formation of a series of new combina-
tions.
The situation is complicated because the final settlement of this problem of nomenclature
requires action both by the Judicial Commission of the International Association of Micro-
biologists and the Special Committee on Diatomaceae of the International Botanical Con-
gress. The majority of the special students of iron bacteria have accepted and used Gallion-
ella E., e.g. Molisch (1910), Naumann (1921), Cholodny (1924), Butkevich (1928), Dorff
(1934), Henrici and Johnson (1934), Beger (1941) and Pringsheim (1952).
FAMILY V. CAULOBACTERACEAE 215
aa. Cells longer, stalks broader.

2. Galliunella major.
2. Stalks short, thick, not definitely in spirals.
3. GallioneUa minor.
B. Stalks branching in simple or compound umbels.
4. GallioneUa umbellata.
II. Stalks unbranched.
5. GallioneUa infiircata.
1. GallioneUa ferruginea Ehrenberg, which carry reduced iron in solution; also

1836. {Gaillonella ferruginea (sic) Ehrenberg, found in wells, in storage basins in water-
Vorl. Mittheil. ii. d. wirkl. Vorkommen works and in pipe lines.
fossiler Infusionen u. ihre grosse Verbrei-
tung, Ann. Phys., Ser. 2, 8, 1836, 217; 2. GallioneUa major Cholodny, 1927.
GallioneUa ferruginea Ehrenberg, Die Infu- (Trav. Station, biolog. du Dniepre Acad,
sion thierchen, 1838, 166; Didymohelix ferru- des Sci. de I'Ukraine, Classe Sci. Phys. et
ginea Griffith, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 2, Math., 3, Livre 4, 1927.)
12, 1853, 438.) ma'jor. L. comp. adj. major larger.
fer.ru.gi'ne.a. L. adj. ferrugineus of the Very similar to GallioneUa ferruginea, but
color of iron rust. the cells are distinctly larger (1.0 by 3.0
Kidney-shaped cells. The full grown bac- microns). Stalks are 3.0 to 6.0 microns broad.
teria are 0.5 to 0.6 by 1.2 to 1.5 microns. The Some cells that fail to divide reach a length
cells secrete colloidal ferric hydroxide from of 7 microns or more; these form stalks of
the concave portion of the cell, forming double the normal width.
band-like stalks 0.6 to 3.3 microns in width The cells contain one or more vacuoles,
and as much as 200 microns and more in apparently filled with an iron compound.
length. A rotatory motion of the cells gives Source: Found in springs near Krassnodar
rise to a spiral twisting of the stalks. (Caucasus).
In the older studies, the stalks were de- Habitat: Found in iron-bearing waters.
scribed as the organism, the minute cells at
the tip having been dislodged or at least 3. GallioneUa minor Cholodny, 1924.
overlooked. The cells lie at the tip of the (Ber. d. deutsch. Bot. Ges., 42, 1924, 42; also
stalk and multiply by transverse binary see Cholodny, Die Eisenbakterien, Pflan-
fission. This gives rise to a dichotomous zenforschung. Heft 4, 1926, 47.)
branching of the stalks. Stalks become very mi 'nor. L. comp. adj. minor smaller.
long and slender, with smooth edges. Cells as in GallioneUa ferruginea, but
Not cultivated in artificial media. stalks are shorter, thicker and more band-
Distribution: Usually the branched stalks like than twisted. After division, cells do not
are attached separately in great numbers to separate as quickly as in GallioneUa ferrii-
solid surfaces. They may, however, float in ginea. The branches gradually become en-
irregular floes distributed throughout the crusted until the stalks are quite obscured.
water. Less commonly they form balls up Branches of stalks are not more than 20 to
to 3.0 microns in diameter. In these the 30 microns long.
stalks radiate from a center and such groups Source : Found in a small spring near the
have been described as Gloeosphaera ferru- Biological Station in Dniepre. Also found
ginea Rabenhorst. In a third variety, solid by Beger (Ber. d. deutsch. Bot. Ges., 62,
tubercles richly encrusted with ferric com- 1944, 11) in material from Camerun in
pounds are formed. These are found in old Africa.
pipelines or they may occur free in nature. Habitat: Found in iron-bearing waters.
These tubercles have been named Sphaero-
fhrix latens Perfiliev. 4. GallioneUa umbellata Beger, 1949.
Habitat: Found in cool springs and brooks {GallioneUa ferrxiginea Palm, Svensk. Bot.
Tidskr., 27, 1933, 360; not GaUionella ferru- 5. GaUionella infurcata Beger, 1937.
ginea Ehrenberg, Die Infusionthierchen, (Spiro-phyUum sp., Suessenguth, Cent. f.
1838, 166; Beger, Ber. d. deutsch. Bot. Ges., Bakt., II Abt., 1927, 69 and 339; Beger, Gas-
52, 1949, 9.)
und Wasserfach, 80, 1937, 887; Spirophyllum
um.bel.la'ta. L. noun iimhella umbrella; infurcatum Beger, ibid., 889.)
M.L. adj. umbellatus umbel-like.
Five to six cells are formed at the end of in.fur.ca'ta. L. prep, in in; L. nonn furca
the stalks before separation. The cells are fork; M.L. adj. furcatus forked; M.L. adj.
kidnej^-shaped and 1.0 by 2.0 microns in infurcatus forked.
size. The stalks then divide into 5 to 6 Stalks twisted but not branched. Cells
branches forming a simple umbel. This proc- coccoid, 1 micron in diameter. After fission
ess of cell division and growth of branches into two cells, they become detached from
continues until finally the whole mass ap- the stalk.
pears composed of umbels. Source: Found in water basins in the
Source: From leaf mold found in streams
in British-Gambia. Botanical Garden of Miinchen-Nymphen-
burg.
Habitat: Found in tropical, iron-bearing
streams. Habitat: Found in iron-bearing waters.
Genus. III. Siderophaciis Beger, 1944-

(Ber. d. deutsch. Bot. Ges., 61, 1944, 12.)
Si.de.ro'pha.cus. Gr. noun siderus iron; Gr. noun phacus lentil; M.L. mas.n. Sidero-
phaciis iron lentil.
The stalks are horn-shaped, without branches, and do not form twisted bands; they are
round to ovoid in transverse section. Cells biconcave or rod-like; after division they sepa-
rate from the stalk. Ferric hydroxide is stored in the stalks.
The type species is Siderophaciis corneolus (Dorff) Beger.
1. Siderophaciis corneolus (Dorff, 1934) the top than at the base. Three to eight
Beger, 1944. (GaUionella corneola Dorff, Die stalks arise from a broad holdfast. Cells
Eisenorganismen, Pflanzenforschung, Heft 0.6 to 1.0 by 2.5 to 3.0 microns.
16, 1934, 25; Beger, Ber. d. deutsch. Bot. Source: Found in an iron-bearing rivulet
Ges., 61, 1944 12.) near Lot-Malmby, Central Sweden; also
cor.ne'o.lus. L. adj. corneolus horny, firm. found near Berlin.
Stalks 15 to 30 microns long, broader at Habitat: Found in iron-bearing waters.
Genus IV. Nevskia Famintzin, 1892.

(Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci., St. Petersb., Ser. IV, 34 (X.S. 2), 1892, 484.)
Nev'ski.a. Neva a river at Leningrad; M.L. fem.n. Nevskia of the Neva.
Stalked bacteria, the long axis of the rod-shaped cells being set at right angles to the axis
of the stalk. Stalks lobose, dichotomously branched and composed of gum. Multiplication
of cells by transverse binary fission. Grow in zoogloea-like masses in water.
The type species is Nevskia ramosa Famintzin.
1. Nevskia ramosa Famintzin, 1892. gummy material arranged in dichotomously

(Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci., St. Petersb., S^r. branched stalks arising from a common
IV, 34 (N. S.^), 1892,484.) base, with the bacterial cells contained in
ra.mo'sa. L. adj. ramosus branched. the gum, a single cell at the tip of each
Globular, bush-like or plate-like colonies stalk. At times cells are set free from the
of gummy consistency which float upon the stalks to start new colonies.
surface of water. Colonies composed of Rod-shaped cells set with their long axis
FAMILY VI. SIDEROCAPSACEAE 217
at right angles to the axis of the broad, lobe- Source: Found in the aquarium in the
like stalk. Cells 2 by 6 to 12 microns, con- Botanical Garden, St. Petersburg. Similar
taining a number of highly refractile glob-
ules of fat or sulfur. Multiplication by but smaller organisms found b}' Henrici
binary fission. and Johnson (Jour. Bact., SO, 1935, 63) in a
Not cultivated on artificial media.
jar of water from the lily pond of the Univer-
Note: Nevskia pediculata Henrici and
Johnson is now regarded as a Lactobacillus. sity of Minnesota greenhouse in Minne-
See Lactobacillis brevis Bergey et al., syn. apolis.
Betabacterium vermijonne IMayer. Habitat : Found in water
FAJVIILY VI. SIDEROCAPSACEAE PRIBRAM, 1929.*

(Tribe Siderocapseae Buchanan, Jour. Bact., 3, 1915, 615; Pribram, Jour.
Bact., 18, 1929, 377.)
Si. de.ro. cap. sa'ce.ae. M.L. fem.n. Siderocapsa type genus of the family; -aceae suffix to
denote a family; M.L. fem.pl.n. Siderocapsaceae the Siderocapsa family.
Cells spherical, ellipsoidal or bacilliform. Frequently embedded in a thick, mucilaginous
capsule in which iron or manganese compounds may be deposited. Motile stages, where
known, are polar flagellate. Free-living in surface films or attached to the surface of sub-
merged objects. Form deposits of iron and manganese compounds. Autotrophic, faculta-
tively autotrophic and heterotrophic species are included in the family. Found in fresh wa-
ter.
The morphology of the bacteria of this family is best determined after dissolving the
iron or manganese compounds with weak acids and staining with Schiff's reagent.
The type genus is Siderocapsa Molisch.
Key to the genera of family Siderocapsaceae.
I. Cells surrounded by capsular matter with iron compounds deposited either on the sur-
face or throughout the capsular material.
A. Cells coccoid.
1. Cells in masses in a common capsule.
Genus I. Siderocapsa, p*. 218.
2. Cells always in pairs in a gelatinous capsule.
Genus II. Siderosphaera, p. 220.
B. Cells ellipsoidal to bacilliform.
1. Cells heavily encapsulated but do not possess a torus. f
a. Cells in chains in a gelatinous capsule.
b. Chains of ellipsoidal cells embedded in a gelatinous capsule, the outlines
of which follow the form of the cells.
Genus III. Sideronema, p. 220.
bb. Rods in pairs or chains in surface films.
* Manuscript prepared by Prof. Robert S. Breed, Cornell Universitj^, Geneva, New York,
December, 1953; further revision with the introduction of additional genera and species
by Prof. Dr. Herbert Beger, Institutfur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene, Berlin-Dahlem,
Germanj% March, 1954.
t The so-called torus is a marginal thickening of a thin capsule. The torus is heavily im-
pregnated with iron compounds so that the torus of an individual cell looks like the link
of a chain or, if incomplete, like a horseshoe.
Genus IV. Ferribacterium, p. 221.

aa. Coccoid to rod-shaped cells in masses in a gelatinous capsule. Usually show
an irregular arrangement of cells.
Genus V. Sideromonas , p. 222.
2. Cells with a thin capsule with a torus,
a. Torus completely surrounds the cells.
Genus VI. Naumanniella, p. 223.
aa. Torus open at one pole giving the wall the appearance of a horseshoe.
Genus VII. Ochrobium, p. 225.
II. Non-encapsulated cells which form deposits of iron compounds in the cell wall, on
the surface of the cells or in the surrounding medium.
A. Cells coccoid.
Genus VIII. Siderococcus , p. 225.
B. Cells rod-shaped.
1. Found in neutral or alkaline waters.
Genus IX. Siderobacter , p. 226.
2. Found in acid mine wastes.
Genus X. Ferrobacillus, p. 227.
Genus I. Siderocapsa Molisch, 1909.
(Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 2 S^r., Supp. 3, 1909, 29; also see Die Eisenbakterien,
Jena, 1910, 11.)
Si.de.ro.cap'sa. Gr. noun siderus iron; L. noun capsa a box; M.L. fem.n. Siderocapsa
iron box.
One to many spherical to ellipsoidal, small cells embedded without definite arrangement
in a primary capsule. The primary capsules may be surrounded by a large secondary cap-
sule, and these may then be united into larger colonies. Iron compounds are predominantly
stored on the surface of the primary capsule, and when a secondary capsule is present, it
is also completely covered.
The type species is Siderocapsa treubii Molisch.
Key to the species of genus Siderocapsa.

I. Several cells in each capsule.
A. Attached forms.
1. Cells small; up to 8 in number in each capsule.
1. Siderocapsa treubii,
2. Cells larger; up to 100 and more in each capsule.
2. Siderocapsa major.
B. Plankton forms.
1. Primary capsules 3.5 to 9 microns in diameter, each containing 2 to 8 cells.
3. Siderocapsa coronata.
2. Primary capsules 10 to 20 microns in diameter, each containing up to 60 or more
cells.
4. Siderocapsa eusphaera.
II. Only one cell in each capsule. Cells always small.
A. Capsules attached.
5. Siderocapsa monoeca.
B. Capsules form unattached iron floes.
6. Siderocapsa botryoides.
FAMILY VI. SIDEROCAPSACEAE
219
1. Siderocapsa treiibii Molisch, 1909. Source: Found on the surface of a Spiro-
{Siderocapsa Treuhii (sic) Molisch, Ann. gyra sp. near Prague.
Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 2 Ser., Supp. 3, 1909, Habitat: Widely distributed in fresh
29; also see Die Eisenbakterien, Jena, 1910, water.
11.)
treu'bi.i. M.L. gen. noun treuhii of Treub; 3. Siderocap.sa coronata Redinger, 1931.
named for Prof. Treub, director of the (Arch. f. Hydrobiol., ££, 1931, 410.)
Tropical Garden at Buitenzorg, Java. co.ro.na'ta. L. part. adj. coronatus
Cocci, 0.4 to 0.6 micron in diameter. As crowned.
many as 8 cells may be embedded in zoo- Coccoid cells, about 1.0 micron in diam-
gloeal masses surrounded by ferric hy- eter, occurring in the primary capsule in
droxide and other iron or manganese com- groups of 2 to 8. These groups are sur-
pounds; these masses are 1.8 to 3.6 microns rounded by secondary gelatinous capsules
in diameter. which may unite into foamy, irregular
Deposits ferric hydro.xide on the surfaces masses 5 to 10 or more cm in diameter. The
of water plants. capsular material contains deposits of iron
Regarded by Hardman and Henrici (Jour. and manganese. Free-floating. Yellowish to
Bact., 37, 1939, 97) as a heterotrophic organ- dark brown in color.
ism that utilizes the organic radicle of Source: Found in water from Upper
organic iron compounds, depositing the iron Lake, Lunz, Austria. Foamy masses are
as a waste product on the capsules of the formed in the winter time. Ruttner (Arch,
colonies. f. Hydrobiol., 33, 1937, 167) reports that the
Source: Found attached to the roots, root distribution of this organism in Alpine lakes
hairs and leaves of water plants {Elodea, is related to the o.xygen stratification
Nymphaea, Sagittaria, Salvinia, etc.) in Java. therein : it was found most frequently at
Habitat: Widely distributed in fresh depths of from 17.5 to 27.5 meters, where the
water. Epiphytic on submerged plants or oxygen range was 0.12 to 0.30 mg per liter.
on other objects. Abundant in alkaline, 4.66 mg per liter was the highest oxygen
hard-water lakes of the drainage type in tension at which it was found.
Minnesota and Wisconsin according to Habitat: Presumably widely distributed
Hardman and Henrici {ibid., 103). Absent in water.
in neutral or acid soft-water lakes of the
seepage type. 4. Siderocapsa eusphaera Skuja, 1948.
(Symbolae Bot. Upsal., 9 (3), 1948, 12.)
2. Siderocapsa major Molisch, 1909.
(Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 2 S^r., Supp. eu.sphae'ra. Gr. prep, eu true; Gr. noun
sphaera ball, sphere; M.L. noun eusphaera
3, 1909, 29; also see Die Eisenbakterien, a true sphere.
Jena, 1910, 13.)
Cells coccus-shaped, 1 to 2 microns in
ma'jor. L. comp.adj. major larger. diameter, 2 to 60 and more in a primary
Cells colorless, coccus-like, short rods, capsule. The latter are 10 to 20 microns in
0.7 by 1.8 microns. A colony may consist of diameter and are surrounded by a large
100 or more cells in the same mucilaginous
capsule. secondary capsule up to 50 microns in diam-
eter. The secondary capsules are united into
Similar to Siderocapsa treuhii except that
the cells are larger and the gelatinous large colonies with a common mucilaginous
capsule is less sharply defined. May be free- layer. The secondary capsule stores com-
floating in surface films or may be attached pounds of iron and manganese.
to submerged objects. Source: Found in lakes in Sweden; found
Forms intermediate between Siderocapsa in the plankton at levels where the oxygen
major and Siderocapsa treuhii have been tension is low.
observed by Hardman and Henrici (Jour. Habitat: Presumably widely distributed
Bact., 37, 1939, 97). in fresh-water lakes.
5. Siderocapsa nionoeca Nauniann, Source: Isolated from the surface of

1922. (Siderocapsa monoica (sic) Naumann, Poiamogeton nutans in Sweden.
Kgl. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., I, 62, Habitat: Found in ponds, rivers and
1922, 49.) waterworks; presumably widely distributed.
mo.noe'ca. Gr. adj. monus alone, solitary; 6. Siderocapsa botryoides Beger, 1949.
Gr. noun oecus house, dwelling; M.L. adj. (Zent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 15J^, 1949, 65.)
monoecus solitary dwelling. bot.ry.o.i'des or bot.ry.oi'des. Gr. adj.
Cells single, coccus-shaped or ellipsoidal, botryoides like a bunch of grapes.
0.5 to 0.7 micron in diameter, surrounded Cells coccus-shaped, spherical or ellipsoi-
by a more or less thick layer of iron and dal, 0.6 to 0.8 micron in diameter. With
the capsule they are 0.8 to 2.0 microns in
manganese compounds in which, at least
diameter, lying singly only when young,
when young, a rounded space is kept free. later forming spherical to clustered colonies
The cell may be seen in this clear space. up to 0.3 cm long.
Although the cells are found in great num- The encrusted colonies form iron or
bers in close proximity to each other, they manganese floes.
are distinctly isolated. Form iron and man- Source: Found in wells and waterworks
ganese deposits on the surface of water near Berlin.
plants and submerged objects. Habitat: Presumably widely distributed.
Genus II. Siderosphaera Beger, 1944-

(Ber. d. deutsch. Bot. Ges., 62, (1944) 1950, 7.)
Si.de.ro.sphae'ra. Gr. noun siderus iron; L. noun sphaera ball, sphere; M.L. fem.n.
Siderosphaera iron sphere.
Small, coccoid cells, always occurring in pairs and embedded in a primary capsule. After
cell division the daughter pairs, with the primary capsules, are surrounded by a new, com-
mon capsule. This division continues up to the formation of eight pairs and results in a
round, ball-shaped Gloeocapsa-like stage which stores compounds of iron. A number of these
balls unite to form larger floes which may lie on the surface of bottom mud in fresh-water
ditches and swamps.
The type species is Siderosphaera conglomerata Beger.
1. Siderosphaera conglomerata Beger, these colonies may be as much as 500 mi-

1950. (Ber. d. deutsch. Bot. Ges., 62, (1944) crons in diameter. In general appearance
1950, 7.) these floes resemble those formed b}^ Sidero-
con.glo.me.ra'ta. L. part. adj. conglomer- capsa coronata found in the Upper Lake at
ates rolled together. Lunz. When dilute HCl is added, the jelly-
Cocci, 1.0 to 1.2 microns in diameter, like colonies may be liberated as the iron
each with a sheath about 2.0 microns in salts dissolve. Manganese salts are appar-
diameter. These cells divide to form 2, 4 or, ently not present.
at times, 8 pairs of cells in a clear, spherical, Source: Found in a small ditch near Lunz
gelatinous colony 8 to 10 microns in diam- (Austrian Alps).
eter. Habitat : Found on the surface of mud in
Spherical to ellipsoidal floes containing
Genus III. Sideronema Beger, 1941-
(Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 103, 1941, 321.)
Si.de.ro.ne'ma. Gr. noun siderus iron; Gr. noun yiema thread; M.L. neut.n. Sideronema
iron thread.
Coccoid cells occurring in short chains which are enclosed in a gelatinous sheath. The
FAMILY Vr. SIDEROCAPSACEAE 221
cell membrane contains an abundance of ferric hydroxide whereas the sheath is relatively
devoid of this substance. Non-motile and unattached. Found in iron-bearing waters.
The type species is Sidcronemn qlobuUfervm Beger.
1. Sideroiiema globuliferiim Boger, sheath 1.6 microns thick; the cells in these
1941. (Sideronemn glohulijern (sic) Beger, chains are non-confluent. Ferric hydroxide
Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 103, 1941, 321.) is found in the cell membrane but only
glob.u.li.fe'rum. L. divcv.noun cjlob^dus a, sparingly so in the sheath. Non-motile and
small sphere, globule; L. v. fero to bear, unattached.
carry; M.L. adj. (/lobulijerus globule-bear- Source: Found on gla.ss slides submerged
ing.
in spring water near Magdeburg, Germany.
Cells coccoid, round to egg-shaped, 4.8
to 5.0 by 6.5 microns. Occur in chains (3 to Habitat: Presumably widely distributed
S cells) which are enclosed in a gelatinous in iron-bearing waters.
Genus IV. Ferribacterium Brussoff, 1916.

(Brussoff, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., .(5, 1916, 547; Sideroderma Naumann, Kungl. Svenska
Vetenskapsakad. Handl., 62, 1922, 54.)
Fer.ri.bac.te'ri.um. L. nonn fernnn iron;Gr. dim. noun bacterium a small rod; M.L.
neut.n. Ferribacterium iron rodlet.
Rods, with rounded or square ends, usually occurring in pairs, sometimes appearing singly
or in short chains. Motility occasionally observed; presumably the cells are polar flagellate.
In most cultures the cells are enclosed in a gelatinous capsule which is ordinarily surrounded
hy deposits of iron compounds. Produces a pellicle on the surface of liquid media and wa-
ter. Found in iron- or manganese-bearing water.
The type species is Ferribacterium duplex Brussoff.
visible pellicle which appears yellow under

1. Ferribacterium duplex Brussoft", the microscope.
1916. (Brussoff", Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., ^5,
1916, 5-i7; Sideroderma duplex Naumann, Kgl. Water: A pellicle is formed which is
Svenska Vetenskapsakad. Handl., 62, 1922, weakly iridescent or of a metallic sheen.
55 and 63.) Aerobic.
du'plex. L. adj. duplex two-fold, double. Source: Isolated from an ochre-colored
Rods, with rounded ends, 1.2 by 2.5 to sediment from two samples of tap-water
5.0 microns, occurring usually in pairs, from Breslau labelled "Schwentniger" and
sometimes singl}' or in short chains. Re- "Pirschamer".
ported as non-motile. Cells enclosed in a Habitat: Found in iron-bearing waters.
gelatinous capsule which is ordinarily sur-
rounded by iron compounds. According to
Sauer (Inaug. Diss., Kiel, 1934, 33) the cells 2. Ferribacterium rectangulare (Nau-
mann, 1922) Beger, comb. nov. (Sideroderma
are motile and Gram-negative.
rectangulare Naumann, Kungl. Svenska
Peat-infusion agar: In old cultures the
gelatinous capsule is surrounded by a dark Vetenskapsakad. Handl., 62, No. 4, 1922, 54;
Sideroderma tenue Naumann, loc. cit.)
sheath, never bj- an iron secretion; the
sheath is generally ellipsoidal. Irregular rec.tang.u.la're. L. adj. rectus straight;
forms are also found. L. adj. angularis angular; M.L. adj. rectan-
Iron ammonium citrate broth: Pellicle gularis rectangular.
scarcely visible, appearing yellow under Rods, with square ends, 0.5 by 3.0 mi-
the microscope. crons. Embedded in capsular material in
Iron peptone broth: Produces a barelj- pairs. Iron compounds deposited outside
the capsules which are found in surface isms, these are so much like F errihacterium
films. No motility observed. duplex Brussoff that they clearly belong in
Aerobic. the same genus.
Comment: The differences between the Source: Found in the Anebodae region of
two species placed by Naumann (loc. cit.) Sweden.
in the genus Sideroderma are not very sig- Habitat : Found in fresh water, in swampy
nificant. Moreover, as surface-film organ- ditches and in small streams.
Genus V. Sideromonas Cholodny, 1922.
(Cholodny, Ber. d. deutsch. Bot. Ges., Ifi, 1922, 326; also see Die Eisenbakterien, Pflanzen-
forschung. Heft 4, 1926, 55; Siderothece Naumann, Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakad.
Handl., 62, No. 4, 1922, 18; Siderocystis Naumann, ibid., 42; also see Dorff, Die
Eisenorganismen, Pflanzenforschung, Heft 16, 1934, 12; and Beger, Ber. d.
deutsch. Bot. Ges., 62, (1944) 1950, 8.)
Si.de.ro.mo'nas. Gr. noun sider^ls iron; Gr. noun monas a unit, monad; M.L. fem.n.
Sideromonas iron monad.
Short, coccoid to rod-shaped cells each embedded in a rather large, sharply outlined
capsule. The number of cells may increase within the capsule, and older capsules may unite
to form larger colonies, the outlines of which are ill-defined. The capsules are impregnated
with iron or manganese compounds or are completely encrusted with them.
The type species is Sideromonas confervarum Cholodny.
1. Sideromonas confervarum Cho- Habitat: Widely distributed on fresh-

lodny, 1922. (Cholodnyi (sic), Ber. d. water green
deutsch. Bot. Ges., 40, 1922, 326; also see
Cholodny, Die Eisenbakterien, Pflanzen- 2. Sideromonas duplex (Naumann,
forschung, Heft 4, Jena, 1926, 55.) 1922) Beger, comb. nov. {Siderocystis duplex
con.fer.va'rum. M.L. fem.n. Conferva a Naumann, Kungl. Svenska Vetenskap-
genus of algae; M.L. gen. pi. noun confer- sakad. Handl., 62, No. 4, 1922, 43.)
varum of confer vae du'plex. L. adj. duplex two-fold, double.
Coccobacteria, 0.5 to 0.6 by 0.8 to 1.0 Slender rods with rounded ends, 0.5 by
micron, occurring in chains embedded in 1.5 to 3.0 microns, occurring singly or in
gelatinous masses 10 to 100 microns in pairs. Embedded in capsules that may fuse
diameter. Chains become visible when the to form zoogloeal masses. Iron compounds
gelatinous mass is treated with formalin impregnate the capsular material. No
followed by dilute HCl, washed in water motility observed.
and stained with gentian violet or carbol- Comment: The differences between this
fuchsin. No motility observed. species and Ferribacterium duplex Brussoff
Form deposits of iron salts within the are slight; cultural studies may show these
gelatinous mass surrounding the chains. two to be identical.
Probably facultative autotrophic (Dorff, Source: Found in the Aneboda region of
Tabulae Biologicae, 16, 1933, 222). Sweden.
Cause the algal cells that are surrounded Habitat: Found on submerged objects in
bj^ the zoogloeal masses to become darker swampy ditches and small streams.
green than normal.
Source: Found on the surface of algae 3. Sideromonas vulgaris (Naumann,
{Conferva) in water containing iron salts 1922) Beger, comb. nov. {Siderocystis vulgaris
near Kiew (Ukraine); also found near Naumann, Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsa-
Berlin, Central and Southern Sweden, kad. Handl., 62, No. 4, 1922, 42.)
Hungary and Moravia. vul.ga'ris. L. adj. vulgaris common.
223
Slender rods measuring 0.5 by 2.5 microns. Rods broader than those of Sideromonas
Rods, several to many placed irregularly in vulgaris, 0.5 to nearly 1.5 by 1.0 to 1.5 mi-
a gelatinous envelope, form, when old, crons. Each rod is surrounded by a large
zoogloea-like masses as much as 7.5 microns primary capsule; the capsules later fuse
in diameter. The rods are surrounded by and form a gelatinous envelope in which
primary capsules which are impregnated the cells are irregularly arranged. Form
with iron compounds and which later fuse. zoogloea-like masses up to 10 microns in
Reported by Dorff (Tabulae Biologicae, diameter. Iron compounds deposited within
16, 1938, 221) to be autotrophic. the capsular substance.
Comment: The characters of the genus Possibly autotrophic (Dorff, Talnilae
Siderocystis, as described by Naumann Biologicae, 16, 1938, 221).
{loc. cit.), do not seem adequate to distin- Aerobic.
guish it from the genus Sideromonas, estab- Comments: While there are some differ-
lished earlier by Cholodny. ences in the sizes of the organisms placed
Source: Found in the Aneboda region in by Naumann in the three different species
Sweden. named above, such differences may, in
Habitat: Forms deposits on submerged reality, not be significant: these differences
objects in ditch and river waters. may be due to variations in the nutritive
value of the water in which each of the
4. Sideromonas major (Naumann, 1922) organisms was growing.
Beger, comb. nov. {Siderothece major Nau- Source: Found in the Aneboda region in
mann, Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakad. Sweden.
Handl., 62, No. 4, 1922, 17; Siderothece Habitat: Develop concretionary deposits
minor Naumann, loc. cit.; Siderocystis (microscopic particles) on submerged ob-
minor Naumann, ibid., 43.) jects in swampy ditch and river waters;
ma'jor. L. comp.adj. major larger. also found in wells and pipes in waterworks.
Genus VI. Naumanniella Dorff, 1934.

(Die Eisenorganismen, Pflanzenforschung, Heft 16, 1934, 19.)
Nau.man.ni.el'la. M.L. dim. ending -ella; M.L. fem.n. Naumanniella named for Einar
Naumann, a Swedish limnologist.
Cells ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with rounded ends, occurring singly or in short chains;
the rods may be straight or curved and frequently are constricted in the middle. Each cell
is surrounded by a small capsule and a marginal thickening (torus) heavily impregnated
with iron and manganese compounds. Gelatinous capsules of the type found in Siderocapsa
are absent. Cell division occurs simultaneously with constriction and separation of the
torus. The species in this genus have not been cultured. Found at the surface and in or on
the bottom mud of iron-bearing water.
The type species is Naumanniella neuslonica Dorff.
Key to the species of genus Naumanniella.
I. Cells rod-shaped.
A. Cells occur singly.
1. Cell diameter greater than 1.2 microns with the torus.
a. Cells with the torus 1.8 to 3.3 by 4.0 to 10.0 microns.
1. Naumanniella neustonica.
aa. Cells with the torus 1.2 to 1.5 by 3.1 to 3.6 microns.
2. Naumanniella minor.
2. Cells 1 by 2 microns with the torus.
3. N aunianniella pygtnaea.
B. Cells occur in chains.
4. Naumanniella catenata.
II. Cells ellipsoidal.
6. Naumanniella ellipiica.
1. Naumanniella nenstonica Dorff, Source: Isolated from pipes and deep

1934. (Die Eisenorganismen, Pflanzen- wells of waterworks near Berlin. Found on
forschung, Heft 16, 1934, 21.) the surface of the gelatinous mass formed
neus.to'ni.ca. Gr. adj. neustus swimming, by Zoogloea filipendula Beger.
floating; M.L. adj. neusfonicus of the neus- Habitat: Presumably widely distributed.
ton (surface film).
Cells, including the torus, 1.8 to 3.3 by 4. Naumanniella catenata Beger, 1941.
4.9 to 10 microns; never curved but may be (Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 103, 1941, 32.)
slightly constricted. Without the torus the
cells measure 2.5 by 6.0 microns. Occur ca.te.na'ta. L. part. adj. catenatus in
chains.
singly in the surface film of water, rarely
on submerged plants. Cells 0.4 to 0.5 by 4.6 to 5.2 microns; with
Source: Found on the surface of iron- the torus, 1.0 to 1.2 by 4.9 to 5.5 microns.
bearing water from wells near Freienwalde Cells elongated or slightly curved with
(1931) and Stolzenhagen (1932) in Mark thick walls impregnated with iron. After
Brandenburg; also isolated at Brisbane, division the cells remain connected in
Australia. chains of several to many (3 to 12). These
Habitat: Widely distributed in swamp cells are joined together in such a manner
water. that, because of the iron-impregnated,
marginal thickenings and the relatively
2. Naumanniella minor Dorff, 1934. clear cells inside, they give the appearance
(Die Eisenorganismen, Pflanzenforschung, of a chain with elongated links. Non-motile
Heft 16, 1934,21.) and unattached.
mi'nor. L. comp.adj. minor smaller. Source: Found on glass slides submerged
Cells, including the torus, 1.2 to 1.5 by in spring water near Magdeburg, Germany.
3.1 to 3.6 microns; occur singly in the form Habitat: Presumably widely distributed
of rods which frequently are curved or in or on the bottom mud of iron-bearing
spiral-shaped. The cells are 0.9 by 3.0 mi- waters.
crons irrespective of the torus. Usually
found in or on the bottom mud of fresh- 5. Naumanniella elliptica Beger, 1949.
water ponds and swampy areas. (Zent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 154, 1949, 63
Source: Found at Wurms (Rhein) in the and 65.)
bottom of a well which contained iron-bear- el.lip'ti.ca. Gr. adj. ellipticus defective,
ing water. elliptical.
Habitat: Widely distributed in swamp Cells ellipsoidal, 2.0 by 2.5 to 3.0 microns,
water; also found on ore or on the submerged with a pronounced torus.
leaves of water plants. Source: Found in pipes and deep wells
of waterworks near Berlin. Found on masses
3. Naumanniella pygmaea Beger, 1949. of Crenothrix polyspora threads lying on the
(Zent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 154, 1949, 65.) bottom mud.
pyg.mae'a. Gr. adj. pygmaeus dwarfish. Habitat: Presumably widelj' distributed
Small, straight rods, with rounded ends, in or on the bottom mud of iron-bearing
1 by 2 microns with the torus. Occur singly. waters.
FAMILY VI. SIDEROCAPSACEAE 225
Genus VII. Ochrobium Perfiliev, 1921.

(Perfiliev, in Wislouch, Bull. Institut Hydrobiol., Russia, 1921; Sideroderma in part,
Naumann, Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakad. Handl., 62, Part 4, (1921) March 20,
1922, 32; also see Naumann, Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 78, 1929, 514.)
O.chro'bi.um. Gr. noun ochra yellow ochre, iron oxide; Gr. noun bins life, dwelling;
M.L. neut.n. Ochrobium ochre-dweller.
Ellipsoidal to rod-shaped cells that are partially surrounded by a marginal thickening
(torus) that is heavily impregnated with iron. This torus remains open at one end so that
it resembles a horseshoe. The cells are surrounded b}' a delicate, transparent capsule that
contains a very small amount of iron. Polar flagellate. Widely distributed in fresh water.
The type species is Ochrobium tectum Perfiliev.
1. Ochrobium tectum Perfiliev, 1921. the open ends together. The cells are cov-
(Perfiliev, in Wislouch, Bull. Institut ered with a delicate outer capsule, and they
Hydrobiol., Russia, 1921; also see Nach- may be united in small colonies. When
richten des Sapropelkommittees, Leningrad, motile, they bear two unequal polar flagella.
1922, 1; and Verhandl. Intern. Verein. f. Comment: The cells are much like those
theor. und angew. Limnologie (1925)3, T. 3, found in the algal genus Pteromonas, only
1927; Sideroderma limneticum Naumann, smaller.
Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakad. Handl., Source: Originally found in the region
62, 1922, 32.)
about Leningrad; then found independently
tec'tum. L. v. tego to cover; L. past part. by Naumann (Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 78,
tectus covered.
Cells small, ellipsoidal to rod-shaped, 0.5 1929, 514) in Sweden and later by Beger
to 3.0 hj 1.5 to 5.0 microns. Each cell is (Zent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 154, 1949, 65)
surrounded by a heavily iron-impregnated in wells of waterworks near Berlin.
torus which is open at one pole. Pairs of Habitat: Widely distributed iniron-bear-
cells appear like a pair of horseshoes with ing waters.
Genus VIII. Siderococcus Dorff, 1934.
(Die Eisenorganismen, Pflanzenforschung, Jena, Heft 16, 1934 9.)
Si.de.ro.coc'cus. Gr. noun siderus iron; Gr. noun coccus a berry, sphere; M.L. mas.n.
Siderococcus iron coccus.
Cells cocciform and of small size. Lack a gelatinous capsule. Not encrusted with iron
compounds; these are deposited entirely outside of the cells.
The type species is Siderococcus limoniticus Dorff.
1. Siderococcus limoniticus Dorff, the surface in which iron compounds are

1934. (Die Eisenorganismen, Pflanzenfor- deposited on the slide. When the iron com-
schung, Jena, Heft 16, 1934, 9.) pounds are dissolved with dilute HCl, very
li.mo.ni'ti.cus. Gr. noun limon meadow, tiny cocci are left on the slide.
bog; M.L. noun limonitum limonite, a min- Source: Isolated from limonite deposits
eral, ferrous iron o.xide; ALL. adj. limon- in a bay of Teufelsee near Freienwalde,
iticus of limonite.
Austria. Also found in Russian and Swedish
Cocci 0.2 to 0.5 micron in diameter. No
evident capsule. Utilize inorganic iron iron ore deposits as well as in Java, Sumatra
compounds and deposit them outside of and Borneo.
the cells. Habitat : Widely distributed in swamps
In liquid cultures, the cells produce, on and lakes where limonite deposits are
a glass slide, a sharply marked zone beneath forming.
2. Siderococcus communis Dorff, 1934. Do not grow in water containing inorganic

(Die Eisenorganismen, Pflanzenforschung, iron compounds such as iron carbonate. Do
Jena, Heft 16, 1934, 9.) not grow on glass slides submerged in wâter
com.mu'nis. L. adj. communis common. containing organic iron compounds but are
Cocci to short rods, 0.4 to 1.0 micron in found in the precipitate that is formed.
diameter, occurring singly or in chains. No Source: Found in many European coun-
capsules observed. Utilize organic iron tries and in North America.
compounds (ferrous ammonium citrate) Habitat: Widely distributed in water
and produce precipitates of ferric oxide. containing organic iron compounds.
Genus IX. Siderobacter Nauinann, 1922.

(Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakad. Handl., 62, No. 4, 1922, 55.)
Si.de.ro.bac'ter. Gr. noun siderus iron; M.L. noun bacter the masculine form of the Gr.
neut. n. hactrum a small rod; M.L. mas.n. Siderobacter iron rodlet.
Cells bacilliform with rounded ends; occur singly, in pairs or in short chains or are united
to form colonies. Lack a gelatinous capsule. Iron or manganese compounds are deposited
on the surfaces or in the membranes of the cells; the deposit may also be entirely outside
of the cells. Flagellated cells may occur. Found in neutral or alkaline waters.
The type species is Siderobacter linearis Naumann.
Key to species of genus Siderobacter.

I. Cells less than 1.0 micron in diameter. Found on the surface of zoogloeal masses.
A. Cells less than 0.5 micron in diameter.
1. Siderobacter gracilis.
B. Cells 0.8 micron in diameter.
2. Siderobacter hrevis.
II. Cells 1.0 micron or greater than 1.0 micron in diameter.
A. Cells 1.0 micron in diameter.
3. Siderobacter linearis.
B. Cells greater than 1.0 micron in diameter.
1. Cells in pairs and 1.5 microns in diameter.
4. Siderobacter duplex.
2. Cells 2.5 microns in diameter. Participate in the formation of iron and lime
concretions of macroscopic size.
5. Siderobacter latus.
1. Siderobacter gracilis Beger, 1949. 2. Siderobacter brevis Beger, 1949.

(Zent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., ISJt, 1949, 65.) (Zent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Grig., 1S4, 1949, 65.)
gra'ci.lis. L. adj. gracilis slim, slender. bre'vis. L. adj. brevis short.
Cells 0.4 by 3.0 microns. Encrusted cells Cells, 0.8 to 1.0 by 3.0 to 4.0 microns,
are 5.0 to 7.0 microns long. Occur singly. usually occurring singly. Participate in the
Participate in the formation of deposits of formation of deposits of iron compounds.
iron compounds. Source : Found on the surface of masses of
Source: Found on the surface of masses of
Zoogloea filipendula. This species formed
Zoogloea filipendula. This species formed thick coatings on the walls of two wells
thick coatings on the walls of two wells
supphdng rapid sand filters near Berlin,
supplying rapid sand filters near Berlin,
Germany. The filters required frequent Germany. The filters required frequent
washing because the coatings were easily washing because the coatings were easily
detached. detached.
Habitat: Found in the cool waters of deep
wells. 3. Siderobacter linearis Naumann, 1922.
227
(Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakad. Handl., Cells, 1.5 by 3.5 microns after encrusting
62, 1922, 55.) iron compounds are removed with dilute
li.ne.a'ris. L. adj. linearis linear. HCl, occurring in pairs.
The type species of genus Siderobacter Source: Found in the Aneboda region in
Naumann. Sweden.
Cells 1.0 by 5.0 microns after the encrust- Habitat: Found in surface films on the
ing iron compounds have been dissolved water of swamps and small streams.
away with dilute HCl. Opaque, encrusted
cells, 1.2 b}- 7.0 microns. Always occur 5. Siderobacter latus Beger, 1941.
singl}' in contrast to the larger-celled (Zent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 154, 1949, 63
and 66.)
Siderobacter duplex, where the cells occur in
pairs. la'tus. L. adj. latus broad.
Source: Found in the Aneboda region in Straight or occasionally curved cells, 2.5
Sweden. b}^ 6.0 to 15.0 microns, usually occurring
Habitat: Found in surface films and on singly. Participate in the formation of iron
submerged objects. and lime concretions.
Source: Found on concretions on the
4. Siderobacter duplex Naumann, 1922. brick walls of two wells suppljang a rapid
(Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakad. Handl., sand filter near Berlin, Germany.
62, No. 4, 1922, 55.) Habitat : Found in the cool waters of deep
wells.
du'plex. L. adj. duplex two-fold, double.
Genus X. Ferrobacillus Leathen and Braley, 1954*
(Bact. Proc. 54th General Meeting, Soc. of Amer. Bact., 1954, 44.)
Fer.ro. ba.cil'lus. L. noun /errum iron, here meaning ferrous iron; L. dim. noun bacillus
a small rod; M.L. noun Ferrobacillus ferrous-iron rodlet.
Short, plump, rod-shaped cells occurring singly and in pairs, seldom in chains; the cells
are not united to form colonies. O.xidize ferrous iron to the ferric state in acid environments.
Optimum reaction, pH 3.5.
The type species is Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans Leathen and Braley.
1. Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans Leathen ally become granular and brown with

and Braley, 1954. (Ferrous iron oxidizing oxidizing iron. A tan to brown area of
bacterium, Leathen, IMcIntyre and Braley, oxidized iron is frequently found around the
colony.
Bact. Proc. 52nd General Meeting, Soc. of
Amer. Bact., 1952, 15; also see Leathen, Liquid ferrous iron medium (Leathen,
Braley and Mclntj're, Appl. Microbiol., 1, Mclntyre and Braley, Science, 114, 1951,
1953, 65; Leathen and Braley, Bact. Proc. 280): Rapidly oxidized; forms a precipitate
54th General Meeting, Soc. of Amer. Bact., of ferric hydroxide or basic ferric sulfate.
1954, 44.) Acid thiosulfate liquid medium: Not
oxidized.
fer.ro.o'xi.dans. L. noun ferruni iron;
Gr. adj. oxys sharp, acid; M.L. v. oxido to Optimum reaction, pH 3.5. O.xidation
oxidize or make acid; M.L. part. adj. fer- retarded below pH 2.2 and above pH 4.6.
rooxidans iron-oxidizing. Optimum temperature, between 15°
and 20° C.
Motile, presumably polar flagellate. Gram- Strictly autotrophic. Derives energy by
negative. the o.xidation of ferrous iron to the ferric
Ferrous iron-silica gel : Colonies are small state. Utilizes the CO2 of the atmosphere
and raised with irregular margins. Young as a source of carbon.
colonies are glistening and tan, but gradu- Aerobic.
*Description of genus and species prepared by Wm. W. Leathen, Mellon Institute, Pitts-
burgh, Pennsylvania.
Distinctive characters: By catalytic ac- of even minute traces of ferrous iron medium
tion, this species increases by several fold to an acid thiosulfate medium may cause
the amount of sulfuric acid normally formed decomposition of the thiosulfate, evidenced
by the atmospheric oxidation of pyritic by the development of turbidity due to the
materials found in bituminous coal seams formation of colloidal sulfur; this purely
and associated rock strata. chemical reaction involving thiosulfate
Comment: This organism closely resem
maj^ easily be misinterpreted as a bacterial
bles Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and may, in oxidation of this same substrate.
fact, be identical with it. However Temple Source: Isolated from bituminous coal
and Colmer (Jour. Bact., 59, 1950, 317)
oxi- "^^^« drainages and from waters receiving
report that Thiobacillus ferrooxidans
dizes thiosulfate while Leathen and Braley ^^^^ discharges.
(op. cit., 1954, 44) report that Ferrobacillus Habitat: Indigenous to bituminous coal
ferrooxidans does not oxidize thiosulfate. regions. Frequently form relatively hard
Thelatter workers (personal communication, granules of ferric iron in which many
May, 1954) further report that the transfer bacteria are entrapped.
FAMILY VII. SPIRILLACEAE MIGULA, 1894.

(Migula, Arb. Bact. Inst. Karlsruhe, 1, 1894, 237; Spirillobacteriaccae Orla-Jensen,
Jour. Bact., 6, 1921, 264.)
Spi.ril.la'ce.ae. M.L. neut.n. Spirillum type genus of the family; -aceac ending to denote
a family; M.L. fem.pl.n. Spirillaceae the Spirillum family.
Cells simple, curved or spirally twisted rods. These frequently remain attached to each
other after transverse division to form chains of spirally twisted cells. Cells are rigid and
usually motile by means of a single flagellum (rarely two) or a tuft of polar flagella. Gram-
negative. Frequently oxidative in their physiology. Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic,
although a few strict anaerobes occur among the vibrios (Desulfovibrio and Vibrio). Largely
water forms, although some are parasitic or pathogenic on higher animals and man.
Key to the genera of family Spirillaceae.
I. Curved, vibrio-like rods that are rarely united into a complete ring.
A. Cells curved; rods never united at the end into a ring-shaped cell. Usually possess
a single, polar flagellum.
1. Curved rods that are not known to attack cellulose.
a. Aerobic to anaerobic, heterotrophic vibrios.
Genus I. Vibrio, p. 229.
aa. Anaerobic, facultatively autotrophic vibrios that produce hydrogen sulfide
or methane.
b. Reduce sulfates to hydrogen sulfide.
Genus II. Desulfovibrio, p. 248.
bb. Reduce carbon dioxide to methane.
Genus III. Methanobacterium, p. 250.
2. Curved rods that attack cellulose.
a. Vibrio-like cells.
Genus IV. Cellvibrio, p. 250.
aa. Pointed, sickle-shaped cells.
Genus V. Cellfalcicula, p. 252.
B. Curved rods that join ends to form a complete ring.
Genus VI. Microcyclus, p. 253.
FAMILY VII. SPIRILLACEAE 229
II. Crescent-shaped to spiral cells that are frequently united into spiral chains of cells.
A. Cells not embedded in zoogloeal masses.
1. Spiral cells with polar flagellation.
a. Possess a tuft of polar flagella.
Genus VII. Spirillum, p. 253.
aa. Possess a single, polar flagellum.
Genus VIII. Paraspirillvm, p. 257.
2. Crescent-shaped cells with a tuft of flagella attached to the middle of the concave
side of the cell.
Genus IX. Selenomonas, p. 258.
B. Crescent- to spiral-shaped cells embedded in a spherical mass of jelly. Found in
fresh water.
Genus X. Myconostoc, p. 260.
Genns I. Vibrio Miiller, 1773 *

(Miiller, Vermium terrestrium et fluviatilum, 1, 1773, 39; Pacinia Trevisan, Atti d. Accad.
Fisio-Medico-Statistica in Milano, Ser. 4, 3, 1885, 83; Microspira Schroeter,
in Cohn, Kryptogamen-Flora von Schlesien, 3, 1, 1886, 168.)
Vib'ri.o. L. v. vibro to move rapidly to and fro, to vibrate; M.L. mas.n. Vibrio that
which vibrates.
Cells short, curved, single or united into spirals. Motile by means of a single, polar flagel-
lum which is usually relativel}^ short; rarely two or three flagella in one tuft. Grow well and
rapidly on the surfaces of standard culture media. Heterotrophic organisms varying greatly
in their nutritional requirements. Aerobic, facultative anaerobic and anaerobic species.
Widely distributed as saprophytic forms in salt- and fresh-water and in soil; also occur as
parasites and as pathogens.
See Genus I, Pseudomonas, of Family IV, Pseudomonadaceae , for a discussion of the border-
line between the genus Vibrio and the genus Pseudomonas.
Few comparative studies have been made on the species in this genus; it is therefore
impossible to prepare a really satisfactory differential key.
The type species is Vibrio comma (Schroeter) Winslow et al.
Kerj to the species of genus Vibrio.
I. Aerobic species.
A. Produce acid but no gas from glucose and usually from other sugars (one lumines-
cent, one halophilic and several agar-digesting species fail to produce acid from
glucose) .
1. Not luminescent, not able to digest agar and do not attack benzene ring com-
pounds or o.\idize oxalates so far as known,
a. Found in fresh water or in the body fluids of animals, including man.
b. Liquefy gelatin.
c. Indole produced.
d. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
6. Milk not coagulated.
f. Cause of cholera.
1. Vibrio comma.
ff. Cholera-like vibrio from fresh water.
2. Vibrio herolinensis.
* Revised by Prof. Robert S. Breed, Cornell University, Geneva, New York, January,
1954; the section covering the microaerophilic and anaerobic animal pathogens was re-
viewed by Dr. E. V. Morse, College of Agriculture, University of Wisconsin, Madison,
Wisconsin, May, 1955.
ee. Milk coagulated.

3. Vibrio metschnikovii .
dd. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
4. Vibrio proteus.
cc. Indole not produced.
d. Found in the human buccal cavity.
5. Vibrio sputigenus.
dd. Cause of abscesses in the African toad.
6. Vibrio xenopus.
bb. Does not liquefy gelatin.
7. Vibrio leonardii.
aa. Require sea-water or heavy brine media for growth on fresh isolation,
b. Isolated from sea water.
c. A diffusible dark brown pigment is usually produced in gelatin
media.
8. Vibrio marinopraesens .
cc. A buff -colored pigment is produced on sea-water agar. No diffusible
pigment produced.
9. Vibrio phytoplanktis .
bb. Found growing in brines.
c. Acid from glucose.
10. Vibrio costicoliis.
cc. No acid from glucose.
11. Vibrio halonitrificans.
2. Luminescent, digest agar, attack benzene ring compounds or oxidize oxalates,
a. Produce luminescence especially on neutral media containing sea water or
the equivalent salt content,
c. Require alkaline sea water or equivalent media for growth,
d. Optimum growth temperature, between 25° and 28° C.
12. Vibrio himinosus.
dd. Optimum growth temperature, between 30° and 32° C.
13. Vibrio indicus.
cc. Found in fresh water and in intestinal contents.
14. Vibrio albensis.
bb. Does not liquefy gelatin.
15. Vibrio pierantonii.
aa. Not as above.
b. Digest agar either actively or at least soften it.
c. Found in soil and in rotting organic matter,
d. Decomposes both cellulose and agar.
16. Vibrio agarliqvefaciens.
dd. Liquefies agar only.
17. Vibrio andoii.
cc. Found in sea water with rotting algae.
e. Colonies on agar are white to gray.
18. Vibrio beijerinckii.
ee. Colonies on agar are pale yellow becoming bright yellow
then pale brown.
19. Vibrio fuscus.

20. Vibrio granii.
bb. Not as above.
c. Soil organisms that are known to attack benzene ring compounds,
d. Soil organism that attacks naphthalene.
21. Vibrio neocistes.
dd. Soil organism that attacks phenol and m-cresol.
22. Vibrio cyclosites.
cc. Soil organisms that are known to attack oxalates.
d. Grows well on calcium oxalate agar. White colonies.
23. Vibrio oxaliticus.
dd. Forms film on bottom of liquid oxalate media. Rose-red to
blood-red chromogenesis on oxalate agar.
24. Vibrio extorquens.
B. Do not attack carbohydrates.
1. Soil organism that is known to attack naphthalene.
25. Vibrio cuneatus.
2. Not as above.
a. Do not liquefy gelatin,
b. From fresh water.
26. Vibrio percolans.
bb. Requires sea-water media for growth on fresh isolation.
27. Vibrio adapiaius.
aa. Liquefy gelatin.
b. Causes a disease in fresh-water fishes.
28. Vibrio piscium.
bb. Requires sea-water media for growth on fresh isolation.
29. Vibrio hyphalus.
II. Anaerobic to microaerophilic species (all parasitic, normally pathogenic).
A. Microaerophilic species that are pathogenic to warm-blooded animals.
1. Cause of abortion in cattle and sheep.
30. Vibrio fetus.
2. Not as above.
a. Cause of swine dysentery.
31. Vibrio coli.
aa. Cause of dysentery in cattle and related animals.
32. Vibrio jejuni.
B. Strict anaerobes.
a. Produces gas and bad odors in protein media.
33. Vibrio niger.
aa. Does not produce gas and bad odors in protein media.
34. Vibrio sputorum.
1. Vibrio comma (Schroeter, 1886) wiede, Rogers and Smith, Jour. Bact., 5,
Winslow et al., 1920. (Kommabacillus, 1920 204.)
Koch, Berliner klin. Wochenschr., î, 1884, „^/,„„ n- ^ ^„ „^„.^„
479; bpinllum cholerae asiaticae Zopf, Die com'ma.
o • -77 77 • • r, r. • , , ur. comma
, , a comma.
0.6 by 1.0 to
Spaltpilze, 3 Aufl., 1885, 69; Microspira Slightly curved rods, 0.3 to
comma Schroeter, in Cohn, Kryptogamen ^.0 microns, occurring singly and in spiral
Flora V. Schlesien, 3, 1, 1886, 168; Vibrio chains. Cells may be long, thin and delicate
cholerae Neisser, Arch. f. Hyg., 19, 1893, 199; or short and thick. May lose their curved
Winslow, Broadhurst, Buchanan, Krum- form on artificial cultivation. Motile,
possessing a single polar flagellum. Gram- Nitrites produced from nitrates.

negative. High alkali but low acid tolerance:
Gelatin colonies: Small, yellowish white. optimum pH, between 7.6 and 8.0; for
Gelatin stab: Rapid, napiform liquefac- isolation on Dieudonne's medium, pH 9.0
tion. to 9.6.
Agar colonies: Circular, whitish brown, Aerobic, grows best in abundant oxygen;
moist, glistening, translucent, slightlj^ under strict anaerobiosis may fail to grow
raised, entire. altogether.
Agar slant: Brownish gray, moist, glisten- Optimum temperature, 37° C. Maximum,
ing. 42° C. Minimum, 14° C.
McConkey's medium: Good growth, Source: Isolated from the intestinal
colonies colorless when young, soon pinkish, contents of cholera patients in Egypt and
medium becomes darker red. India.
Broth: Slightly turbid, with fragile, Habitat: Found in the intestinal contents
wrinkled pellicle and flocculent precipitate. of cholera patients and carriers.
Peptone water: Characteristic rapid The relationships existing among the
growth, chiefly at surface, where, after 6 cholerigenic and non-pathogenic water
to 9 hours, a delicate membrane is formed; vibrios, although studied intensively, have
little turbidity, deposit apparently derived not yet been completely defined. As a
from pellicle (Topley and Wilson, Princip. working scheme, based on somatic (O) and
Bact. and Immun., 2nd ed., 1936, 388). flagellar (H) antigen studies, Gardner and
Readily isolated from the surface film of Vankatraman (Jour. Hyg., 35, 1935, 262-
0.1 per cent peptone water. 282) suggest the one shown in the graph
Litmus milk: Alkaline at the top and on the following page.
slightly acid at bottom; generally not Linton (Bact. Rev., 4, 1940, 275) has out-
coagulated; peptonized; reduced. lined a classification of the vibrios based
Potato: Dirty white to yellowish, moist,
upon their protein and polysaccharide struc-
glistening, spreading growth. tures. Using chemical methods, it was found
Blood serum: Abundant growth, some- that one polysaccharide and one protein
times slow liquefaction. was commonly obtained from each strain
Blood agar: The blood pigment is di- of vibrio; when exceptions occurred, it was
gested forming a greenish zone around invariably noted that the strain was under-
colonies; a true soluble hemolysin is not going dissociation. Given a single protein
formed (the El Tor vibrio also digests and polysaccharide in each vibrio, it was
blood pigment but in addition produces a possible to divide the strains into six groups,
soluble hemolysin; otherwise it is said to which were numbered in the order of their
be indistinguishable from the typical discovery as shown in the table.
cholera vibrio) .
Indole produced. A chemical grouping of the cholerigenic
Cholera-red reaction, which depends on and water vibrios.
production of indole and reduction of Group
Protein Type Polysaccharide
nitrates, is positive. Type
Acid but no gas from glucose, fructose, I I I
galactose, maltose, sucrose and mannitol. III II
Slowly from glycerol. Does not attack II II
lactose, inulin or dulcitol. II
II
III
IV IIII
Group I of Heiberg (Classification of V III
Vibrio cholerae and Cholera-like Vibrios. I
Copenhagen, 1935) ferments mannose and VI
sucrose but not arabinose.
Hydrolyzes starch actively in alkaline The strains of Groups I and II possess
media. the same protein and different polysaccha-
233
FAMILY VII. SPIRILLACEAE
Cholera group of vibrios.

(Biochemically similar. Common H antigen.)
I
0-sub-group I, O sub-groups II, III, IV, V, VI and indi-
vidual races (mostly hemolytic). Para-
cholera, cholera-like, and some El Tor
vibrios.
Non-hemolytic Hemolytic (goat (Types within sub-groups underlined.)
(goat cells). cells) .
Cholera vibrios. El Tor vibrios.
Types — original , Types — original
variant and mid- and variant (?mid-
dle. dle).
rides. These are derived from cases of chol- be.ro.li.nen'sis. M.L. Berolinum place
era and have the serological and biochemical name, Berlin; M.L. adj. berolinensis of
characteristics of 0-Group I, Vibrio chol- Berlin.
era. Group I strains are more common than Curved rods, somewhat smaller than those
those of Group II, which have, however, of Vibrio comma, frequently occurring in
been isolated from epidemics with a high pairs. Pleomorphic. Motile by means of a
mortality. The phospholipid fraction is single, polar flagellum. Gram-negative.
common to both tj^pes when isolated in the Gelatin colonies: Small, grayish, slightly
early part of an epidemic but is not found granular, fragmented; very slow liquefac-
in strains of other groups. The harmless tion.
water vibrios, which are so heterogeneous Gelatin stab: Slow, napiform liquefaction.
serologically (Taylor and Ahuja, Indian Agar slant: Grayish yellow, moist, glis-
Jour. Med. Res., 26, 1938, 8-32), form a tening growth.
single chemical group with a homogeneous Broth: Turbid, with gray pellicle.
structure. They fall into Group III, which Litmus milk: No coagulation, no acid.
differs in its protein structure from the Potato: Brownish streak.
authentic cholera vibrios and which re- Indole produced.
sembles Group II in its polysaccharide. The Nitrites produced from nitrates.
vibrios of Group IV, which came from El Not pathogenic for mice, pigeons or
Tor and from chronic vibrio carriers, are guinea pigs.
believed, on epidemiological grounds, to Aerobic, facultative.
be harmless, although serological methods Optimum temperature, 37° C. Minimum,
have failed to distinguish them from chol- above 10° C. Maximum, less than 60° C.
erigenic vibrios. Group V, which, like III Source: Isolated from filtered Spree river
and IV, contains protein II, consists, like water.
Group IV, of strains from chronic vibrio Habitat: Presumably widely distributed
carriers. Group VI strains are only rarely in polluted water.
isolated in nature, and representatives of
this group are generally found among col- 3. Vibrio metschnikovii GamaMia, 1888.
lections of old laboratory strains. They {Vibrio metschnikovi (sic) Gamaleia, Ann.
appear to be the result of polysaccharide Inst. Past., 2, 1888, 482.)
variation from Group I after long-con- metsch.ni.ko'vi.i. Named for Metsch-
tinued growth on artificial media. nikoff, a Russian bacteriologist; M.L. mas.
gen.n. metschnikovii of Metschnikoff.
2. Vibrio berolinensis Xeisser, 1893. Curved rods, somewhat shorter and
(Arch. f. Hyg., 19, 1893, 200.) thicker than those of Vibrio comma. Long,
slender chains of cells are formed in old Indole not produced; indole reaction weak
cultures. Motile by means of a single, polar (Lehmann and Neumann).
flagellum. In the animal body the cells are Hydrogen sulfide production very slight.
nearly coccoid. Gram-negative. Gas not produced from glucose.
Gelatin colonies: Like those of Vibrio Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
comma. Aerobic, facultative.
Gelatin stab: Rapid, napiform liquefac- Optimum temperature, 30° C.
tion. Source: Isolated from feces of patients
Agar slant: Yellowish, plumose, moist, suffering from cholera nostras (gastroen-
teris).
glistening growth.
Broth: Turbid, with thin, white pellicle. Habitat: Found in the intestinal contents
Litmus milk: Acid, coagulated (eighth in cholera nostras and cholera infantum.
day) ; not peptonized.
Potato: Delicate, brownish growth. 5. Vibrio sputigenus (Migula, 1900)
Indole produced. Bergey et al., 1923. (Vibrio aus Sputum,
Nitrites produced from nitrates. Brix, Hyg. Rundschau, 4, 1894, 913; Micro-
Aerobic, facultative. spira sputigena Migula, Syst. d. Bakt., 2,
Optimum temperature, 37° C. Maximum, 1900, 981; Bergey et al.. Manual, 1st ed.,
1923, 80.)
less than 45° C.
Pathogenic for pigeons, fowls and guinea spu.ti'ge.nus. L. noun sputum spit, spu-
pigs. tum; Gr. v. gennao to bear; M.L. adj. sputi-
Source: Isolated from fowl dead of a chol- genus sputum-borne.
era-like disease. Slightly curved rods, about the same
Habitat: Found in the intestinal contents size and form as those of Vibrio comma,
of chickens, pigeons and other animals suf- occurring singly, occasionally three or four
fering from a cholera-like disease. in a chain. Motile by means of a single, polar
flagellum. Gram-negative.
4. Vibrio proteus Buchner, 1885. (Kom- Gelatin colonies: Small, circular, slightly
mabacillus der cholera nostras, Finkler and granular, yellowish, becoining brownish.
Prior, Deutsche med. Wochenschr., 1884, Gelatin: Crateriform liquefaction.
632; Buchner, Sitzungsber. d. Gesel. f. Agar slant: Grayish white, moist.
Morph. u. Physiol., Miinchen, Heft 1, 1885, Broth: Turbid, no pellicle formed.
10.) Litmus milk: Acid; coagulated.
pro'te .us. Gr. noun Proteus a sea-god who Potato: Thin, gray layer, spreading.
could change his form; M.L. mas.n. Proteus Indole not produced.
a generic name. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Description supplemented by material Aerobic, facultative.
taken from Lehmann and Neumann (Bakt.
Diag., 7 Aufl., 2, 1927, 541). Source: Isolated from sputum.
Curved rods, 0.4 to 0.6 by 2.4 microns,
often pointed at both ends. Motile by means 6. Vibrio xenopus Schrire and Green-
of a single, polar flagellum. Gram-negative. field, 1930. (Trans. Roy. Soc. So. Africa,
Gelatin colonies: Small, gray, circular, 17, 1930, 309.)
granular, entire; rapid liquefaction with xe'no.pus. Gr. adj. xenus alien, strange;
the formation of large craters. Gr. noun pus, podis a foot; M.L. mas.n.
Gelatin stab: Rapid, saccate liquefaction. Xenopus strange foot, a genus of toads.
Agar slant: Dirty grayish, plumose Spiral forms, occurring singly and in
growth. pairs. Non-motile. Gram-negative.
Broth: Turbid, with fetid odor. Gelatin stab: Slow, crateriform liquefac-
Litmus milk: Slightly acid; coagulated; tion.
peptonized. Agar colonies: Small, white, glistening,
Potato: Grayish, slimy layer. slimy, entire.
Agar slant: Grayish white, slimy, entire crons, occurring singly and in spiral chains.
growth. Polar staining. Motile by means of one or
Broth: Turbid with flocculent sediment. two polar flagella. Gram-negative.
Litmus milk: Unchanged. Note: All differential media except the
Potato: Not reported. fresh-water broth, litmus milk and potato
Indole not produced. were prepared with sea water.
Blood serum peptonized. Gelatin colonies: Circular, 1 mm in di-
Starch not hydrolyzed. ameter, dense center, brown discoloration
Acid from glucose, fructose, maltose, of gelatin.
glycerol and sorbitol. Gelatin stab: Stratiform above, infundi-
Nitrites produced slowly from nitrates. buliform below; complete liquefaction in
Aerobic, facultative. 5 days; brown discoloration of gelatin.
Optimum temperature, 37° C. Agar colonies: Convex, circular, 0.5 mm
Source: Isolated from an abscess of the in diameter, entire, translucent.
pectoral muscle of an African toad. Agar slant: Abundant, filiform, glisten-
ing, butyrous growth with no pigment.
7. Vibrio leonardii Mdtalnikov and Sea-water broth: Heavy turbidity; slight
Chorine, 1928. (Ann. Inst. Past., Ji2, 1928, viscid sediment; surface ring.
1647.) Fresh-water broth: No visible growth.
le.o.nar'di.i. M.L. gen. noun leonardii of Litmus milk: Completely decolorized.
Leonard; named for A. G. Leonard. Potato: No visible growth.
Curved rods with rounded ends, 0.5 to Indole not produced.
1.0 by 2.0 to 3.0 microns. Motile by means Hydrogen sulfide rapidly produced.
of 1 to 3 polar flagella. Gram-negative. Acid but no gas from glucose and maltose.
Gelatin stab: No liquefaction. Glycerol, xylose, lactose, sucrose, mannitol
Agar colonies: Small, transparent, circu- and salicin not fermented.
lar, having a characteristic odor. Starch is hydrolyzed.
Broth: Turbid, with thin pellicle. Non-lipolytic.
Litmus milk: No coagulation, acid, with Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
reduction of litmus. Ammonia produced from peptone but not
Potato: Slight, colorless growth. from urea.
Coagulated blood serum not liquefied. Casein not digested.
Indole not produced. Aerobic, facultative.
Acid and gas from glucose, fructose, ga- 25° C.
lactose, lactose, sucrose and mannitol. No Source: Isolated from sea water.
acid or gas from maltose or glycerol. Habitat: Common; probably widely dis-
Nitrites produced from nitrates. tributed.
9. Vibrio phytoplanktis ZoBell and
Habitat: Highly pathogenic for insects Upham, 1944. (Bull. Scripps Inst, of Ocean-
such as Galleria mellonella L. (wax moth) ography, Univ. Calif., 5, 1944, 261.)
and Pyrmista nubialis Hiibn. (European phy.to.plank'tis. Gr. neut.n. phylum
corn borer). plant; Gr. adj. plancius wandering; M.L.
neut.n. plankton (plancium) plankton; M.L.
8. Vibrio niarinopraesens ZoBell and neut.n. phytoplankton plant plankton; M.L.
adj. ^phytoplanktis of the phytoplankton.
Upham, 1944. (Bull. Scripps Inst, of Ocean-
Curved rods, 0.5 to 0.6 by 2.0 to 5.4 mi-
ography, Univ. Calif., 5, 1944, 256.) crons, occurring mostly singly with some
ma.ri .no.prae'sens. L. adj. marinus of the short spiral chains. Bipolar staining. Motile
sea; L. part. adj. praesens present; M.L. by means of a single polar flagcllum. Gram-
adj. marinopraesens present in the sea.
negative.
Curved rods, 0.4 to 0.5 by 1.2 to 2.4 mi- Note: All differential media except the
fresh-water broth, litmus milk and potato Gelatin stab: No liquefaction. However,
were prepared with sea water. some strains liquefy within 2 days at 32° C;
Gelatin colonies: Diffuse, irregular; waxy these may represent a distinct variety or a
appearance, slightly depressed; rapid lique- separate species.
faction. Agar colonies: Circular, entire, convex,
Gelatin stab: Slow, crateriform, lique- glistening, non-viscid.
faction becoming stratiform. Buff pigment. Agar slant: Abundant, filiform, trans-
Agar colonies: 1 to 2 mm in diameter, parent or translucent growth.
translucent, smooth, convex, circular. Broth : Pellicle formation varies from
Agar slant: Luxuriant, echinulate; water.y absent to pronounced, whitish and non-
appearance; slightly mucoid, glistening coherent.
growth with buff or cream pigment. Litmus milk: Not coagulated.
Sea-water broth: Heavy turbidity; abun- Potato: Sparse, moist, brownish growth.
dant, flocculent sediment; surface ring. Indole not produced.
Fresh-water broth: No visible growth. Hj^drogen sulfide produced.
Litmus milk: No visible change. Acid from glucose, fructose, sucrose, man-
Potato: No visible growth. nose, mannitol and glycerol. No acid from
Indole not produced. galactose, lactose, maltose, rhamnose, raf-
Hydrogen sulfide is produced. finose, arabinose, xylose, sorbitol, dextrin,
Acid but no gas from glucose, maltose starch or salicin.
and sucrose. Glycerol, xylose, lactose, man- Acetjdmethylcarbinol not produced.
nitol and salicin not fermented. Non-lipolytic.
Starch not hydrolj^zed. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Non-lipolytic. Catalase-positive.
Ammonia produced from peptone but
not from urea. Optimum temperature, between 30° and
35° C; temperature range, 2° to 42° C.
Casein is digested. Related organisms: Robinson (A Possible
Aerobic, facultative (good anaerobic Explanation of Microbial Halophilism, The-
growth). sis, McGill University, 1950, 92 pp.) isolated
Optimum temperature, between 20° and a similar organism from bacon-curing brines
25° C. in Canada. At concentrations of 11.7 and
Source: Lsolated from sea water and ma- 17.5 per cent NaCl, cells are spirillum-
rine phytoplankton. shaped and sluggishly motile. Pellicle formed
Habitat: Presumably widely distributed. on broth. Gelatin liquefied. Acetjdmeth-
ylcarbinol produced. Catalase and urease
10. Vibrio costicolus Smith, 1938. (Roy. absent. Acid from raffinose and inulin. No
Soc. Queensland, Proc. for 1937, 49, 1938, acid from mannose, dulcitol, cellobiose,
29.) adonitol or ethyl alcohol. Organism will
cos.ti'co.lus. L. noun, cos/o rib; L. v. colo note grow in absence of salts, but NaCl may
to dwell; M.L. adj. costicolus rib dwelling be replaced by KCl, NaBr, NaoS.Oa , LiCl
(from bacon). or MgCU (also see Flannery, Doetsch and
Curved rods, 0.5 by 2.0 to 4.0 microns; Hansen, Jour. Bact., 64, 1952, 713-17).
old cells coccoid. Actively motile by means Source: Isolated from the tainted ribs
of a single, polar flagellum. Young cultures of bacon and tank brines in bacon factories
show pronounced beaded staining. Gram- in Australia.
negative. Habitat: Found in cured meats and meat-
No growth on media which does not con- curing brines.
tain salt. Limit for growth, 2 to 23 per cent
NaCl; optimum, 6 to 12 per cent. 11. Vibrio halonitrificans* Smith, 1938.
* This organism is, in realitj-, a denitrifier, not a nitrifier, and therefore this name
inappropriate.
237
(Roy. Soc. Queensland, Proc. for 1937, 49, the organisms isolated by Sturges and
1938, 29.) Heideman (Absts. Bact., 7, 1923, 11; ibid.,
ha.lo.ni.tri'fi.cans. Gr. noun hals , hairs 8, 1924, 14; ibid., 9, 1925, 2) in the U. S. A.
the sea salt; M.L. part. adj. nitrificans ni- Habitat: Known to be found in meat-
trifying; M.L. adj. halonitrificans nitrifying curing brines but probably more widely
salt. distributed.
Curved rods, usually 0.3 by 1.2 to 2.5 mi-
crons, occurring singly. Motile by means of 12. Vibrio luminosus Beijerinck, 1888.
a single, polar flagellum. No marked varia- (Vibrio luminosus (nomen nudtim) Beije-
tion in form in media of varied salinity. rinck, Botan. Zeitg., 46, 1888, 763; Photo-
Stain somewhat faintly with the usual bacterium luminosum Beijerinck, Arch.
stains. Gram-negative. Nêrl. d. Sci. Exact, et Natur., 23, 1889, 401 ;
No growth on media which does not con- Microspira luminosa Migula, Syst. d. Bakt.,
tain salt. Limit for growth, 1 to 23 per cent 2, 1900, 1015.)
salt; optimum growth in 4.0 to 6.0 per cent lu.mi.no'sus. L. adj. luminosus Inminons.
salt. Small rods having the size and form of the
Gelatin stab: Liquefied within 7 days at cholera vibrio when grown in media con-
35° C.; at 20° C. shallow, superficial lique- taining little nitrogen and carbohydrates.
faction was evident in 20 days. Sometimes form chains of vibrios which
Agar colonies: Light amber, glistening, resemble spirilla. In richer media the cells
convex, transparent, non-viscid, slightly become much larger. Motile. Gram-nega-
spreading. tive (Chester, 1897).
Agar slants: Growth slow at 4° C., col- Gelatin: Liquefied. In presence of 0.5 per
onies appearing in 14 days. cent asparagine and 0.5 per cent peptone,
Nutrient and nitrate broths: Growth. offensive odors not produced. Putrefaction
No growth, however, when covered with a of the gelatin occurs when the nitrogen
paraffin oil seal. source is insufficient.
Litmus milk: Not coagulated; growth Peptonized meat bouillon gelatin: No
slight or absent. growth. Good growth and luminescence
Potato: Growth moist, fairly abundant, with the addition of 3.0 to 3.5 per cent of
whitish. sea salt, potassium chloride or magnesium
Indole not produced. chloride.
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. Agar: Growth rapid, shines feebly.
Glucose, fructose, sucrose, mannose, Sea-water broth: Produces forms which
rhamnose, galactose, lactose, maltose, raf- resemble the bacteroids of legume bacteria.
finose, sorbitol and glycerol not fermented. Blood serum: No growth. Addition of 3.0
Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced. to 3.5 per cent of sea salt, potassium chloride
Non-lipolytic. or magnesium chloride allows good growth
Nitrites produced from nitrates. and luminescence.
Catalase-negative. Nitrates not reduced.
Aerobic. Indigo-blue not readily reduced.
Temperature relations: Optimum, be- Salt tolerance: In order to assure phos-
tween 30° and 35° C. Slow growth at 4° C. phorescence and good growth, the osmotic
Killed in 10 minutes in 6 per cent saline tension of inorganic salt solutions used for
broth at 55° C. cultivation should be equivalent to that
Limiting reactions for growth, pH 5.4 produced in a 3 per cent sodium chloride
and pH 9.2. solution.
Not pathogenic for guinea pigs or mice. Optimum temperature for growth and
Source: Five strains were isolated from
luminescence,
Aerobic. between 25° and 28° C.
tank brines from bacon-curing factories
in Australia. The strains showed little var- Quality of luminescence: Bluish green,
iation in characters. Except for its ability persisting for 1 to 2 weeks.
to liquefy gelatin, this species resembles Distinctive characters: Develops only
Nitrates not reduced.

on neutral or feebl}'^ alkaline media : a slight
quantity of acid completely prevents growth Indigo-blue not readily reduced.
and the production of luminescence. Lu- Not pathogenic for laboratory animals.
minescence occurs on organic matter only Salt tolerance: To assure phosphorescence
when a sufficient proportion of inorganic and good growth, the osmotic tension of
salt is present. inorganic salt solutions used for cultivation
Source: Isolated in Holland from coastal should be equivalent to that produced in a
sea water, dead sea fish and Crustacea. 3 per cent sodium chloride solution.
Habitat: Found in coastal sea water, on Optimum temperature for growth and
dead fish, Crustacea and other salt-water luminescence, between 30° and 32° C. Min-
animals, on meat and even on soldiers' imum, 15° C.
Aerobic.
wounds where they produce no known harm-
ful effects. No food poisoning has ever been Quality of luminescence: Bluish to green,
traced to meat on which these organisms persisting for 1 to 2 weeks.
have grown (Niven, Circular No. 2, Amer- Distinctive character: Luminescence on
ican Meat Inst. Foundation, 1951, 1-11). organic matter occurs only when a sufficient
proportion of inorganic salt is present.
13. Vibrio indicus (Beijerinck, 1889) Source: Isolated from sea water of the
Lehmann and Neumann, 1896. (Bacillus West Indies.
phosphorescens Fischer, Ztschr. f. Hyg., S, Habitat: Found in coastal sea water and
1887, 58; also see Anonymous, Sitzber. d. on dead fish, Crustacea and other salt-water
Gesell. naturf. Freunde zu Berlin, 1886, animals; they are also found on meat and
162; Photobacterium indicum Beijerinck, even on soldiers' wounds where they pro-
Arch. Need. d. Sci. Exact, et Natur., 23, duce no known harmful effects. No food
1889, 401; not Photobacterium phosphores- poisoning has been traced to meat on which
cens Beijerinck, loc. cit.; Lehmann and these organisms have grown (Niven, Cir-
Neumann, Bakt. Diag., 1 Aufl., 2, 1896, cular No. 2, American Meat Inst. Founda-
341; Pseudomonas phosphorescens Bergej' tion, 1951, 1-11).
et al.. Manual, 3rd ed., 1930, 177.)
in'di.cus. L. adj. indicus of India. 14. Vibrio albensis Lehmann and Neu-
Description taken from Fischer (op. cit., mann, 1896. (Elbe vibrio, Dunbar, Deutsche
1887, 58) and Beijerinck (op. cit., 1889, 401). med. Wochnschr., 19, 1893, 799; Lehmann
Small, thick rods 2 to 3 times as long as and Neumann, Bakt. Diag., 1 Aufl., 2, 1896,
wide with rounded ends; occasionally spiral 340; Microspira dunbari Migula, Syst. d.
and short, irregularly-curved filamentous Bakt., 2, 1900, 1013.)
forms are found. Motile. Stain lightly with al.ben'sis. M.L. adj. aZftensj's pertaining
aniline dyes. Gram-negative (Chester, 1897). to the (river) Elbe.
Gelatin colonies: After 36 hours, small, Early descriptions merel.y report this
circular, grayish white, punctiform. Lique- organism as morphologically and culturally
faction, forming a slightly concave surface. (except for phosphorescence and patho-
Blood serum: Grayish white, slimy genicity) indistinguishable from Vibrio
growth. comma. Some of the early workers even
Potato: Thin, white laj'er in 2 to 3 days. failed to observe phosphorescence. Descrip-
Cooked fish: Abundant growth. Entire tion taken from Gorham (in Dahlgren, Jour.
surface covered with a grayish white, slimy Franklin Inst., 180, 1915, table following
growth. Bluish white phosphorescence. 714) and Warren (Jour. Bact., 49, 1945,
Alkaline broth: Slight turbidity in 24 549); also see Sonnenschein (Cent. f. Bakt.,
hours. Pellicle in 3 days. I Abt., Orig., 123, 1931, 92).
Acid broth: No turbidity. No phospho- Curved rods, 1.2 by 2.1 microns, occurring
rescence. singly and in pairs. Motile b}^ means of a
Milk: No growth. single, polar flagellum. Not encapsulated.
No gas produced. Gram-negative.
239
Gelatin colonies: Small, jêllowish white. of Pierantoni; named for Prof. U. Pieran-
Gelatin stab: Liquefaction. Growth at toni, an Italian scientist.
the surface and along the stab. Rods, 0.5 by 1.5 microns, with rounded
Agar: Abundant growth. ends. Rods curved and vibrio-shaped ac-
Agar slant: Growth dull and wrinkled. cording to Meissner (ibid., 201). Motile by
Blood agar: Good growth and lumines- means of one to three polar flagella. Gram-
cence; beta hemolysis. negative.
Broth: Pellicle formed. Gelatin colonies: Circular and irregularly
Koser's citrate medium: Growth and lu- lobulate.
minescence. Gelatin stab: No liquefaction.
Milk: Growth. Agar colonies: Circular, light green,
Potato: Luxuriant growth. smooth, entire.
Indole produced. Glycerol agar slant: Slightly luminous
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. streak.
Acid but no gas from glucose and sucrose. Broth: Turljid, with pellicle.
No acid or gas from lactose. Indole not produced.
Starch hydrolyzed. Acid from glucose and maltose. Some
Gives a cholera-red reaction, i.e., pro- strains also attack lactose, sucrose and
duces both indole and nitrites. mannitol.
Nitrites produced from nitrates. Best growth in alkaline media.
Optimum salt concentration, 0.9 per cent. Aerobic, facultative.
Temperature relations: Optimum, 22° C.; Optimum temperature, 37° C.
growth at 37.5° C. Source: Isolated from the photogenic
Aerobic, facultative. organ of the cephalopod Sepiola intermedia
Distinctive characters: Morphologically Naef.
and culturally like Vibrio comma. Lumi-
nescent. Pathogenic to guinea pigs and 16. Vibrio agarliqiiefaciens (Gray and
pigeons. Chalmers, 1924) Bergey et al., 1934. (Mi-
Source: Originally isolated from the Elbe crospira agar-liquefaciens (sic) Gray and
River. If Vibrio phosphorescens Jermoljewa Chalmers, Ann. Appl. Biol., 11, 1924, 325;
(Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 100, 1926, Bergey et al., Manual, 4th ed., 1934, 119.)
170) is accepted as identical with this spe- a.gar.li.que.fac'i.ens. Malay agar, a jelly
cies, then it has also been found in the in- from seaweeds; L. v. liquefacio to liquefy;
testinal contents of three cholera patients, M.L. part. adj. agarliquefaciens liquefying
one gastroenteritis and one typhoid pa-
tient; Jermoljewa (ibid., 171) also isolated agar.
Short, curved rods, usually c-shaped,
his organism from the bile of a cadaver. with occasional s-shaped and coccoid forms.
Sonnenschein (op. cit., 12S, 1931, 92) reiso- Cells 2.0 microns long by 0.5 to 0.7 micron
lated this species from a fish taken from broad; 3.0 to 5.0 microns long in division
the Elbe River and found that it main- stages. Coccoid forms stained, 0.5 to 0.7
tained its ability to luminesce when grown micron long. Motile by means of a single,
in o.x bile. polar flagellum. Gram stain not reported.
Habitat: Found in fresh water, in human Gelatin stab: Very slight surface growth
feces and in bile. Probably widely distrib- after one month; the streak then shows a
uted. beaded line. No liquefaction.
Agar colonies: Surface colonies appear
15. Vibrio pierantonii (Zirpolo, 1918) as a whitish growth in a depression, sur-
Meissner, 1926. (Bacillus pierantonii Zir- rounded by a white ring. The colony is later
polo. Boll. Soc. Nat. Napoli, 30, (1917) surrounded by a ring of liquid agar. Deep
1918, 206; Meissner, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., colonies show a clear area and may be irreg-
67, 1926, 200.) ular, oval or angular.
pier.an.to'ni.i. M.L. gen. noun pierantonii Agar slant: A deep groove is cut along
the inoculation streak, whitish growth along Optimum pH, between 6.8 and 7.5.
sides. The gel is later much weakened. Distinctive characters : When grown sym-
Broth: Slightly turbid. No pellicle. biotically with a second, unnamed species
Acid from glucose, lactose and maltose. found in rotted manure, the latter species
No acid from sucrose or glycerol. is able to hydrolyze cellulose in straw, prob-
Starch hydrolyzed. ably because the first species (Vibrio andoii)
Decomposes cellulose and agar. The pres- decomposes the xylan that protects the
ence of one per cent glucose prevents the cellulose from the action of the second spe-
liquefaction of agar. cies.
Nitrites produced from nitrates. Source: Isolated from rotted stable ma-
Utilizes ammonium salts as a source of nure.
nitrogen. Habitat: Presumably decomposing or-
Aerobic. ganic matter.
Temperature relations: Optimum, 25° C;
18. Vibrio beijerinckii Stanier, 1941.
will grow at 16° but not at 34° C.
Habitat: Soil. (Tyrosine vibrio of the sea, Beijerinck, Proc.
Sect. Sci., Kon. Akad. Vetenschappen,
17. Vibrio andoii Aoi and Orikura, 1928. Amsterdam, 13, 1911, 1072; Stanier, Jour.
(Eine neue Agarzersetzende Bodenbak- Bact., 42, 1941, 539.)
terienart, Aoi, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 63, beij .er.inck'i.i.M.L. gen. nounbeijerinckii
1924, 30; Aoi and Orikura, Cent. f. Bakt., of Beijerinck; named for Prof. M. W. Beije-
II Abt., 74, 1928, 331.) rinck, the Dutch biologist who first dis-
an.do'i.i. M.L. gen .no\in andoii of Andoi; covered this species.
named for Andoi, a Japanese scientist. Small, curved rods, 0.4 to 1.0 by 2.0 to
Curved rods with more or less tapering 6.0 microns, usually single, sometimes oc-
ends, c- or s-shaped, 0.5 to 0.8 by 1.5 to 2.5 curring in short chains; in older cultures,
microns. Motile by means of a single, polar occur mostly as straight rods. Actively
flagellum. Gram-negative. motile by means of polar flagella. Encap-
Gelatin: No growth. sulated. Gram-negative.
Peptone agar media: No growth. Sea-water peptone agar colonies : Round,
Peptone broth: No growth. smooth, glistening, mucoid, entire. White
Litmus milk: No growth. to gray in color. After 24 hrs, 3 to 4 mm in
Potato: No growth. diameter. The agar softens and clears for
Ammonium sulfate agar colonies: Puncti- a distance of 3 to 5 mm from the edge of the
form, circular, concave, surrounded with colony, the outer edge of the gelase field
a clear zone. being sharply defined. The colonies eventu-
Ammonium sulfate agar slant: Growth ally grow to as much as 10 mm in diameter
grayish, becoming straw-yellow, sinking with a gelase margin of 2 to 3 cm.
into the medium as the agar liquefies. Sea-water nitrate agar: Growth is slower
Glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose, than with peptone, but pigment production
xylose and "konjac" assimilated. Konjac, is much more marked. After 48 hours, col-
a Japanese food in tablets and strips, re- onies are 1 mm in diameter with a dark
sembles gelatinized agar; it is prepared from brown to black center and a colorless mar-
the tuber of the konjac plant, Amor-pho- gin. Pigmented granules may be seen lying
phallus rivieri. among the cells.
Starch hydrolyzed. Sea-water peptone agar slant: Abundant
Cellulose and lignin not attacked. growth after 24 hours, spreading, slightly
Xylan decomposed. raised, smooth, glistening, mucoid, dirty-
Cellobiose decomposed. white to dark gray in color. Agar digestion
Aerobic, facultative. is evidenced onlj' by a general softening of
Temperature relations: Optimum, be- the slant. After several days, a pale brown,
tween 25° and 28° C. Minimum, 8° C. Max- diffusible pigment is produced by some
imum, 37° C. strains.
Sea-water nutrient gelatin slant: Good, coming bright yellow, then pale brown.
filiform, gray growth after 24 hours, with They are sharply sunken into the agar and
considerable liquefaction. Slant completely are surrounded b}' a narrow, sharply de-
liquefied after one week. fined gelase field. Liquefaction does not
Sea-water nutrient gelatin stab: Fair, occur except on heavily seeded plates.
filiform growth after 24 hours, best at sur- Sea-water peptone agar slant : Fair growth
face. Napiform liquefaction, complete after after 48 hours, filiform, smooth, glistening,
7 to 10 days. translucent, pale yellow, slightly sunken
Sea-water peptone broth: Heavily turbid in the agar. Later a pale yellow, diffusible
after 24 hours. Gray pellicle and flocculent; pigment may be produced, and the streak
gray sediment. Later a light brown, soluble tends to become light brown in color. On
pigment is formed. old slants the agar is slightly liquefied.
Indole not produced. Sea-water nutrient gelatin slant: Fili-
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. form, smooth, pale j-ellow growth after 48
Very slight or no acid from glucose, ga- hours with slight liquefaction; liquefaction
lactose, maltose, lactose and cellobiose. almost complete after 7 days.
Arabinose, xylose and sucrose not fer- Sea-water gelatin stab: Filiform growth
mented. Agar is extensively softened but after 48 hours with slight liquefaction; col-
not liquefied. Cellulose, chitin and alginic orless; growth best at surface. Later the
acid not attacked. liquefaction becomes stratiform and almost
Starch is rapidly hydrolyzed. complete.
Nitrites produced from nitrates. Sea-water peptone broth: Good growth
Ammonia and nitrates utilized as sole after 48 hours; turbid with a granular sedi-
sources of nitrogen. ment and yellow pellicle.
Urease-negative. Indole not produced.
Catalase-positive. Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Aerobic. Glucose, galactose, sucrose, maltose,
Optimum temperature, 23° C.; grows lactose, xylose and cellobiose attacked.
between 5° and 30° C. Arabinose not utilized. Cellulose is attacked
Salt range: 0.25 to 6.0 per cent. Optimum, to a slight extent, and agar is softened and
between 2.0 and 4.0 per cent. sometimes liquefied. Chitin and alginic acid
Source: Found in sea-water and, in the are not attacked.
winter months, in the plankton; also found Starch not hydrolyzed.
in fresh water and in sewage. Isolated both Nitrites produced from nitrates.
in Holland and in California. Along the Urease-negative.
coast of California it appears to be the most Catalase-positive.
common species of marine agar-digester. Aerobic.
Habitat: Widely distributed in sea water Optimum temperature, between 20° and
and also in fresh water. 25° C. Grows between 5° and 30° C.
Salt range, 1.0 to 5.0 per cent. Optimum,
19. Vibrio fuscus Stanier, 1941. (Jour. between 2.0 and 4.0 per cent.
Bact., 4^, 1941,540.) Source: Found only once in a marine cel-
fus'cus. L. adj. fiiscus dark or tawny. lulose-enrichment culture in California.
Small, slightly curved rods, 0.7 by 1.5 to Habitat: Presumably salt water.
5.0 microns, usually occurring singly, some-
times in short chains. Very actively motile 20. Vibrio granii (Lundestad, 1928)
by means of a single, polar flagellum. Not Stanier, 1941. (Bacterium granii Lundestad,
encapsulated. Gram-negative. Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 75, 1928, 330; Stan-
Sea-water peptone agar colonies: 1 mm ier, Jour. Bact., 42, 1941, 538.)
in diameter after 48 hours; round, smooth, gra'ni.i. M.L. gen. noun granii of Gran;
glistening, translucent, entire, pale ^yellow named for Prof. H. H. Gran, who first de-
and slightly sunken in the agar. Colonies tected agar-liquef3'ing bacteria.
several mm in diameter after 7 days, be- Rods, 0.6 to 0.8 by 1.4 to 2.4 microns, with
rounded ends, occurring singly, in pairs, 92.)22. Vibrio cyclosites Gray and Thorn-
and at times in short chains. Motile. Polar ton, 1928. (Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 73, 1928,
flagellate (Stanier, loc. cit.). Gram-negative.
Fish-gelatin colonies: Punctiform, black, cyc.lo.si'tes. Gr. nonn ajclus a ring: Gr.
glistening. V. sited to eat; M.L. adj. cyclosites feeding
Fish-gelatin stab: Slow, crateriform lique- on rings, i.e., on ring compounds.
faction. Curved rods 0.5 to 1.0 by 1.5 to 4.0 mi-
Sea-weed agar colonies: Circular, flat, crons. Motile by means of a single, polar
opaque, glistening, white, slimy, entire. flagellum. Gram-negative.
Agar is dissolved. Gelatin colonies: Circular, buff to brown,
Fish-agar slant: Flat, white, elevated, flat, smooth, glistening, entire.
glistening, undulate growth. Liquefaction. Gelatin stab: No liquefaction.
Broth: Turbid with grayish white, slimy Agar colonies: Circular to irregular, pale
sediment. buff (later greenish), smooth, entire.
Indole not produced. Agar stab: Filiform, greenish buff, raised,
No action on sugars. smooth, undulate.
Starch usuallj^ hydrolyzed. Broth: Turbid.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Indole not reported.
Aerobic, facultative. Acid from glucose.
Optimum temperature, between 20° and Starch not hydrolj'zed.
25° C. Minimum, between 0° and 5° C. Max- Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
imum, between 30° and 32° C. Attacks phenol and ?«-cresol.
Source: Isolated from sea-water of the Aerobic, facultative.
Norwegian Coast.
Habitat: Presumably found in sea water 35° C.
and on sea weeds. Habitat: Soil.
21. Vibrio neocistes Gray and Thorn- 23. Vibrio oxaliticus Bhat and Barker,
ton, 1928. (Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 73, 1928, 1948. (Jour. Bact., 55, 1948, 359.)
92.) ox.a.li'ti .cus. Gr. noun oxalis sorrel, a
ne.o.cis'tes. Gr. adj. nensnev;; Gr. noun sour plant; Gr. adj. lyticus dissolving; M.L.
ciste box; M.L. fern. gen. n. neocistes of New- adj. oxaliticus intended to mean decom-
ark, a city. posing oxalate.
Curved rods 0.5 to 1.0 by 1.0 to 4.0 mi- Curved rods 0.4 by 1.3 microns. Actively
crons. Motile by means of one to three polar motile by means of a single, polar flagellum.
flagella. Gram stain not recorded. Not encapsulated. Gram-negative.
Gelatin colonies: Liquefied. Nutrient agar colonies: Small, moist,
Gelatin stab: Liquefied. Medium red- raised, entire; no chromogenesis. Pin-point
dened. in size in 48 hours, growing slowly until
Agar colonies: Circular or amoeboid, buff they reach a diameter of 1.5 mm in 6 days.
to brownish, convex, smooth, glistening, Nutrient broth: Moderate growth after
entire. 24 hours, appearing at first as a thin film
Agar slant: Filiform, fluorescent, raised, while a slight, general turbidity develops
smooth, glistening, undulate. in another 24 to 48 hours.
Broth: Turbid. Calcium oxalate agar: Growth rapid and
Acid from glucose. colonies small; medium becomes alkaline.
Starch not hydrolyzed. Oxalate broth: Becomes turbid following
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. the formation of a slight surface film.
Attacks naphthalene. Oxalates and pyruvates support growth
Aerobic, facultative. within 3 to 4 days when added to a mineral
(Optimum temperature, between 30° and medium as the sole carbon source; formates
35° C. support growth only when the incubation
Habitat: Soil. period is extended. The following do not
243
support growth under any of the above Litmus milk: Not coagulated. Reaction
conditions when added to the mineral me- becomes alkaline but growth is poor.
dium: butyrates, citrates, lactates, malates, Aerobic, facultative.
malonates, succinates, tartrates or glucose. Optimum temperature, between 25° and
Indole not produced. 30° C. Poor growth at 37° C.
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. Optimum pH : Prefers media with an alka-
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. line reaction.
Aerobic. Distinctive characters: In old cultures in
Source: Five strains were isolated from liquid calcium oxalate media and especially
Boston, Mass., and Berkeley, California, in media made with plant materials con-
soils by inoculation of soil into a medium taining oxalate crystals, the cells become
containing potassium oxalate and other encrusted with a surface deposit. This ap-
minerals in distilled water. All soil samples pears to be calcium carbonate and is easily
tested showed the presence of this species. dissolved with dilute acid, especially dilute
HCl.
Ayers, Rupp and Johnson (U. S. Dept. Agr.
Bull. No. 782, 1919, 38 pp.) and den Dooren Source: Originally isolated by adding the
de Jong (Dissertation, Delft, 1926, Table e.xcreta of earthworms that had ingested
XVIII) tested over 125 strains of bacteria plant materials containing oxalate crystals
without finding any that decomposed ox- to a liquid medium containing ammonium
alate. Bassilik (Jahrb. wiss. Bot., 63, 1913, oxalate. Pure cultures were isolated with
255) found only three strains out of 90 tested difficulty by using a silica gel medium con-
which decomposed oxalate, two slowly; taining ammonium oxalate. Later these
the third was the species described by him organisms were found to be generally pres-
(Vibrio extorquens). ent in forest and garden soils in Switzerland.
Habitat: Widely distributed in soil. Habitat: Presumably widely distributed
in soil.
24. Vibrio extorquens (Bassalik, 1913)
Bhat and Barker, 1948. (Bacilhis extorquens 25. Vibrio cuneatus Gray and Thornton,
Bassalik, Jahrb. f. wiss. Bot., 53, 1913, 255; 1928. (Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 73, 1928, 92.)
Bhat and Barker, Jour. Bact., 55, 1948, 367; cu.ne.a'tus. L. part. adj. amea/z/s wedge-
Pseudomonas extorquens Janota, Med. Dos- shaped.
wiadczalna i Mikrobiol., 2, 1950, 131; see Curved rods, 1.0 by 1.0 to 3.0 microns,
Biol. Abstracts, .25,1951, Abs. no. 34148.) the cells tapering at one extremity. Motile
ex.tor'quens. L. puTt.ad] . extorquens twist- by means of one to five polar flagella. Gram-
ing out. negative.
Slightly curved rods, 1.5 by 3.0 microns. Gelatin colonies: Liquefied.
Motile by means of a single, polar flagel- Gelatin stab: Liquefied.
lum. Gram-negative. Agar colonies: Circular to amoeboid,
Gelatin media: Poor growth. Colonies white to buff, flat to convex, smooth, trans-
small (less than 1 mm in diameter in 7 days), lucent, border entire.
round, entire, butyrous. Surface colonies Agar slant: Filiform, whitish, smooth,
dirty yellow to yellowish red, eventually glistening.
becoming a beautiful red color. No lique- Indole production not recorded.
faction. No acid from carbohydrate media.
Oxalate and similar mineral media: Starch not hydrolyzed.
Growth rapid and abundant. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Peptone-agar colonies: Growth slower Attacks naphthalene.
than on gelatin. Aerobic, facultative.
Liquid oxalate media. Grows rapidly as
a rose-colored film on the bottom and walls 35°Optimum
of the flask, leaving the liquid clear. Source: One strain was isolated from
Potato: Slow growth with darkening of soil from Rothamsted, England.
potato. Habitat: Soil.
26. Vibrio percolans Mudd and Warren, crons, only slightly curved, occurring singly
1923. (Jour. Bact., 8, 1923, 447.) and sometimes in pairs. Motile by means
per'co.lans. L. v. percolo to filter through; of a single, polar flagellum. Gram-negative.
L. part. adj. percolans filtering through. Note: All differential media except the
Curved rods, 0.3 to 0.4 by 1.5 to 1.8 mi- fresh-water broth, litmus milk and potato
crons, occurring singly or in short chains. were prepared with sea water.
Pleomorphic. Actively motile by means of Gelatin colonies: Pin-point, yellow.
1 to 3 polar flagella. Gram-negative. Gelatin stab: No liquefaction. Yellow,
Gelatin stab: No liquefaction. filiform growth along stab.
Agar colonies: Circular, slightly convex, Agar colonies: Punctiform, yellow,
amorphous, entire. opaque, pulvinate, smooth.
Agar slant: Bluish white, glistening Agar slant: Luxuriant, filiform, shiny
streak. growth with waxy yellow pigment.
Broth: Turbid. Pellicle, sediment. Sea-water broth: Moderate turbidity;
Litmus milk: Unchanged. thick, yellow pellicle; slight, flocculent
Potato: White, slimy streak. sediment.
Coagulated blood serum not liquefied. Fresh-water broth: Moderate growth.
Indole not produced. Litmus milk: No visible change.
No action on carbohydrates. Potato : No visible growth.
Starch not hydrolyzed. Indole not produced.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Passes through bacterial filters (Berkefeld Glucose, sucrose, maltose, lactose, xylose,
V candles). glycerol, mannitol and salicin not fer-
Aerobic, facultative. mented.
Non-pathogenic. Non-lipolytic.
Relationships to other species: Except Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
for polar flagellation, this species has char- Ammonia produced from peptone but
acters much like those of Alcaligenes faecalis not from urea.
Castellani and Chalmers. The two species Casein not digested.
are frequently confused. For example Leh- Aerobic, facultative (poor anaerobic
mann and Neumann renamed Alcaligenes growth) .
faecalis as Vibrio alcaligenes in their Bakt.
Diag., 7 Aufl., 2, 1927, 548, in the mistaken 25°Optimum
idea that the former organism is polar flagel- Source: Isolated from sea water and from
late. Leifson and Hugh (personal com- marine sediments.
munication, 1954), who recognize the spe- Habitat: Common; probably widely dis-
cies Vibrio alcaligenes, report that Vibrio tributed.
alcaligenes produces nitrites from nitrates
and that it does not hydrolyze urea (with 28. Vibrio piscium David, 1927. (Cent,
possible rare exceptions). They report also f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 102, 1927, 46.)
that Vibrio alcaligenes occurs more fre- pis'ci.um. L. noun piscis a fish; L. gen.pl.
quently in the intestine than does Alca- piscium of fishes.
ligenes faecalis Petruschky. Curved rods 0.3 to 0.5 by 2.0 microns.
Source: Isolated from a hay infusion. Motile by means of a single, polar flagellum.
Habitat: Water. Gram-negative.
Gelatin colonies: Circular, granular,
27. Vibrio adaptatiis ZoBell and Up- opaque.
ham, 1944. (Bull. Scripps Inst, of Ocean- Gelatin stab: Napiform liquefaction.
ography, Univ. Calif., 6, 1944, 258.) Agar colonies: Yellowish, circular,
a.dap.ta'tus. L. part. adj. adaptatus fitted, smooth, entire, iridescent.
adapted. Agar slant: Light yellow, transparent
Curved rods, 0.4 to 0.5 by 1.6 to 2.3 mi- streak.
Broth: Slightly turbid; thin pellicle. Aerobic, facultative.

Litmus milk: Soft coagulum. Peptonized,
alkaline. 25°Optimum
Potato : Brownish red streak. Source: Isolated from marine bottom
Indole produced. deposits.
Hj^drogen sulfide produced. Habitat: Probably widely distributed.
No action in sugar media.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. 30. Vibrio fetus Smith and Taylor, 1919.
Pathogenic for frogs. (Spirillum causing abortion in sheep, Mac-
Aerobic, facultative. Fadyean and Stockman, Rept. Dept. Comm.
Optimum temperature, between 18° and Ministry Agric. on Epizootic Abortion,
20° C. London, 1909, 156; also see MacFadyean
Habitat: Causes epidemic infection in and Stockman, ibid., 1913, 111; Spirillum
fish. associated with infectious abortion. Smith,
Jour. Exp. Med., 28, 1918, 701; Smith and
29. Vibrio hyphalus ZoBell and Up- Taylor, ibid., 30, 1919, 299.)
ham, 1944. (Bull. Scripps Inst, of Ocean- fe'tus. L. noun fetus a fetus; L. mas. gen. n.
ography, Univ. Calif., 5, 1944, 277.) fetus of a fetus.
hy.pha'lus. Gr. adj. hyphalus under the Description taken primarily from Plast-
sea, submarine. ridge, Williams, Easterbrooks, Walker and
Curved rods, 0.6 by 1.6 to 4.0 microns, Beccia (Storrs Agr. Exp. Sta., Bull. 281,
with rounded ends, occurring singly. Motile 1951, 11) and from Rhoades (Bact. Proc,
by means of one or occasionally two polar 53rd Gen. Meeting, Soc. Amer. Bact., San
fiagella. Granular staining. Gram-negative. Francisco, 1953, 34).
Note: All differential media e.xcept the Curved rods that are minute, comma-
fresh-water broth, litmus milk and potato and S-shaped forms on initial isolation.
were prepared with sea water. On transfer, very long, filamentous forms
Gelatin colonies: Circular or irregular may appear. 0.2 to 0.5 by 1.5 to 5.0 microns.
with liquefaction; yellowish gray. Motile, the comma forms possessing a single,
Gelatin stab: Napiform liquefaction. polar fiagellum, and the S forms usually
Filiform growth along line of stab. possessing a single fiagellum at each pole.
Agar colonies: 2 to 3 mm in diameter, Prolonged incubation and transfer to dry
circular, undulate, convex, radial folds, slants or semisolid media produces coccoid
smooth. forms with one or more fiagella. Occasion-
Agar slant: Abundant, echinulate, glis- ally encapsulated. Granules present in older
tening, gummy growth with pale pink pig- cultures. Gram-negative.
ment. Gelatin: No or poor growth on ordinary
Sea-water broth: Scant pellicle; moder- gelatin; with the addition of proper nutri-
ate turbidity; moderate, flocculent sediments, good to excellent growth may occur
ment. in 3 to 5 days. No liquefaction.
Fresh-water broth: No visible growth. Agar plates: No growth. Reich, Morse and
Litmus milk: No visible change. Wilson (Amer. Jour. Vet. Res., 17, 1956,
Potato: No visible growth. 140), however, report growth when cultures
Indole not produced. are incubated in an atmosphere of either
Hydrogen sulfide is produced. helium or nitrogen.
No acid or gas from glucose, sucrose, lac- Agar slant: No surface growth by freshly
tose, glycerol, xylose, mannitol or salicin. isolated strains; laboratory strains produce
Starch not hydrolyzed. a scant, grayish white, glistening surface
Non-lipolytic. growth. Good growth is obtained when
Nitrites produced from nitrates. cultures are incubated in an atmosphere of
Ammonia produced from peptone but helium or nitrogen (Reich et al., loc. cit.).
not from urea. Sub-surface agar colonies: Small, yellow,
Casein is digested.
opaque.
Blood agar plates (in 10 per cent CO2 14, 1953, 118; Ristic and Morse, ibid., 399;
atmosphere) : Growth. and Ristic, Morse, Wipf and McNutt, ibid.,
Thiol agar (prepared by adding 35.0 gm 15, 1954, 309). Non-pathogenic to rabbits,
of granular agar and 0.05 gm of glutathione ally.
rats and mice when injected intraperitone-
to 1.0 liter of thiol medium (supplied in
dehydrated form by Difco Laboratories) Source: Twenty-two strains were isolated
and adjusting the pH to 8.9): Moderate from the placentas or fetuses of cows having
growth. Colonies vary from small (1 mm in abortion.
diameter), transparent and convex to trans- Habitat: Causes abortion in cattle and
sheep.
lucent or opaque, light tan colonies up to
3 mm in diameter. Masses of growth are
translucent and light gray or light tan. 31. Vibrio coli Doyle, 1948. (Comma-
Broth: A viscid ring pellicle may appear; shaped microorganisms. Whiting, Doyle
faint clouding of the medium occurs; a and Spray, Purdue Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta.
filmy, stringy deposit may settle out. Bull. 257, 1921, 12; Vibrio of swine dysen-
Litmus milk: No growth. tery, Doyle, Amer. Jour. Vet. Res., 5, 1944,
Potato: No growth. 3; Doyle, ibid., 9, 1948, 50.)
Indole not produced. co'li. Gr. noun colum or colon the large
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. intestine, colon; M.L. gen. noun coli of the
Nitrites produced from nitrates (Bryner colon.
and Frank, Amer. Jour. Vet. Res., 16, 1955, Description taken from Doyle {loc. cit.)
76). and Hauduroy et al. (Diet. d. Bact. Path.,
Blood serum slant: Feeble growth. No 2nd ed., 1953, 649).
liquefaction. Curved rods, comma- and sometimes
No gas from carbohydrates. No change spiral-shaped, 0.2 to 0.5 by 1.5 to 5.0 mi-
or slightl.y acid from glucose, lactose and crons. Motile by means of a single, polar
sucrose. No acid from the following carbo- flagellum. Gram-negative.
hydrates when each was added to a medium Agar colonies: Transparent and color-
of beef infusion with peptone, agar and less. Good growth only when the medium
Andrade's indicator: glucose, fructose, contains 10 per cent of defibrinated blood
galactose, arabinose, raffinose, trehalose, and when the atmosphere contains 15 per
sucrose, maltose, lactose, dextrin, inulin, cent CO2 ; abundant growth in the moisture
salicin, dulcitol, mannitol and sorbitol. of condensation.
Temperature relations: Optimum, 37° C. Gelatin: Not liquefied.
Minimum, 15° C. Maximum, 40.5° C. With- Litmus milk: No growth; not coagulated.
stands 55° C. for 5 minutes. Indole not produced.
Strains isolated from cases of abortion Glucose, sucrose, lactose, maltose and
are catalase-positive (Bryner and Frank, mannitol not utilized.
loc. cit.). Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Salt tolerance: Tolerates 1.5 to 2.0 per Coagulated blood serum not hemolyzed.
cent NaCl in a semisolid medium. Pathogenicity: Injection causes no dis-
Bile tolerance: Most strains grow in a ease in calves, rabbits, rats, mice, guinea
semisolid medium containing 10 per cent pigs or chickens. Injection causes dj-sentery
fresh ox bile; all strains grow in 5 per cent in swine.
ox bile media (Schneider and Morse, Cor- Source: Isolated from the mucosa of the
nell Vet., J!^5, 1955, 84). entery. of a swine which had died of dys-
colon
Aerobic to microaerophilic.
Pathogenicity: Infection with Vibrio Habitat: Causes dysentery in swine.
fetus (vibriosis) causes abortion in cattle
and sheep. Pathogenic for guinea pigs, ham- 32. Vibrio jejuni Jones et al., 1931.
sters and embryonated chicken eggs (see (Jones, Orcutt and Little, Jour. Exp. Med.,
Webster and Thorp, Amer. Jour. Vet. Res., 53, 1931, 853.)
247
je.ju'ni. L. adj. jejunus insignificant, Long, slender, comma- or S-shaped cells

meagre; ALL. noun jejunuin the jejunum. rounded at the ends; 1.0 to 2.0 by 3.0 mi-
Pleomorphic, occurring in three different crons. Motile. Possess a black granule which
form.s in the same culture: the first forms swells the cell and which may be terminal.
are short, slightly convoluted and activel}^ Gram-negative.
motile with either a single polar flagellum Glucose agar colonies: Lenticular, dark
or a single flagellum at each pole; the sec- black, opaque, 2 to 3 mm in diameter.
ond are less active and have two or more Deep agar colonies: Lenticular, black,
complete coils; the remaining forms are cloudy; gas is produced.
extremely long and rarely motile. In older Deep blood serum agar colonies: Small,
cultures clumps occur, and these usually thin, delicate, non-hemolytic.
degenerate into fragments and granules. Brain medium: Blackened; hydrogen
Gram-negative. sulfide, ethanol and butyric and lactic acids
Blood agar: Within 4 or 5 days the con- are produced.
densation fluid becomes slightly turbid; Gelatin colonies: Black, opaque; putrid
delicate lines then appear at the border of odor. No liquefaction.
the agar. After several transfers these lines Glucose broth: Dark gray turbidity;
Ijecome well defined, and a delicate film putrid odor; gas and hydrogen sulfide are
spreads over the nether portion of the slant. produced.
Gelatin: Not liquefied. Peptone broth: Poor growth.
Coagulated blood serum not lifiuefied. Milk: Coagulated slowly then digested.
Carbohydrates not utilized. Coagulated ascitic fluid: Not liquefied.
Aerobic. Indole not produced.
Optimum pH, 7.6. No growth in either Hydrogen sulfide produced.
slightly acid or definitely alkaline media. Neutral red reduced.
Temperature relations : Optimum, 37.5° C. Obligate anaerobe.
(Merchant, Vet. Bact. and Virology, 4th Temperature relations: Growth range,
cd., 1950, 343). Killed in 5 minutes at 55° C. 21° to 37° C. Death occurs at 55° C. Can
Pathogenicity: Non-pathogenic to lab- withstand freezing.
oratory animals under the usual conditions. Pathogenicity: Fatal for guinea pigs in
Some strains produce multiple necrotic foci two weeks; macroscopic lesions not demon-
of the liver when injected intraperitoneally strable.
into white mice. Febrile reactions are pro- Source: Isolated from purulent otitis,
duced in rabbits when injected intrave- mastoiditis and pulmonary gangrene; also
nously with certain strains. The enteritis isolated from cases of meningitis and appen-
produced experimentally in calves is less dicitis.
severe than that occurring spontaneously. Habitat: Found rather frequently in man
Source: Isolated from the small intestine under pathological conditions.
of calves suffering from diarrhoea.
Habitat: Causes diarrhoea in cows and 34. Vibrio sputoruin Prevot, 1940. (An
calves where it is found in the small in- anaerobic vibrio from bronchitis, Tunni-
testine and feces. cliff. Jour. Inf. Dis., 15, 1914, 350; A small
anaerobic vibrio from Vincent's angina.
33. Vibrio niger (Rist, 1898) Prevot, Smith, ibid., Jfi, 1930, 307; Prevot, Man. de
1948. (Spirillum nigrum Rist, These med., Classif. des Bact. Anaer., Paris, 1940, 85.)
Paris, 1898; also see Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., spu.to'rum. L. noun sputum spit, spu-
30, 1901, 299; Prevot, Man. d. Classif. Bact. tum; L. gen.pl. noun sputorum of sputa.
Anaer., 2nd ed., 1948, 124.) Description taken from Prevot {loc. cit.)
ni'ger. L. adj. niger black. and from Macdonald (Motile, Non-sporu-
Description taken from Rist (op. cil., lating. Anaerobic Rods of the Oral Cavity,
1901, 299) and Hauduroy et al. (Diet. d. Toronto, 1953, 53).
Bact. Path., 2nd ed., 1953, 658). Straight or slightly curved rods, 0.5 to
0.8 by 2.0 to 8.0 microns, occurring singly, Nitrites produced from nitrates by some
in pairs or in short chains. Active, darting strains.
motility by means of 1 to 3 polar flagella. Indole not produced.
Gram-negative.
Grows only in media to which body fluids Hydrogen sulfide produced.
(blood, ascites, etc.) have been added or in Carbohydrates not utilized.
other enriched media. Optimum pH, 7.2. Feeble growth between
Ascitic fluid broth: Almost imperceptible pH 6.0 and 9.7.
turbidity. Serology: Cross-reacting, somatic anti-
Thioglycollate broth: Light, floccular gens have been demonstrated.
turbidity. Anaerobic.
Blood agar colonies : After 5 days, smooth,
convex, grayish yellow, dull and translucent Optimum temperature, 37° C. Growth
with a finely fimbriate margin. Less than feeble at 27° and 45° C. No growth at 20° C.
Source: Isolated by Pr^vot from a case of
0.5 mm in diameter. Frequently surrounded
by a narrow zone of green. bronchitis.
Coagulated blood serum: Cloth-like Habitat: Found in the human oral cavity
growth. No odor. and in fusospirochetal diseases of the mouth.
Genus II. Desulfovibrio Kluyver and van Niel, 1936.*

(Kluyver and van Niel, Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., H, 1936, 369; Sporovibrio
Starkey, Arch. f. Mikrobiol., 9, 1938, 300.)
De.sul.fo.vib'ri.o. L. pref. de from; L. sulfur sulfur; L. v. vibro to vibrate; M.L. mas.n.
Vibrio that which vibrates, a generic name; M.L. mas.n. Desulfovibrio a vibrio that reduces
sulfur compounds.
Slightly curved rods of variable length, usually occurring singly but sometimes in short
chains which have the appearance of spirilla. Swollen pleomorphic forms are common.
Actively motile by means of a single polar flagellum. Strict anaerobes which reduce sulfates
to hydrogen sulfide. Found in sea water, marine mud, fresh water and soil.
The type species is Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (Beijerinck) Klu3^ver and van Niel.
1. Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (Beijer- phic forms are common. Older cells appear
inck, 1895) Kluyver and van Niel, 1936. black due to precipitated ferric sulfide.
(Bacterium hydrosulfureum ponticum Zelin- Actively motile, possessing a polar flagel-
sky, Proc. Russ. Phys. and Chem. Soc, 25, lum. Stains readily with carbol fuchsin.
1893, 298; Spirillum desulfuricans Beijer- Gram-negative.
inck, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 1, 1895, 1; Gelatin: No liquefaction.
Kluyver and van Niel, Zent. f. Bakt., II Grows best in fresh-water media. Fails to
Abt., 94, 1936, 369; Sporovibrio desulfuricans develop in sea water upon initial isolation.
Starkey, Koninkl. Nederland. Akad. v. Produces opalescent turbidity in absence
Wetenschappen, Proc, 41, 1938, 426; also in of oxygen in mineral media enriched with
Arch. f. Mikrobiol., 9, 1938, 268.) sulfate and peptone.
de.sul.fur'i.cans. L. pref. de from; L. Media containing iron salts and sulfur
noun sulfur sulfur; M.L. part. adj. desul- compounds blackened. Bacteria found asso-
furicans reducing sulfur compounds. ciated with precipitated ferrous sulfide.
Slightly curved rods, 0.5 to 1.0 by 1 to 5 Peptone-glucose agar colonies (in absence
microns, usuall}- occurring singly but some- of air) : Small, circular, slightly raised, dull,
times in pairs and short chains which cause entire, soft in consistency.
them to look like spirilla. Swollen pleomor- Peptone, asparagine, glycine, alanine,
* Prepared by Dr. Claude E. ZoBell, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, Cali-

fornia, January, 1943; revised January, 1953.
aspartic acid, ethanol, propanol, butanol, and peptone. Organisms most abundant in
glycerol, glucose, lactate, succinate and sediment.
malate known to be utilized as hydrogen Agar colonies: Small, circular, slightly
donors. Some varieties oxidize H2 . raised, darker centers, entire, soft con-
Produces up to 3100 mg HjS per liter. sistency.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Peptone, asparagine, glycine, alanine,
Reduces sulfate to hydrogen sulfide; glucose, fructose, ethanol, butanol, gh^cerol,
also reduces sulfites, thiosulfates and acetate, lactate and malate known to be
hyposulfites. utilized in presence of sulfate. Some strains
Temperature relations: Optimum, be- utilize molecular hydrogen as the sole source
of energy.
tween 25° and 30° C. Maximum, between
35° and 40° C. Reduces sulfate to hj'drogen sulfide. Also
Chemical tolerance: Optimum pH, be- reduces sulfites, thiosulfates and hy-
tween 6and 7.5. Limits for growth, between posulfites.
pH 5 and 9. Produces up to 950 mg of hydrogen sulfide
Cytochrome is produced.
Anaerobic. perNitrites
liter. not produced from nitrates.
Habitat : Soil, sewage and water. Temperature relations: Optimum, be-
2. Desulfovibrio aestuarii (van Delden, 35° and 40° C.
1904; ZoBell, 1948. (Microspira aestuarii van Chemical tolerance: Optimum pH, be-
tween 6and 8. Limits for growth, between
Delden, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 11, 1904,81;
ZoBell, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 208.) pH 5.5 and 8.5.
Anaerobic.
aes.tu.a'ri.i. L. noun uestuarium an Habitat: Sea water, marine mud, brine
estuary, inlet; L. gen. noun aestuarii of an and oil wells.
estuary.
Morphologically indistinguishable from 3. Desulfovibrio rubentschikii (Baars,
Desulfovibrio desulfuricans described above, 1930) ZoBell, 1948. {Vibrio riibentschickii
although it has a greater tendency to pleo- (sic) Baars, Over Sulfaatreductie door Bak-
morphism and is slightly larger. Motile, terien, Diss. Delft, 1930, 89; ZoBell, in Man-
possessing a polar flagellum. Gram-nega- ual, 6th ed., 1948, 208.)
tive. ru.ben.tschi'ki.i. M.L. gen. noun ruben-
Gelatin: No liquefaction. tschikii of Rubentschik; named for Dr. L.
Grows preferentially in media prepared Rubentschik.
with sea water or 3 per cent mineral salt Slightly curved rods, 0.5 to 1.0 by 1 to 5
solution enriched with sulfate and peptone. microns, usually occurring singly, some-
According to Baars (Over Sulfaatreductie times in pairs and short chains. Actively
door Bakterien, Diss. Delft, 1930, 164 pp.) motile, possessing a polar flagellum. Gram-
negative. Morphologically indistinguishable
the marine species can be acclimatized to
from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans.
tolerate hj^potonic salt solutions, but Rit- Reduces sulfate to hydrogen sulfide; also
tenberg (Studies on Marine Sulfate- reduces sulfites, thiosulfates and hypo-
Reducing Bacteria, Thesis, Univ. of Calif., sulfites.
1941, 115 pp.) was unable to confirm this
Culturally and phj'siologically like D.
observation. Likewise Rittenberg was desulfuricans except that D. rubentschikii
unable to acclimatize D. aestuarii to tolerate utilizes propionic, butyric, valeric, palmitic
temperatures exceeding 45° C. or to produce and stearic acids and galactose, sucrose,
endospores. lactose and maltose.
Produces faint turbidity in absence of Anaerobic.
oxygen in sea water enriched with sulfate Habitat: Soil and ditch water.
Genus III. Methanobacterium Kluyver and van Niel, 1936*

(Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 94, 1936, 399.)
Me.tha.no.bac.te'ri.um. Gr. noun iiiethy wine; M.L. noun methanum methane; Gr.
neut.n. bacterium a small rod; M.L. noun Methanobacterium the methane (-producing)
rodlet.
Straight or slightly curved rods, sometimes united in bundles or long chains. Reported to
be non-motile. Anaerobic. Chemo-heterotrophic or chemo-autotrophic, oxidizing various
organic or inorganic compounds and reducing carbon dioxide to methane. Gram-negative.
The anaerobic genus Methanobacterium was proposed by Kluyver and van Niel in 1936 with
an indication that they regarded Sohngen's methane bacterium as the type species of the
genus. Later, Barker (1936) found organisms that he regarded as identical with those pre-
viously isolated by Sohngen, and he proposed the name Methanobacterium sohngenii for this
species. While the organisms belonging to this genus are reported to be non-motile, the
curved form of their cells and their physiology places them near the species placed in De-
suFovibr-io.
The type species is Methanobacterium soehngenii Barker.
1. Methanobacterium soehngenii Acetate and n-butyrate but not pro-

Barker, 1936. (Methane bacterium, Sohn- pionate are fermented with the production
gen, Dissertation, Delft, 1906; Barker, Arch. of methane and carbon dioxide,
f. Mikrobiol., 7, 1936, 433.) Ethyl and n-butyl alcohols not fermented.
soehn.ge'ni.i. M.L. gen.noun soehngenii Obligate anaerobe,
of Sohngen; named for Prof. N. L. Sohngen, g^^^.^^ . Enrichment cultures containing
the bacteriologist who first studied this acetate or butyrate as the only organic com-
?,,■., ,. , , , , pound. Four strains were isolated from ace-
^ Rods
, , straight
,, to slightly
,., ^, curved, ,. moder- "■' . .
tate enrichment ^ cultures.
,^ rr,, ,.,
The cultures were
ately long. ISon-motile. Gram-negative. .^ , , . ,
highly purified but not strictly pure,
In liquid cultures, cells are character-
sewage. Probably
istically joined into long chains which often Habitat: Canal mud,
lie parallel to one another so as to form occurs widely in fresh-water sediments
bundles. where anaerobic conditions prevail.
Genus IV. Cellvibrio Winogradsky, 1929.]

(Ann. Inst. Pasteur, J^S, 1929, 577.)
Cell.vib'ri.o. L. noun cella a room, cell; L. v. vibro to vibrate; M.L. mas.n. Vibrio that
which vibrates, a generic name; M.L. mas.n. Cellvibrio cell vibrio, but here the cell is an
abbreviation of cellulose, hence, cellulose vibrio.
Long slender rods, slightly curved, with rounded ends, showing deeply staining granules
which appear to be concerned in reproduction. Monotrichous. Most species produce a yellow
or brown pigment with cellulose. Oxidize cellulose, forming oxycellulose. Growth on ordi-
nary culture media is feeble. Found in soil.
The type species is Cellvibrio ochraceus Winogradsky.
Key to the species of genus Cellvibrio.

I. No growth on glucose or starch agar.
A. Ochre-yellow pigment produced on filter paper.
1. Cellvibrio ochraceus.
* Revised by Prof. Robert S. Breed, Cornell University, Geneva, New York, May, 1955.
t Revised by Prof. Robert S. Breed, Cornell University, Geneva, New York, with the
assistance of Prof. Onorato Verona, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy, September, 1953.
II. Growth on glucose and starch agar.

A. Poor growth on starch agar.
1. Cream-colored pigment which becomes brown with age is produced on filter paper.
2. Cellvibrio flavescens.
B. Abundant growth on starch agar.
1. Scant growth on glucose agar.
a. Intense yellow pigment produced on filter paper.
3. Cellvibrio fulvus.
2. Abundant growth on glucose agar.
a. No pigment produced on filter paper.
4. Cellvibrio vulgaris.
1. Cellvibrio ochraceus Winogradsky, becoming brownish; mucilaginous colonies

1929. (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 43, 1929, 549, 601.) on cellulose silica gel medium.
och.ra'ce.us. Gr. noun ochra ochre; M.L. Good growth on peptone agar. Colonies
adj. ochraceus like ochre, rust-colored. I mm in 4 days. Grows poorly on glucose,
Plump, curved rods with rounded ends, starch and gum agars.
2.0 to 4.0 microns long, rarely occurring as Filter paper streaks: Almost as rapid in
spirals. Chromatic granule frequently found growth as Cellvibrio ochraceus and colors
in center. Motile by means of a single flagel- entire paper in 2 to .3 days.
lum. Gram-negative. Aerobic, facultative.
Produces diffuse, light ochre-colored, Optimum temperature, 20° C.
mucilaginous colonies on cellulose silica gel Distinctive characters: Smaller, less
medium. curved rods which grow on a greater variety
No action or growth on plain agar. No of media than Cellvibrio ochraceus but which
growth on peptone, glucose, starch or do not attack cellulose as readily.
tragacanth gum agar. Source: Isolated from a pile of old damp
Grows well on hydrocellulose agar without sawdust. A variety of this organism has been
producing clearings. isolated from sea water by Kadota (Bull.
Cellulose is oxidized to acid oxycellulose Japan. Soc. Sci. Fish., 16, 1951, 63-70).
without the production of reducing sub- Habitat: Soil. Disintegrates vegetable
stances or volatile by-products; a soluble, fibers.
non-reducing product may be formed.
Filter paper streaks : Entire paper colored 3. Cellvibrio fulvus Stapp and Bortels,
ochre-yellow in 48 hrs. 1934. (Culture Y, Dubos, Jour. Bact., 15,
Aerobic, facultative. 1928, 230; Stapp and Bortels, Zent. f. Bakt.,
Optimum temperature, 20° C. II Abt.,50, 1934,42.)
Distinctive character: Rapid, ochre- ful'vus. L. ad}, fulvus deep yellow.
colored growth. Slightly curved rods, 0.3 to 0.4 by 1.5 to
Habitat: Soil. Disintegrates vegetable 3.0 microns. Show involution forms. Motile
fibers.
by means of a single, polar flagellum. Gram-
negative.
2. Cellvibrio flavescens Winogradsky, Cellulose is decomposed. Grows on filter
1929. (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 43, 1929, 608.)
paper with an intense egg-yellow color
fla.ves'cens. L. v. flavesco to become which in older cultures may deepen to rust
golden yellow; L. part. adj. flavescens be-
coming yellow. brown.
Plump, curved rods, flexuous, with Glucose agar: Very scant growth.
rounded ends, 0.5 by 2.5 to 5.0 microns. Sucrose agar: Very slight growth.
Show metachromatic granules. Motile by Maltose agar: Abundant yellow growth.
means of a single flagellum. Gram-negative. Lactose agar: Fairly abundant yellow
Produces diffuse, cream-colored growth
growth.
Starch agar: Very abundant, In-ight Cellulose is decomposed. Grows on filter

vellow growth which later turns brown. paper without the formation of pigment.
Nutrient broth: No growth. Glucose agar: Abundant growth. No pig-
ment.
tween 25° and 30° C. Minimum, 5° C. Maxi- Sucrose agar: Abundant, slightly yellow
mum, between 32° and 35° C. No growth at growth.
37° C. Thermal death point, between 39° Maltose agar: Abundant, .yellowish
and 40° C. growth.
Aerobic. Lactose agar: Very heavy growth.
Source: Isolated from forest soil in Ger- Starch agar: Very abundant, yellowish
many and from soil in the United States.
growth.
Nutrient broth: No growth.
Habitat: Widely distributed in soils.
4. Cellvibrio vulgaris Stapp and Bor- tween 25° and 30° C. Minimum, 5° C. Maxi-
tels, 1934. (Culture Co, Dubos, Jour. Bact., mum, between 32° and 35° C. No growth at
15, 1928, 230; Stapp and Bortels, Zent. f. 37° C. Thermal death point, between 44°
Bakt., II Abt., 50, 1934,44.) and 45° C.
Aerobic.
vul.ga'ris. L. adj. vulgaris common.
Curved rods, 0.3 by 2.9 to 4.0 microns. Source: Isolated from forest soil in Ger-
Show involution forms. Motile by means of many and from soils in the United States.
a single polar flagellum. Gram-negative. Habitat: Widelv distributed in soils.
Genus V. Cellfalcicula Winogradsky, 1929.*

(Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 43, 1929, 616.)
Cell.fal.ci'cu.la. L. noun cella a room, cell; M.L. noun ceUulosum cellulose; L. noun
falcicula a sickle; M.L. fem.n. Cellfalcicula cell sickle, but here the cell is an abbreviation of
cellulose, hence, cellulose sickle.
Short rods or spindles, not exceeding 2 microns in length, with pointed ends, containing
metachromatic granules. Old cultures show coccoid forms. Monotrichous. Oxidize cellulose,
forming oxycellulose. Growth on ordinary culture media is feeble. Soil bacteria.
The type species is Cellfalcicula viridis Winogradsky.
1. Cellfalcicula viridis Winogradsky, 2. Cellfalcicula mucosa Winogradsky,

1929. (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 43, 1929, 616.) 1929. (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 43, 1929, 621.)
vi'ri.dis. L. adj. viridis green. mu.co'sa. L. adj. mucosus slimy.
Plump, small spindles, 0.7 by 2.0 microns, Plump, curved spindles, with slightly
with rounded ends. Motile by means of a pointed ends. Motile by means of a single
single flagellum. Gram-negative. polar flagellum. Contain a single chromatic
Produces diffuse green, mucilaginous granule. Gram-negative.
colonies on cellulose silica gel medium. Produces diffuse, cream-colored, muci-
Filter paper streaks: Rapid spreading laginous colonies on cellulose silica gel
growth colored green in 3 days at 30° C. medium.
Hydrocellulose agar: Growth rapid, Hydrocellulose agar: Abundant grayish
green; minute, yellowish green, mucous
colonies on streaking. growth.
No growth on peptone, glucose, starch or
No growth on peptone, glucose, starch
or gum agar. gum agar.
Aerobic, facultative. Aerobic, facultative.
Optimum temperature, 20° C. Optimum temperature, 20° C.
Habitat: Soil. Habitat: Soil.
* Revised by Prof. Robert S. Breed, Cornell LTniversity, Geneva, New York, September,
1937.
253
3. Cellfalcicula fusca Winogradsky, Filter paper streak: Paper becomes a

1929. (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, A3, 1929, 622.) partially transparent, dry, non-mucilagi-
fus'ca. L. adj. fuscus dark, tawny. nous pellicle adherent to gel.
Plump, curved spindles, 0.5 by 1.2 to 2.5
microns, with slightly pointed ends and a Aerobic, facultative.
central chromatic granule. Motile by means
of a single, polar flagellum. Gram-negative. Source: Isolated from a pile of old, damp
Produces diffuse, brownish, slightly
marbled or veined colonies on cellulose silica sawdust.
gel medium. Habitat: Probably rotting wood.
Genus VI. Microcyclus 0rskov, 1928.*

(Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 107, 1928, 180; also see Riassunti d. Communicazioni,
VI Cong. Internaz. d. Microbiol., Roma, 1, 1953, 24.)
Micro. cyc'lus. Gr. adj. micrus small, little; Gr. cyclus round, circle; M.L. mas.n. Mic-
rocyclus small circle.
Small, slightly curved, non-motile rods which form a closed ring during growth. These
rings grow into bodies which subdivide again into rod-shaped elements as at the beginning.
Encapsulated. Attack few sugars and then only slowly. From fresh-water ponds and from
soil.
The type species is Microcyclus aquaticus ^rskov.
1. Microcyclus aquaticus 0rskov, 1928. butyrous. This species is not fastidious in its
(Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 107, 1928, 180; growth requirements, although colonies are
also see Riassunti d. Communicazioni, VI small. It grows well on tap-water agar plus
Cong. Internaz. d. Microbiol., Roma, 1, 0.5 per cent peptone.
1953, 24.) No acid from glucose, sucrose, lactose,
a.qua'ti.cus. L. adj. aquaticus living in maltose, adonitol, dulcitol, sorbitol, inosi-
water. tol, rhamnose and salicin. After six weeks,
Very small, slightly curved rods about 1 slight acid in arabinose and xylose.
micron in length. During growth, the rods Indole not produced.
form closed rings 2 to 3 microns in diameter. Non-hemolytic.
The next stage is a body consisting of horse-
shoe-shaped halves that are fastened to- Grows at temperatures between 5° and
gether without visible divisional lines. 30° C. No growth at 37° C.
Source: Originally found in the waters of
These halves further subdivide into separate
a woodland lake. Later isolated from fresh-
rods ; the rods then form rings and start the
cycle of growth all over again. Form and water ponds and occasionally from soil.
capsule are seen most distinctly with direct Sturges (Absts. of Bact., 7, 1923, 11) briefly
agar microscopy and direct India ink agar reports the presence of organisms with the
microscopy. Encapsulated. Non-motile. same unusual morphology in ham-curing
Gram-negative. brines.
Gelatin: No liquefaction in one month. Habitat: Presumably widely distributed
Agar colonies: Round, smooth edges. in fresh water and in soil.
Genus VII. Spirillum Ehrenberg, 1832.^
(Physik. Abhandl. k. Akad. Wissensch. Berlin, 1832, 38.)
Spi.ril'lum. Gr. noun spira a spiral; M.L. dim.neut.n. Spirillum a small spiral, generic
name.
* Prepared by Dr. J. 0rskov, Director, Statens Seruminstitut, Copenhagen, Denmark,

November, 1953.
t Revised by Prof . Robert S. Breed, Cornell University, Geneva, New York, April, 1954,
based on a Monograph by Giesberger, Inaug. Diss., Delft, Nov. 30, 1936.
Cells form either long screws or portions of a turn. Volutin granules are usually present.
Usually motile by means of a tuft of polar flagella (5 to 20) which may occur at one or both
ends of the cells. Aerobic, growing well on ordinary culture media except for one saprophyte
and the pathogenic species; these have not yet been cultivated. Usually found in fresh and
salt water containing organic matter.
The type species is Spirillum undula (Miiller) Ehrenberg.
Key to the species of genus Spirillum.

I. One micron or less in diameter.
A. Volutin granules present.
1. Slow to rapid liquefaction of gelatin.
a. Grajash to brown growth on potato.
1. Spirilluni undula.
aa. Light yellowi.sh orange growth on potato.
2. Spirillum serpens.
2. No liquefaction of gelatin. Of small size (0.5 micron in diameter).
a. Colonies on agar white becoming brownish black and slightly wrinkled.
3. Spirillum itersonii.
aa. Colonies on agar white and smooth.
4. Spirillum tenue.
B. No volutin granules observed.
1. Single fiagellum. From sea water.
5. Spirillum virginianum.
2. Tuft of flagella. From blood of rats and mice.
6. Spirillum minus.
II. Over 1 micron in diameter.
A. Grow poorly or not at all on peptone agar media.
1. Grows poorly on peptone agar and potato.
7. Spirillum kutscheri.
2. Has not been cultivated on artificial media. Very evident volutin granules.
8. Spirillum volutans.
B. Grows abundantly on peptone media. Cells may be deformed with fat droplets.
9. Spirillum lipoferum.
1. Spirillum undula (Miiller, 1786) Agar colonies: Grayish white, smooth.

Ehrenberg, 1832. {Vibrio undula Miiller, Broth: Turbid.
Animalcula infusoria et marina, 1786; Potato: Grayish brown growth.
Ehrenberg, Physik. Abhandlungen d. k. Indole not produced.
Berl. Akad., 1832, 38.) Catala.se-positive.
un'du.la. L. noun unda a wave; M.L. Nitrites not produced from nitrates,
dim.fem.n. undula a small wave. Aerobic, facultative.
Stout threads, 0.9 micron in diameter, Optimum temperature, 25° C.
with one-half to three turns. The wave Cohn (Beitrage z. Biol. d. Pflanzen, 1,
lengths are 6 microns. Width of spiral, 3.0 Heft 2, 1875, 132) reports that he could not
microns. Tufts of three to nine flagella at distinguish this organism from Vibrio
each pole. Volutin granules present. Gram- prolifer Ehrenberg.
negative. Habitat: Putrid and stagnant water.
Gelatin colonies: The surface colonies are
circular, granular, greenish yellow, entire. 2. Spirillum serpens (Miiller, 1786)
Gelatin stab: Thick, white, rugose sur- Winter, 1884. {Vibrio serpens Miiller, Ani-
face growth. Very slow liquefaction. malcula infusoria et marina, 1786, 43;
Winter, in Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen- Grows well in pe])tone broth. Also utilizes

Flora, ;, Die Pilze, 1884, 63.) ammonium compounds.
ser'pens. L. v. serpo to crawl or creep; L. Catalase-positive.
part. adj. serpens creeping. Anaerobic growth in the presence of
Long, curved rods with two (o three wave- nitrates when organic or ammonia nitrogen
like undulation.s, 0.8 to 1.0 micron in di- is also available.
ameter; wave length, 8 to 9 micron.s. Width Optimum temperature, 30° C.
of spiral, 1.5 to 1.8 microns. Volutin granules Source: Isolated from water.
in cytoplasm. Motile, possessing tufts of Habitat: Water.
fiagella at both poles. Gram-negative.
Gelatin colonies: Yellowish to brownish, 4. Spirillum tenue Khrenberg, 1838.
granular, entire. (Die Infusionsthierchen als vollkommende
Gelatin stab: Yellowish surface growth. Organismen. Leipzig, 1838; also see Bon-
Slow liquefaction. hoff. Arch. f. Hyg., 26, 1896, 162.)
Agar colonies: Heavy cream-colored te'nu.e. L. adj. tenuis thin.
growth. Slender spirals 0.7 micron in diameter.
Agar slant: Grayish, with yellowish Wave lengths, 4.5 to 5.0 microns; width of
center, granular, entire. wave, 1.5 to 1.8 microns. Activel}' motile in
Broth: Turbid. peptone water by means of tufts of fiagella
Litmus milk: Unchanged. at each pole. Volutin granules present.
Potato: Clear orange-yellow growth. Gram-negative.
Indole not produced. Gelatin stab: No liquefaction.
Catalase-positive. Agar colonies: White, smooth.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Peptone agar slant: Heavy growth.
Aerobic, facultative. Potato: Light brown growth.
Optimum temperature, 35° C. Acid from glucose and fructose. Slight
Habitat: Stagnant water. acid from several other sugars and glycerols.
Utilizes salts of acetic, propionic, n-butyric,
3. Spirillum itersonii Giesberger, 1936. tartaric, lactic, citric, malic and succinic
(Inaug. Diss., Utrecht, 1936, 46 and 57.) acids.
i.ter.so'ni.i. M.L. gen. noun itersonii of Ammonia compounds are used as a source
Iterson; named for G. van Iterson, a Dutch of nitrogen.
bacteriologist. Catalase-positive.
The smallest of the spirilla isolated from
water. First observed by van Iterson (Proc. Source: Isolated from putrefying vege-
Kon. Akad. v. Wetensch. Amsterdam, 5, table matter.
1902, 685). Habitat: Putrefying materials.
Small spirals, 0.5 micron in diameter.
Wave length, 3 to 3.5 microns. Spiral width, 5. Spirillum virginianum Dimitroff,
1 to 1.5 microns. Motile by means of bipolar 1926. (Jour. Bact., 12, 1926, 19.)
tufts of fiagella. Gram-negative. vir.gi.ni.a'num. M.L. adj. virginianus
Gelatin stab: No liquefaction. Virginian; named for the State of Virginia.
Grows readily on peptone agar. White Spirals consisting of )^ to 3 complete
colonies becoming brownish black and turns in young cultures, older cultures show-
slightly wrinkled. ing 7 turns; 0.6 to 0.9 by 3 to 11 microns. No
Potato: Brownish orange growth. volutin granules observed (Giesberger,
Acid from glucose, fructose, ethyl alcohol, Inaug. Diss., Delft, 1936, 60). Motile by
n -propyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol and means of a single, polar flagellum on one or
glj'cerol. Utilizes acetic, propionic, n-bu- both ends. Gram-negative.
tyric, tartaric, fumaric, lactic, citric and Gelatin colonies: Entire, conve.x, circular,
succinic acids. moist, colorless.
Gelatin stab: Growth along entire stab. Amer. Med. Assoc, 123, 1943, 332) for im-
No liquefaction (Dimitroff, op. cit., 12, portant literature.
1926, 31). Active liquefaction (Giesberger, Source: Found in the blood of rats and
op. cit., 1936, 65). mice.
Agar colonies: Dew drop, convex, entire, Habitat: A cause of rat-bite fever. Widely
moist, colorless. distributed.
Agar slant: Dew drop, isolated colonies.
Broth: Cloudy, no flocculation. 7. Spirillum kutscheri Migula, 1900.
Uschinsky's protein-free medium: Abun- {Spirillum undula majus Kutscher, Cent. f.
dant growth. Bakt., I Abt., 18, 1895, 614; Migula, Syst. d.
Litmus milk: No growth. Bakt., 2, 1900, 1024.)
Loeffler's blood serum: Convex, isolated ku'tsche.ri. M.L. gen. noun kutscheri of
dew drop colonies. No liquefaction. Kutscher; named for K. H. Kutscher, the
Potato: No growth. German bacteriologist who first isolated
Methyl red negative; acetylmethylcar- this organism.
binol not produced. Stout, spiral -shaped threads 1.5 microns
Indole not produced. in diameter. Wave lengths, 10.5 to 12.5 mi-
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. crons; width, 3.0 to 4.5 microns. The spiral
No acid or gas from carbohydrates. form may be lost on continued cultivation.
Lactates and citrates utilized (Giesberger, Volutin granules present. Motile by means
loc. cit.). of tufts of flagella at the poles. Gram-nega-
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. tive.
Aerobic, facultative. Gelatin plate: Surface colonies are trans-
parent and round; deep colonies are dark
Source: Isolated from mud on an oyster brown.
shell. Gelatin stab: Slow liquefaction.
Habitat: Probably the muddy bottom of Agar colonies grow poorly; granular.
brackish water. Deep colonies yellowish green to dark
brown.
6. Spirillum minus Carter, 1888. (Car- Agar slant: Delicate, transparent growth.
ter, Sci. Mem. Med. Officers Army India, 3, Potato: Limited growth.
1888, 45; Spirochaeta muris Wenyon, Jour. Utilizes malic and succinic acids.
Hyg., 6, 1906, 580.) Grows well on peptone broth. Also
mi'nus. L. comp.adj. minus less, smaller. utilizes ammonia compounds.
Description taken from Adachi (Jour. Catalase-positive.
Exp. Med., S3, 1921, 647) and Giesberger
(Inaug. Diss., Delft, 1936, 67). 27°Optimum
Short thick cells, 0.5 by 3.0 microns, Source: Isolated from putrid materials
having 2 or 3 windings which are thick, and liquid manure.
regular and spiral. Actively motile by means Habitat: Putrefying liquids.
of bipolar tufts of flagella. Gram-negative.
Has not been cultivated on artificial 8. Spirillum volutans Ehrenberg, 1832.
media. (Prototype, Vibrio spirillum Miiller, Ani-
Aerobic, facultative. malcula infusoria et marina, 1786; Ehren-
Pathogenic for man, monkeys, rats, mice berg, Physik. Abhandlungen d. k. Akad.
and guinea pigs. Berlin, 1832, 38.)
This species is regarded by some as a vo'lu.tans. L. v. voluto to tumble about;
spirochaete. Because of its habitat and L. part. adj. volutans tumbling about.
wide distribution it has been described The largest of the spirilla; probably first
under many different names. It is possible seen by Miiller.
that some of these names indicate varieties Spiral-shaped cells 1.5 microns in di-
or even separate species. See Beeson (Jour. ameter. Wave length, 13 to 14 microns;
257
width 4 to 5 microns. Slightly attenuated li.po'fe.rum. Gr. noun lipus fat; L. v.fero
ends. Dark granules of volutin are present to carry; M.L. adj. lipoferus fat-bearing.
in the cytoplasm. Motile, possessing a tuft Curved cells with one-half to one spiral
of ten to fifteen fiagella at each pole. Gram- turn. Contain minute fat droplets which
negative. ma}^ deform the cells. Motile by means of a
Migula (Syst. d. Bakt., 2, 1900, 1025) tuft of polar fiagella. Gram-negative.
reports that this species has not been Calcium malate agar colonies: Circular,
cultivated on artificial media and that the small, transparent, dry. The malate is oxi-
cultures described by Kutscher (Ztschr. f. dized to calcium carbonate. Cells contain
Hyg., 20, 1895, 58) as Spirillum volutans fat droplets.
are of a different species. Vahle (Cent. f. Peptone agar colonies: More abundant
Hakt., II Abt., 25, 1910, 237) later describes development. Cells lack fat droplets and
the cultural characters of an organism which are typically spirillum in form.
he regards as identical with Kutscher's Glucose peptone broth: Cells actively
organism. Giesberger (Inaug. Diss., Delft, motile with large fat droplets.
1936, 65) saw what he felt was the true Fixes atmospheric nitrogen in partially
Spirillum volutans but could not cultivate pure cultures, i.e., free from Azotobacter
it. and Clostridium (Beijerinck, loc. cit.).
Schroder (Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 85, 1932,
Optimum temperature, 35° C. 17) failed to find fixation of nitrogen when
Habitat: Stagnant water.
she used cultures derived from a single cell.
Aerobic.
9. Spirillum lipoferum Beijerinck, 1925.
(Azotobacier spirillum Beijerinck, Kon. Optimum temperature, 22° C.
Beijerinck regards this as a transitional
Akad. Wetensch. Amsterdam, 30, 1923, 431, form between Spirillum and Azotobacter.
([uoted from Giesberger, Inaug. Diss., Giesberger (op. cit., 1936, 64) thinks it a
Delft., 1936, 24; Beijerinck, Cent. f. Bakt., Vibrio.
II Abt., 63, 1925, 353.) Habitat: Garden soil.
Genus VIII. Paraspirillum Dobell, 1912.*

(Arch. f. Protistenk., 2^, 1912, 97.)
Pa.ra.spi.ril'lum. Gr. pref. para beside; M.L. neut.n. Spirillum a genus of bacteria;
M.L. neut.n. Paraspirillum Spirillum-like (organisms).
Cells spiral or S-shaped, tapering toward the ends, wdth a well marked thickening toward
the middle of the body; resemble much elongated and spirally twisted spindles. Motile by
means of a single, polar flagellum. Found in fresh water.
Dobell {loc. cit.) believes that this organism belongs to the Spirillaceae rather than to the
Spirochaetaceae .
The type species is Paraspirillum vejdovskii Dobell.
1. Paraspirillum vejdovskii Dobell, or very finely granular. Volutin granules

1912. (Arch. f. Protistenk., 24, 1912, 97.) are numerous between the hyaline area and
vej .dov'ski.i. M.L. gen. noun vejdovskii of the ends of the cell. Locomotion is screw-
Vejdovsky; named for Prof. F. Vejdovsky. like, resembling that characteristic of spe-
Spiral or S-shaped rods, tapering toward cies of Spirillum. The motion is reversible,
the ends, 8 to 25 microns in length, averag- and cells may swim in either direction. In
ing 15 microns. Width, in the middle, 1.5 to
motion the cell seems to be rigid, but it may
to 2.0 microns. A definite spherical to ellip-
soidal nucleus is present. The cytoplasm increase or decrease the amount of bending.
immediately about the nucleus is hyaline Sometimes the cell is much-curved, at other
Prepared by Prof. R. E. Buchanan, Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa, July, 1952.
times it is almost straight. A single, polar This organism has not been cultivated,
flagellum is demonstrable; such a flagellum Source: Encountered only once in a cul-
may occur at each end. Division of the cell ture of Oscillatoriae in water from the River
is transverse and is preceded by a division Granta near Cambridge, England,
of the nucleus. Habitat: Fresh water.
Genus IX. Selenonionas von Prowazek, 1913*

(Von Prowazek, Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 70, 1913 (July), 36; Selenomastix
Woodcock and Lapage, Quart. Jour. Micro. Sci., S9 (N.S.), 1913 (November), 433.)
Se.le.no. mo'nas. Gr. noun selene the moon; Gr. noun monas a unit, monad; IM.L. fem.n.
moon monad.
Cells kidney- to crescent-shaped with blunt ends. Motile by means of a tuft of flagella
attached to the middle of the concave side. The flagella are thicker at the base than at the
free end and are usually about one and a half times as long as the cell. Gram-negative.
Anaerobic. Parasites found in the alimentary tracts of mammals, including man.
Three species are described, and it is possible that when comparative studies are made
the three will be found to belong to but a single species. On the other hand it is equally pos-
sible that not only these three but also additional species will be recognized (Lessel and
Breed, Bact. Rev., 18, 1954, 167).
The type species is Selenomonas palpitans Simons.
Key to the species of genus Selenonionas.

I. Found in the coeca of guinea pigs.
1. Selenonionas palpitans.
II. Found in the human mouth cavity.
2. Selenonionas sputigena.
III. Found in the rumen juices of ruminants.
3. Selenomonas ruminantiuni .
1. Selenomonas palpitans Simons, 1922. a true nucleus, dividing as the cell divides.
(Guinea pig selenomonad, da Cunha, Brasil Boskamp {ibid., 65) was unable to deter-
Medico, 29, 1915, 33; Selenomonas palpitans mine whether this division was mitotic or
Simons {nomen dubium), Cent. f. Bakt., I amitotic. With Giemsa's stain the cyto-
Abt., Orig., 57, 1921, 50; Simons, inBoskamp, plasm is blue whereas the chromatin ma-
ibid., 88, 1922, 58.) terial, the cell membrane and the flagella
pal 'pi. tans. L. part. adj. palpitans trem- stain red. Gram-negative,
bling. Anaerobic (?) as presumed by Boskamp
Description taken from Boskamp {loc. (^^^^^ ^^^^^ fron^ the fact that these
f^'î-)- organisms, in feces, died quickly when
Kidney- to crescent-shaped cells with ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^j^. ^.j^^^ likewise did not grow
blunt ends, 1.8 to 2.3 by 6.8 to 9.1 microns. ,. „ „ j-v.^^ , ^^^;„
'
Motile by means of. a /
tuft,^ of, flagella
a ^^ on the
û aerobically
., t^ on ordmary
j • xi_ media. c
concave •'side
. . of. the
^, ,1 The
cell. rru a 11
flagella are Source: Found in the cecum oi a guinea
thicker at the base than at the free end and P*^
are usually about one to one and a half times Habitat : Found in the ceca of guinea pigs.
cavity, the stomach
long as the cell. A highly refractive Not found in the buccal
granule is found on the concave side at the or the small intestine. Decrease rapidly in
base of the tuft of flagella; this granule number in the upper large intestine and dis-
stains with nuclear stains and appears to be appear entirely in the lower part.
* Prepared by Mr. Erwin F. Lessel, Jr., Cornell University, Geneva, New York, January,
1954.
2. Selenonionas sputigena (Fliigge, and increases to a thick streak, opaque in

1886, emend. Muhlens, 1909) Dobell, 1932. the center and cloudy-transparent at the
(Spirillum sputigenum Fliigge, Die Mikro- edges.
organismen, 2 Aufl., 1886, 387; Muhlens, Kutscher's placenta agar: Good growth.
Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 48, 1909, 524; Anaerobic growth in the lower two-thirds
Selenomonas sputigena Boskamp (nomen of stab and shake cultures. No visible gas
provisorium) , Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig.,
produced.
Serum broth: No growth.
88, 1922, 70; Dobell, Antony van Leeuwen-
hoek and His "Little Animals". New York, The following characters are from Mac-
1932, 239, plate XXIV, and 245, footnote 2; donald {op. cit. 1953) :
Vibrio sputigenus Pr^vot, Man. de Classif. Blood agar: Growth occurred only when
des Bact. Anaer., Paris, 1« ed., 1940, 85; not plates were reduced immediately after
Vibrio sputigenus Bergey et al., Manual, streaking. Colonies were smooth, convex,
1st ed., 1923, 80.) grayish yellow, and less than 0.5 mm in
spu.ti'ge.na. L. noun sputum spit, spu- diameter.
tum; L. V. gigno to produce; M.L. adj. Difco thioglycollate broth: Growth heavy
sputigenus sputum-produced. and granular in 48 hrs. The best fluid me-
Description taken from Muhlens (op. cit., dium in which to maintain cultures.
1909, 524). Also see Hoffmann and von Pro- Difco thioglj'coUate agar shake cultures:
wazek (Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 4i , Irregularly shaped, yellow colonies.
1906, 820), von Prowazek (ibid., 70, 1913, 36) Litmus milk: Acid and coagulated.
and Macdonald (Thesis, Univ. of Toronto, Acid from glucose and sucrose. Slight
1953,95 pp.). acid from mannitol.
Comma- and crescent-shaped cells, Indole not produced.
thicker and longer than the cholera vibrio, Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
occasionally occurring in pairs in the form Nitrites produced from nitrates.
of an S. Motility is vibratory, rotating,
Optimum temperature, 37°C. Growth
whirling and boring in nature. Dobell (op. range, from 20° to 45° C. The pH range for
cit., 1932, 245) feels that the type of motility growth is 4.5 to 8.6 with the best growth
depicted in Leeuwenhoek's drawing (ibid., between 5.5 and 8.6.
239, plate XXIV, Fig. B, with motion shown Not pathogenic for guinea pigs injected
in C to D) is so characteristic of Spirillum subcutaneously or intracardially, nor for
sputigenum that the organism labelled Fig. mice injected intraperitoneally.
B by Leeuwenhoek is, in all probability. Distinctive characters: Early investiga-
Spirillum sputigenum Miller. Hoffmann and tors described an organism of this type but
von Prowazek {op. cit., 1906, 820) describe were unable to culture it, e.g. Lewis (Lancet,
this organism as a crescent-shaped rod with Sept. 20, 1884, who regarded the organism
a thick flagellum that appears to be attached he found as identical with the cholera
on the concave side. Muhlens {op. cit., 1909, vibrio) and Miller (The Microorganisms of
525) reports 1 to 3 flagella, the majority of the Human Mouth, Philadelphia, 1890, 75) ;
the organisms having a single thick flagel- Miller also gives an excellent discussion of
lum (a tuft of flagella) on the concave side. the early work. Muhlens {op. cit., 1909, 526)
Von Prowazek {op. cit., 1913, 36) later shows described a variety of this species with
excellent figures of these thick flagella smaller cells.
treated with Giemsa's stain. These figures While Macdonald describes this species
show that the thick flagellum is really a tuft as peritrichous, he reports (personal com-
of flagella which may separate like the munication) that others have felt that his
bristles of a paint brush. Stains pale red electron micrographs could be interpreted
with Giemsa's stain. as showing a cluster of flagella attached at
Horse-serum agar stab: Fine, hazy the middle of the concave side of the cres-
colonies develop in the low portions. Growth cent-shaped cells, and that in dark field
begins in 1 to 3 days as fine, cloudy colonies examination he observed, as had earlier
with somewhat thicker, yellowish centers workers, a single heavy flagellum attached
at the middle of the concavity. The so-called deepl}^ staining mass is easily demonstrable.
nuclear body shows plainly in the electron Reproduction is by binary fission transverse
micrographs. to the long axis of the cell and through the
Source: Isolated from the buccal cavity of flagellar region. Each half of the flagella
man. passes to one of the two pear-shaped daugh-
Habitat: Found in the buccal cavity. ter cells where it is attached near the blunt
end; later the flagella undergo an apparent
3. Selenoinonas runiinantium (Certes, shift in position to the center of the con-
cavity.
1889) Wenyon, 1926. {Ancyromonas runiinan-
tium Certes, Bull. Soc. Zool., France, H, Probably anaerobic but does not grow on
1889, 70; Selenomastix ruminantium Wood- ordinary media either aerobically or an-
cock and Lapage, Quart. Jour. Micro. Sci., aerobically.
Woodcock and Lapage (op. cit., 445 ff.)
59 (N.S.), 1913-1914, 433; Wenyon, Proto-
zoology. 1,1926,311.) found ellipsoidal, non-motile organisms
mixed abundantly with the motile crescents
ru.mi.nan'ti.um. L. part. adj. ruminans, and felt that these might represent a stage in
ruminantis ruminating; M.L. neut.pl.n.
ruminantia ruminants; M.L. pi. gen. noun the life history of the crescents although
ruminantium of ruminants. they could not demonstrate this. Wenyon
{op. cit., 311) also thinks that a rounded
Rigid, crescent-shaped cells which meas- flagellate organism may be a stage of the
ure 2to 3 by 9.5 to 11 microns. Woodcock and
crescent-shaped organism, but he presents
Lapage {op. cit., 434) state that the cells are no proof to support this conclusion.
only slightly crescentic and never assume Source: Found by Certes {op. cit., 70) by
the S shape as reported by Certes (op. cit., microscopical examination of rumen juice
439); furthermore, they report that the of cattle, sheep and deer. Later found by
curve lies in but one plane. A tuft of flagella Woodcock and Lapage {op. cit., 433) very
which attains a length of 8.0 to 9.5 microns abundantly in the rumen juice of goats.
springs from the center of the concavity. Habitat : Found as a predominant organ-
The protoplasm stains homogeneously ex- ism on microscopical examination of rumen
cept at the base of the flagella where a juices from herbivorous mammals.
Genus X. Myconostoc Cohn, 1875.*

(Beitrage z. Biol. d. Pflanzen, 1, Heft 3, 1875, 183.)
My.co.nos'toc. Gr. noun myces fungus; M.L. neut.n. Nostoc a genus of algae; i\LL. neut.n.
Myconostoc fungus nostoc.
Curved, colorless cells occurring singly or in curved or spiral chains. Embedded in small,
spherical, gelatinous masses. Found in fresh- or sulfur-water containing decomoosine
organic matter.
The type species is Myconostoc gregarium Cohn.
1. Myconostoc gregarium Cohn, 1875. coiled, non-septate, non-motile, colorless

(Cohn, Beitrage z. Biol. d. Pflanzen, 1, filaments. The filaments are usually en-
Heft 3, 1875,_ 183; Spirosoma gregarium closed in a spherical, solid, microscopic,
Migula, Syst. d. Bakt., ^, 1900, 960.) gelatinous mass which measures 10 to 17
gre.gar'i.um. L. adj. gregarius of or be- microns in diameter; these masses may
longing to a flock or group. clump together and form a cluster, usually
Cells curved to comma-shaped, 1 by 5 to on the surface of the water, which is visible
10 microns, often joined together as spiral to the naked eye. Excellent illustrations de-
chains which may resemble horse-shoes or picting the nature of this species are shown
which may twist around each other to form in Zopf (Die Spaltpilze, 3 Aufl., 1885, 23).
* Prepared by Mr. Erwin F. Lessel, Jr., Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Septem-
ber, 1953.
261
When the gelatinous mass disintegrates, to be a stage in the life cycle of a Spii-ilhim,
swarm cells are formed which are pre- probably Spirillum undula Ehrenberg.
sumably polar flagellate. The individual These organisms have not been cultivated
cells are granular and stain rather poorly. on artificial media.
During reproduction, the filaments be- Source : Found in the surface scum of sul-
come somewhat elongated and expand the fur-water in a jar with decomposing algae,
gelatinous mass to an ellipsoidal shape. As especially Spirogyra sp. (Cohn, op. cit.,
1875, 183). Also found by Migula {op. cit.,
the gelatinous sphere undergoes transverse
1900, 960) in peat bogs between Weingarten
fission, there is a concomitant division of the and Karlsruhe. Hansgirg (Osterr. Vot.
filament, the daughter cells finally separat- Ztschr., 38, 1888, 265) frequently found this
ing from each other. Lankester (Quart.
organism among his algal cultures in Bo-
Jour. Micros. Sci., 13, (N.S.), 1873, 408) hemia.
erroneously believed this gelatinous form Habitat: Fresh-water ponds.
ORDER II. CHLAMYDOBACTERIALES BUCHANAN, 1917.*
(Buchanan, Jour. Bact., 2, 1917, 162.)
Chla.my.do.bac.te.ri.a'les. M.L. fern. pi. n. Chlamdobacteriaceae type family of the order

Chlamydobacteriales ; -ales ending to denote an order ; M.L. fern. pi. n. Chlamydobacteriales the
Chlam ydobacteriaceae order .
Colorless, alga-like bacteria which occur in trichomes. May or may not be ensheathed.
They may be unbranched or may show false branching. False branching arises from a lateral
displacement of the cells of the trichome within the sheath; this gives rise to a new trichome
so that the sheath is branched while the trichomes are separate. The sheaths may be com-
posed of an organic matrix impregnated with iron or manganese oxides, or they may be
composed of an organic matrix free from these oxides. Gram-negative. Reproduction may be
by flagellate swarm spores or by non-motile conidia. Endospores of the type found in Bacil-
lus are never developed. Fresh-water and marine forms.
Key to the families of order Chlamydobacteriales.
I. Conidia, when formed, are motile by means of a sub-polar tuft of flagella.
A. Possesses trichomes in which false branching may occur. Motile swarm cells may be
formed.
Family I. Chlamydobacteriaceae . p. 262.
B. Possesses ensheathed, unbranching trichomes which may be very long (0.5 cm).
Found in fresh water.
Family II. Peloplocaceae, p. 270.
II. Non-motile conidia are produced.
Family III. Crenotrichaceae, p. 272.
FAMILY I. CHLAMYDOBACTERIACEAE MIGULA, 1894.

(Arb. bakt. Inst. Hochschule, Karlsruhe, 1, 1894, 237.)
Chla.my.do.bac.te.ri.a'ce.ae. Gr. noun chlamys, chlamydis a cloak; Gr. neut.n. bac-
terium a small rod; -aceae ending to denote a family; M.L. fem.pl.n. CJdaui ydobacteriaceae
the family of the sheathed bacteria.
Bacteria which occur in trichomes and which frequently show false branching. Sheaths,
when present, may or may not be impregnated with ferric and/or manganese oxides. Cells
divide transversely. Swarm cells, if developed, are usually motile by means of a tuft of
flagella. Usually found in fresh water.
Key to the genera of family Chlamydobacteriaceae.
I. Trichomes surrounded by sheaths which are usually not impregnated with iron or
manganese oxides and which do not dissolve in hydrochloric acid. Large forms, mostl}^
sessile.
* Rearranged and revised by Prof. Robert S. Breed, Cornell University, Geneva, New
York, November, 1953; further revision, with the introduction of an additional family and
genera and species, by Prof. Dr. Herbert Beger, Institut fiir Wasser-, Boden- und Luft-
hygiene, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany, January, 1955.
262
FAMILY I. CHLAMYDOBACTERIACEAE 263
Genus I. Sphaerotilus, p. 263.

II. Trichomes surrounded by sheaths impregnated with oxides of iron or manganese which
dissolve in strong h.ydrochloric acid. Free-living or sessile.
A. Individual trichomes, each with a sheath.
Genus II. Leptothrix, p. 264.
B. Sheaths contain more than one trichome; the trichomes are sometimes in a fan-like
arrangement.
Genus III. Toxothrix, p. 269.
Genus I. Sphaerotilus Kiitzing, 1833.

(Kiitzing, Linnaea, 8, 1833, 385; Cladothrix Cohn, Beitr. z. Biol. d.
Pflanz., 1, Hefts, 1875, 185.)
Sphae.ro'ti.lus. Gr. noun sphaera a sphere; Gr. noun tilus anything shredded, flock,
down; M.L. mas.n. Sphaerotilus sphere down.
Attached or free-floating, colorless trichomes showing false branching, though this may
be rare in some species. When e.xamined under the electron microscope, the sheath shows a
homogeneous structure. Sheath may become j'ellowish or brown with the deposition of iron
oxide. The deposition of iron is dependent on environmental factors, not on the ph3'siologi-
cal ability to store iron. Trichomes consist of rod-shaped or ellipsoidal cells surrounded by
a firm sheath. Multiplication occurs both by non-motile conidia and by motile swarm cells,
the latter with a subpolar tuft of flagella. Gram-negative so far as known. Found in fresh
water.
The systematic positions of the species placed in Sphaerotilus, Leptothrix and related ge-
nera are uncertain. Pringsheim (Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, Series B, 233, 1949, 605,
and Biol. Reviews, 24, 1949, 200) would combine some of the species now placed in Lepto-
thrix with Sphaerotilus nutans and broaden the definition of Sphaerotilus to include other
species here placed in Leptothrix and Clonothrix. However, Beger and Bringmann (Zent. f.
Bakt., II Abt., 107, 1953, 318) indicate differences in the structures of the sheaths of Sphaero-
tilus and Leptothrix and give other reasons why it may be better to keep the earlier groupings
as they have been.
The type species is Sphaerotilus natui^s Kiitzing.
1. Sphaerotilus natans Kiitzing, 1833. nitrogen, does not grow in the ordinary pep-
(Kiitzing, Linnaea, 8, 1833, 385; not (Sp/jae?o- tone solution, grows best with low concen-
tilus natans Sack, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., trations of meat extract (Zikes, Cent. f.
65, 1925, 116.) Bakt., II Abt., 4S, 1915, 529). See Stokes
na'tans. L. part. adj. wafa/is swimming. (Jour. Bact., 67, 1954, 278) for a recent study
Colorless, slimy trichomes which attain of the cultural and physiological charac-
a length of several millimeters. The tri- teristics of this species,
chomes are ensheathed, show false branching Distinctive characters: This species
and are either free-floating or attached at thrives in great tassels on solid substrata
one end by means of a small disc. The indi- covered by dirty running water. These tas-
vidual cells are cylindrical, 1 by 2 to 6 mi- sels are composed of trichomes of bacterial
crons, and vacuolated (Lackey and Wattie, cells held together by slim}^, tubular
U. S. Pub. Health Ser., Pub. Health Repts., sheaths. The latter maj' become softened
55,1940,975). and dissolved, releasing Pseudomonas-hke
]\Iultiplication occurs through the forma- swarm cells. The same organism grows in
tion of conidia within the sheath of the a quite different state in quiet waters
vegetative cells, from which thej' swarm out with only a little organic matter, forming
at one end, swim about for a time, then branched structures occurring in trichomes,
attach themselves to objects and develop the sheaths of which are not slimy. A third
into delicate trichomes. form is produced when ferrous compounds
Gelatin rapidly liquefied, requires organic and very little organic substance are pres-
264 ORDER II. CHLAMYDOBACTERIALES
ent. The sheaths become brittle and glass- 600X show the diameter of the trichomes to
like in appearance by deposition of ferric be greater than the diameter of Bacillus
hj^droxide in a hard colloidal form. Prings- anthracis spores shown at the same mag-
heim (Endeavour, 11, 1952, 209) states that nification. Such spores are 1.3 to 1.5 microns
under these conditions it is identical with in diameter.
Leptothrix ochracea, which looks ochre-like Zikes (Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 43, 1915,
in bulk but never brown under the micro- 529) gives the following differential charac-
scope. tersCells
: smaller than those of Sphaerotilus
Source: Originally found in polluted natans, 1.5 to 2.5 microns; false branching
waters. May become a real nuisance in constant; grows best in high concentrations
sewage purification plants of the activated of meat extract; will grow in ordinary pep-
sludge type (Lackey and Wattie, op. cit., tone solutions; can utilize inorganic nitro-
1940, 975) and in streams polluted with sul- gen; liquefies gelatin slowly.
fite liquor from pulp and paper mills Source: Isolated by Cohn from water con-
(Lackey, Mimeographed Rept., U. S. taining Myconostoc.
Pub. Health Ser., 1941). Habitat: Comparatively unpolluted fresh
Habitat: Stagnant and running water, water capable of sustaining algae.
especially sewage-polluted streams. Widely
distributed throughout the world in fresh 3. Sphaerotilus flviitans (Migula, 1895)
water. Schikora, 1899. {Streptothrixfluitans Migula,
in Engler and Prantl, Die natiirl. Pflanzen-
2. Sphaerotilus dichotonius (Cohn, fam., 1, la, 1895, 38; Schikora, Ztschr. f.
1875) Migula, 1900. (Cladothrix dichotoma Fischerei, 7, 1899, 1-28.)
Cohn, Beitr. z. Biol. d. Pflanz., 1, Heft 3, flu'i.tans. L. part. adj. fluitans floating.
1875, 185; Migula, Syst. d. Bakt., 2, 1900, Verj thin, attached trichomes as much as
1033.) 1 cm in length. The trichomes are sur-
di.cho'to.mus. Gr. adj. dichotomus di- rounded bya soft sheath from which almost
vided, forked. spherical conidia issue, usually attaching
The identity of this species as distinct themselves to the exterior of the sheath
from Sphaerotilus natans has been ques- where they multiply.
tioned. In his text, Cohn reports the di- Source: Found attached to pieces of wood
ameter of the trichomes to be 0.3 micron. and stems of plants in running water.
This clearly is an error as his figures at Habitat: Fresh water.
Genus II. Leptothrix Kiitzing, 1843.

(Kiitzing, Phycologia Generalis, 1843, 198; not Leptotrichia Trevisan, Reale
1st. Lombardo di Sci. e Lettere, Ser. 2, 12, 1879, 138.)
Lep'to.thrix. Gr. adj. leptus fine, small; Gr. noun thrix hair; M.L. fem.n. Leptothrix fine
hair.
Trichomes of cylindrical, colorless cells with a sheath at first thin and colorless, later
thicker, yellow or brown, encrusted with iron or manganese oxide. The oxides may be dis-
solved by dilute acid, whereupon the inner cells show up well. If the sheath contains man-
ganese oxide, it does not dissolve completel}^ in weak acids. When examined under the elec-
tron microscope, the sheath shows an alveolar structure. Multiplication is by cell division
with individual cells occasionally slipping out of the sheath as reproductive cells. These
are sometimes motile with a tuft of flagella. False branching may occur. Gram-negative and
not acid-fast so far as known. Usually found in fresh water.
The type species is Leptothrix ochracea Kiitzing.
Key to the species of genus Leptothrix.

I. Trichomes straight, not spirally twisted.
A. Trichomes free-floating and unbranched. Sheath thin.
1. Trichomes 1 to 3 microns thick.

1. Lcplothrix ochrncea.
2. Trichomes 0.4 to 0.5 micron thick.
2. Leptothrix thermnlis.
B. Trichomes attached.
1. Attachment is by means of a hoklfast.
a. Trichomes arise singly, each from its own holdfast.
b. Sheath very thin, encrusted only at the base of the trichome.
3. Leptothrix sideropons.
bb. Sheaths thick.
c. Trichomes showing no or only a few false branches. Cells up to 1
micron thick.
4. Leptothrix discophora .
cc. Trichomes always with numerous false branches. Cells 1.4 microns
thick.
5. Leptothrix major.
aa. Numerous trichomes arising from a common holdfast.
b. Sheaths not tapering to the tip. Trichomes form sessile, hemispherical
clusters.
6. Leptothrix lopholea.
bb. Sheaths tapering to the tip. Trichomes usually form free-living colonies
in which the trichomes radiate like the spokes of a wheel.
7. Leptothrix echinata.
2. Attached by gelatinous masses.
8. Leptothrix epiphytica.
II. Trichomes spirally twisted (except in a variety of Leptothrix pseudovacuolata).
A. Epiphytic, growing twisted around thread-like algae.
9. Leptothrix voluhilis.
B. Free-living in water or on the surface of mud.
1. Trichomes very thin; sheaths tapering slowly to the tip, ending in a sharp point.
a. Cells 0.3 micron in diameter.
10. Leptothrix skujae.
aa. Cells 0.9 micron in diameter.
11. Leptothrix winogradskii.
2. Trichomes thick, sometimes not twisted; sheaths rounded at the tip.
12. Leptothrix pseudovamwlata.
1. Leptothrix ochracea (Roth, 1797) rounded by a delicate sheath which later

Kiitzing, 1843. {Conferva ochracea Roth, becomes yellow to brown in color. Sheath
Catal. bot. I, 1797, Table V, Fig. 2; also see alveolar, completely dissolving in dilute
Dillwyn, Syn. Conf., 1802, Table 62; Kiit- hydrochloric acid. When the sheath becomes
zing, Phycologia generalis, 1843, 198.) very thick, the trichomes slip out of the
o.chra'ce.a. Gr. noun ochra j-ellow ochre; sheath and secrete a new one so that many
M.L. adj. ochraceus like ochre. empty sheaths are found. Presumably polar
Description taken from Kiitzing (loc. cit.) flagellate swarm cells have been observed,
and Cataldi (Estudio Fisiologico y Siste- Not acid-fast. Gram-negative,
mdtico de Algunas Chlamydobacteriales. Gelatin: No liquefaction.
Thesis, University of Buenos Aires, 1939, Iron citrate and ammonium agar colonies:
58 and 66). Filamentous and spreading, with wavy
Cells rod-like, colorless, 0.8 to 1.0 micron. edges.
Motile. Trichomes long, free-floating, never Manganese acetate agar colonies: Fila-
attached to a substrate, never branching, 1 mentous, not very large,
micron in thickness. Young trichomes sur- Iron citrate and ammonium agar slant :
Growth very abundant, spreading over the Iron citrate and ammonium agar colonies :
entire surface; iridescent. Very filamentous. Colonies and filaments
Peptone and manganese acetate broth: encompassed by a spattering of rust-colored
Abundant growth in the form of loose fiakes.
Indole not produced. spots.
Manganese acetate agar colonies: Large
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. and filamentous, the filaments being
Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced. strongly colored.
Nitrites produced from nitrates. Iron citrate and ammonium agar slant:
Growth in the form of isolated colonies;
Optimum pH, 8.0. strongly colored.
Aerobic, but growth favored by the pres- Manganese acetate agar slant: Abundant
ence of CO2 . growth which adheres to the medium except
Habitat: Found in iron-bearing, fresh in those places covered with water of con-
waters; widely distributed. densation.
Peptone and manganese acetate broth:
2. Leptothrix thermalis (Molisch, 1925) Firm pellicle with a metallic sheen.
Dorff, 1934. (Chlamydothrix thermalis Mo- Indole not produced.
lisch, Sc. Rept. Tohoku Imp. Univ., 4 ser. Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Biol., Sendae, Japan, 1, 1923, 135 (or pos- Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced.
sibly 1,1925, 146); Dorff, Die Eisenorganis- Nitrites produced from nitrates.
men, Pflanzenforschung, Heft 16, 1934, 38.)
28°Optimum
ther.ma'lis. Gr. noun therme heat; M.L.
adj. thermalis pertaining to heat. Optimum pH, 8.0.
Unbranched trichomes, 0.4 to 0.5 micron Aerobic; growth not favored by the pres-
thick, united in bundles. Surrounded by a ence of CO2 .
sheath which may store iron and turn Habitat: Found growing on the surfaces
brown. of objects submerged in water; widely dis-
Source : From warm and hot spring waters tributed.
in Japan.
Habitat: Found in warm and hot (37° to 4. Leptothrix discophora (Schwers,
74° C.) spring waters. 1912) Dorff, 1934. (Megalothrix discophora
Schwers, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 33, 1912,
3. Leptothrix sideropous (Molisch, 273; Leptothrix crassa Cholodny, Cent. f.
1910) Cholodny, 1926. {Chlamydothrix sider- Bakt., II Abt., 61, 1924, 292; Dorff, Die
opous Molisch, Die Eisenbakterien, 1910, Eisenorganismen, Pflanzenforschung, Heft
14; Cholodny, Die Eisenbakterien, Pflanzen- 16, 1934, 31.)
forschung, Heft 4, 1926, 25.) dis.co'pho.ra. Gr. noun discus a disc; Gr.
si.de'ro.pous. Gr. adj. sideropus or adj. phorus bearing; M.L. adj. discophorus
sideropous iron-footed. disc-bearing.
Description taken from Molisch {op. cit. Description taken from Schwers (op. cit.,
1910, 14) and Cataldi (Estudio Fisiologico 1912, 273) and Cataldi (Estudio Fisiologico
y Sistemdtico de Algunas Chlamydobac y Sistemdtico de Algunas Chlamydobac-
teriales. Thesis, University of Buenos Aires teriales. Thesis, University of Buenos
1939, 62 and 66). Aires, 1939, 60 and 66).
Cells rod-shaped, 0.5 to 0.8 micron Cells 0.5 by 0.8 micron. Motile. Tri-
Motile. Trichomes short and unbranched chomes long, slender, articulated, composed
Sheath very thin and colorless, giving an of elements of varjdng length showing
iron reaction only at the base of the tri false branching (Cholodny, Cent. f. Bakt.,
chome. Attached by a broad holdfast which II Abt., 61, 1924, 297). Usually attached to
gives a marked iron reaction. Not acid-fast. a submerged substrate, but may be free-
Gram-negative. floating. A sheath, thick (10 to 15 microns)
Gelatin: No liquefaction. at the base, tapering toward the free tip
267
FAMILY I. CHLAMYDOBACTERIACEAE
and heavily impregnated with iron oxide, 6. Leptothrix lopholea Dorff, 1934. (Die
surrounds the trichomes. Reproduction by Eisenorganismen, Pflanzenforschung, Heft
motile swarm cells liberated from the tip 16, 1934, 33.)
and also by the emergence of the trichome lo.pho'le.a. Gr. noun lophus a crest;
from the sheath, with subsequent breaking M.L. dim. adj. lopholeus somewhat crested
up into individual, non-motile cells. Not or tufted.
acid-fast. Gram-negative. Short, slender unbranched trichomes,
Gelatin not liquefied. uniform in diameter, attached to a sub-
Iron citrate and ammonium agar colonies: strate, 5 to 13 trichomes arising from a
More or less rounded, with oily inclusions, common holdfast. Trichomes 20 to 33 mi-
filamentous border. crons long, cells 0.5 by 1.0 to 1.3 microns.
Manganese acetate agar colonies: Fila- Sheaths composed of iron oxide; dissolve
mentous growth, the filaments being rather completely in dilute hydrochloric acid.
large and showing false branching. Trichomes slip out of the sheath as in
Iron citrate and ammonium agar slant: Leptothrix: ochracea.
Growth only in the water of condensation, Habitat: Water.
rarely on the slant.
Peptone and manganese acetate broth: 7. Leptothrix echinata Beger, 1935.
Abundant growth in the form of loose flakes. (Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 92, 1935, 401.)
Indole not produced. e.chi.na'ta. Gr. noun echinus the hedge-
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. hog; M.L. adj. echinatus like the hedgehog,
bristly.
Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced.
Nitrites produced from nitrates. Similar to the preceding species but oc-
curring inlarger colonies, 20 to 50 trichomes
28° C. arising from a common holdfast. Trichomes
Optimum pH, 8.5. are shorter (9 to 10 microns).
Aerobic; growth not favored by the pres- Sheath is thicker at the base and tapers
ence of CO2 . toward the free tip of the trichome, which is
Habitat : Found in fresh water; widely dis- slightly spiral. The sheath contains an or-
tributed. ganic matrix visible after treatment in di-
lute hydrochloric acid.
5. Leptothrix major Dorff, 1934. (Dorff Habitat: Found in water, especially in
Die Eisenorganismen, Pflanzenforschung, manganese-bearing waters.
Heft 16, 1934, 35; also see Beger and Bring- 8. Leptothrix epiphylica (Migula, 1895)
mann,Zent. f.Bakt., IIAbt., 107, 1953,323.) Schoenichen and Kalberlah, 1900. (Strepto-
ma'jor. L. comp.adj. major larger. thrix epiphytica Migula, in Engler and
Trichomes, up to 1 and more cm in length, Prantl, Die natiirl. Pflanzenfam., /, la,
attached by a holdfast, richly branched, 1895, 36 and 38; Chlamydothrix epiphytica
forming tufts. Trichomes composed of rod- Migula, Syst. d. Bakt., 2, 1900, 1033; Schoe-
like cells, 1.4 by 5 to 10 microns, which con- nichen and Kalberlah, Eyferth's Einfachste
tain small false vacuoles. Giant cells up to Lebensformen, 3rd ed., 1900, 46.)
75 microns in length. Two trichomes may be e.pi.phy'ti.ca. Gr. prep, epi' upon; Gr.
found in the same sheath. The sheath may noun phytum plant; M.L. adj. epiphyticns
be as much as 12 microns in thickness, taper- epiphytic, growing on plants.
Chains of cells enclosed in short, colorless
ing to the tip, storing manganese and iron.
trichomes which are surrounded by thick,
Resembles the sheath of Leptothrix disco- gelatinous masses; the gelatinous masses are
phora but is firmer in texture. Light to dark attached to algae, but never in groups or
l)rown in color. clusters.
Source: From the Spree River near Berlin. Habitat: Widely distributed in fresh
Habitat: Found in fresh- water streams. water containing algae.
9. Leptothrix volubilis Cholodny, 1924. Habitat: Found near the shore in lakes.
{Lynghya epiphytica Hieronymus, in Kirch-
ner, in Engler and Prantl, Die naturl. 11. Leptothrix winogradskii Cataldi,
Pflanzenfam., 1, la, 1898, 67; Cholodny, 1939. (Estudio Fisiologico y Sistemdtico de
Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 61, 1924, 292; Algunas Chlamydobacteriales. Thesis, Uni-
Chlamydothrix epiphytica Naumann, versity of Buenos Aires, 1939, 58.)
Ber. d. deutsch. bot. Gesellsch., 46, 1928,
wi.no.grad'ski.i. M.L. gen. noun wino-
141; not Chlamydothrix epiphytica Migula, gradskii of Winogradsky; named for S.
Syst. d. Bakt., 3, 1900, 1033; Leptothrix Winogradsky, a Russian bacteriologist.
epiphytica Dorff, Die Eisenorganismen, Cells 0.9 micron in diameter. Motile,
Pflanzenforschung, Heft 16, 1934, 32; not presumably polar flagellate. Trichomes very
Leptothrix epiphytica Schoenichen and Kal- long, never attached. Sheath 1.5 microns
berlah, Ej'ferth's Einfachste Lebensfor- thick. Not acid-fast. Gram-negative.
men, 3rd ed., 1900, 46.) Gelatin not liquefied.
vo.lu'bi.lis. L. adj. volubilis twisting Iron citrate and ammonium agar colonies:
spirally around a support, twining. Very filamentous, terminate in spirals,
Cells rod-shaped and colorless, measuring lusterless red.
1 by 2 microns. The cells are enclosed in Manganese acetate agar colonies: Very
long, cylindrical, unbranched trichomes filamentous, red to bright chestnut in color.
which grow in a spiral fashion around Iron citrate and ammonium agar slant:
threads of Oe(?oôm?/m, Tolypothrix, etc. The Colonies quite large and distinct, pale
bacterial trichomes are, in turn, surrounded white.
by cjdindrical, ochre-yellow sheaths, about Manganese acetate agar slant: Filaments
3 microns in diameter, which are encrusted long, red to chestnut-colored and inter-
with iron. The cells m&y leave the sheaths as twined much as are cotton fibers.
in Leptothrix ochracea. Peptone and manganese acetate broth:
Habitat : Found in fresh water containing Filaments quite long and intertwined like
algae. cotton fibers.
10. Leptothrix skujae Beger, 1953. Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
{Leptothrix tenuissima Skuja, Symbolae Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced.
Botanicae Upsaliensis, 9, 1948, 33; not Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Leptothrix tenuissima Naegeli, in Kiitzing, Optimum temperature, 37° C.
Species Algarum, 1849, 265; Beger, in Beger Optimum pH, between 5.0 and 9.8.
and Bringmann, Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., Aerobic; growth favored by the presence
107, 1953,331.) of COo .
Source: Isolated from fresh water in the
sku'jae. M.L. gen. noun skujae of Skuja;
named for H. Skuja, the Swedish algologist neighborhood of Buenos Aires.
who first described this species. Habitat: Presumably widely distributed.
Unattached trichomes, generally without
false branching, spirally wound together, 12. Leptothrix pseudovacuolata (Per-
0.3 to 0.4 micron in diameter. The sur- filiev, 1925) Dorff, 1934. (Spirothrix pseudo-
rounding sheath is as much as 18 microns in vacuolata Perfiliev, Verh. d. Int. Verein. f.
diameter and tapers toward the tip. Cells theor. u. angew. Limnologie, 1925, Stutt-
rod-shaped and colorless, with a few gran- gart, 1927; Dorff, Die Eisenorganismen,
ules lying in chains. Pflanzenforschung, Heft 16, 1934, 36.)
Resembles Leptothrix discophora Dorff. pseu.do. va.cu.o.la'ta. Gr. adj. pseudes
Source: From Store Halsjon, Prov. Upp- false; L. adj. vacuus empty; M.L. noun
land, Sweden. Found between other water vacuola a vacuole; M.L. adj. pseudovacuola-
plants and in the plankton. tus having false vacuoles.
Trichomes, 85 to 250 microns in length, Cells rounded at the ends, thin-walled,

unbranched, spirally wound, occasionally granular, 1.7 to 2.8 by 3.5 to 30 microns,
straight. Strongly encrusted with ferric Apparently heterotrophic,
hydroxide. Spirals 20 to 24 microns from Habitat: Found in bottom muds of deep
crest to crest. lakes with verj' low oxygen content.
Genus III. Toxothrix MoUsch, 1925.
(Molisch, Sci. Rept. Tahoku Imp. Univ., 4 Ser., Biol., 1925, 144; Cryptothrix Perfiliev, Zur
Mikroflora des Sapropels, Nachrichten des Sapropelkomitees Leningrad, 1, 1922.)
Tox'o.thrix. Gr. noun toxum a bow; Gr. noun thrix, trichis a thread; M.L. fem.n. Toxo-
thrix bent thread.
Trichomes composed of cylindrical, colorless cells with a thin primary sheath; the latter
soon becomes impregnated with iron oxide. The trichomes lie loosely, longitudinally to-
gether, inslightly spirally twisted rolls. The continued repetition of this process leads to the
development of a thick, secondary sheath from which parallel bundles may separate. False
branching maj^ occur. The sheaths do not completely dissolve in weak acids. Cells may slip
out of the sheath and may become motile swarm spores.
The type species is Toxothrix irichogenes (Molisch) Beger.
Key to the species of genus Toxothrix.
I. Long, unattached trichomes not in a gelatinous layer.
1. Toxothrix trichogenes.
II. Short trichomes lying in a gelatinous layer.
2. Toxothrix gelatinosa.
1. Toxothrix trichogenes (Cholodny, the sheaths. The number and diameters of

1924) Beger, 1953. (Leptothrix trichogenes the longitudinally placed trichomes are
Cholodny, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 61, 1924, variable. Giant cells are frequently present.
296; T'oxoÂrz.T/e/TMgrmea Molisch, Sci. Rept. The sheaths, when empty, decay rapidly.
Tahoku Imp. Univ., 4 Ser., Biol., 1925, 13; The trichomes may slip out of their sheaths.
Chlamydothrix trichogenes Naumann, Zent. This species has been cultivated by Teich-
f. Bakt., II Abt., 78, 1929, 513; Sphaerotilus mann (Vergleichende Untersuchungen iiber
trichogenes Pringsheim, Biol. Reviews, die Kultur und Morphologie einiger Eisen-
Cambridge, 24, 1949, 234; Beger, in Beger organismen, Inaug. Diss., Prague, 1935).
and Bringmann, Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., Beger and Bringmann (op. cit., 1953, 332)
107, 1953, 332.) report a form of this species in which the
tri.cho'ge.nes. Gr. noun thrix, trichis sheaths do not split; the cells are 0.5 by 2.0
hair; Gr. v. gennao to bear; M.L. adj. tri- to 4.0 microns.
chogenes hair-producing. Source: This species has been described
Found in trichomes up to 400 microns in from springs, wells, small rivers, water
length; composed of rod-shaped cells works and rice fields.
which are 0.5 by 1.0 to 2.0 microns. Sur- Habitat: Found in cool, fresh, iron-bear-
rounded by a tubular sheath which splits ing waters,
later so that arched, fan-shaped groups of
threads or irregular groups are formed as 2. Toxothrix gelatinosa Beger, 1953.
the trichomes grow in length. Do not lie in (Beger, in Beger and Bringmann, Zent. f.
a gelatinous layer. The tubular sheath is Bakt., II Abt., 107, 1953, 333.)
longitudinally and somewhat spirally stri- ge.la.ti.no'sa. L. part. adj. gelatus con-
ated with lines about 0.2 micron apart. No gealed; M.L. adj. gelatinosus gelatinous,
false branching. Iron oxide is deposited in The trichomes are up to 22 microns in
270 OEDER 11. CHLAMYDOBACTERIALES
length; including the sheath, they measure crons. Iron oxide is deposited in the sheath.
1.5 to 1.7 microns in diameter. Several tri- Around this, a gelatinous mass is formed,
chomes arising from the same point and as much as 22 microns in length and ovoid in
each trichome developing a few false form. Iron is not deposited in this gelatinous
branches produces a fan-shaped appearance. mass.
All trichomes end at approximately the
same distance from the starting point. The Source: Found on slides submerged in an
trichomes are bent so that the entire fan- aquarium in Berlin in which Cahomba was
shaped group arches somewhat. The indi- growing.
vidual cells are rod-shaped, 0.5 by 3.0 mi- Habitat : Found in fresh water.
F.\]VIILY II. PELOPLOCACEAE BEGER, Fam. Nov.

Pe.lo.plo.ca'ce.ae. M.L. fem.n. Peloploca tj-pe genus of the family; -aceae ending to de-
note afamily; M.L. fem.pl.n. Peloplocaceae the Peloploca family.
Long, unbranched trichomes usually enclosed in a thin, delicate sheath. Cells within the
trichomes, when in the living state, contain false vacuoles which are easily discerned by a
reddish gleam of light which they emit; the cytoplasm of the cell appears bluish white. Gen-
erally non-motile, but motile species may occur. Reproduction is by transverse fission of the
cells. Unattached forms found in fresh-water ponds with decomposing algae.
Key to the genera of family Peloplocaceae,
I. Trichomes lie parallel to each other in bundles or bands.
Genus I. Peloploca, p. 270.
II. Trichomes occur singh\
Genus II. Pelonema, p. 271.
Genus I. Peloploca Lauterborn, 1913.

(Allgem. bot. Ztschr., 19, 1913, 99.)
Pe.lo'plo.ca. Gr. adj. pellos or pelos dark-colored; Gr. noun place a twining, a braid or a
twist; M.L. fem.n. Peloploca dark-colored braid or twist.
Trichomes of cylindrical, colorless cells with no evident sheath. Occur as motionless
bundles or bands. Cells contain false vacuoles which emit a reddish gleam of light. Non-
motile. Occur in fresh-water ponds where Char a sp. is undergoing decomposition. Frequently
overlooked because the trichomes resemble plant fibers.
The type species is Peloploca undiilata Lauterborn.
1. Peloploca undulata Lauterborn, Habitat: Presumably widelj' distributed

1913. (Allgem. bot. Ztschr., 19, 1913, 99.) in fresh-water ponds.
un.du.la'ta. L. adj. undulatus undulated,
with waves. 2. Peloploca taeniata Lauterborn, 1913.
Cells 6 to 10 microns long. The trichomes (Allgem. bot. Ztschr., 19, 1913, 99.)
are spirally twisted into wavy bundles that tae.ni.a'ta. L. adj. taeniatus band-like.
are tightly wound together. The bundles Cells 3.0 to 4.0 microns long. Trichomes
reach a length of 60 to 150 microns. Non- united into rather broad, frequently twisted
motile. bands. These may have the appearance of a
Source : Found in Germany in ponds wliere grating or lattice because of the presence
Chara sp. was growing. of pseudo vacuoles in the individual cells.
FAMILY II. PELOPLOCACEAE 271
The bands may reach a length of 700 mi- the surface of bottom mud along with
crons. Beggiatoa, Thiospira, Zoogloea and similar
Source : Found in Germany in ponds where types of bacteria.
C/tara sp. was growing; also found by Beger Habitat: Presumably widelj' distributed
(1954) in decomposing plant materials on in fresh-water ponds.
Genus II. Pelonema Lauterhorn, 1915.
(Verhandl. Naturhist.-med. Verein z. Heidelberg, N.F. 13, 1915, 408.)
Pe.lo.ne'ma. Gr. adj. pellos or pelos dark-colored; Gr. noun neina filament; M.L. neut.n.
Pelonema dark-colored filament.
Long, unbranching trichomes, occurring singly, which are either straight or spirally
twisted. The trichomes are enclosed in a very thin, delicate sheath. Non-motile, but may be-
come motile. Within the trichomes are C3'lindrical, colorless cells which contain one or
several to many false vacuoles which emit a reddish gleam of light. Found on the surfaces
of ponds and lakes w^hich contain decomposing algae and which are poorly aerated.
The type species is Pelonema temie Lauterborn.
Key to the species of genus Pelonema.
I. Cells contain a single false vacuole.
A. Cells 8 to 12 microns long; trichomes are straight and attain a length of up to 300
microns.
1. Pelonema tenue.
B. Cells 4 to 6 microns long; trichomes are straight and are 200 or more microns long.
2. Pelonema hyalinum.
II. Cells contain several to many false vacuoles.
A. Trichomes are straight, measuring up to 500 microns in length.
3. Pelonema pseudovacuolatum.
B. Trichomes are spirally twisted, reaching a length of 40 to 160 microns.
4. Pelonema spirale.
1. Pelonema tenue Lauterborn, 1915. hy. a. li'num. Gr. adj. ^T/ahwi/s of crystal,
(Verhandl. Naturhist.- med. Verein z. glass; M.L. adj. hyalinus hyaline.
Heidelberg, N.F. 13, 1915, 408.) Straight trichomes which measure 200 or
te'nu.e. L. adj. tenuis slender. more microns in length. The cells, 2 by 4 to
Straight trichomes, up to 300 microns 6 microns, contain a single false vacuole
long, which may become motile when the which is quite large and slightly refractive;
water in which they are growing is low in the vacuole is rectangular in shape and has
oxygen content. Cells are 2 by 8 to 12 mi- rounded edges.
crons. Each cell contains a single false Source: From water from Little Ploner
vacuole which nearly fills the cell; the Lake, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany,
vacuole is irregular in shape and emits but Habitat: Found in the upper algae-con-
a small reddish gleam of light. taining layers of deep fresh-water lakes.
Source: From pools in the Rheinebene,
Germany, where Chara was growing. 3. Pelonema pseudovacuolatum Lau-
Habitat: Presumably widely distributed terborn, 1915. (Verhandl. Naturhist.- med.
in fresh-water ponds and lakes which con- Verein z. Heidelberg, N.F. 13, 1915, 408.)
tain decomposing algae. pseu.do. va.cu.o.Ia'tum. Gr. adj. pseudes
false; L. adj. vacuus empty; M. L. noun
2. Pelonema hyalinum Koppe, 1923. vacuola a vacuole; M.L. adj. pseudovacuola-
(Pelonema hyalina (sic) Koppe, Archiv. f. tns having false vacuoles.
Hydrobiologie, H, 1923, 625.) Straight trichomes measuring up to 500
microns in length. The cells are 2 by 4 mi- 1915. (Verhandl. Naturhist.-med. Verein z.
crons and possess several small false vacu- Heidelberg, N.F. 13, 1915, 408.)
oles which are sharply but irregularly out- spi.ra'le. Gr. noun spira a spiral; M.L.
lined. The cytoplasm of the cells emits a adj. spiralis spiral.
marked bluish gleam of light. Spirally twisted trichomes, 1.0 to 1.5 by
Source: From pools and shallow lakes 40 to 160 microns, with a wave length of 8
which contained an abundance of decom- to 14 microns. The cells contain numerous,
posing algae. small but long false vacuoles.
Habitat: Found in fresh water. Source: From a pool in Germany rich in
Chara.
4. Peloneina (?) spirale Lauterborn, Habitat: Found in fresh water.
FAMILY III. CRENOTRICHACEAE HANSGIRG, 1888.

(Oesterr. bot. Ztschr., 36, 1888, 228.)
Cre.no.tri.cha'ce.ae. M.L. fem.n. Crenothrix type genus of the family; -aceae ending to
denote a family; M.L. fem.pl.n. Crenotrichaceae the Crenothrix familJ^
Trichomes attached to a firm substrate and show differentiation of base and tip. Un-
branched or show false branching. Sheaths may be thin, delicate and not encrusted with
oxides of iron or manganese, or they may be plainlj^ visible, thin and colorless at the tip and
thick and encrusted with iron or manganese oxides at the base. Cells disc-shaped to cylindri-
cal, dividing to produce spherical, non-motile conidia. Individual cells may also slip out of
the sheath to grow into new trichomes. Found in fresh and salt waters.
Key to the genera of family Crenotrichaceae.

I. Attached trichomes which are swollen at the free end.
A. Sheath thick, storing iron or manganese o.xides.
Genus I. Crenothrix, p. 272.
B. Sheath very delicate, always colorless.
Genus II. Phragmidiothrix, p. 273.
II. Attached trichomes which are tapered at the free end.
Genus III. Clonothrix, p. 274.
Genus I. Crenothrix Cohn, 1870.

(Beitr. z. Biol. d. Pflanz., 1, Heft 1, 1870, 108.)
Cre'no.thrix. Gr. noun crenus a fountain, spring; Gr. noun thrix, trichis a hair; M.L.
fem.n. Crenothrix fountain hair.
Trichomes attached to a firm substrate and swollen at the free end. Unbranched or show
false branching. The sheaths surrounding the trichomes are plainly visible, thin and color-
less at the tip and encrusted with iron or manganese o.xides at the base. Cells disc-shaped
to cylindrical, dividing to produce spherical, non-motile conidia of two types: micro- and
macroconidia. Individual cells may also slip out of the sheath and form new trichomes.
Found in stagnant and running waters which contain organic matter and iron salts.
The type species is Crenothrix polyspora Cohn.
1. Crenothrix polyspora Cohn, 1870. noun spon/s a seed; M.L. noun spora a spore;
(Beitr. z. Biol. d. Pflanz., 1, Heft 1, 1870, M.L. adj. polysporus many-spored.
108.) Trichomes long (up to 1 cm), articulated,
po.ly'spo.ra. Gr. adj. poly many; Gr. unbranched and sessile. There is consider-
273
FAMILY III. CRENOTRICHACEAE
able variation in the diameter of the indi- gliding motion and are surrounded by a fine,
vidual trichomes, the base measuring 1.5 transparent membrane, but no sheath.
to 5.0 microns and the swollen tip measur- Subsequent authors, when describing this
ing 6.0 to 9.0 microns. Each trichome is sur- species, have usually failed to mention this
rounded b}' a colorless sheath which later third type of reproductive cell observed by
may become rust-colored and heavily en- Cohn.
crusted, especially at the base, with deposi- Cultivation: Has not been grown on
tions of ferric hydroxide and, to a lesser artificial media in pure culture. Grows
e.xtent, manganese oxides. The ensheathed readily in water containing organic matter
trichomes may reach a diameter of 12 mi- regardless of the iron content of the water.
srons or more. Cells within the trichomes Related species: Cholodny believed
are usually about 1.5 times as long as they Clonothrix fusca to be identical with Creno-
are wide and are more or less rectangular in thrix polyspora. However, Clonothrix ftisca
shape. shows genuine false branching and produces
During reproduction the cells divide by conidia by fission in only one plane so that
longitudinal and transverse fission into non- the trichomes taper toward the tip instead
motile conidia of two types: microconidia, of expanding (see Kolk, Amer. Jour. Bot.,
which are 1 to 2 microns in diameter, and 25, 1938, 11, for a differentiation of these
macroconidia, which measure about 5 two species).
microns in diameter; intermediate forms Comments: Zopf (Entwicklungsgesch.
may also occur. When the tip of the sheath Unters. (i. Crenoihrix polyspora, die Ursache
ruptures, the conidia are extruded; these der Berliner Wasserkalamitat. Berlin, 1879,
may attach themselves to some object and 2) regards Leptothrix kuehniana Rabenhorst
grow into trichomes, or they may germinate as identical with Crenothrix polyspora Cohn,
upon the exterior of the sheath from which and there seems to be much evidence in
they were liberated, giving rise to new tri- favor of considering the tw-o species as
chomes attached to the surface of the older identical. If Cohn's organism proves to be
one, thus simulating false branching. The identical with Rabenhorst's, then the spe-
conidia often form a zoogloeal mass, but cific epithet kuehniana has priority over
only in the presence of dissolved iron. polyspora; however, until the relationship
In addition to the above-mentioned types of the two organisms has been clarified, the
of reproductive cells, Cohn (ibid., 120) ob- name Crenothrix polyspora is retained here.
served a third structure which he condi- Source: This organism is wide-spread in
tionall}'^ alluded to as a spore. These cells water pipes, drain pipes and springs w^here
originate from the swollen terminal cell the water contains iron. It frequently fills
which is usually ellipsoidal in shape and
pipes under such circumstances and causes
sometimes as much as seven times as long
as it is wide (3.67 by 26.25 microns). The a real nuisance. Found by Cohn in samples
of water from springs in the neighborhood
protoplasm of this terminal cell becomes
of Breslau, Germany.
finely granular and eventually emerges from
the sheath. From these cells, short, color- Habitat: Found in stagnant or running
less Oscillaria-like trichomes are produced waters containing organic matter and iron
which contain no more than eight cylindri- salts. Harmless, but frequently becomes
cal cells measuring 5 to 6 by 10 to 12 microns. bothersome in wâter pipes and city water
The trichomes have a characteristic, slow, supplies; grows as thick, brownish masses.
Genus II. Phragmidiothrix Engler, 1883.

(Vierter Ber. d. Commission z. wissensch. Unters. d. deutsch. Meere in
Kiel fiir 1877 bis 1881, I Abt., 1883, 187.)
Phrag.mi'di.o.thrix. Gr. noun phragma fence; Gr. noun eidus form, shape; Gr. noun
thrix, trichis hair; M.L. fem.n. Phragmidiothrix fence-like hair.
Trichomes are articulated, unbranched and attached, the free ends being swollen. Sur-
rounding the trichomes are very thin, delicate, colorless sheaths which do not store iron or
manganese compounds. The cells are small and disc-shaped and are uniform in size. Conidia
of the same diameter as the cells are produced. Found in salt water.
Hansgirg (Bot. Ztg., 49, 1891, 313) concluded that Phragmidiothrix should be included in
the genus Crenothrix, and that the genus Crenothrix should be divided into two sections,
Eitcrenothrix and Phragmidiothrix.
The type species is Phragmidiothrix viuUise'ptata (Engler) Engler.
1. Phragmidiothrix niultiseptata chomes. The cells are disc-shaped, their

(Engler, 1882) Engler, 1883. (Beggiatoa width being 1.5 to 4.0 microns while their
jnultisepiata Engler, Verhandl. bot. Ver. length is only }4: to l^ this size. Each cell
Brandenburg, U, 1882, 19; Engler, Vierter has a very thin, colorless membrane and
Ber. d. Commission z. wissensch. Unters. d. some hyaline granules.
deutsch. Meere in Kiel fur 1877 bis 1881, I When mature, the cells in the upper por-
Abt., 1883, 187; also see Zopf, Die Spaltpilze, tion of the trichomes divide longitudinally
1883, 104.) and transversely and form uniformly sized
mul.ti.sep.ta'ta. L. mas.n. multus much; conidia (1 micron in diameter). These co-
L. adj. septatus fenced; M.L. adj. multisep- nidia may be extruded, may become free by
tatus much-fenced, with many septa. decomposition of the sheath, or they may
Colorless trichomes, several millimeters germinate within the sheath. The extruded
long, which form grayish white tufts. The conidia may produce zoogloeal masses be-
trichomes are sessile; when young they are fore they germinate.
1.5 microns wide, but when older they meas- Source: From the body of a crustacean
ure 2 to 3 microns at their bases and 5 to 6 (Gammarus locusta) from sea water; also
microns at their tips. Very thin, delicate found on seaweeds in polluted water on the
sheaths which are not encrusted with iron shores of the northern Adriatic.
or manganese oxides surround the tri- Habitat : Found in polluted salt water.
Genus III. Clonothrix Roze, 1896.

(Roze, Jour, de Botanic, 10, 1896, 325; also proposed independently
by Schorler, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 12, 1904, 689.)
Clo'no.thrix. Gr. noun clon, clonis twig, slip; Gr. noun thrix, trichis hair; M.L. fem.n.
Clonothrix twig hair.
Attached trichomes showing false branching as in Sphaerotihis. Sheaths organic, encrusted
with iron or manganese, broader at the base and tapering toward the tip. Cells colorless,
cylindrical. Reproduction by spherical conidia formed in chains by transverse fission of
cells; conidia formation acropetal, limited to short branches of the younger portions of the
trichomes.
The type species is Clonothrix putealis (Kirchner) Beger.
1. Clonothrix putealis (Kirchner, 1878) measure 7 microns and the tips measure 2
Beger, 1953. {Glaucothrix putealis Kirchner, microns in diameter. The sheaths may be-
Kryptogamen-Flora von Schlesien, 2, 1, come encrusted with oxides of manganese
1878, 229; Clonothrix fusca Roze, Jour, de and/or iron, particularly those of manga-
Botanic, 10, 1896, 325; Beger, in Beger and nese. Sheath encrustations may reach a
Bringmann, Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 107, thickness of 24 microns when manganese
1953, 327.) oxides are prevalent and 10 microns when
pu.te.a'lis. L. adj. putealis belonging to a iron oxides are abundant. Cells cj'lindrical
well. with rounded ends, 2 by 10 microns, be-
Ensheathed trichomes, up to 0.6 mm long, coming larger toward the base and smaller
which show false branching and which taper toward the tips of the trichomes.
towards the tip; the bases of the trichomes Multiplication by extrusion of single cells
FAMILY III. CRENOTRICHACEAE
275
or by rather uniform, spherical, non-motile Crenolhrix polyspora, but Kolk (Amer.
conidia formed into short trichomes in Jour. Bot., 25, 1938, 11) has clearly differ-
chains of 2 to 6 or more, their diameters entiated these species.
being about 2 microns. Source : From a well in Proskau, Schlesien.
Historical: This organism was described Habitat: Widely distributed in rivers
by Roze as a blue-green alga, but subse- and streams with gravelly, manganese-
quent observers have failed to find pigment. bearing bottoms; also found in water works
It was described independently by Schorler and pipe lines, where it may cause technical
(Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 12, 1904, 689) who difficulties. May occur in dark brown masses
also gave it the name Clonothrix fusca. that are large enough to be seen readily in
Cholodny considered it identical with tap water.
ORDER III. HYPHOMICROBIALES DOUGLAS, Ordo Nov,
Hy.pho.mi.cro.bi.a'les. M.L. fem.pl. n. Hyphomicrobiaceae type family of the order;

-ales ending to denote an order; M.L. fem.pl.n. Hyphomicrohiales the Hyphomicrobiaceae
order.
Multiplication is by budding or by budding and longitudinal fission. Buds may be sessile
or may be borne at the tip of a slender filament which arises from the pole of a mature cell
or from a filament connecting two cells. Cells may occur singly or in pairs but are found more
commonly in aggregates. In some types the aggregates consist of groups of cells attached
to a surface by stalks which appear to radiate from a common holdfast; in others the ag-
gregates consist of free-floating cell groups in which the cells are attached to one another
by the filament engendered in the budding process. Branching of the filament may result
in groups which contain several hundred cells. Cells are ovoid, ellipsoidal, spherical or
pyriform. If motile, the cells possess a single polar flagellum. Specialized resting stages have
not been found. Gram-negative so far as known. Metabolism may be heterotrophic or
photosynthetic. Found in the mud and water of fresh-water ponds and streams; also para-
sitic on fresh-water Crustacea.
Key to the Families of Order Hyphomicrobiales.

I. Buds borne upon filaments.
Family I. Hyphomicrobiaceae, p. 276.
II. Buds sessile.
Family II. Pasteuriaceae, p. 278.
FAMILY I. HYPHOMICROBIACEAE BABUDIERI, 1950.
(Rendiconti dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanita, 13, 1950, 589.)

Hy.pho.mi.cro.bi.a'ce.ae. M.L. neut.n. Hyphomicrobium type genus of the family;
-aceae ending to denote a family; M.L. fem.pl.n. Hxjphomicrobiaceae the Hyphomicrobium
family.
These organisms occur mainly as free-floating groups in which the cells are attached to
one another by a slender, sometimes branched, filament. Daughter-cell formation is initi-
ated by the outgrowth of a filament from the pole of a mature cell or from some point on a
filament connecting two mature cells. The daughter cell is formed by enlargement of the tip
of the filament. Gram-negative.
Key to the genera of family Hyphomicrobiaceae.

I. Chemoheterotrophic. Motile.
Genus I. Hyphomicrobium, p. 277.
* New material prepared by and old material rearranged by Prof. H. C. Douglas, Depart-
ment of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington,
December, 1953.
276
FAMILY I. HYPHOMICROBIACEAE 277
II. Photoheterotrophic. Non-motile.

Genus II. Rhodomicrohium, p. 277.
Genus I. Hyphomicrobium Stutzer and Hartleb, 1898.

(Mitteil. d. landwirtsch. Inst. d. k. Univ. Breslau, 1898; abst. in Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt.,
6, 1899, 678.)
Hy.pho.mi.cro'bi.um. Gr. noun hyphe thread; Gr. adj. micrus small; Gr. noun hius life;
M.L. neut.n. Hyphomicrobium thread (-producing) microbe.
Daughter cells may remain attached to the filaments which connect them to the mother
cells or may tear free of the filament as the result of active movement by means of a single,
polar flagellum. Gram-negative. Non-pigmented. Metabolism is chemoheterotrophic and
oxidative. Aerobic. Found in soil and in fresh water.
The type species is Hyphomicrobium vulgare Stutzer and Hartleb.
1. Hyphomicrobium vulgare Stutzer Formate-nitrate agar or silica gel plates:

and Hartleb, 1898. (Saltpeterpilz, Stutzer Colonies are colorless, 0.5 to 1.0 mm in di-
and Hartleb, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 3, ameter, slightly elevated, entire.
1897, 621; Stutzer and Hartleb, Mitteil. d. Peptone agar colonies: Much smaller
landwirtsch. Inst. d. k. Univ. Breslau, 1898; than those above.
abst. in Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 5, 1899, Peptone broth: Poor growth.
678.) Formate-nitrate broth: Growth occurs
vul.ga're. L. adj. vxdgaris common. as a light, cream-colored, granular sedi-
Description taken from Stutzer and ment.
Hartleb {loc. cit.), Kingma-Boltjes (Arch, Chemoheterotrophic, oxidative. Growth
f. Mikrobiol., 7, 1936, 188) and Mevius occurs in mineral media at pH 7.0 to 7.5
(Arch. f. Mikrobiol., 19, 1953, 1). with ammonium or nitrate as a nitrogen
Mature cells are ovoid, measuring 0.5 source and formate, formaldehyde, meth-
by 1.0 nucron; immature cells are spherical. anol, acetate or lactate as a carbon source.
Motile bj- means of a single, polar flagel- Some growth occurs in mineral media with-
lum. Daughter cells are borne on filaments out an added carbon source at the expense
measuring approximately 0.2 micron or of organic compounds in the air.
less in diameter and varying in length from Sucrose not attacked.
one to several times the length of mature Asparagine not utilized.
cells. The predominant growth habit is that Aerobic.
of a dense clump of cells from which fila- Temperature range for growth, 20° to
ments radiate outward. Branching of the 37° C.
filament occurs but is not common. Source: Isolated from soil and water.
Daughter cells may tear free of the fila- Commonly found in enrichment cultures
ments and e.xist as single, motile cells with for nitrifying bacteria and in activated
motility sometimes persisting even after sludge. Babudieri (Rendiconti Istit. Super,
the cell has produced a filament of consid- di Sanita, Roma, 13, 1950, 589) has found
erable length. Cells in pairs, connected this species as a contaminant in Leptospira
by a filament, are common. Gram-nega- canicola cultures.
tive. Habitat: Widely distributed in soil and
Gelatin: No growth. in fresh water.
Genus II. Rhodomicrobium Duchow and Douglas, 1949.

(Jour. Bact., 58, 1949, 409.)
Rho.do.mi.cro'bi.um. Gr. noun rhodum the rose; Gr. adj. micrus small; Gr. noun bius
life; M.L. neut.n. Rhodomicrobium red (-producing) microbe.
The daughter cells remain attached to the filaments connecting them to the mother cells.
278 ORDER III. HYPHOMICROBIALES
Non-motile. Gram-negative. Colonies are salmon-pink to orange-red in color. Photohetero-

trophic. Anaerobic. Found in mud and in fresh water.
The type species is Rhodomicrobium vnnnielii Duchow and Douglas.
1. Rhodomicrobium vannielii Duchow orange-red, irregular, 2 to 3 mm in diameter

and Douglas, 1949. (Duchow and Douglas, and have a rough, convoluted surface.
Jour. Bact., 58, 1949, 409; also see Murray Broth: Turbid in young cultures, becom-
and Douglas, Jour. Bact., 59, 1950, 157; ing granular and flocculent; salmon -pink
and Volk and Pennington, Jour. Bact., to deep orange-red, depending on the den-
59, 1950, 169.) sity of growth.
van.niel'i.i. M.L. gen. noun vannielii of Photoheterotrophic. Cells contain bac-
van Niel; named for C. B. van Niel, an teriochlorophyll and carotenoid pigments.
American bacteriologist. Growth occurs in the presence of light in a
Mature cells are ovoid, measuring 1.2 by mineral medium containing an organic hy-
2.8 microns; immature cells are spherical. drogen donor and bicarbonate; organic
Non-motile. The cells are connected by growth factors are not required. Suitable
filaments which are approximately 0.3 mi- hydrogen donors are ethanol, propanol,
cron in diameter and from one to several butanol, acetate, propionate, butyrate,
times the length of a mature cell. A mature valerate, caproate, lactate and malate.
cell may produce as many as three daughter Glucose, mannose, fructose, mannitol,
cells: one by formation of a primary fila- citrate, tartrate, formate, thiosulfate and
ment from the pole of the cell, and one or sulfide are not utilized.
two more by lateral outgrowths of new fila- Anaerobic.
ments from the primary filament upon
which the first daughter cell is borne. Be- 30°Optimum
cause of the tendency of the cells to remain
attached to the filament, the predominant Source: Isolated from mud and water
from Washington State.
growth habit is that of an aggregate con-
taining many cells. Gram-negative. Habitat: Commonly found in mud, pond,
Agar: In shake tubes, colonies are dark lake and stream waters.
FAMILY II. PASTEURIACEAE LAURENT, 1890, EMEND.

HENRICI AND JOHNSON, 1935.
(Laurent, Compt. rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, 3, 1890, 754; Henrici and Johnson,
Jour. Bact., 30, 1935, 84.)
Pas.teu.ri.a'ce.ae. M.L. fem.n. Pasteuria type genus of the family; -aceae ending to
denote a family; M.L. fem.pl.n. Pasteuriaceae the Pasteuria family.
Stalked bacteria with spherical or pear-shaped cells; if cells are elongated, the long axis
of the cell coincides with the axis of the stalk. Stalks may be very short or absent, but
when present they are usually very fine and at times arranged in whorls attached to a
common holdfast. Cells multiply by longitudinal fission and/or by budding. Mostly peri-
phytic; one species is parasitic.
The descriptions of the members of this family are largely based upon microscopic exam-
inations of collected materials such as parasitized daphnias (fresh-water Crustacea) or
glass slides submerged at various depths for about two weeks in Lake Alexander, Minne-
sota (Henrici, Jour. Bact., 25, 1932, 277). A few crude cultures were obtained in two liquid
media: one containing a mineral solution with precipitated cellulose and ammonium salts
as a source of nitrogen, the other being a solution of MgS04 and K2HPO4 in tap water to
FAMILY II. PASTEURIACEAE
279
which bits of the exoskeleton of marine crabs were added. No growth took phice on agar
media so that no pure cultures were obtained. Cultures were incubated at room temperature
in the dark. Further information regarding the organisms belonging to the genera of this
family is greatly needed.
Key to the genera of family Pasteuriaceae.

I. Stalks lacking; cells sessile.
Genus I. Pasteuria, p. 279.
II. Stalks long and slender, often in whorls.
Genus II. BlastocauUs, p. 279.
Genus I. Pasteuria Metchnikoff, 1888.

(Ann. Inst. Past., 2, 1888, 166.)
Pas.teu'ri.a. M.L. gen.n. Pasteuria of Pasteur; named for Louis Pasteur, the French
scientist.
Pear-shaped cells attached to each other or to a firm substrate by holdfasts secreted at
the narrow end. Multiplication is by longitudinal fission and by budding of spherical or
ovoid cells at the free end. Non-motile. Non -pigmented. Parasitic on fresh-water Crustacea.
The type species is Pasteuria ramosa Metchnikoff.
1. Pasteuria ramosa Metchnikoff, 1888. found by Henrici and Johnson {ibid., 71

(Ann. Inst. Past., 2, 1888, 166.) and 77) in Lake Alexander, Minnesota;
ra.mo'sa. L. adj. ramosMS much-branched, these appeared frequently on glass slides
Cells 1 to 2 by 4 to 5 microns. Non-motile, submerged in the lake water; they produced
Non-pigmented. Cells grow attached to reproductive bodies apparently by budding
each other in cauliflower-like masses, multi- rather than by an endogenous formation,
plying by longitudinal fission or by intra- Photomicrographs are shown in Henrici
cellular bodies which are extruded as buds, and Johnson {ibid., 93, plate 3, fig. 4) . ZoBell
apparentlj^ reproductive in nature; at times and Allen (Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol, and Med.,
these colonies break up into smaller ones 30, 1933, 1409) and ZoBell and Upham (Bull,
and continue to separate until all of the Scripps Inst. Oceanography, LaJolla, Cal-
individual cells are liberated. Cells and ifornia, 5, 1944, 243) used a submerged-
methods of reproduction resemble those slide technique in sea water and found simi-
of Chamaesiphon, a genus of blue-green lar bacteria.
algae (Henrici and Johnson, Jour. Bact., Source: From the body cavities of Daph-
30, 1935, 71). Gram stain not recorded. nia pulex and D. magna.
Related species: Free-living organisms Habitat: Parasitic on fresh-water crus-
which resembled Pasteuria ramosa were tacea so far as known.
Genus II. Blastocaulis Henrici and Johnson, 1935.

(Jour. Bact., 30, 1935, 84.)
Blas.to.cau'lis. Gr. noun blastus a sprout, shoot, bud; Gr. noun caulis a stalk; M.L.
fem.n. Blastocaulis a bud stalk.
Pear-shaped or globular cells attached to a firm substrate by long, slender stalks with a
holdfast at the base; stalks may occur singly or may arise in clusters from a common hold-
fast. Not cultivable on artificial media. Found on firm substrates in fresh water.
The type species is Blastocaulis sphaerica Henrici and Johnson.
1. Blastocaulis sphaerica Henrici and sphae'ri.ca. Gr. adj. sphaericus spherical.

Johnson, 1935. (Jour. Bact., 30, 1935, 84.) Cells spherical, 1 to 2 microns in diameter.
280 ORDER III. HYPHOMICROBIALES
The cells are attached to long, slender stalks may be best explained by assuming that
which radiate from a common center; as when the buds germinate they first undergo
many as 8 stalks may be attached to a com- a simple fission, perhaps producing clusters
mon holdfast; usually thej' are attached of cells, and that then, from these clusters,
directly to a glass slide, occasionally to the individual cells secrete stalks which
algae or other organisms or to some amor- thus radiate from a common holdfast.
phous debris. Multiplication is by budding, Related species: Similar stalked bacteria
the buds being globular in shape. The which reproduce by budding are illustrated
smaller cells stain solidly, but the larger by Henrici and Johnson (ibid., 77 and 91)
cells that are budding show a differentiation but are not named or described in detail.
of the protoplasm: the free end stains deeply Source: From glass slides submerged in
while that part of the cell which is attached Lake Alexander, Minnesota.
to the stalk stains more faintly. Young cells
Habitat: Presumably widely distributed
are Gram-positive, but budding individuals
are Gram-negative. in fresh-water ponds. Does not occur closer
Temperature relations: Found only in to the shore than the 2-meter contour.
lake water where temperatures do not ex- Found constantly in the open lake at all
ceed 23° C. depths up to 13 meters. Occurs more abun-
Comments: It is believed that the char- dantly in the fall months than in the sum-
acteristic growth of this organism in whorls
ORDER IV. EUBACTERIALES BUCHANAN, 1917.
(Jour. Bact., 2, 1917, 102.)

Eu.bac.te.ri.a'les. Gr. pref. eu- well, true; Gr. neut.n. hacterium a small rod; -ales end-
ing to denote an order; M.L. fem.pl.n. Euhacteriales the order of the true bacteria.
Simple, undifferentiated, rigid cells which are either spherical or straight rods. In some
families, for e.xample Corynehacteriaceae, a certain amount of pleomorphism occurs. Only
the simplest forms of branching occur, and these only rarely. There are many non-motile
as well as motile species. The flagella are usually arranged peritrichously, but monotrichous
species do occur in groups where the flagellation is normally peritrichous; such conditions
appear to have been developed from ancestral peritrichous species. Tj'pical endospores
occur in one family (Bacillaceae) . All of the species in certain families are definitely Gram-
negative; in other families and groups, where the majority of species are Gram-positive,
at least in certain stages of growth, species occur which lose their Gram stain so readily
that they are generally classed as Gram-negative. Reproduction is by transverse fission;
occasionally the cells divide in two or three planes perpendicular to each other, thereby
forming tetrads or packets of eight cells. The pigments of chromogenic species are com-
monly non-water-soluble and of a carotenoid nature; other pigments do occur however,
some of which show slight powers of diffusion into agar media. None of these pigments have
the ability to carry out photosynthesis. The order includes saprophytes, parasites and
many pathogenic species; the latter cause diseases of both animals and plants. Found in
salt and fxesh waters, air, soil and in the bodies of animals and plants.
Key to the families of order Euhacteriales.

I. Cells rod-shaped (rarely large, yeast-like cells). Gram-negative.
A. Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic.
1. Large ovoid to rod-shaped cells which may be yeast-like in appearance. Free-
living in soil. Fix free nitrogen.
Family I. Azofobacteraceae, p. 283.
2. Not as above.
a. Heterotrophic rods which may not require organic nitrogen for growth.
Usually motile by means of one to six flagella. Frequently form nodules or
tubercles on roots of plants or show violet chromogenesis. Colonies usually
large and slimy, especially on mannitol agar.
Family II. RMzobiaceae, p. 285.
aa. Not as above.
b. Straight rods which grow readily on ordinary peptone media. May or
may not ferment sugars anaerobically with the production of organic
acids.
c. Glucose usually attacked oxidatively or not at all. Only rarely are
species able to ferment glucose anaerobically. Produce little or no
acid in litmus milk. May or may not reduce nitrates. Many yellow
chromogens. Some species digest agar, others chitin. Primarily
found as saprophytes in foods, in soil and in fresh and salt water.
Family III. Achromobacteraceae, p. 296.
281
282 ORDER IV. EUBACTERIALES
cc. Ferment glucose anaerobically, frequently producing visible gas

(CO2 + H2) from glucose and sometimes lactose. Reduce nitrates
(rare exceptions). Frequently found in the alimentary, respiratory
and urinary tracts of vertebrates, others are free-living, while still
others are plant pathogens.
Famil}^ IV. Enterobacteriaceae, p. 332.
bb. Usuallj^ small, motile or non-motile rods. Obligate animal parasites
which usually require body fluids for growth. Man}' fail to grow on
ordinar}^ media. The majority do not ferment glucose anaerobically.
Family V. Brucellaceae , p. 394.
B. Anaerobic to microaerophilic, rod-shaped organisms which sometimes show branch-
ing.
Family VI. Bacteroidaceae, p. 423.
II. Cells spherical to rod-shaped. Usually Gram-positive, though some cocci and anaerobic
spore-forming rods lose the Gram stain readil3^
A. Cells do not form endospores.
1. Cells spherical, occurring in masses, tetrads or packets of eight cells.
a. Spherical cells. Gram-positive. Aerobic or anaerobic.
Family VII. Micrococcaceae, p. 454.
aa. Cells spherical. Gram-negative. Aerobic or anaerobic. Frequently occur
in pairs.
Family VIII. Neisseriaceae, p. 480.
2. Cells either spherical, occurring in chains, or rod-shaped. Gram-positive, but
cells may lose the Gram stain readily in old cultures.
a. Cells rod-shaped, no pleomorphism or branching of cells. Rarely or never
ferment glucose anaerobically.
Family IX. Brevibacteriaceae, p. 490.
aa. Not as above.
b. Gram-positive cocci and rods which frequentl}' form chains of cells.
Cells ferment sugars anaerobically with the production of lactic, acetic,
propionic, butyric, etc. acids. Microaerophilic to anaerobic,
c. Homo- and hetero-fermentative cocci and rods whose chief product
in fermentation is lactic acid. Do not reduce nitrates.
Family X. LactobaciUaceae, p. 505.
cc. Rod-shaped bacteria whose distinctive product in fermentation is
propionic acid, butyric acid or ethanol. All produce CO2 .
Family XI. Propionibacteriaceae, p. 569.
bb. Cells generally rod-shaped but wedge and club forms are common. The
cells are usually found in angular or picket formations due to snapping
division. Old cells are frequently Gram-negative. Not active in the an-
aerobic fermentation of sugars. May or may not reduce nitrates.
Family XII. Corynebacieriaceae, p. 578.
B. Rod-shaped cells that produce endospores. Aerobic and anaerobic. Some anaerobic
species lose the Gram stain readily.
Family XIII. Bacillaceae, p. 613.
283
FAMILY I. AZOTOBACTERACEAE
FAMILY I. AZOTOBACTERACEAE BERGEY, BREED AND MURRAY, 1938.*

(Azotobacleriaceae (sic) Bergey, Breed and Murray, Preprint, Manual, 5th ed.,
October, 1938, v and 71.)
A.zo.to.bac.te.ra'ce.ae. M.L. mas.n. Azotobacter tj-pe genus of the familj^; -aceae end-
ing to denote a family; M.L. fem.pl.n. Azotobacteraceae the Azotobacter family.
Relatively large rods or even cocci, sometimes almost yeast-like in appearance. Cells
without endospores. The type of flagellation in this genus has been definitely established
as peritrichous. Gram-negative. Obligate aerobes, usually growing in a film on the surface
of the culture medium. Capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen when provided with carbo-
hydrate or other energy source. Grow best on media deficient in nitrogen. Soil and water
bacteria.
There is a single genus.
Genus I. Azotobacter Beijerinck, 1901.

(Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 7, 1901, 567.)
A.zo.to.bac'ter. Gr. adj. azons without life; Fr. noun azote nitrogen; M.L. mas.n, bacter
the masculine equivalent of Gr. neut.n. bactrum a rod or staff; M.L. mas.n. Azotobacter
nitrogen rod.
Description same as for the family.
The type species is Azotobacter chroococcum Beijerinck.
1. Azotobacter chroococcum Beijer- presence of glucose; peptone utilized with

inck, 1901. (Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 7, 1901,
difficult}'.
567; also see ibid., 9, 1902, 3.) Litmus milk: Becoming clearer in 10 to
14 days.
chro.o.coc'cum. Gr. noun chroa color,
complexion; Gr. noun coccus a grain; M.L. Potato: Glossy, barely visible, slimy to
neut.n. chroococcum colored coccus. wrinkled; may become yellowish, brownish
Rods, 2.0 to 3.0 by 3.0 to 6.0 microns, .yellow or chocolate-brown.
occurring in pairs and packets and occasion- The organism fixes atmospheric nitrogen
allj^ in chains. The cells show three or four and gives off CO2, utilizing glucose and
refractile granules. The organisms are sur- sucrose. Other generally used carbon com-
rounded by a slimy membrane of variable pounds are fructose, maltose, mannitol,
thickness, usually becoming brownish in inulin, dextrin, galactose, arabinose, starch,
older cultures, due possibly to the con- glycerol, ethyl alcohol, acetate, butyrate,
version of tyrosine to melanin. The coloring citrate, lactate, malate, propionate and
matter is insoluble in water, alcohol, ether succinate.
or chloroform. Motile bj' means of numerous Nitrate : Improves growth in amounts
peritrichous flagella (Hofer, Jour. Bact., less than 1 gm per liter; greater amounts
47, 1944, 415). Gram-negative. are toxic.
Grows in absence of organic nitrogen. Fixes nitrogen moderately actively.
Gelatin colonies: Very small, circular, Chemical analysis: Four-day cultures
yellow, granular, later becoming yellowish grown upon mannitol agar, when dried, are
brown. found to contain less than 0.5 per cent of
Gelatin stab: Onlj' slight growth in the hemicelluloses, less than 20 per cent of crude
stab. No liquefaction. protein, less than 5 per cent of ash, and
Mannitol agar stab: Gray, may become more than 30 per cent of lignin-like mate-
brownish. rials (Greene, Soil Sci., 39, 1935, 327). The
Nutrient broth: No growth even in the nitrogen fraction contains less than 1 per
* Revised by Dr. A. W. Hofer, New York State Experiment Station, Cornell University,
Geneva, New York, Jime, 1938; further revision by Dr. A. W. Hofer, May, 1954.
cent of amide nitrogen, less than 1 per cent tain more than 4 per cent of hemicelluloses,
of humin nitrogen and about 1 per cent of more than 45 per cent of crude protein, more
basic nitrogen. than 7 per cent of ash, and less than 4 per
Aerobic. cent of lignin-Iike materials. The nitrogen
fraction contains more than 1 per cent
28° C. amide nitrogen, more than 1 per cent humin
Distinctive characters: Inability to grow nitrogen, and 2 per cent or more of basic
in peptone media, even in the presence of nitrogen (Greene, Soil Sci., 39, 1935, 327).
glucose; frequent occurrence of a dark brown
or black pigment. 28°Optimum
Source: Isolated from soil. Distinctive characters: Lack of a brown
Habitat : Occurs naturally in the majority pigment; occasional fluorescence; growth
of neutral or alkaline field soils. in peptone broth containing glucose.
Comment: A non-chromogenic variety
2. Azotobacter agilis Beijerinck, 1901. of this species has been recognized by
(Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 7, 1901, 577.) Kluyver and van den Bout (Arch. f. Mi-
krobiol., 7, 1936,263).
a'gi.lis. L. adj. agilis quick, agile.
Rods, 4 to 6 microns in length, almost Source: Originally isolated from canal
spherical. Actively motile by means of water at Delft.
numerous, peritrichous flagella (Hofer, Habitat: Occurs in water and soil.
Jour. Bact., 47, 1944, 415). Some strains
are reported to be non-motile. Gram-nega- 3. Azolobacter indicus Starkey and De,
tive. 1939. {Azotobacter iniicum (sic) Starkey and
Grows in absence of organic nitrogen. De, Soil Sci., 47, 1939, 337.)
Gelatin: No liquefaction. in'di.cum. L. adj. indicus of India.
Mannitol agar colonies: Circular, gray- Ellipsoidal rods, 0.5 to 1.2 by 1 7 to 2.7
ish white, translucent with whitish center. microns when grown on nitrogen-free glu-
Washed agar colonies : Show slight bluish cose agar. One of the distinctive character-
green fluorescence. The presence of a fluo- istics is the presence of two large, round,
rescent pigment is readily demonstrated highly refractive bodies in the cells, one
by placing cultures under ultraviolet light, usually at each end. Motile by means of
3600 A. Examination by paper chromotog- numerous peritrichous flagella (Hofer, Jour.
raphy indicates that this pigment is not Bact., 47, 1944, 415). Gram-negative.
fluorescin, the pigment found in fluorescent The organism grows slowly but in time
pseudomonads (Johnstone, Jour. Bact., produces large amounts of slime. Has high
69, 1955, 481). acid tolerance, since it grows from pH 3 to 9.
Mannitol agar slant: Grayish, translu- Sucrose or glucose agar plates: Colonies
cent, fluorescent. are colorless, round, very much raised and
Plain agar slant : Yellowish white, smooth, uniformly turbid, having much the appear-
glistening, translucent with opaque center. ance of heavy starch paste. After two weeks,
Broth: Turbid, with sediment. a buff to light brown color develops.
Litmus milk: Becoming clear in 10 to 14 Mannitol agar slant: Grows very poorly.
days.
Peptone agar slant with 0.5 per cent glu-
Potato: Yellowish white, slimy, becom- cose: Limited grayish growth.
ing yellowish brown. Nutrient broth: No growth.
In the presence of organic acids, a green-
ish or reddish pigment is formed. Liquid media: Generallj^ turbid with
The organism fixes atmospheric nitrogen some sediment.
actively and gives off CO2 . Fixes atmospheric nitrogen readily with
Aerobic. either glucose or sucrose as source of energy.
Chemical analysis: Four-day cultures Aerobic.
grown upon mannitol agar, when dried, con- Optimum temperature, 30° C.
FAMILY I. AZOTOBACTERACEAE 285
Distinctive characters: Tolerance of acid- because the organisms in the new genus
ity; wide limits of pH tolerated; abundant differ in morphology and physiology in
slime production; large globules of f;it important respects from the organisms in
within cells. the genus Azotobacier proper. Further
Relationships to other species: Derx comparative studies should be made before
(Kon. Nederl. Akad. v. Wetensch., Amster- this separation is accepted,
dam, Proc. Sect. Sci., 53, 1950, 145; Ann. Source: Isolated from soils of India and
Bogoriensis, 1, 1950, 1) has made this species Java,
the type species of a new genus, Beijerinckia, Habitat : Soils.
FAMILY II. RHIZOBIACEAE CONN, 1938.

(Jour. Bact., 36, 1938, 321.)
Rhi.zo.bi.a'ce.ae. M.L. neut.n. lihizobium type genus of the family; -aceae ending to
denote a family; M.L. fem.pl.n. Rhizohiaceae the Rhizobium family.
Cells without endospores, rod-shaped, sparsely flagellated (one polar or lateral flagellum
or 2 to 4 peritrichous ones); some species are non-motile. Usually Gram-negative. One
genus {Chromobacterium) produces a violet pigment. Grow aerobically on ordinary culture
media containing glucose. Glucose and sometimes other carbohydrates are utilized without
appreciable acid formation. Saprophytes, symbionts and pathogens; the latter are usually
plant pathogens forming abnormal growths on roots and stems.
Key to genera of family Rhizobiaceae.

I. Cells capable of fixing free nitrogen when growing symbiotically on the roots of Legu-
minosae.
Genus I. Rhizobium, p. 285.
II. Either plant pathogens which attack roots or produce hypertrophies on stems or free-
living non-chromogenic soil or water forms. Do not fix nitrogen.
Genus II. Agrobaderiujn, p. 288.
III. Usually free-living soil and water forms which produce a violet chromogenesis.
Genus III. Chromobacterium, p. 292.
Genus I. Rhizobium Frank, 1889.*

(Phytomyxa Schroeter, in Cohn, Kryptogamen-Flora von Schlesien, 3, 1886, 134; Frank,
Ber. d. deutsch. bot. Gesellsch., 7, 1889, 380.)
Rhi.zo'bi.um. Gr. noun rhiza a root; Gr. noun bins life; M.L. neut.n. Rhizobium that
which lives in a root.
Rods which measure 0.5 to 0.9 bj^ 1.2 to 3.0 microns. Motile when young, commonly chang-
ing to bacteroidal forms (a) upon artificial culture media containing alkaloids or glucosides,
or in which aciditj^ is increased, or (b) during symbiosis within the nodule. Gram-negative.
Aerobic. Heterotrophic, growing best with extracts of yeast, malt or other plant materials.
Nitrites may be produced from nitrates. Nitrites are not utilized. Gelatin is not liquefied
or is very slightly liquefied after long incubation. Optimum temperature, 25° C. This group
is capable of producing nodules on the roots of Leguminosae and of fixing free nitrogen during
this symbiosis.
The type species is Rhizobium leguminosarum Frank.
*Original revision by Dr. and Mrs. O. N. Allen, Universit}^ of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis-
consin, January, 1938; further revision by Dr. O. N. Allen, September, 1953.
Key to the species of genus Rhizobiuni.

I. Litmus milk alkaline.
A. Forms a serum zone in milk. Young cells peritrichous.
1. Causes formation of root nodules on species of the genera Lathyrus, Pisum, Vicia
and Lens. Bacteroids irregular with x-, y-, star- and club-shaped forms.
1. Rhizohium leguminosarum.
2. Causes formation of root nodules on Phaseolus vulgaris, P. muUiflorvs and P.
angustifolius . Bacteroids, vacuolated rods, few branched forms.
2. Rhizohium phaseoli.
3. Causes formation of nodules on species in the genus Tri folium. Bacteroids pear-
shaped, swollen, vacuolated. Pentoses usually not fermented.
3. Rhizohitim trifolii.
B. No serum zone formed in milk. Monotrichous cells usually occur; in some cases all
motile cells are monotrichous.
1. Causes formation of nodules on species of the genus Lupinus and on Ornithopus
sativus. Bacteroids vacuolated, rods seldom branched.
4. Rhizohium lupini.
2. Causes formation of nodules on Soja max. Bacteroids long, slender rods, seldom
vacuolated or branched.
5. Rhizohium japonicum.*
II. Litmus milk acid. Forms a serum zone in milk. Causes formation of root nodules on spe-
cies of the genera Melilotus, Medicago and Trigonella. Bacteroids club-shaped, branched.
Young cells peritrichous.
6. Rhizohium meliloti.
1. Rhizohium leguminosarum Frank, Slight acid production from glucose, ga-

1890, emend. Baldwin and Fred, 1929. lactose, mannose, lactose and maltose.
(Frank, Landwirtschaftliche Jahrbiicher, Aerobic.
79, 1890, 563; Baldwin and Fred, Jour. Bact., Optimum temperature, 25° C.
17, 1929, 146.) Source: Isolated from root nodules on
le.gu.mi.no.sa'rum. M.L. fern. pi. n. Le- Lathyrus, Pisum (pea), Vicia (vetch) and
guminosae old family name of the legumes; Lens (lentil).
M.L. fern. pi. gen. n. leguminosarum of leg- Habitat: Widely distributed in soils where
umes. the above-mentioned legumes are grown.
Rods, 0.5 to 0.9 by 1.2 to 3.0 microns. Mo-
tile by means of peritrichous flagella. Bac- 2. Rhizohium phaseoli Dangeard, 1926.
teroids commonly irregular with x-, y-, (Le Botaniste, S^r. 16, 1926, 197.)
star- and club-shaped forms. Vacuolate pha.se'o.li. Gr. noun phaselus the kidney
forms predominate. Gram-negative. bean; L. noun phaseolus the kidney bean;
Growth on mannitol agar is rapid, with M.L. mas.n. Phaseolus generic name of the
tendency to spread. Streak is raised, glis- bean; M.L. gen . noun phaseoli of Phaseolus.
tening, semi-translucent, white, slimy and Rods. Motile by means of peritrichous
occasionally viscous. Considerable gum is flagella. Bacteroids are usually rod-shaped,
formed. often vacuolated with few branched forms.
* No specific name has been proposed for the organism causing the formation of nodules
on plants that are members of the so-called "cowpea" group. Data showing possible inter-
relationships ofcertain plant species of the soybean and cowpea cross-inoculation groups
prompted Walker and Brown (Soil Science, 89, 1935, 221-225) to propose a consolidation
of the two groups to be recognized as being inoculated by a single species, Rhizohium ja-
ponicum. Results obtained by Reid and Baldwin (Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. for 1936, 1,
1937, 219) show these inter-relationships to include the lupine group also.
287
FAMILY II. RHIZOBIACEAE
Usually smaller than in Rhizobium legumi- mas.n. Lupinus generic name of lupine;
nosarum and R. trifolii. Gram-negative. M.L. gen. noun lupini of Lupinus.
Growth on mannitol agar is rapid with Rods. Motile by means of 1 to 4 flagella,
tendency to spread. Streak inoculation is usually 2 or 3. Bacteroids are vacuolate
raised, glistening, semi-translucent, white, rods, seldom if ever branched. Gram-nega-
slimy. Occasionally mucilaginous, but this tive.
character is not so marked as in Rhizobinni Growth on j-east water, mannitol agar is
trifolii. scant to moderate with alkaline reaction.
Very slight acid formation from glucose, Beef -peptone gelatin: Little growth with
galactose, mannose, sucro.'ê and lactose. extremely slow liquefaction.
Aerobic. On galactose an alkaline reaction serves
Optimum temperature, 25° C. to differentiate Rhizobium lupini from all
Source: Isolated from root nodules of fast-growing rhizobia (R. phaseoli, R. rneli-
Phaseolus vulgaris (kidney bean), P. angusti- loti, R. trifolii and R. leguminosarum) . An
folius (bean) and P. multiflorus (scarlet initial alkaline reaction followed more
runner) (Burrill and Hansen, 111. Agr. Exp. quickly by an acid reaction on rhamnose
Sta. Bui. 202, 1917, 137). and xylose separates R. lupini from slow-
Habitat: Widely distributed in the soils growing R. japonicum and the Rhizobium
In which beans are grown. sp. from cowpea.
In general Rhizobium lupini produces
3. Rhizobium trifolii Dangeard, 1926. slight to moderate acidity on pentose sugars
(Le Botaniste, Ser. 16, 1926, 191.) and no change or alkaline reaction on hex-
oses, disaccharides or trisaccharides.
tri.fo'li.i. L. noun trifoliuni clover, tre- Litmus milk: No serum zone; no reduc-
foil; M.L. neut.n. Trifolium generic name
of clover; M.L. gen. noun trifolii of clover. tion; slight alkaline reaction.
Rods. Motile by means of peritrichous Meager growth on potato and parsnip
slants and on carrot agar.
flagella. Bacteroids from nodules are pear- Aerobic.
shaped, swollen and vacuolated, rarely x-
or y-shaped. Gram-negative. Optimum temperature, 25° C.
Source: Isolated from root nodules on
Growth on mannitol agar is rapid. The
colonies are white becoming turbid with Lupinus (lupine), Serradella and Orniihopus.
Habitat: Widely distributed in soils in
age. Frequently mucilaginous. Streak cul-
which these legumes grow.
tures transparent at first. Growth mucilagi-
nous, later flowing down the agar slant and
accumulating as a slimy mass at the bottom. 5. Rhizobium japonicum (Kirchner,
Produces large amounts of gum. 1895) Buchanan, 1926. (Rhizobacterium ja-
Slight acid production from glucose, ga- ponicum Kirchner, Beitrage z. Biol. d. Pflan-
lactose, mannose, lactose and maltose. zen, 7, 1895, 213; Buchanan, Proc. Iowa
Aerobic. Acad. Sci., 83, 1926, 81.)
Optimum temperature, 25° C. ja.po'ni.cum. M.L. adj. japonicus of
Source: Isolated from root nodules of Japan.
species of Trifolium (clover). Rods. Motile by means of monotrichous
Habitat: Widely distributed in the soils flagella. Bacteroids of nodules are long and
where clover grows. slender with only occasional branched and
swollen forms. Gram-negative.
4. Rhizobium lupini (Schroeter, 1886) Growth on mannitol agar is slow and
Eckhardt et al., 1931. {Phytomyxa lupini scant. The streak is slightly raised, glisten-
Schroeter, in Cohn, Kryptogamen-Flora ing, opaque, white, butyrous, with little
von Schlesien, 3, I, 1886, 135; Eckhardt, gum formation.
Baldwin and Fred, Jour. Bact., 21, 1931, Pentose sugars give better growth than
273.) the he.xoses.
lu.pi'ni. L. noun lupinus the lupine; M.L. Little if any acid formed from carbohy-
drates. Acid slowly formed from xylose and Rods. Motile by means of peritrichous
arabinose. flagella. Bacteroids club-shaped and
Aerobic. branched. Gram-negative.
Optimum temperature, 25° C. Growth on mannitol agar is fairly rapid.
Source: Isolated from root nodules on The streak is raised, glistening, opaque,
Soja max (soy bean). pearly white, butyrous. Considerable gum
Habitat : Widely distributed in soils whereis formed,
soy beans are grown. Acid from glucose, galactose, mannose
and sucrose.
6. Rhizobium meliloti Dangeard, 1926. Aerobic.
(Le Botaniste, Sdr. 16, 1926, 194.) Optimum temperature, 25° C.
me.li.lo'ti. Gr. noun vieli honey; Gr. Source: Isolated from root nodules of
noun lotus the lotus; Gr. noun melilotus Melilotus (sweet clover), Medicago and Tri-
melilot or sweet clover; M.L. fem.n. Meli- gonella.
lotus generic name of sweet clover; M.L. Habitat: Widely distributed in soils in
gen. noun meliloti of Melilotus. which these legumes grow.
Genus II. Agrobacterium Conn, 194^.*

(Jour. Bact., U, 1942, 359.)
Ag.ro. bac.te'ri.um. Gr. noun agrus a field; Gr. dim.neut.n. bacterium a small rod; M.L
neut.n. Agrobacterium field rodlet or bacterium.
Small, short rods which are typically motile by means of 1 to 4 peritrichous flagella (if
only one flagellum, lateral attachment is as common as polar). Ordinarily Gram-nega-
tive. On ordinary culture media they do not produce visible gas nor sufficient acid to be
detectable by litmus. In synthetic media, enough CO2 may be produced to show acid with
brom thymol blue or sometimes with brom cresol purple. Gelatin is either very slowly li-
quefied or not at all. Free nitrogen cannot be fixed, but other inorganic forms of nitrogen (ni-
trates or ammonium salts) can ordinarily be utilized. Optimum temperature, between 25°
and 30°C. Found in soil, in plant roots in the soil or in the stems of plants where they pro-
duce hypertrophies; occasionally from marine sources.
The type species is Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith and Townsend) Conn.
Key to the species of genus Agrobacterium.

I. Plant pathogens.
A. Nitrites produced from nitrates, sometimes only to a slight extent.
1. Produce galls on angiosperms.
a. Indole production slight.
1. Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
aa. Indole not produced.
2. Agrobacteriiim gypsophilae.
2. Produces galls on gymnosperms.
3. Agrobacterium pseudotsugae.
B. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
1. Pathogenic to apples.
4. Agrobacterium rhizogenes.
2. Pathogenic to raspberries and blackberries.
5. Agrobacterium rubi.
* Originally prepared by Prof. H. J. Conn, New York State Experiment Station, Cornell
University, Geneva, New York, September, 1943; revised by Prof. Walter H. Burkholder,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, July, 1954.
289
II. Not pathogenic to plants.

A. From soil. Grows on potato. Nitrates completely assimilated; test for nitrites may
be negative.
6. Agrobacieriion radiohacter .
B. From marine mud. Does not grow on potato. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
7. Agrohacterium stellulatum.
1. Agrobacteriuni tumefaciens (Smith causes galls on blueberry has been de-

and Townsend, 1907) Conn, 1942. {Bacterium scribed by Demaree and Smith (Phyto-
tumefaciens Erw. Smith and Townsend, path., .^^, 1952, 88).
Science, 25 (N.S.), 1907, 672; Conn, Jour. Source: Isolated from galls on plants.
Bact., 44, 1942, 359.) Habitat: Causes galls on Paris daisy and
tu.me.fa'ci.ens. L. part. adj. tumefaciens is cross-inoculable on over 40 families.
tumor-producing.
Description taken from Riker, Banfield, 2. Agrobacteriuni gypsophilae (Brown,
Wright, Keitt and Sagen (Jour. Agr. Res., 1934) Starr and Weiss, 1943. {Bacterium
41, 1930, 507), Sagen, Riker and Baldwin gypsophilae Brown, Jour. Agr. Res., 48,
(Jour. Bact., £8, 1934, 571) and Hendrick- 1934, 1109; Starr and Weiss, Phytopath.,
son, Baldwin and Riker (Jour. Bact., 28, 33, 1943, 316.)
1934, 597).
Rods, 0.7 to 0.8 by 2.5 to 3.0 microns, oc- gyp.so'phi.lae. Gr. noun gypsus chalk;
Gr. adj. philus loving; M.L. fem.n. Gyp-
curring singly or in pairs. Encapsulated.
sophila chalk-lover, generic name; M.L.
Motile by means of 1 to 4 flagella. Gram- gen. noun gypsophilae of Gypsophila.
negative.
Agar colonies: Small, white, circular, Rods, 0.2 to 0.8 by 0.4 to 1.4 microns. Mo-
smooth, glistening, translucent, entire. tile by means of 1 to 4 flagella. Encapsu-
Broth: Slightly turbid, with thin pellicle. lated. Gram-negative.
Litmus milk: Slow coagulation. Litmus Gelatin: Liquefaction slow, beginning
reduced. Neutral to alkaline. after 1 month.
Indole production slight. Beef -infusion agar colonies: Circular,
Slight acid from glucose, fructose, arabi- Naples-yellow, smooth or rough, butyrous.
nose, galactose, mannitol and salicin. Broth: Turbid in 24 hours.
Starch not hydroh^zed. Milk: Coagulation and peptonization.
Nitrites produced from nitrates to a very Indole not produced.
slight e.xtent. Hydrogen sulfide: A trace may be pro-
Optimum temperature, between 25° and duced.
28° C. Acid but no gas from glucose, sucrose,
Facultative anaerobe. maltose, mannitol and glycerol. No acid
Distinctive characters: Causes a gall from lactose.
formation, parenchymatous in character, Starch not hydrolyzed.
which, because of its soft nature, is subject Nitrites produced from nitrates.
to injury and decay.
Agrobacteriuni tumefaciens strongly ab- Distinctive characters : Differs from Xan-
sorbs Congo red and aniline blue in contrast
to little or no absorption by A. rhizogenes. ihomonas beticola in starch hydrolj^sis
A. tumefaciens makes abundant growth on and hydrogen sulfide production; further-
sodium selenite agar and calcium glj'cero- more, these two species cannot be cross-
phosphate medium with mannitol in con- inoculated.
trast to no growth or a very slight trace Source: Isolated from several galls on
by A. rhizogenes (Hendrickson et al., loc.
cit.). Gypsophila.
Habitat: Produces galls in Gypsophila
Comment: A variety of this species that paniculata and related plants.
3. Agrobacteriuni pseudotsugae (Han- maltose, lactose, salicin and erythritol. No

sen and Smith, 1937) Savulescu, 1947. {Bac- acid or gas from fructose, sucrose, raffinose,
terium pseudotsugae Hansen and R. E. melezitose, starch, dextrin, inulin, aesculin,
Smith, Hilgardia, 10, 1937, 576; Savulescu, dulcitol or mannitol.
Anal. Acad. Romane, III, 22, 1947, 10.) Starch not hydrolyzed.
pseu.do.tsu'gae. Gr. adj. pseudes false; 28°Optimum
Jap. noun tsuga an evergreen; M.L. fem.n.
Tsuga generic name of hemlock; M.L. fem.n. Aerobic.
Pseudotsuga false Tsuga, a generic name; Distinctive characters: Agrobacterium
M.L. gen. noun pseudotsugae of Pseudotsuga. rhizogenes differs from Agrobacterium tuvie-
Rods 0.5 to 1.5 by 1.9 to 3.9 microns. faciens by stimulating root formation in-
Probably motile; type of flagellation stead of soft, parenchj'^matous crown galls.
doubtful. Gram-negative. A. rhizogenes lacks the ability of A. tume-
Gelatin: Liquefied. faciens to utilize simple nitrogenous com-
Nutrient agar slant: Growth scant, flat, pounds as KNO3 . A. rhizogenes absorbs
glistening, smooth, translucent, whitish. congo red and brom thymol blue slightly
Broth: Growth slight. No sediment. and aniline blue not at all. Will not grow
Milk: No acid. on sodium selenite agar (see A. tumefaciens
Hydrogen sulfide production slight. for response to same materials). Does not
Acid but no gas from glucose, fructose, infect tomato.
galactose and maltose. No acid or gas from Source : Isolated from hairy-root of apple
lactose, sucrose or glycerol. and other plants.
Starch not hydrolyzed. Habitat: Pathogenic on apple, etc.
Facultative aerobe. 5. Agrobacterium rubi (Hildebrand,
Source: Isolated from galls on Douglas 1940) Starr and Weiss, 1943. {Phyfomonas
fir in California. rubi Hildebrand, Jour. Agr. Res., 61, 1940,
Habitat: Pathogenic on Douglas fir, Pseii- 316.) Starr and Weiss, Phytopath., 33, 1943,
694;
dotsuga taxifolia.
ru'bi. L. noun rubus the blackberry; L.
4. Agrobacterium rhizogenes (Riker et noun Rubus generic name of blackberry;
al., 1930) Conn, 1942. {Bacterium rhizo- L. gen. noun rid)i of Rubus.
genes Riker, Banfield, Wright, Keitt and Rods, 0.6 by 1.7 microns, occurring singly,
Sagen, Jour. Agr. Res., 4^ , 1930, 536; in pairs or in short chains. Motile by means
Conn, Jour. Bact., U, 1942, 359.) of 1 to 4 flagella. Gram-negative.
rhi.zo'ge.nes. Gr. noun rhiza a root; Gr. Gelatin: No liquefaction.
V. genneo to produce; M.L. adj. rhizogenes Potato -mannitol -agar slants: Growth
root-producing. slow, moderate, filiform, white to creamy
Rods, 0.4 by 1.4 microns, occurring singly. white, with butyrous consistency later be-
Motile by means of 1 to 4 flagella. Encap- coming leathery.
sulated. Not acid-fast. Gram-negative. Broth: Turbid in 36 to 48 hours.
Gelatin: No liquefaction. Milk: A slight serum zone; pink color;
Agar colonies: Circular, smooth, convex, acid and curd formed.
finely granular; optical characters, trans- Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
lucent through gray to almost white. Indole not produced.
Agar slant: Moderate, filiform, translu- Acid from glucose, d-galactose, d-man-
cent, raised, smooth, slimy. nose, d-fructose, d-xylose, d-arabinose,
Broth: Turbid, with heavy pellicle. sucrose and maltose. None from lactose
Litmus milk: Acid, slow reduction. (Pinckard, Jour. Agr. Res., 50, 1935, 933).
Indole not produced. Starch not hydrolyzed.
Acid but no gas from arabinose, xylose, Ferric ammonium citrate, uric acid, ox-
rhamnose, glucose, galactose, mannose, amide, succinimide, 1-asparagine, 1-tyro-
291
sine, 1-cystine, d-glutamic acid and yeast No organic acid or visible gas from sugars ;
extract can be used as a source of nitrogen nearly all sugars, glycerol and mannitol
(Pinckard, loc. cit.). are utilized with the production of CO 2.
Temperature relations: Optimum, 28° C. Nitrates completely assimilated; test for
Minimum, 8° C. Maximum, 36° C. (Pinck- nitrites may be negative (Hofer, Jour. Bact.,
ard, loc. cit.). 41, 1941, 202).
Distinctive characters: Differs from Agro- Temperature relations: Optimum, 28° C.
bacterium tumefaciens in that it does not Minimum, near 1° C. Maximum, 45° C.
utilize nitrates and grows much more slowly Aerobic.
on ordinary media. Infects only members Media containing KNO3, K2HPO4 and
of the genus Rubus. Starr and Weiss (Phyto- glycerol, ethanol or propanol become alka-
path., 33, 1943, 317) state that this species, line to phenol red (Sagen, Riker and Bald-
unlike Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agro- win, Jour. Bact., 28, 1934, 581).
bacterium rhizogenes, does not utilize as- Growth occurs in special alkaline media
paragin as a sole source of carbon and nitro- of pH 11.0 to 12.0 (Hofer, Jour. Amer. Soc.
gen. Agron., 27, 1935, 228).
Source: Isolated from raspberry canes, Hydrogen sulfide produced if grown in
Rubus spp. ZoBell and Feltham's medium (ZoBell and
Habitat: Pathogenic on black and purple Feltham, Jour. Bact., 28, 1934, 169).
cane raspberries, on blackberries and, to a Distinctive characters: Browning of man-
lesser extent, on red raspberries. nitol-calcium-glycerophosphate agar; in-
ability to cause plant disease or to produce
6. Agrobacleriuni radiobacter (Bei- nodules on roots of legumes; complete uti-
jerinck and van Delden, 1902) Conn, 1942. lization of nitrate (the nitrate disappears)
{Bacillus radiobacter Beijerinck and van in the peptone-salt medium of Riker et al.
Delden, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 9, 1902, 3; (Riker et al., Jour. Agr. Res., 4I, 1930, 529)
Conn. Jour. Bact., 44, 1942, 359.) and failure to absorb congo red (Riker et
ra.di.o.bac'ter. L. noun radius a ray, al., ibid., 528).
beam; M.L. bacter masculine equivalent of This species bears at least superficial
Gr. neut.n. bactrum a rod or staff; M.L. resemblances to certain Rhizobium spp.
mas.n. radiobacter ray rod. but may be distinguished from them by
Small rods, 0.15 to 0.75 by 0.3 to 2.3 mi- the first two characters listed above and
crons, occurring singly, in pairs and, under by the following in addition: Growth at a
certain conditions, in star-shaped clusters. reaction of pH 11 to 12; heavy ring or pel-
Motile with one to four flagella. Prevail- licle formation on veal infusion broth; hy-
ingly Gram-negative, but an occasional drogen sulfide production in the mannitol -
culture is variable. tryptone medium of ZoBell and Feltham
Nutrient gelatin stab: No liquefaction. (ZoBell and Feltham, op. cit., 1934, 169);
Agar slant: Flat, whitish slimy layer. production of milky white precipitate on
Mannitol - calcium - glycerophosphate agar nitrate-glycerol-soil-extract agar.
streak plates: Abundant, raised, slimy Source: Isolated from soil.
growth surrounded by a brown halo w'ith Habitat: Soil around the roots of plants,
an outer zone of white precipitate (Riker
et al.. Jour. Agr. Res., 41, 1930, 524). especially legumes.
Broth: Turbid; heavy ring or pellicle if
veal infusion is present. 7. Agrobacterium stellulatum Stapp
Litmus milk: Serum zone with pellicle and Knosel, 1954. (Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt.,
108, 1954, 244.)
in one week; usually turns a chocolate-
brown in 2 weeks; same in plain milk, but stel.lu.la'tum. L. noun stella star; M.L.
with less browning. adj. stellulatus resembling a small star.
Potato: Raised slimy mass becoming Rods, 0.2 to 0.8 by 0.3 to 2.1 microns, oc-
brownish; potato may be browned. curring singly or in pairs; in certain media,
Starch not hydrolj'zed. star-like clusters are found. Motile by means
of a single, polar flagellum. Not acid-fast. Litmus milk : Slight growth with a neutral
Gram-negative. to alkaline reaction; litmus slowly decolor-
Gelatin: No liquefaction. ized; no peptonization.
Peptone agar colonies: Small, round. Potato: No growth,
smooth, gray, glistening. Indole not produced.
Peptone agar slant: Growth is poor, Nitrites produced from nitrates,
widely spread, colorless to whitish, trans- Congo red is weakly absorbed,
lucent and resembles droplets of moisture. No growth at pH 4.5.
Mannitol- calcium- glycerophosphate agar Optimum temperature, between 15° and
slant: Weak growth resembling a film of 25° C.
droplets of moisture. Distinctive characters: May be distin-
Broth: Slightly turbid; no pellicle; very ^^j^j^^^
small sediment. j * ,^^^^^ j- Agrohacteri
■ ^ um ^ radiohacter
jî
r, xi -x, T'Tv-/^ A •1 X 11 1 ^^^ ^- tumejaciens by weak growth on
Broth with KInOs: Acid toward phenol , -,1 i -n i r • x
, bouillon or bouillon agar, by forming star-
Qô +^.. r.A- ^. 001A \KT 1 +1, like clusters on sea-water medium 2216,
Sea-water medium 221b: Weak growth; . '
good formation of star-shaped clusters. by weak growth on calcium-glycerophos-
Carrot agar: Very weak growth. P^^^^ ^âr, by weak absorption of Congo
Iron-manganese-carrot juice: Very weak ^'^d, by failure to grow on potato, by very
development; no surface growth; no star- weak growth on carrot agar or Fe-Mn-carrot
shaped clusters. juice and by forming star-like clusters on
Iron -manganese -sea water-carrot juice: Fe-Mn-sea water-carrot juice.
Good growth; thin, easily destroyed, sur- Source: Isolated from marine mud.
face film; no star-shaped clusters. Habitat: Marine sources.
Genus III. Chromobacteriuni Bergonzini, 1881.*

(Cromobacterium (sic) Bergonzini, Ann. Societa d. Naturalisti in Modena, Ser. 2,
14, 1881, 153.)
Chro.mo.bac.te'ri.um. Gr. noun chroma color; Gr. noun bacterium a small rod; M.L.
neut.n. Chromobacteriuni colored rod.
Rods which measure 0.4 to 0.8 by 1.0 to 5.0 microns. Motile by means of 1 to 4 or more
flagella. Gram-negative. A violet pigment (violacein) is produced which is soluble in alcohol
but not in water or chloroform. Grow on ordinary culture media, usuallj^ forming acid from
glucose, sometimes from maltose and sucrose, but not from lactose. Gelatin is liquefied,
sometimes slowly. Indole is not produced. Nitrites usually produced from nitrates; the
nitrites are frequently further reduced to nitrogen and possibly nitrous oxide. Some strains
grow well at 4° C. while others grow well at 37° C. with a maximum temperature of between
40° and 42° C. ; none grow at both 4° and 37° C. Usually saprophytic soil and water bacteria.
Occasionally pathogenic to animals and man.
The type species is Chromobacierium violaceum (Schroeter) Bergonzini.
Discussion: The most characteristic feature of this group is its production of a violet
pigment. The chemistry of this pigment has been well worked out by Tobie (Bull. Assoc.
Diplomes Microbiol., Fac. Pharm. de Nancy, No. 18, 1939, 7). Since violacein appears to be
chemically related to indigo, peritrichous organisms producing the latter pigment may
tentatively be placed in this genus pending further study (Tobie, Jour. Bact., 35, 1938, 11).
Cultures of violet bacteria are difficult to maintain in culture collections and are frequently
* Prepared by Prof. Robert S. Breed, New York State Experiment Station, Cornell Uni-
versity, Geneva, New York, from Cruess-Callaghan and Gorman, Scientific Proc. Royal
Dublin Society, 21, 1935, 213, in January, 1938; further revision, July, 1955, with the as-
sistance ofDr. Ethel T. Eltinge, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Massachusetts,
and Dr. W. C. Tobie, Old Greenwich, Connecticut.
FAMILY II. RHIZOBIACEAE 293
lost (Sneath, Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 13, 1955, p. I, has recently reported that these organ-
isms are highly sensitive to traces of hydrogen peroxide in the medium). They have a ten-
dency to produce mucous, gummy, gelatinous or even leather^' growths (Corpe, Jour. Bact.,
65,1953,470).
The separation of the true violet chromogens into three species is in accord with the
recommendations of Cruess-Callaghan and Gorman (Sci. Proc. Royal Dublin Soc, 21,
1938, 213). Their conclusions were based on a study of 18 named cultures from culture col-
lections and 6 freshly isolated cultures. Others have studied this same problem. For ex-
ample, Hans and Bicknell (Bact. Proc. 53rd Gen. Meeting Soc. Amer. Bact., San Francisco,
1953, 33) agree that only a few species should be recognized. Eltinge (personal communica-
tion, Sept., 1955), after a study of a collection of 88 cultures, reports that the group may
readily be separated into cultures that will grow at 4° but not at 37° C. and cultures that
will not grow at 4° but do grow at 37° to 42° C. This seems to be one of the most constant
of the differences in characters, and it is used in the classification drawn up by Cruess-Cal-
laghan and Gorman.
There is a partial correlation between the growth-temperature relationships and the
ability to reduce nitrate (Eltinge, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, £2, 1956, 139). Some cultures
(Chromobacterium violaceum) that may give a negative test for nitrite production actually
reduce the nitrate so rapidly with the production of free gas that they have sometimes
been reported in the literature as failing to reduce nitrate. Other cultures merely reduce
the nitrate to nitrite (Chromobacterium janthinum) , while still other cultures do not attack
nitrate at all.
Corpe (Jour. Bact., 62, 1951, 515) found that he could readily isolate these organisms by
adding sterile rice grains to moistened soil. The latter observation confirms an earlier ob-
servation byBeijerinck (Folia Microbiologica, 4, 1916, 207) who added wheat bran or fibrin
to tap-water infusions in order to develop these violet bacteria. Starchy substances appear
to stimulate growth, as all grow abundantly on potato with a yellow growth that usually
turns to a dark violet or purple.
A number of organisms have been classed as species of Chromobacterium because they
develop a bluish chromogenesis without regard to the fact that their pigments are not chem-
ically the same as violacein. The majority of these cultures are polar flagellate and have
been shown to belong to the genus Pseudomonas. Frequently these blue pigments are water-
soluble and have a tendencj^ to become rose-colored.
The violet organisms differ in important respects from the organisms placed in Serratia.
The latter produce prodigiosin and belong with the coliform group. The violet organisms
show the same type of gummy colony growth that is characteristic of many of the species
found in Rhizobiaceae , their carbohydrate metabolism is like that of the species in this fam-
ily, and they possess the same unusual type of monotrichous to peritrichous flagellation.
The position of the violet bacteria in the family Rhizobiaceae appears to be a natural one.
In recent jêars these violet bacteria have been found in fatal septicemias in man and
animals (see Sippel, Medina and Atwood, (good bibliography). Jour. Amer. Vet. Med.
Assoc, 124, 1954, 467; Audebaud, Ganzin, Ceccaldi and Merveille, Ann. Inst. Past., 87, 1954,
413; and Black and Shahan, Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 110, 1938, 1270). These pathogenic
organisms have frequently been identified as Chromobacterium violaceum Bergonzini be-
cause they produce a violet pigmentation. However, by definition, this species does not
grow at 37° C. In the early literature C. janthinum Zopf was sometimes regarded as a sepa-
rate species, while in other cases C. violaceum and C. janthinuvi were regarded as identical.
Inasmuch as both Schroeter and Bergonzini, the investigators who first described C. vio-
laceum, grew their organisms at room temperature, and inasmuch as descriptions list them
as growing at room temperature while C. janthinum is normally described as growing best at
room temperature, Cruess-Callaghan and Gorman emended the descriptions of these two
species in such a way as to make C. violaceum the organism which will not grow at 37° C.
while they describe C. janthinum as growing at 37° C. In view of these emended descrip-
tions, the violet organisms isolated from warm-blooded animals should be identified as
C. janthinum not as C. violaceum.
Key to the species of genus Chroniobacteriiim.

I. Fresh-water and soil organisms that produce a violet chromogenesis.
A. No growth at 37° C.
1. Gelatin stab may show violet ring or pellicle.
1. Chromohacterium violaceum.
2. Gelatin stab develops heavy membranous growth on liquefied gelatin. Usually
violet in color.
2. Chromohacteniivi amethystinum.
B. Growth at 37° C.
3. Chromohacterium janthinum.
II. Optimum growth in media containing 12 per cent salt. Chromogenesis bluish to blue-
brown or yellowish.
4. Chromohacterium marismortui.
1. Chroniobacterium violaceum Temperature relations: Optimum, be-

(Schroeter, 1872) Bergonzini, 1881. {Bac- tween 25° and 30° C. Slight growth between
teridium violaceum Schroeter, Beitrage z. 2° and 4° C. No growth at 37° C.
Biol. d. Pflanzen, 1, Heft 2, 1872, 126; Cro- Source: Isolated from slices of cooked
mobacterium violaceum (sic) Bergonzini, potato which had been exposed to air con-
Ann. Societa d. Naturalist! in Modena, tamination and then incubated at room
Ser. 2, 14, 1881, 153.) temperature.
vi.o.la'ce.um. L. adj. violaceus violet- Habitat: Soil and water.
colored.
Slender rods, 0.8 to 1.0 by 2.0 to 5.0 mi- 2. Chroniobacterium amethystinvim
crons, occurring singlj^ and in chains. Mo- (Chester, 1897) Holland, 1920. (Bacillus
tile, usually by means of a single flagellum, membranaceus amethystinus Eisenberg, Bakt.
but some cells show several flagella arranged Diag., 1891, 421; Bacterium amethystinus
peritrichously. Gram-negative. (sic) Chester, Ann. Rept. Del. Col. Agr.
Gelatin colonies: Circular, gray, entire, Exp. Sta., 9, 1897, 117; Holland, Jour. Bact.,
sometimes with a violet center. 5, 1920, 222.)
Gelatin stab: Infundibuliform liquefac- a.me.thj^s'ti.num. Gr. adj. amethystinus
tion, sometimes with violet ring or pellicle of amethyst.
and sediment. Rods, 0.5 to 0.8 by 1.0 to 1.4 microns,
Agar colonies: Whitish, fiat, glistening, occurring singly. Motile with a single or
moist, becoming violet. occasionally with peritrichous flagella.
Agar slant: Violet, moist, sometimes Gram-negative.
gummy, shiny, spreading growth. Gelatin colonies: Thin, bluish, becoming
Broth: Slightly turbid; violet ring; granu- violet, crumpled.
lar to viscid sediment.
Gelatin stab: Heavy, violet-black pel-
Litmus milk: Violet ring or pellicle. Di- licle. Liquefied.
gestion slow. Alkaline.
Potato: Growth yellow to dark violet. Agar colonies : Deep violet, surface rugose.
Agar slant: Thick, moist, gummy, rugose,
Loffier's blood serum: Slow liquefaction.
Indole not produced. yellowish white growth, becoming violet
Acid from glucose and usually from mal- sometimes with a metallic luster.
tose and sucrose. No acid from lactose. Broth: Pellicle; violet sediment; fluid
Nitrites produced from nitrates and fre- becoming violet.
quently reduced further to a gas (N2). Litmus milk: Violet pellicle. Digestion
Aerobic, facultative. turning alkaline.
FAMILY II. RHIZOBIACEAE 295
Potato: Yellow to deep violet, rugose, Agar slant: Yellowish, moist, gummy,
spreading growth. glistening growth becoming deep violet.
Indole not produced. Broth: Turbid, with light violet pellicle.
Usually no acid from glucose, maltose or Litmus milk: Violet cream layer. Litmus
sucrose. No acid from lactose. decolorized from below. Rapid digestion.
Nitrites produced from nitrates. Potato: Violet to violet-black, spreading
growth.
Good growth in 7 days between 2° and 4° C. Acid from glucose. No acid from maltose,
lactose or sucrose.
No growth at 37° C.
Comment: The most characteristic fea- Nitrites generally produced from nitrates.
ture of the original culture of this species Aerobic, facultative.
was its ability to grow a heavy, folded, mem- Temperature relations: Optimum, 30° C.
branous pellicle on gelatin stabs and other No growth between 2° and 4° C. Grows well
media. The original culture also sometimes at 37° C.
produced a metallic sheen. If the descrip- Source: Isolated from pieces of pig's blad-
tions of all of the cultures regarded by der floating on badly contaminated water.
Cruess-Callaghan and Gorman (Scientific Habitat: Water and soil. This appears
Proc. Royal Dublin Soc, 21, 1935, 219) as to be the species that causes a fatal septi-
C. amethystinum are taken into account, cemia in animals and man.
there really are no other important charac-
ters by which this species can be separated 4. Chromobacterium niarismortui
from C. violaceum. Moreover, those that Elazari-Volcani, 1940. (Studies on the Mi-
have studied many cultures of these violet croflora of the Dead Sea. Thesis, Hebrew
organisms over a long period of time, with Univ., Jerusalem, 1940, VII and 76.)
replatings to purify, report that this mem- ma.ris.mor'tu.i. L. noun mare the sea;
branous growth may develop on almost L. gen . noun maris of the sea; L. adj . mortuus
any subculture of typical C. violaceum. The dead; M.L. gen. noun marismortui of the
formation of this heavy, folded growth Dead Sea.
should therefore probably be regarded as a Rods, the length of which varies greatly
dissociation phenomenon. Further com- with the concentration of salt and media.
parative studies will presumably show that On agar media, in 3 to 24 per cent salt, the
C. amethystinum should be regarded as a cells are usually 0.5 by 1.3 to 3.0 microns;
variant form of C. violaceum. in liquid media, 4.5 to 13.0 microns. Occur
Source: Isolated once by Jolles from singly and in pairs. In 0.5 and 30 per cent
spring water from Spalato. salt and in Dead Sea water, the cells are
Habitat: Water. usually very long, twisted threads. Motile
by means of 4 to 6 peritrichous flagella.
3. Chroniobacterium janthinuni Gram-negative.
(Zopf , 1883) Holland, 1920. {Bacterium jan- Gelatin stab (12 per cent salt-1 per cent
thinum Zopf, Die Spaltpilze, 1 Aufl., 1883, proteose peptone-15 per cent gelatin) : Fili-
68; Holland, Jour. Bact., 5, 1920, 222.) form, blue-brown, nailhead surface growth.
jan'thi.num. Gr. adj. janthinus violet- Very slight infundibuliform liquefaction
colored. after six weeks.
Rods, 0.5 to 0.8 by 1.5 to 5.0 microns, Agar colonies (12 per cent salt-1 per cent
occurring singly. Motile with peritrichous proteose peptone-2 per cent KNO3) : Circu-
flagella. Gram-negative. lar, smooth, entire, slightly convex and
Gelatin colonies: Circular, yellow, be- concentrically ringed with dark brown cen-
coming violet. ters followed by blue-brown, gray-brown
Gelatin stab: White to violet surface and yellow rings and a colorless transparent
growth. Infundibuliform liquefaction. margin. On removing the colony, a print
Agar colonies: Creamy center, violet remains in the agar consisting of three
margin. zones : a blue center, a brownish gray inner
ring and a blue outer ring. Colonies colored Acid without gas from glucose, galactose,
only when well separated and at an optimum maltose, lactose, arabinose and xjdose.
salt concentration of 12 per cent. Starch not hydrolyzed.
Agar slant (12 per cent salt-1 per cent Nitrites produced from nitrates; no gas
proteose peptone-2 per cent KNO3) : Moder- is produced,
ate, filiform, slightly raised, smooth, Aerobic.
slightly transparent growth with a blue- Optimum temperature, 30° C.
brown margin; leaves a colored print in Salt tolerance: Halotolerant, growing in
the agar. 0.5 to 30 per cent salt and in Dead Sea water.
Broth (12 per cent salt-1 per cent pep- Optimum growth at 12 per cent salt,
tone): Very turbid; w*hite pellicle; broth Source: Isolated from the water of the
turns brown, the color disappearing after Dead Sea.
several days. Habitat: Found in places where the salt
Indole not produced. content of water is high.
FAMILY III. ACHROMOBACTERACEAE BREED, 1945.

(Achromobacteriaceae (sic) Breed, Jour. Bact., 50, 1945, 124.)
A.chro.mo.bac.te.ra'ce.ae. M.L. mas.n. Achromohacler type genus of the family; -aceae
ending to denote a family; M.L. fem.pl.n. Achromobacteraceae the Achromobacter family.
Small to medium-sized rods which are usually uniform in shape. Motile by means of
peritrichous flagella or non-motile. Gram-negative. May or may not liquefy gelatin. Growth
on agar slants is non-chromogenic to yellow, orange, brown or even red; the pigment does
not diffuse through the agar and apparently is carotenoid in nature. May produce acid but
no gas from glucose and sometimes from other sugars; lactose is very rarely or never at-
tacked. Certain species liquefy agar and/or attack alginates, others digest chitin. May or
may not reduce nitrates. Litmus milk may be unchanged, slightly acid (not enough to be
curdled) or alkaline. No luminescent species are known. Generally found as salt-water,
fresh-water or soil forms, less commonly found as parasites or pathogens. Some plant path-
ogens may belong here.
Key to the genera of family Achromobacteraceae.

I. Do not attack agar, alginates or chitin. Not active in the production of acid from sugars,
especially lactose.
A. Non-chromogenic on ordinary agar media, although the type species of Achroino-
bacter produces yellow chromogenesis on potato.
1. Litmus milk alkaline. No acid from carbohydrates.
Genus I. Alcaligenes, p. 297.
2. Litmus milk slightly acid (not enough to be curdled), unchanged or alkaline.
Small amounts of acid are usually produced from hexoses.
Genus II. Achromobacter, p. 300.
B. Yellow, orange, brown or red chromogenesis produced on ordinary agar media; the
pigment is non-water-soluble.
Genus III. Flavobacterium, p. 309.
II. Attack agar, alginates or chitin. Slightly more active in the fermentation of sugars than
is the previous group, some even attacking lactose. Non-chromogenic or chromo-
genic, usually with yellow or orange, always non-water-soluble pigments.
A. Attack agar and/or alginates.
Genus IV. Agarbacterium, p. 322.
B. Attack chitin and sometimes horny substances.
Genus V. Beneckea, p. 328.
297
FAMILY III. ACHROMOBACTERACEAE
Genus I. Alcaligenes Castellani and Chahners, 1919*

(Manual Trop. Med., 3rd ed., 1919, 936.)
Al.ca.li'ge.nes. Arabic al the; Arabic noun gaily the ash of saltwort; French noun
alcali alkali; English alkali; Gr. v. gennaio to produce; M.L. mas.n. Alcaligenes alkali-pro-
ducing (bacteria).
Rods which are either motile by means of peritrichous flagella or non-motile. Gram-neg-
ative. May or may not liquefy gelatin and solidified blood serum. Litmus milk turned alka-
line, with or without peptonization. Carbohydrates not utilized. Acetylmethylcarbinol
not produced. Chromogenesis, when it occurs, is grayish yellow, brownish yellow or yellow.
Generally found in the intestinal tracts of vertebrates or in dairy products.
The type species is Alcaligenes faecalis Castellani and Chalmers.
Key to the species of genus Alcaligenes.

I. Gelatin not liquefied.
A. Motile.
1 . A Icaligenes faecalis .
B. Non-motile.
1. Produces ropiness in milk.
2. Alcaligenes viscolactis.
2. Found in the intestinal tract.
3. Alcaligenes metalcaligenes .
A. Motile.
1. Milk peptonized; blood serum liquefied.
4. Alcaligenes bookeri.
2. Milk not peptonized; blood serum not liquefied.
5. Alcaligenes recti.
B. Non-motile.
6. Alcaligenes marshallii.
1. Alcaligenes faecalis Castellani and Rods, 0.5 by 1.0 to 2.0 microns, occurring
Chalmers, 1919. {Bacillus faecalis alcaligenes singly, in pairs and chains. Normally not
Petruschky, Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., 19, 1896, encapsulated. Motile by means of peritri-
187; Bacterium alcaligenes Mez,t Mikro- chous flagella. Gram-negative.
skopische Wasseranalyse, Berlin, 1898, 63; Gelatin colonies: Circular, grayish, trans-
Castellani and Chalmers, Manual Trop. lucent.
Med., 1919, 936.)
Gelatin stab: Gray surface growth. No
fae.ca'lis. L. noun faex,faecis dregs; M.L.
adj. faecalis fecal. liquefaction.
Description from Petruschky (op. cit., Agar colonies: Opaque, entire, non-chro-
1896, 187) as supplemented by Dr. Einar mogenic.
Leifson and Dr. Rudolph Hugh, Loyola Agar slant: White, glistening, non-chro-
University, Chicago, Illinois. mogenic.
* Revised by Prof. H. J. Conn, New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, New York,
June, 1938; further revision by Prof. Robert S. Breed, New York State Experiment Station,
Geneva, New York, October, 1954.
t While Mez (1898) proposed the binomial Bacterium alcaligenes earlier than Castellani
and Chalmers (1919) proposed the binomial Alcaligenes faecalis, the specific epithet al-
caligenes isunusable when the genus Alcaligenes is recognized. The use of the specific epi-
thet alcaligenes in the latter genus produces a tautonym, and tautonyms are illegitimate
under the Bacteriological Code of Nomenclature (Sect. 5, Rule 18).
Broth: Turbid; thin pellicle; viscid sedi- in decomposing organic matter. Generally
ment. Gives off ammonia. considered to be non-pathogenic.
Litmus milk: Alkaline. No other detecta- 2. Alcaligenes viscolactis (Mez,
ble changes.
Potato: Scant to abundant, yellowish Breed, comb, nov.* {Bacillus lactis viscosus
Adametz, Milchztg., 18, 1889, 941; also see
to brownish growth. No detectable acid or Landwirtschl. Jahrb., £0, 1891, 185; and
gas produced from carbohydrates.
Cent. f. Bakt., 9, 1891, 698; Mez, Mikros-
Indole not produced. kopische Wasseranalyse, Berlin, 1898, 61;
Nitrites may or may not be produced Alcaligenes viscosiis Weldin, Iowa State
from nitrates. Coll. Jour. Sci., 1, 1927, 186.)
Urea not hydrolyzed.
The growth of this species has been tested vis.co.lac'tis. L. noun viscum glue, bird-
lime; L. gen. noun lactis of milk; M.L.
on 18 amino acids, 12 aliphatic amines, 4 viscolactis of slimy milk.
amides, 5 miscellaneous organic nitrogen
Description taken from Long and Ham-
compounds and 3 inorganic nitrogen com- mer (Iowa State Coll. Jour, of Sci., 10, 1936,
pounds. Only aspartic acid, asparagine, 262), supplemented by Dr. Rudolph Hugh,
histidine and glutathione supported suffi- Loyola University, Chicago, Illinois.
cient continued growth to give appreciable Rods, 0.6 to 1.0 by 0.8 to 2.6 microns,
turbidity in broth and a final pH close to occurring singly, in pairs or in short chains.
8.0. Almost all of the aliphatic amines were Frequently found as almost spherical cells.
toxic (Denault, Cleverdon and Kulp, Jour.
Non-motile. Capsules produced in milk
Bact., 66, 1953, 465).
No characteristic odor. cultures. Gram-negative.
Gelatin colonies: Small, gray becoming
Aerobic.
yellowish.
Optimum temperature, between 25° and Gelatin stab : White surface growth, some-
37° C. times with villous growth in stab. No lique-
Relationships to other species: This pe- faction.
ritrichous organism is very frequently con- Agar colonies: After 3 to 4 days, circular,
fused with a polar flagellate organism having
4 to 6 mm in diameter, white, viscid, shin-
almost identical characters. The polar
flagellate species has been placed in the ing, entire.
Agar slant: Abundant, white, spreading,
genus Vibrio. See discussions under Vibrio viscid, shining growth.
percolans Mudd and Warren and Vibrio Broth: Turbid with thin pellicle and
alcaligenes Lehmann and Neumann.
some sediment. Ropiness generally pro-
Source: Isolated from feces, abscesses duced.
related to the intestinal tract and occasion- Litmus milk: Ropiness produced. Pellicle
ally from the blood stream. Miles (Jour. formed. Alkaline. No coagulation.
Gen. Microbiol., 4, 1950, 434) reports that Potato: Moderatel}^ heavy, dirty white,
an organism having all the characteristics
spreading, shining growth.
of this species caused a fatal red leg in a Indole not produced.
batch of European tree-frogs (Hyla arborea Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
L.) received at the London Zoological Gar- Acid production from carbohydrates
dens.
slight, if at all.
Habitat: Less commonly found in the Lipolytic.
intestine than is Vibrio alcaligenes Leh- Methyl red test negative.
mann and Neumann. Widely distributed Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced.
* The discovery that Mez (1898) used a binomial for this species before Weldin did in
1927 has made it necessary to propose a new combination. The specific epithet viscolactis,
which is derived directly from the epithets in the original trinomial. Bacillus lactis viscosus
Adametz, 1889, is in reality to be preferred over the much-used epithet viscosus. In the genus
Bacterium, in which Alcaligenes viscolactis is frequently placed, the epithet viscosum has
been applied to at least five quite different species of bacteria.
299
Nitrites ordinarily not produced or pro- Booker; named for W. D. Booker, the bac-
duced only in trace amounts from nitrates. teriologist who first isolated this species.
Growth occurs at 10° and at 20° C. Vari- Rods, 0.5 by 1.5 to 2.0 microns, occurring
al:)le growth at 37° and at 40° C. singly. Motile by means of peritrichous
Aerobic. flagella. Gram-negative.
Long and Hammer (ibid., 264) have de- Gelatin colonies: Circular, brown, vari-
scribed a variety of this species which does able in size.
not produce ropiness in milk. For a recent Gelatin stab: Slow, saccate liquefaction,
discussion of this species see Jones (Food becoming stratiform.
Research, 19, 1954, 246). Agar colonies: Thin, transparent, with
Source: Originally isolated from water. opaque center and indistinct margin.
Habitat : Found in water and around dairy Agar slant: Abundant, yellowish to yel-
barns and dairy utensils. Produces ropiness lowish brown growth.
in milk. Broth: Turbid, with viscid sediment. No
3. Alcaligenes metalcaligenes Castel- pellicle.

Litmus milk: Alkaline. Soft curd. Litmus
lani and Chalmers, 1919. (Manual Trop.
reduced. Peptonization.
Med., 1919, 936.)
Potato: Luxuriant, yellowish white, moist
met.al.ca.li'ge.nes. Gr. metu in common growth. Medium is darkened.
with; M.L. adj. alcaligenes alkali-producing; Indole not produced.
M.L. adj. metalcaligenes resembling alcali- No acid or gas from carbohydrate media.
genes, originally an epithet in the trinomial Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Bacillus faecalis alcaligenes.
Blood serum: Yellowish brown growth.
Rods, 0.6 by 1.5 microns, with rounded
Gradual liquefaction.
ends, occurring singly and in pairs. Non- No characteristic odor.
motile. Gram-negative. Aerobic, facultative.
Agar colonies: Circular, raised, smooth, Optimum temperature, 37° C.
Source: Isolated from alvine discharges
amorphous, entire, gray. of children suffering with cholera infantum.
Agar slant: Gray, scant, filiform, con- Habitat: Intestinal canal.
toured, viscid growth.
Broth: Membranous pellicle with heavy 5. Alcaligenes recti (Ford, 1903) Bergey
sediment.
et al., 1923. (Bacterium recti Ford, Studies
Litmus milk: Alkaline.
from the Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal,
Potato: Scant, glistening, smooth, some- 1, 1903, 31; Bergey et al.. Manual, 1st ed.,
times faint pink growth. 1923, 236.)
rec'ti. L. adj . rectus straight; L. intestinum
No action on carbohj^drates.
rectum, the straight gut; M.L. neut.n. rec-
tum rectum; M.L. gen. noun recti of the
Nitrite production from nitrates variable. rectum.
Blood serum not liquefied.
Rods, 0.5 by 1.5 to 2.0 microns, occurring
singly, in pairs and in chains. Motile by
Optimum temperature, 22° C. means of peritrichous flagella. Gram-nega-
Habitat: Intestinal canal. tive.
Gelatin colonies: Variable in size and
4. Alcaligenes bookeri (Ford, 1903)
shape, circular to oval, brown.
Bergey et al., 1923. (Bacillus A of Booker, Gelatin stab: Rapid, saccate liquefaction.
Trans. Ninth Internat. Med. Congress, 3, Agar colonies: Large, grayish white with
1887, 598; Bacillus bookeri Ford, Studies opaque center. Slightly spreading.
from the Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Agar slant: Grayish white, echinulate.
/, 1903, 31; Bergey et al.. Manual, 1st ed., Broth: Turbid. No pellicle.
1923, 236.) Litmus milk: Alkaline. No peptonization.
boo'ke.ri. M.L. gen. noun bookeri of Potato: Luxuriant, moist, brownish red.
Indole not produced. Rods, 0.3 by 1.2 microns, occurring singly.

No acid or gas from carbohydrate media. Non-motile. Gram-negative.
Nitrites produced from nitrates. Gelatin colonies: Gray, granular, irregu-
Blood serum: Abundant white growth. lar, glistening.
No liquefaction. Gelatin stab : Slow, infundibuliform lique-
No characteristic odor. faction.
Aerobic, facultative. Agar slant: Growth filiform, gray to
Optimum temperature, 37° C. creamy white, raised, becoming lemon-
Source: Isolated but once from cecum yellow.
and rectum (Ford). Broth: Turbid, with gray ring and viscid
Habitat: Intestinal canal. sediment.
Litmus milk: Alkaline; slimy; peptonized;
6. Alcaligenes marshallii Bergey et al., strong odor.
1923. (Bacillus B of Marshall, Cent. f. Bakt.,
Potato: Luxuriant, lemon-.yellow, smooth
II Abt., 11, 1903, 739; Bacterium lactis mar-
sAaZZi Conn, Esten and Stocking, Ann. Rept. growth.
^ , , , ,
produced,
Storrs Agr. E.xp. Station, 1906, 141; Bergey ^^ôle not
et al., Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 237.) No acid or gas from carbohydrates.
mar.shal'li.i. M.L.. gen. noun marshallii Nitrites not produced from nitrates,
of Marshall ; named for Prof. C. E. Marshall, Aerobic, facultative,
the American bacteriologist who first iso- Optimum temperature, 30° C.
lated this species. Habitat: Milk.
Genus II. Achromobacter Bergey et al., 1923*

(Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 132.)
A.chro.mo.bac'ter. Gr. adj. achromus colorless; M.L. noun bacter the masculine equiv-
alent of the Gr. neut.n. bactriim a rod or stafT; M.L. mas.n. Achromobacter colorless rodlet.
Non-pigment-forming (at least no pigment formed on agar or gelatin) rods. Motile by
means of peritrichous flagella or non-motile. Gram-negative. Litmus milk faintly acid to
unchanged or alkaline. Occur in salt- to fresh-water and in soil.
The type species is Achromobacter Uquefaciens (Eisenberg) Bergey et al.
Key to the species of genus Achromobacter.

I. Motile. Flagella peritrichous.
1. Litmus milk unchanged.
1. Achromobacter liguefaciens.
b. Produces acid from glucose and sucrose.
2. Achromobacter iophagus.
bb. Does not produce acid from glucose or sucrose.
3. Achromobacter thalassius.
2. Litmus milk reaction acid or alkaline. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
a. Litmus milk acid.
4. Achromobacter delicatulus.
aa. Litmus milk alkaline.
5. Achromobacter xerosis.
* Prepared by Prof. Robert S. Breed, Cornell University, Geneva, New York, October,
1954.
FAMILY III. ACHROMOBACTERACEAE 301

1. Litmus milk unchanged.
a. Acid from glucose.
b. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
6. Achromobacter aquamarinus .
bb. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
7. Achromobacter gutfatus.
aa. No acid from carbohydrate media.
b. Attacks phenol and naphthalene.
8. Achromobacter cycloclastes.
bb. Action on phenol and naphthalene not recorded.
9. Achromobacter pestifer.
2. Litmus milk slightly acid.
10. Achromobacter superficialis.
II. Non-motile.
1. Nitrites slowly produced from nitrates.
n. Achromobacter stenohalis.
12. Achromobacter butyri.
L Acid from glucose.
a. Litmus milk unchanged. Action on nitrates not recorded.
13. Achromobacter eurydice.
aa. Litmus milk acid; litmus reduced in 5 days. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
14. Achromobacter delmarvae.
2. No acid from glucose.
15. Achromobacter parvvlus.
1. Achromobacter liquefaciens (Eisen- slimy. Liquefaction. In time, a putrid odor

berg, 1891) Bergey et al., 1923. {Bacillus is produced.
liquefaciens Eisenberg, Bakt. Diag., 3 Aufl., Gelatin stab: Napiform liquefaction.
1891, 112; not Bacillus liquefaciens Doyen, Agar slant: Dirty white, spreading
Jour. d. connaiss. m^dic, 57, V^ S4r., 1889, growth.
108; not Bacillus liquefaciens Lustig, Diag- Broth: Turbid (Bergey et al.).
nostica dei batteri delle acque, Torino, 1st Litmus milk: Unchanged (Bergey et al.).
ed., 1890, 99; also see translation of 2nd Potato: Light yellow growth,
ed. by Teuscher, Diagnostik der Bakterien Indole not produced (Bergey et al.).
des Wassers, 1893, 86; not Bacillus lique- Nitrites not produced from nitrates (Ber-
faciens Tataroff, Inaug. Diss., Dorpat, 1891, gey et al.).
29; Bergey et al., Manual, 1st ed., 1923, Aerobic.
135.) Does not grow at 37° C. (Eisenberg). Op-
li.que.fa'ci.ens. L. part. adj. liquefaciens timum temperature, between 20° and 25° C.
liquefying. (Bergey et al.).
Description as emended by Bergey et al. Comments: The early descriptions of this
(loc. cit.). organism are so incomplete that, as yet, it
Short, rather thick rods with rounded has been impossible to reisolate a culture
ends. Occur singly (Bergey et al.). Actively that can be accepted as the type culture of
motile (Eisenberg). Possess peritrichous this species. Bergey, in 1923, selected this
flagella (Bergey et al.). Gram-negative organism as the type species of the genus
(Bergej^ et al.). Achromobacter as he undoubtedly held with
Gelatin colonies: Circular, gray, entire, other early students of water organisms that
it was one of the commonest species to be gelatin-liquefying species that would occur
found in polluted waters. The description on the gelatin plates used so commonly be-
given in the Manual (1st ed., 1923, 135) is fore 1900 in isolating water bacteria is Pseu-
taken directly from the Frankland's trans- domonas fluorescens Migula, it is noteworthy
lation of Eisenberg's original description that there is no mention of greenish fluo-
of this species. As Eisenberg's description rescence inany of the descriptions referred
makes no mention of certain characteristics, to above. Likewise, the chromogenesis of
e.g. Gram stain, type of flagellation and P. fluorescens on potato is described by
action on nitrates, now regarded as very earl}' students of this species as an unchar-
important for the identification of species acteristic brown (Fliigge, Die Mikroorgan-
of this t.ype, Bergey added these characters ismen, 2 Aufl., 1886, 289) or as a rather thick,
out of his own studies made on Schuylkill yellowish gray, spreading growth which
River water; these added characters are gradually becomes a light sepia-brown (Mi-
indicated above. gula, Syst. d. Bakt., S, 1900, 886). In search-
Related species : The Franklands (Micro- ing for cultures of a peritrichous, gelatin-
organisms in Water. London, 1894, 461) liquefying water organism, the organism
state that the Bacillus liquefaciens of Eisen- most likely to be mistaken for it would be a
berg resembles very closely the Bacillus non-fluorescent strain of P. fluorescens.
liquefaciens of Lustig {op. cit., 1890, 99). From the fact that several investigators
They then describe the similar organism have recently searched for an organism
that they isolated from unfiltered, Thames that has the characters of Achromobacter
River water under the name Bacillus li- liquefaciens Bergey et al. without finding a
quidus. This species differs from the Eisen- peritrichous species that conforms in all
berg organism in that it produces a thick, respects with the description of Bacillus
flesh-colored, moist expansion on potato. liquefaciens as given here, it appears that
It is also stated to reduce powerfully ni- early statements reporting this organism
trates to nitrites. Horrocks (Bact. Exam, as common in water are based on a failure
of Water. London, 1901, 54) discusses all to distinguish between polar flagellate and
of these common, gelatin-liquefying bac- peritrichous gelatin-liquefying water or-
teria found in water and adds a description
of Bacillus liquefaciens based on his own ganisms.
Source: Isolated from water.
studies of cultures. Additional characters Habitat: Found in water.
are given. He states that no gas is produced
in a glucose gelatin stab, that milk remains 2. Achromobacter iophagus (Gray
unchanged, that there is a diffuse growth and Thornton, 1928) Bergey et al., 1930.
in broth with an abundant deposit of sedi- {Bacterium iophagum Gray and Thornton,
ment, that nitrates are reduced to nitrites Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 73, 1928, 89; Bergey
and ammonia, that no indole is produced et al.. Manual, 3rd ed., 1930, 204.)
and that there is no chromogenesis on agar. i.o'pha.gus. Gr. noun ius poison; Gr. v.
He adds that it is a short, motile bacillus, phagein to devour; M.L. adj. iophagus poi-
often occurring in pairs, that neither forms son-devouring.
spores nor grows well at 37° C. His descrip- Rods 0.8 to 1.0 by 1.0 to 5.0 microns. Mo-
tion of the chromogenesis produced on po- tile by means of peritrichous flagella. Gram-
tato indicates that he regards the B. li- negative.
quidus of the Franklands as identical with Gelatin colonies: Quicklj^ liquefied.
the B. Uqxiefaciens of Eisenberg. Horrocks Gelatin stab: Liquefaction.
describes the growth on potato as variable: Agar colonies: Circular or amoeboid,
sometimes it has a light yellow color, at whitish, flat, raised, smooth, translucent,
other times it has a flesh-colored tint chang- entire.
ing to reddish brown. Agar slant: Filiform, white to buff, flat,
Because none of the early students of undulate.
this organism made flagella stains and be- Broth: Turbid.
cause one of the most conspicuous of the Litmus milk: Unchanged.
303
Acid from glucose and sucrose. Occasion- utilized as carbon sources (Campbell and
ally from maltose and glycerol. Williams, loc. cit.).
Starch hydrolyzed. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Nitrites produced from nitrates. Ammonia produced from peptone but not
Attacks phenol and naphthalene. from urea.
Aerobic, facultative. Trimethylamine not produced from tri-
Optimum temperature, between 30° and methylamine oxide, betaine, choline or
35° C. acetyl choline (Campbell and Williams,
Source: Fifteen cultures were isolated Jour. Bact., 62, 1951b, 250).
from soil . Inorganic sulfur may serve as a source of
Habitat: Soil. sulfur (Campbell and Williams, op. cit.,
1951a, 506).
3. Achroniobacter thalassius ZoBell Aerobic, facultative.
and Upham, 1944. (Bull. Scripps Inst, of
25°Optimum
Oceanography, Univ. of Calif., 5, 1944, 279.)
tha.las'si.us. Gr. adj. thalassius of the Source: Isolated from marine bottom
sea. deposits.
with some variation in shape, occurring 4. Achroniobacter delicatiilus (Jor-
singly, in pairs and in short chains; many dan, 1890) Bergey et al., 1923. (Bacillus
cells lie side by side. Motile by means of delicatiilus Jordan, Report Mass. State Bd.
peritrichous flagella. Gram-negative, but of Health, 1890, 837; Bergey et al., Manual,
cell walls tend to retain stain. 1st ed., 1923, 137.)
All media except the fresh-water broth,
litmus milk and potato were prepared with de.li.ca'tu.lus. L. adj. delicatus dainty,
sea water. delicate; M.L. dim. adj. delicatiilus some-
what delicate.
Gelatin colonies: 1 mm in diameter,
Original descriptions supplemented by
circular, white.
Gelatin stab: Napiform liquefaction. Bergey {loc. cit.) from his private notes.
Rods, 1.0 by 2.0 microns, occurring singly
Filiform growth along line of stab.
(Jordan). Motile by means of peritrichous
Agar colonies: Punctiform, rough, trans-
lucent, raised. flagella. Gram-negative (Bergey).
Gelatin colonies: Whitish, homogeneous;
Agar slant: Moderate, glistening, beaded,
radiate margin.
watery, butyrous growth with no pigment.
Sea-water broth: No pellicle; slight Gelatin stab: Infundibuliform liquefac-
tion.
turbidity; scant, powdery sediment.
Agar slant: Whitish, glistening.
Fresh-water broth: Fair growth.
Litmus milk: No visible change. Casein Broth: Turbid; gray pellicle; sediment.
Litmus milk: Acid.
not digested.
Potato: No visible growth. Potato: Thin, gray streak.
Indole not produced (Bergey).
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. Of 19 amino acids tested, none was re-
Glucose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, xylose, quired for growth; preformed growth factors
mannitol, glycerol and salicin not utilized. also were not required (Campbell and
Starch not hydrolyzed. Williams, Food Research, 16, 1951a, 506).
Ammonium chloride and the 19 amino
Non-lipolytic.
Of 19 amino acids tested, none was re- acids which were tested may serve as
quired for growth; preformed growth fac- sources of nitrogen; the amino acids may
tors also were not required (Campbell and also be utilized as carbon sources (Campbell
Williams, Food Research, 16, 1951a, 506). and Williams, loc. cit.).
Ammonium chloride and the 19 amino Nitrites produced from nitrates.
acids which were tested may serve as sources Trimethylamine produced from tri-
of nitrogen; the amino acids may also be methylamine oxide, choline and acetyl
choline but not from betaine (Campbell and Citrate utilized as the sole source of
Williams, Jour. Bact., 62, 1951b, 250). carbon.
Inorganic sulfur may serve as a source Nitrites produced from nitrates.
of sulfur (Campbell and Williams, op. cit., Aerobic.
1951a, 506). Good growth at 28° and 37° C. No growth
Aerobic, facultative. at 45° C.
Optimum temperature, between 30° and Produces xerosin, a metabolic substance
35° C. that has a modifying effect on certain viral
Source: Isolated from the effluent of a lesions in mice.
septic tank (Jordan) . From water (Bergey) . Source: Isolated from soil.
Steinhaus (personal communication, 1951)
has now shown that the culture which he 6. Achromobacter aquamarinus Zo-
identified (No. 45, Jour. Bact., 4^, 1941, 771) Bell and Upham, 1944. (Bull. Scripps Inst,
as belonging to this species belongs in the 264.)
of Oceanography, Univ. of Calif., 5, 1944,
paracolon group.
Habitat: Presumably widely distributed a.qua.ma.ri'nus. L. noun aqua water;
in nature. L. adj. rnarinus of the sea; M.L. adj. agua-
marinus pertaining to sea water.
5. Achromobacter xerosis Groupd et al., Rods, 0.8 by 1.2 to 2.0 microns, with
1954. (Groupe, Pugh, Levine and Herrmann, rounded ends, occurring singly. Motile
Jour. Bact., 68, 1954, 10.) by means of a few peritrichous flagella.
xe.ro'sis. Or. adj. xerus dry; M.L. adj. Gram-negative.
xerosis dry. All media except the fresh-water broth,
Pleomorphic rods measuring 0.5 by 2.0 litmus milk and potato were prepared with
to 3.0 microns in young cultures; in older sea water.
cultures the cells may be as much as 10 to Gelatin colonies : 2 nam in diameter, con-
25 microns in length. Motile by means of vex, circular, entire, whitish.
peritrichous flagella. Not encapsulated. Gelatin stab: Poor growth, no liquefac-
Gram-negative. tion, no pigment.
Gelatin: Liquefaction. Agar colonies: 2 mm in diameter, convex,
Agar colonies: White to grayish white, smooth, circular.
1.0 to 1.5 mm in diameter, dry, membranous, Agar slant: Moderate, beaded, glisten-
circular, low convex, adherent; tan, granu- ing, butyrous growth with no pigment.
lar and radially wrinkled with a lobate edge Sea-water broth: Surface ring; moderate
on prolonged incubation. turbidity; heavy, viscous sediment.
Broth containing peptone and other Fresh-water broth: Poor growth.
complex nitrogenous materials: Pellicle Litmus milk: No visible change. Casein
formed. No acid from broth containing not digested.
glucose, galactose or maltose. Potato: No visible growth.
Litmus milk: Alkaline; litmus reduced Indole not produced.
after 7 days. Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Potato: Growth yellowish to brownish, Acid but no gas from glucose and maltose.
dry and wrinkled. Lactose, sucrose, xylose, salicin, glycerol
Acid produced on inorganic nitrogen base and mannitol not utilized.
agar containing glucose, galactose or malt- Starch not hydrolyzed.
ose as the sole carbon source. Growth, but Lipolytic.
no acid, on agar containing sucrose; no Of 19 amino acids tested, none was re-
growth on agar containing arabinose, quired for growth; preformed growth fac-
rhamnose, raffinose, xylose, lactose, salicin, tors also were not required (Campbell and
mannitol or sorbitol. Williams, Food Research, 16, 1951a, 506).
Starch is hydrolyzed. Ammonium chloride and the 19 amino
Indole not produced. acids which were tested may serve as
Hydrogen sulfide production slight. sources of nitrogen; the amino acids (except
305
valine) may also be utilized as carbon Methyl red test negative.
sources (Campbell and Williams, loc. cil.). Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced.
Nitrites rapidly produced from nitrates. Citrate utilized.
Ammonia produced from peptone but not Of 19 amino acids tested, none was re-
from urea. quired for growth; preformed growth fac-
Trimethylamine not produced from tri- tors also were not required (Campbell and
methylamine oxide, betaine, choline or Williams, Food Research, 16, 1951a, 506).
acetyl choline (Campbell and Williams, Ammonium chloride and the 19 amino
Jour. Bact., 62, 1951b, 250). acids which were tested may serve as
Inorganic sulfur may serve as a source of sources of nitrogen; the amino acids may
sulfur (Campbell and Williams, op. cit., also be utilized as carbon sources (Campbell
1951a, 506). and Williams, loc. cit.).
Aerobic, facultative. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Optimum temperature, between 20° and Ammonia produced slowly from peptone.
25° C. Urease not produced.
Source: Isolated from sea water and from Trimethylamine not produced from tri-
submerged slides. methjiamine oxide, betaine, choline or
Habitat: Sea water. acetyl choline (Campbell and Williams,
Jour. Bact., 62, 1951b, 250).
7. Achromobacter guttatus (Zimmer- Inorganic sulfur may serve as a source of
mann, 1890) Bergey et al., 1923. {Bacillus sulfur (Campbell and Williams, op. cit.,
guttatus Zimmermann, Bakt. unserer Trink- 1951a, 506).
u. Nutzwasser, Chemnitz, 1, 1890, 56; Non-hemolj'tic.
Bergey et al., Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 140.) Pathogenicity: Not lethal to white mice
gut.ta'tus. L. adj. guttatus drop-like. when injected in massive doses. Does not
Description prepared by Dr. J. M. Rush, produce soft rot on carrots, potatoes or
Clemson Agricultural College, Clemson turnips.
South Carolina, from the original descrip- Aerobic, facultative.
tion by Zimmermann, from the emended Optimum temperature, 25° C. Growth
description of Bergey et al. (loc. cit.), and
range, 15° to 30° C.
from a study of 74 freshly isolated cultures. Comments: Zimmermann emphasizes the
Rods, 0.9 to 1.0 micron, occurring singly resemblance of the gelatin colonies to drops
and in chains. Motile by means of peri- of liquid and reports that spherical spores
trichous flagella. Gram-negative. appear to be formed in chains of cells;
Gelatin colonies: Circular, gray, smooth, spores are not reported by subsequent
entire. investigators. Zimmermann also reports
Gelatin stab: No liquefaction. that gelatin is liquefied slowly (after 4
weeks) .
Agar colonies: Small, gray, smooth, en-
tire, circular, convex. Source: Originally isolated from Chem-
Agar slant: Growth moderate, gra}^ nitz tap water; also isolated from meat,
filiform, butyrous. fish, soil and water.
Nutrient broth: Turbid. Habitat: Apparently widely distributed
Litmus milk: Unchanged. in water and foodstuffs.
Potato: Light tan, slimy growth.
Indole not produced. 8. Achromobacter cycloclastes (Gray
Hydrogen sulfide produced in small and Thornton, 1928) Bergey et al., 1930.
amounts on lead acetate agar. {Bacterium cycloclastes Gray and Thornton,
Acid from glucose. No acid or gas pro- Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 73, 1928, 89; Bergey
duced from other carbohydrates. Sguros et al., Manual, 3rd ed., 1930, 212.)
and Hartsell (Jour. Bact., 64, 1952, 811) cy.clo.clas'tes. Gr. noun cyclus a ring;
report that the dissimilation of glucose is Gr. adj. clastus broken; M.L. noun cyclo-
predominately aerobic in nature. clastes a ring breaker.
Starch not hydrolyzed. Rods, 1.0 to 1.5 by 1.5 to 8.0 microns.
Motile by means of 1 to 12 peritrichous Hydrogen sulfide not produced on lead

flagella. Gram-negative. acetate agar.
Gelatin colonies: Circular, white, raised, No action on carbohydrates.
smooth, glistening, entire. Starch not hj^drolyzed.
Gelatin stab: No liquefaction. Nail-head Methyl red test negative.
growth. Acetylmethjicarbinol not produced.
Agar colonies: Circular to amoeboid, Citrate not utilized.
white, flat to convex, smooth, glistening, Nitrites produced from nitrates.
translucent with opaque center, entire. Ammonia not produced from peptone.
Agar slant: Filiform, pale buff, raised, Urease not produced.
smooth, glistening, undulate growth. Trimethylamine oxide not reduced.
Broth: Turbid. Non-hemolytic.
Litmus milk: Unchanged. Pathogenicity: Not lethal to white mice
No acid from carbohydrate media. when injected in massive doses. Does not
Starch not hydrolyzed. produce soft rot on carrots, potatoes or
Nitrites produced from nitrates. turnips.
Attacks phenol and naphthalene. Aerobic, facultative.
Aerobic, facultative. Optimum temperature, 25° C. Growth
Optimum temperature, between 30° and range, 10° Originally
to 30° C. isolated from air; also
35° C. Source:
Source: Three cultures were isolated isolated from water, cabbage, meat and
from soil. soil.
Habitat: Soil. Habitat: Presumably widely distributed
in water, soil and foodstuffs.
9. Achromobacter pestifer (Frankland
and Frankland, 1888) Bergey et al., 1923. 10. Achromobacter superficialis (Jor-
{Bacillus pestifer G. and P. Frankland, dan, 1890) Bergey et al., 1923. (Bacillus
Philosoph. Trans. Roy. Soc, London, B, superficialis Jordan, Report Mass. State
178, 1888, 277; Bergey et al.. Manual, 1st Bd. of Health, 1890, 833; Bergey et al..
ed., 1923, 140.) Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 144.)
pes'ti.fer. L. noun pestis plague, pes- su.per.fi.ci.a'lis. L. adj. superficialis
tilence; L. v. fero to carry; M.L. adj. superficial.
pestifer plague-carrying. Original description supplemented by
Description prepared by Dr. J. M. Rush, Bergey {loc. cit.) from his private notes.
Clemson Agricultural College, Clemson, Rods, 1.0 by 2.2 microns, occurring singly
South Carolina, from the original descrip- (Jordan). Motile by means of peritrichous
tion by Frankland and Frankland, from flagella. Gram-negative (Bergey).
the emended description of Bergey et al. Gelatin colonies: Small, circular, gray,
{loc. cit.), and from a study of 102 freshly translucent.
isolated cultures. Gelatin stab: Scant surface growth. Slow
Rods, 1.0 by 2.3 microns, occurring singly liquefaction.
and occasionally in chains. Motile by means Agar slant: Limited, graj', filiform
of peritrichous flagella. Gram-negative. growth. Abundant growth (Steinhaus,
Gelatin colonies: Gray, smooth, irregular. Jour. Bact., 4^, 1941, 771).
Gelatin stab: No liquefaction. Broth: Slightly turbid.
Agar colonies: Circular, convex, smooth, Litmus milk: No change; later becomes
translucent. slightly acid.
Agar slant: Growth moderate, filiform, Potato: No growth (Jordan). Limited
butyrous, smooth. growth (Bergey).
Nutrient broth: Turbid; thin pellicle. Indole not produced (Bergey).
Litmus milk: Unchanged. Of 19 amino acids tested, none was re-
Potato: Gray, filiform growth. quired for growth; preformed growth
Indole not produced. factors also were not required (Campbell
and Williams, Food Research, 16, 1951a, convex with slightly raised margin, smooth;
506) . lobate edge.
Ammonium chloride and the 19 amino Agar slant: Moderate, beaded, glistening,
acids which were tested may serve as sources opalescent growth with no pigment.
of nitrogen; the amino acids (except alanine Sea-water broth: Moderate turbidity;
and aspartic acid) may also be utilized as viscid sediment; no pellicle or ring.
carbon sources (Campbell and Williams, Fresh-water broth: No visible growth.
loc. cit.). Litmus milk: No visible change. Casein
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. not digested.
Trimethylamine not produced from tri- Potato: No visible growth.
methylamine oxide, betaine, choline or Indole not produced.
acetyl choline (Campbell and Williams, Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Jour. Bact., 62, .1951b, 250). No acid or gas from glucose, lactose,
Inorganic sulfur may serve as a source of maltose, sucrose, mannitol, glycerol, xylose
sulfur (Campbell and Williams, op. cit., or salicin.
1951a, 506). Starch not hydrolyzed.
Aerobic, facultative. Non -lipolytic.
Optimum temperature, between 25° and Nitrites slowly produced from nitrates.
30° C. Ammonia produced from peptone but not
Source: Sewage. Gibbons (Contrib. to from urea.
Canadian Biol, and Fish., 8, 1934, 279) Aerobic, facultative (poor anaerobic
reports this species as occurring in the slime growth).
and feces of the cod {Gadus callarias) and
25°Optimum
dogfish (Sqîalus acanthias). An organism
apparently identical with this species has Source: Isolated from sea water, marine
been found by Steinhaus (op. cit., 1941, mud and marine phytoplankton.
764) in the intestines of beetle larvae Habitat: Sea water.
{Urographus fasciata DeG.).
Habitat: Presumably widely distributed 12. Achromobacter butyri Bergey et
in nature. al., 1923. (Micrococcus butyri-aromafaciens
Keith, The Technology Quarterly, 10, 1897,
11. Achroinobacter stenohalis ZoBell 247; Bergey et al., Manual, 1st ed., 1923,
and Upham, 1944. (ZoBell and Upham, Bull. 148; Acinetobacter butyri Brisou and Prevot,
Scripps Inst, of Oceanography, Univ. of Ann. Inst. Past., 86, 1954, 727.)
Calif., 5, 1944, 257; Acinetobacter stenohalis bu'ty.ri. Gr. noun butyrum butter; M.L.
Brisou and Prevot, Ann. Inst. Past., 86, gen.noun butyri of butter.
1954, 727.) Rods, 0.5 to 1.0 micron, nearly spherical,
ste.no.ha'lis. Gr. adj. stenus narrow; occurring singly and in pairs. Non-motile.
hals, halis salt; M.L. gen.noun stenohalis of Gram-negative.
narrow salt (tolerance). Gelatin colonies: White, circular, smooth,
Rods, 0.8 to 0.9 by 0.8 to 1.6 microns, glistening.
occurring singly, in pairs and in short Gelatin stab: White surface growth;
chains. Non-motile. Encapsulated. Gram- liquefaction with white sediment.
negative. Agar slant: Abundant, white, glistening
All media except the fresh-water broth,
litmus milk and potato were prepared with growth.
Broth: Turbid, with ring and sediment.
sea water. Litmus milk: Reaction unchanged. Aro-
Gelatin colonies: 1 mm in diameter, matic odor.
whitish, circular, convex, entire. No pig- Potato: Slow and limited, white growth.
ment. Of 19 amino acids tested, none was re-
Gelatin stab: Very slow, crateriform quired for growth; preformed growth fac-
liquefaction. Napiform in 50 days. tors also were not required (Campbell and
Agar colonies: Small, circular, opalescent. Williams, Food Research, 16, 1951b, 506).
Ammonium chloride and the 19 amino Inorganic sulfur may serve as a source of
acids which were tested may serve as sulfur (Campbell and Williams, op. cit.,
sources of nitrogen; the amino acids may 1951a, 506).
also be utilized as carbon sources (Campbell Aerobic, facultative.
and Williams, op. cit., 1951a, 506). Innocuous when fed to bees. Not patho-
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. genic when inoculated subcutaneously in
rabbits.
Trimethylamine not produced from tri-
methylamine oxide, betaine, choline or Source: Occurs as a secondary invader
acetyl choline (Campbell and Williams, in European foulbrood of bees.
Jour. Bact., 62, 1951a, 250). Habitat: Unknown.
Inorganic sulfur may serve as a source of
sulfur (Campbell and Williams, loc. cit.). 14. Achromobacter delmarvae Smart,
Aerobic, facultative. 1932. (Jour. Bact., 23, 1932, 41; also see
Optimum temperature, 25° C. Jour. Agr. Research, 51, 1935, 363; Acineto-
Habitat: Milk. bacter delmarvae Brisou and Prdvot, Ann.
Inst. Past., 86, 1954, 727.)
13. Achromobacter eurydice (White, del.mar'vae. M.L. gen. noun delmarvae of
1912) Bergey et al., 1925. {Bacterium eury- Delmarva; named for Delmarva, the name
dice White, U. S. Dept. of Agr., Bur. of given to an area comprising portions of the
Entomol., Circ. 157, 1912, 3, and U. S. states of Delaware, Maryland and Virginia.
Dept. of Agr. Bull. 810, 1920, 15; Bergey et Short rods which average 0.75 by 1.5
al., Manual, 2nd ed., 1925, 170; Acineto- microns; rounded ends; occur singly, in
bacter eurydice Brisou and Pr^vot, Ann. pairs and in short chains. Non-motile.
Inst. Past., 86, 1954, 727.) Gram-negative.
eu.ry'di.ce. Gr. fem.n. Eurydice the wife Gelatin colonies: Similar to agar colonies.
of Orpheus. Gelatin stab: Scant growth. No lique-
Small, slender rods with slightly rounded faction.
ends; occur singly and in pairs. Non-motile. Beef -infusion agar colonies: Small, cir-
Gram-negative. cular, raised, glistening, translucent, blu-
Gelatin stab : A bluish gray growth occurs ish white, amorphous; margin entire; edges
along the line of inoculation. No liquefac- smooth.
tion. Agar stab: Abundant growth. Surface
Glucose agar colonies: Bluish gray, cir- growth round, smooth, glistening, bluish
cular, smooth glistening, entire. white, raised. Filiform growth the whole
Broth: Uniform turbidity with viscid length of stab, but growth best at top.
sediment. Agar slant: Abundant, filiform, raised,
Potato: Slight, grayish growth. glistening, smooth, translucent, bluish
Litmus milk: Unchanged. white growth; no odor; old cultures slightly
Acid from glucose, but little or no action viscid. Medium unchanged.
on other carbohydrates. Nutrient broth: Turbid. Delicate, white
Of 19 amino acids tested, none was re- pellicle. Sediment abundant, white, slightly
quired for growth; preformed growth fac- stringy. No odor. Color of medium un-
tors also were not required (Campbell and changed.
Williams, Food Research, 16, 1951a, 506). Sterile milk: Slow growth. No peptoniza-
Ammonium chloride and the 19 amino tion. Coagulation in 12 to 14 days. Milk
acids which were tested may serve as sources turns chocolate-brown beginning at top.
of nitrogen; the amino acids may also be Litmus milk: Acid, with reduction of
utilized as carbon sources (Campbell and litmus in 5 days. Coagulation, with return
Williams, loc. cit.). of pink color in 12 to 14 days. Browning of
Trimethylamine not produced from tri- medium.
methylamine oxide, betaine, choline or Potato: Abundant, grayish white, glisten-
acetyl choline (Campbell and Williams, ing, smooth, raised growth. Medium changes
Jour. Bact., 6.?, 1951b, 250). from white to smoke-gray.
Indole not produced. Banning, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 8, 1902,

Hydrogen sulfide not produced. 396 and 565.)
Acid but no gas from glucose, lactose, par'vu.lus. L. dim. adj. parvulus very
glycerol and mannitol. Alkaline reaction small,
and no gas from sucrose. Very small rods, 0.1 to 0.2 by 0.3 to 0.5
Nitrites produced from nitrates in 7 days micron. Non-motile. Gram-negative,
at 26° C. Gelatin plate: Punctiform colonies. No
Ammonia not produced. liquefaction.
Diastatic action weak. Agar plate: Punctiform colonies.
Optimum pH, 7.0. Grows poorly in liquid media.
Temperature relations: Optimum, 26° C. Indole not produced.
Good growth up to 31° C. Very slight growth No acid from glucose, lactose, sucrose,
at 37° and at —8° C. glycerol or ethanol in either liquid or solid
Facultative anaerobe. media.
Source: Isolated from fresh strawberries Starch not digested,
from Delaware, Maryland and Virginia. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Habitat: Unknown. Optimum temperature, 25° C.
Strictly aerobic.
15. Achromobacter parvulus (Conn, Distinctive character: Causes strong
1922) Breed, comb. nov. (Culture B, Conn volatilization of ammonia from a mixture
and Collison, New York Agr. Exp. Sta. of horse manure and urine.
Bull. 494, 1922, 12; Bacterium parvulum Source: Isolated from manure.
Conn, ibid., 26; not Bacterium parvulum Habitat: Soil.
Genus III. Flavobacterium Bergey et al., 1923.*

(Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 97.)
Fla.vo.bac.te'ri.um. L. &di.flavus yellow; Gr. dim.neut.n. bacterium a small rod; M.L.
neut.n. Flavobacterium a yellow bacterium.
Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria. Motile by means of peritrichous flagella or non-
motile. Characteristically produce yellow, orange, red, or yellow-brown pigmentation,
the hue often depending upon the nutrient medium. Some strains produce only a gray-
yellow pigmentation on peptone meat-extract agar, but these have a more pronounced
pigmentation on other media, e.g., nutrient gelatin, potato or litmus milk agar. Pigments
are not soluble in the medium, and those which have been studied are carotenoid in nature.
Commonly proteolytic. Fermentative metabolism usually is not conspicuous; acid re-
actions commonh' do not develop from carbohydrates when available nitrogen-containing
organic compounds are in the medium. Gas is not produced from carbohydrates according
to the usual cultural tests. Nutritional requirements usually are not complex. Aerobic
to facultatively anaerobic. Occur in water and soil. Some species are pathogenic.
The type species is Flavobacterium aquaiile (Frankland and Frankland) Bergey et al.
Key to the species of genus Flavobacterium.
I. Non-motile.
A. Produce a pigmentation which varies with the cultural conditions.
1. Litmus milk modified. Gelatin liquefied.
a. Litmus milk peptonized. Yellow to orange pigmentation produced on potato,
b. Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Litmus milk slowly peptonized. No
growth at 37° C.
1. Flavobacterium aquatile.
* Prepared by Prof. Owen B. Weeks, Agricultural Experiment Station, University of

Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, and Prof. Robert S. Breed, Cornell University, Geneva, New York,
October, 1954.
bb. Nitrites produced from nitrates. Litmus milk rapidly peptonized. Growth
at 37° C.
2. Flavobacterium fucatum.*
aa. Litmus milk not peptonized. Yellow or orange pigmentation produced on
potato,
b. Orange pigmentation produced on potato. Soft curd develops in litmus
milk; no change in reaction,
c. Yellow-gray growth on nutrient agar.
3. Flavobacterium ferrugineum.
cc. Orange growth on nutrient agar.
4. Flavobacterium arbor escens.
bb. Yellow pigmentation on potato. Litmus milk becomes slightly acid.
5. Flavobacterium balustinum.*
2. Litmus milk not modified. Gelatin not liquefied.
6. Flavobacterium solar e.
B. Produce a yellow pigmentation which shows no pronounced change under various
cultural conditions.
L Fresh-water forms or marine forms described from growth in media prepared with
fresh water; do not require salt for growth.*
a. Litmus milk modified. Gelatin liquefied.
b. Litmus milk becomes alkaline. Abundant growth on potato.
7. Flavobacterium lutescens.
bb. Litmus milk becomes slightly acid. Scant growth on potato.
8. Flavobacterium dormitator.*
aa. Litmus milk not modified. Gelatin not liquefied.
b. Grows on potato.
9. Flavobacterium ■peregrinum.
bb. Does not grow on potato.
10. Flavobacteriiim breve.
2. Marine form which requires at least 3 per cent salt in media and which grows
abundantly in media containing as much as 24 per cent salt.
11. Flavobacterium hahnephilum.
II. Motile.
A. Produce a pigmentation which varies with the cultural conditions.
1. Fresh -water forms or marine forms described from growth in media prepared with
fresh water.*
a. Litmus milk modified.
b. Orange to rust-colored growth on potato.
12. Flavobacterium rhenanum.
bb. Yellow^ growth on potato.
13. Flavobacterium harrisonii.
aa. Litmus milk not modified.
b. White to red-yellow growth on nutrient agar. Scant growth on potato and
nutrient agar.
14. Flavobacterium diffusum*
bb. Light yellow to brown growth on nutrient agar. Abundant growth on
potato and nutrient agar.
15. Flavobacterium rig
* The marine bacteria studied by Harrison had their cultural properties established using
media prepared with fresh water. These forms have been arranged with the non-marine
species.
FAMILY III. ACHKOMOBACTERACEAE 311
2. Marine forms which have been described from growth in media prepared with
sea water.*
a. Acid from glucose in nutrient broth.
b. Yellow growth on nutrient agar; orange growth on gelatin.
16. Flavobacterium halohydrium.
bb. Buff to yellow growth on nutrient agar; faint yellow growth on gelatin.
17. Flavobacterium neptunium.
aa. No acid from glucose in nutrient broth.
18. Flavobacterium okeanokoites .
19. Flavobacterium marinovirosum.
B. Produce a pigmentation which shows no pronounced change under various cultural
conditions.
1. Fresh-water forms or marine forms described from growth in media prepared with
fresh water.*
a. Litmus milk modified.
b. Litmus milk peptonized and becomes alkaline. Gelatin liquefied,
c. Indole produced. Pigmentation yellow.
20. Flavobacteriiim suaveolens.
cc. Indole not produced. Pigmentation amber-3-ellow.
21. Flavobacterium marinum*
bb. Litmus milk becomes slightly acid. Gelatin not liquefied.
22. Flavobacterium lactis.
aa. Litmus milk not modified.
23. Flavobacterium devorans.
24. Flavobacterium invisibile.
2. Marine forms which have been described from growth in media prepared with
sea water.
a. Grows in litmus milk. Pigmentation yellow.
25. Flavobacterium marinotypicum.
aa. Does not grow in litmus milk. Pigmentation bright orange.
26. Flavobacterium piscicida.
1. Flavobacterium aquatile (Frank- Rods, 0.5 to 0.7 by 1.0 to 3.0 microns,

land and Frankland, 1889) Bergey et al., approaching coccobacillary form in young
1923. (Bacillus aguatilis G. and P. Frank- cultures; filamentous forms, 10 to 40 microns
land, Ztschr. f. Hyg., 6, 1889, 381; Flavobac- long, occur in liquid or on solid media. Non-
terium aquatilis (sic) Bergej" et al.. Manual, motile. Gram-negative.
1st ed., 1923, 100.) Gelatin: Giant colonies irregular, mucoid
a.qua'ti.le. L. adj. aquatilis living in and uniformly raised with a conspicuous
water. center. Yellow, becoming orange. Limited
Description prepared by Prof. Owen B. liquefaction.
Weeks (see Jour. Bact., 69, 1955, 649) from Agar colonies: Smooth, 1 to 3 mm in
a study of Culture F36 (ATCC 11947) diameter, entire, glistening, transparent,
isolated from water by Dr. E. Windle light yellow becoming brownish yellow. At
Taylor, Metropolitan Water Board, Lon- 10° C., or when there is abundant growth,
don, England, from the same deep wells in red components are most conspicuous,
chalk that were studied by the Franklands. Where sucrose is added to the agar, the
* See footnote on preceding page.

growth becomes more mucoid without an number of cultural properties which, when
increase in pigmentation. combined, serve to differentiate the species.
Agar slants: Growth moderate, mucoid, These properties are yellow pigmentation
glistening, transparent, filiform. An in- becoming yellow-brown or orange, slow
crease in organic nitrogen-containing com- growth and poor survival on meat-extract-
pounds causes growth to become non- peptone media, inability to reduce nitrates
mucoid, opaque, wrinkled and adherent. to nitrites and failure to grow at 37° C. and
Frequent transfers are necessary for under anaerobic conditions.
survival. Source: Isolated from the water of deep
Proteose peptone (2 per cent) agar: wells in the chalk region of Kent, England,
Gray-yellow growth. where it occurred as a practically pure cul-
Broth: Faintly turbid. ture. Found abundantly and reisolated by
Litmus milk: Litmus reduced; j'ellow Taylor, 1941, from the same source (personal
communication) .
surface ring; no acid in 7 days at 20° to
25° C.; casein slowly digested (14 to 20 Habitat: Found in water containing a
days) . high percentage of calcium carbonate.
Potato: Growth scant to moderate, white
to faint yellow at 20° to 25° C.; potato 2. Flavobacterium fucatutn Harrison,
darkens and pigment becomes bright orange 232.)
1929. (Canadian Jour, of Research, 1, 1929,
at 10° C.
Indole not produced. fu.ca'tum. L. adj. fucatus colored,
Hydrogen sulfide production slight.
Glycerol, xylose, arabinose, glucose, painted.
fructose, galactose, mannose, cellobiose, slightly bent with rounded ends. Granular
sucrose, maltose, lactose and raffinose are
with diphtheroid forms at 37° C. Non-mo-
utilized as principal carbon sources under tile. Gram-negative.
aerobic conditions; ethanol, sodium citrate, Gelatin colonies: Circular, 3cllow, en-
dextrin, starch, dulcitol, mannitol and tire, paler at edges.
salicin are not utilized under these condi- Gelatin stab: Crateriform liquefaction.
tions. Agar colonies: Circular, buff -yellow,
Glucose and ammonium chloride usually smooth, shiny, convex to pulvinate, granu-
do not support growth when used as the lar, entire.
sources of carbon and nitrogen. Agar slant: Moderate, light buff -yellow,
Acid from glucose, galactose, mannose, spreading, shiny, smooth growth.
sucrose and maltose when included in semi- Ammonium phosphate agar: Good growth
synthetic media, agar slants or broths (acid in 6 days.
reactions not detectable with indicators in Broth: Turbid, becoming clear; pellicle
peptone-beef-extract-containing media) . and yellow sediment.
Optimum pH, between 7.2 and 7.4. Litmus milk: Alkaline. Peptonized.
Growth between pH 6.5 and 7.8. Final pH Clear serum. Yellow sediment.
of unbuffered 1 per cent glucose broth, 5.9;
Potato: Growth abundant, pale buff-
if peptone-beef-extract is also present in
the broth, the final pH is 6.5. yellow, smooth, spreading, becoming or-
Acetylmethj'lcarbinol not produced. ange-yellow.
Methyl red test negative.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Hj'drogen sulfide not produced.
No acid from glucose, lactose or sucrose.
Urease-negative.
Catalase-positive. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Aerobic. Traces of ammonia produced.
Temperature relations: Growth range, Loeffler's blood serum not liquefied.
10° to 30° C. No growth at 37° C. Light buff-yellow growth becoming ochra-
Distinctive characters: Differs from other ceus salmon.
non-motile species of Flavohacterium by a Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
Optimum temperature, between 20° and Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.

25° C. Distinctive character: Decomposes the
Source: Repeatedly isolated from living non-t}'pe-specific carbohydrate obtained
halibut obtained at 30 to 50 fathoms, Pacific from a degraded type I pneumococcus.
Ocean. Also isolated by Gibbons (Contrib. Source: Several strains were isolated
to Canadian Biol, and Fish., 8, 1934, 279) from swamps and other uncultivated soils.
from cod (Gadus callarias) and dogfish Habitat: Soil.
(Squalus acanthias) .
Habitat: Found on the skin of sea fish. 4. Flavobacterium arborescens (Frank-
land and Frankland, 1889) Bergey et al.,
3. Flavobacterium ferrugineum Sick- 1923. {Bacillus arborescens Frankland and
les and Shaw, 1934. (Jour. Bact., 28, 1934, Frankland, Ztschr. f. Hyg., 6, 1889, 379;
421.) also see Tils, Ztschr. f. Hyg., 9, 1890, 312;
fer.ru. gi'ne.um. L. adj. ferrugineus and Wright, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., 7, 1894,
resembling iron rust. 446, var. a and b; Bergey et al.. Manual,
Small, slender rods, less than 0.5 by 0.7 1st ed., 1923, 113.)
to 1.0 micron, occurring singly and in pairs. ar.bo.res'cens. L. part. adj. arborescens
Non-motile. Gram-negative. becoming tree-like.
Gelatin: Liquefaction in one week at Rods, 0.5 by 2.5 microns, occurring singly
37° C.; at room temperature liquefaction and in chains. Long, wavy threads are
slower, napiform; j'ellow sediment along formed in broth. Non-motile (Frankland
line of puncture. and Frankland). Gram-negative (Zimmer-
Blood agar colonies: Dull, rust-colored, mann, Bakt. unserer Trink- u. Nutzwiisser,
1 mm in diameter, round, entire, umbilicate, 2, 1894, 20).
rather dry. Gelatin colonies: Colonies at first fila-
Agar colonies: Similar to blood agar mentous and branching as seen under low
colonies but yellowish gray in color. magnification. Center becomes yellowish
Blood agar slants: Moderate, rust- and the border becomes translucent and
colored, rather dry growth. arborescent.
Agar slants: Growth verj' slight, thin, Gelatin stab: Liquefaction with yellow
yellowish graj'. deposit.
Beef -infusion broth: No growth. Agar slant: Slow, dirty orange growth.
Beef extract broth: Moderate, even tur- Broth: Turbid; yellow sediment; no
bidity. Adding non-type-specific carbo-
hydrate (pneumococcus) results in a heavier pellicle.
Litmus milk: Slow coagulation; litmus
growth with yellow sediment. reduced. Reaction neutral (Wright, op.
Litmus milk: Soft curd (2 weeks); slight cit., 1894, 447).
reduction of litmus; no change in reaction. Potato: Deep orange, luxuriant growth.
Potato: Moderate growth, bright orange No growth in nitrate solution; nitrites
in color. Potato darkened. not produced.
Acid but no gas from glucose, lactose, Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
sucrose, maltose, dextrin and inulin; very
slight action on mannitol; no action on Optimum temperature,
Ravenel (Mem. 30° C.Sci., 8, 1896,
Nat. Acad.
salicin. 39) reports a non-liquefying strain of this
Verj' active hydrolysis of starch. species. This may have been Flavobacterium
Limits of growth: Optimum pH, between solare Lehmann and Neumann.
7.0 and 7.5. Minimum, 6.5. Maximum, 9.0. Source: Isolated from river and lake
Temperature relations: Optimum, be- water.
tween 35° and 37° C. Minimum, 22° C. Habitat: Water.
Maximum, 39° C. Thermal death point,
52° C. for 10 minutes. Enzyme produced by 5. Flavobacterium balustinum Har-
strain against pneumococcus carbohj^drate rison, 1929. (Canadian Jour, of Research,
withstands 56° C. foi 10 minutes. 1, 1929, 234.)
bal.us.ti'num. Etymology uncertain. Potato: Dull white growth becoming

Rods, 0.6 by 2.0 to 4.0 microns, forming
short chains. Non-motile. Gram-negative. yellow.
Gelatin colonies: Circular, bright yellow Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
center, entire. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Gelatin stab: Liquefaction. Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
Agar colonies: Punctiform, cadmium- Optimum temperature, 30° C.
3êllow, convex, shiny, transparent. Distinctive character: Resembles Flavo-
Agar slant: Egg-yolk-yellow, semi-trans- bacterium arborescens Bergey et al. in type
parent streak, smooth, shiny, becoming of growth.
brownish yellow. Source: Isolated from Wiirzburg tap
Ammonium phosphate agar: Slight, yel- water. Gibbons (Contrib. to Canadian Biol,
low growth. and Fish., 8, 1934, 279) reports this species
Broth: Turbid with jêllow sediment. as occurring in the slime of a skate (Raja
Litmus milk: Slightly acid with jêllow erinacea) and of a hake (Urophrjcis tenuis).
sediment. Habitat: Found in fresh and salt water.
Potato: Scant, jêllow growth.
Indole not produced. 7. Flavobacterium lutescens (Migula,
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. 1900) Bergey et al., 1923. (Bacillo giallo,
Faint acid from glucose. No action on Lustig, Diagnostica dei batteri delle acque,
lactose or sucrose. Torino, 1890, 91; also see translation of
Nitrites produced from nitrates in trace 2nd ed. by Teuscher, Diagnostik der Bak-
amounts. terien des Wassers, 1893, 78; Bacterium
Ammonia not produced. lutescens Migula, Syst. d. Bakt., 2, 1900,
114.) Bergey et al.. Manual, 1st ed., 1923,
476;
Loeffler's blood serum: Not liquefied.
Egg-yolk-like growth.
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. lu.tes'cens. L. part. adj. lutescens becom-
Optimum temperature, between 20° and ing muddy.
25° C. Rods, 0.5 by 0.95 micron, occurring
Source: Isolated from living halibut singly and in pairs. Non-motile. Gram-nega-
obtained at 30 to 50 fathoms. Pacific Ocean. tive.
Habitat: Found on the skins of fishes. Gelatin colonies: Circular, yellow, lobate.
Gelatin stab: Slow liquefaction.
6. Flavobacterium solare (Lehmann Agar slant: Growth pale yellow, becom-
and Neumann, 1896) Bergey et al., 1923. ing golden yellow.
(Bacterium solare Lehmann and Neumann, Broth: Turbid.
Bakt. Diag., 1 Aufl., 2, 1896, 258; Bergey et Litmus milk: Alkaline.
al., Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 116.) Potato: Lu.xuriant, golden yellow growth.
so.la're. L. adj. Solaris of the sun, solar, Indole not produced.
with rays. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Rods, 0.3 to 0.4 micron in width, forming Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
short or long, strongly twisted threads.
Non-motile. Gram-negative. 35° C.
Gelatin colonies: Circular, yellow, glis- Source: Isolated from water. Gibbons
tening, translucent; projecting rays. (Contrib. to Canadian Biol, and Fish., 8,
Gelatin stab: Yellow, arborescent growth 1934, 279) reports this species as occurring
in stab. No liquefaction. Surface growth is in the slime of the cod (Gadus callarias).
lemon-yellow. Habitat: Found in fresh and salt water.
Agar slant: Pale yellow, raised, arbores-
cent growth. 8. Flavobacterium dormitator (Wright,
Broth: Clear. No gas from sugar broths. 1895) Bergey et al., 1923. {Bacillus dormita-
Litmus milk: Unchanged. tor Wright, Memoirs Nat. Acad. Sci., 7,
316
FAMILY III. ACimOMOBACTERACEAE
1895, 442; Bergey et al., Manual, 1st ed., Gelatin colonies: Circular, entire, jêllow;
1923, 115.) radial grooves.
dor.mi.ta'tor. L. noun dunnitator a Gelatin stab: Yellow surface growth; no
sleeper, a sluggard. growth in the stab. No liquefaction.
Original description supplemented by Nutrient agar colonies: Mucoid, yellow,
material taken from Harrison (Canadian shiny; hyaline margins.
Jour, of Research, 1, 1929, 233), whose cul- Glucose agar: Slowly developing yellow
tures differed in some particulars from
growth.
Nutrient broth: Turbid with a white
Wright's.
Rods with conical ends, occurring singly, sediment.
in pairs and in chains. Non-motile. Gram- Litmus milk: Unchanged.
negative (Harrison). Potato: Yellow streak.
Gelatin colonies: Small, yellow, slightly Indole not produced.
granular. Liquefaction. No acid or gas from glucose, sucrose,
Gelatin stab: Infundibuliform liquefac- lactose, glycerol or mannitol in nutrient
tion; yellow sediment. broth.
Agar slant: Yellow, glistening, translu- Starch not hydrolj-zed.
cent growth. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Ammonium phosphate agar: Slight, yel- Slow development in a mineral, glucose
low growth.
Broth: Turbid with slight pellicle and Aerobic.
agar.
yellow sediment. Distinctive characters: Resembles Flavo-
Litmus milk: Slightly acid; litmus re- baclerium breve Bergey et al. culturally.
duced. Harrison reports no reduction. The herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic
Potato: Slight, transparent, yellow acid is utilized as a sole source of carbon in
growth. an otherwise inorganic medium. Destroys
Indole not produced (Harrison) . 2,4-D in the soil, presumably by opening the
Acid from glucose, sucrose, glycerol and benzene ring.
mannitol. Xo acid from lactose, rafRnose or Source: Isolated in Germany from soil-
inulin (Harrison). enrichment cultures containing 2,4-D.
Nitrites produced from nitrates in trace Habitat: Found in soil.
amounts (Harrison).
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. 10. Flavobacteriuni breve (Lustig, 1890)
Optimum temperature, 30° C. Bergey et al., 1923. (Der kurze Canalbacil-
Source: Originally isolated from fresh lus, Mori, Ztschr. f. Hyg., 4, 1888, 53;
water at Philadelphia. Later isolated by Bacillus canalis parvus Eisenberg, Bakt.
Harrison {loc. cit.) from the skin of halibut Diag., 1891, 362; Bacillus brevis Lustig,
taken from the Pacific Ocean off Canada. Diagnostica dei batteri delle acque, Torino,
Gibbons (Contrib. to Canadian Biol, and 1890, 52; Bacterium canale Mez, Mikro-
Fish., 8, 1934, 279) reports this species as skopische Wasseranalyse, Berlin, 1898, 55;
occurring in the slime of a haddock {Mel- Flavobacteriuni brevis (sic) Bergey et al.,
anogrammus aeglefinus) . Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 116.)
Habitat: Found in fresh and salt water. bre've. L. adj. brevis short.
Rods, 0.8 to 1.0 by 2.5 microns, showing
9. Flavobacteriuin peregriniim Stapp polar staining. Non-motile. Gram-negative.
and Spicher, 1954. (Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., Gelatin colonies: Minute, pale yellow,
108, 1954, 113.) compact growth in 2 to 3 weeks.
per.e.gri'num. L. adj. peregrimis strange, Gelatin stab: Thin, j-ellowish growth on
foreign. the surface in 3 weeks. Beaded growth in
Straight rods, 0.5 to 0.8 by 2.4 microns, stab. No liquefaction.
occurring singly and in pairs. Non-motile. Agar slant: Yellowish growth in 2 to 3
Gram-negative. days.
Broth: Turbid with white sediment. Source: Isolated from the water of the
Blood serum: Light graj^-colored growth Dead Sea.
in 2 to 3 days. Habitat: Found in places where the salt
Litmus milk: Action not recorded. content of water is high.
Potato: No growth.
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. 12. Flavobacteriiuii rhenaniim (Mi-
Optimum temperature, 35° C. gula, 1900) Bergey et al., 1948. (Burri's
Pathogenic for laboratory animals. Rhine water bacillus, Frankland and Frank-
Source : Found constantly in Berlin drain land, Microorganisms in Water, 1894, 483;
water. Bacillus rhenanus Migula, Syst. d. Bakt.,
Habitat: Sewage. 2, 1900, 713; Flavobacterium rhenanus (sic)
Bergey et al.. Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 433.)
11. Flavobacterium halmephiluin Ela- rhe.na'num. L. adj. rhenanus pertaining
zari-Volcani, 1940. (Studies on the Micro- to the Rhine.
flora of the Dead Sea. Thesis. Hebrew Original description supplemented by
Univ., Jerusalem, 1940, VIII and 85.) Bergey {loc. cit.) from his private notes as
hal.me'phi.lum. Gr. noun halme brine, indicated; Steinhaus (Jour. Bact., ^2, 1941,
sea water; Gr. adj. philus loving; M.L. adj. 762 and 772) apparently found the same
halinephilus sea-water-loving. organism and has added other characters.
Rods, 0.5 to 0.6 by 0.7 to 2.0 microns, Rods, 0.7 by 2.5 to 3.5 microns, with
occurring singly and in pairs; morphology rounded ends, occurring singly and in chains
and size unchanged as salt concentrations (Burri). Motile, possessing peritrichous
vary. Non-motile. Gram-negative. flagella (Bergey). Gram-negative (Bergey).
Gelatin stab (12 per cent salt-1 per cent Gelatin colonies: Convex, colorless,
proteose peptone-15 per cent gelatin) : transparent, becoming yellowish.
Scant growth; no liquefaction after a Gelatin stab: Infundibuliform liquefac-
month. tion.
Agar colonies (12 per cent salt-1 per cent Agar colonies: Small, smooth, convex,
proteose peptone-2 per cent KNO3) : Circu- entire.
lar, smooth, entire, convex, glistening, Agarhaus). slant : Bright yellow growth (Stein-
opaque, yellowish.
Agar slant (12 per cent salt-1 per cent Glycerol agar slant: Thin, shining, honey-
proteose peptone-2 per cent KNO3) : Moder- colored. Growth dry and tough.
ate, hliform, raised, smooth or slightly Broth: Turbid, with orange-colored pel-
rugose, opaque, jêllowish growth. licle and sediment.
Broth (12 per cent salt-1 per cent pep- Litmus milk: Soft coagulum, becoming
tone):Turbid; delicate pellicle or ring and slightly alkaline with yellow ring.
granular, flaky sediment; broth turns Potato: Moist, glistening, thin, flat,
yellowish. orange to rust-colored growth.
Indole not produced. Indole not produced (Bergey) .
No acid or gas from glucose, fructose,
Hydrogen sulfide not produced (Stein-
galactose, mannose, lactose, sucrose, mal- haus).
tose, arabinose, xylose, raffinose, inulin,
Acid from glucose, maltose and sucrose
dextrin, glycerol, mannitol or salicin.
but not from lactose (Steinhaus).
Nitrites produced from nitrates in trace Starch not hydrolyzed (Steinhaus) .
amounts. Nitrites produced from nitrates (Bergey).
Aerobic. Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
Optimum temperature, 30° C. Optimum temperature, 30° C.
Salt tolerance: Halotolerant, not grow- Source : Isolated from Rhine River water
ing in 0.5 per cent salt, but growing strongly (Burri). From water (Bergey). From eggs
in 3 to 24 per cent and moderately in 30 per in the ovary of a walking stick {Diaphero-
cent salt and in Dead Sea water. mera femorata Say) (Steinhaus) .
Habitat: Presumably widely distributed and in chains. Motile, possessing peritrich-

in nature. ous flagella. Gram-negative (Harrison).
Gelatin colonies: Thin, bluish green,
13. Flavobacteriuni harrisonii Bergey spreading, later faint yellow.
et al., 1923. (Variety No. 6, Harrison, Rev. Gelatin stab: Thin, glistening, yellowish
gen. du Lait, 5, 1905, 129; Bacillus lactis green surface growth. Slow, crateriform
harrisonii Conn, Esten and Stocking, Ann. liquefaction.
Rept. Storrs Agr. Exp. Sta., 1906, 169; Agar slant: Thin, light j-ellow, glistening
Bergey et al., Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 104.) growth (Frankland and Frankland); capu-
har.ri.so'ni.i. M.L. gen. noun harrisonii cine-buff (yellow-red-yellow) growth (Har-
of Harrison; named for Prof. F. C. Harrison, rison).
the Canadian bacteriologist who first Broth: Turbid, with greenish yellow sedi-
isolated this species. ment.
Rods, 0.25 to 0.75 by 0.3 to 3.5 microns, Litmus milk: Unchanged (Harrison).
occurring singly and occasionally in short Potato: Thin, smooth, greenish jêllow,
chains. Motile by means of peritrichous glistening growth.
flagella. Gram-negative. Indole not produced (Harrison).
Gelatin colonies: Small, gray, glistening, Slight acid from glucose. No acid from
lobular, citron-yellow, slimy. sucrose or lactose (Harrison).
Gelatin stab: Villous growth in stab. Nitrites produced from nitrates (Harri-
Slow crateriform to napiform liquefaction. son).
Agar slant: Growth luxuriant, viscous, Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
spreading, becoming dirty to brownish
citron-yellow. 30°Optimum
Broth: Turbid, with viscid ring and Source: Originally found in soil. Found
gelatinous sediment; sweetish odor; alka- also by Tataroff (Die Dorpater Wasserbak-
line. terien, Dorpat, 1891, 58) in fresh water and
Litmus milk: Colorless to gray and slimy, by Harrison from the skin of halibut from
becoming yellow, alkaline. both the Atlantic and Pacific shores of
Potato: Luxuriant, yellow, spreading, Canada.
slimy growth. Habitat: Soil, fresh and sea waters.
Glucose, lactose, maltose and sucrose 15. Flavobacteriuni rigense Bergej' et
broths turn alkaline with a disagreeable al., 1923. (Bacillus brunneus rigensis Baza-
odor. Reaction of glycerol broth remains rewski. Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 15, 1905, 1;
neutral. Bergey et al., Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 100.)
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. ri.gen'se. M.L. adj. rigensis pertaining to
Riga; named for Riga, the city where this
Source: Isolated from slimy milk. species was isolated.
Habitat: Unknown. Rods, 0.75 by 1.7 to 2.5 microns, occurring
singly. Motile by means of peritrichous
14. Flavobacteriuni diffusuni (Frank- flagella. Gram-negative.
land and Frankland, 1889) Bergey et al., Gelatin colonies: Circular, entire to undu-
1923. (Bacillus diffusus G. and P. Frankland, late, grayish white, homogeneous.
Ztschr. f. Hyg., 6, 1889, 396; Bergey et al., Gelatin stab: Smooth, j'ellowish surface
growth. Infundibuliform liquefaction.
Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 100.)
Brownish yellow sediment.
dif.fu'sum. L. adj. diffustis spreading, Agar slant: Narrow, whitish streak, be-
diffuse.
coming yellowish brown, spreading. Pig-
Original description supplemented by ment is water- and alcohol -soluble but
Harrison (Canadian Jour. Res., 1, 1929, 233) insoluble in ether.
as indicated. Broth: Turbid with pellicle and brownish
Rods, 0.5 by 1.5 microns, occurring singly sediment. Cells encapsulated.
Litmus milk: Unchanged. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.

Potato: Yellow, spreading growth which Ammonia produced from peptone but not
turns brownish. from urea.
Indole not produced. Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
Acid from glucose in nutrient broth 25°Optimum
(Mindach, Butler University Botanical Source: Isolated from sea water and ma-
Studies, 9, 1949, 21). rine mud.
Nitrites produced from nitrates. Habitat: Sea water.
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
17. Flavobacterium neptunium ZoBell
Optimum temperature, 30° C. Brownish
colors develop best at lower temperatures; and Upham, 1944. (Bull. Scripps Inst, of
Oceanography, Univ. of Calif., 5, 1944, 278.)
orange-yellow colors develop best at 37° C.
Habitat: Soil. nep.tu'ni.um. Gr. adj. neptunius pertain-
ing to Neptune; named for Neptune, mythi-
16. Flavobacterium halohydrium Zo- cal god of the sea.
Bell and Upham, 1944. (Bull. Scripps Inst, Rods, 0.5 to 0.6 by 1.6 to 4.5 microns,
of Oceanography, Univ. of Calif., 5, 1944, occurring singly and in short chains; many
278.) cells are bent rods. Motile by means of long,
ha.lo.hy'dri.um. Gr. noun hals salt; Gr. peritrichous flagella. Gram-negative.
noun hydor water; Gr. dim.noun hydrium a All media except the fresh-water broth,
small quantity of water; M.L. noun halo- litmus milk and potato were prepared with
hydrium (probably intended to mean) salt sea water.
water. Gelatin colonies: Small, circular, darker
Short rods, 0.6 by 0.8 to 1.0 micron, oc- centers, sink in gelatin, faintly yellow.
curring singly. Motile by means of many Gelatin stab: Slow, napiform liquefaction.
peritrichous flagella. Gram-negative. Filiform growth along line of stab.
All media except the fresh-water broth, Agar colonies: 2 mm in diameter, circu-
litmus milk and potato were prepared with lar, smooth, entire, convex, dark centers
sea water. with buff pigment.
Gelatin colonies: Small, circular, orange. Agar slant: Luxuriant, echinulate, glis-
Gelatin stab: Napiform liquefaction be- tening, slightly mucoid growth with buff
coming crateriform. Beaded along line of to yellow pigment. Agar discolored brown.
stab. Sea-water broth: Heavy pellicle; scant
Agar colonies: 2 mm in diameter, pul- turbidity; scant sediment.
vinate, circular, entire, smooth. Fresh-water broth: No visible growth.
Agar slant: Moderate, glistening, echinu- Litmus milk: No visible change.
late, butyrous growth with jêllow pigment. Potato: No visible growth.
Sea-water broth: Yellow surface ring; Indole not produced.
heavy turbidity; moderate, viscid sediment. Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Fresh-water broth: No visible growth. Acid but no gas from glucose, lactose,
Litmus milk: No visible change.
maltose and salicin. Does not ferment gly-
Very poorly tolerant of increases or de- cerol, mannitol, xjdose or sucrose.
creases in salinity.
Starch is hydrolyzed.
Potato: No visible growth.
Casein not hydrolyzed.
Non-lipolytic.
Acid but no gas from glucose, lactose, Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
maltose, sucrose and salicin. Does not fer- Ammonia produced from peptone but not
ment glycerol, mannitol or xylose. from urea.
Starch is hydrolyzed. Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
Casein is hydrolyzed.
25°Optimum
Non-lipolytic.
Source: Isolated from marine bottom de- Inst, of Oceanograph}', Univ. of Calif., 5,
posits. 1944, 271.)
Habitat: Sea water. ma. ri.no. vi.ro 'sum. L. adj. marinus of
the sea; L. adj. virosus slimy; M.L. adj.
18. Flavobacteriiim okeanokoites Zo- marinovirosus probably intended to mean a
Bell and Upham, 1944. (Bull. Scripps Inst, marine slimy organism.
of Oceanography, Univ. of Calif., 5, 1944, Rods, 0.7 to 0.8 by 0.8 to 2.8 microns, with
270.) rounded ends, occurring singly and in long
o.ke.a.no.ko.i'tes. Gr. mas.n. oceanus chains. Motile by means of peritrichous
the ocean; Gr. fem.n. coite, coites bed; M.L. fiagella. Gram-negative.
fem.gen.n. okeanokoites of the ocean bed. All media except the fresh-water broth,
Rods, 0.8 to 0.9 b}^ 1.2 to 1.6 microns, with litmus milk and potato were prepared with
rounded ends, occurring singly and in long sea water.
chains; many cells are coccoid. Motile by Gelatin colonies: Small, circular, raised,
means of peritrichous fiagella. Gram-nega- rust-colored; gelatin slowly digested.
tive. Gelatin stab: Crateriform liquefaction
All media except the fresh-water broth, becoming stratiform. Light orange pigment.
litmus milk and potato were prepared with Agar colonies: 1 to 2 mm, circular, convex,
sea water. entire, smooth.
Gelatin colonies: Small, circular, conve.x, Agar slant: Moderate, filiform, glistening,
entire, rust- or orange-colored; digest gela- mucoid growth with grayish yellow pigment.
tin. Sea-water broth: Heavy turbidity; no
Gelatin stab: Slow, napiform liquefaction; pellicle; abundant, viscid sediment.
j'ellow growth. Fresh-water broth: Good growth.
Agar colonies: 2 mm in diameter, circular, Litmus milk: No visible change.
entire, smooth, convex. Potato: No visible growth.
Agar slant: Moderate, filiform, glistening, Indole not produced.
butyrous growth with yellow pigment. Hydrogen sulfide is produced.
Sea-water broth: No pellicle; moderate Does not ferment ghxerol, glucose, lac-
turbidity; moderate, viscid sediment. tose, maltose, sucrose, mannitol, xylose or
Fresh-water broth: Good growth. salicin.
Litmus milk: No visible change. Starch not hydrolyzed.
Potato: No visible growth. Casein not hydrolyzed.
Indole not produced. Non-lipolytic.
Hydrogen sulfide is produced. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
No acid or gas from glucose, lactose, Ammonia produced from peptone but not
from urea.
maltose, sucrose, glycerol, mannitol, xylose
or salicin. Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
Starch not hydrolyzed. 25°Optimum
Casein is hydrolyzed.
Source: Isolated from sea water and ma-
Non-lipolytic. rine mud.
Nitrites slowly produced from nitrates. Habitat: Sea water.
Ammonia produced from peptone but not
from urea.
20. Flavobaclerium suaveolens Soppe-
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. land, 1924. (Jour. Agr. Res., 28, 1924, 275.)
Optimum temperature, between 20° and sua. ve'o. lens. L. adj. suaveolens having
25° C. a sweet odor.
Source: Isolated from marine mud. Rods, 0.6 to 0.8 by 1.0 to 1.2 microns, with
Habitat: Sea water. rounded ends, occurring singly and in pairs.
Motile by means of peritrichous fiagella.
19. FJavobacterium marinovirosum Gram-negative on plain agar; Gram-posi-
ZoBell and Upham, 1944. (Bull. Scripps tive in young culture on milk powder agar.
Gelatin stab: Rapid, stratiform liquefac- Hydrogen sulfide not produced.

tion. Medium becomes brown. Faint acidity from glucose; no action on
Agar colonies: Small, circular, smooth, lactose or sucrose.
yellow, amorphous, undulate margin. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Agar slant: Moderate, flat, glistening, Trace of ammonia formed.
opaque, butyrous, yellow, with aromatic Loeffler's blood serum not liquefied. Faint
odor. yellow, spreading growth.
Broth: Turbid with scant sediment. Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
Aromatic odor, becoming cheesy.
Litmus milk: Peptonized. Alkaline. 25°Optimum
Potato: Abundant, yellow, glistening Source: Isolated from living halibut ob-
growth becoming brown. tained at 30 to 50 fathoms. Pacific Ocean.
Indole produced. Gibbons (Contrib. to Canadian Biol, and
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Fish., 8, 1934, 279) reports this species as
Hydrogen sulfide produced. occurring in the slime and feces of cod
Slight acid but no gas from glucose, su- (Gadus callarias), halibut {Hippoglossus
crose and glycerol. No acid from lactose. hippoglossus) and skate {Raja erinacea).
Starch is hydrolyzed. Habitat: Skin and feces of fishes.
Blood serum is liquefied.
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. 22. Flavobacterium lactis Bergey et al.,
Optimum temperature, 25° C. 1923. {Bacillus aromaticus lactis Grimm,
Source: Isolated from dairy wastes. Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 8, 1902, 584; Bergey
Habitat: Unknown. et al.. Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 108.)
lac'tis. L. noun lac milk; L. gen. noun
21. Flavobacterium niarinum Har- lactis of milk.
rison, 1929. (Canadian Jour, of Research, Rods, 0.7 to 1.0 by 3.5 to 4.0 microns, oc-
1, 1929,234.) curring singly, in pairs and in chains. Motile
ma.ri'num. L. adj. marinus marine, of the by means of peritrichous flagella. Gram-
sea. negative.
Rods, 0.8 by 1.2 to 1.3 microns, with Gelatin colonies: Circular, light j-ellow,
rounded ends, occurring singly and in pairs. slimy, concentrically ringed, undulate.
Motile by means of 4 to 5 peritrichous Gelatin stab: Slimy surface growth. No
flagella. Encapsulated. Gram-variable; liquefaction.
show blue granules in Gram-negative rods. Agar slant: Slimy, j-ellowish, smooth,
Gelatin colonies: Circular, iridescent, moist.
whitish margin with pale yellow center. Broth: Turbid, with abundant sediment.
Liquefaction. Litmus milk: Slightly acid.
Gelatin stab: Saccate to stratiform lique- Potato: Growth thick, slimy, brownish,
faction.
with yellowish margin.
Agar colonies: Circular, pale yellow, Indole not produced.
smooth, convex, granular; reticulate edge.
Agar slant: Amber-jêllow, slightly raised, Cultures have pleasant odor.
spreading, smooth, glistening, transparent
growth. Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
Ammonium phosphate agar: Scant Optimum temperature, 25° C.
growth. Source: Isolated from milk.
Broth: Turbid, sediment. Habitat: Unknown.
Litmus milk: Alkaline. Digestion without
coagulation. Clear serum. 23. Flavobacterium tlevorans (Zimmer-
Potato: Abundant, amber-yellow, becom- mann, 1890) Bergey et al., 1923. {Bacillus
ing dirty yellow, spreading, glistening devorans Zimmermann, Bakt. unserer Trink-
growth. u. Nutzwasser, Chemnitz, 1, 1890, 48;
Indole not produced. Bergey et al., Manual, Ist ed., 1923, 102.)
321
de'vo.rans. L. part. adj. devorans consum- Optimum temperature, 35° C.

ing, devouring. Habitat: Water.
Original description supplemented by
Berge}' (loc. cit.) from his private notes as 25. Flavobacterium niarinotypicum
indicated. ZoBell and Upham, 1944. (Bull. Scripps
Rods, 0.7 by 0.9 to 1.2 microns, occurring Inst, of Oceanography, Univ. of Calif., 5,
singly, in pairs and in chains. Motile (Zim- 1944, 268.)
mermann) by means of peritrichous flagella ma.ri.no.ty'pi.cum. L. adj. marinus of
(Bergey). Gram-negative (Zimmermann). the sea; Gr. adj. typicus conformable, tj-pi-
Gelatin colonies: Circular, white, granu- cal; M.L. adj. marinotypims probably in-
lar to filamentous, becoming yellowish gra.y. tended to mean typical of the sea.
Gelatin stab : Slow, infundibuliform lique- Rods, 0.5 to 0.7 by 1.4 to 2.0 microns,
faction. occurring almost entirely as single cells.
Agar slant: Thin, gray, spreading growth. Motile by means of four or more peritrichous
Broth: Turbid. flagella. Gram-negative.
Litmus milk: Unchanged. All media except the fresh -water broth,
Potato: No growth (Zimmermann). Yel- litmus milk and potato were prepared with
lowish gray streak (Bergey). sea water.
Indole not produced. Gelatin colonies : Very minute and yellow ;
Nitrites not produced from nitrates slow liquefaction.
(Bergey) . Gelatin stab: Crateriform liquefaction
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. becoming stratiform. Filiform along line
of stab.
30° C. Agar colonies: Minute, circular, entire,
Source: Isolated from water at Chemnitz convex, yellow.
(Zimmermann). From water (Bergey). Agar slant: Scant, filiform, butyrous,
From the alimentary tract of the nine- shiny growth with yellow pigment.
spotted lady beetle {Coccinella novemnotata Sea-water broth : Scant, yellowish pellicle ;
Habst.) (Steinhaus, Jour. Bact., 42, 1941, heavy turbidity; slight, viscid sediment.
764). Fresh-water broth: Good growth.
Litmus milk: Decolorized; neutral; green-
24. Flavobacteriuni invisibile (Vaughan, ish pellicle; slow peptonization.
1892) Bergey etal., 1923. (Bacillus invisibilis Potato: Abundant, shiny, greenish yellow
Vaughan, American Jour. Med. Sci., IO4, growth. Potato darkened.
1892, 191; Flavobacterium invisibilis (sic) Indole not produced.
Bergey et al., Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 109.) Hydrogen sulfide is produced.
in.vi.si'bi.le. L. adj. invisibilis invisible. Acid but no gas from glucose and glycerol.
Rods, 0.6 to 0.7 by 1.2 to 2.0 microns, oc- Does not ferment lactose, sucrose, mannitol,
curring singly. Motile by means of peritri- xylose or salicin.
chous flagella. Gram-negative. Starch not hydrolyzed.
Gelatin colonies: Pale yellow, burr-like, Non-lipolytic.
with irregular margin.
Gelatin stab: Scant growth on surface.
Ammonia produced from peptone but not
Good growth in stab. No liquefaction.
from urea.
Agar colonies: White, convex, smooth,
serrate. Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
Agar slant: Limited, thick, white streak.
Broth: Turbid. 25°Optimum
Litmus milk: Unchanged. Source: Isolated from sea water and ma-
Potato: No growth. rine mud.
Indole not produced. Habitat: Sea water.
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. 26. Flavobacteriuni piscicida Bein,
1954. (Bulletin of Marine Sciences of the Indole not produced.

Gulf and Caribbean, ^, 1954, 110.) Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
pis.ci'ci.da. L. noun piscis a fish; L.v. L. Glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, lac-
adj. suffix -cidus from L. v. caedo to cut, tose, mannitol and salicin not attacked,
kill; M.L. noun piscicida fish killer. Starch not hydrolyzed.
Straight rods, 0.6 to 0.8 by 1.2 to 1.8 mi- Nitrites not produced from nitrates,
crons, occurring singly and in chains. Mo- Urease-negative.
tile by means of peritrichous flagella. Gram- Pathogenic for fish, killing schoolmasters
negative. {Lutjanus apodus) in five minutes and sand
All media except fresh-water broth and perch {Eucinostomus pseudogula), killifish
litmus milk were prepared with sea water. (Fundulus similis) and mollies {Mollienesia
Gelatin stab: Rapid, crateriform lique- Za/zpinna) within 24 hours,
faction. Distinctive characters: Requires sea
Agar colonies: Spreading, irregular, glis- water for growth. Little or no pigmentation
tening; edges undulate to lobate. appears when the peptone concentration is
Agar slant (1.0 per cent peptone) : Glisten- 0.1 per cent; intense pigmentation occurs
ing, yellow-orange growth. with 1.0 per cent peptone sea-water media.
Peptone broth (1 per cent) : Ammonia not Source: Isolated from "red tide" water
produced. from the vicinity of Whitewater Bay on the
Nutrient broth: No growth. southwest coast of Florida during an out-
Sea-water broth: Heavy turbidity; pel- break of mass mortalitj' of fishes.
licle. Habitat: Found in sea water. Known to
Litmus milk: No growth. occur off the coast of Florida.
Genus IV. Agarbacteriuni Angst, 1929*

(Puget Sound Biol. Sta. Pub., 7, 1929, 52.)
A.gar.bac.te'ri.um. Malayan noun agar agar, a jelly from seaweed; Gr. neut.dim.n.
bacterium a small rod; M.L. neut.n. Agarhacterium agar (-digesting) rodlet.
Short to medium-sized rods which are either motile by means of peritrichous flagella or
non-motile; some species are included here in which the position of the flagella is unknown
but which possess other characters of this genus. f Gram-negative. May or may not possess
non-diffusible pigments. Carbohydrates are feebly attacked, if at all, some species produc-
ing acid but no gas. Agar is digested. Found primarily on decomposing seaweed and in sea
water; also found in fresh water and soil.
The type species is Agarhacterium aurantiacum Angst.
Key to the species of genus Agarbacteriiiin.

I. Motile.
A. Type of flagellation not determined.
1. Chromogenic.
a. Acid from lactose and mannitol.
1. Agarbacteriuni aurantiacum.
aa. No acid from lactose or mannitol.
2. Agarhacterium rhodomelae.
* Prepared by Prof. Robert S. Breed, Cornell University, Geneva, New York, October,
1955.
t The type of flagellation of the type species, Agarhacterium aurantiacum Angst, has not
been determined. In the event that this species is proved to be polar flagellate, the genus
Agarbacteriuni should be placed in the family Pseudomonadaceae. The peritrichous, Gram-
negative agar-digesting species should then remain in a separate genus in the family Achro-
mohacteraceae, where they are presently located.
2. Non-chromogenic.
a. Abundant growth on potato.
3. Agarbacterium mesentericum.
aa. No growth on potato.
4. Agarbacterium reducans.
B. Flagellation peritrichous.
5. Agarbacterium amocontactum.
2. Gelatin not liquefied.
6. Agarbacterium pastinator.
II. Non-motile.
A. Acid from glucose or mannitol.
1. Acid from glucose but not from mannitol.
7. Agarbacterium uliginosum.
2. Acid from mannitol but not from glucose.
8. Agarbacterium bufo
B. No acid from glucose or mannitol.
1. Grow on fish agar slant.
a. Cells measure up to 4.0 microns in length.
9. Agarbacterium polysiphoniae.
aa. Cells do not measure up to 4.0 microns in length.
b. Pellicle produced in broth.
10. Agarbacterium ceramicola.
bb. Pellicle not produced in broth.
11. Agarbacterium boreale.
2. Does not grow on fish agar slant.
12. Agarbacterium delesseriae.
1. Agarbacterium aurantiacum Angst, tening, smooth, opaque, orange, butyrous

1929. (Puget Sound Biol. Sta. Pub., 7, 1929,
53.) growth.
Fish agar slant: Abundant, filiform, flat,
aur.an.ti'a.cum. L. part. adj. aurans, dull, smooth, opaque, orange, butyrous
aurantis overlaying with gold; M.L. noun
aiirantium the orange; M.L. adj. aurantiacus growth.
Meat agar slant: Abundant, filiform,
orange-colored. raised, dull, smooth to wrinkled, opaque,
Short rods, 0.6 by 0.8 micron, with orange, butyrous growth.
rounded ends, occurring singly and in pairs. Broth: Turbid, no sediment; membranous
Not encapsulated. Motile. Gram-negative.
All media contained a decoction made by pellicle.
Plain milk unchanged; surface growth
boiling or autoclaving fronds of Iridaea, a orange.
sea weed, in sea water or in a 3 per cent salt Potato: Abundant, filiform, flat, dull,
solution. smooth, orange, butyrous growth; the po-
Gelatin colonies: Circular, sunken, en- tato becomes grayed.
tire, crateriform, granular; growth is slow. Indole not produced.
Fish gelatin slant: Abundant, filiform, Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
flat, glistening, smooth, opaque, orange, Slight acid from lactose and mannitol.
butyrous growth. No acid from glucose, sucrose, xylose, rham-
Fish gelatin stab: Stratiform liquefaction; nose or arabinose.
growth best at top. Starch not hydrolyzed.
Agar colonies: Circular, smooth, flat, Agar digested; cellulose not attacked.
erose, granular; growth is slow. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Agar slant: Abundant, filiform, flat, glis- Aerobic.
Methylene blue reduced. Angst, 1929. {Agarbacterium mesentericus

Temperature relations: Optimum, be- (sic) Angst, Puget Sound Biol. Sta. Pub., 7,
1929, 52.)
tween 20° and 28° C. Minimum, between 5°
and 10° C. Maximum, less than 36° C. me.sen.te'ri.cum. Gr. neut.n. mesenteri-
Comment: By subsequent designation, um the mesentery; M.L. adj. mesentericus
Breed (Riassunti delle Comunicazioni, VI like the mesentery.
Cong. Internaz. di Microbiol., Roma, 1, Short rods, 0.6 by 0.8 micron, with
1953, 13) selected this species as the type rounded ends, occurring singly and in pairs.
for the genus Agarhacterium Angst. It was No encapsulated. Motile. Gram-negative.
felt that this species could be reisolated and All media contained a decoction made by
reidentified more readily than could the boiling or autoclaving fronds of Iridaea, a
other species placed in this genus by Angst. seaweed, in sea water or a 3 per cent salt
Source: Isolated from the fronds of solution.
Porphyra perforata. Fish gelatin colonies: Circular, sunken,
Habitat: Found on marine algae. granular, irregular, crateriform; growth is
rapid.
2. Agarbacterium rhodomelae (Lund- Fish gelatin slant: Abundant, spreading,
estad, 1928) Breed, comb. nov. {Bacterium fiat, glistening, smooth, translucent, white,
rhodomelae Lundestad, Cent. f. Bakt., II butyrous growth. Liquefaction.
Abt., 75, 1928, 331.) Fish gelatin stab : Infundibuliform lique-
rho.do'me.lae. M.L. noun Rhodomela a faction; growth best at top.
genus of red algae; M.L. gen. noun rhodome- Agar colonies: Circular, concentrically
lae of Rhodomela. ringed, flat, entire, granular; growth is
Rods, 0.5 to 0.8 by 1.2 to 2.0 microns, with moderate.
rounded ends, occurring singly, in pairs and, Agar slant: Abundant, filiform, raised,
at times, in short chains. Motile. Gram- glistening, finely wrinkled when old or dry,
negative. opaque, buff, membranous growth.
Fish gelatin colonies: Circular, slightly Fish agar slant: Abundant, filiform, flat,
glistening, opaque, white. glistening, concentrically ringed, opaque,
Fish gelatin stab: Rapid, infundibuliform white, butyrous growth.
liquefaction. Meat agar slant: Abundant, spreading,
Seaweed agar colonies : Circular, flat, thin, flat, glistening, smooth, opaque, white,
transparent, glistening, entire. Agar is dis- butyrous growth.
solved. Broth: Moderately turbid; no sediment;
Glucose agar slant: Growth moderate, membranous pellicle.
white, becoming orange-yellow, flat, opaque, Plain milk unchanged.
glistening; undulate margin. Potato: Abundant, spreading, raised,
Broth: Turbid; pellicle; grayish yellow, glistening, wrinkled, buff to j'ellowish,
slimy sediment. membranous growth; the potato becomes
Carbohydrates not attacked. grayed.
Starch very slightly hydrol3'zed. Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Acid from mannitol. No acid from glucose,
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. lactose, xylose, rhamnose or arabinose.
Temperature relations: Optimum, be- Starch is hydrolyzed.
between 20° and 25° C. Minimum, 0° C. Agar is digested; cellulose not attacked.
Maximum, between 30° and 32° C. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Source : Isolated from water from the Nor- Aerobic.
wegian Coast. Methjdene blue reduced.
Habitat: Sea water.
tween 20° and 28° C. Minimum, less than
3. Agarbacterii mesentericuin
5° C. Maximum, between 36° and 45° C.
325
tisSource: Isolated from fronds of A''ereoc?/s-keana.

luetkeana. Source: Isolated from Ncreocystis luet-
Habitat: Found on marine algae. Habitat: Found on marine algae.
4. Agarbacteriuni reducans Angst, 5. Agarbacteriuni amocontactum (Zo-

1929. (Puget Sound Biol. Sta. Pub., 7, 1929, Bell and Allen, 1935) Breed, comb. nov.
57.) (Flavobacterium amocontactum ZoBell and
re.du'cans. L. part. adj. reducmis bring- Allen, Jour. Bact., 29, 1935, 246.)
ing back, reducing. a.mo.con.tac'tum. L. v. amo to like, love;
Short rods, 0.6 by 0.8 micron, with L. noun contactus contact; M.L. adj. amo-
rounded ends, occurring singly and in pairs. contactus presumably means contact-loving.
Not encapsulated. Motile. Gram-negative. Slender rods, 0.4 to 0.7 by 1.6 to 2.3 mi-
All media contained a decoction made by crons, with rounded ends, occurring singly
boiling or autoclaving fronds of Iridaea, and in irregular clumps. Encapsulated.
a seaweed, in sea water or a 3 per cent salt Activel}^ motile by means of peritrichous
solution. flagella. Stain very lightly. Gram-negative.
Fish gelatin colonies: Circular, sunken, Gelatin stab: Good, filiform growth with
entire, crateriform, granular; growth is rapid, saccate liquefaction.
rapid. Agar colonies: Circular, 2 to 4 mm in di-
Fish gelatin slant: Abundant, filiform, ameter, 3'ellow.
sunken, glistening, smooth, opaque, buff, Agar slant: Abundant, filiform, smooth,
butyrous growth. glistening, bright yellow growth with a
Fish gelatin stab: Crateriform liquefac- butyrous consistency. Originally agar was
tion; growth best at top. liquefied, but this property was lost follow-
Agar colonies: Circular, smooth, flat, ing artificial cultivation.
entire, granular; growth is moderate. Sea-water broth: Good growth with ring
at surface. Strongly turbid; abundant, vis-
Agar slant: Abundant, filiform, flat, glis- cid sediment; no odor.
tening, smooth, opaque, buff, butj^rous Milk: No growth.
growth. Potato: No growth.
Fish agar slant: Abundant, filiform, flat, Potato dialyzed in sea water: Slight, yel-
glistening, smooth, opaque, white, butyrous low growth.
growth. Indole not produced.
Meat agar slant: Abundant, echinulate, Hydrogen sulfide produced.
flat, glistening, smooth, opaque, white, No acid from glucose, lactose, sucrose,
butyrous growth. .xylose or mannitol.
Broth: Turbid, no sediment; no pellicle. Starch not hydrolyzed.
Plain milk unchanged. Agar is digestea.
Potato: No growth. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Indole not produced. Ammonia produced from peptone.
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
Acid from sucrose, rhamnose, arabinose 21°Optimum
and mannitol. No acid from lactose or
Optimum reaction, pH 8.0.
xylose. Distinctive character: Adheres firmly to
submerged glass slides and cannot be re-
Agar is digested; cellulose not attacked. moved with running water.
Aerobic.
Source: Many cultures were isolated from
Methylene blue reduced. glass slides submerged in sea water.
Temperature relations: Optimum, be- Habitat: Sea water.
tween 25° and 28° C. Minimum, less than 5°
C. Maximum, between 36° and 45° C. 6. Agarbacteriuni pastinalor (Gore-
sline, 1933) Breed, comb. nov. {Achromobac- 7. Agarbacteriuiti uliginosuni (ZoBell

ter pastinator Goresline, Jour. Bact., 26, and Upham, 1944) Breed, comb. nov. {Flavo-
1933, 442.) bacterium idiginosum ZoBell and Upham,
pas.ti.na'tor. L. noun pastinator one who Bull. Scripps Inst, of Oceanography, Univ.
digs or trenches the ground. Calif., 5, 1944, 263.)
Short rods, 0.4 by 1.5 microns, occurring u.li.gi.no'sum. L. adj. uliginosus wet,
damp.
singly and in pairs. Motile by means of two
to five peritrichous flagella. Gram-negative. Rods, 0.4 to 0.6 by 1.2 to 3.9 microns,
Plain gelatin stab: No growth. some slightl}' curved, occurring mostly
Nutrient gelatin stab: Surface growth singly with some short chains. Non-motile.
very scant. No liquefaction. Gram-negative.
Nutrient agar colonies: At first tiny, All difi'erential media except the fresh-
almost colorless, becoming yellowish and water broth, litmus milk and potato were
ring-like. Agar liquefied rapidly. prepared with sea water.
Nutrient agar slant: Growth good, flat Gelatin colonies: 1 mm in diameter,
not thick. Agar liquefied along streak often orange, sunken.
to the depth of a quarter of an inch. Pocket Gelatin stab: Infundibuliform liquefac-
formed at bottom of slant filled with a rather tion. Yellow pigment. Gelatin discolored
viscous, yellowish fluid. brown.
Nutrient broth: Slight turbidity after 5 Agar colonies: Sunken, uneven, irregular,
days. Subsurface but no surface growth. gummy; agar is liquefied. Orange to yellow
No sediment. pigment is produced, and agar is discolored
Litmus milk: Slightly acid after 20 days. brown.
No curd. Only a trace of reduction at bot- Agar slant: Luxuriant, yellowish orange,
tom of tube. glistening, filiform, adherent growth; agar
Potato: No growth. slowly liquefied.
Indole not produced. Sea-water broth: Moderately turbid;
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. dense, jêllow pellicle; slightly viscid sedi-
Acid from glucose, fructose, arabinose, ment.
galactose, sucrose, maltose, lactose, man- Fresh-water broth: No visible growth.
nose, melezitose, raffinose, rhamnose, sali- Litmus milk: Completely decolorized;
cin, pectin, starch and dextrin. No growth neutral.
in dulcitol, erythritol, mannitol, sorbitol, Potato: No visible growth.
glycerol, xylose or inulin. Indole not produced.
Starch is hydrolyzed. Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Agar is digested. Acid but no gas from xjdose, glucose,
Temperature relations: Optimum, 28° C. maltose, lactose, sucrose and salicin. Glyc-
erol and mannitol not fermented.
Good growth at 25° C. Moderate growth at
20° and at 37° C. No growth at 10° or at
42° C. Agar rapidly liquefied. However, after
Limits of growth: pH 5.9 to 9.0. prolonged laboratory cultivation, this or-
Facultative anaerobe. ganism gradually loses its ability to digest
Distinctive characters: Digests agar
agar.
Nitrites rapidly produced from nitrates.
rapidl}^; colonies sink through to the glass Ammonia produced from peptone but not
of the Petri dish. Fehling's solution is re- from urea.
duced by the liquefied agar. There is con- Casein digested.
siderable change in the viscosity of the agar
Non-lipolj'tic.
due to the digestion. Aerobic, obligate.
Source: Isolated from a trickling filter
receiving creamery wastes. 25°Optimum
Habitat: Probably widely distributed in Source: Isolated from marine bottom de-
nature.
posits.
8. Agarbacteriuni bufo Angst, 1929. 9. Agarbacteriuni polysiphoniae

(Puget Sound Biol. Sta. Pub., 7, 1929, 53.) (Lundestad, 1928) Breed, comb. nov. {Bac-
bu'fo. L. noun b^lfo the toad. terium polysiphoniae Lundestad, Cent. f.
Short rods, 0.6 by 0.8 micron, with Bakt., II Abt., 75, 1928, 331.)
rounded ends, occurring singly and in pairs. po.ly.si.pho'ni.ae. M.L. noun Polysi-
Not encapsulated. Non-motile. Gram- phonia a genus of red algae; M.L. gen. noun
negative. polysiphoniae of Polysiphonia.
All media contained a decoction made Rods, 0.5 to 0.6 by 2.0 to 4.0 microns, with
by boiling or autoclaving fronds of Iridaea, rounded ends, occurring singly. Non-motile.
a seaweed, in sea water or a 3 per cent salt Gram-negative.
solution. Fish gelatin colonies: Circular, slightl}-
Fish gelatin colonies: Circular, sunken, glistening, bright .yellow, transparent, with
crateriform, granular, yellow; growth is dense center.
slow. Fish gelatin stab : Slight, yellowish growth
Fish gelatin slant: Scant, filiform, flat, on surface. Slow, saccate liquefaction.
glistening, smooth, translucent, white to Seaweed agar colonies : Circular, flat, light
yellowish, butj-rous growth. yellow, with concentric rings and diffuse
Fish gelatin stab : Stratiform liquefaction ; margin. Agar is disintegrated.
growth best at top. Fish agar slant : Yellow, flat growth with
Agar colonies: Circular, concentrically undulate margin.
ringed, sunken, entire, granular, yellow; Broth: Turbid; flocculent pellicle; 5'ellow-
growth is slow. ish sediment.
Agar slant: Abundant, filiform, raised, Indole not produced.
glistening, contoured, opaque, jêllow, mem- Carbohydrates not attacked.
branous growth. Starch slightly hydrolyzed.
Fish agar slant: Abundant, filiform, flat, Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
glistening, smooth, opaque, yellow to Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
orange, butyrous growth. Temperature relations: Optimum, 25° C.
Meat agar slant: Abundant, filiform, flat, Minimum, between 5° and 10° C. Maximum,
glistening, contoured, opaque, yellow to between 27° and 30° C.
orange, butyrous growth surrounded by a Source: Isolated from sea water from the
white halo. Norwegian Coast.
Broth: Moderately turbid; scant sedi- Habitat: Sea water.
ment; granular, membranous pellicle.
Plain milk unchanged; surface growth 10. Agarbacteriuni ceramicola (Lund-
yellow. estad, 1928) Breed, comb. nov. (Bacterium
Potato: No growth. ceramicola Lundestad, Cent. f. Bakt., II
Indole not produced. Abt., 75, 1928, 332.)
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. ce.ram.i'co.la. M.L. noun Ceramium a
Slight acid from mannitol. No acid from genus of red algae; L. v. colo to dwell; M.L.
glucose, sucrose, lactose, xylose, rhamnose fem.n. ceramicola the Ceramium dweller.
or arabinose. Rods, 0.5 to 0.6 by 1.4 to 2.4 microns, with
Starch not hydrolyzed. rounded ends, occurring singly and Ij'ing
Agar digested; cellulose not attacked. side by side. Non-motile. Gram-negative.
Nitrites produced from nitrates. Fish gelatin colonies: Circular, glistening,
Aerobic. transparent, yellow.
Methylene blue reduced. Fish gelatin stab: Slight, yellow surface
Temperature relations: Optimum, be- growth. Crateriform liquefaction.
tween 25° and 28° C. Minimum, between 5° Sea-water agar colonies: Circular, flat,
and 10° C. Maximum, less than 36° C. transparent, glistening, light yellow; difi"use
Source: Isolated from Odonthalia kam- margin. Agar is disintegrated.
tschatica. Fish agar slant: Moderate, yellow, flat,
Habitat: Found on marine algae. entire, glistening, opaque growth.
Broth: Light yellow pellicle and sediment. Minimum, between 5° and 10° C. Maximum,
Indole production not recorded. between 27° and 30° C.
Carbohydrates not attacked. Source : Isolated from water from the Nor-
Starch slightly hydrolyzed. wegian Coast.
Nitrite production not recorded. Habitat: Sea water.
Temperature relations: Optimum, 23° 12. Agarbacterium delesseriae (Lund-
C. Minimum, between 5° and 10° C. Maxi- estad, 1928) Breed, comb. nov. {Bacterium
mum, between 27° and 30° C. delesseriae Lundestad, Cent. f. Bakt., II
Source : Isolated from water from the Nor- Abt., 75, 1928, 332.)
wegian Coast. de.les.se'ri.ae. M.L. noun Delesseria a
Habitat: Sea water. genus of red algae; M.L. gen. noun delesseriae
of Delesseria.
11. Agarbacterium boreale (Lundes- Rods, 0.5 to 0.6 by 1.6 to 2.6 microns, with
tad, 1928) Breed, comb. nov. (Bacterium rounded ends, occurring singly. Non-motile.
boreale Lundestad, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., Gram-negative.
75, 1928, 333.) Fish gelatin colonies: Circular, trans-
bo.re.a'le. L. adj. borealis northern. parent, glistening, concentrically ringed,
Rods, 0.5 to 0.6 by 1.6 to 2.6 microns, with
rounded ends, occurring singly. Non-motile. yellow.
Fish gelatin stab: Crateriform liquefac-
Gram -negative. tion; yellow sediment.
Fish gelatin colonies: Circular, opaque, Seaweed agar colonies: Circular, flat,
glistening, concentrically ringed, yellow. concentrically ringed, light yellow. Agar ia
Fish gelatin stab : Yellow with crateriform disintegrated.
liquefaction. Fish agar slant : No growth.
Broth: Turbid with flocculent pellicle and
Sea-water agar colonies: Circular, flat,
sediment, light yellow.
opaque, glistening, light yellow; diffuse
Indole production not recorded.
margin. Agar is disintegrated.
Carbohydrates not attacked.
Fish agar slant: Yellow, flat, glistening, Starch slightly hydrolyzed.
opaque, entire growth. Nitrite production not recorded.
Broth: Finely flocculent, yellow sediment. Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
Indole production not recorded.
Carbohydrates not attacked. Temperature relations: Optimvmi, 23° C.
Minimum, between 5° and 10° C. Maximum,
Starch slightly hydrolyzed.
between 27° and 30° C.
Nitrite production not recorded. Source : Isolated from water from the Nor-
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. wegian Coast.
Habitat: Sea water.
Genus V. Beneckea Campbell, gen. nov.*
Be.neck'e.a. M.L. fem.gen.n. Beneckea of Benecke; named for W. Benecke, the German
bacteriologist who was the first to isolate chitin-decomposing bacteria.
Small to medium-sized rods. Motile by means of peritrichous flagella. Gram-negative.
May or may not produce chromogenesis. Acid usually produced from carbohydrates. Chitin
is digested. Found in salt- and fresh-water and in soil.
The type species is Beneckea labra (Campbell and Williams) Campbell.
Key to the species of genus Beneckea.
Gelatin not liquefied.
A. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
1. Beneckea labra.
* Prepared by Dr. L. Leon Campbell, Jr., State College of Washington, Pullman, Wash-
ington, June, 1954.
FAMILY III. ACHROMOBACTEEACEAE
329
B. Nitrites not produced from nitra
2. Beneckea ureasophora.
1. Acid from sucrose.
3. Beneckea chitinovora.
2. No acid from sucrose.
4. Beneckea hyper optica.
1. Acid from sucrose.
5. Beneckea indolthetica.
2. No acid from sucrose.
6. Beneckea lipophaga.
1. Beneckea labra (Campbell and Wil- lumichrome are not utilized as carbon
liams, 1951) Campbell, comb. nov. {Achro- sources.
niobacter labrum Campbell and Williams, Starch is hydrolyzed.
Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 5, 1951, 894.) Chitin is hydrolyzed.
la'bra. Gr. adj. labrus greedy. Non -lipolytic.
Rods, 0.2 to 0.4 by 0.8 to 1.1 microns, Nitrites produced from nitrates.
occurring singly, in pairs and occasionally Ammonia produced from peptone.
in clumps. Motile by means of peritrichous Urease-negative.
flagella. Gram-negative. Casein not hydrolyzed.
Gelatin stab: No liquefaction. Trimethylamine not produced from tri-
Agar colonies: Circular, smooth, entire, methylamine oxide, choline or betaine.
flat, glistening, opaque, non-pigmented to Aerobic, facultative.
pale cream. Optimum temperature, between 20° and
Agar slants: Abundant, filiform, smooth, 30° C. Grows at 4° C.
glistening, opaque, non-pigmented growth. Source: Isolated from marine mud.
Broth: Moderately turbid: surface growth Habitat: Found in sea water.
adherent to the walls of the tubes.
Litmus milk: Acid in 6 days. 2. Beneckea ureasophora (Campbell
Indole not produced. and Williams, 1951) Campbell, comb. nov.
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. {Achromobacter ureasophorum Campbell and
Acid but no gas from glucose, fructose, Williams,
894.) Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 5, 1951,
maltose, de.xtrin, mannose, trehalose and
cellobiose. No acid from lactose, sucrose, u.re.a.so'pho.ra. Gr. noun urum urine;
arabinose, rhamnose, xylose, raffinose, M.L. noun urea urea; M.L. noun ureasum
inulin, mannitol, salicin, dulcitol, inositol, urease; Gr. adj. phorus bearing; M.L. adj.
melezitose or adonitol. iireasophorus urease-bearing.
Glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, lac- Small rods, 0.2 by 0.8 micron, occurring
tose, dextrin, mannose, arabinose, rham- singly. Motile by means of peritrichous
nose, xylose, raffinose, inulin, mannitol, flagella. Gram-negative.
salicin, galactose, trehalose, inositol, cello-
biose, melezitose, adonitol, chitin, glycogen, Agar colonies: Circular, raised, glisten-
starch, butyrate, valerate, asparaginate, ing, entire, translucent, non-pigmented.
Agar slant: Abundant, filiform, glisten-
succinate, malate, fumarate (0.5 per cent),
ing, translucent, non-pigmented growth.
levulinate, /3-alanine, glucosamine, ethanol Broth: Slightly turbid with a stringy
and tertiary butanol are utilized as carbon sediment.
sources. Dulcitol, cellulose, malonate, sali- Litmus milk: Acid in 6 da3's.
cylate, oxalate, mandelate, benzoate (0.5 Indole not produced.
per cent), propionate, n-amyl alcohol, meth- Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
anol, n-propanol, iso-amyl alcohol and Acid but no gas from glucose, fructose,
maltose, sucrose, mannose, trehalose and Good growth if reaction is neutral to

cellobiose. No acid from lactose, dextrin, slightly alkaline.
arabinose, rhamnose, xjdose, raffinose, Peptone broth: Turbid with heavy,
inulin, salicin, dulcitol, inositol, melezitose slimy, whitish to brownish pellicle.
or adonitol. Acid from glucose and sucrose.
Glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, Nitrites produced from nitrates.
lactose, dextrin, mannose, arabinose, rham- Ammonia produced in peptone-chitin
nose, xylose, raffinose, inulin, mannitol, media.
salicin, dulcitol, galactose, trehalose, ino- Salt in concentrations up to 1.5 per cent
sitol, cellobiose, melezitose, adonitol, is favorable for growth. Maximum, 4 per
glycogen, starch, chitin, asparaginate, cent.
succinate, malate, lactate, pyruvate (0.3 Optimum temperature, 20° C.from media
per cent), acetate, /S-alanine, glucosamine, Source: Isolated at Kiel
ethanol, methanol and tertiary butanol are containing decomposing crab shells and
utilized as carbon sources. Fumarate (0.5 from media containing purified chitin; also
per cent), malonate, tartrate, citrate, from soil.
levulinate, propionate, salicylate, valerate, Habitat: Brackish water and soil.
oxalate, butyrate, mandelate, benzoate
(0.5 per cent), n-amyl alcohol, iso-amyl 4. Beneckea hyperoptica (Campbell
alcohol, n-propanol and lumichrome are and Williams, 1951) Campbell, comb. nov.
not utilized as carbon sources. (Achromobacier hyperopticum Campbell and
Starch is hydrolyzed. 894.)
Williams, Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 5, 1951,
Chitin is hydrolyzed.
Non -lipolytic. hy.per.op'ti.ca. Gr. adj. hyperopticus
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. disdainful.
Ammonia is produced from peptone. Small rods, 0.2 bj^ 0.6 micron, occurring
Urease-positive. singly and in small clumps. Motile b^^ means
Casein not hydrolyzed. of peritrichous flagella. Gram-negative.
Trimethylamine not produced from tri- Gelatin stab: Crateriform liquefaction.
methylamine o.xide, choline or betaine. Agar colonies: Small, punctiform, glisten-
Aerobic, facultative. ing, opaque, non-pigmented.
Agar slant: Beaded, glistening, opaque,
30° C. Growth at 4° C. non-pigmented growth.
Source: Isolated from marine mud. Broth: Moderately turbid; surface ring
Habitat: Found in sea water. adherent to the walls of the tubes; slightly
stringy sediment.
3. Beneckea chitinovora (Benecke, Litmus milk: Alkaline, with slight pepto-
nization in 4 days.
1905) Campbell, comb. nov. (Bacillus chiti-
novorus Benecke, Bot. Zeitung, 63, 1905, Indole not produced.
227.) Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Acid but no gas from glucose, maltose,
chi.ti.no'vo.ra. M.L. noun chitinum
chitin; L. v. voro to devour; M.L. adj. mannose, trehalose and cellobiose. No acid
from fructose, lactose, sucrose, galactose,
chitinovorus chitin-destroying.
Rods, 0.75 by 2.0 microns, occurring arabinose, dextrin, rhamnose, xylose, raffi-
nose, inulin, mannitol, inositol, melezitose
occasionally in pairs and in chains. Motile or adonitol.
by means of peritrichous flagella. Gram- Glucose, sucrose, dextrin, mannose,
negative. raffinose, galactose, cellobiose, starch,
Gelatin stab: Liquefaction. glycogen, chitin, glucosamine and acetate
Mineral agar containing chitin: Good are utilized as carbon sources. Succinate,
growth if no sugar is added to produce acid. malate, fumarate (0.5 per cent), lactate,
Non-chromogenic. malonate, tartrate, citrate, pyruvate (0.3
Peptone mineral agar containing chitin: per cent), levulinate, /3-alanine, asparagin-
331
ate, propionate, salic3'late, valerate, oxal- chitin, starch, glycogen and glucosamine
ate, butyrate, mandelate, benzoate (0.5 are utilized as carbon sources. Lactose,
I)er cent), ethanol, methanol, iso-amyl arabinose, rhamnose, xylose, inulin, man-
alcohol, n-amyl alcohol, tertiary bntanol, nitol, dulcitol, galactose, inositol, melezi-
n-propanol and luniichrome are not utilized tose, adonitol, succinate, malate, fumarate
as carbon sources. (0.5 per cent), lactate, malonate, tartrate,
Starch is hN'drolj^zed. citrate, levulinate, |3-alanine, asparaginate,
Chitin is hydrolyzed. propionate, salicylate, valerate, oxalate,
Lipolytic. butyrate, mandelate, benzoate (0.5 per
Nitrites produced from nitrates. cent), ethanol, methanol, n-amyl alcohol,
Ammonia produced from peptone. iso-amyl alcohol, tert.-butanol, n-propanol
Urease-negative. and lumichrome are not utilized as carbon
Casein is hj'drolj-zed. sources.
Trimethylamine not produced from tri- Starch is hydrolyzed.
methylamine oxide, choline or betaine. Chitin is hydrolyzed.
Growth not inhibited bj' 10 per cent NaCl. Non-lipolytic.
Aerobic, facultative. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Optimum temperature, between 20° and Ammonia produced from peptone.
30° C. Growth at 4° C. Urease-negative.
Source: Isolated from marine mud. Casein is hydrolyzed.
Habitat : Found in sea water. Trimethylamine not produced from
trimethylamine oxide, choline or betaine.
5. Beneckea indolthetica (Campbell Growth inhibited by 10 per cent NaCl.
and Williams, 1951) Campbell, comb. nov. Aerobic, facultative.
(Flavobacterium indoltheticum Campbell and
Williams, Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 5, 1951, 30° C. No growth at 4° C.
894.) Source: Isolated from marine mud.
in.dol.the'ti.ca. M.L. noun indolum in- Habitat: Found in sea water.
dole; Gr. adj. theticus positive; M.L. adj.
indoltheticus indole-positive. 6. Beneckea lipophaga (Campbell and
Rods, 0.4 to 0.9 by 1.0 to 1.5 microns, Williams, 1951) Campbell, comb. nov.
occurring singly, in pairs and in occasional {Achromobacter lipophagiim Campbell and
clumps. Motile by means of peritrichous Williams, Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 5,
894.) 1951,
flagella. Gram-negative.
Gelatin stab: Crateriform liquefaction. li.po'pha.ga. Gr. noun lipus fat; Gr. v.
Agar colonies: Circular, smooth, entire, phagein to devour; M.L. noun lipophaga fat-
opaque, yellow to yellow-orange. destroyer.
Agar slant: Yellow to yellow-orange, Small rods, 0.4 by 1.0 micron, occurring
smooth, opaque growth. singly, in pairs and in small clumps. Motile
Broth: Turbid; slight surface scum; by means of peritrichous flagella. Gram-
yellow to orange sediment. negative.
Litmus milk: Acid in 2 days. Gelatin stab: Saccate liquefaction.
Indole is produced. Agar colonies: Circular, smooth, entire,
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. glistening, opaque, non-pigmented.
Acid but no gas from glucose, fructose, Agar slant: Abundant, filiform, glisten-
sucrose, maltose, dextrin, mannose, raffi- ing, opaque, non-pigmented growth.
nose, trehalose and cellobiose. No acid from Broth: Uniformly turbid.
lactose, arabinose, rhamnose, xylose, inulin, Litmus milk: Acid in 4 days with slight
mannitol, salicin, dulcitol, inositol, melezi- peptonization.
tose or adonitol. Indole not produced.
Glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, dex- Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
trin, mannose, raffinose, salicin, cellobiose, Acid but no gas from glucose, maltose
trehalose, pyruvate (0.3 per cent), acetate. and mannose. No acid from fructose, lac-
tose, sucrose, dextrin, arabinose, rhamnose, Addendum: Species incertae sedis. Ben-
xylose, raffinose, inulin, mannitol, sorbitol, ton (Jour. Bact., 29, 1935, 449) describes but
salicin, dulcitol, trehalose, inositol, cello- does not name 17 types of chitinovorous
biose, melezitose or adonitol. bacteria isolated from water, mud and
Glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, lac- plankton of fresh-water lakes, from decay-
tose, dextrin, mannose, arabinose, rham- ing May flj' nj^mph shells, intestinal con-
nose, xylose, raffinose, inulin, mannitol, tents of fish, frogs, bats, snipe and craj'fish,
and from shore soil, composts, etc. Twelve
salicin, dulcitol, galactose, trehalose,
types are reported to be monotrichous, two
inositol, cellobiose, melezitose, adonitol,
to be peritrichous, and the position of the
glycogen, starch, chitin, asparaginate, flagella is not given in three types. Of two
succinate, malate, fumarate (0.5 per cent),
Gram-positive types, one may have been a
lactate, pyruvate (0.3 per cent), acetate, spore-former and the other an organism
/3-alanine, glucosamine, ethanol, methanol belonging in the family Corynebacteriaceae.
and tertiary' butanol are utilized as carbon Two of the 17 t3^pes digested cellulose.
sources. Malonate, tartrate, citrate, levuli- ZoBell and Rittenberg (Jour. Bact., 35,
nate, propionate, salicylate, valerate, oxa- 1938, 275) isolated and studied but did not
late, butyrate, mandelate, benzoate (0.5 name 31 cultures of chitinoclastic bacteria
per cent), n-amyl alcohol, n-propanol and from marine sources. Out of 16 cultures
lumichrome are not utilized as carbon studies intensively, all were Gram-nega-
sources. tive. All but 4 of the 31 cultures were motile.
Starch is hydrolyzed. One culture was a coccus and two species
Chitin is hydrolyzed. were vibrios. None of these cultures di-
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. gested cellulose.
Hock (Jour. Marine Res., 4, 1941, 105)
Ammonia produced from peptone.
describes two species of motile rods that
Urease-negative.
attack chitin without, however, determin-
Casein is hj^drolyzed. ing the type of flagellation. If these species
Trimethj'lamine is produced from tri- are reisolated and found to be peritrichous,
methjdamine oxide but not from choline or they should be placed in the genus Beneckea
betaine.
Campbell.
Growth not inhibited by 10 per cent NaCl. In addition to the cultures described
Aerobic, facultative. above, Campbell and Williams (Jour. Gen.
Optimum temperature, between 20° and Microbiol., 5, 1951, 894) isolated and de-
30° C. Growth at 4° C. scribed three other chitinoclastic species
Source: Isolated from marine mud. which they identified as belonging to the
Habitat: Found in sea water. genera Pseudomonas or Micrococcus.
FAMILY IV. ENTEROBACTERIACEAE RAHN, 1937.*

(Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 96, 1937, 280.)
En.te.ro.bac.te.ri.a'ce.ae. M.L. noun enterobacterium an intestinal bacterium; -aceae
ending to denote a family; M.L. fem.pl.n. Enterobacteriaceae the family of the enterobac-
teria.
Straight rods. Motile by means of peritrichous flagella or non-motile. Gram-negative.
Grow well on artificial media. All species attack glucose producing acid or acid and visible
* The late Prof. Robert S. Breed, Cornell University, Geneva, New York, and Prof.
E. G. D. Murray, University of Western Ontario, Canada, have prepared the general sec-
tions for family Enterobacteriaceae, October, 1955. Other contributors, as noted, have pre-
pared the sections covering the various groups within this family.
FAMILY IV. EXTEROBACTERIACEAE 333
gas (H2 present); some species even attack alginates or pectins. Characteristically, nitrites
are produced from nitrates (exceptions in Erwinia) . Antigenic composition is best described
as a mosaic which results in serological interrelationships among the several genera, even
extending to other families. Many species live in the intestines of man and other ani-
mals, frequently causing intestinal disturbances, while others are parasitic on plants,
some causing blights and soft rots; still other species are saprophytic, causing decom-
position ofdead organic materials.
Note : Early attempts to develop a satisfactory basis for the recognition of species among
the coliform-dysentery-typhoid group of bacteria are reviewed by Winslow, Kligler and
Rothberg (Jour. Bact., 4, 1919, 429); these were based largely on differences in motility,
production of indole, ability to liquefy gelatin and, more particularly, differences in the
ability to ferment carbohydrates, especially such compounds as glucose, lactose, sucrose,
dulcitol and salicin. The more recent attempts to express differences in species of coliform
bacteria by means of the IMViC reactions are reviewed by Parr (Amer. Jour. Public Health,
26, 1936, 39; also see Bact. Rev., 8, 1939, 1), this cryptic symbol indicating the indole test,
methyl-red acid determination, acetj'lmethylcarbinol production (Voges-Proskauer reac-
tion) and the utilization of salts of citric acid. Stuart, Griffin and Baker (Jour. Bact., 36,
1938, 391) and Griffin and Stuart (Jour. Bact., 4O, 1940, 83) have applied these tests plus cel-
lobiose fermentation to a study of a long series of cultures.
Meanwhile, the Kauffmann and White Antigenic Schema has been successfully applied
to the recognition of serological groups and types among the organisms placed in the coli-
form-dysentery-tj'phoid group. Studies by Kauffmann {Enter ohacteriaceae. Munksgaard,
Copenhagen, 1954, 225-254) and Edwards and Ewing (Identification of Enter ohacteriaceae.
Burgess Pub. Co., Minneapolis, 1955, 164-176) and others have shown that many cultures
previously identified as Aerobacter aerogenes Beijerinck are, culturally and serologically,
Klebsiella pneumoniae Trevisan. For this reason it has been recommended by the above-
mentioned authors that these two species should be combined as Klebsiella pneumoniae
Trevisan, this name having priority over Aerobacter aerogenes Beijerinck. However, because
investigators (Kligler, Jour. Inf. Dis., 15, 1914, 187; Stuart, Griffin and Baker, Jour Bact.,
38, 1938, 391; Osterman and Rettger, Jour. Bact., 42, 1941, 721; and others) have previously
shown that it is diflScult to draw a borderline between the usually non-motile, non-gelatin-
liquefjang Aerobacter aerogenes and the usually motile, gelatin-liquefying Aerobacter cloacae
Bergey et al., the union of the species Klebsiella pneumoniae and the species Aerobacter
aerogenes causes A. aerogenes and A. cloacae to be placed in separate genera. The placing of
the latter species in a genus {Cloaca Castellani and Chalmers) is an arrangement that is
equally as unsatisfactory as is the present arrangement. While awaiting a better solution
of this problem, it has been felt advisable to retain Aerobacter aerogenes as a species distinct
from Klebsiella pneumoniae and to retain the genera Aerobacter Beijerinck and Klebsiella
Trevisan.
From the standpoint of taxonomy, too little attention has been given by the majority of
the authors who have proposed adjustments in the classification of the species related to the
coliform organisms to the wide distribution and diversity of species that possess character-
istics that place them in this group. It has long been known that the coliform organisms
that occur in dairy products are frequently derived from grain, and that they occur on the
panicles of the grass family in open fields where there is no reason to think that they orig-
inated from fecal contamination (Rogers, Clark and Evans, Jour. Inf. Dis., 17, 1915, 137;
Rogers, Univ. of Wise. Studies in Science, No. 2, 1918, 104 pp.; Thomas and McQuillin, Proc.
Soc. Appl. Bact., 15, 1952, 41; Henriksen, Acta Path, et Microbiol. Scand., 34, 1954, 249-
285 and others). Some of these non-encapsulated organisms, identified as Aerobacter
aerogenes Beijerinck, produce a yellow chromogenesis. Although saprophytic coliform or-
ganisms from cotton fiber, bagasse (sugar cane fiber), hemp, jute and grain have been
recognized as responsible for various types of respiratory diseases in man, it has not been
demonstrated how closely these saprophytes are related to Klebsiella pneumoniae. This
important problem needs careful review from a variety of viewpoints.
Serological studies support the cultural studies that show that the species of Serratia
Bizio sensu stricto belong in the coliform group (Breed and Breed, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt.,
71 , 1927, 435) . These widely distributed red organisms are found growing not only on starchy
foods but also on other foods and on such tropical products as dried coconut (copra), latex
and even in palm buds undergoing a soft rot. Likewise, Thj0tta and K&ss (Norske Viden-
skaps-Akad., Oslo, I Mat.-Naturv. Klasse, No. 5, 1945, 17) have shown that the bacteria
which decompose alginates sometimes have all the characteristics of coliform organisms
except that they possess the power to attack these substances that resist attack by the
common coliform bacteria. Too few students of the coliform group test their cultures to
see whether they will produce soft rots (Erwinia carotovora Holland). Still fewer students
of coliform bacteria determine the type of flagellation possessed b}' the organisms they
study, although it is well known to students of fish diseases (Schaperclaus, Fischkrank-
heiten, 2 Aufi., 1941, Braunschweig, 296 pp.) that several motile (polar flagellate) and non-
motile species of Pseudomonadaceae are easily mistaken for coliform or paracolon bacteria.
Some of these {Aero77ionas punctata Snieszko and other species in the genus Aeromonas
Kluyver and van Niel) are common in water as they cause diseases of carp, salmon and other
fish as well as diseases of frogs.
Borman, Stuart and Wheeler (Jour. Bact., 48, 1944, 351), Kauffmann (op. cit., 1954),
Edwards and Ewing (op. cit., 1955) and others have recently suggested rearrangements in
the classification of the species that belong in the family Enter obacieriaceae. Only the future
can determine which of the views of these authors best expresses the relationships of the
bacteria that belong in this family. — The Editors.
Key to the tribes of family Enterobacteriaceae.

I. Lactose fermented anaerobically, usually within 48 hours, but in one genus (Paracolo-
bactrum) the fermentation may be delayed as much as 30 days.
A. Prodigiosin not produced.
1. Do not produce protopectinase. Not parasitic on plants.
Tribe I. Escherichieae, p. 334.
2. May produce protopectinase. Parasitic on plants, frequently causing soft rots,
blights, etc.
Tribe II. Erwinieae, p. 349.
B. Prodigiosin produced.
Tribe III. Serratieae, p. 359.
II. Lactose rarely fermented anaerobically.
A. Urea decomposed within 48 hours (except by Proteus inconstans).
Tribe IV. Proteeae, p. 364.
B. Urea not decomposed within 48 hours.
Tribe V. Salmonelleae, p. 368.
TRIBE I. ESCHERICHIEAE BERGEY, BREED AND MURRAY, 1938.
(Preprint, Manual, 5th ed., 1938 (October), vi.)

Esch.er.i.chi'e.ae. M.L. fem.n. Escherichia type genus of the tribe; -cae ending to denote
a tribe; M.L. fem.pl.n. Escherichieae the Escherichia tribe.
Rods that are either motile by means of peritrichous flagella or occasionally non-motile.
Gelatin not liquefied except slowly by Aerobacter cloacae and by Paracolobactrum arizonae.
Ferment glucose and lactose with the production of acid and visible gas within 24 hours at
37° C. or within 48 hours at 25° to 30° C. Some forms produce acid and gas from lactose
slowly, occasionally not at all. Do not produce soft rots of vegetables.
FAMILY IV. EXTEROBACTERIACEAE 335
Keij to the genera of tribe Escherichieae.

I. Alginic acid is not decomposed with the production of acid and gas.
A. Lactose is fermented icithin 48 hours.
1. *Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced; methyl red test positive; salts of citric
acid may or may not be used as sole sources of carbon.
Genus I. Escherichia, p. 335.
2. *Acetylmethylcarbinol produced; methyl red test negative; salts of citric acid
used as sole sources of carbon.
a. Usually not encapsulated; from feces, milk, dairy products, grain and other
saprophj^tic sources.
Genus II. Aerobacter, p. 341.
aa. Usually encapsulated; from respiratory, intestinal and urogenital tracts.
Genus III. Klebsiella, p. 344.
B. Lactose fermentation is consistently delayed, and occasionally lactose is not fer-
mented at all.
Genus IV. Paracolobactrum, p. 346.
II. Alginic acid is decomposed with the production of acid and gas.
Genus V. Alginobacfer, p. 348.
Genus I. Escherichia Castellani and Chalmers, 1919.]

(Castellani and Chalmers, Man. Trop. Med., 3rd ed., 1919, 941; Citrobacter Werkman and
Gillen, Jour. Bact., SS, 1932, 173; Enterobacter Rahn (in part), Cent. f. Bakt., II
Abt., 96, 1937, 281.)
Esch.er.i'chi.a. M.L. gen. noun Escherichia of Escherich; named for Prof. Theodor
Escherich, who first isolated the type species of this genus.
Short rods. Motile or non-motile. Gram-negative. Glucose and lactose are fermented
with the production of acid and gas. Acetylmethylcarbinol is not produced. Methyl red test
positive. Carbon dioxide and hydrogen are produced in approximately equal volumes from
glucose. Generally not able to utilize uric acid as a sole source of nitrogen. Found in feces;
occasionally pathogenic to man (enteritis, peritonitis, cystitis, etc.). Widely distribu-
ted in nature.
The type species is Escherichia coli (Migula) Castellani and Chalmers.
Key to the species of genus Escherichia.

I. Citric acid and salts of citric acid are not utilized as sole sources of carbon. Hydrogen
sulfide not produced.
A. Usually not pigmented although a yellow pigment is sometimes produced.
1. Escherichia coli.
B. Golden brown to red pigment produced.
2. Escherichia aurescens.
II. Citric acid and salts of citric acid are utilized as sole sources of carbon.
A. Hj'drogen sulfide produced.
3. Escherichia freundii.
B. Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
4. Escherichia intermedia.
* Levine (Jour. Bact., 1, 1916, 153) was the first to show the inverse correlation between
the methyl red and Voges-Proskauer tests and used these characters for the primary sep-
aration of the Escherichia coli section from the Aerobacter aerogenes section of the coliform
group (Amer. Jour. Public Health, 7, 1917, 784).
t Prepared by Prof. M. W. Yale, New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, New York,
July, 1943; revised by Prof. Robert S. Breed, Cornell University, Geneva, New York, in
consultation with investigators that have made special studies of this genus, October, 1955.
1. Escherichia coli (Migula, 1895) sulfide (Hunter and Weiss, Jour. Bact., 35,
Castellani and Chalmers, 1919. {Bacterium 1938, 20).
coli commune Escherich, Fortschr. d. Med., Methjd red test positive (Clark and Lubs,
3, 1885, 518; Bacillus escherichii Trevisan, Jour. Inf. Dis., 17, 1915, 160); Voges-Pro-
I generi e le specie delle Batteriacee, 1889, skauer test negative (Durham, Jour. Exp.
15; Bacillus coli Migula, in Engler and Med., 5, 1901, 373); inverse correlation be-
Prantl, Naturlich. Pflanzenfam., 1, la, 1895, tween methyl red and Voges-Proskauer
27; Bacterium coli Lehmann and Neumann, tests (Levine, Jour. Bact., 1, 1916, 153).
Bakt. Diag., 1 Aufl., ^, 1896, 224; Castellani Acid and gas from glucose, fructose,
and Chalmers, Man. Trop. Med., 3rd ed., galactose, lactose, maltose, arabinose,
1919, 941.) xylose, rhamnose and mannitol. Sucrose,
co'li. Gr. noun colum or colon the large raffinose, salicin, esculin, dulcitol and
intestine, colon; L. gen. noun coli of the glycerol may or may not be fermented.
colon. Variable fermentation of sucrose and salicin
Rods, usually 0.5 by 1.0 to 3.0 microns, (Sherman and Wing, Jour. Bact., 33, 1937,
varjing from almost coccoid forms to long 315; Tregoning and Poe, Jour. Bact., 34,
rods, occurring singly, in pairs and in short 1937, 473). Inulin, pectin and adonitol rarely
chains. Motile or non-motile; motile strains fermented. Dextrin, starch, glycogen and
possess peritrichous flagella. Usually not inositol not fermented. Cellobiose (Jones
encapsulated. Non-spore-forming. Gram- and Wise, Jour. Bact., 11, 1926, 359) and
negative. a-methyl-glucoside (Koser and Saunders,
Gelatin colonies: Opaque, moist, grayish Jour. Bact., 24, 1932, 267) not fermented.
white, entire. See Twort (Proc. Royal Soc. London, 79,
Gelatin stab: Grayish white, spreading, 1907, 329) for utilization of unusual gluco-
undulate growth. No liquefaction. sides, Dozois et al. (Jour. Bact., 30, 1935,
Agar colonies: Usually white, sometimes 189; and 32, 1936, 499) for utilization of
yellowish white, entire to undulate, moist, certain sugar alcohols and their anhydrides,
homogeneous. Atypical forms occur fre- and Poe and Klemme (Jour. Biol. Chem.,
quently. 109, 1935, 43) for utilization of rare sugars.
Agar slant: Usually white, sometimes See Winslow, Kligler and Rothberg (Jour.
yellowish white, moist, glistening, spread- Bact., 4, 1919, 429) for review of literature
ing growth. relative to classification.
Broth: Turbid; heavy, grayish sediment; Gas ratio: Approximately equal volumes
no pellicle. of carbon dioxide and hydrogen, ratio
Litmus milk: Rapid acid production with 1:1, are produced from glucose (Harden and
development of gas; usually coagulated; Walpole, Proc. Roy. Soc, Ser. B, 77, 1905,
curd may or may not be broken up; no 399; Rogers, Clark and Davis, Jour. Inf.
peptonization of the curd. Litmus may or Dis., 14, 1914, 411).
may not be reduced. Trimethyleneglycol not produced from
Potato: Abundant, grayish to yellowish, glycerol by anaerobic fermentation (Braak,
spreading growth. Onderzoekingen over Vergisting van Glyc-
erine. Thesis, Delft, 1928, 166; Werkman
Blood agar plates: Different strains vary
and Gillen, Jour. Bact., 23, 1932, 167).
widely in their action, some being hemoly- Citric acid and salts of citric acid not
tic (Buchgraber and Hilko, Zent. f. Bakt., utilized as sole sources of carbon (Koser,
I Abt., Orig., 133, 1935, 449). Jour. Bact., 8, 1923, 493).
Indole usually produced. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
No hydrogen sulfide produced in peptone Uric acid not utilized as a sole source of
iron agar (Levine, Epstein and Vaughn, nitrogen (Koser, Jour. Inf. Dis., 23, 1918,
Amer. Jour. Public Health., 24, 1934, 505; 377) ; uracil utilized as a sole source of
Tittsler and Sandholzer, Amer. Jour. Public nitrogen (Mitchell and Levine, Jour. Bact.,
Health, 27, 1937, 1240). More sensitive 35, 1938, 19).
indicators give positive tests for hydrogen Fecal odor produced.
FAMILY IV. ENTEROBACTERIACEAE 337
Catalase-positive . have been recognized and characterized.

Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. Since these antigens may occur in different
Heat resistance: Usually destroyed in 30 combinations, it is obvious that the number
minutes at 60° C, but certain heat-resistant of serotj'pes existent within the species is
strains may withstand this exposure (Ayers much greater than the number recognized to
and Johnson, Jour. Agr. Res., 3, 1914, 401; date.
Stark and Patterson, Jour. Dairy Sci., 19, Within recent years there has been a great
1936, 495). increase in interest in the serology of E.
Growth requirements: Good growth on coli due to ihe association of certain sero-
ordinary laboratory media. Optimum types with severe outbreaks of infantile
growth temperature, between 30° and 37° C. diarrhea. Among the earlier papers dealing
Growth takes place at 10° and 45° C. Gas with this problem are those of Bray (Jour.
produced from glucose at 45° to 46° C. Path, and Pact., 57, 1945, 239), Bray and
Eijkmann test positive (Eijkmann, Cent. f. Beaven (Jour. Path, and Pact., 60, 1946,
Bakt., I Abt., Orig., S7, 1904, 74; Perry and 395), Giles, Sangster and Smith (Arch. Dis.
Hajna, Jour. Pact., 26, 1933, 419). Childhood, 24, 1949, 45) and Kauffmann and
Serology: A large number of serological Dupont (Acta Path, et Microbiol. Scand.,
types which seem to differ in pathogenic 27, 1950, 552). Since these papers were
significance are included in this species as published, the observations of the above-
defined here. While it has long been known mentioned investigators have been con-
that E. coli is serologically heterogeneous, firmed by a great number of workers in
Kauffmann and his associates have brought many different countries. While it is not
some semblance of order to the mass of yet clear how many different strains of
divergent types present in this species. E. coli may be involved in the etiology of
Among significant contributions to the infantile diarrhea, the following have been
establishment of a scheme of serological found repeatedly in association with the
classification, the following may be listed: disease: 026:P6; 055: B5; 0111 :B4; 0127:B8;
Kauffmann (Acta. Path, et Microbiol. and 0128:B12.
Scand., 20, 1942, 21; 21, 1944, 20; Jour. For a comprehensive summary of the
Immunol., 57, 1947, 71), Knipschildt (Un- association of E. coli serotypes with in-
dersogelser over Coligruppens Serologi. fantile diarrhea and other pathological
A. Busk, Copenhagen, 1945) and Vahlne conditions, see Kauffmann {Enterobac-
(Serological typing of the colon bacteria. teriaceae, 2nd edition, E. Munksgaard,
Gleerupska Univ. Bokhandeln, Lund, 1945). Copenhagen, 1954).
Like the salmonellas and shigellas, strains Comments : Many varieties of this species
of E. coli are divided into groups on the have been given specific or varietal names.
basis of their heat-stable somatic (O) The majorit.y of these varieties, a number of
antigens. The O groups are subdivided on which are based on differences in sugar
the basis of sheath, envelope or capsular fermentations, are not now regarded as
(K) antigens, which have the property of significant. Other varieties have been
inhibiting O agglutination just as the Vi established on the basis of the production of
antigen inhibits the O agglutination of a yellow pigment, a lack of motility, differ-
Salmonella typhosa. The ability of these K ences in the appearance of colonial growth,
antigens to inhibit O agglutination is an- a failure to coagulate milk, an inability to
nulled by heating, and they are divided into produce indole or on the basis of isolation
three categories (L, B, A) by their physical from different regions of the intestine or
properties, particularly by the resistance other differences in habitat, etc.
to heat of their ability to inhibit O aggluti- Source: Originally isolated by Escherich
nation and to bind their respective agglu- from the feces of breast-fed infants.
tinins. Finally, the organisms are divided Habitat: Found as a normal inhabitant
into serotypes on the basis of their flagellar of the intestines of mail and of other
(H) antigens. To date, approximately 135 vertebrates. Widely distributed in nature.
O groups, 75 K antigens and 40 H antigens Frequently causes infections of the urogeni-
tal tract and diarrhea in infants. Invades Includes strains of Escherichia coli which
the circulation in agonal stages of diseases. ferment sucrose but not salicin. Levine
(Iowa Eng. E.xp. Sta. Bull. 62, 1921, 38)
la. Escherichia coli var. communis recognizes a strain which ferments salicin.
(Escherich, 1885) Breed, comb. nov. (Bac- Source: Isolated from feces.
terium coli commune Escherich, Fortschr.
d. Med., 3, 1885, 518.) 2. Escherichia aurescens (Parr, 1937)
Includes strains of Escherichia coli which Malligo et al., 1955. (Bacterium aurescens
do not ferment sucrose or salicin. See Parr, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol, and Med., 85,
Topley and Wilson (Princ. of Bact. and 1937, 563; not Bacterium aurescens Migula,
Immun., /, 1931, 446). Syst. d. Bakt., 2, 1900, 466; Malligo, Parr
Source: Isolated from feces. and Robbins, Jour. Bact., 70, 1955, 498.)
au.res'cens. L. v. auresco to gild, to be-
lb. Escherichia coli var. acidilactici come golden; L. part. adj. aurescens becom-
(Topley and Wilson, 1931) Yale, 1939. ing golden.
(Milchsaurebacterium, Hueppe, Mit. d. Rods similar in shape, size and arrange-
kais. Gesund., 2, 1884, 340; Bacillus acidi ment with those of Escherichia coli. Motile.
lactici Zopf, Die Spaltpilze, 1885, 87; Esch- Not encapsulated. Gram-negative.
erichia acidilactici Bergey et al., Manual, Gelatin: No liquefaction.
1st ed., 1923, 199; Bacterium coli var. acidi Agar colonies: Golden brown to red,
lactici Topley and Wilson, Princ. of Bact. insoluble, carotenoid pigment produced.
and Immun., 1, 1931, 446; Yale, in Manual, Red develops best on a Bacto-peptone,
5th ed., 1939, 393.) Leibig's meat extract agar.
Includes strains of Escherichia coli which Broth: Pigmented sediment.
do not attack sucrose or salicin. It is gen- Litmus milk: Acidified and coagulated as
in Escherichia coli.
erally thought that Hueppe's cultures were
contaminated with a spore-former. Indole is produced.
Source: Isolated from milk. Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Acid and gas from glucose, lactose,
Ic. Escherichia coli var. neapolitana salicin, galactose and mannitol. Sucrose,
(Topley and Wilson, 1931) Yale, 1939. dulcitol, cellobiose, alpha-methyl-d-gluco-
(Neapeler Bacterien, Emmerich, Deut. side, inositol, raffinose, inulin and adonitol
med. Wochnschr., 10, 1884, 299; Bacillus not attacked. Power to produce gas from
neapolitanus Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, sugars may be lost.
1886, 270; Escherichia neapolitana Castellani The products of the anaerobic dissimila-
and Chalmers, Man. Trop. Med., 3rd ed., tion of glucose are ethanol, formic, acetic,
1919, 942; Bacterium coli var. neapolitanum lactic and succinic acids, carbon dioxide
Topley and Wilson, Princ. of Bact. and and hydrogen (Neish, personal communica-
Immun., 1, 1931, 446; Yale, in Manual, 5th tion, 1954).
ed., 1939, 393.) Methyl red test is positive.
Includes strains of Escherichia coli which Voges-Proskauer test is negative.
ferment sucrose and salicin. Citrate not utilized as a sole source of
Source: Isolated from cholera patients carbon.
and cadavers; originally thought to be the Nitrites produced from nitrates.
cause of cholera. Aerobic.
Grows well at 22° and 37° C.
Id. Escherichia coli var. communior Distinctive characters: Golden brown,
(Topley and Wilson, 1931) Yale, 1939. reddish yellow or red pigment, depending
(Bacillus coli communior Durham, Jour. on the medium. Pigments are yellow-orange,
Exp. Med., 5, 1900, 353; Bacterium coli var. carotenoid pigments, not like the pro-
communior Topley and Wilson, Princ. of digiosin of Serratia. Power to produce pig-
Bact. and Immun., 1, 1931, 446; Yale, in ments may be lost.
Manual, 5th ed., 1939, 393.) Source: Isolated from human feces
(Parr) , from an infected eye (Kluy ver) and methyl-glucoside may or may not be fer-
from contaminated water supplies (Tittsler, mented (Tittsler and Sandholzer, op. cit.,
Jour. Bact., 33, 1937, 450). 1935, 353; Carpenter and Fulton, op. cit.,
Habitat: Found in fecal matter. 1937, 822). No acid or gas from amygdalin,
dextrin, erythritol, glycogen, inulin or
3. Escherichia freundii (Braak, 1928) melezitose.
Yale, 1939. {Bacterium freundii Braak, Trimethyleneglycol produced from glyc-
Onderzoekingen over Vergisting van Glyc- erol by anaerobic fermentation (Braak,
erine. Thesis, Delft, 1928, 140; Citrobacter op. cit., 1928, 146; Werkman and Gillen,
freundii Werkman and Gillen, Jour. Bact., op. cit., 1932, 167).
23, 1932, 176 (type species of genus Citro- Citric acid utilized as a sole source of
bacter Werkman and Gillen, ibid., 173); carbon.
Yale, in Manual, 5th ed., 1939, 394.) Nitrites produced from nitrates.
freun'di.i. M.L. gen. noun freundii of Uric acid not utilized as a sole source of
Freund; named for A. Freund, who first nitrogen (Koser, op. cit., 1924, 59; Werkman
observed that trimethyleneglycol was a and Gillen, op. cit., 1932, 167).
product of fermentation (1881). Catalase-positive.
Short rods, with rounded ends, occurring Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
singly, in pairs and in short chains. Motile Growth requirements: Good growth on
or non-motile. Gram-negative. ordinarj^ laboratory media. Optimum
Gelatin stab: Liquefaction by 4 out of 15 growth temperature, between 30° and 37° C.
cultures (Werkman and Gillen, op. cit., 1932, Gas not produced in Eijkman test when
177) . No liquefaction by any strains (Titts- carried out at 45° to 46° C. (Levine, Epstein
ler and Sandholzer, Jour. Bact., 29, 1935, and Vaughn, op. cit., 1934, 505). No gas at
353; Carpenter and Fulton, Amer. Jour. 44° C. (Wilson, Med. Res. Council, London,
Pub. Health, 27, 1937, 822). Special Rept., Ser. 206, 1935, 165).
Agar slant: Smooth, gray, shining, fili- Serology: This species, like Escherichia
form, butyrous growth. coli, is divisible into serological types. The
Litmus milk: Acid in 2 days; coagulation serology of E. freundii has not been studied
may or maj' not take place; no peptoniza- as extensively as that of E. coli. In fact
tion. study of these organisms has been confined
Potato: Abundant, 3'ellowish white almost exclusively to aberrant cultures of
growth. the group which ferment lactose slowly.
Indole may or may not be produced The cultures which ferment lactose slowly
(Werkman and Gillen, op. cit., 1932, 177; or not at all have long caused difficulty in
Tittsler and Sandholzer, o-p. cit., 1935, 353). the diagnosis of enteric infections since they
Hydrogen sulfide produced in proteose often are mistaken for members of the genus
peptone, ferric citrate agar (Levine, Epstein Salmonella. It is only within the past two
and Vaughn, Amer. Jour. Pub. Health, 2^, 3'ears that reliable and rapid methods of
1934, 505; Tittsler and Sandholzer, Amer. differentiation of this species from sal-
Jour. Pub. Health, 27, 1937, 1240). monellas through KCN and decarboxylase
Methyl red test positive. Voges-Proskauer tests have become available (M0ller, Acta.
test negative (Koser, Jour. Bact., 9, 1924, Path, et Microbiol. Scand., 26, 1954, 115
and 158).
59). Some strains give a positive methj'l red
and a positive Voges-Proskauer test The slow lactose-fermenting organisms
(Parr, Jour. Bact., 36, 1938, 1). of the E. freundii group have been desig-
Acid and gas from glucose, fructose, nated as the Bethesda-Ballerup group
galactose, arabinose, xylose, raffinose, (Edwards, West and Bruner, Jour. Bact.,
lactose, maltose, mannose, rhamnose, tre- 55, 1948, 711). Since these are often confused
halose, glycerol, mannitol and sorbitol. with salmonellas, H was natural that they
Sucrose, salicin, dulcitol, adonitol and should have attracted greater attention
inositol may or may not be fermented. among medical bacteriologists than typical
Cellobiose usually fermented while a- E. freundii cultures. Through the work of
Edwards, West and Bruner (Jour. Bact., Gelatin stab: No liquefaction after 60
55, 1948, 711), Bruner, Edwards and Hopson
(Jour. Inf. Dis., 85, 1949, 290) and West and days
Agarat slant:
20° C. Smooth to wrinkled surface;
Edwards (U. S. Pub. Health Service Mono- grayish white, abundant, raised, butyrous
graph 22, 1954), 32 O groups and 87 H anti-
gens have been established. When the sera growth.
Levine's eosine-methylene blue agar:
used in the classification of Bethesda- Well isolated colonies vary from 1 to 4 mm
Bellerup cultures were used in the examina- in diameter. No confluence of neighboring
tion of normal strains of E. freundii, it was colonies. Colonies are slightly to moderately
found that either or both the O and H anti- raised with surfaces varying from flat to
gens of the majority of E. freundii cultures conve.x and usually smooth and glistening
could be recognized. Thus, in view of the but sometimes dull, rough and granular.
similarity of their biochemical reactions By transmitted light two types of colonies
and their close serological relationships, it have been observed: (1) colonies having
seems better to regard the Bethesda-Bal- almost the same appearance throughout
lerup group as a variety of the species E. but with a distinctly lighter center, the
freundii. Subsequent biochemical investiga- color being similar to the medium; (2)
tions have confirmed this view. colonies having a dark brownish central
Comments: In 1932, Werkman and Gillen area which diffuses out to a lighter margin.
(Jour. Bact., 23, 1932, 177), following the By reflected light three types of colonies
custom prevalent at that time, established have been observed: (1) dark, button-like,
the citrate-positive coliform organisms in a concentrically ringed colonies possessing a
separate genus, Citrobacter, and subdivided strong, greenish metallic sheen so char-
this genus into seven species on the basis of acteristic for Escherichia coli; (2) colonies
action on gelatin and on differences in their with dark, purplish, wine-colored centers
fermentation of sucrose, esculin, salicin, surrounded by a light pink zone; some
dulcitol and similar compounds. Five of the colonies are concentrically ringed; (3) pink
seven species described by Werkman and colonies with no suggestion of sheen but
Gillen produced H2S in proteose peptone- sometimes concentrically ringed.
ferric citrate agar and, following Vaughn Nutrient broth: Turbid; slight ring at
and Levine (Jour. Bact., U, 1942, 502), are surface.
all regarded here as belonging to Esch- Litmus milk : Acid ; sometimes coagulated
erichia freundii. and reduced; no proteolysis.
Source: Isolated from canal water in Potato: Abundant, white to ivory- col-
Holland. ored growth.
Habitat: Normally found in soil and Indole maj' or may not be produced.
water and, to a varying degree, in the intes- Hj'drogen sulfide not detected in proteose
tinal canals of man and other animals. peptone ferric citrate agar.
Widely distributed in nature. Acid or acid and gas produced from
xj'lose, arabinose, rhamnose, glucose, fruc-
4. Escherichia intermedia (Werkman tose, mannose, galactose, lactose, maltose,
and Gillen, 1932) Vaughn and Levine, 1942. trehalose and mannitol. No acid or gas from
(Citrobacter intermedium Werkman and melezitose, amygdalin or erj'thritol. Su-
Gillen, Jour. Bact., 23, 1932, 178; Vaughn crose, raffinose, cellobiose, a-methyl-gluco-
and Levine, Jour. Bact., U, 1942, 498.) side, adonitol, dulcitol, glycerol, inositol,
in.ter.me'di.a. L. adj. iniermedius inter- sorbitol, starch, aesculin, salicin and sodium
mediate. malonate may or may not be fermented.
Short rods, with rounded ends, occur- Fermentation of glucose: The end prod-
ring singly, in pairs and in short chains in ucts characteristic for the genus Escherichia
young nutrient agar or broth cultures. are produced. Carbon dioxide and hydrogen
Activel}^ motile by means of peritrichous gases are produced in approximately equi-
fiagella or non-motile. Gram-negative. molar proportions (gas ratio, 1:1) besides
FAMILY IV. EXTEROBACTERIACEAE
341
significant quantities of ethanol and acetic, differences between the citrate-positive
lactic and succinic acids with only traces cultures that produce hydrogen sulfide in
of formic acid. Acetylmethylcarbinol and proteose peptone, ferric citrate agar (E.
2,3-butylene glycol have not been found freundii as defined by Vaughn and Levine,
(Voges-Proskauer test negative). Jour. Bact., U, 1942, 502) and the citrate-
Salts of citric acid are utilized as sole positive cultures that do not produce
sources of carbon. hydrogen sulfide on the same medium {E.
Nitrites produced from nitrates. intermedia as defined by Vaughn and Levine,
loc. cit.).
Catalase-positive.
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. Comments: Vaughn and Levine {loc.
Temperature requirements: Growth at 10° cit.) have given reasons for combining two
and at 45° to 46° C. Optimum growth tem- of the seven species of Citrobacter described
perature, between 30° and 37° C. Gas not by Werkman and Gillen (Jour. Bact., 23,
produced in Eijkman tests, although some 1932, 177) that do not produce hydrogen
cultures show growth at 45° to 46° C. sulfide into a single species for which they
Salt tolerance: Most cultures ferment use the name Escherichia intermedia. It
glucose in the presence of sodium chloride should be noted that the description as
in a concentration of 6.0 to 7.0 per cent. A
given above is based on their definition.
few cultures tolerate 8.0 per cent sodium
chloride. The specific epithet intermedia is used here
in a more restricted sense than is the general
Optimum pH, about 7.0. Growth occurs
between pH 5.0 and pH 8.0. term "intermediates," which is frequently
Serology: As noted under Escherichia applied to all citrate-positive species of
freundii, the serology of the citrate-positive coliform organisms.
species placed in Escherichia has not been Habitat: Normally found, to a varying
studied extensively. So far as known, no degree, in soil, water and in the intestinal
studies have been made to determine canals of man and other animals. Widely
whether there are detectable serological distributed in nature.
Genus II. Aerobacter Beijerinck, 1900.*

(Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 6, 1900, 193.)
A.e.ro.bac'ter. Gr. mas.n. aer air, gas; M.L. noun bacter the masculine equivalent of
Gr. neut. n. bactrum a small rod; M.L. mas.n. Aerobacter a gas (-producing) rod.
Short rods. Motile or non-motile, the motile species possessing peritrichous flagella.
Gram-negative. Grow readily on ordinary media. Ferment glucose and lactose with the pro-
duction of acid and gas. Produce two or more times as much carbon dio.xide as hydrogen
from glucose. Methyl red test negative; Voges-Proskauer test positive. Trimethyleneglycol
not produced from glycerol by anaerobic fermentation. Citric acid and salts of citric acid
are utilized as sole sources of carbon. Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. Widely distributed
in nature.
The type species is Aerobacter aerogenes (Kruse) Beijerinck.
Key to the species of genus Aerobacter.
I. tGlycerol fermented with the production of acid and gas. Gelatin not liquefied (rarely
liquefied).
1. Aerobacter aerogenes.
* Prepared by Prof. M. W. Yale, New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, New
York, July, 1943; revised by Prof. Robert S. Breed, Cornell University, Geneva, New York,
in consultation withinvestigatorswhohave made special studies of this genus, October, 1955.
t Kligler (Jour. Inf. Dis., 16, 1914, 187) found the fermentation of glycerol to be inversely
correlated with gelatin liquefaction and considered the former the more reliable as a charac-
II. Glj^cerol fermented with the production of no visible gas. Gelatin liquefied.
2. Aerobacter cloacae.
1. Aerobacter aerogenes (Kruse, 1896) Health, 27, 1937, 1240). More sensitive
Beijerinck, 1900. (Bakterium lactis aerogenes indicators give positive tests for hydrogen
(sic) Escherich, Fortschr. d. Med., 3, 1885, sulfide (Hunter and Weiss, Jour. Bact., 35,
520; Bacillus aerogenes Kruse, in Fliigge, 1938,20).
Die Mikroorganismen, 2, 1896, 340; not Acid and gas from glucose, fructose,
Bacillus aerogenes Miller, Deutsche rriied. galactose, arabinose, lactose, maltose,
Wochnschr., 1£, 1886, 119; Bacterium rafiinose, cellobiose, salicin, esculin, starch,
aerogenes Chester, Ann. Rept. Del. Col. dextrin, glycerol, mannitol, sorbitol and
Agr. Exp. Sta., 9, 1897, 53; not Bacterium inositol; a-methyl-glucoside is usually
aerogenes Miller, op. cit., 1886, 119; Beije- fermented (Koser and Saunders, Jour. Bact.,
rinck, Arch, neerl. d. sci. exact, et nat., 4, 24, 1932, 267). Sucrose, inulin, dulcitol and
1900, 1.) adonitol may or may not be fermented.
a.e.ro'ge.nes. Or. mas.n. aer air, gas; Gr. Protopectin not fermented. Variable fer-
V. gennaio to produce; M.L. adj. aerogenes mentation of sucrose and mannitol (Sher-
gas-producing. man and Wing, Jour. Bact., 33, 1937, 315).
Rods, 0.5 to 0.8 by 1.0 to 2.0 microns, Gas ratio : Two or more volumes of carbon
occurring singly. Frequently encapsulated. dioxide to one of hydrogen are produced
Usually non-motile. Gram-negative. from glucose (Harden and Walpole, Proc.
Gelatin colonies: Thick, porcelain-white, Roy. Soc, Series B, 77, 1905, 399; Rogers,
opaque, moist, smooth, entire. Clark and Davis, Jour. Inf. Dis., 14, 1914,
411).
Gelatin stab: Thick, spreading, white,
opaque surface growth. No liquefaction. Trimethylenegh'col not produced from
Agar colonies: Thick, white, raised, moist, glycerol by anaerobic fermentation (Braak,
smooth, entire; more convex than those of Onderzoekingen over Vergisting van Glyc-
Escherichia coli and often mucoid. erine. Thesis, Delft, 1928, 212; Werkman and
Agar slant: Abundant, thick, white, Gillen, Jour. Bact., 23, 1932, 167).
moist, glistening, spreading growth. Methyl red test negative (Clark and
Broth: Turbid; pellicle; abundant sedi- Lubs, Jour. Inf. Dis., 17, 1915, 160); Voges-
ment. Proskauer test positive (Durham, Jour.
Litmus milk: Acid with coagulation; no Exp. Med., 5, 1901, 373); inverse correlation
peptonization. between methyl red and Voges-Proskauer
Potato: Thick, yellowish white to yel- tests (Levine, Jour. Bact., 1, 1916, 153).
lowish brown, spreading growth with Citric acid and salts of citric acid may be
nodular outgrowths over the surface. utilized as sole sources of carbon (Koser,
Indole may or may not be produced (Ford, Jour. Bact., 8, 1923, 493).
Studies from the Royal Victoria Hospital, Uric acid may be utilized as a sole source
Montreal, 1, 1901-1903, 16; Bardsley, Jour, of nitrogen (Koser, Jour. Inf. Dis., 23, 1918,
377).
of Hyg. (Eng.), 34, 1934, 38; Wilson, IVIed.
Res. Council, London, Spec. Rept. Ser. 206, Sodium hippurate is hydrolyzed (Hajna
1935, 161). and Damon, Amer. Jour. Hyg., 19, 1934,
545) .
Hydrogen sulfide not produced in peptone
iron agar (Levine, Epstein and Vaughn, Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Amer. Jour. Pub. Health, 24, 1934, 505; - Catalase-positive.
Tittsler and Sandholzer, Amer. Jour. Pub. Aerobic, facultativelv anaerobic.
ter for differentiating species due to occasional loss of gelatin-liquefying ability. This was
confirmed by Levine (Amer. Jour. Pub. Health, 7, 1917, 784), who reports that the two char-
acters do not correlate perfectly. Griffin and Stuart (Jour. Bact., 40, 1940, 93 ff.) find a
similar correlation of characters but feel that, because these characters do not correlate
perfectly, it would be better to combine the two species into a single species.
Growth requirements: Good growth on ing power sometimes lost (Kligler, Jour.
ordinary laboratory media. Optimum tem- Inf. Dis., 15, 1914, 199).
Agar colonies: Circular, thick, opaque
perature, about 30° C. Grows better at
with white center, entire.
temperatures below 30° C. than does Esch-
erichia coli Castellani and Chalmers. Agar slant: Porcelain-white, smooth,
glistening, spreading growth.
Usually destroyed in 30 minutes at 60° C,
but certain heat-resistant strains may with- Broth: Turbid; thin pellicle.
stand this exposure (Avers and Johnson, Litmus milk: Acid; coagulation; gas;
Jour. Agr. Res., S, 1914, 401; Stark and slow peptonization.
Patterson, Jour. Dairy Sci., 19, 1936, 495). Potato: Yellowish, moist, glistening
Gas not produced in Eijkmann test when
growth.
Indole not produced (Levine, Epstein and
carried out at 45° to 46° C. (Eijkmann,
Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 37, 1904, 74; Vaughn, Amer. Jour. Pub. Health, 24, 1934,
Levine, Epstein and Vaughn, Amer. Jour. 505; Wilson, Med. Res. Council, London,
Pub. Health, 24, 1934, 505). Spec. Rept. Ser. 206, 1935, 161).
Comments: Thompson (Jour. Bact., S8, Hydrogen sulfide not produced in pep-
1934, 41) has reported a variety of this tone iron agar (Levine, Epstein and
organism which shows a transverse arrange- Vaughn, op. cit., 1934, 505).
ment of the capsule. Acid and gas from glucose, fructose,
Relationships to other species: Regarded galactose, arabinose, xylose, lactose, mal-
by Escherich {op. cit., 1885, 520) as possibly tose, raffinose, dextrin, salicin, trehalose,
identical with Hueppe's Milchsiiurebac- mannitol, sorbitol, cellobiose anda-methyl-
terium (Mit. d. kais. Gesund., 2, 1884, 340; glucoside. Sucrose usually fermented.
Escherichia coli var. acidilactici) . However, Inulin, esculin, starch, dulcitol, rhamnose
because he did not have a culture of and protopectin not attacked. Glj'cerol
Hueppe's organism for comparison, Esch- fermented with no visible gas (Kligler,
erich gave the name Bakterium lactis aero- op. cit., 1914, 187; Levine, Amer. Jour. Pub.
genes to his own organism. Health, 7, 1917, 784). Starch rarely fer-
Source: Isolated from the feces of breast- mented (Levine, loc. cit.). See Winslow,
fed infants. Kligler and Rothberg (Jour. Bact., 4, 1919,
Habitat: Normally found on grains and 429) for a review of the literature.
plants and, to a varying degree, in water, Gas ratio: Glucose fermented with at
milk, dairy products and the intestinal least two volumes of carbon dioxide to one
canals of man and other animals. Widely of hydrogen (Rogers, Clark and Davis,
distributed in nature. Jour. Inf. Dis., 74, 1914,411).
Methyl red test negative; Voges-Pro-
2. Aerobacter cloacae (Jordon, 1890) skauer test positive.
Bergey et al., 1923. (Bacillus cloacae Jordan, Citric acid and salts of citric acid may be
Rept. Mass. State Bd. of Health, Part II, utilized as sole sources of carbon (Koser,
1890, 836; also see Jordan, Jour. Hyg., 3, Jour. Bact., 8, 1923, 493).
1903, 1; Bacterium cloacae Lehmann and Uric acid may be utilized as a sole source
Neumann, Bakt. Diag., 1 Aufl., 2, 1896, of nitrogen (Koser, Jour. Inf. Dis., 23, 1918,
239; Bergey et al., Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 377).
207.) Sodium hippurate not hj^drolj^zed (Hajna
clo.a'cae. L. noun cloaca a sewer; L. and Damon, Amer. Jour. Hyg., 19, 1934,
gen. noun cloacae of a sewer. 545) .
Rods, 0.5 to 1.0 by 1.0 to 2.0 microns, Nitrites produced from nitrates.
occurring singly. Usually motile by means Fecal odor produced.
of peritrichous flagella. Not encapsulated. Catalase-positive.
Gram-negative. Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
Gelatin colonies: Thin, circular, bluish, Growth requirements: Good growth on
translucent. ordinary laboratory media. Optimum tem-
Gelatin stab: Slow liquefaction. Liquefy- perature, between 30° and 37° C. Gas not
produced in Eijkmann test when carried and sucrose and less actively from lactose.
out at 45° to 46° C. (Levine, Epstein and The ratio of hydrogen to carbon dioxide, as
Vaughn, op. cit., 1934, 505). determined by Smith, was approximately
Comments: In the original description of 1:2.
this species, Jordan (op. cit., 1890, 836) Source: Isolated from sewage from the
makes no report of the action of this or- Lawrence Experiment Station, Massa-
ganism on sugars. The cultures used by Th. chusetts.
Smith (The Fermentation Tube, 1893, 215) Habitat: Found in human and other
produced acid and gas actively from glucose animal feces and in sewage, soil and water.
Genus III. Klebsiella Trevisan, 1885.*

(Atti della accad. Fisio-Medico-Statistica in Milano, Ser. 4, S, 1885, 105.)
Kleb.si.el'la. M.L. dim. ending -ella; M.L. fem.n. Klebsiella named for Edwin Klebs
(1834-1913), an early German bacteriologist.
Short rods, somewhat plump with rounded ends, occurring mostly singly. Encapsulated
in the mucoid phase. Non-motile. Gram-negative. Gelatin not liquefied. Fermentation
reactions are variable, but usually a number of carbohydrates are fermented. Acetj'lmethyl-
carbinol may or may not be produced. Nitrites are produced from nitrates. Aerobic, growing
well on ordinary culture media. Encountered frequently in the respiratory, intestinal and
urogenital tracts of man, but these organisms may be isolated from a variety of animals and
materials.
The type species is Klebsiella pneumoniae (Schroeter) Trevisan.
Key to the species of genus Klebsiella.

I. Acetylmethylcarbinol produced. Frequently associated with acute inflammations of
the respiratory tract.
1. Klebsiella pneumoniae.
II. Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced. Frequently associated with nasal infections.
A. Acid and gas usually produced from glucose. Found associated with ozena and other
chronic diseases of the respiratory tract.
2. Klebsiella ozaenae.
B. Usually acid but no gas from glucose. Found associated with rhinoscleroma.
3. Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis .
1. Klebsiella pneumoniae (Schroeter, inflammation of the lungs, pneumonia;

1886) Trevisan, 1887. (Pneumoniecoccus, M.L. gen.noun pneumoniae of pneumonia.
Friedlander, Arch. f. path. Anat., 87, 1882, Common name: Friedlander 's bacillus;
319; Bacterium pneumonie crouposae Zopf, pneumobacillus.
Die Spaltpilze, 3 Aufl., 1885, 66; Klebsiella Rods, 0.3 to 0.5 by 5.0 microns, often 4 to
crouposa Trevisan, Atti della Accad. Fisio- 5 times as long as broad, with rounded ends,
Medico-Statistica in Milano, Ser. 4, 3, 1885, occurring singly and in pairs. Encapsulated.
105; Hyalococcus pneumoniae Schroeter, in Non -motile. Gram-negative.
Cohn, Kryptogamen-Flora von Schlesien, Gelatin colonies: Dirty white, smooth,
3(1), 1886, 152; Bacillus pneumoniae Fliigge,
Die Mikroorganismen, 2 Aufl., 1886, 204; opaque, entire, slightly raised.
Trevisan, Rend. d. R. Istit. Lombardo, Gelatin stab: Dirty white surface growth.
Ser. 2, 20, 1887, 94.) Filiform growth in stab. Gas bubbles are
pneu.mo'ni.ae. Gr. noun pneumonia produced. No liquefaction.
* Prepared by Prof. Robert S. Breed, Cornell University, Geneva, New York, in consulta-
tion with investigators who have made special studies of this genus, October, 1955.
Agar colonies: White, shiny, convex, differentiate the majority of Klebsiella

smooth, glistening, entire. pneumoniae cultures from organisms com-
Agar slants: Slimy, white, somewhat monly classified as Aerobacter aerogenes,
translucent, raised growth. and this situation has caused confusion.
Broth: Turbid; thick ring or film. Identical cultures are classified bj^ some
Litmus milk: Acid; no coagulation. workers as types of Klebsiella pneumoniae
Potato: Yellowish, slimy, raised growth. and by others as Aerobacter aerogenes. The
Gas is produced. source from which an organism was isolated
Indole not produced. often has dictated the genus into which it is
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. placed. Until such time as the relationships
Acid and gas from glucose. Acid and gas of the two genera are clarified, it is inevita-
may be produced from lactose. Acid from ble that confusion will continue.
sucrose, maltose, salicin, arabinose, rham- Source: Isolated from the lungs in cases
nose, xylose, mannitol, adonitol, inositol of lobar pneumonia.
and sorbitol. Acid may or may not be pro- Habitat: Associated with pneumonia and
duced from dulcitol. other inflammations of the respiratory
Acetylmethylcarbinol usually produced. tract.
Methyl red test negative.
Ammonium citrate utilized as a sole 2. Klebsiella ozaenae (Abel, 1893)
source of carbon. Bergey et al., 1925. {Bacillus mucosus
Nitrites produced from nitrates. ozaenae Abel, Cent. f. Bakt., 13, 1893, 167;
Urea maj' or may not be slowh' decom- Bacillus ozaenae Abel, ibid., 172; Bacterium
posed. ozaenae Lehmann and Neumann, Bakt.
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. Diag., 1 Aufl., 2, 1896, 204; Bergey et al.,
Optimum temperature, 37° C. Manual, 2nd ed., 1925, 266.)
Pathogenicity: Lethal for mice. o.zae'nae. L. fem.n. ozaena ozena; L.
Serology: Cultures belonging to this fem.gen.n. ozaenae of ozena.
species are classified serologically on the Plump rods, 1.25 microns in width and of
basis of their O and K (capsule) antigens. variable length, occurring singly. Encap-
Kauffmann (Acta Path, et Microbiol. sulated. Non-motile. Gram-negative.
Scand., 26, 1949, 38) and 0rskov (Acta Path, Gelatin colonies: Small, white, convex,
et Microbiol. Scand., 34, 1954, 145) demon- slimy, translucent.
strated four somatic groups in the kleb- Gelatin stab: Translucent, slimy surface
siellas, in each of which was found a variety growth. Filiform growth in stab. No lique-
of capsular antigens. Due to technical faction.
difficulties caused by the prominent cap- Agar slant: Slimy, cream-like, spreading
sules possessed by most cultures, the O
antigens of Klebsiella cultures usually are growth.
Broth: Turbid; gray ring and sediment.
not determined, and serological examina- Litmus milk: Unchanged or slightly acid
tion is confined to the determination of the but not coagulated; no gas.
capsular antigens of the strains. Through Potato : Creamy, spreading growth ; never
the work of a number of investigators, 72 shows gas production.
capsule types have been recognized. Of Indole not produced.
these, types 1 to 6 inclusive (A to F of the Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced.
earlier literature) occur in the respiratory Acid ma}- or may not be produced from
tract of man and occasionally are found in glucose; lactose is fermented weakly, if at
other locations. The remaining capsule all (Lehmann and Neumann, Bakt. Diag.,
types exhibit no such preference and are 4 Aufl., 2, 1907, 299). Acid and gas from
widely distributed in nature. They occur glucose, lactose, sucrose, maltose and
frequently in respiratory and urinary in- mannitol (Julianelle, Jour. Bact., 30, 1935,
fections, in the blood stream and in feces. 536).
Comment : From the foregoing, it may be Nitrites produced from nitrates (Julia-
seen that no method has been found to nelle, ibid., 535).
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. and occasionally in short chains. Encapsu-

Optimum temperature, 37° C. lated. Non-motile. Gram-negative.
Pathogenicitj^: Lethal for mice 3 to 4 Gelatin colonies: Circular, jellowish
days after subcutaneous inoculation; rats white, convex, entire.
and guinea pigs become sick; rabbits are Gelatin stab: White, convex surface
immune. growth. No liquefaction.
Comment: Henriksen (Acta Path, et Agar colonies: White, translucent,
Microbiol. Scand., 34, 1954, 249, 259, 266, smooth, glistening.
271, 276 and 291) believes this and the fol- Agar slant: Moist, white, translucent,
lowing species to be distinguishable from spreading growth.
Klebsiella pneumoniae because both K. Broth: Turbid; tough pellicle.
ozaenae and K. rhinoscleromatis give the Litmus milk: Unchanged.
IMViC reactions found in the genus Esch- Potato: Yellowish white, slimj-, fre-
erichia whereas K. pneumoniae possesses the quently showing gas production.
IMViC characters found in the genus Indole not produced.
Aerobacter. Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Source: Isolated from cases of ozena. Gas not ordinarily produced from glucose ;
Habitat: Frequently occurs in ozena and acid produced from lactose slowly if at all
in non-stinking, pure atrophic rhinitis. (Lehmann and Neumann, Bakt. Diag., 4
Aufl., 2, 1907, 299). Acid from sucrose,
3. Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis Tre- salicin, inositol and adonitol. Acid may or
visan, 1887. (Rhinoscleromabacillus, von may not be produced from dulcitol. d-Tar-
Fritsch, Wien. med. Wochenschr., 32, 1882, trate and mucate not fermented.
968; also see Cornil, Progres Medical, 11, Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced.
1883, 587; Trevisan, Rend. d. R. Istit. Methyl red test positive.
Lombardo, Ser. 2, 20, 1887, 95.) Citrate not utilized as sole source of car-
rhi.no.scle.ro'ma.tis. M.L. adj. rhino- bon.
scleromatis pertaining to rhinoscleroma. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Original description supplemented by Urea not decomposed.
material taken from Edwards and Ewing Aerobic, facultativelj" anaerobic.
(Identification of Enter obacteriaceae, Bur- Optimum temperature,
gess Pub. Co., Minneapolis, 1955, 166 and Comment: See comment 37°underC. Klebsiella
167). ozaenae.
Rods, with rounded ends, about 0.8 by Source: Isolated from nasal secretions in
1.6 to 2.4 microns, occurring singly, in pairs. rhinoscleroma.
Genus IV. Paracolobactrum Borman et al., 1944-*

(Paracolibacille, Widal and Nobecourt, Semaine M^d., 17, 1897, 285; Borman, Stuart
and Wheeler, Jour. Bact., 48, 1944, 361.)
Pa.ra.co.lo.bac'trum. Gr. prep, para (in composition) alongside of, like; M.L. noun
Colobactrum a genus of bacteria; M.L. neut.n. Paracolobactrum that which resembles Colo-
bactrum.
Short rods. Gram-negative. Fermentation of lactose is consistently delaj'ed; occasionally
lactose is not fermented. Glucose is fermented with the production of visible gas. Certain
forms attack carbohydrates characteristically at 20° to 30° C. but not at 37° C; the produc-
tion of acet3dmethylcarbinol may likewise be influenced by incubation temperature. Anti-
genic relationships to other genera in the family are common, even with respect to major
antigens. Found in surface water, soil, grains and the intestinal tracts of animals, including
man.
* Prepared by Dr. E. K. Borman, Director, Bureau of Laboratories, State Department of

Health, Hartford, Connecticut, October, 1955.
The t}'pe species is Paracolobaclrum aerogenoides Borman et al.
Key to the species of genus Paracolobactrum.

I. Acetylmethylcarbinol produced.
1. Paracolobactrum aerogenoides.
II. Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced.
A. Ammonium citrate utilized as a sole source of carbon.
2. Paracolobactrum intermedium.
2. Gelatin slowly liquefied.
3. Paracolobactrum arizonae.
B. Ammonium citrate not utilized as a sole source of carbon.
4. Paracolobactrum coliforme.
1. Paracolobactrum aerogenoides Bor- Relationships to other species: The

man et al., 1944. (Para-aerogenes, Stuart, Ballerup Group (Bruner, Edwards and Hop-
Wheeler, Rustigian and Zimmerman, Jour. son, Jour. Inf. Dis., 85, 1949, 290) and the
Bact., 45, 1943, 117; Borman, Stuart and Bethesda Group (Edwards, West and
Wheeler, Jour. Bact., 48, 1944, 361.) Bruner, Jour. Bact., 55, 1948, 712) have
a.e.ro.ge.no.i'des. M.L. adj. aerogenes been combined by recent investigators
gas-producing, a specific epithet; Gr. noun (West and Edwards, U. S. Dept. Health,
eidus resembling, like; M.L. adj. aeroge- Education and Welfare Monograph, No. 22,
noides (Aerobacter) aerogenes-like. 1954, 34; Kauffmann, Enter obacteriaceae.
Characters as for Aerobacter aerogenes Ejnar Munksgaard, Copenhagen, 1954, 210).
Beijerinck and Aerobacter cloacae Bergey et While these workers recognize the combined
al. except for consistently delayed fermenta- groups as being identical with Paracolo-
tion of lactose. bactrum intermedium Borman et al., they do
Primarily non-pathogenic. not distinguish between them and Escher-
Comments: M0ller (Acta Path, et Micro- ichia freundii Yale.
biol. Scand., 35, 1954, 262 and 272) has named Source: Isolated from cases of human
the non-gelatin-liquefying, Aerobacter aero- gastroenteritis.
genes-like paracolons the Hafnia Group, Habitat: Found in surface water, soil,
type species Hafnia alvei M0ller {ibid., 272). grains and the intestinal tracts of animals,
The organisms in the Hafnia Group are including man.
motile at 22° becoming less motile at 36° and
non-motile at 38° C. 3. Paracolobactrum arizonae (Kauff-
Source : Isolated from cases of human gas- mann, 1940) Borman, comb. nov. {Salmonella
troenteritis. sp., Dar es salaam Type var. from Arizona,
Habitat: Found in surface water, soil, Caldwell and Ryerson, Jour. Inf. Dis., 66,
grains and the intestinal tracts of animals, 1939, 245 ; Salmonella arizona (sic) Kauffmann,
including man. Acta Path, et Microbiol. Scand., 17, 1940,
or 19, 1942; Arizona culture, Edwards,
2. Paracolobactrum intermedium Bor- Cherry and Bruner, Jour. Inf. Dis., 73, 1943,
man et al., 1944. (Para-freundii, Stuart, 236; Arizona Group, Edwards, Jour. Bact.,
Wheeler, Rustigian and Zimmerman, Jour. 49, 1945, 513.)
Bact., 45, 1943, 117; Borman, Stuart and a.ri.zo'nae. M.L. noun Arizona Arizona;
Wheeler, Jour. Bact., 48, 1944, 361.) M.L. gen. noun arizonae of Arizona.
in.ter.me'di.um. L. adj. intermedius Rods. Motile by means of peritrichous
intermediate. flagella. Gram-negative.
Characters as for Escherichia freundii Gelatin: Slow liquefaction.
Yale and Escherichia intermedia Vaughn and Potassium cyanide medium: No growth
Levine except for consistently delayed fer- (exceptions are rare) .
mentation oflactose. Indole not produced.
Hydrogen sulfide produced. snakes by Hinshaw and McNeill (Cornell

Acid and gas from glucose. Characteris- Vet., 34, 1944, 248). Also reported by Ed-
ticall}', lactose is fermented in 7 to 10 days wards (op. cit., 1945, 513) and by Edwards
(sometimes earlier, sometimes in 3 weeks, et al. (Canad. Jour. Microbiol., 2, 1956, 281)
rarely not at all). Salicin rarely fermented. from infants.
Adonitol, dulcitol, inositol and sucrose not Habitat: Apparently widely distributed
attacked. in lizards, snakes and warm-blooded ani-
mals.
Methyl red test is positive.
Acet.ylmeth.ylcarbinol not produced.
Ammonium citrate utilized as a sole 4. Paracolobactrum coliforme Borman
source of carbon. et al., 1944. (Para-coli, Stuart, Wheeler,
Urea not hydrolyzed. Rustigian and Zimmerman, Jour. Bact., 4S,
Serology: Ninety-seven serotypes, with 1943, 117; Borman, Stuart and Wheeler,
their antigenic formulas, are listed by Jour. Bad., 48, 1944,361.)
Edwards and Ewing (Identification of co.li.for'me. Gr. noun colwn the colon,
Enterobacteriaceae. Burgess Pub. Co., Min- here used in the genitive in reference to the
neapolis, 1955, 89). These authors stress the specific epithet coli; L. noun forma appear-
strong serological relationship between this ance; M.L. adj. coliformis resembling
species and those in the genus Salmonella.
(Escherichia) coli.
Pathogenic for guinea pigs and rabbits. Characters as for Escherichia coli Castel-
Comment: Kauffmann {Enterobacteriaceae.
lani and Chalmers except for consistently
Munksgaard, Copenhagen, 2nd ed., 1954,
147) proposed the generic name Arizona for delayed fermentation of lactose.
Source: Isolated from cases of human
the organisms in the Arizona Group but did
not name a type species. gastroenteritis.
Source : Isolated by Caldwell and Ryerson Habitat: Found in surface water, soil,
(op. cit., 1939, 245) from horned lizards, grains and the intestinal tracts of animals,
Gila monsters and chuckawallas. Found in including man.
Genus V. Alginobacter Thj^tta and Kdss, 1945.*

(Thj0tta and K^ss, Norske Videnskaps-Akad., Oslo, IMat.-Naturv. Klasse, No. 5, 1945, 17;
also see K&ss, Lid and Molland, ibid., No. 11, 1945, 15.)
Al.gi'no.bac.ter. M.L. noun acidum alginicum alginic acid; M.L. mas.n. bacter the mas-
culine equivalent of the Gr. neut.n. bactrum a rod; M.L. mas.n. Alginobacter the alginic acid
(-decomposing) rod.
Short rods which are motile by means of peritrichous flagella. Acetylmethylcarbinol
production is positive although faint. Methyl red test is positive. Citric acid may be uti-
lized as a sole source of carbon. Alginic acid and glucose are decomposed with the production
of acid and gas; lactose is more slowly fermented. Non-pathogenic organisms from soil.
The type species is Alginobacter acidofaciens K&ss, Lid and Molland.
1. Alginobacter acidofaciens Kass et Short rods occurring singly, occasionally

al., 1945. (K&ss, Lid and Molland, Avhandl. in pairs or short chains. Encapsulated.
Norske Videnskaps-Akad., Oslo, I Mat.- Motile by means of peritrichous flagella.
Naturv. Klasse, No. 11, 1945, 17.) Gram-negative.
a.ci.do.fa'ci.ens. L. adj. acidus sour; Good growth on ordinary media.
M.L. neut.n. acidum acid; L.v. facio to Gelatin: Good growth. No liquefaction.
make; M.L. part. adj. acidofaciens acid- Agar colonies: Large, smooth, coniform.
producing. No pigment produced.
* Prepared by Prof. Th. Thj0tta, Microbiological Institute, University of Oslo, Oslo,

Norway, January, 1955.
Broth: Turbid, with sediment. No pellicle Methyl red test is positive,

formed. Citric acid, as well as sodium alginate,
Litmus milk: Acid after 24 hours. .^^ be used as a sole source of carbon.
Potato: Abundant, yellowish gray growth. t^t-^ ■. 11/. -, .
, , , not^ prod
Indole , , uced6 j& . Nitrites produced from nitrates.
t^, ,
Hydrogen sulfide production is abundan t. ^^^^'^ '^^^^"^ ^° hemolysis.
Alginic acid is decomposed with the Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic,
production of acid and gas. Temperature relations: Optimum, 30° C;
Acid and gas from glucose and lactose good growth at 37° C; grows at 4° and
(slow). Acid from fructose, arabinose, 45° C.
galactose, raffinose, xylose, maltose, su- Chemical tolerance: Grows at pH 9.6.
crose, salicin, glycerol, dulcitol, iso-dulci- r',^^ . i^ a ^^,. „„..+ ^^- ^ 1,1 ■ i
tol,, 'manmtol• , and , sorbitol;
, • , de.xtnn
, • is. Grows in 0 per cent sodium chloride
usually attacked. No acid from starch or broth.
inulin. Source: Five strains were isolated from
Acetylmethylcarbinol is produced soil.
(faintly). Habitat: Presumably soil.
TRIBE II. ERWINIEAE WINSLOW ET AL., 1920.
(Jour. Bact., 5, 1920, 209.)
Er.wi.ni'e.ae. M.L. fem.n. Erwinia type genus of the tribe; -eae ending to denote a
tribe; M.L. fem.pl.n. Erwinieae the Erwinia tribe.
Characters as for the genus.
Genus VI. Erwinia Winslow et al., 1917*

(Jour. Bact., 2, 1917, 560.)
Er.wi'ni.a. M.L. gen. noun Erwinia of Erwin; named for Erwin F. Smith, pioneer Ameri-
can plant pathologist.
Motile rods which normally do not require organic nitrogen compounds for growth. Pro-
duce acid with or without visible gas from a variety of sugars. In some species the number
of carbon compounds attacked is limited, and lactose may not be fermented. May or may
not liquefy gelatin. May or may not produce nitrites from nitrates. Invade the tissues of
living plants and produce dry necroses, galls, wilts and soft rots. In the latter case, a proto-
pectinase destroj-s the middle lamellar substance.
The type species is Erwinia amylovora (Burrill) Winslow et al.
Key to the species of genus Erwinia.

I.f Pathogens that cause dry necroses, galls or wilts in plants but not a soft rot {Erwinia
sensu stricto).
* Completely revised by Prof. Walter H. Burkholder, Cornell University, Ithaca, New

York, July, 1954.
t The genus Erwinia as defined here is heterogeneous in nature and is composed of at
least two distinct groups. The first group constitutes Erwinia proper and does not produce
visible gas from sugars. Waldee (Iowa State Coll. Jour. Sci., 19, 1945, 435) has suggested
that the species in this first group be placed in a separate family, Erwiniaceae.
1. White colonies.
1. Erwinia amylovora.
2. Yellow colonies.
a. Coagulate milk.
b. H3'drol3'zes starch.
2. Erwinia vitivora.
bb. Does not hydrolyze starch.
3. Erwinia milletiae.
aa. Does not coagulate milk.
4. Erwinia cassavae.
1. Luxuriant growth.
5. Erwinia salicis.
2. Verj' slight growth.
6. Erwinia tracheiphila.
II.* Pathogens that normalh' cause soft rots in plants (belong in the genus Pectobacterium
Waldee) .
A. Gas produced in sugar media.
1. Gelatin liquefied,
a. Coagulates milk.
7. Erioinia chrysanthemi.
aa. Does not coagulate milk.
8. Erwinia carnegieana.
a. Hydrolyzes starch.
9. Erwinia dissolvens.
aa. Does not h.ydrolyze starch.
10. Erwinia nimipressuralis.
B. Gas usually produced in sugar media, but certain isolates are non-aerogenic.
1. Growth with ethanol, dulcitol, malonate or hippurate.
11. Erwinia carotovora.
2. No growth with ethanol, dulcitol, malonate or hippurate.
12. Erwinia atroseptica.
C. Gas not produced in sugar media.
a. Hydrolyzes starch.
13. Erwinia ananas.
aa. Do not hydrolj^ze starch.
b. White colonies.
14. Erwinia aroideae.
bb. Yellow colonies.
c. Grows in Uschinsky's solution.
15. Erwinia citrimaculans .
* The second group of species usually causes soft rots but includes a few not very typical
species. Waldee {loc. cit.) has proposed that the species that cause t.ypical soft rot be placed
in a new genus, Pectobacterium, with Pectobacterium carotovorum as the type species. The
new genus is retained in the family Enierobacteriaceae. Waldee would place the atypical
species in other genera, Erwinia dissolvens for example being placed in the genus Aerobacter.
As further comparative studies are needed before such changes can be made with confi-
dence, the older arrangement is allowed to stand in this edition of the Manual.
cc. Does not grow in Uschinsky's solution.

16. Erwinia mangiferae.
17. Erwinia rhapuntici.
1. Erwinia aiiiylovora (Buirill, 1882) Nitrites not produced from nitrates.

Winslow et al., 1920. (Micrococcus ainylovo- Most of the strains give a positive test
nis Burrill, Illinois Indust. Univ., 11th for ammonia in broth, a few show only a
Rept., 1882, 142; Winslow et al.. Jour. Bact., slight positive test.
5, 1920, 209.) Asparagine fermented with production
a.my.lo'vo.ra. Gr. noun (niiyhnn fine of alkali. Glycine, valine, isoleucine, glu-
meal, starch; L. v. voro to devour; M.L. tamic acid, cystine, tyrosine, tryptophane
adj. amylovorus starch-destroying. and urea not fermented.
Description taken mainly from Ark Minimum temperature, between 3° and
(Phytopath., 37, 1937, 1). 8° C. Maximum, below 37° C.
Rods, 0.7 to 1.0 by 0.9 to 1.5 microns, Optimum pH, 6.8. Minimum pH, between
occurring singly, in pairs and sometimes in 4.0 and 4.4. Maximum pH, 8.8.
short chains. Motile by means of peritri- Source: Isolated from the blossoms, leaves
chous flagella. Gram-negative. and twigs of pear and apple trees.
Gelatin colonies: Circular, whitish, amor- Habitat: Attacks a large number of
phous, entire. species in several tribes of the family
Gelatin stab: Slow crateriform lique- Rosaceae (Elliott, Manual Bact. Plant
faction confined to the upper layer. Pathogens, 1951, 30).
Agar colonies: Circular, grayish white,
moist, glistening; irregular margins. 2. Erwinia vitivora (Baccarini, 1894) du
Broth: Turbid; thin, granular pellicle. Plessis, 1940. (Bacillus vitivora Baccarini,
Potato: Growth white, moist, glistening. Bull, della Soc. Bot. Ital., 1894, 235; du
Medium not softened. No odor. No pigment. Plessis, Dept. Agr. and Forestry Union of
Litmus milk: Coagulated after 3 to 4 S. Africa, Science Bui. 214, 1940, 58.)
days to a pasty condition, with a separation vi.ti'vo.ra. L. noun viiis the grape vine;
of whey. At first acid, becoming alkaline. L. V. voro to devour; M.L. adj. vitivorus
Litmus reduced. There is a gradual digestion grape-vine-destroying.
of the casein. Rods, 0.74 (0.44 to 1.10) by 1.46 (0.95 to
Blood serum: Growth similar to that on 2.19) microns. Cells sometimes dumbbell-
agar. No liquefaction. shaped. Motile by means of peritrichous
Dunham's solution: Rapid growth, but flagella. Encapsulated. Gram-negative.
clouding not dense. Gelatin: Liquefaction.
Indole not produced. Agar colonies: First punctiform, irregu-
Growth in synthetic media containing larly circular or lenticular, ultimately
(NH4)2HP04 , which serves as a source of circular, raised to pulvinate, glistening,
nitrogen, and various carbohj^drates. spreading, light to orange-yellow. Agar
Acid without gas from glucose, sucrose, becomes brown.
arabinose, mannose, fructose, maltose, Broth: Turbid in 24 hrs; whitish to
cellobiose, raffinose, salicin and amygdalin. lemon-yellow pellicle.
Xylose, rhamnose, dulcitol and starch not Milk: Litmus reduced. Thread-like to
fermented. Acid production from lactose spongy curd formed. Yellow whey about
and galactose variable. Utilizes salts of curd. Yellow growth on top of plain milk.
citric, malic and hippuric acids. Action on Medium acid.
salts of lactic and succinic acids variable. Uschinsky's solution: Slowly becomes
Salts of benzoic, maleic, malonic, oxalic, turbid; pellicle; sediment is whitish jêllow.
tartaric and valeric acids are not utilized. Hydrogen sulfide produced.
Acetylmethylcarbinol produced. Acid produced from glucose, fructose,
xylose, lactose, sucrose, mannitol and Handsford, Ann. Rept. Dept. Agr. Uganda
salicin. No acid from raffinose or inulin. for 1937, II, 1938, 48; Burkholder, in Manual,
Starch hydrolyzed. 6th ed., 1948, 466.)
Nitrites produced from nitrates. cas.sa'vae. M.L. cassava from the Haytian
Facultatively anaerobic. kasabi, the common name of species of
Temperature relations: Optimum, 25° C. Manihot; M.L. gen. noun cassavae of Mani-
hot.
Minimum, between 5° and 10° C. Maximum,
between 35° and 40° C. Rods. Motile by means of a few peritri-
Optimum pH, 6.0. Minimum pH, 4.2. chous flagella. Not encapsulated. Gram-
Source: Isolated by du Plessis from negative.
various localities in South Africa. Gelatin is slowly liquefied.
Habitat: Causes a disease of grape vines Agar colonies: Smooth, lens-shaped,
in South Africa, Italy and France. entire, translucent and of uniform structure.
Yellow.
3. Erwinia niilletiae (Kawakami and Broth: Turbid with a ring; a yellow
Yoshida, 1920) Magrou, 1937. (Bacillus precipitate forms in old cultures.
niilletiae Kawakami and Yoshida, Bot. Milk becomes alkaline. Not cleared.
Mag., Tokyo, 34, 1920, 110; Magrou, in Acid but no gas from glucose, sucrose,
Hauduroy et al.. Diet. d. Bact. Path., 1937, maltose and glycerol but not from lactose.
213.) Methyl red test negative. Acetylmethyl-
mil.le'ti.ae. M.L. noun Millefia a genus carbinol produced (Dowson, Zent. f. Bakt.,
of flowering plants; M.L. gen. noun niilletiae II Abt., 100, 1939, 183).
of Milletia; named for A. J. Millett, a Nitrites rapidly produced from nitrates.
botanist. Facultatively anaerobic.
Rods, 0.4 to 0.6 by 0.9 to 2.5 microns. Source: Isolated from necrotic lesions on
Motile by means of peritrichous flagella. cassava leaves in Uganda.
Encapsulated. Gram-negative. Habitat : Pathogenic on cassava, Manihot
Gelatin: Liquefaction begins after 8 days. sp.
Agar colonies: Circular, flat, smooth,
shiny, opaque, waxy yellow, entire. 5. Erwinia salicis (Day, 1924) Chester,
Broth: Turbid; heavy precipitate. 1939. {Bacterium salicis Day, Oxford For.
Milk: No coagulation. Clears with alka- Mem., 3, 1924, 14; Chester, in Bergey et al..
line reaction. Manual, 5th ed., 1939, 406.)
Conjac: No liquefaction. sa'li.cis. L. noun salix, salicis the willow;
Acid but no gas from galactose, fructose, M.L. noun Salix generic name of the willow.
lactose, maltose, sucrose and mannitol. No Description taken from Dowson (Ann.
acid from glycerol. Appl. Biol., £4, 1937, 542).
Starch not hydrolyzed. Rods, 0.5 to 0.7 by 0.8 to 2.2 microns,
Nitrites produced from nitrates. occurring singly or in pairs, rarely in
Growth in 0.2 per cent but not in 0.3 per chains, with rounded ends. Motile by means
cent of the following acids in sucrose pep- of 5 to 7 long peritrichous flagella. Gram-
tone broth: Acetic, citric, oxalic and tar- negative.
taric. Gelatin stab: Beaded growth. No lique-
Aerobic. faction.
Grows well at 32° C. Thermal death point, Infusion agar: Colonies appear slowly,
53° C for 10 min. circular, with slightly uneven margins,
Source: Isolated from galls on the Japa- pale brown by transmitted light, pale gray
nese wisteria in various localities in Japan. by reflected.
Habitat: Causes galls on the Japanese Infusion agar slants: Growth thin, nearly
wisteria, Milletia japonica. transparent.
Broth: Moderate, uniform turbidity; no
4. Erwinia cassavae (Handsford, 1938)
Burkholder, 1948. {Bacterium cassavae pellicle.
Litmus milk: No change.
Potato: Bright yellow, later fading to Agar slant : Growth gray, smooth, filiform,
pale brown, spreading, abundant, glisten- moist, glistening.
ing, slimy growth. Broth: Slight turbidity; no ring or pel-
licle.
No growth in Cohn's solution.
Indole not produced. Potato: Growth white or color of sub-
Hj'drogen sulfide not produced. stratum, smooth, moist, glistening. No
Acid but no gas from glucose, galactose, action on the starch. Does not soften the
mannose, .xjdose, maltose, sucrose, raffinose, middle lamella of potato cells.
glycerol, mannitol and salicin. No growth Litmus milk: Not coagulated. Reaction
in arabinose, fructose, rhamnose, inulin or unchanged. Litmus not reduced. Not pep-
dextrin. tonized.
Starch not hjdrolyzed. Egg albumen: Not digested.
Acetylmethylcarbinol produced. Methyl Blood serum: No liquefaction.
red test negative (Dowson, Zent. f. Bakt., Cohn's solution: No growth.
II Abt., 100, 1939, 183). Uschinsky's solution: Weak growth.
Nitrites produced from nitrates (Dow- Fermi's solution: Weak growth.
son). Indole not produced in Dunham's solu-
Ammonia not produced. tion.
Temperature relations: Optimum, be- Hj^drogen sulfide production feeble.
tween 29° and 30° C. Minimum, between Acid without gas from glucose, sucrose
5° and 10° C. Maximum, between 33° and and fructose; growth in closed arm. Acid
37° C. Thermal death point, between 50° from glycerol. No growth in closed arm
and 52° C. with lactose, maltose, dextrin, glycerol or
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. mannitol. No acid from lactose.
Source: Isolated from the cricket-bat Starch not hydrolyzed.
willow (Salix caerulea) and from the white Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
willow {Salix alba). Ammonia production moderate.
Habitat: Causes a water-mark disease of Cannot utilize asparagine, ammonium
willow in England. lactate or tartrate as source of nitrogen.
Growth in broth with 1.0 per cent NaCl
6. Erwinia tracheiphila (Erwin Smith, retarded; inhibited with 2.0 per cent.
1895) Holland, 1920. {Bacillus tracheiphilus Very sensitive to acid (phenolphthalein) .
Erwin Smith, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 1, Temperature relations: Optimum, be-
1895, 364; Holland, Jour. Bact., 5, 1920, 215.) tween 25° and 30° C. Minimum, about 8° C.
tra.che.i'phi.la. Gr. adj. tracheia rough, Maximum, between 34° and 35° C. Thermal
the tracheia arteria, or rough artery, is the death point, 43° C. for one hour.
trachea; Gr. adj. philus loving; M.L. adj. Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
tracheiphilus trachea-loving, i.e., growing Source: Isolated from various cucurbits.
in the tracheae or vessels of the fibro-vascu- Habitat: Causes the wilt of cucumber;
lar bundles. also affects cantaloupes, muskmelons,
Rods, 0.5 to 0.7 by 1.2 to 2.5 microns, with pumpkins and squashes.
rounded ends, occurring singly and in
pairs, more rarely in fours. Motile by means 7. Erwinia chrysanthemi Burkholder
of peritrichous flagella. Encapsulated. et al., 1953. (Burkholder, McFadden and
Gram-negative. Dimock, Phytopath., 43, 1953, 524.)
Gelatin colonies: Small, circular, grayish chrys.an'the.mi. M.L. neut.n. Chrysan-
white, smooth, glistening. Show internal themum a genus of flowering plants; M.L.
striae by transmitted light. gen. noun chrysanthemi of Chrysanthemum.
Gelatin stab : Surface growth thin, spread- Rods, 0.7 by 2.10 microns, occurring singly
ing, grayish white. Slight filiform growth and in pairs. Motile by means of a varying
in depth. No liquefaction. number of peritrichous flagella. Gram-
Agar colonies: Small, circular, grayish negative.
white, smooth, glistening. Gelatin: Liquefaction.
Beef -extract peptone agar slants : Growth car.ne.gie.a'na. M.L. adj. carnegieanus
moderate, slightly iridescent and butyrous of Carnegiea the generic name of a cactus.
with wavy margins. Certain strains produce Rods, 1.12 to 1.79 by 1.56 to 2.90 microns.
a slate-gray pigment in old cultures. Motile by means of peritrichous flagella.
Broth: Lightly turbid; pellicle forms in Encapsulated. Gram-positive (Lightle et
18 hours and sinks to the bottom of the tube. al.). Gram-negative; old cultures show
Litmus milk: Becomes lavender in 2 to 3 Gram-positive granules in cells (Burk-
holder).
days. Soft curd within a week with one-half
the medium whey. Pink. Gelatin: Slow liquefaction.
Fermi's, Uschinsky's and Clara's solu- Agar colonies: Round, slightly raised,
tions: White, turbid growth. smooth, grayish white, wet-shining, entire.
Indole not produced. Broth: Abundant growth.
Hydrogen sulfide produced. Uschinsky's solution: Turbid; slight ring
and sediment.
Krumwiede's triple sugar agar: Agar
becomes yellow but turns entirely red at ling.
Milk: Litmus pink to reduced. No curd-
the end of 2 to 3 weeks.
Endo agar: Growth pink; no change in Hydrogen sulfide produced (Burkholder) .
the color of the medium. Acid and gas from glucose, galactose,
Desoxycholate agar: Colonies yellow. fructose, maltose, sucrose, raffinose, man-
Acid from a synthetic solution plus the nitol and salicin. Acid and gas from lactose
following: glucose, galactose, arabinose, and xylose and alkali from sodium tartrate
xylose, rhamnose, sucrose, dulcitol, glyc- (Burkholder).
erol, mannitol, ethanol (5 per cent) or Starch not hydrolyzed (Burkholder).
salicin. Gas produced from most of the Nitrites produced from nitrates.
above-mentioned compounds. Alkali pro- No odor.
duced from the sodium salts of citric, hip- Aerobic.
puric, malonic and uric acids. Delayed ac- Thermal death point, 59° C.
tion in lactose; maltose weak. Source : Isolated from rotting tissue of the
Gas in 3 days in formate ricinoleate broth giant cactus (Carnegiea gigantia).
and in Krumwiede's triple sugar agar. Oc- Habitat: Pathogenic on the giant cactus,
casional bubbles in pectate medium. In but not on carrots.
sugar broth, especially sucrose, brom-
thymol-blue is decolorized. 9. Erwinia dissolvens (Rosen, 1922)
Starch not hydrolyzed, but solidified am- Burkholder, 1948. (Pseudomonas dissolvens
monium pectate medium is liquefied. Rosen, Phytopath., 12, 1922, 497; Burk-
Methyl red test negative. holder, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 472.)
Acetylmethylcarbinol produced. dis.sol'vens. L. part. adj. dissoIve7is dis-
Nitrites produced from nitrates. solving.
Only occasional and very slight growth in Rods, 0.5 to 0.9 by 0.7 to 1.2 microns, oc-
5 per cent salt. curring in pairs, rarely in chains. First de-
Temperature relations: Optimum, be- scribed as motile by means of a single
tween 40° and 41° C. Growth at 6° C. Good flagellum, later as non-motile. Encapsu-
lated. Gram-negative.
growth at 37° C. Gelatin: Not liquefied.
Source: Isolated from blight of chrys-
anthemum, sedum and celery. Agar colonies: Round, entire, white,
Habitat: Pathogenic on chrysanthemum, opaque, glistening, butyrous, emitting a
strong odor of decaying vegetables.
sedum and celery. Causes a soft rot on many
Broth: Turbid; heavy surface growth con-
fleshy vegetables. sisting of a ring and floccules or compact
slimy masses and streamers; abundant sedi-
8. Erwinia carnegieana Lightle et al., ment.
1942. (Lightle, Standring and Brown, Phy- Uschinsky's solution: Good growth, but
topath., 32, 1942, 310.) not viscid.
FAMILY IV. ENTEROBACTERIACEAE
355
Litmus milk: Acid, coagulated. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Indole produced. Facultatively anaerobic.
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. Temperature relations: Optimum, be-
Acid and gas from glucose, galactose, tween 24° and 30° C. Minimum, 5° C. or
mannitol, sucrose, maltose, lactose and lower. Maximum, 37° C. Thermal death
gl3'cerol. point, between 45° and 55° C.
Starch hydrolyzed. Optimum pH for growth, between 6.8
Nitrites produced from nitrates. and 7.5. Minimum, 4.6. Maximum, 10.0+ .
Good growth in 3 per cent salt. Growth Source: Isolated from five different trees
retarded at 4 per cent. affected with wet wood.
Habitat: Pathogenic in trunk wood of
Source: Isolated from rotting corn stalks. elms, Ulmus americana, U. pumila, U.fulva
Habitat: Pathogenic to maize. and U. procera.
10. Erwinia nimipressuralis Carter, 11. Erwinia carotovora (Jones, 1901)

1945. (Illinois Nat. Hist. Survey Bull. 23, Holland, 1920. (Bacillus carotovorus Jones,
1945, 423.) Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 7, 1901, 12; Holland,
ni.mi.pres.su.ra'lis. L. adv. nimis over- Jour. Bact., S, 1920, 222; Pectobacterium
much; L. noun pessura pressure; M.L. adj. carotovorum Waldee, Iowa State Coll. Jour.
nvtiipressuralis with excessive pressure. Sci., 19, 1945, 469.)
Rods, most of which measure 0.34 to 0.68 ca.ro. to'vo.ra. L. noun carota carrot;L. v.
by 0.68 to 1.35 microns. Motile by means of voro to devour; M.L. adj. carotovorus carrot-
as many as 6 peritrichous flagella. Capsules destroying.
not observed. Gram-negative. Description taken from Burkholder and
Gelatin: No liquefaction. Smith (Phytopath., 39, 1949, 893).
Potato glucose agar: Colonies circular, Rods, 0.7 by 1.0 to 2.0 microns. Motile
smooth, whitish cream, entire, flat to by means of 1 to 6 peritrichous flagella. No
slightly raised and usually opaque. Gas pro- capsules observed. Gram-negative.
duced when medium is stabbed. Gelatin: Liquefaction.
Broth: Abundant wdth thin pellicle or Beef -extract peptone agar slants : Growth
flocculent surface growth; sediment scant moderate, filiform, grayish white, iridescent
and viscid; gas produced in nutrient broth and butyrous. Medium unchanged.
plus glucose was 47 per cent CO2 and 2.4 Broth: Moderately turbid with a slight
per cent hydrogen. CO2 varied with age of ring but seldom a pellicle; white sediment.
culture, more being produced in young Litmus milk: Coagulation in 4 days. Lit-
cultures. mus reduced; slight separation of whey but
Milk: Acid, coagulated. Litmus and little or no peptonization.
bromocresol purple are reduced. Not pepto- Potato plug: Slight growth.
nized. Endo agar: Colonies circular, at first pink
Indole not produced. turning deep red with a metallic luster.
Hydrogen sulfide produced. Medium turns red.
Acid and gas produced from arabinose, Blood serum: Growth much as on agar.
Not liquefied.
rhamnose, xj'lose, glucose, fructose, galac-
tose, mannose, lactose, maltose, trehalose, Krumwdede's triple sugar agar: Turns yel-
low.
melibiose, cellobiose, mannitol, sorbitol and
salicin; no acid or gas from inulin, dextrin Uschinsky's solution: Growth light to
none.
or filterpaper; variable results from sucrose,
Desoxycholate agar. Good growth. Colo-
raffinose, melezitose, dulcitol, glycerol and nies pink.
elm sawdust. Pectin is not fermented.
Diastase-negative.
Starch not hydrolyzed. Indole not produced.
Methyl red test positive. Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Acetylmethylcarbinol produced. Methyl red test positive. Acetylmethyl-
carbinol not produced. Certain strains vary moderate, filiform, grayish white, iridescent
with respect to these two characters. and butyrous. Medium unchanged.
All strains produce acid and many pro- Broth: Moderately turbid with a slight
duce gas from glucose, galactose, fructose, ring, seldom a slight pellicle; later a white
arabinose, xylose, rhamnose, cellobiose, lac- sediment.
tose, maltose, raffinose, sucrose, glycerol, Litmus milk: Coagulation in 4 days. Lit-
mannitol and salicin. Ethanol (5 per cent), mus reduced; slight separation of whey but
dulcitol, erythritol and the sodium salts of little or no peptonization.
hippuric, malonic, tartaric and uric acids Potato plug: Slight growth.
are also utilized. Endo agar: Colonies circular, at first
Starch not hydrolyzed, and cellulose not pink, later deep red with a metallic luster.
attacked; pectates liquefied. Medium turns red.
Nitrites produced from nitrates. Krumwiede's triple sugar agar: Yellow.
Ammonium salts, potassium nitrate, pep- Fermi's solution: Slight to no turbidity.
tone, gelatin and yeast extract utilized, but Desoxycholate agar: Good growth. Colo-
not aspartic acid. Asparagine may be uti- nies pink.
lized as both a carbon and a nitrogen source, Indole not produced.
but tyrosine can not be so utilized. Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
5 per cent salt retards and 7 per cent in- All strains produce acid and many pro-
hibits growth. duce gas from glucose, galactose, fructose,
Aerobic. arabinose, xylose, rhamnose, cellobiose, lac-
Temperature relations: Optimum, ap- tose, maltose, raffinose, sucrose, glycerol,
mannitol and salicin.
proximately 27° C. ]\Iinimum, 6° C. Maxi-
mum, between 35° and 37° C. Ethanol, dulcitol, erythritol and the
Pathogenicity: Causes a rapid soft rot of sodium salts of hippuric, malonic, tartaric
roots, rhizomes, fruits and the fleshy stems and uric acids are not utilized. Differs from
of a variety of plants. Erwinia carotovora in this respect.
Source: Isolated from rotted carrots. Starch not hydrolyzed, and cellulose not
Habitat: Causes a soft rot in carrot, cab- attacked; pectates liquefied.
bage, celery, cucumber, egg-plant, iris, Methyl red positive; acetylmethylcar-
muskmelon, hyacinth, onion, parsnip, pep- binol not produced.
per, potato, radish, tomato, turnip and Nitrites produced from nitrates.
other plants. Ammonium salts, potassium nitrate, pep-
tone, gelatin and yeast extract utilized, but
12. Erwinia atroseptica (van Hall, 1902) not aspartic acid. Asparagine may be uti-
Jennison, 1923. {Bacillus atrosepticus van lized as both a carbon and a nitrogen source,
Hall, Inaug. Diss., Amsterdam, 1902, 134; but tyrosine can not be so utilized.
Jennison, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard., 10, 5 per cent salt retards and 7 per cent in-
1923, 43; Pectohacterium atrosepticum Patel hibits growth.
and Kulkarni, Indian Phytopath., 4, 1951, Aerobic.
80.) Temperature relations: Optimum, ap-
at.ro.sep'ti.ca. L. adj. afer black; Or. proximately 27° C. Minimum, 3° C. Maxi-
adj. seplicus producing a putrefaction;
M.L. a.d]. atrosepticus producing a black rot. mum, between 32° and 35° C.
Source: Isolated from the stems of pota-
Description taken from Burkholder and toes affected with black-leg.
Smith (Phytopath., 39, 1949, 892). Habitat : Causes a black rot on the stems
Rods, 0.7 by 1.0 to 2.0 microns. Motile and tubers of potatoes and other vegetables.
by means of 1 to 6 flagella; old cells are fre-
quently non-motile. No capsules observed. 13. Erwinia ananas Serrano, 1928. (Ser-
Gram-negative. rano, Philippine Jour. Sci., 36, 1928, 271;
Gelatin: Liquefaction. Pecfobacterium ananas Patel and Kulkarni,
Beef-extract peptone agar slants: Growth Indian Phytopath., 4, 1951, 80.)
a'na.nas. M.L. noun Ananas generic name 14. Erwinia aroideae (Townsend, 1904)
of the pineapple. Holland, 1920. (Bacillus aroideae Townsend,
Note: Not to be confused with Pseudo- U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Ind. Bull. 60,
7nonas (Phytomonas) ananas Serrano, loc. cit. 1904, 40; Holland, Jour. Bact., 5, 1920, 222;
Short rods, 0.6 bj' 0.9 micron, with Pectobacterinm aroideae Waldee, Iowa State
rounded ends, occurring singly, in pairs and Coll. Jour. Sci., 19, 1945, 472.)
in short chains. Motile by means of peri- a.ro.i'de.ae. Gr. noun arum the plant
trichous flagella. Encapsulated. Gram-nega- wake robin; M.L. pi. noun Aroideae the name
tive. of the Arum subfamily; M.L. gen. noun
Gelatin stab: Stratiform liquefaction with aroideae of an aroid.
a deep, chrome-yellow sediment. Description taken from Townsend (op.
Potato glucose agar: After 24 hours, circu- cit., 1904, 40) and supplemented by studies
lar, 3 mm in diameter, convex, dense, ho- made by Burkholder.
mogeneous, entire, moist, straw-yellow, Rods, 0.5 by 2.0 to 3.0 microns; occasion-
mottled, becoming primulin-yellow. Plates ally afew very small rods occur. Motile by
have a molasses odor. Show two types of means of 2 to 8 peritrichous flagella. Gram-
colonies: rough and smooth. Rough colonies
negative.
have crenate margins. Gelatin: Liquefaction.
Potato glucose agar slant: Growth straw- Beef-peptone agar slants: Light to mod-
yellow, raised, becoming primulin-yellow, erate growth, filiform, white to cream.
moist, glistening. Broth: Turbid; no pellicle.
Broth: Turbid; straw-colored pellicle and Litmus milk: Coagulation in 3 days. Lit-
ring. mus reduced. One-fourth of tube whey.
Glucose broth: Growth sulfur-yellow. Potato plug: White with tinge of yellow.
Litmus milk: Coagulated, faintly acid, be- Endo agar slants: Streak deep red and
coming alkaline. medium deep red.
Potato: Copious growth, moist, glisten- Krumwiede's triple sugar agar: Turns yel-
ing, spreading, becoming primulin-yellow. low but later a red color appears at top of
Indole not produced. slant.
Slight amount of hydrogen sulfide pro- Fermi's solution: Flocculent and white.
duced.
Uschinsky's solution: Very turbid with
Blood serum: Moderate growth, slightly heavy sediment.
raised, mustard-yellow to primulin-yellow. Desoxycholate agar: Pink, later yellow-
No liquefaction after 3 months. ish.
Cohn's solution: No growth. Indole not produced.
Phenol-negative. Hydrogen sulfide produced.
Diastase-positive. Acid but no gas from glucose, galactose,
No gas from carbohydrates. Acid from fructose, arabinose, xylose, lactose, sucrose,
glucose, lactose, sucrose, mannitol, raffi- glycerol, mannitol and salicin. Maltose
nose, glycerol, salicin, dextrin, maltose, doubtful. Alkaline reaction in sodium cit-
fructose and mannose. No acid from arabi- rate, and only slight growth in tartrate in
nose, xylose, amygdalin, rhamnose, inositol, 10 days.
inulin, dulcitol, adonitol, asparagine or
starch. Methyl red test weakly positive; acetj'l-
Small amount of alcohol and aldehyde methylcarbinol produced.
No growth in ethanol, dulcitol, sodium
produced.
Nitrites produced from nitrates. hippurate and malonate.
Slight amount of ammonia produced. Starch not hydrolyzed; ammonium pec-
Source: Isolated from the pineapple {Ana- tate medium liquefied.
nas sativus) and sugar cane (Saccharian offi- Nitrites rapidly produced from nitrates.
cinarum). Good growth in 5 per cent salt, and a de-
Habitat : Causes a brown rot of the fruit- layed but good growth in 7 per cent salt.
lets of pineapple. Aerobic.
Good growth at 37° C; light growth at chloroform, carbon bisulfide, dilute acid or
40° C, but none at 42° C. alkalis.
Distinctive characters: Differs from the A turbid growth is produced in 10 per cent
non-aerogenic strains of Erwinia atrosepfica salt.
and E. carotovora in the production of hj'dro- Facultatively anaerobic.
gen sulfide, in its high temperature range Temperature relations: Optimum, 35° C.
and in its great turbidity in Uschinsky's so- Maximum, 43° C. Thermal death point, 62°
lution. Acetylmethylcarbinol is also pro- C. for 10 minutes.
duced. Its fermentation is more like that of Source : Isolated from diseased lemons and
E. atrosepfica than that of E. carotovora. oranges.
Source: Isolated from rotted calla lily. Habitat: Causes a spot disease of citrus.
Habitat: Causes a soft rot of calla. Af- In nature attacks lemons, oranges, naartjes
fects raw potato, egg-plant, cauliflower, and has also been successfully inoculated
radish, cucumber, cabbage, parsnip, turnip, into limes, shaddock, grapefruit and citron.
salsify and tomato (ripe and green). Seville oranges are resistant.
15. Erwinia citrimaculans (Doidge, 16. Erwinia niangiferae (Doidge, 1915)

1917) Magrou, 1937. (Bacillus citrimaculans Bergey et al., 1923. {Bacillus niangiferae
Doidge, Ann. Appl. Biol., 3, 1917, 53; Ma- Doidge, Ann. Appl. Biol., 2, 1915, 1; Bergey
grou, in Hauduroy et al., Diet. d. Bact. et al.. Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 173.)
Path., 1937, 203.) man.gi'fer.ae. M.L. noun Mangifera gen-
ci.tri.ma'cu.lans. M.L. noun Citrus eric name of the mangoes; M.L. gen. noun
generic name of the citrus fruits; L. part, numgiferae of the mango.
adj. maculans spotting; M.L. adj. citri- Rods, 0.6 by 1.5 microns, with rounded
maculans citrus-spotting. ends, occurring singly and in chains. Motile
Rods, 0.45 to 0.7 by 0.8 to 3.2 microns. by means of peritrichous flagella. Encapsu-
Motile by means of peritrichous flagella. lated. Gram-negative.
Encapsulated. Gram-positive. Dowson Gelatin stab : Medium liquefied in 10 to
(Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 100, 1939, 184) 17 days. Growth yellow.
thinks that this species is Gram-negative. Agar colonies: Glistening, yellowish; un-
Gelatin: Liquefaction. dulate borders.
Agar colonies: Subcircular, yellow, with Agar slant: Growth yellow, glistening.
dense grumose centers. Broth: Turbid; yellow ring.
Broth : Turbid, with pellicle and sediment. Litmus milk: Slow coagulation at 37° C.
Milk: Coagulated, with precipitation of Slight acidity. Casein slowly dissolved. Lit-
casein and extrusion of whey. Not pepto- mus reduced.
nized. Litmus gradually reduced. Potato: Growth spreading, glistening,
Blood serum: Not liquefied. yellowish. Medium not discolored.
Indole is produced. Cohn's solution: Slight turbidity.
Cohn's solution: No growth. Uschinsky's solution: No growth.
Uschinsky's solution: Growth present. Fermi's solution with starch jelly: No
No growth in broth over chloroform.
growth.
Indole produced in peptone solution.
Acid without visible gas from glucose,
sucrose, fructose, galactose, maltose and Phenol -negative.
No hydrogen sulfide produced.
mannitol. No acid from lactose, glycerol,
Feeble acid production without gas from
dextrin or starch.
glucose, lactose, sucrose, fructose and glyc-
Nitrites produced from nitrates with evo- erol. No growth in closed arm with lactose
lution of gas. and glycerol; more or less growth in closed
Ammonia produced in broth. arm with glucose, sucrose, fructose, maltose,
Diastase-negative. raffinose and mannitol.
Methylene blue and neutral red reduced. Diastase-negative.
Pigment insoluble in water, alcohol, ether. Produces an enzyme capable of dissolving
359
the middle lamella but without action on smooth, glistening, translucent, with mar-
cellulose. gins entire, 2 to 3 mm in diameter in 48
Nitrites produced from nitrates. hours at 25° C.
No ammonia in broth. Rhubarb agar: Colonies slightly larger,
Pigment insoluble in water, alcohol, ether, often with a yellowish tinge.
chloroform or dilute acids. Tryptophane broth: Turbid with fragile
Temperature relations: Optimum, 30° C. pellicle, a slight rim and slight flocculent
Minimum, between 5° and 6° C. Maximum, deposit.
45° C. Thermal death point, 60° C. Alilk: Acid in 3 to 4 days with or without
Source: Isolated from the mango in slight curd separation. No clotting.
Africa. Indole not produced.
Habitat: Causes a disease of the mango Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
(Mangifera indica) . Cohn's solution: Moderate growth.
Acid but no gas from arabinose, xjdose,
17. Erwinia rhapontici (Millard, 1924) glucose, galactose, fructose, mannose, lac-
Burkholder, 1948. {Phyiomonas rhapontica tose, maltose, sucrose, mannitol, glycerol
(sic) Millard, Univ. Leeds and Yorkshire and salicin.
Council for Agr. Ed. Bui. 134, 1924, 111; Acetylmethylcarbinol produced .
Envinia rhapontici Burkholder, in Manual, Growth in citrate solution.
6th ed., 1948, 475; Pectobacterium rhapontici Starch not hydrolj^zed.
Patel and Kulkarni, Indian Phj'topath., 4, Nitrites produced from nitrates.
1951, 80.) Chromogenesis: Water-soluble, pinkish
rha.pon'ti.ci. Gr. neut.n. rhaponticum pigment in various media.
specific epithet of Rheum rhaponticum, rhu- Growth from 0° to 37° C. and possibly
barb; M.L. gen. noun, rhapontici of rhubarb. higher.
Description taken from Metcalfe (Ann. of Distinctive characters: Differs from Er-
Appl. Biol., 27, 1940, 502), where he suggests winia aroideae in that it does not liquefy
that this species belongs in Erwinia. gelatin nor clot milk and is chromogenic.
Rods, 0.5 to 0.8 by 1.2 to 1.5 microns. Mo- It also has a limited host range.
tile by means of 3 to 7 peritrichous flagella. Source: Isolated from rotting rhubarb
Gram-negative. crowns. Metcalfe used 6 strains from various
Gelatin stab: Beaded growth. No lique- sources in describing this pathogen.
faction. Habitat: Causes a crown-rot of rhubarb
Infusion agar: Colonies circular, convex, (Rheum rhaponticum) .
TRIBE III. SERRATIEAE BERGEY, BREED AND MURRAY, 1938.

Ser.ra.ti'e.ae. M.L. gen. noun Serralia type genus of the tribe; -eae ending to denote a
tribe; M.L. fem.pl.n. Serratieae the Serratia tribe.
Genus VII. Serratia Bizio, 1823, emend. Breed and Breed, 1927*
(Bizio, Polenta porporina, Biblioteca italiana o sia Giornale de lettera, scienze e arti,
30, 1823, 288; Zoagalactina Sette, Memoria storico-naturale sull'arrossimento straordinario
di alcune sostanze alimentose osservato nella provincia di Padova I'anno 1819. Venezia,
* Revised by Prof. Robert S. Breed, New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, New
York, November, 1937; further revision by Prof. Robert S. Breed, July, 1955.
8°, 1824, 51; Coccobacterium Schmidt aud Weis, Die Bakterien, 1902, 10; Erythrobacillus
Fortineau, Compt. rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, 58, 1905, 104; Dicrohadrum Enderlein, Sitzber.
Gesell. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, 1917, 309; Breed and Breed, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 71,
1927, 435.)
Ser.ra'ti.a. M.L. fem.n. Serratia named for Serafino Serrati, the Italian physicist who
invented a steam boat at Florence before 1787.
Small, peritrichous rods. Gram-negative. Produce characteristic red pigments; white to
rose-red strains that lack brilliant colors are common. Gelatin is rapidly liquefied. Milk
is coagulated and digested. Typical species produce CO2 and frequently H2 from glucose
and other sugars; acetic, formic, succinic and lactic acids, acetylmethylcarbinol and 2,3-
butylene glycol are also produced. Coagulated blood serum is liquefied. Nitrates are re-
duced. Aerobic. Saprophytic on decaying plant or even animal materials.
A characteristic feature of the species belonging to Serratia is the variability of their
pigmentation. Heavily pigmented to white cultures probably occur in all species. In some
cultures of Serratia marcescens Bizio, white strains arise so readily that growth on agar
slants may appear as a mosaic of white and orange-red. Colonies are frequently white as
they first appear, usually becoming orange-red later. In the work done by Breed and Breed
(loc. cit.) it was found that pigment developed better on the Bacto-Peptone, Liebig meat-
extract media then generally used than on new, improved media containing casein digest,
yeast extract and similar growth-promoting substances. Recently Earned (personal com-
munication, 1955) found mannitol- and sorbitol-peptone media to give profuse pigmentation
while no pigment is produced on improved peptone media containing glucose. Prodigiosin
dissolved in alcohol is red in acid and orange in alkaline solutions. Old cultures on agar
slants become a deep magenta-red.
The red pigment found in the various species of Serratia has been named prodigiosin. A
series of chemical studies (see Wrede and Rothhaas, Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., S15, 1933,
67; ibid., 222, 1934, 203; and ibii., 226, 1934, 95 for a bibliography) defined the structure of
this compound as a tripj^rrl methene. This pigment has been shown by a number of inves-
tigators tobe active in vitro against a number of pathogenic protozoa and fungi. It is even
indicated by clinical studies (Weir, Egeberg, Lack and Leiby, Amer. Jour. Med. Sci., 22^,
1952, 70) that this compound has some promise as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of
disseminated coccidioidomycosis, and methods have been devised for securing appreciable
quantities of this pigment by submerged culture (Harned, Applied Microbiol., 2, 1954,
365). There is, however, indication that prodigiosin is not a single pigment as there is much
variation in the amount and type of pigment produced in various cultures belonging to
the same species. Some cultures are heavily pigmented, and in these cases there is some
diffusion of pigment through the agar indicating some water solubility. Other heavily
pigmented strains quite regularly show a fuchsin-like sheen on the surface, a character
not found in the case of other cultures. Other cultures never produce the common orange-
red pigment that turns to a magenta-red in old cultures. These less heavily pigmented
strains maintain a constant rose-red color while still other strains produce no chromogene-
sis whatever. Some of the non-chromogenic strains that are known to have been derived
from chromogenic strains have failed to produce color on any medium or condition of growth
that has been tried. It has been noted that when the color of normally pigmented strains
is extracted in alcohol, the residual cells still show a rose-red color suggesting that there
is a rose-red pigment present that is not soluble in alcohol (Breed).
The type species is Serratia marcescens Bizio.
Key to the species of genus Serratia.

I. Pigment not especially water-soluble, readily soluble in alcohol.
A. No visible gas from glucose.
1. Inconspicuous pellicle, if any, on plain gelatin.
1. Serratia marcescens.
FAMILY IV. EXTEROBACTERIACEAE
361
2. Brilliant orange-red pellicle on plain gelatin.
2. Serratia indica.
B. Produce enough H2 with the CO2 from glucose to show gas in fermentation tubes.
1. Acetylmethjdcarbinol produced.
3. Serratia plymulhica.
2. Acetj'lmethylcarbinol not produced.
4. Serratia kiliensis.
II. Pigment soluble in water and in alcohol.
5. Serratia piscatorum.
1. Serratia niarcescens Bizio, 1823. rapidly turns red. The growth is lu.xuriant
(Bizio, Polenta porporina, Biblioteca itali- and frequently shows a metallic luster.
ana o sia Giornale de lettera, scienze e arti, Indole not produced.
30, 1823, 288; Zoagalactina imetrofa Sette, Production of hj'drogen sulfide: Produced
Memoria storico-naturale sull'arrossimento from cysteine, cystine or organic sulfur com-
straordinario di alcune sostanze alimentose pounds containing either of these molecules.
osservato nella provincia di Padova I'anno Produced from sulfur but not from sulfites,
1819. Venezia, 8°, 1824, 51; Monas prodigiosa sulfates or thiosulfates (Tarr, Biochem.
Ehrenberg, Bericht ii. d. z. Bekannt-ma- Jour.,
192). 27, 1933, 1869; also see ibid., 28, 1934,
chung geeigneten Verhandlungen d. Kgl.
preuss. Acad. d. Wissenschaften, 1849, 354.) Produces acetic, formic, succinic andlevo-
mar.ces'cens. L. part. adj. marcescens lactic acids, ethanol, acetylmethylcarbinol,
pining away, decaying. 2,3-butylene glycol, CO2 and a trace of H2
Description taken largely from Breed and from glucose (Pederson and Breed, Jour.
Breed (Jour. Bact., 9, 1924, 545). Bact., 16, 1928, 183).
Short rods, sometimes almost spherical, Grows poorly or not at all in distilled
0.5 by 0.5 to 1.0 micron, occurring singly water containing urea, potassium chloride
and occasionally in chains of 5 or 6 elements. and glucose.
Motile by means of four peritrichous fla- Acetylmethylcarbinol is produced
gella. Eight to ten flagella occur on cells (Breed) .
grown at 20° to 25° C. (de Rossi, Rivista Nitrites produced from nitrates.
d'Igiene, I4, 1903, 000). Gram-negative. Pigment soluble in alcohol, ether, chlo-
Gelatin colonies: Thin, slightly granular, roform, benzol and carbon bisulfide
gray becoming red, circular, slightly undu- (Schneider, Arb. bakt. Hochsch. Karlsruhe,
late. Medium liquefied rather quickly. 1, 1894, 210). Pigment may diffuse through
Gelatin stab: Infundibuliform liquefac- the agar, i.e., shows solubility in water
tion. Sediment in liquefied medium usually where strains are very deeply pigmented
red on top, white in the depth. (Breed). Pigment not produced at 35° C.
Agar colonies: Circular, thin, granular, Sodium formate broth (Stark and Eng-
white becoming red. R and S colonies with land, Jour. Bact., 29, 1935, 26) : Cultures do
mucoid variants (Reed, Jour. Bact., 34, not produce visible gas (Breed).
1937, 255). Odor of trimethylamine is produced.
Agar slant: White, smooth, moist layer, Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
taking on an orange-red to fuchsin color in Optimum temperature, between 25° and
three or four days, sometimes with a metal- 30° C. No growth at 37° C.
lic luster. Source: Isolated by Bizio and Sette from
growth on corn meal mush (polenta).
Broth: Turbid; may form a red ring at Habitat: Found in water, soil, milk and
surface or slight pellicle; gray sediment. foods and in silk worms and other insects.
Litmus milk: Acid reaction with soft co-
agulum. A red surface growth develops. 2. Serratia indica (Eisenberg, 1886)
Little or no digestion takes place. Bergey et al., 1923. (Bacillus indicus Eisen-
Potato : At first a white line appears which berg, Bakt. Diag., 1 Aufl., 188Q, 1; Micrococ-
cus indicus Koch, Berichte ueber die Reise discussion of dissociation phenomena in
zur Erforschung der Cholera, 1887; Bergey this genus.
et al.. Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 88; Breed and Source: Isolated from the alimentary
Breed, Jour. Bact., 11, 1926, 76.) tract of a Java ape in India; also from a
in'di.ca. L. adj. indicus pertaining to In- milk can from Ithaca, N. Y.
dia. Habitat: Presumably widely distributed.
Small rods, 0.5 by 1.0 to 1.5 microns. Mo- Not common.
tile by means of four peritrichous flagella.
Gram-negative. 3. Serratia plymuthica (Lehmann and
Gelatin colonies: Resemble those of Ser- Neumann, 1896) Bergey et al., 1923. (Roter
ratia viarcescens Bizio. Bacillus aus Plymouth, Fischer, Ztschr. f.
Gelatin stab: Liquefaction occurs rather Hyg., 2, 1887, 74; Bacterium -plymuthicum
quickly. Brilliant orange-red pellicle on Lehmann and Neumann, Bakt. Diag., 1
plain gelatin. Aufl., 2, 1896, 264; Bergey et al., Manual,
Agar colonies: Pink, slightly serrate, 1st ed., 1923, 88.)
spreading, with green iridescence. ply.mu'thi.ca. M.L. adj. plymuihicus per-
Agar slant: Lu.xuriant, dirty white layer. taining to Plymouth.
Pigment produced best in alkaline media. Distinct rods, 0.6 by 1.5 to 2.0 microns,
Broth: Turbid, white sediment. with rounded ends, occurring singly and in
Litmus milk: Acid and coagulated. Diges- short chains. Motile by means of peritri-
tion complete in 10 days. chous flagella. Gram-negative.
Potato : Lu.xuriant growth with or without Gelatin colonies: Like those of Serratia
pigment production. marcescens Bizio. Original culture mucoid.
Indole not produced. Gelatin stab: Crateriform liquefaction.
Produces same products (except Ho) from Liquefaction as in Serratia marcescens.
glucose as does Serratia viarcescens (Peder- Agar colonies: Like mucoid variants of
son and Breed, Jour. Bact., 16, 1928, 183). Serratia marcescens.
Growth with pigment production in dis- Agar slant: Sometimes show metallic
tilled water containing urea, potassium luster. Pigment as in Serratia marcescens.
chloride and glucose. Broth: Growth like that of Serratia mar-
Acetylmethylcarbinol is produced cescens.
(Breed). Litmus milk: Acid and coagulated.
Nitrites produced from nitrates. Potato: Growth violet-pink, with or with
Coagulated blood serum is liquefied. out metallic luster.
Odor of trimethylamine is produced. Strong fecal odor produced.
Sodium formate broth: Cultures do not Gas from glucose, lactose and sucrose, 70
produce visible gas (Breed). to 80 per cent of it being CO2 , the remainder
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. is H2 . Gas is also produced in asparagine
Optimum temperature, between 25° and solutions.
35° C. No growth at 37° C. Acetylmethylcarbinol is produced
Pathogenic for laboratory animals. (Breed).
Comment : A non-gelatin-liquefying strain Sodium formate broth: Cultures produce
of this species has been reported (see Breed, abundant gas (Breed).
in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 481). Coagulated blood serum is liquefied.
Relationship to other species : Cultures of Pigment is soluble in alcohol and ether
this organism lo.se their ability to produce and sometimes slightly so in water.
the orange-red pellicle on gelatin and then Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
become practically indistinguishable from
cultures of Serratia marcescens. This would Optimum temperature,
Source: Isolated from the30°water
C. supply of
indicate that this so-called species is a Plymouth, England.
rough strain of the former species (Breed). Habitat: Found in water and in various
See Reed (Jour. Bact., 34, 1937, 255) for a foods.
4. Serratia kiliensis (Lehmann and

Pigment produced at 37° C. Pigment es-
Neumann, 1896) Bergey et al., 1923. (Bac- pecially soluble in alcohol.
terium h,Breunig, Inaug. Diss., Kiel, 1888;
Optimum
Aerobic. temperature, 30° C.
Bacillus ruber balticus Kruse, in Fliigge,
Die Mikroorganismen, 3 Aufl., 2, 1896, 303; Relationships to other species: It is not
Bacterium kiliense Lehmann and Neumann, certain whether Breunig's original culture
Bakt. Diag., 1 Aufl., 2, 1896, 263; Serratia was a heavily pigmented strain of Serratia
keilensis (sic) Bergej' et al.. Manual, 1st rnarcescens or whether it was of the type
ed., 1923, 90.) described above. Cultures of both types
ki.li.en'sis. M.L. adj. kiliensis pertaining have been widely distributed as the Kiel
to Kiel. bacillus. Descriptions drawn up by Kruse
Description taken from Kruse {op. cit., {op. cit., 1896, 303) and Lehmann and Neu-
1896, 303) and from Bergey et al. {op. cit., mann {op. cit., 1896, 263) state that this
1923, 90). bacterium produces visible gas, while Mi-
Slender rods, 0.7 to 0.8 by 2.5 to 5.0 migula, in 1900, gives a description which fits
crons, occurring singly. Motile by means of Serratia rnarcescens. Moreover, cultures
four peritrichous flagella. Gram -negative. obtained under this name from various
Deep gelatin colonies: Bright yellow. laboratories in Europe and America are
Gelatin liquefied slowly, usually becoming sometimes of one type and sometimes of
rose red. the other. As the Krdl culture distributed
Glucose gelatin stab: Rapid liquefaction. as Bacillus ruber balticus is widely known
Occasional gas bubbles (Breed). and has now been shown to differ from (Ser-
Agar colonies: Small, red becoming ma- ratia rnarcescens in that it is a distinct rod
genta, smooth. in ordinary media, forms visible gas from
Agar slant: Bright red becoming darker carbohydrates and even more abundant gas
in old cultures. from sodium formate media, the name Ser-
Agar stab: Turbid, strongly pigmented ratia kiliensis is used here for the Krdl
water of condensation. culture. Serratia kiliensis is a distinct rod
Broth: Turbid; usually reddened. like Serratia plymuthica but fails to produce
Litmus milk: Acid; at 20° C., coagulated acetylmeth3dcarbinol. This use of the
slowly and pigment produced; at 35° C, name Serratia kiliensis given here also ac-
coagulated rapidly and no pigment pro- cords with the description drawn up by
duced. Bergey for the first edition of the Manual
Potato: Slight, red growth becoming based on the study of a culture which he
luxuriant and darker. obtained many years previously from Eu-
Indole not produced. rope (Breed) .
Acid and gas from carbohydrates (Leh- Source: Isolated from water at Kiel, Ger-
many.
mann and Neumann, op. cit., 1896, 263). Gas
from glucose, lactose and sucrose, 20 to 30 Habitat: Presumably widely distributed.
per cent of it being CO2 (Bergey). Optically
inactive lactic acid is produced and not 5. Serratia piscatorum (Lehmann and
more than a trace of acetylmethjdcarbinol Neumann, 1896) Breed, 1939. (Microbe rouge
or 2,3-butylene glycol (Pederson and Breed, de la sardine, du Bois Saint-Sevrin, Ann.
Jour. Bact., 16, 1928, 183). Inst. Past., 8, 1894, 155; Bacterium pisca-
torum Lehmann and Neumann, Bakt. Diag.,
Sodium formate broth: Gas is produced
1 Aufl., 2, 1896, 263; Breed, in Manual, 5th
(Breed).
ed., 1939, 427; Serratia urinae Gurevitch
Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced by and Weber, Amer. Jour. Clin. Pathol., 20,
the Krdl culture (Breed). 1950, 49.)
Nitrites and free nitrogen are produced
from nitrates. pis.ca.to'rum. L. noun piscator a fisher-
man; L. gen. pi. noun piscatorum of fisher-
Coagulated blood serum is liquefied. men.
Short rods, 0.5 by 0.6 micron, occurring of Serratia tnarcescens Bizio under similar
in pairs, sometimes in fours or, in broth, in conditions. The original cultures were slimy,
long filaments. Actively motile. Gram-nega- but slimy (mucoid) cultures also occur in
tive. S. marcescens.
Gelatin colonies: Small, j-ellowish gray Comments: In recent years cultures of
Serratia have been isolated from various
becoming pink, very slimy. Carmine-red
pellicle. Liquefaction. human infections (Gurevitch and Weber,
Gelatin stab: Rapid liquefaction. Grajdsh loc. cit.; Wheat, Zuckerman and Rantz,
pellicle which becomes red after 24 hours Arch. Internal Med., 88, 1951, 461; Vernon
and later precipitates. Slimy. and Hepler, Quart. Bull., Northwestern
Agar colonies: Dull, white to pinkish Univ. Med. School, 28, 1954, 366). In some
growth. of these cases, new names have been given
Broth: Rapid turbidity; thick, slimy, to the organisms isolated without adequate
white pellicle which later turns red; purplish justification, for these organisms seem to
sediment; liquid becomes pink and syrupy; possess the same characters as do those that
in old cultures the broth is brown. were originally isolated from felons on the
Potato: At 37° to 39° C., red pigment visi- hands of men handling fish.
ble after 8 hours. At room temperatures Source: Isolated in 1893 from a box of
growth is at first white and slimy, later red. oil-packed sardines at a canning factory in
Strong odor of trimethylamine. France. Also found in the red pus from fish-
Distinctive characters: Pigment soluble ermen and sardine-factory workers suffering
in alcohol. Good pigment production at from felons. In these lesions this organism
37° to 39° C. The original cultures were is associated with an anaerobe, but by itself
heavily pigmented, and thus the pigment it is not pathogenic.
showed some solubility in water as does that Habitat: Presumably widely distributed.
TRIBE IV. PROTEEAE CASTELLANI AND CHALMERS, 1919.
(Manual of Trop. Med., 3rd ed., 1919, 932.)

Pro.te'e.ae. Gr. noun Proteus type genus of the tribe; -eae ending to denote a tribe;
M.L. fem.pl.n. Proteeae the Proteus tribe.
Genus VIII. Proteus Hauser, 1885.*

(Hauser, Sitzber. d. phys.-med. Sozietat zu Erlangen, 1885, 156; Liquidohacterium Orla-
Jensen,' Eisenbergia
Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt.,Sitzber.
Enderlein, 22, 1909,
Ges.337; Spirilina
Naturf. Hueppe,
Freunde, Wiesbaden,
Berlin, 1886, 146;
1917, 315.)
Pro'te.us. Gr. noun Proteus an ocean god who took many shapes.
Straight rods. Motile by means of peritrichous, occasionally very numerous, flagella;
generally actively motile at 25° C, but at 37° C. motility may be weak or absent. f Gram-
negative. Two species (Proteus vulgaris and P. mirabilis) produce amoeboid colonies which
show a swarming phenomenon on solid media devoid of bile salts. On moist agar the re-
maining species produce colonies which spread to some extent. Spreading colonies can
usually be induced to swarm. Pleomorphism is characteristic only of young, actively swarm-
Revised by Prof. C. A. Stuart, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, July,
1955.
t See Leifson, Carhart and Fulton (Jour. Bact. 1955, 73) for a recent discussion of
the type of flagellation found in this genus.
ing cultures. Glucose and usually various other carbohydrates, but not lactose, are fer-
mented with the production of acid and usually visible gas; one species usually produces
only acid. Phenylpyruvic acid is produced from phenylalanine bj^ an oxidative deamination,
and leucine is rendered alkaline by an oxidative decarboxylation. Urea may or may not be
decomposed. Trimethylamine oxide is reduced. Primarily from fecal matter and other
putrefj'ing materials.
The type species is Proteus vulgaris Hauser.
Key to the species of genus Proteus.

I. Urea hydrolyzed.
A. No acid or gas from mannitol.
1. Acid and gas from maltose.
1. Proteus vulgaris.
2. No acid or gas from maltose.
a. Indole not produced.
2. Proteus mirabilis.
aa. Indole is produced.
3. Proteus morganii.
B. Acid and sometimes gas from mannitol.
4. Proteus rettgeri.
II. Urea not hj'drolyzed.
5. Proteus inconstans.
1. Proteus vulgaris Hauser, 1885. (Hau- Biochem. Jour., 27, 1933, 1869; 28, 1934, 192).
ser, Sitzungsber. d. phj^s.-mediz. Sozietat zu Lead acetate turned brown.
Erlangen, 1885, 156; Bacterium vulgare Leh- Acid and gas from glucose, fructose, ga-
mann and Neumann, Bakt. Diag., 1 Aufl., lactose, maltose and sucrose. No acid or gas
2, 1896, 243.) from dextrin, lactose or mannitol. See
vul.ga'ris. L. adj. vulgaris common. Moltke (Contributions to the Characteriza-
Rods, 0.5 to 1.0 by 1.0 to 3.0 microns, oc- tion and Systematic Classification of Bac.
curring singly, in pairs and frequently in proteus vulgaris (Hauser) . Levin and Munks-
long chains. Actively motile by means of gaard, Copenhagen, 1927, 156) for other
peritrichous flagella. Gram-negative. fermentation characters. The ratio of H2 to
Gelatin colonies: Irregular, swarming; CO2 is 1:1 (Speck and Stark, Jour. Bact.,
rapid liquefaction. U, 1942, 687).
Gelatin stab: Rapid, stratiform liquefac- Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced.
tion. Sodium citrate may be utilized as a sole
Agar colonies: Opaque, graj', swarming. source of carbon.
Agar slant: Thin, bluish gray growth, Nitrites produced from nitrates.
spreading over the entire surface. Phenylpyruvic acid is produced from
Broth: Markedly turbid, usually with a phenylalanine, and leucine is rendered alka-
thin pellicle. line.
Litmus milk: Rlightl}' acid, becoming Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
markedly alkaline; quick peptonization.
Potato: Abundant, creamy to yellowish Pathogenic for fish and other animals
gray growth, becoming brown. such as dogs, guinea pigs and mice (Wyss,
Putrefactive odor produced. Ztschr. f. Hyg., 27, 1898, 143).
Indole is produced. Distinctive characters : X-strains of Weil
Hydrogen sulfide produced from cysteine, and Felix. Lehmann-Neumann-Breed, De-
cystine or organic sulfur compounds con- terminative Bact., Eng. Trans., 7th Ed.,
taining either of these molecules; also pro- 2, 1931, 493: "The discovery of proteus
duced from sulfur and thiosulfates (Tarr, strains which may be agglutinated by ty-
phus serum is of very great importance. Short rods, 0.5 to 0.6 by 1.0 to 3.0 microns,
These are the so-called X-strains from ty- occurring singl}^, in pairs and frequently
phus patients found by Weil and Felix. They in long chains. Motile by means of perit-
first cultivated strains X and X2 from the richous flagella. Gram-negative.
urine of typhus patients and later the fa- Gelatin colonies: Irregular, swarming.
mous Xi9 . The two former were aggluti- Gelatin stab: Slow, stratiform liquefac-
nated weakly, the latter strongly (up to tion.
1 :50,000). The diagnosis of typhus by agglu- Agar colonies: Gray, irregular, swarming.
tination with strain X19 proved to be ex- Agar slant: Thin, bluish gray growth,
cellent and the reaction took place in the spreading over the surface.
serum of almost 100 per cent of those suffer- Broth: Turbid; thin, gray pellicle; sedi-
ing from the disease. . . . The typhus strains ment.
of proteus have recently been divided into Litmus milk: Slightly acid, becoming
the two types of Felix and Weil, the H forms alkaline; peptonized.
and the O forms. The former grows as a Potato: Dirtj^ gray, spreading growth.
thin opaque film, the latter lacks this char- Putrefactive odor produced.
acter and grows as non-spreading slimy Indole not produced.
colonies; frequently without distinct fia- Hydrogen sulfide is produced.
ella. . . " (For further description of H and Acid and gas from glucose, fructose, ga-
O forms, see Moltke, op. cit., 1927, 156.) lactose, xylose and trehalose. Acid and
The X2 and X19 strains mostly ferment gas usually produced slowly from sucrose.
maltose . A No acid or gas from lactose, maltose, dex-
trin or mannitol.
Relationship to "ther species : Hauser Most of the XK strains do not attack
described Proteus vulgaris as a rapid gela-
tin-liquefier and Proteus mirabilis as a slow maltose.
liquefier. Wenner and Rettger (Jour. Bact., Sodium citrate is usually utilized as a
4, 1919, 332) found the property of gelatin sole source of carbon.
liquefaction too variable to serve as a basis Acetylmethylcarbinol frequently pro-
for separation of species. They suggested duced weakly.
that this differentiating character be set Nitrites produced from nitrates.
aside and that the two species be differenti- Phenylpyruvic acid is produced from
ated on the basis of maltose fermentation, phenjdalanine, and leucine is rendered al-
the species fermenting the sugar receiving kaline.
the name Proteus vulgaris, and the species Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
failing to attack it, Proteus mirabilis. This Optimum temperature, 37° C.
suggestion was accepted by Bergey et al., Source: Isolated from putrid meat, in-
(Manual, 1st ed., 1923) and by Weldin (Iowa fusions and abscesses. Also reported as a
Jour. Sci., 1, 1927, 147) ; their work was con- cause of gastroenteritis (Cherry and Barnes,
firmed by Rustigian and Stuart (Jour. Amer. Jour. Pub. Health, 36, 1946, 484).
Bact., 45, 1943, 198) and by Thornton (Jour. Habitat: Found on putrefying materials.
Bact., 48, 1944, 123). Also see Moltke (op.
cit., 1927, 156). 3. Proteus morganii (Winslow et al.,
Source: Isolated from putrid meat, in- 1919) Rauss, 1936. (Organism No. 1, Mor-
fusions and abscesses.
gan, Brit. Med. Jour., 1, 1906, 908; Bacillus
Habitat: Found on putrefying materials.
morgani Winslow, Kligler and Rothberg,
2. Proteus mirabilis Hauser, 1885. Jour. Bact., 4, 1919, 4&\; Salmonella morgani
Castellani and Chalmers, Man. Trop. Med.,
(Hauser, Sitzungsber. d. phys.-med. So-
zietat zu Erlangen, 1885, 156; Bacterium 3rd ed., 1919, 939; Bacterium morgani Hol-
mirabilis (sic) Chester, Ann. Rept. Del. land, Jour. Bact., 5, 1920, 215; Rauss, Jour.
Col. Agr. Exp. Sta., 9, 1897, 101.) Path, and Bact., 42, 1936, 183.)
mi.ra'bi.lis. L. adj. mira6z7is wonderful, mor.ga'ni.i. M.L. gen. noun morganii of
surprising. Morgan; named for H. de R. Morgan, the
bacteriologist who first studied this organ- ican bacteriologist who, in 1904, isolated
ism. this species.
Common name: Morgan's bacillus, type 1. Rods, 0.5 to 0.8 micron long, occurring
Rods, 0.4 to 0.6 by 1.0 to 2.0 microns, oc- singly, in pairs and occasionally in chains.
curring singlj'. Motile by means of peri- Usually non-motile at 37° C, but actively
trichous flagella. See Rauss (loc. cit.) for a motile variants possessing peritrichous
discussion of flagellation and its relation to flagella can be obtained at 25° C. Gram-
the swarming characteristic. Gram-nega- negative.
tive. Gelatin colonies: Small, grayish, trans-
Gelatin colonies: Bluish gray, homogene- lucent, entire.
ous, smooth, entire. Gelatin stab: No liquefaction.
Gelatin stab: No liquefaction. Agar colonies: Small, grayish, trans-
Agar colonies: Grayish white, smooth, lucent, entire. May show a tendency to
glistening growth. May show a tendency to spread on moist agar.
spread somewhat on moist agar. Agar slant: Filiform to echinulate, gray-
Broth: Turbid. ish, thin, moist, translucent growth.
Litmus milk: Neutral or becoming alka- Broth: Turbid; flocculent to viscid sedi-
line. ment.
Potato: Dirty white, limited growth. Litmus milk: Alkaline in eight days, be-
Indole is produced. coming tran.slucent.
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. Potato: Luxuriant, grayish growth.
Acid and a small amount of gas from Indole is produced.
glucose, fructose, galactose and mannose; Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
rarely from xylose. Does not attack lactose, Acid and occasionally slight gas from
sucrose, maltose, arabinose, raffinose, dex- glucose, fructose, galactose, adonitol and
trin, salicin, mannitol, dulcitol, sorbitol, mannitol. Salicin, inositol and rhamnose
adonitol or inositol. may or may not be fermented. Slow and
Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced. sometimes weak acid from sucrose. Lactose
Sodium citrate not utilized as a sole source and maltose are not fermented.
of carbon. Acetylmethylcarbinol is not produced.
Nitrites are produced from nitrates. Sodium citrate is utilized as a sole source
Phenylpyruvic acid is produced from of carbon.
phenylalanine, and leucine is rendered alka- Nitrites are produced from nitrates.
line. Phenylpyruvic acid is produced from
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. phenylalanine, and leucine is rendered alka-
line.
Source: Isolated from the feces of infants Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
with summer diarrhoea.
Habitat: Found in the intestinal canal Source : Originally isolated from a cholera-
and in normal or diarrhoeal stools. like epidemic among chickens; recently
isolated from sporadic and epidemic gastro-
4. Proteus rettgeri (Hadley et al., 1918) enteritis patients.
Rustigian and Stuart, 1943. {Bacterium Habitat: Found in fecal matter.
rettgeri Hadley, Elkins and Caldwell, Rhode
5. Proteus inconstans (Ornstein, 1921)
Island Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 174, 1918, 169; Shaw and Clarke, 1955. (Bacillus inconstans
Shigella rettgeri Weldin, Iowa State Coll.
Ornstein, Ztschr. f. Hyg., 91, 1921, 152;
Jour. Sci., 1, 1927, 181; Proteus entericus
Anaerogenic paracolon, type 29911, Stuart,
Rustigian and Stuart, Jour. Bact., 45, 1943, Wheeler, Rustigian and Zimmerman, Jour.
198; Rustigian and Stuart, Proc. Soc. Exp. Bact., 45, 1943, 111; also see Stuart, Wheeler
Biol, and Med., 53, 1943, 241.) and McGann, Jour. Bact., 53, 1946, 431;
rett'ge.ri. M.L. gen. noun rettgeri of Providence Group, Kauffmann, Entero-
Rettger; named for L. F. Rettger, the Amer- bacteriaceae. Munksgaard, Copenhagen,
1st ed., 1951, 249; Shaw and Clarke, Jour. phenylalanine, and leucine is rendered alka-
Gen. Microbiol., 13, 1955, 155.) line (see Proom, Jour. Gen. Microbiol., IS,
in.con'stans. L. adj. inconstans incon- 1955, 173 and 174).
stant, changeable. Urea not hydrolyzed, except rarely (Shaw
Rods. Motile by means of peritrichous and Clarke, op. cit., 1955, 158).
flagella. Gram-negative. Serology: One hundred and fifty-six sero-
Gelatin: No liquefaction. types have been recognized (Edwards and
Indole produced. Ewing, Identification of Enterobacteriaceae.
Hydrogen sulfide produced from an ade- Burgess Pub. Co., Minneapolis, 1955, 162).
quate sulfur base. Pathogenicity: Some cultures have been
Acid and usually slight gas from glucose. established as etiological agents of gastro-
Sucrose and adonitol are frequently utilized enteritis.
although the former may require prolonged Comment: Kauffmann (Enterobacteria-
incubation. Glycerol may or may not be ceae. Munksgaard, Copenhagen, 2nd ed.,
attacked. Other carbohydrates usually not 1954, 317) proposed the generic name Provi-
attacked. dencia for the organisms in the Providence
Methyl red test is positive. Group but did not name a type species.
Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced. Source: Isolated from gastroenteritis
Ammonium citrate usually utilized as a
sole source of carbon. patients.
Habitat: Found in urinary tract infec-
Nitrites produced from nitrates. tions and in outbreaks and sporadic cases
Phenylpyruvic acid is produced from of diarrhoea in man.
TRIBE v. SALMONELLEAE BERGEY, BREED AND MURRAY, 1938.

Sal.mo.nel'le.ae. M.L. fem.n. Salmonella type genus of the tribe; -eae ending to denote
a tribe; M.L. fem.pl.n. Salmonelleae the Salmonella tribe.
Rods that are either motile by means of peritrichous flagella or non-motile. Gram-nega-
tive. No spreading growth on ordinary (2 to 3 per cent) agar. Gelatin not liquefied (excep-
tions have been noted, but these are rare). Milk not peptonized. Numerous carbohydrates
are attacked with the production of acid or of acid and visible gas. Lactose, sucrose and
salicin are not ordinarily attacked. Acetylmethylcarbinol is not produced. Urea not hj'-
drolyzed. Found in the bodies of warm-blooded animals, including man, and occasionally
in reptiles; frequently found in the food eaten by these animals.
Key to the genera of tribe Salmonelleae.
I. Motile by means of peritrichous flagella (occasional strains of typhoids are non-
motile, and strains of Salmonella gallinarum are frequently non-motile). Hydrogen
sulfide usually produced. Ammonium citrate normally utilized.
Genus IX. Salmonella, p. 368.
II. Non-motile. Hydrogen sulfide not produced. Ammonium citrate not utilized.
Genus X. Shigella, p. 384.
Genus IX. Salmonella Lignieres, 1900.*

(Rec. de med. v6t., Ser. 8, 7, 1900, 389.)
Sal.mo.nel'la. M.L. dim. ending -ella; M.L. fem.n. Salmonella named for D. E. Salmon,
an American bacteriologist.
* Prepared by Dr. Gertrude Kalz, McGill University, Montreal, P.Q., Canada, July,
1955.
Rods which are usually motile by means of peritrichous flagella, although non-motile
forms may occur. Gram-negative. Gelatin not liquefied. Indole not produced. Hydrogen
sulfide production is variable. Acid is produced from glucose, mannitol, maltose and sorbi-
tol. Gas production is usually observed (exceptions are Salmonella typhosa and Salmonella
gallinarum, but gas production maj^ also be absent in other species or serotypes). Lactose,
sucrose, salicin and adonitol are not attacked. The fermentation of other carbohydrates is
variable. Acetylmethylcarbinol is not produced. Methyl red test is positive. Nitrites are
produced from nitrates. Ammonium citrate is usually utilized. Urea not hydrolyzed. KCN-
sensitivity is negative (Moller, VI Internat. Cong. Microbiol., Rome, ;?, 1953, 316). All
known forms are pathogenic for man and/or other animals.
The type species is Salmonella choleraesids (Smith) Weldin.
Any organism showing the above-mentioned characters should be verified as a member
of the genus Salmonella by antigenic analysis. For most practical purposes the use of poly-
valent or group antisera will suflJice. Exact antigenic characterization and bacteriophage
typing for epidemiological purposes is the task oi Salmonella centers. Although manj^ strains
of Salmonella are at.ypical, these may be looked upon as exceptions which do not invalidate
the definition of the genus.
Attempts to subdivide the genus Salmonella into valid species from the taxonomic point
of view have met with great difficulties. The Kauffman-White Schema (1955) (Edwards and
Ewing, Identification of Enterohacteriaceae, Burgess Publishing Co., Minneapolis, 1955,
52-60) lists 343 names. It is generally agreed that the vast majority of the organisms named
do not deserve species rank but should be considered as serological types. This fact has
been officially recognized by the Enterohacteriaceae Subcommittee in the addendum to the
report presented at the 6th International Congress for Microbiology, September 8, 1953, in
Rome. "It is the recommendation of the Subcommittee that from the date of publication
of this report all new serological types of Salmonella should be described by formula only
and not by name." The adoption of this proposal would lead to the undesirable situation
that 343 or more Salmonella types would be given names similar to those given to species, if
not by meaning, certainly by implication, and that others would be known by antigenic
formula only. The suggestion by Kauffmann and Edwards (Internat. Bull, of Bact. Nomen.
and Taxon., 2, 1952, 5) to divide the genus into three species, namely, Salmonella cholerae-
sids as type species. Salmonella typhosa on the basis of well recognized differences from
other members and Salmonella enterica to serve as species for all serological types, appears
too narrow and also somewhat contradictory as it practically means that two type species
are chosen.
Recent observations by various workers on the transduction of antigenic characters raises
the question whether such changes also occur under natural conditions and should be taken
into consideration in epidemiological conclusions. It is as yet uncertain whether these
changes are permanent or whether reversion to the original characters occurs. Until more
exact knowledge on these factors is available, the possibility must be appreciated and
taken into account in epidemiological tracings.
It is hardly possible to propose a classification for the salmonellas which can include all
the factors established for the large number of types. However, the genus is composed of
disease-producing organisms, and the first and foremost duty of any classification scheme
is to make it workable under practical routine conditions. "Systems of nomenclature are
for man's convenience and cannot hope to be wholly logical as to represent faithfully the
evolution of all living things" (Andrewes, Acta Path, et Microb. Scand., 28, 1951, 211).
From this point of view it seems justified to accord species rank to those organisms which
are easily identified because they are commonly encountered and/or cause rather well es-
tablished syndromes.
Key to the species of genus Salmonella.
I. Affect both man and other animals.
A. Occur singly but not in pairs or chains.
1. No acid or gas from arabinose.

1. Salmonella choleraesuis .
2. Acid and gas from arabinose.
2. Salmonella typhimurium.
B. Occurs singly, in pairs and occasionally in short chains.
3. Salmonella enteritidis.
II. Affect either man or other animals.
A. Exclusively or predominantly affect man.
1. Acid but no gas from glucose.
4. Salmonella typhosa.
2. Acid and gas from glucose.
a. Occur singly but not in pairs,
b. Acid and gas from xylose.
5. Salmonella hirschfeldii.
bb. No acid or gas from x5-lose.
6. Salmonella paratyphi.
aa. Occurs singly and in pairs.
7. Salmonella schottmuelleri .
B. Most commonly affect animals other than man.
1. Acid and gas from glucose.
a. Causes abortion in mares and other animals but not in sheep.
8. Salmonella ahortivoequina.
aa. Causes abortion in sheep but not in other animals.
9. Salmonella abortusovis.
2. Acid but no gas from glucose.
10. Salmonella gallinarum.
1. Salmonella choleraesuis (Smith, Agar colonies: Grayish, moist, smooth,

1894) Weldin, 1927. (Probably not the Bacil- translucent.
lus of swine plague, Klein, Report of the Agar slant : Grayish, moist, smooth, trans-
Medical Officer of the Local Gov. Bd., Eng- lucent growth.
land, 1877-78, Supplement, 168; Bacterium Broth: Turbid; thin pellicle; grayish
of swine plague, Salmon, U. S. Dept. Agr. white sediment.
Bur. Anim. Ind. Ann. Rept., 1885, 212; Litmus milk: Slightly acid, becoming
Bacterium of hog cholera, Salmon, ihid., alkaline, opalescent, translucent to yel-
lowish gray.
1886, 20; Bakterium der Schweinepest, Se-
lander, Cent. f. Bakt., 3, 1888, 361; Pasteu- Potato: Grayish white streak becoming
rella salmoni Trevisan, I generi e le specie brownish.
delle Batteriacee, 1889, 21 ; Bacterium chol- Indole not produced.
erae suis Th. Smith, U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Hj'drogen sulfide production is variable.
Anim. Ind., Bull. 6, 1894, 9; Weldin, Iowa Acid and gas from glucose, mannitol,
Sta. Coll. Jour. Sci., 1, 1927, 155.) maltose, sorbitol and xj'lose. Action on dul-
cho.le.rae.su'is. Gr. noun cholera chol- citol, rhamnose and d-tartrate is variable.
era; L. noun sus swine, hog; M.L. gen. noun 1-Tratrate, dl-tartrate and mucate may
sins of a hog; M.L. gen. noun choleraesuis or may not show late fermentation. No
of hog cholera. action on lactose, sucrose, salicin, adonitol,
Rods, 0.6 to 0.7 by 2.0 to 3.0 microns, oc- arabinose, inositol or trehalose.
curring singly. Motile by means of four to Sodium citrate is utilized.
five peritrichous flagella. Gram-negative. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Gelatin colonies: Grayish, smooth, flat, Trimethylamine produced fromtrimethyl-
glistening, irregular. amine oxide (Wood and Baird, Jour. Fish.
Gelatin stab. Flat, grayish, surface Res. Board Canada, 6, 1943, 198).
growth. No liquefaction. Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
Optimum temperature, 37° C. Sodium citrate may or may not be uti-

Antigenic structure: 6, 7: c: 1, 5. lized.
Pathogenicity: Lethal for mice and rab- Nitrites produced from nitrates.
bits on subcutaneous inoculation. Trimethylamine produced fromtrimethyl-
Comment: Schiitze et al. (Jour, of Hyg., amine oxide (Wood and Baird, Jour. Fish.
1934, 341) have given a special name to the Res. Board Canada, 6, 1943, 198).
hydrogen sulfide-producing variety of this Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
species. Optimum temperature, 37° C.
Habitat: The natural host is the pig, Antigenic structure: 1, 4, 5, 12: i: 1, 2.
where it is an important secondary invader Comment: A variety of this organism
in the virus disease hog cholera. Does not which lacks antigen 5 has been reported by
occur as a natural pathogen in other ani- Kauffmann (Ztschr. f. Hyg., 116, 1934, 368).
mals. Occasionally gives rise to acute gas- Source: Isolated during a mouse tj^phoid
troenteritis and enteric fever in man. epidemic in the Hygienic Institute of Greifs-
wald, Germany.
2. Salmonella typhimuriuni (Loeffler, Habitat: Causes food poisoning in man.
1892) Castellani and Chalmers, 1919. {Bacil- A natural pathogen for all warm-blooded
lus typhi murium Loeffler, Cent. f. Bakt., 11, animals. This type occurs more frequently
1892, 192; Castellani and Chalmers, Man. than any other type not confined to a spe-
Trop. Med., 3rd ed., 1919, 939.) cific host. Also found in snakes by Hinshaw
ty.phi.mu'ri.um. Gr. noun typhus a and McNeil (Amer. Jour. Vet. Res., 6, 1945,
264).
stupor, here used in the sense of typhoid;
L. noun mus the mouse; L. gen. noun mîrium
of mice; M.L. gen. noun typhimuriuni of 3. Salmonella enteritidis (Gaertner,
typhoid of mice. 1888) Castellani and Chalmers, 1919. (Ba-
See Edwards and Bruner (Kentucky Agr. cillus enteritidis Gaertner, Correspond, d.
Exp. Sta. Bull. 400, 1940, 43) for a discus- Allgemein. Artzl. Verein Thuringen, 17,
sion of this species. 1888, 573; Castellani and Chalmers, Man.
Rods, 0.5 by 1.0 to 1.5 microns, occurring Trop. Med., 3rd ed., 1919, 930.)
singly. Motile by means of peritrichous en.te.ri'ti.dis. Gr. noun enterum gut,
flagella. Gram-negative. intestine; M.L. noun enteritis a disease of
Gelatin colonies: Small, circular, grajdsh, the intestines, enteritis; M.L. gen. noun
granular, becoming jêllowish brown. enteritidis of enteritis.
Gelatin stab: Flat surface growth. No Rods, 0.6 to 0.7 by 2.0 to 3.0 microns, oc-
liquefaction. curring singly, in pairs and occasionally in
Agar colonies: Small, circular, grayish, short chains. Motile by means of peri-
entire to undulate. trichous flagella. Gram-negative.
Agar slant: Filiform, grayish, moist, en- Gelatin colonies: Circular, gray, trans-
tire growth. lucent, granular, entire.
Broth: Turbid. Gelatin stab: Abundant surface growth.
Litmus milk: Slightly acid, becoming No liquefaction.
alkaline. Agar colonies: Circular, gray, translu-
Potato: Grayish white streak. cent, moist, smooth, entire. Deskowitz and
Indole not produced. Buchbinder (Jour. Bact., 29, 1935, 294)
describe a variant that produces a soluble
yellow pigment where certain peptone is
Acid and gas from glucose, mannitol,
present in the agar. Antigenic structure not
maltose, sorbitol and arabinose. Mucate determined.
and l-tartrate are attacked. Action on dulci- Agar slant: Grayish white, opalescent,
tol, inositol, rhamnose, trehalose, xj^lose, smooth, moist, undulate growth.
d-tartrate and dl-tartrate is variable. No Broth: Turbid; thin pellicle; grayish
action on lactose, sucrose, salicin or adoni- white sediment.
tol. Litmus milk: Slightly acid, becoming
alkaline, opalescent, translucent to yellow- used in the sense of typhoid; M.L. adj.
ish gray. typhosris pertaining to typhoid.
Potato: Abundant, moist, yellowish Rods, 0.6 to 0.7 by 2.0 to 3.0 microns,
brown to brown growth. occurring singly, in pairs and occasionally
Indole not produced. in short chains. Motile by means of peri-
Hydrogen sulfide is produced. trichous flagella; sometimes non-motile.
Acid and gas from glucose, mannitol, Gram-negative.
maltose, sorbitol, xylose, rhamnose and Gelatin colonies: Grayish, transparent to
trehalose. Fermentation of arabinose, dulci- opaque, with leaf -like surface markings.
citol, 1-tartrate, d-tartrate, dl-tartrate Gelatin stab: Thin, white, opalescent
and mucate is variable. No action on lac- growth. No liquefaction.
tose, sucrose, salicin, adonitol or inositol. Agar colonies: Grayish, transparent to
Sodium citrate may or may not be uti- opaque.
lized. Agar slant: Whitish gray, glistening,
Nitrites produced from nitrates. echinulate, entire to undulate growth.
Trimethylamine produced from trimethj-l- Broth: Turbid; moderate sediment; deli-
amine o.xide (Wood and Baird, Jour. Fish. cate pellicle in old cultures.
Res. Board Canada, 6, 1943, 198). Litmus milk: Slight, transient acidity,
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. followed by a return to neutral or to slight
alkalinit3^
Antigenic structure: 1, 9, 12: g, m: — . Potato: Delicate, moist, slightly spread-
Comment: Varieties of this species have ing, barely visible growth.
been recognized on the basis of differences Indole not produced.
in biochemical behavior. Hydrogen sulfide usually produced.
Source : Isolated from feces in an epidemic Acid but no gas from glucose, mannitol,
of meat poisoning at Frankenhausen, Ger- maltose, sorbitol and trehalose. Fermenta-
many. tion of arabinose, dulcitol, xylose, inositol
Habitat: Widely distributed, occurring and d-tartrate is variable. No action on
in man. Also found in domestic and wild lactose, sucrose, salicin, adonitol, rham-
animals, particularly rodents. nose, 1-tartrate or dl-tartrate. Mucate
may or may not show late fermentation.
4. Salmonella typhosa (Zopf, 1884) Sodium citrate may or may not be uti-
White, 1930. (Bacillus des Abdominal-Ty- lized.
phus, Eberth, Arch. f. path. Anat., 81, 1880, Nitrites produced from nitrates.
58; also see ihid., 83, 1881 , 486 ; Typhus Bacil- Trimethylamine produced from trimethyl-
len, Gaffky, Mitteil. a. d. kaiserl. Gesund- amine oxide (Wood and Baird, Jour. Fish.
heitsamte, £, 1884, 372; Bacterium typhosum Res. Board Canada, 6, 1943, 198).
Zopf, Die Spaltpilze, 2 Aufl., 1884, 90; Bacil- Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
lus typhosus Zopf, Die Spaltpilze, 3 Aufl., Optimum temperature, 37° C.
1885, 126; not Bacillus typhosus Klebs, Hand, Antigenic structure: 9, 12, (Vi) : di : d2 .
d. path. Anat., 1880; also see Arch. f. exp. By means of Vi phages, distinct types can
Path. u. Pharmac, 13, 1881, 392; Bacillus be recognized which are of epidemiological
typhi Schroeter, in Cohn, Kryptogamen- importance.
Flora V. Schlesien, 3, 1886, 165; Bacillus Pathogenic for laboratory animals on
typhi abdominalis Fliigge, Die Mikroorga- parenteral inoculation.
Source: Isolated from human cases of
nismen, 2 Aufl., 1886, 198; Bacterium {Eber-
typhoid fever, from contaminated water
thella) typhi Buchanan, Jour. Bact., 3, 1918, and from foods. Isolated once from a chicken
53 (type species of genus Eherthella Bu- by Henning, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
chanan, loc. cit.); Salmonella typhi Warren Habitat: The cause of typhoid fever.
and Scott, Jour, of Hyg., 29, 1930, 416;
White, Jour, of Hyg., 29, 1930, 443.) 5. Salmonella hirschfeldii Weldin, 1927.
ty.pho'sa. Gr. noun typhus a stupor, here {Bacillus paratyphosus (85, Weil, Wien. klin.
Wochnschr., 30, 1917, 1001; Paratyphoid C paratyphoid; M.L. gen. noun paratyphi of
bacillus, Hirschfeld, Lancet, 1, 1919, 296; paratyphoid.
Weldin, Iowa State Coll. Jour. Sci., 1, 1927, Rods, 0.6 by 3.0 to 4.0 microns, occurring
161.) singly. Usually motile by means of peri-
hirsch.fel'di.i. M.L. gen. noun hirsch- trichous flagella. Gram-negative.
feldii of Hirschfeld; named for L. Hirsch- Gelatin colonies: Bluish gray, homogene-
feld, who worked with this organism. ous, smooth, glistening, entire to slightly
Rods, 0.3 to 0.5 by 1.0 to 2.5 microns, oc- undulate.
curring singly. Motile by means of peri- Gelatin stab: Fair surface growth. No
trichous flagella. Gram-negative. liquefaction.
Gelatin colonies: Grayish, smooth, flat, Agar colonies: Grayish, homogeneous,
glistening, irregular. smooth, glistening, entire to slightly un-
Gelatin stab: Flat, grayish surface dulate.
growth. No liquefaction. Agar slant: Filiform, grayish, smooth,
Agar colonies: Grayish, moist, smooth, glistening growth.
translucent. Broth: Turbid; slight, grayish sediment.
Broth: Turbid. Litmus milk: Slightly acid.
Litmus milk: Slightly acid, becoming Potato: Limited, dirty white streak.
alkaline. Indole not produced.
Indole not produced. Hydrogen sulfide not produced by most
Hydrogen sulfide produced. strains.
Acid and gas from glucose, mannitol, Acid and gas from glucose, mannitol,
maltose, sorbitol, dulcitol and xylose. d-Tar- maltose, sorbitol, arabinose and trehalose.
trate and 1-tartrate are attacked. Fer- Fermentation of dulcitol and rhamnose is
mentation ofarabinose, rhamnose and tre- variable. No action on lactose, sucrose,
halose is variable. No action on lactose, salicin, adonitol, xylose, inositol, 1-tartrate,
sucrose, salicin, adonitol, inositol, dl-tar- d-tartrate, dl-tartrate or mucate.
trate or mucate. Sodium citrate not utilized.
Sodium citrate is utilized. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Nitrites produced from nitrates. Trimethylamine produced from trimethyl-
Trimethylamine produced from trimethylamine oxide (Wood and Baird, Jour. Fish.
amine oxide (Wood and Baird, Jour. Fish. Res. Board Canada, 6, 1943, 198).
Res. Board Canada, 6, 1943, 198). Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
Optimum temperature, 37° C. Antigenic structure: 1, 2, 12: a: — .
Antigenic structure: 6, 7, Vi: c, 1, 5. Source: Isolated from cases of enteric
Source: Isolated from cases of enteric fever in man.
fever in man. Habitat: A natural pathogen of man caus-
Habitat: A natural pathogen of man ing enteric fever. Not known to be a natural
causing enteric fever. pathogen of other animals.
6. Salmonella paratyphi (Kayser, 1902) 7. Salmonella schottmuelleri (Wins-

Castellani and Chalmers, 1919. {Bacterium low et al., 1919) Bergey et al., 1923. (Bacilli
paratyphi Typus A, Brion and Kayser, paratyphique, Achard and Bensaude, Soc.
Munch, med. Wochnschr., 45, 1902, 611; m6d. des Hop. de Paris, 13, 1896, 679; Bacil-
Bacterium paratyphi Kayser, Cent. f. Bakt., lus paratyphi alcaligenes Schottmiiller,
I Abt., Orig., 31, 1902, 426; Castellani and Deutsche med. Wochnschr., 32, 1900, 511;
Chalmers, Man. Trop. Med., 3rd ed., 1919, Bacterium paratyphi Typus B, Brion and
938.) Kayser, Miinch. med. Wochnschr., 49, 1902,
pa.ra.ty'phi. Gr. prep, para alongside of, Qll; Bacillus schottmulleri Winslow, Kligler
therefore resembling; Gr. noun typhus a and Rothberg, Jour. Bact., 4, 1919, 479;
stupor, here meaning typhoid fever, the Bergey et al., Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 213.)
typhus ahdominalis; M.L. noun paratyphus schott.muel'le.ri. M.L. gen. noun schott-
muelleri of Schottmuller; named for Prof. ual, 1st ed., 1923, 217; Salmonella abortus=
H. Schottmiiller, who isolated this organism 236.)
equi Bergey et al.. Manual, 2nd ed., 1925,
in 1899.
Rods, 0.6 to 0.7 by 2.0 to 3.0 microns, a.bor.ti.vo.e.qui'na. L. adj. abortivus
occurring singly and in pairs. Usually motile pertaining to abortion; L. adj. equinus per-
by means of peritrichous flagella. Gram- taining to horses; M.L. adj. abortivoequinus
negative. pertaining to aborting horses.
Gelatin stab: No liquefaction. Rods, 0.2 to 0.5 by 1.5 microns, occurring
Agar colonies: Small, circular, bluish singly, occasionally in pairs. Motile by
gray, transparent, homogeneous, entire to means of peritrichous flagella. Gram-nega-
undulate. tive.
Broth: Turbid; thin, gray pellicle and Gelatin: No liquefaction.
sediment. Fecal odor. Indole not produced.
Litmus milk: Slightly acid, becoming Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
alkaline. Acid and gas from glucose, mannitol,
Potato: Grayish white, viscous growth. maltose, sorbitol, xylose, arabinose and
Indole not produced. rhamnose. 1-Tartrate and dl-tartrate are
Hydrogen sulfide is produced. attacked. Fermentation of dulcitol and
Acid and gas from glucose, mannitol, trehalose is variable. 1-Tartrate may or may
maltose, sorbitol, arabinose, xylose and not show late fermentation. No action on
trehalose. Mucate and 1-tartrate are at- lactose, sucrose, salicin, adonitol, inositol
tacked. Fermentation of dulcitol, inositol, or mucate.
rhamnose and dl-tartrate is variable. No Sodium citrate is utilized.
action on lactose, sucrose, salicin, adonitol Nitrites produced from nitrates.
or d-tartrate. Trimethylamine produced from trimethyl-
Sodium citrate may or may not be uti- amine oxide (Wood and Baird, Jour. Fish.
lized. Res. Board Canada, 6, 1943, 198).
Nitrites produced from nitrates. Antigenic structure: 4, 12: — , e, n, x.
Trimethylamine produced fromtrimethyl- Isolated from the afterbirth of mares that
amine oxide (Wood and Baird, Jour. Fish. had aborted.
Res. Board Canada, 6, 1943, 198). Habitat: A natural pathogen of mares,
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. causing abortion; also infectious for guinea
Optimum temperature, 37° C. pigs, rabbits, goats and cows, producing
Antigenic structure: 1, 4, 5, 12: b: 1, 2. abortion.
Source: Isolated from cases of enteric
fever in man. Not a natural pathogen of 9. Salmonella abortusovis (Lovell,
other animals. 1931) Schiitze et al., 1934. {Bacillus para-
Habitat: A natural pathogen of man typhi abortus ovis Schermer and Ehrlich,
causing enteric fever. Also found rarely Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Ref., 73, 1922, 252;
in cattle, sheep, swine, lower primates and Bacterium abortus ovis Lovell, Jour. Path,
chickens. and Bact., 34, 1931, 13; Schutze, Jordan,
Kauffmann, Scott, White and St. John-
8. Salmonella abortivoequina (Good Brooks, Jour, of Hyg., 34, 1934, 340.)
and Corbett, 1916) Bergey et al., 1923. (Ba- a.bor.tus.o'vis. L. noun abortus abortion;
cillus abortivus equinus Good and Corbett, L. gen. noun abortus of abortion; L. noun
Jour. Inf. Dis., 13, 1913, 53; Bacillus abortus ovis a sheep; L. gen. noun ovis of a sheep;
equi Meyer and Boerner, Jour. Med. Res., M.L.
sheep. gen. noun abortusovis of abortion of a
29, 1913, 330; Bacillus aborfivo-equimcs Good
and Corbett, Jour. Inf. Dis., 18, 1916, 586; Rods, 0.6 by 3.0 to 4.0 microns, occurring
Bacillus abortus equinus Weiss and Rice, singly. Usually motile by means of peri-
Jour. Med. Res., 35, 1917, 403; Bacillus trichous flagella. Gram-negative.
abortivus Winslow, Kligler and Rothberg, Gelatin: No liquefaction.
Jour. Bact., 4, 1919, 477; Bergey et al.. Man- Indole not produced.
FAMILY IV. ENTEEOBACTERIACEAE 375
Hydrogen sulfide production is variable. Broth: Turbid; heavj', flocculent sedi-

Acid and gas from glucose, mannitol, ment.
maltose and sorbitol. d-Tartrate is attacked. Litmus milk: Reaction unchanged, be-
Fermentation of arabinose, dulcitol, rham- coming translucent. No coagulation.
nose and xylose is variable. l-Tartrate may Potato: Slight, grayish growth.
or may not show and dl -tartrate usually Indole not produced.
does not show late fermentation. No action Hydrogen sulfide production is variable.
on lactose, sucrose, salicin, adonitol, inosi- Acid but no gas from glucose, mannitol,
tol, trehalose or mucate. maltose and sorbitol. Action on dulcitol,
Sodium citrate is utilized. rhamnose, trehalose, xylose, d-tartrate,
Trimethylamine produced from trimethyl- 1-tartrate and mucate is variable. dl-Tar-
amine oxide (Wood and Baird, Jour. Fish. trate may or may not show late fermenta-
Res. Board Canada, 6, 1943, 198). tion. No action on lactose, sucrose, salicin,
Antigenic structure: 4, 12: c: 1, 6. adonitol or inositol.
Source: Isolated from cases of abortion
Sodium citrate may or may not be uti-
in sheep. lized.
Habitat: Not known to infect any animal Nitrites produced from nitrates.
other than sheep.
Trimethylamine produced from trimethyl-
amine oxide (Wood and Baird, Jour. Fish.
10. Salmonella gallinaruiii (Klein,
Res. Board Canada, 6, 1943, 198).
1889) Bergey et al., 1925. {Bacillus galli- Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
narum Klein, Cent. f. Bakt., 5, 1889, 689;
Bacterium pullorum Rettger, Jour. Med. Optimum temperature, 37° C.
Res., 21 (N.S. 16), 1909, 117; Salmonella Antigenic structure: 1,9, 12: — , — .
pullonmi Bergey et al., Manual, 1st ed., Comment : A variety of this species which
1923, 218; Bergey et al.. Manual, 2nd ed., differs from the parent strain in its slow
1925, 236; Salmonella gallinarum-'pidlorum fermentation of maltose and by its inability
Taylor J., Bensted, Boyd, Carpenter, Dow- to ferment d-tartrate and to produce hy-
son, Lovell, Taylor, E. W., Thornton, Wil- drogen sulfide has been reported by Kauff-
son and Shaw, Internat. Bull, of Bact. No- mann (Zent. f . Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 132, 1934,
men, and Taxon., 2, 1952, 140.) 337).
gal.li.na'rum. L. noun gallina a hen; L. Source: Isolated from chickens and other
gen. pi. noun gallinarum of hens. birds as well as from calves, hogs, rabbits
Rods, 0.3 to 0.6 by 0.8 to 2.5 microns, with and man.
rounded ends, occurring singly or, in blood, Habitat: The causative agent of fowl
in short chains. Usually non-motile. Gram-
negative. typhoid (clearly to be distinguished from
Gelatin colonies: Small, grayish white, fowl cholera) and identical with Moore's
infectious leukemia of fowls. Causes white
finely granular, circular entire.
Gelatin stab : Slight, grayish white surface diarrhoea in young chicks. Infectious for
growth with slight, grayish, filiform growth rabbits and all poultry, canaries and certain
in stab. No liquefaction. wild birds (quail, grouse, pheasant) by
Agar colonies: Moist, grayish, circular, feeding or by inoculation. Occasionally
entire. produces food poisoning or gastroenteritis
Agar slant: Thin, gray, irregular, moist, in man (Mitchell, Garlock and Broh-Kahn,
glistening streak. Jour. Inf. Dis., 79, 1946, 57).
The following table gives exact antigenic analyses of the 343 Salmonella serotypes which
were recognized by 1955 (serotypes which have since been recognized are not included here).
This table affords additional information for those who are equipped to carry identifications
of antigenic patterns beyond the broad groupings. For details of preparations of antigens
and of group- and single-factor antisera, the extensive studies of Kauffmann (Enterobac-
teriaceae, 2nd ed., Ejnar Munksgaard, Copenhagen, 1954) should be consulted.
The Kauffmann-White Schema (1955)
Diagnostic Antigenic Schema (according to Edwards and Ewing, Identification of
Enter obacteriaceae. Burgess Publ. Co., Minneapolis, 1955, 52-60).
Reprinted by permission.
Flagell ir Antigens
Group No. Serotype Somatic Antigens
Pliase 1 Phase 2
A 1 Salmonella paratyphi a -
1, 2, 12
2 Salmonella kisangani a 1, 2
1, 4, 5, 12
3 Salmonella hessarek a
1, 5
4 Salmonella fulica 4, 12 a
5 Salmonella arechavaleta 4, 5, 12 a 1, 5
4, 5, 12 1,7
6 Salmonella bispebjerg a e, n, X
7 Salmonella abortivoeqiiina
1, 4, 12 —
e, n, X
8 Salmonella tinda 4, 12 a e, n, Zi5
1, 4, 12, 27
9 Salmonella schottmuelleri b
10 1, 4, 5, 12 1, 2
Salmonella limete b
11 Salmonella schleissheim
1, 4, 12, 27 b, Zi2 1, 5 —
4, 12, 27
12 Salmonella abony b Z6
13 1, 4, 5, 12 e, n, X
Salmonella abortusbovis b
1, 4, 12, 27 e, n,
n, Zi5
X
14 Salmonella wagenia b e,
15 1, 4, 12, 27
Salmonella wien b
16 Salmonella abortusovis 4, 12 c
17 4, 12 c 1, w
Salmonella altendorf 1,6
18 4, 12 c 1,7
Salmonella bury 4, 12, 27
19
Salmonella Stanley d
20 4, 5, 12 1, 2
Salmonella cairo 1, 4, 12, 27 d
21 d 1,
Salmonella schwarzengrund 1, 4, 12, 27 1, 72
B 22 Salmonella sarajane d
4, 12, 27 e, n, X
23 Salmonella duisburg d e, n, zis
24 Salmonella salinatis 4, 12 d, e, n, Zi8
25 d, e, h
Salmonella saintpaul 4, 12 5, 12
1, 4, 1, 2
26 Salmonella reading
27 e,
f, gh(h) 1,5
Salmonella kaposvar 4, 12 e, 1, 5
28 4, 5, 12 e, h 1, 7
Salmonella kaapstad
29 Salmonella Chester 4, 12
4, 5, 12 e, h e, n, X
30 Salmonella sandiego e, n, Zi5
Salmonella derby
4, 5, 12 e, h —
31
32 Salmonella essen
1, 4, 12 e, h —
33 Salmonella hato 4, 12 —
Salmonella California
4, 5, 12
g, m, s
—
34
35 Salmonella kingston 4, 12 —
36 Salmonella budapest
1, 4, 12, 27 g, m, t
g, m
—
1, 4, 12 g,
i s, t
37 Salmonella typhimurium 1, 4, 5, 12
38 Salmonella sp. i 1, 2
39 1, 4, 12, 27
Salmonella texas k e, n, Zi5
4, 5, 12 1, w
g, t
376
The Kauffmann-White Schema (1955)— Continued
Flagells r Antigens
Group No Serotype Somatic Antigens
Phase 1 Phase 2
40 Salmonella bredeney
41 1, 4, 12, 27 1, V 1, 7
Salmonella kimuenza 1, 4, 12, 27 e, n, X
42 Salmonella brandenburg 1, V e, n, zi5
43 Salmonella banana 4, 12 m,
1, V t —
44 Salmonella heidelberg 4, 5, 12 r
45 Salmonella coeln 4, 5, 12 y
4, 5, 12 1, 2
46 Salmonella ball yZlO 1, 2
B Salmonella kiambu 1, 4, 12 ZlO
z e, n, X
47
48 Salmonella indiana 4, 12 zZ29 1,5
49 Salmonella Stanleyville 4, 12 1,7
4, 5, 12 1, 2
50 Salmonella haifa Z4 , Zo3
1, 4, 5, 12 1, 2
51 Salmonella ituri
1, 4, 12 1,5 —
52 Salmonella brancaster
1, 4, 12
53 Salmonella sanjuan a Z6
54 Salmonella austin 6,7 a

6,7 1, 5
55 Salmonella oslo a 1,7
Salmonella denver 6, 7 a e, n,
e, n, XZi5
56 6,7
57 Salmonella brazzaville b
6,7 1, 2
58 Salmonella edinburg 6,7 b
59 Salmonella georgia b 1, 5
e, n, ziB
60 6,7 b
Salmonella leopoldville 6,7
61 Salmonella choleraesuis c 1,5
62 6,7 c 1, 5
Salmonella hirschfeldii
63 Salmonella typhisuis 6, 7, Vi c
6,7 c
64 Salmonella decatur 1, 5
65 Salmonella birkenhead 6, 7 c 1,5
66 Salmonella sp. 6, 7 c 1,6n, zi6
e,
67 Salmonella mission 6,7 d
68 6,7 d 1, 5
Salmonella amersfoort
69 6,7 d e, n, X
Salmonella livingston
Ci
70 Salmonella lomita 6, 7
Salmonella norwich 6, 7 e, h 1,
1,5w
71
Salmonella braenderup 6,7
72 e, h e,
—
1, 6n, zi5
73 Salmonella montevideo 6,7
74 Salmonella menston 6,77
e, h —
6, g.
i ni> s
75 Salmonella garoli
76 Salmonella thompson 6, 7 k
g, s, t
6,7 k 1, 6
77 Salmonella daytona
78 6,7 k 1,
Z6 5
1,6
Salmonella Singapore
Salmonella concord 6,7 e, n, X
79 1, 2
80 Salmonella irumu 6, 7 I, V ZlO
Salmonella bonn 6,7 1, V

81 6,7 1, 5
82 Salmonella potsdam 1, V e, n, XZi5
e, n,
83 Salmonella Colorado 6, 7
1, V
84 Salmonella Jerusalem 6, 7 1,5
6,7 1, w
Salmonella nessziona 1, Z,3
1, w
85
86 Salmonella makiso 6,7 1, Z,s
87 1 Salmonella oranienburg 6, 7 m, t
1, 5 —
88 Salmonella virchow 6, 7 r
6,7 1, 2
377
ORDER IV. EUBACTERIALES
The Kauffmann-White Schema (1955) — Continued

Flagellar Antigens
Group No. Serotype Somatic Antigens
Phase 2
Phase 1
89 Salmonella infantis r
90 Salmonella colindale 6, 7 r 1, 5
6, 7 r 1,7n, zis
e,
91 Salmonella papuana
6,7
Salmonella richmond y 1, 2
92 6,7
93 Salmonella bareilly y
Ci 6,7
Salmonella hartford yZlO 1, 5
94 6,7 e, n, X
95 Salmonella mikawashima yzio e, n, Z]5
6,7 Z29
96
97
Salmonella
Salmonella
aequatoria
kralendyk 6,7
Z4 , Z23
Z3S , Z24
Z4
e, n, Zi5
—
98 Salmonella eschweiler 6, 7
99 Salmonella mbandaka 6, 7 1,6n, Zi6
100 Salmonella tennessee 6, 7
e,
—
101 Salmonella lille 6, 7 ze —
6,7
102 Salmonella curacao a
103 6,8 a
Salmonella narashino 1, 6
b e, n, X
104 Salmonella nagoya 6,8
105 Salmonella gatuni 6,8 b
6,8 1, 5
106 Salmonella shipley b e, n, X
e, n, zi5
107 Salmonella banalia 6, 8 b
108 Salmonella uiah 6, 8 c
109 Salmonella bronx 6, 8 c 1,5
110 Salmonella belem 6,8 c 1,6
6,8 c e, n, X
111 Salmonella quiniela e, n, zis
6,8 d
112 Salmonella muenchen
113 d 1, 2
Salmonella manhaitan 6,8
114 Sahnonella newport 6,8
115 Salmonella kottbus 6,8 1, 52
1,
116 6,8 e,
i h
Salmonella lindenburg e, h 1, 5
117 6,8 i
Salmonella takoradi
c. 118 Salmonella bonariensis 6, 8 i
1, 2
1,5
119 Salmonella litchfield 6, 8 e, n, X
120 6,8 1, V 1, 2
Salmonella manchester
6,8 1, V 1,7
121 Salmonella fayed
6, 8 r 1, 2
122 Salmonella bovismorbificans
6,8 1, w
123 Salmonella hidalgo r 1, 5n, Zi6
e,
6,8
124 Salmonella tananarive y
125 6,8
Salmonella praha yZlO 1, 5n, Zi5
126 Salmonella sp. 6, 8
e,
Z6 —
—
Z4 , Z23
ZiO
127 Salmonella duesseldorf 6, 8
—
Z4 , Z24
128 Salmonella tallahassee 6,
6,88 Z4 , Z32
129 Salmonella hadar
130 6,8 e, n, X
Salmonella glostrup e, n, zis
6,8
(8) b
131 Salmonella sanga
132 Salmonella Virginia (8) d —
133 Salmonella emek
1,7 —
134 Salmonella kentucky (8), 20 i
g, m, s
(8), 20
379
The Kauffmann -White Schema (1955)— Continued

Flagell ar Antigens
Group No. Serotype
Somatic Antigens
Phase 1 Phase 2
(8)
135 Salmonella amherstiana I, (v)

1,6
C2 136 Salmonella hindmarsh (8) r
137 Salmonella corvallis Z4 , Z23 1, 5 —
138 Salmonella albany
(8), 20
Z4 , Z24 —
(8), 20
139 Salmonella miami a 1, 5
140 Salmonella sendai 1, 9, 12 a
141 Salmonella saarhruecken 1, 9, 12 a
1, 9, 12 1,7
1, 5
142 Salmonella lomalinda a Z6
143 e, n, X
Salmonella durban a e, n, z,5
9, 12
144 Salmonella onarimon b
9, 12 12
1, 9,
145 Salmonella alabama c e,
1, 2n, Z16
146 Salmonella tijphosa 9, 12,
12 Vi d Z35 —
147 Salmonella ndolo 9,
d
148 Salmonella Strasbourg 99, . 12. . d 1, 7
149 1, 5
Salmonella zega d
150 Salmonella Jaffna 9, 12 d
151 Salmonella eastbourne
9, 12 12
1, 9,
152 Salmonella Israel 1, n,
e, 5 Z16
153 Salmonella berta 9, 12
e, h —
154 Salmonella enteriiidis 9, 12 e,
f, h t
g, —
155 Salmonella blegdam 1,9, 12 g, m, q —
156 Salmonella pensacola 9, 12
—
157 Salmonella dublin g, P
g, m, t
158 Salmonella rostock
9,
1,
12
9, 12 _
D 159 Salmonella moscow 1, 9, 12 g, g,q m —
160 g, P, u
Salmonella neasden 9, 12
161 Salmonella seremban e, n, X
9, 12
162 Salmonella marylebone kg, s, t 1, 5
163 9, 12 1, 2
Salmonella claibornei k
9,
1, 12 12
9,
164 Salmonella mendoza 1, 5
165 1, V 1, 2
Salmonella panama 9, 12 12
166 1, 9, 1, V 1,5
Salmonella kapemba
167 1, V 1, 7
Salmonella goettingen 9, 12 e, n, Zi5
168 Salmonella daressalaam 1, V
169 9, 12 12 \,zu
Salmonella napoli 1,9, I, w Z6
170 ZlO e, n,
e, n X
Salmonella javiana 1, 9, 12 1, Z28
171 Salmonella shoredilch 1, 9, 12 r 1, 5n, Z16
e,
Z29
Z36
172 Salmonella haarlem 9 . . . zZ38
173 Salmonella wangata
9, 12 Z4 , Z23
e, n, X —
174 Salmonella portland 9, 12
175 Salmonella canastel
9, 12 1, 5
1,5
176 Salmonella sp.
177 9, 12
Salmonella fresno
178
Salmonella gallinarum
9, 12 — —
179
Salmonella pullorum
9, 12 12
1, 9, — —
9, 12
The Kaufpmann -White Schema (1955)— Continued

Flagellar Antigens
Group No. Serotvne Sonia.tic Antigens
Phase 1 Phase 2
180 a 1, 7
Salmonella oxford
181 Salmonella hutantan 3, 10 b
182 3, 10 d 1,5
Salmonella shangani
183 Salmonella vejle 3, 10 1, 5
184 Salmonella muenster 3, 10 1, 2
3, 10 e, h 1, 5
185 Salmonella anatum e, h
186 3, 10 1,6
Salmonella nyborg e, h 1,7
187 Salmonella newlands 3, 10
188 3, 10 e, h e, n, X
Salmonella meleagridis
189 Salmonella westhampton 3, 10 e,
e,
h
h 1, w —
190 Salmonella Zanzibar 3, 10 k Z6
191 Salmonella nchanga 3, 10 g, s, t

1, V 1, 52
Fn 192 Salmonella london 3, 10
1, V
193 Salmonella give 3, 10 1, 76
1,
1, V
194 Salmonella clerkenwell 3, 10 z
Ze
1,Z.3
195 Salmonella uganda 3, 10 1, w
196 3, 10 r 1,57
1,
Salmonella elizabethville
197 Salmonella simi 3, 10 r e, n, Zi5
198 Salmonella weltevreden 3, 10 r Ze
199 Salmonella amager 3, 10 y
Zio
1, 2
200 Salmonella orion 3, 10 yZlO
201 Salmonella bolton 3, 10 y
Z36 1, 5n, Zi5
e,
202 Salmonella Stockholm 3, 10
yZ36
203 Salmonella lexington 3, 10
3, 10 1,5
204 Salmonella coquilhatville
205 Salmonella cairina 3, 10 1,7
206 Salmonella macallen 3, 10 —
3, 10
207 Salmonella goerlitz
3, 15 1, 2
208 Salmonella newington e, h 1, 6
209 Salmonella selandia 3, 15 e, h
210 Salmonella Cambridge 3, 15 1,7
E, e, h
211 Salmonella newbrunswick 3, 15 1,
e,
ZlO h 1, w7
212 Salmonella kinshasa 3, 15 1, Zi3
1, V
213 Salmonella tuebingen 3, 15 y 1, 5
214 1, 2
Salmonella binza 3, 15 y
215 Salmonella 7nanila 3, 15 1, 5
3, 15 Z6
ZlO 1, 5
216 Salmonella minneapolis
217 Salmonella canoga
(3), (15), 34 ZlO
e, h
1,6 —
E3 218 (3), (15), 34
Salmonella thomasville y 1, 5
219 Salmonella illinois (3), (15), 34 g, s, t Z35
220 (3), (15), 34 1,5

Salmonella harrisonburg (3), (15), 34
1,6
221 Salmonella chittagong (1), 3, 10, (19) b
E, 222 Salmonella niloese d
223 Salmonella senftenberg
1, 3, 19 —
1, 3, 19
g, s, t
Z6
The Kaupfmann-White Schema (1955)— Continued

Flagell ir Antigens
No. Serotype
Group Somatic Antigens
Phase
Z27 1 Phase 2
224 Salmonella taksony i

E4 225 1, 3, 19
Salmonella krefeld y
226 1, 3, 19
Salmonella schoeneberg z w
1, e, n, z,5
227 Salmonella simsbury
1, 3, 19 —
1, 3, 19
228 11 a
229 Salmonella marsei'de
Salmonella luciana 11 a 1,5n, zi5
e,
230 Salmonella pharr 11 b e, n, Zi6
231 Salmonella chandans 11 d
232 11 e, n, X
Salmonella chingola
233 Salmonella aberdeen 11 ie, h 1, 2
234 Salmonella veneziana 11 i 1, 2
235 e, n, X
F Salmonella pretoria 11 k
236 1, 2
Salmonella abaetetube 11 k
237 1,5
Salmonella maracaibo 11 ZlO
238 1,5
Salmonella Senegal 11 1,
r V
239 Salmonella rubislaw 11 r 1,5
240 e, n, X
Salmonella soU 11 y
241 11 1, 5
Salmonella sp.
242 Salmonella telhashomer 1, 2
11 e, n, X
243 Salmonella atlanta b
13, 23
244 Salmonella ibadan b
13, 22
245 Salmonella mississippi b 1,5
Z37
1, 13, 23 1,5
246 Salmonella mishmarhaemek d
1, 13, 23 f, 1,5
247
Salmonella friedenau d g
248 13, 22
Salmonella grumpensis d 1,67
1,
13, 23
249 Salmonella ielelkebir d e, n, Zi6
13, 23
250 Salmonella wichita 1 13, 23 d
251 Salmonella habana —
G 252 Salmonella sp.
1, 13, 23
13, 23
—
g, s, (t)
253 Salmonella borbeck
13, 22 1, V
254 Salmonella worthington z1,6
1, 13, 23
255 Salmonella Worcester m,
Z29 w t
1,
1, 13, 23 e,
256 Salmonella nachshonim z 1, 5n, X
1, 13, 23
257 Salmonella poona z
Z29
13, 22 1,6
258 Salmonella bristol z
—
Z6
259 13,22 Z4 , Z23
1,7
Salmonella delplata
260 Salmonella cubana
1, 13, 23 —
1, 13, 23
261 Salmonella clifton 13, 22 1,5
262 Salmonella heves d
263 6, 14, 24
Salmonella florida d 1,
1; 57
H 264 (1), 6, 14, 25 d
Salmonella albuquerque
265 6, 14, 24
Salmonella onderstepoort
266 Salmonella Caracas
(1),6, 14,25 1,5 —
267 (1), 6, 14, 25 e, h
Salmonella boecker
g, Vm, s
1,
6, 14 1,7
The Kauffmann -White Schema (1955)— Continued

ir Antigens
Flagell
Group No Serotype Somatic Antigens
Phase 2
Phase 1
268 Salmonella horsham

(1), 6, 14, 25 1, V e, n, X
269 Salmonella madelia y 1, 7
270 Salmonella carrau (1), 6, 14, 25 1, 7
y
H 6, 14, 24
271 Salmonella homosassa z
272 (1), 6, 14, 25 z 1, 5
Salmonella sundsvall
273 Salmonella siegburg
(1), 6, 14, 25 Z4 , Z23 e, n, X —
274 Salmonella uzaramo
6, 14, 18
Z4 , Z,4 —
(1) 6, 14, 25
Z6
275 Salmonella brazil 16 a 1. 5
276 Salmonella hull b
1, 2
277 Salmonella hvittingfoss 16 b
e, n, X
278 Salmonella Vancouver 16 c
279 16 d 1, 75
1,
Salmonella gaminara
280 Salmonella nottingham 16 d e, n, zi5
281 Salmonella weston
I
282 Salmonella szentes 16 ke, h
283 16 k 1, 2
Salmonella orientalis ZlO
e, n, Zi5
Z29
284 Salmonella shanghai 16
285 Salmonella salford 1, V 1, 6
286 Salmonella rowbarton 16
1, V e, n, X —
287 Salmonella lisboa 16 m, t
288 Salmonella Jacksonville
1,6 —
17
289 Salmonella kirkee 17 b
290 Salmonella bleadon
1, 2 —
(f),g, t
291 Salmonella inatadi 17 K
17 e, n, X
292 Salmonella morotai 1, V
1, 2
293 Salmonella michigan 17
1, V 1, 5
294 Salmonella carmel 18 Z6
295 1,
d V e, n, X
Salmonella usumbura
18 k 1, 7
296 Salmonella memphis
297 Salmonella cerro 18 1, 5 —
—
Z4 , Z23
298 Salmonella blukwa 18
28 Z4 , Z24
Further 299 Salmonella minnesota 21 b
groups e, n, X
300 Salmonella Seattle 28 a
301 b e, n,
e, n, Zi5
X
Salmonella langford
302 Salmonella kaltenhausen 28 b
303 Salmonella mundonobo d
k 1, 7
304 Salmonella taunton 28
305 e, n,
e, n, XZi5
Salmonella sp. 1, V
306 Salmonella Chicago 28 r
1,5
307 Salmonella kibusi r
e, n, X
308 Salmonella pomona 28 y 1, 7
309 Salmonella telaviv y e, n, zi5
310 Salmonella ezra 28 z
Salmonella urbana b 1, 7
311
312 Salmonella godesburg 30 e, n, X —
g, m
The Kauffmann-White Schema (1955) — Concluded
Flagellar Antigens
Group Serotype
No. Somatic Antigens
Phase 1 Phase 2
30
313 Salmonella landau 30 i
Salmonella morehead f.i g 1, 2
314
315 Salmonella donna 30
1, V 1, 5
316 Salmonella matopeni 30 y
317 Salmonella bodjonegoro 30 Z4 , Z24
1,
1, 52 —
318 Salmonella adelaide 35 —
319 Salmonella gamhia 35 i e, n, zi6
320 Salmonella monschaui 35 m, t
—
321 Salmonella alachua 35 Z4 , Z23 —
322 Salmonella kasenyi 38
323 Salmonella korovi 38
1,5 —
324 Salmonella mgulani ie, h
325 Salmonella Inverness 38 kg, m, a 1, 2
1,6
326 Salmonella lindi 38 r
Further 327 Salmonella emmastad 38 r
1, 5
1,6
groups 328 Salmonella freelown 38 y
329 Salmonella Colombo 38
39 y 1, 5
330 Salmonella champaign 40 k
1,5
1, 6
331 Salmonella riogrande b
1,5
332 Salmonella Johannesburg b
Z36 e, n,
n, zi5
X
333 Salmonella duval 1, 40 b e,
Salmonella allandale 1,40 k
334 41
335 Salmonella waycross
1,40 Z4
f,g
, Z23 —
1, 6
336 Salmonella uphill b
337 42 e, n, X
Salmonella weslaco 43
338 Salmonella berkeley 42
43 a
339 Salmonella milwaukee 43 —
1, 5
340 Salmonella ahuza 43 k
341 Salmonella kingabwa y 1,5
1,5
342 Salmonella niarembe 44
45 a
343 Salmonella deversoir c 1, w
e, n, X
In accordance with the opinion of the majority of the Subcommittee members, the sym-
bols used to express the O antigens of Salmonella have been changed from Roman to Ara-
bic numerals.
It was shown by Edwards and Moran (Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol, and Med., 66, 1947, 230) that
Salmonella sp. (Type Senftenberg) and Salmonella sp. (Type Simsbury) each could be
transformed into the other. Bruner and Edwards (Jour. Bact., 55, 1948, 449) found that in
certain instances antigen 3, 10 could be changed to antigen 3, 15 and again reversed to 3,
10. Bruner (Jour. Bact., 57, 1949, 387) obtained typical cultures of Salmonella sp. (Type
(Oranienburg) from certain strains of Salmonella sp. (Type Montevideo). These antigenic
changes, all of which were produced by induced variation, are of great interest and un-
doubtedly throw light on phylogeny and evolution within the group. Further, it is highly
probable that such changes occur in nature. However, the epidemiological significance of
the various Salmonella types is well established, and observations such as those cited above
in no way detract from the value of antigenic typing in the study of the epidemiology of
Salmonella infections. For this reason the types are listed in the schema as they are found
in nature.
No antigenic relationship exists between the H antigens Zi , z-i , z^ , etc. The symbol
z affixed by the numeral was chosen to denote these antigens, as no other letters of the al-
phabet were available.
383
384 ■ ORDER IV. EUBACTERIALES
Genus X. Shigella Castellani and Chalmers, 1919*
(Man. Trop. Med., 3rd ed., 1919, 936.)
Shi.gel'la. M.L. dim. ending -ella; M.L. fem.n. Shigella named for Prof. Kiyoshi Shiga,
the Japanese bacteriologist who first discovered the dysentery bacillus in 1898.
Rods that are non-motile. Gram-negative. Gelatin not liquefied. Indole may or may not
be produced. Hydrogen sulfide not produced. Numerous carbohj^drates are attacked with
the production of acid but no visible gas (some cultures of serotype Shigella flexneri 6 pro-
duce visible gas from glucose and from other fermentable substrates) . Lactose is ordinarily
not attacked, but some species attack this sugar very slowly. Salicin, inositol and adonitol
are not attacked. Acetylmethylcarbinol is not produced. Methyl red test is usually positive.
Ammonium citrate is not utilized. Nitrites are produced from nitrates. May or may not
produce trimethylamine from trimethylamine oxide (Wood, Baird and Keeping, Jour.
Bact., ^6, 1943, 106). Urea is not hydrolyzed. Aerobic. Possess distinctive antigenic struc-
tures. Pathogenic, causing dysenteries, or non-pathogenic species, all living in the bodies
of warm-blooded animals. Found in polluted water supplies and in flies.
See Bensted (Dysentery Bacilli — Shigella. A brief historical review. Canad. Jour. Micro-
biol., 2,1956, 163-174) for a helpful review.
Key to the species of genus Shigella.
I. No acid from mannitol.
A. No acid from arabinose or rhamnose. Indole not produced.
1. Shigella dysenteriae.
B. Acid from arabinose; acid may or maj^ not be produced from rhamnose. Indole may
or may not be produced.
1. Acid from rhamnose; late and irregular acid from arabinose. Indole produced.
2. Shigella schmitzii.
2. No acid from rhamnose; acid from arabinose slow. Indole not produced (except
Type 7).
3. Shigella arabinotarda (Large-Sachs Group).
II. Acid from mannitol.
A. No acid from lactose.
1. No acid from rhamnose; acid usually produced from xylose. Agglutination with
polyvalent specific serum (Types 1 to 11).
4. Shigella boydii.
2. Variable acid production from rhamnose; no acid from xylose or dulcitol. No tri-
methylamine from trimethylamine oxide. Agglutination with polyvalent specific
serum (Types 1 to 6).
5. Shigella flexneri.
3. Acid from dulcitol. Trimethylamine from trimethylamine oxide.
6. Shigella alkalescens.
B. Acid from lactose late.
1. Indole not produced. Agglutination with specific serum.
7. Shigella sonnet.
2. Indole produced.
8. Shigella dispar.
1. Shigella dysenteriae (Shiga, 1898) dysentery, Ogata, Cent. f. Bakt., 11, 1892,
Castellani and Chalmers, 1919. (Bacillus of 264 {Bacillus dysenteriae Migula); Bacillus
Japanese dysentery, Shiga, Cent. f. Bakt., dysenteriae Shiga, Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., S4,
IAbt.,:?5, 1898, 599; not Bacillus of Japanese 1898, 817; Bacillus shigae Chester, Man.
* Prepared by Dr. Julien Dumas, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France, August, 1955.
Determ. Bact., 1901, 228; Castellani and action of formalin and heat (Ramon, Dumas
Chalmers, Man. Trop. Med., 3rd ed., 1919, and Said Bilal, 1926).
935.) Pathogenicity: Avirulent but toxic for
dy.sen.te'ri.ae. Gr. noun dysenteria man causing epidemic bacillary dysentery.
d^'senter}-; ^NI.L. gen. noun dysenteriae of This is the only dysentery bacillus patho-
dysentery. genic for laboratory animals (rabbits, mice,
Rods, 0.4 to 0.6 by 1.0 to 3.0 microns, oc- monkeys and dogs), producing lesions simi-
curring singly. Non-motile. Gram-negative. lar to those found in man.
Gelatin: Surface growth. No liquefaction. Dissociation: Dissociates spontaneously
Agar colonies: Circular, 1.0 to 1.5 mm in into S and R variants. The latter, which lack
diameter, raised, gray, opaque, shiny, en- the 0 antigen, can produce an active exo-
tire. After 48 hours there is spreading, and toxin.
the centers of the colonies become thick- Source: Isolated from widespread epi-
ened. demics of dysentery.
Broth : Slightly turbid in several hours, in- Habitat : A cause of dysentery in man and
creasing after 18 hours to a homogeneous monkeys. Found only in feces of the sick.
turbidity.
Litmus milk: Slightly acid, slowly becom- 2. Shigella schinitzii (Weldin and
ing slightlj^ alkaline. Levine, 1923) Hauduroy et al., 1937. {Shi-
Potato: Growth shinj^ slowly turning gella parashigae Remlinger and Dumas, Ann.
brown. Inst. Past., 29, 1915, 493; Bazillus Schmitz,
Indole not produced. Schmitz, Ztschr. f. Hyg., 84, 1917, 449;
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. Bacillus dysenteriae "Schmitz", Murray,
Acid but no gas from glucose, fructose, Jour. Roy. Army Med. Corps, 31, 1918, 257;
galactose, rafhnose and sometimes from Bacillus ambiguus Andrewes, Lancet, 194,
glycerol (positive reaction with Stern's 1918, 560; Bacterium schmitzii Weldin and
medium). Xylose, maltose, sucrose, manni- Levine, Abst. Bact., 7, 1923, 13; Shigella
tol, dulcitol, arabinose, rhamnose, salicin ambigua Weldin, Iowa State College Jour.
and adonitol not attacked. Sci., 1, 1927, 177; Hauduroy et al.. Diet. d.
Kligler's medium: Red slope; yellow butt; Bact. Path., 1937, 496.)
no gas. schmit'zi.i. M.L. gen. noun schmitzii of
Nitrites produced from nitrates. Schmitz; named for Dr. K. E. F. Schmitz of
Trimethylamine not produced from tri- Roumania.
methylamine oxide. Morphology and cultural characters on
Catalase not produced. agar, gelatin, broth, milk and potato are
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. identical with those of Shigella dysenteriae.
Optimum temperature, 37° C. No growth Indole always produced.
at 45° C. Hj^drogen sulfide not produced.
Antigenic structure: The 0 antigen of Acid from glucose, galactose, fructose,
Shigella dysenteriae consists of a non-anti- maltose and rhamnose; irregular acid pro-
genic phospholipid and an antigenic toxic duction within 4 days from arabinose. No
protein together with a polj'saccharide re- acid from lactose, sucrose, mannitol, dul-
sponsible for the serological reactions citol, sorbitol, salicin, xylose or glycerol
(Boivin and Mesrobeanu, 1937; Morgan and (negative reaction with Stern's medium).
Patridge, 1940) . All strains have an identical Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
antigenic structure; they also have a minor Trimethylamine not produced from tri-
antigen, identical with that of Shigella methylamine oxide.
ambigua Weldin, which does not interfere Catalase not produced.
with slide agglutination. Aerobic, facultativeh^ anaerobic.
Toxin production: Among the dysentery Temperature relations: Optimum, 37° C.
bacilli only Shigella dysenteriae produces an
active exotoxin in liquid media which can No Antigenic
growth at character:
45° C. Possesses a major
be changed into an anatoxin (toxoid) by the antigen specific to this species only and a
minor antigen (reacting feebly) in common Source: Found only in the stools from
with Shigella dysenterine. cases of dysentery.
Source: Isolated from the stools of dysen- Habitat: Relatively" imcommon in out-
tery patients. breaks of dysentery due to Shigella flexneri.
Habitat: Found in cases of human dysen-
tery, especiall}' in Europe; relatively un- 4. Shigella boydii Ewing, 1949. (Jour.
common. Bact., 57, 1949, 634 and 635.)
boyd'i.i. M.L. gen. noun boydii of Boyd;
3. Shigella arabinotarda Christensen named for Col. J. S. K. Boyd, the English
and Gowen, 1944. (See Large and Sankaran, bacteriologist who has made a special study
Jour. Roy. Army Med. Corps, 63, 1934, 231; of dysentery organisms.
and Sachs, Jour. Roy. Army Med. Corps, Rods. Non-motile. Some strains of sero-
80, 1943, 92; Christensen and Gowen, Jour. type 2may be encapsulated (Ewing). Gram-
Bact., 47, 1944, 171.) negative.
a.rab.i.no.tar'da. M.L. arabinosuni arab- Gelatin: No liquefaction.
inose; L. adj. tardus late; M.L. adj. ara- Indole produced by serotypes 5, 7 and 11.
binotardus (probably intended to mean) Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
producing a late or slow fermentation of Acid but no gas from mannitol (except for
arabinose. certain strains of serotypes 3, 6 and 10),
These organisms, frequently referred to glucose, arabinose and occasionally from
as the Large-Sachs Q-group, comprise six sucrose and maltose.
recognized serotj^pes, which are known as Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Q 771, Q 1167, Q 1030, Q 454, Q 902 and Antigenic structure: Shigella boydii is dis-
599-52; there is little doubt that Dudgeon tinguished from Shigella flexneri by possess-
and Urquhart's para-shiga is included ing a type-specific major O antigen and by
(Med. Res. Council Special Report Series lacking a group antigen. Some have minor
No. 40, 1919). antigens, which fact explains their serologi-
The morphology and cultural characters cal relationships.
on agar, gelatin, broth, potato and milk are Certain strains of Shigella boydii 2, 3, 5
identical with those of Shigella dysenteriae. and 7 may have K antigens, particularly
Ladole not produced (except by serotype antigen L, which masks the O agglutination.
Q902). In this case the agglutination should be
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. made in tubes with boiled cultures (Mad-
Acid from glucose, galactose, fructose, sen).
sorbitol and arabinose (slowlj^- No acid To determine the serological type, un-
from lactose, mannitol, dulcitol (except absorbed anti-boydii 1, 2, 3 and 5 sera are
serotype Q 1030) or rhamnose (except sero- used, but anti-boydii 4 serum should be
type Q902). absorbed with Shigella alkalescens and serum
Nitrites produced from nitrates. 6 with Shigella sonnei in phase II. With
Trimethylamine not produced from tri- encapsulated Shigella boydii 2, a serum
methylamine oxide. may be prepared which causes swelling of
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. the capsule of an organism of type 2 when a
Temperature relations: Optimum, 37° C. capsule is present.
No growth at 45° C. There are eleven serotypes, which are
Antigenic structure: Each type possesses represented by the following recognized
a type-specific particular O antigen and strains: 170, P288, 5DI, P274, P143, D19,
lacks a group antigen; therefore there is no Lavington, 112, 1296/7, 430 and 34.
cross reaction with other species. There is a Relationships to other species: Shigella
thermolabile capsular L antigen which can boydii 1 has antigenic relationships with
mask the O agglutination; thus diagnostic serotype 4, and Shigella boydii 3 with sero-
tests are best with broth cultures with type 6. However by far the most important
destruction of L antigen. serological relationships are those of Shigella
boydii 6 with Shigella sonnei in phase II, Optimum temperature, 37° C. No growth
Shigella dispar and with fraction A of at 45.5° C.
Shigella alkalescens (Wheeler and Ewing, Antigenic structure: The somatic antigen,
1946). In addition, Shigella boydii 6 has an extracted by diethyleneglycol, consists of a
antigen identical with that of Shigella protein together with a polyoside and a
sonnei in phase II and less important rela- phospholipid. The protein, dissociated with
tionships with Shigella flexneri 1 and 4. difficulty from the polyosides, is obtained in
Several types of Shigella boydii have anti- a pure state by a pancreatic digestion. In an
genic fractions identical with those of acid medium, the toxicity of the antigen
Escherichia coli 053, and Shigella boydii 5 has is related to the protein fraction and in an
fractions identical with those of Escherichia alkaline medium to the polyoside. The
coli 079 (Ewing, Hucks and Taylor, Jour. polyoside heptene is responsible for the
Bad., 63, 1952, 319). serological
1950). characters (Tal and Goebel,
Source: Isolated from feces in cases of
dysentery. The structure of the O antigen of Shigella
Habitat: Found only in the feces of the flexneri is much more complex than those of
sick; occurs only in a low proportion of cases the other shigellas. These organisms have a
of bacillary dysentery. major type antigen and several minor group
antigens (Murray, Jour. Roy. Army Med.
5. Shigella flexneri Castellani and Corps, SI, 1918, 257; Andrewes and Inman,
Chalmers, 1919. (Bacillus dysenteriae Flex- Med. Res. Council, Special Rept. Ser. No.
ner, Phil. Med. Jour., 6, 1900, 414; not 42, London, 1919). Andrewes has identified
Bacillus dysenteriae Shiga, Cent. f. Bakt., five groups of major antigens: V, W, X, Y
I Abt., ^4, 1898, 817; Bacillus paradysenteriae and Z; type Y is composed of variable pro-
Collins, Jour. Inf. Dis., 2, 1905, 620; Castel- portions of the other four antigens. The
lani and Chalmers, Man. Trop. Med., 3rd mosaic of minor antigens determines con-
ed., 1919, 937; Shigella paradysenteriae stant cross agglutinations among the
Weldin, Iowa State Coll. Jour. Sci.,1, 1927, various types of Shigella flexneri, although
178.) there is not any serological relationship
flex'ne.ri. M.L. gen. noun flexneri of Fle.x- with the other groups of shigellas. Boyd has
ner; named for Simon Flexner, the bacteriol- ascertained that the instability of the O
ogist who first isolated this species. antigen is due to a modification of the anti-
Rods, 0.5 by 1.0 to 1.5 microns, occurring genic structure of the mutants which are
singly, often filamentous and irregularly developed in artificial media. In each cell
shaped in old cultures. Non-motile. Gram- the specific type antigen diminishes or dis-
negative. appears, and thus the organism retrogresses
Culturally identical with the other mem- toward a type common to every strain.
bers of the genus except that growth in The group diagnosis of Shigella flexneri is
broth is more abundant.
determined by agglutination with poly-
Gelatin: No liquefaction. valent serum; the diagnosis of the type is
Indole is produced (except by serotype 6) . then determined by a monospecific serum
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. obtained after absorption of the group
Acid but no gas from glucose and ara-
binose; irregularly from rhamnose, sucrose agglutinins. Certain varieties of Shigella
and maltose. Mannitol is fermented (except flexneri 6 are 0-inagglutinable because they
by certain strains of serotypes 4 and 6). have a K antigen which is similar to the
Lactose, dulcitol, xylose, sorbitol, salicin surface antigen B of Escherichia coli (Mad-
and adonitol are not attacked. sen). On boiling the emulsion for an hour to
Nitrites produced from nitrates. inhibit the B antigen, the organism becomes
Trimethylamine not produced from tri- agglutinable. Shigella flexneri has no impor-
methylamine oxide. tant serological relationships with the other
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. shigellas but has antigenic fractions identi-
cal with those of Salmonella poona and Sal- sick and in the feces of convalescents or of
monella worthington. carriers of dysentery bacilli.
There is no correhition between the sero-
tj^pes and the biochemical characters except 6. Shigella alkalescens (Andrewes, 1918)
for Shigella flexneri 3, which acidifies rham- Weldin, 1927. (Bacillus alkalescens An-
nose, and Shigella flexneri 6, which has par- drewes, Lancet, 194, 1918, 560; Weldin, Iowa
ticular biochemical characters. State Coll. Jour. Sci., 1, 1927, 179; Proshi-
Serotype Shigella flexneri 6 contains gella alkalescens Borman, Stuart and
strains each of which possesses biochemical Wheeler, Jour. Bact., 48, 1944, 363.)
properties at variance with those of the al.ka.les'cens. Arabic al the; Arabic
other strains as well as with those of the noun gaily the ashes of saltwort, etc.; M.L.
other serotypes of this species : strain Boyd part. adj. alkalescens alkaline-making.
88 produces acid from mannitol and glucose Rods, 0.5 by 1.0 to 1.5 microns, occurring
and sometimes late acid from dulcitol; singly and in pairs. Non-motile. Gram-nega-
strain Shigella (Type Manchester) produces tive.
acid and gas from mannitol and glucose and Cultures in gelatin, on agar, in broth and
late acid and gas from dulcitol; Shigella on potato are similar to those of Shigella
(Type Newcastle) does not ferment manni- flexneri Castellani and Chalmers.
tol but produces acid and gas from glucose Litmus milk: Turns blue in 4 to 10 days;
and late acid and gas from dulcitol. whey produced in 3 to 5 days.
Other varieties of Shigella flexneri have Indole is produced.
been reported as not fermenting mannitol: Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Nelson (1948) isolated non-mannitol-fer- Acid but no gas from glucose, mannitol,
menting strains whose type antigens were xylose, rhamnose, maltose, dulcitol, sorbitol
similar to those of Shigella flexneri 4 (Boyd and occasionally from sucrose. Lactose,
103) . Shigella rabaulensis Munford and Mohr dextrin and salicin are not attacked.
(1944) and Shigella rio de Assis and Stafkow- Nitrites produced from nitrates.
sky (1948) also belong to this group: S. Trimethylamine produced from tri-
rabaulensis has an R antigen which, al- methylamine oxide; trimethylamine also
though belonging to the group antigen, is produced from choline.
specific for S. rabaulensis; S. rio is a degen- Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
erate variant of S. rabaulensis. Denier and
Optimum temperature, 37° C. Growth at
Huet (Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., 5, 1912, 263) 45.5° C.
isolated a strain, which they called Saigon Not generally accepted as pathogenic.
Bacillus, in Indo China which does not Distinctive characters: Produces tri-
ferment mannitol; it produces acid without methylamine from choline. Certain strains
gas from glucose, maltose and occasionally (serotypes 1 and 2) have the property of
from rhamnose and xylose in 12 to 24 days; agglutinating the erythrocytes of man,
it does not ferment mannitol, lactose, su- monkeys, dogs or sheep (Griffith, 1948).
crose, dulcitol or sorbitol and it produces Source: Isolated from the feces of con-
indole; it has a type 4 major antigen and valescents from dysentery and from healthy
minor antigens similar to those of several individuals; also isolated from a blood cul-
other serotypes oi Shigella flexneri. Pacheco, ture by Starkey (Jour. Canad. Med. Assn.,
Rubinsten, Piechaud and Kirch suggest 31, 1934, 41) and from cases of bacilluria by
that the name Shigella saigonensis be used Snyder and Hanner (Jour. Inf. Dis., 60,
to include all strains of S. flexneri which do 1937, 51).
not ferment mannitol. Habitat: Found in the intestinal canal.
Source: Isolated from feces in cases of Suspected as a cause of diarrhoea.
dysentery.
Habitat: The most common cause of dys- 7. Shigella sonnei (Levine, 1920) Wel-
entery epidemics and sometimes of infantile din, 1927. (Group III of Sonne, Sonne, Cent,
gastroenteritis. Found in the feces of the f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 75, 1915, 408; Bacillvs
dispar (in part) Andrewes, Lancet, 194, Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.

1918, 560 (see Shigella dispar); Bacterium Optimum temperature, 37° C. Growth at
sonnei Levine, Jour. Inf. Dis., 27, 1920, 31; 45.5° C.
Weldin, Iowa State Coll. Jour. Sci., 1, 1927, Antigenic structure: Antigens of phase I,
182; Proshigella sonnei Borman, Stuart and extracted in an aqueous solution of glyc-
Wheeler, Jour. Bact., 48, 1944, 363.) erol, and those of phase lis, extracted in a
son'ne.i. M.L. gen. noun sonnei of Sonne; 50 per cent solution of pyridine, are protein
named for Dr. Carl Sonne, who worked with lipocarbohydrates of a nearly similar chemi-
this organism. cal composition.
Rods. Non-motile. Gram-negative. The serum prepared with living organisms
Gelatin: No liquefaction. in phase I agglutinates bacteria in phases I
Agar colonies : Cultures dissociate readily, and II, while that prepared with organisms
and after the first transfers variants develop in phase II agglutinates only bacteria in
which modify their appearance and anti- phase II. The agglutination of phase II
genic structure. Three, and sometimes even organisms by the antiserum of phase I is
four, colony forms may develop (Wheeler explained by the presence of bacteria under-
and Mickle, 1951). Phase I colony: circular, going phase II mutation. The antiserum pre-
gray, convex, 2 to 4 mm in diameter, entire, pared with the organisms of phase lis agglu-
smooth, glistening; readily emulsified in tinates the organisms of phase lis and of
normal saline. Phase II colony: granular, phase llr but has no effect on the organisms
glistening, 5 mm in diameter, translucent of phase I. On the contrary, the antigens of
edge, irregular; readily emulsified in normal phases I and lis are strongly specific
saline. Goebel et al. describe phase Ilr (Goebel). Shigella sonnei in phase II has
colonies similar to the phase II colonies of antigenic components common to Shigella
Wheeler and phase lis colonies, small (1 to boydii 6, Shigella boydii 4, Shigella alkalescens
2 mm in diameter), smooth and glistening, and Shigella dispar.
which have a distinctive antigenic struc- Distinctive characters: Appearance of
ture. The organisms of these colonies emul- broth cultures and of agar colonies; slow
sify readily (Baker and Goebel, 1949). The fermentation of lactose.
colonies in phase II of Shigella sonnei do not Comments : Some strains of Shigella sonnei
grow on certain selective media, SS agar or do not ferment lactose, make milk alkaline
desoxycholate agar (Leifson). or ferment xylose or rhamnose in 24 hours.
Broth: Many strains make the medium Other strains which do not attack rhamnose
turbid just as do cultures oi Shigella flexneri; have the same biochemical reactions as
some form heavy flakes by spontaneous Shigella boydii 6 (D 10) . The cells of these
agglutination of the cells. In broth cultures colonies in phase I and phase II are agglu-
the variation S -^ R is common. These tinated by the anti-sonnei serum absorbed
colonies are flat, 8 to 10 mm in diameter, by D 19 (Rubinsten and Pi6chaud, Ann.
gray, undulate, rugose with irregular, some- Inst. Past., 82, 1952, 770).
times lobate, edges. Spontaneous agglutina- Hammarstrom (Lancet, 1, 1947, 102; and
tion occurs in normal saline. Acta med. Scand., ISS, 1949, Suppl. No.
Milk: Coagulated in 4 to 30 days. 223) has classified the strains of Shigella
Indole not produced. sonnei into 68 types by means of eleven
Acid but no gas from lactose (2 to 30 days) specific bacteriophages and one non-specific
bacteriophage tending to show whether the
or sucrose (10 to 40 days) . Acid from glucose,
culture is in the typable form, R. Types 3
fructose, maltose, galactose, mannitol, and 5 are the most common, then types 7, 8,
arabinose, raffinose and rhamnose in 24
12, 16, 53 and 19. This method is of great
hours. Dulcitol, inositol, adonitol and epidemiological value.
xylose usually not attacked. Source: Isolated from feces in cases of
Nitrites produced from nitrates. dysenterj' or gastroenteritis; also isolated
Trimethylamine produced from tri- from drinking water (Green and MacLeod,
methylamine oxide. 1943).
Habitat: A cause of dysentery in man; Relationships to other species: Culturally

causes diarrhoea in infants and adults. resembles Shigella sonnei Weldin but differs
from
cally. the latter biochemically and serologi-
8. Shigella dispar (Andrewes, 1918)
Bergey et al., 1930. {Bacilhis ceylanensis B Kauffman and Frantzen combine Shigella
(sic), Castellani, Jour. Hyg., 7, 1907, 9; alkalescens and S. dispar, placing them in a
Bacillus dispar (in part) Andrewes, Lancet, group they call the "Alkalescens-Dispar
194^, 1918, 560 (see Shigella sonnei; Andrewes Group." This was done to include these two
included in Bacillus dispar all lactose-fer- organisms in the Escherichia coli anaerogenes
menting members of the dysentery group) ; group because they have O and K antigens
Castellanus castellanii Cerruti, Jour. Trop. similar to those found in the genus Es-
Med. and Hyg., 33, 1930, 207; Bergey et al., cherichia. Oagglutination may be masked by
Manual, 3rd ed., 1930, 364; Proshigella the K antigen or by a capsular A antigen.
dispar Borman, Stuart and Wheeler, Jour. Frantzen described eight biochemical and
Bact., 48, 1944, 363.) serological groups of Alkalescens-Dispar.
dis'par. L. adj. dispar unlike. The diagnosis of the groups is determined
Rods. Non-motile. Gram-negative. by the agglutination of a boiled emulsion
Culturally resembles Shigella sonnei with one of the eight specific sera. The O
Weldin. antigens of these eight groups have fractions
Gelatin: No liquefaction. similar to the somatic antigens of certain
Milk is sometimes slowly coagulated. varieties of Escherichia coli. Oftentimes the
Indole is produced. biochemical and serological characters show
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. no relationship, except in the case oi Shigella
Acid from xylose and occasionall}' from alkalescens Type 1, which has stable bio-
lactose and dulcitol. chemical characters.
Nitrites produced from nitrates. Source : Isolated from the feces and intes-
Trimethylamine produced from tri- tines of persons suffering from dysentery.
methylamine o.xide.
Habitat: Most frequently found in the
Antigenic structure : The antigens of this
species mtiy be identical with those of urine of persons having cystitis, pyelitis or
Shigella boydii 5, Shigella flexneri 6 and cer- pyelonephritis, in the blood of persons ill
tain strains of Escherichia coli. with septicemia and in the feces of dysen-
Dissociation: The S colonies do not dis- tery patients or of healthy individuals.
sociate into phase II but change rather Pathogenic for the urinary tract ; very rarely
rapidly into S ^ R variants. causes dysentery.
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FAMILY V. BRUCELLACEAE, Nom. Nov.
(Parvobacteriaceae Rahn, Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 96, 1937, 281.)
Bru.cel.la'ce.ae. M.L. fem.n. Brucella type genus of the family; -aceae ending to denote
a family; M.L. fem.pl.n. Brucellaceae the Brucella famil3^
Small, coccoid to rod-shaped cells which occur singly, in pairs, in short chains or in
groups; filamentous and pleomorphic forms are occasionally found. Motile and non-motile
species occur, the motile species possessing from one to eight peritrichous fiagella; with
certain of the motile species, motility can be demonstrated only at lower temperatures (18°
to 26° C). May or may not be encapsulated. May or may not show bipolar staining. Gram-
negative. V (phosphopyridene nucleotide) and/or X (hemin) factors are sometimes required
for growth; blood serum and similar enrichment materials maybe required or may enhance
growth. Increased CO2 tension may also favor growth, especially on primary isolation.
Gelatin usuallj' not liquefied. Carbohydrates may or may not be attacked with the produc-
tion of acid but no gas. Nitrites may or may not be produced from nitrates. Aerobic, facul-
tatively anaerobic. Some invade living tissues; infection in some cases may take place by
penetration of the organism through mucous membranes or through the unbroken skin.
Parasites and pathogens which affect warm-blooded animals, including man, rarely cold-
blooded animals.
Key to the genera of family Brucellaceae.
I. Non-motile at 37° C., but may be motile at lower temperatures.

A. Predominantly occur singly or in masses.
1. Cells predominantly occur singly and do not occur in masses.
a. Grow on peptone media but may require blood serum or similar enrichment
materials for growth.
b. Show, or tend to show, bipolar staining,
c. Attacks carbohydrates.
Genus I. Pasteurella, p. 395.
cc. Does not attack carbohydrates.
Genus II. Bordetella, p. 402.
bb. Does not show bipolar staining.
Genus III. Brucella, p. 404.
aa. Requires V (phosphopyridene nucleotide) and/or X (hemin) factors for
growth.
Genus IV. Haemophilus, p. 406.
2. Cells predominantly occur singly and show pleomorphism and/or occur in masses.
a. Growth occurs on ordinary media; increased CO2 tension enhances growth,
especially on primary isolation.
Genus V. Actinobacillus, p. 414.
aa. Growth occurs on infusion media only after growth in chick embryo.
Genus VI. Calymmatohacterium, p. 418.
B. Predominant!}^ occur as diplobacilli.
Genus VII. Moraxella, p. 419.
II. Motile at 37° C.
A. Optimum temperature for growth, 37° C. Litmus milk becomes strongly alkaline.
Genus II. Bordetella, p. 402.
B. Optimum temperature for growth, between 28° and 30° C. Litmus milk unchanged.
Genus VIII. Noguchia, p. 421.
FAMILY V. BRUCELLACEAE 395
Genus I. Pasteurella Trevisan, 1887*

{Octopsis Trevisan, Atti della Accad. Fisio-Medico-Statistica, Milano, Ser. 4, S, 1885, 102;
Trevisan, Rendiconti Reale Institute Lombardo di Scienze e Lettere, 1887, 94; Coccobacillus
Gamaleia, Cent. f. Bakt., 4, 1888, 167; Eucystia Enderlein, Sitzber. Gesell. Naturf. Freunde,
Berlin, 1917, 317.)
Pas.teu.rel'la. M.L. dim. ending -ella; M.L. fem.n. Pasteurella named for Louis Pasteur,
the French scientist.
Small, ellipsoidal to elongated rods which show bipolar staining by special methods.
Gram-negative. Gelatin not liquefied. Milk not coagulated. The majority of species ferment
carbohydrates but produce only a small amount of acid; no or slight lactose fermentation;
no gas production. Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. May require low oxidation-reduction
potential on primary isolation. Parasitic on man, other animals and birds.
The type species is Pasteurella multocida (Lehmann and Neumann) Rosenbusch and
Merchant.
Key to the species of genus Pasteurella.

I. Grow on ordinary media.
A. Non-motile. No change or slight acid in milk without coagulation.
1. Indole produced. Hydrogen sulfide produced.
a. Gelatin not liquefied.
1. Pasteurella multocida.
aa. Gelatin liquefied.
2. Pasteurella septicaemiae .
2. Indole not produced.
a. Lactose usually attacked. Blood agar is hemolj^zed.
3. Pasteurella haemolytica.
aa. Lactose not attacked.
4. Pasteurella anatipestifer .
c. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
5. Pasteurella pestis.
cc. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
6. Pasteurella pfaffii.
B. Non-motile at 37° C. Motile and flagellated at 18° to 26° C. Milk alkaline.
7. Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis.
II. Do not grow on plain agar or in liquid media without special enrichment.
A. Acid not produced from sucrose.
8. Pasteurella tularensis.
B. Acid produced from sucrose.
9. Pasteurella novicida.
1. Pasteurella multocida (Lehmann Berlin, klin. Wochnschr., £3, 1886, 797;

and Neumann, 1899) Rosenbusch and Mer- Bact^rie ovoide, Lignieres, Recueil de Med.
chant, 1939. (Virus derWildseuche.Hueppe, Veter., 75, 1898, 836 (Bull. Soc. Centr.
* The manuscript covering this genus was prepared by Prof. Robert S. Breed with the
assistance of Mr. Erwin F. Lessel, Jr. and Mrs. Eleanore Heist Clise, Cornell University,
Geneva, New York, and was reviewed by Dr. I. A. Merchant, Division of Veterinary Medi-
cine, Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa, October, 1955.
Med. Veter., N.S. 60, 1898, 836); Bacillus Aerobic to facultatively anaerobic.
septicaemiae haemorrhagicae Sternberg, Man. Four distinct serological types. A, B, C
of Bact., 1893, 408; Bacterium muUocidum and D, have been recognized (Carter,
Lehmann and Neumann, Bakt., Diag., 2 Amer. Jour. Vet. Res., 16, 1955, 481).
Aufl., 2, 1899, 196; Rosenbusch and Mer- Virulent for laboratory animals, espe-
chant, Jour. Bact., 37, 1939, 85.) cially mice and rabbits.
mul.to'ci.da. L. adj. multus many;L. v. Distinctive characters : Grows on ordinary
L. adj .suffix -cidus from L. v. caedo to cut, media. Bile salts inhibit growth.
kill; M.L. adj. muUocidus many-killing, i.e., Relationships of this species: Few species
killing many kinds (of animals) . of bacteria have been given so many differ-
Description taken from Schiitze (Med. ent names as the organism causing the so-
Res. Council, Syst. of Bact., London, 4, called chicken cholera of birds and the
1929, 451) who prepared it from studies of hemorrhagic septicemia of mammals. Pas-
230 strains described by 17 authors during teur (Compt. rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, 90,
the years 1908 to 1926. 1880, 230, 952 and 1030) was one of the first to
Short, ellipsoidal rods, 0.3 to 1.25 microns recognize this species in chickens, but the
in length, occurring singly, in pairs, rarely earliest scientific name given to the species
in chains. Non-motile. Show bipolar stain- appears to be the completely forgotten
ing. Gram-negative. Micrococcus gallicidus given by the early
Gelatin: No liquefaction. American bacteriologist, Burrill (Amer.
Agar: Fine, translucent growth; charac- Naturalist, 17, 1883, 320; also see Jour. Roy.
teristic odor. A complex dissociation pattern Micro. Soc, London, 3, 1883, 399). The spe-
is shown. Many strains recovered from nor- cific epithet given by Zopf (Die Spaltpilze,
mal respiratory passages and from some 3 Aufl., 1885, 57) in the binomial Micrococcus
chronic infections are in the mucoid phase choleraegallinarum has been much more
and generally show a relatively lower viru- widely used, especially for the organism iso-
lence. Strains from acute cases of fowl chol- lated from birds.
era and hemorrhagic septicemia are in the At about the same time, Bollinger (Micro-
fluorescent (iridescent) phase and are highly parasiten bei eine neue Wild- und Rinder-
virulent (Carter, Canadian Journal Comp. seuche, Miinchen, 1879) had found the
Med. and Vet. Sci., 16, 1952, 150). hemorrhagic septicemia organism in ani-
Blood agar: No hemolysis. mals, and apparently the first name given
Broth: Uniform turbidity; characteristic this organism was the trinomial Bacterium
odor. bipolare multocidum Kitt (Sitz. Gesell.
Milk: No change in reaction; no coagula- Morphol. u. Physiol., Miinchen, 1, 1885, 24).
tion. This trinomial was changed to a binomial,
Potato: No visible growth. Bacterium multocidum, by Lehmann and
Indole is produced. Neumann (Bakt. Diag., 2 Aufl., 2, 1899, 196).
Hydrogen sulfide is produced. Later, as indicated above, this was changed
Acid but no gas from glucose, mannitol to Pasteurella nmltocidum (Rosenbusch and
(usually), sucrose, fructose, sorbitol, galac- Merchant, Jour. Bact., 37, 1939, 85). Be-
tose, mannose, xylose (usually) and tre- cause of the early use of the epithet multo-
halose (usually). No acid from lactose, cidum and because of its appropriateness,
dulcitol, arabinose (usually), amygdalin, it was used in the 6th edition of the Manual
maltose (usually), raffinose, rhamnose, on the recommendation of many students
adonitol, dextrin, inulin, glycerol, salicin of animal diseases, and its use is continued
(usually) or erythritol. Groupings based on in this edition. Meanwhile, Topley and
differences in sugar fermentations using Wilson introduced the entirely new binomial
xylose, arabinose, dulcitol, etc. do not ap- Pasteurella septica (Princip. Bact. and
pear to be natural ones. Immunol., 1st ed., 1, 1931, 488), and this
Nitrites produced from nitrates. name is currently widely used in England
because of its appropriateness and because
Killed at temperatures above 45° C. of the widespread use of -septica as a com-
bining form in such specific epithets as Broth: Slight, uniform turbidity; slight
aviseptica, boviseptica, suiseptica, etc. Names pellicle formation.
of this type were apparently introduced Litmus milk: Unchanged.
about 1896. Potato: No growth.
The confusion that exists in regard to the Blood serum: Yellowish white streak, the
scientific name of this species should be medium becoming brownish and slowly
clarified by appropriate action taken by the liquefied.
International Judicial Commission on Bac- Indole is produced after several days.
teriological Nomenclature. A strict applica- Hydrogen sulfide is produced.
tion of the Priority Rule in the Bacteriologi- SHght acid but no gas from glucose. No
cal Code would apparently result in the acid from lactose.
introduction of a specific epithet gallicidus Aerobic.
never used in the literature except by its Optimum temperature, 37° C.
author. A careful review of the early litera- Not pathogenic for white mice, guinea
ture might even reveal some other binomial pigs, chickens or pigeons. Mildly pathogenic
validly published before 1883. No attempt for ducks.
is made here to list the various names that Source: Isolated from blood, exudates and
have been used for this species as found in all of the internal organs of geese.
various animals such as man, children, Habitat: Cause of a fatal septicemia in
calves, buffaloes, goats, sheep, swine, young geese.
horses, cats, dogs, ferrets, rats, mice, rab-
bits, guinea pigs, fowls, ducks, swans, wild 3. Pasteurella haemolytica Newsom
pigeons, pheasants, canaries, etc. and Cross, 1932. (Jour. Amer. Vet. Med.
Source: Early isolations were from fowls, Assoc, 80 (N.S. S3), 1932, 715.)
cattle and rabbits. hae.mo.ly'ti.ca. Gr. noun haema blood;
Habitat: The cause of chicken cholera Gr. adj. lyticus dissolving; M.L. adj. haemo-
and hemorrhagic septicemia in warm- lyticus blood-dissolving.
blooded animals. Bipolar staining. Similar in its general
characteristics to Pasteurella multocida.
2. Pasteurella septicaemiae (Bergey Blood agar: Hemolysis.
et al., 1925) Breed, comb. nov. {Bacillus Indole not produced.
septicaemiae anserum exsudativae Riemer, Acid from glucose, dextrin, fructose,
Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 37, 1904, 648; galactose, glycerol (usually), inositol,
Eberthella septicaemiae Bergey et al., Man- lactose (usually), maltose, mannitol, raffi-
ual, 2nd ed., 1925, 250.) nose, sorbitol, sucrose and xylose. No acid
sep.ti.cae'mi.ae. Gr. adj. septicus putre- from arabinose, dulcitol, inulin, mannose,
factive, septic; Gr. noun haetna blood; M.L. rhamnose or salicin.
noun septicaemia septicemia; M.L. gen. No cross-agglutination between Pasteur-
noun septicaemiae of septicemia. ella multocida and this species.
Avirulent for rabbits.
Small rods, 0.1 by 0.3 to 1.0 micron,
occurring singly, frequently in pairs, the one Source : Twenty strains were isolated from
behind the other, and in threads. cases of pneumonia in sheep and cattle.
Habitat: Occurs in pneumonia of sheep
Non-motile. Gram-negative. and cattle.
Gelatin colonies: Small, white, circular.
Gelatin stab: Slight, infundibuliform
4. Pasteurella anatipestifer (Hendrick-
liquefaction, becoming complete in several son and Hilbert, 1932) Hauduroy et al.,
weeks.
1953. (Pfeifferella anatipestifer Hendrickson
Agar colonies: Circular, transparent, and Hilbert, The Cornell Veterinarian, 22,
smooth, homogeneous, entire. 1932, 239; Pasteurella (?) anapestifer (sic)
Agar slant: Soft, grayish white streak, Hauduroy et al.. Diet. d. Bact. Path., 2''ed.,
slightly viscid, becoming transparent. 1953, 367.)
Does not grow on Endo agar. a.na.ti.pes'ti.fer. L. fem.n. anas, anatis
duck;L. fem.n. pestis plague; L. v. fero to by Bruner and Fabricant (Cornell Veteri-
carry; L. adj. pestifer pestilence-carrying; narian, U, 1954, 461).
M.L. adj. anatipestifer duck-plague-carry- Habitat: Associated with a disease of
ing. ducklings.
Description prepared by Prof. D. W.
Bruner, New York State Veterinary College, 5. Pasteurella pestis (Lehmann and
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Neumann, 1896) Holland, 1920. (Bacille de
Short rods, 0.3 to 0.5 by 1.0 to 2.5 microns, la peste, Yersin, Ann. Inst. Past., 8, 1894,
occurring singly, in pairs and in short 666; Pest Bacillus, Aoyama, Ztschr. f. Hyg.,
chains. Non-motile. Gram-negative. 21, 1895, 165; Bacterium pestis Lehmann and
Gelatin stab: Liquefaction. Neumann, Bakt. Diag., 1 Aufl., 2, 1896, 194;
Blood agar colonies: Small, circular, Holland, Jour. Bact., 5, 1920, 219.)
transparent, entire. No hemolysis. pes'tis. L. noun pestis plague, pestilence.
Plain broth (horse meat) : Slight, uniform Rods, 1.0 by 2.0 microns, occurring singly.
turbidity that becomes more dense at 48 Characteristic bladder, safety-pin and ring
hours of incubation at 37° C. After several involution forms. Non-motile. Polar stain-
days a bluish ring forms at the surface where ing. Gram-negative.
contact is made with the test tube. No pel- Gelatin colonies : Flat, gray, with granular
licle isformed. The organism remains viable margin.
in this medium for about two weeks. Gelatin stab: Flat surface growth. Ar-
Loffler's blood serum: Liquefaction. borescent growth in stab. No liquefaction.
Coagulated egg medium (Dorset) : Lique- Agar colonies: Grayish white, translu-
faction. cent, iridescent, undulate.
Huddleson's thionin medium: Growth. Agar slant: Growth grayish, viscid, thin,
Huddleson's basic fuchsin medium: moist, translucent. Growth slow, favored
Growth. by the addition of blood or sodium sulfite.
Glycerol phosphate agar: Xo growth. Broth: Turbid or clear with flocculi in
Bile (10 per cent) in serum agar: Growth. the fluid. Old cultures show a pellicle with
Bile (40 per cent) in serum agar: No streamers into the fluid (stalactites). Be-
growth. comes alkaline more slowly than Pasteurella
Litmus milk: No visible change. pseudotuberculosis. See Bessonowa and
Indole not produced. Lenskaja (Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 119,
Hydrogen sulfide produced in slight 1930, 430).
amounts. Litmus milk: Slightly acid or unchanged.
Potato: No growth. No coagulation.
Sodium thioglycollate medium: Growth Potato: Scant, grayish growth.
in a ring about 1 cm below the surface. Indole not produced.
No acid from glucose or other carbohy- Lactose and rhamnose not attacked.
drates. Variable action on glycerol.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
May require CO2 for isolation, but be- Temperature relations: Optimum, be-
comes aerobic after several transfers. tween 25° and 30° C. Minimum, 0° C. Maxi-
Optimum temperature, 37° C. mum, between 43° and 45° C.
Not pathogenic for laboratory animals; Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
however, with ducks it may produce death Comments: Pasteurella pestis and P.
following intravenous infection of a freshly pseudotuberculosis are not definitely dis-
isolated culture. Not established as the tinguishable b.y serological methods
causative agent in so-called new duck dis- (Schiitze, Med. Res. Council, Syst. of Bact.,
ease. London, 4, 1929, 478, and Wu Lien-teh, in
Source: Isolated from cases of septicemia Chun, PoUitzer and Wu, "Plague", National
in ducklings on Long Island, New York, Quarantine Service, Shanghai, 1936). How-
1932. Reisolated from Long Island ducklings ever Thai and Chen (Jour. Bact., 69, 1955,
103) recently reported biochemical methods Acid but no gas from glucose, fructose,
by which P. pestis and P. pseudotuberculosis arabinose, xylose, maltose, dextrin, salicin
can readily be differentiated: on ordinary and mannitol. Lactose, sucrose, rafiinose,
urea (Difco) slants with phenol red as inulin, adonitol and dulcitol not attacked.
indicator, the former does not affect the Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
medium whereas the latter produces a red Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
coloration of the medium; with desoxj'cho- Optimum temperature, 37° C.
late citrate agar, the colonies of P. pestis Pathogenic for canaries, sparrows, pi-
are rather scant, reddish and pin-point in geons, white mice, guinea pigs and rabbits.
size after 48 hours at 37° C, while those of Not pathogenic for chickens (Pfaff, loc. cit.).
P. pseudotuberculosis are abundant, large, Source: First encountered in an epidemic
opaque and, like the medium in general, of septicemia in canaries. Caused a necrotic
become yellow. enteritis.
Source: Isolated from buboes, blood, Habitat: Not known from other sources.
pleural effusion, spleen and liver of infected
rodents and man; also from sputum in pneu- 7. Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis
monic plague and from infected fleas. (Pfeiffer, 1889) Topley and Wilson, 1931.
Habitat: The causative organism of (Bacillus pseudotuberkulosis (sic) Pfeiffer,
plague in man and in rats, ground squirrels Ueber die bacillare Pseudotuberculose bei
and other rodents. Infectious for mice, Nagethieren, Leipzig, 1889, 5; Streptohacillus
guinea pigs and rabbits. Transmitted from pseudotuberculosis rodentium Preisz, Ann.
rat to rat and from rat to man by the in- Inst. Past., 8, 1894, 231; Topley and Wilson,
fected rat flea. Princip. Bact. and Immun., 1st ed., 2, 1931,
825.)
6. Pasteurella pfaffii (Hadley et al., pseu.do.tu.ber.cu.lo'sis. Gr. adj. pseudes
1918) Hauduroy et al., 1953. (Bacillus der false; L. noun tubercnlum a small swelling;
Kanarienvogelseuche, Pfaff, Cent. f. Bakt., M.L. neut.n. tuberculosis tuberculosis; M.L.
I Abt., Orig., 38, 1905, 276; Bacterium pfaffi, noun pseudotuberculosis pseudotuberculosis.
(sic) Hadley, Elkins and Caldwell, Rhode The tabular description by Eisenberg
Island Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 174, 1918, 169; (Bakt. Diag., 3 Aufl., 1891, 294) is very in-
Pasteurella pfaffi (sic) Hauduroy et al.. complete. Description taken from Topley
Diet. d. Bact. Path., 2" ed., 1953, 377.) and Wilson (Princip. Bact. and Immun.,
pfaffi. i. M.L. gen. noun pfaffii of Pfaff; 2nd ed., 1936, 607) and from Bessonowa,
named for Dr. Franz Pfaff of Prague, who Lenskaja and Molodtzowa (Office Internat.
isolated this species. d'Hyg. Publ., 29, 1937, 2106).
Description taken largely from Hadley Small rods which vary in size and shape:
et al. {op. cit., 1918, 180). ellipsoidal or coccoid forms are 0.8 by 0.8
Rods, 0.5 by 1.0 to 2.0 microns, occurring to 2.0 microns, with rounded ends, occurring
singly. Non-motile. Gram-negative. singly; rod-shaped forms are 0.6 by 1.5 to
Gelatin colonies: Small, grayish, translu- 5.0 microns, with rounded ends, occurring
cent. singly, in groups or in short chains; occa-
Gelatin stab: No liquefaction. sionally long, curved, filamentous forms
Agar colonies: Small, yellowish gray, occur. Motile by means of one to six peri-
homogeneous, translucent, entire. No odor. trichous flagella. Not acid-fast. Gram-
Agar slant: Slight, yellowish gray, trans- negative.
lucent streak. Gelatin stab: After 7 days at 22° C, good
Broth: Turbid; flocculent sediment (Pfaff, filiform growth extending to bottom of tube.
op. cit., 1905, 280). No liquefaction.
Litmus milk: Unchanged. Agar colonies: After 24 hours at 37° C,
Potato: Moderate, whitish streak. circular, 0.5 to 1.0 mm in diameter, um-
Indole not produced. bonate, granular, translucent, grayish yel-
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. low, butyrous; edge entire; dull, finely
granular or beaten-copper surface; differ- Relation to Med., Med. Res. Counc, Lon-
entiated into a raised, more opaque center don, 4, 1929, 474) states that this species
and a flat, clearer periphery with radial appears to be widely distributed in nature,
striation. having been found in soil, dust, water, fodder
Agar slant: After 48 hours at 37° C, and milk. It causes pseudotuberculosis in
growth moderate, confluent, raised, grayish the following animals: horse, cow, goat,
yellow, translucent, with glistening, wavy rabbit, hare, guinea pig, mouse, wild rat,
or beaten-copper surface and an irregularly cat, dog, monkey, hen, turkey, pigeon and
lobate edge. canary. The organism has been isolated
Blood agar plate: Good growth. No he- from human blood, spleen, liver, gall blad-
molysis. der, appendix and cerebro-spinal fluid.
Broth: After 24 hours at 37° C, moderate
growth with moderate turbidity which 8. Pasteurella tularensis (McCoy and
later clears. Viscous sediment. Incomplete Chapin, 1912) Bergey et al., 1923. (Bac-
surface and ring growth. Becomes alkaline terium tularense McCoy and Chapin, Jour.
more rapidly than does Pasteur ella pestis. Inf. Dis., 10, 1912a, 61; McCoy and Chapin,
^ Litmus milk: Usually slightly alkaline. Public Health Bull. 53, U. S. Treas. Dept.,
Potato: After 7 days at 22° C, a thin, Public Health Service, 1912b, 17; Bergey
yellowish membrane appears which later et al.. Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 267.)
turns brown. tu.la.ren'sis. M.L. adj. tularensis per-
Indole not produced. taining to Tulare County; named for
Hydrogen sulfide produced. Tulare, the county in California in which
Acid but no gas from glucose, maltose, tularemia was first observed.
arabinose, xylose, rhamnose, salicin, glyc- Description taken from McCoy and
erol and mannitol. Sometimes acid from Chapin (op. cit., 1912a, 61, and op. cit.,
sucrose. 1912b, 17) and from Francis (U. S. Hygienic
Methyl red test positive. Lab. Bull. 130, 1922). Further revision by
Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced. Francis, 1947.
Nitrites produced from nitrates. Equal numbers of cocci and rods; 0.2 by
Ammonia is produced. 0.2 to 0.7 micron, occurring singly. Ex-
Methylene blue is reduced. tremely pleomorphic (Hesselbrock and
Catalase-positive. Foshay, Jour. Bact., 49, 1945, 209). Capsules
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. rare or absent. Non-motile. May show bi-
Temperature relations: Optimum, 30° C. polar staining. Gram-negative.
Minimum, 5° C. Maximum, 43° C. Thermal No growth on plain agar or in liquid media
death point, 60° C. for 10 minutes. without special enrichment (Tamura and
Pathogenicity: Infectious for mice, rats, Gibby, Jour. Bact., 45, 1943, 361). Filtera-
dogs, cats and horses. ble through Berkefeld filters.
Distinctive characters: Motile with peri- Growth occurs on coagulated egg yolk
trichous flagella and H antigen at 22° C; (McCoy and Chapin), on blood glucose
non-motile, non-flagellated and no H cystine agar (Francis), on blood agar,
antigen at 37° C; this change occurs near glucose blood agar and glucose serum agar.
30° C; non-motile strains grown at 37° C. The addition of fresh, sterile rabbit spleen
to the surfaces of the last three media favors
develop flagella when grown at 22° C.
(Preston and Maitland, Jour. Gen. Micro- the growth of the organism.
biol., 7,1952, 117). Forms minute, viscous colonies after 2 to
Comments: See description of Pasturella 5 days which may attain a diameter of 4
pestis for comments regarding the difTer- mm if well separated. Growth readily
entiation of these two species. emulsifiable.
Source: Isolated from a guinea pig inocu- Growth on blood media is gray. May cause
lated with material from a horse suspected green discoloration of the blood.
of having glanders. Rough, smooth and mucoid variants have
Habitat: Schiitze (Syst. of Bact. in not been reported.
Hydrogen sulfide produced in a cystine Gelatin (without added cystine) : Growth.

medium. No liquefaction.
Slight acid without gas may be produced Glucose cj'stine agar colonies: 6 to 7 mm
from glucose, glycerol, maltose, mannose, in diameter, translucent.
fructose and dextrin. Glucose cystine blood agar colonies: 8
Growth soluble in sodium ricinoleate. mm in diameter, gray with a definite blue
Aerobic. No growth anaerobically. cast, smooth, slightly elevated, glistening,
Temperature relations: Optimum, 37° C. amorphous, entire. Good growth on pri-
Thermal death point, 56° C. for 10 minutes. mary isolation.
Survives best at low temperatures, even Yeast extract agar colonies: 3 mm in
-70° C. diameter, clear, convex, glistening; edges
Pathogenicity: Penetrates unbroken skin are smooth.
to cause infection. Buboes and areas of Yeast extract- or cystine-containing agar
necrosis produced in human and animal shakes: After 8 days at room temperature,
tissue. Infectious for man and most rodents, at 30° or at 37° C, growth occurs on the
including rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, mice, surface and at a depth not exceeding 0.7
squirrels, ground hogs, muskrats, beavers, cm. Surface colonies are 5 mm in diameter,
water rats and lemmings. and those within the agar are 1 mm or less.
Source: Originally isolated from Cali- Horsemeat infusion agar: When infected
fornia ground squirrels and later from more liver or spleen is smeared over the surface,
than 30 other forms of wild life in the growth occurs only in the immediate vi-
United States and elsewhere. Found in cinity of small pieces of tissue which adhere
lesions in man and animals with natural or to the medium.
experimental infections. Found especially in Blood agar colonies: 4 mm in diameter;
the livers, blood, lymph nodes and spleens resemble those on glucose cystine blood
of animals.
agar. No hemolysis.
Habitat: The cause of tularemia in man;
transmitted from wild animals to man by Peptone broth: Abundant growth; mod-
erately uniform turbidity; no pellicle; no
blood-sucking insects, by contact with
infected animals or by drinking water. surface growth; slight sediment which
Disease known in North America, Japan, disintegrates on shaking.
Russia, Norway, Sweden, Austria, Turkey, Litmus milk: Unchanged.
Czechoslovakia and Central Germany. See Potato: No growth.
Burroughs, Holdenreid, Longanecker and Indole not produced.
Meyer (Jour. Inf. Dis., 76, 1945, 115) for a Hydrogen sulfide is produced.
complete list of known vertebrate hosts. Acid but no gas from glucose, fructose,
sucrose and mannose.
9. Pasteurella novicida Larson et al., Methyl red test is negative.
1955. (Larson, Wicht and Jellison, Public Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced.
Health Reports, 70, 1955, 253.) Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
no.vi'ci.da. L. adj. novus new; L. v. Ammonia is not produced.
n. suffix -cida from L. v. caedo to cut, kill; Methylene blue is reduced.
M.L. noun novicida new-killer.
Description prepared by Jellison, April, Catalase-positive.
1955. Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
Coccoid to ovoid or short, rod-shaped Temperature relations: Optimum, 37° C.
cells, 0.20 to 0.28 by 0.28 micron in tissues, Thermal death point, 60° C. for 10 minutes.
0.7 by 1.7 microns in liquid media and 0.47 Pathogenicity: Pathogenic for white
by 0.47 to 0.94 micron on solid media. mice, guinea pigs and hamsters. Produces
Capsules not observed. Non -motile. Gram- lesions in experimental animals similar to
negative. those found in tularemia. Rabbits, white
No growth on plain agar without special rats and pigeons are somewhat resistant;
enrichment. not known to infect man.
Relationships to other species: This rensis and other species of Pasteur ella by-
organism is very similar to Pasteurella serological and fermentation tests.
tularcnsis in gross appearance of cultures, Source: Isolated from a water sample
in microscopic appearance and in patho- taken from Ogden Bay, Utah,
genicity. It is distinguished from P. tula- Habitat: Water.
Genus II. Bordetella Moreno-Ldpez, 1952*

(Microbiol. Espanola, 5, 1952, 177.)
Bor.de.tel'la. M.L. dim. ending -eZZa; M.L. fem.n. Sor(ie<eZZa named for Jules Bordet, who,
with O. Gengou, first isolated the organism causing pertussis.
Minute coccobacilli. Motile and non-motile species occur. Gram-negative. On primary
isolation, some species are dependent on complex media; all are hemolytic. Carbohydrates
are not fermented. Litmus milk becomes alkaline. A dermonecrotic toxin is produced.
Parasitic. Cause whooping cough or an infection clinicallj^ resembling it.
The type species is Bordetella pertussis (Holland) Moreno-Lopez.
Key to the species of genus Bordetella.

I. Non-motile.
A. No growth on plain agar in the smooth phase.
1. Bordetella perttissis.
B. Moderately rapid growth on plain agar with brown coloring of the medium.
2. Bordetella parapertussis.
II. Motile.
3. Bordetella bronchi septica.
1. Bordetella pertussis (Holland, 1920) used to replace blood in certain agar media
Moreno-Lopez, 1952. (Microbe de coque- (Pollock, Brit. Jour. Exp. Path., £8, 1947,
luche, Bordet and Gengou, Ann. Inst. 295).
Past., 20, 1906, 731; Hemophilus pertussis Bordet-Gengou agar colonies: Smooth,
Holland, Jour. Bact., 5, 1920, 219; Moreno- raised, entire, pearly, glistening. Sur-
Lopez, Microbiol. Espanola, 5, 1952, 177.) rounded by a zone of hemolysis with indefi-
per.tus'sis. L. prep, per very, severe; nite periphery. Growth in 3 to 4 days.
L. noun tiissis cough; M.L. noun pertussis Special liquid medium: Turbid; sediment
whooping cough; M.L. gen. noun pertussis is ropy,
of whooping cough. Litmus milk: Alkaline in 12 to 14 days
Minute coccobacilli, 0.2 to 0.3 by 1.0 mi- (after adaptation),
cron, occurring singly, in pairs and occa- Indole not produced,
sionally in short chains. Capsules may be Carbohydrates not attacked,
demonstrated by a special technique (Law- Citrate not utilized as a sole source of
son. Jour. Lab. Clin. Med., 25, 1940, 435). carbon.
Non-motile. Show a tendency to bipolar Nitrites not produced from nitrates,
staining. Gram-negative. Urea not split.
No growth on the usual laboratory media. Catalase-positive.
Adapted by repeated transfer with heavy Aerobic.
inoculum; adaptation accompanied by a loss Optimum temperature, between 35° and
of original characteristics. 37° C.
Bordet-Gengou medium containing at Serologically homogeneous when first
least 15 per cent blood is e.xcellent for isola- isolated (Phase I of Leslie and Gardner,
tion and maintenance. Charcoal may be Jour. Yiyg., 31, 1931, 423). Shows cross
* Prepared by Dr. Margaret Pittman, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland,

February, 1953.
403
FAMILY V. BRUCELLACEAE
agglutination with Bordetella parapertussis bacillus, Ferry, Amer. Vet. Rev., 37, 1910,
and B. bronchiseptica. B. pertussis antitoxin 499; also see McGowan, Jour. Path, and
neutralizes toxin of B. parapertussis and of Bact., 15, 1911, 372; Bacillus bronchicanis
B. bronchiseptica. Ferry, Jour. Inf. Dis., 8, 1911, 402; Bacillus
Source: Isolated from the respiratory bronchisepticus Ferry, Amer. Vet. Rev.,
tract in cases of whooping cough. 41, 1912, 79; Bacterium bronchisepticus
Habitat: Etiologically associated with Evans, Jour. Inf. Dis., 22, 1918, 580; Alcali-
whooping cough. genes bronchisepticus Bergey et al., Manual,
1st ed., 1923, 234; Brucella bronchiseptica
2. Bordetella parapertussis (Eldering Topley and Wilson, Princip. Bact. and
and Kendrick, 1937) Moreno-L6pez, 1952. Immun., 1st ed., 1, 1931, 508; Haemophilus
(Eldering and Kendrick, Jour. Bact., 33, bronchisepticus Topley and Wilson, ibid.,
1937, 71; Bacillus para-pertussis Eldering 3rd ed., 1, 1946, 787; Moreno-Lopez, Micro-
and Kendrick, Jour. Bact., 35, 1938, 561; biol. Espanola, 5, 1952, 177.)
Haemophilus parapertussis Topley and
bron.chi.sep'ti.ca. Gr. noun bronchus
Wilson, Princip. Bact. and Immun., 3rd the trachea; Gr. adj. septicus putrefactive,
ed., ), 1946, 802; Moreno-Lopez, Microbiol. septic; M.L. adj. bronchisepticus apparently
Espanola, 5, 1952, 177.) intended to mean "with an infected bron-
pa.ra.per.tus'sis. Gr. prep, para along-
side of, resembling; M.L. noun pertussis a Morphologically similar to Bordetella
specific epithet; M.L. adj. parapertussis pertussis. Motile by means of peritrichous
chus."
(Bordetella) pertussis-like. fiagella. Gram-negative.
Morphologically similar to Bordetella Gelatin colonies: Similar to those on agar.
pertussis. Non-motile. Gram-negative. No liquefaction.
Bordet-Gengou agar colonies: Like those Nutrient agar colonies: Smooth, raised,
of B. pertussis; surrounding medium is entire, pearly, glistening. No brown dis-
darkened followed by hemolysis. Growth in coloration ofmedium.
1 to 2 days. Blood agar colonies: Similar to those on
Peptone agar colonies: Like those on Bor- agar; surrounded by a zone of hemolysis.
det-Gengou agar. Brown coloring of medium. Rapid growth.
Broth: Ropy sediment; brown coloring Broth: Turbid; thin, gray pellicle; ropy
of medium. sediment.
Litmus milk: Alkaline in 2 to 4 days. Litmus milk: Alkaline in 1 to 2 days.
Carbohydrates not attacked. Carbohydrates not attacked.
Citrate utilized as a sole source of carbon. Citrate utilized as a sole source of carbon.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Nitrites often produced from nitrates
Urea usually split. (Topley and Wilson).
Catalase-positive. Urea and asparagin are split.
Aerobic.
Catalase-positive.
Optimum temperature, about 37° C. Aerobic.
Serologically homogeneous. Shows cross
agglutination with Bordetella pertussis Optimum temperature, 37° C.
Shows cross agglutination with Bordetella
and B. bronchiseptica. Toxin neutralized by
pertussis and B. parapertussis. Toxin
antitoxin of jB. pertussis and of B. bronchi-
septica. indistinguishable from that of B. pertussis
Source: Isolated from the respiratory and of B. parapertussis.
tract in cases of a whooping-cough-like Source: Isolated from dogs affected with
disease. distemper.
Habitat: Etiologically associated with a Habitat: Etiologically associated with
whooping-cough-like disease. bronchopneumonia in rodents, broncho-
pneumonia-complicating distemper in dogs
3. Bordetella bronchiseptica (Ferry, and occasionally with a whooping-cough-
1912) Moreno-Lopez, 1952. (Short, narrow like disease in man.
Genus III. Brucella Meyer and Shaw, 1920*

(Jour. Inf. Dis., 27, 1920, 173.)
Bru.cel'la. L. dim. ending -ella; M.L. fem.n. Brucella named for Sir David Bruce, who
first recognized the organism causing undulant fever.
Short, rod-shaped to coccoid cells, 0.5 by 0.5 to 2.0 microns. Encapsulated. Non-motile.
Gram-negative. Gelatin is not liquefied. No gas produced from carbohydrates. Urea is hy-
drolyzed. Parasitic, invading all animal tissues and producing infection of the genital
organs, the mammary gland and the respiratory and intestinal tracts. Pathogenic for vari-
ous species of domestic animals and man.
It has been found that a measurement of urease activity of the cells cannot be used as a
means of differentiating the species in Brucella (Sanders and Warner, Jour. Bact., 62, 1951,
591).
The differentiation of the species of Brucella by the bacteriostatic action of dyes depends
upon the medium used. When tryptose agar (Difco) is used, basic fuchsin and thionin should
be used in a final dilution of 1:100,000.
There are several forms of the R and mucoid types of Brucella spp. (Huddleson, Mich.
Agr. Exp. Sta. Mem. 6, 1952). The true R type differs from the S type in its lack of patho-
genicity, its antigenic properties, its susceptibility to agglutination by exposure of suspen-
sions to heat and to acriflavine in concentration of 1:2000 and in its colonial appearance.
The mucoid types differ antigenically, morphologically and culturally. Colonies on agar
are spherical or flat, regular in contour, grayish to reddish yellow in appearance. Suspen-
sions are agglutinated by heat and acriflavine; they are not always agglutinated by special
agglutinating sera. There is no change in their growth characteristics on media containing
either basic fuchsin or thionin.
For recent literature concerning this group of organisms, see Hoyer (Brucellosis, Amer
Assoc. Adv. Sci., Washington, 1950, 9), Pacheco and Thiago de Mello (Jour. Bact., 59, 1950
689), Sanders and Huddleson (Amer. Jour. Vet. Res., 11, 1950, 75), Polding (Indian Vet
Jour., 27, 1950, 170), Marr and Wilson (Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol, and Med., 75, 1950, 438), San
ders and Warner (Jour. Bact., 62, 1951, 591), White and Wilson (Jour. Bact., 61, 1951, 239)^
Huddleson (Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta. Mem. 5, 1952, 67 pp.), Renoux (Ann. Inst. Past., 82
1952, 1), Pickett, Nelson and Liberman (Jour. Bact., 66, 1953, 210), Cruickshank (Jour
Hyg., 52, 1954, 105) and Pickett and Nelson (Jour. Bact., 69, 1955, 333). For literature dis
cussing a wasting disease of chickens caused by these organisms, see Dubois (Rev. Vet., 67
1910, 490), Huddleson and Emmel (Mich. State Coll. Agr. Exp. Sta., Tech. Bull. 103, 1929)
Gillman and Brunett (Cornell Vet., 20, 1930, 371) and Wilson (Jour. Hyg., 4, 1933, 516).
The type species is Brucella melitensis (Hughes) Meyer and Shaw.
Key to the species of genus Brucella.

I. Grow in special media containing basic fuchsin.
A. Grows in media containing thionin.
1. Brucella melitensis.
B. Does not grow in media containing thionin.
2. Brucella abortus.
II. Does not grow in media containing basic fuchsin; grows in media containing thionin.
3. Brucella suis.
* Revised by Prof. I. F. Huddleson, Michigan State College, East Lansing, Michigan,

December, 1942; further revision, May, 1955.
405
Differential Characters of THE Three Species of Genus

.2
Brucella. Si
vity, vity, Growth in tlie Sugar Fermentation

tivity Presence of (c)
Infec- tion,
HjS Urease
for quires
CO2 for lase
Species (a) Guinea
Pigs
Re- tion, 5 Forma-
4 Days 4hr. Cata- c 0
11 11
Isola-
Days
(a), 30
Per -, ± Acti- 30Min.
Acti- 8
Cent
++ -, 0
Brucella melitensis type I ++++ 0 -,

++ ++ ++++ ++++ + 0 0 0 0 0
++ -,
++++ ++ ++ +
-, ++++ + +
0 0 + + n
++++ ++ ++
++ 0 0 + 0 0 ± 0
-1- -1- +
Brucella abortus type III ++++ ++ ++
-, ± + ++++ ++++ -t- 0 ± 0
++++ 0 ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ 0 + 0 + + 0

++++ ++++ ++++ + + + -1-
+
++++ 0 0
++++ ++++ +
0 0
++++ 0 ++++ ++++ 0 + + 0 +
(a) TypeS, primary isolation; (b) Final cone, 10"'; (c) Pickett and Nelson (Jour. Bact., 69, 1955, 333).
Brucella melitensis. As indicated in the table, cultures of this species show some variation in characteristics. These
variations, in turn, show some relationship to geographical distribution and/or to the host animal. The cultures de-
scribed under I appear to be most typical of the species (Folding, Indian Jour. Vet. Res., 27, 1950, 170).
Brucella abortus. The cultures described in the table under I are regarded as possessing the characteristics that are
most typical for the species. The cultures described under II were first described by Wilson (Jour, of Hyg., 4, 1933,
516) from cattle in France. Cultures showing the characters under III appear to come mainly from Asian countries
(Indonesia, India, Iran, Turkey). Wilson and Miles (in Topley and Wilson, Princip. Bact. and Immun., 3rd ed., /,
1946, 820) record similar cultures from Southern Rhodesia.
Brucella suis. The cultures described in the table under I are regarded as typical of the species. Those described
under II are representative of the Thomson strain. Wilson and Miles {ibid., 821) state that Br. suis strains from Den-
mark are more susceptible to all dyes than strains from America, although their differential susceptibility is the
same. Those described under type III are representative of cultures isolated largely since 1949 from man and hogs
from the hog-raising areas of central United States.
1. Brucella melitensis (Hughes, 1892) amorphous, smooth, glistening, entire,

Meyer and Shaw, 1920. (Bruce, Practitioner, bluish green, grayish if R type.
39, 1887, 161; also see ibid., 40, 1888, 241; Agar slant: Growth moist, honey-like,
and Rept. Army Med. Dept., London, 32, entire. After a week the agar is turned
1890, Append. No. 4, 465; streptococcus brownish and crystals may appear.
Miletensis (sic) Hughes, The Mediterranean Broth: After 10 days, moderately turbid
Naturalist, S, February 1, 1892, 325; Micro- with grayish sediment. Reaction alkaline;
coccus melitensis Bruce, Ann. Inst. Past., pH 8.0 or higher.
7, April, 1893, 289; Hughes, La Riforma Litmus milk: Unchanged at 24 hours;
Med., 3, Aug. or Sept., 1893, 789; also see later becomes alkaline.
Ann. Inst. Past., 7, Aug., 1893, 630; Meyer Potato: Scant, grayish growth becoming
and Shaw, Jour. Inf. Dis., 27, 1920, 173.) brownish.
me.li.ten'sis. L. adj. melitensis of or Growth enhanced on peptone media of
pertaining to the Island of Malta.
Short, ellipsoidal rods, 0.3 to 0.4 micron pHIndole
7.0. not produced.
in length, occurring singly, in pairs and Glucose is fermented.
rarely in short chains. Non-motile. Not Nitrites produced from nitrates, often
acid-fast. Gram-negative. with complete disappearance of the nitrite
Gelatin colonies: Small, clear, entire. (ZoBell and Meyer, Jour. Inf. Dis., 61,
Gelatin stab: Slow growth. No liquefac- 1932, 99). Because of the latter fact, reports
tion. in the literature are apparently contradic-
tory.
Agar colonies: Small, circular, convex,
Ammonia produced in slight amounts pH for isolation (in an agar medium with
from urea. an atmosphere of 5 per cent CO 2), between
Aerobic. 7.5 and 7.8. pH drops to 7.1 or 7.2.
Source: Isolated from the tissues and
milk of infected cattle and hogs and from
No growth at 6° or at 45° C. Killed at 59° C.
Optimum pH (in an agar medium), be- blood in human cases of undulant fever.
tween 7.0 and 7.2. Habitat: Chief host is the milch cow.
Comments: Strains of this species show Causes infectious abortion in cattle; the
wide differences in urease and catalase same effects are produced in mares, sheep,
activity in cells of smooth-intermediate rabbits, guinea pigs and all other domestic
colonial types (Sanders and Warner, Amer. animals. Causes undulant fever (brucel-
Jour. Vet. Res., lit, 1953, 388). losis) in man and a wasting disease in
Distinctive character: Requires no in- chickens.
creased CO2 tension.
Source: Isolated by Bruce (op. cit., 1887, 3. Brucella suis Huddleson, 1929. (Or-
161) from the spleen in fatal cases of Malta ganism resembling Bacillus abortus, Anony-
fever. mous, U.S.D.A. Ann. Rept. Secy. Dept.,
Habitat: Chief host is the milch goat. Rept. of Chief Bur. Animal Ind., 1914,
The cause of undulant fever (brucellosis) 86 (30) ; authorship established by Traum
in man, of abortion in goats and of a wasting in North Amer. Vet., 1, No. 2, 1920; de-
disease of chickens. May infect cows and scribed as Bacillus abortus by Good and
hogs and may be e.xcreted in their milk. Smith, Jour. Bact., 1, 1916, 415; Huddleson,
Infectious for all domestic animals. Undulant Fever Symposium, Amer. Pub.
Health Assoc, (Oct., 1928) 1929, 24; also see
2. Brucella abortus (Schmidt and Michigan Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. 100,
1929, 12.)
Weis, 1901) Meyer and Shaw, 1920. (Bacil-
lus of abortion, Bang, Ztschr. f. Thiermed., su'is. L. noun sus the hog, swine; L.
1, 1897, 241; Bacterium abortus Schmidt and gen. noun suis of the hog.
Weis, Bakterierne, 1901, 266; Meyer and The morphological and cultural charac-
Shaw, Jour. Inf. Dis., 27, 1920, 173.) ters are similar to those of Brucella meli-
ab.or'tus. L. noun abortus, abortus abor- tensis.
tion. S cultures of Brucella suis can be differ-
The morphological and cultural char- entiated from S cultures of Brucella meliten-
acters are similar to those of Brucella meli- sis, but not from S cultures of Brucella
tensis with the following exceptions: Re-
abortus, by the agglutinin absorption test.
quires 5per cent CO 2 for isolation; becomes
Source: Isolated from urogenital and
aerobic after several transfers; the brown-
ing of the medium in agar slant culture is many other organs of swine.
less marked; S cultures can be differentiated Habitat: Chief host is the hog. Causes
from those of B. melitensis, but not from abortion in swine, undulant fever (brucel-
those of B. suis, by the agglutinin absorp- losis) in man and a wasting disease in
tion test. chickens. Also infectious for horses, dogs,
Optimum pH for growth (in an agar cows, monkeys, goats and laboratory ani-
medium), between 7.0 and 7.2; optimum mals.
Genus IV. Haemophilus Winslow et al., 1917.*

{Hemophilus (sic) Winslow, Broadhurst, Buchanan, Krumwiede, Rogers and Smith,
Jour. Bact., 2, 1917, 561.)
Hae.mo'phi.lus. Or. noim haema blood; Gr. adj. philus loving; M.L. mas.n. Haemophilus
the blood lover.
* Prepared by Dr. Margaret Pittman, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland,

August, 1955.
Minute, rod-shaped cells which are sometimes thread-forming and pleomorphic. Non-
motile. Gram-negative. Strict parasites, growing only in the presence of certain growth
accessor}^ substances. May or may not be pathogenic. Found in various lesions and secre-
tions, as well as in normal respiratory tracts, of vertebrates.
The type species is Haemophilus influenzae (Lehmann and Neumann) Winslow et al.
Key to the species of genus Haemophilus.

I. Affect warm-blooded animals.
A. Affect the respiratory tract or the conjunctiva.
1. Dependence on V (phosphopyridine nucleotide) and X (hemin) determined.
a. Require both V and X for growth.
1. Haemophilus influenzae.
2. Haemophilus aegyptius.
3. Haemophilus suis.
4. Haemophilus haemolyticus.
5. Haemophilus gallinarum.
aa. Require either V or X for growth, but not both.
b. Require V but not X for growth.
6. Haemophilus parainfluenzae.
7. Haemophilus parahaemolyticus .
bb. Require X but not V for growth.
8. Haemophilus aphrophilus.
9. Haemophilus influenzae -murium.
10. Haemophilus ovis.
2. Exact dependence on V and X undetermined.
11. Haemophilus putoriorum.
B. Affect the genital region.
1. Require X but not V for growth.
12. Haemophilus ducreyi.
13. Haemophilus haemoglobinophilus.
2. Exact dependence on V and X unknown.
14. Haemophilus citreus.
II. Affects cold-blooded animals. Requires diphosphothiamine but not V or X for growth.
15. Haemophilus piscium.
1. Haemophilus influenzae (Lehmann encapsulated. Frequently show a marked

and Neumann, 1896) Winslow et al., 1917. tendency to bipolar staining. Non-motile.
(Infiuenzabacillus, Pfeiffer, Deutsche med. Gram-negative.
Wochnschr., 18, 1892, 28; also see Ztschr. Requires both the factors V and X for
f. Hyg., 13, 1893, 357; Bacterium influenzae growth in all media.
Lehmann and Neumann, Bakt. Diag., 1 Gelatin colonies: No growth.
Aufl., 2, 1896, 187; Winslow, Broadhurst, Gelatin stab: No growth.
Buchanan, Krumwiede, Rogers and Smith, ^j^^^ ^^^^ colonies:
Jour. Bact., 2, 1917, 561.) Small, circular,
transparent, homogeneous, entire. Satel-
in.flu.en'zae. Italian noun influenza litism with Micrococcus.
influenza; M.L. gen. noun influenzae of
influenza. V and X transparent agar colonies: 1 to
Common name: The Pfeiffer Bacillus . ^ mm in diameter, bluish sheen or iridescent
Very small rods, 0.2 to 0.3 by 0.5 to 2.0 i" transmitted light,
microns, occurring singly and in pairs, Blood agar slant: Thin, filiform, trans-
occasionally in short chains and at times in parent growth,
the form of long threads. Some strains are Chocolate agar slant: Luxuriant growth.
Blood broth: Slightly turbid. No hemoly- al.. Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 270; Pittman
sis. and Davis, Jour. Bact., 59, 1950, 413.)
Litmus milk with blood: Rendered very ae.gyp'ti.us. L. adj. aegyptius Egyptian.
slightly alkaline by some strains. Common name: The Koch-Weeks Bacil-
Sterilized potato slant: No growth. lus.
Fresh, unheated, sterile potato added to Rods, 0.25 to 0.5 by 1.0 to 2.5 microns,
broth favors development. occurring singly, occasionally in short
Indole is produced by some strains. chains and at times in the form of threads.
Various carbohydrates are attacked by Show bipolar staining. Non-motile. Gram-
some strains, provided a suitable medium negative.
is used, while other strains do not attack Requires both the factors V and X for
any of the carbohydrates. Mannitol and
lactose are never fermented. growth.
Blood agar colonies: Very small, circular,
Nitrites produced from nitrates. transparent, homogeneous, entire. No
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic; CO2 hemolysis. Satellitism with Micrococcus.
may favor primary isolation. V and X transparent agar colonies: 1 to
Temperature relations: Optimum, 37° C. 2 mm in diameter, bluish sheen in trans-
mitted light.
Minimum, between 25° and 27° C. Maxi-
mum, 43° C. Killed in thirty minutes at V andX broth: Turbid.
55° C. Indole not produced.
Pathogenic; strains may or may not be Weak acidity but no gas from glucose,
encapsulated. fructose and galactose. No acid from xylose,
Six serological types (a-f) of Haemophilus maltose, sucrose, lactose or mannitol.
influenzae are recognized on the basis of Nitrites produced from nitrates.
precipitation of immune serum by capsular Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
substance. Strains from cerebrospinal fluid
are usually of type b. The majority of the 37° C. Growth range, 25° to 40° C.
strains from the respiratory tract are not Pathogenic for man.
type-specific, but they may cause infec- Serologically homogeneous or closely
tion. related to, and distinct from, Haemophilus
Source : Isolated by Pfeiffer from cases of influenzae. Agglutinates human red blood
influenza; also found in the nasopharynx, cells.
in sputum, sinuses, conjunctiva, cerebro- Source: Isolated from conjunctiva.
spinal fluid, blood and in pus from joints. Habitat: Causes acute or subacute infec-
Habitat: Found in the respiratory tract. tious conjunctivitis in warm climates.
A cause of acute respiratory infections, of
acute conjunctivitis and of purulent menin- 3. Haemophilus suis Hauduroy et al.,
gitis of children, rarely of adults. Regarded 1937. (Hemophilus influenzae suis Lewis and
by Pfeiffer and by others to be the cause of Shope, Jour. Exp. Med., 54, 1931, 361;
influenza.
Hauduroy et al.. Diet. d. Bact. Path.,
1937, 258.)
2. Haemophilus aegyptius (Trevisan,
1889) Pittman and Davis, 1950. (Koch, su'is. L. noun sus a hog, swine; L.
Wiener med. Wochnschr., 33, 1883, 1550; gen. noun suis of swine.
Morphologically resembles Haemophilus
reprinted in Arb. a. d. kaiserl. Gesund-
heitsamte, 8, 1887, Anlage 2, 19; Weeks, influenzae.
Arch. Ophthalmol., 15 (old series), 1886, Requires both the factors V and X for
441; also see New York Med. Record, 31, growth (Lewis and Shope, op. cit., 1931,
1887, 571; Bacillus aegyptius Trevisan, I 361). Requires V but not X; serum added to
generi e le specie delle Batteriacee, 1889, Levinthal agar stimulates growth (Alexan-
13; Bacterium aegyptiacum Lehmann and der, in Dubos, Bacterial and Mycotic
Neumann, Bakt. Diag., 2 Aufl., 3, 1899, Infections of Man, 2nd ed., 1952, 528).
191; Hemophilus conjunctivitidis Bergey et Blood agar colonies: Very minute. No
409
hemolj^sis. Satellitism with contaminating strains, while other strains do not attack
organism. carbohydrates.
Chocolate blood agar colonies : 1.0 to more Nitrites produced from nitrates.
than 2.0 mm in diameter, grayish, semi- Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
transparent, circular, flattened with a Optimum temperature, 37° C.
sharply contoured edge. Grows more feebly Usually non-pathogenic; on rare occasions
than does Hnemophihis influenzae. causes subacute endocarditis.
Litmus milk containing blood: No change. Habitat: Found in the upper respiratory
Indole not produced. tract of man.
Weak acidity from maltose and sucrose.
Nitrites produced from nitrates. 5. Haemophilus gallinarum (Dela-
Slightly pathogenic, if at all, for labora- plane et al., 1934) Eliot and Lewis, 1934.
tory animals. {Bacillus hemoglobinophilus coryzae galli-
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. narum de Blieck, Tijdsch. v. Diergeneensk.,
Optimum temperature, 37° C. 58, 1931, 310; also see Vet.
Serologically heterogeneous. Some cross 9; Delaplane, Erwin and Jour.,
Stuart,88, R.1932,'
I.
aggutination occurs with Haemophilus State Coll. Sta. Bull. 244, May, 1934; Eliot
influenzae. There is one type-specific group and Lewis, Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc,
based on capsular substance, but no rela- 84, 1934, 878.)
tionship to the 6 types of Haemophilus gal.li.na'rum. L. noun gallina a hen;
influenzae (Alexander, loc. cit.). L. fern. pi. gen. n. gallinarum of hens.
Source: Isolated from the respiratory Common name: The fowl coryza bacillus.
tract and heart blood of cases of swine Small coccobacilli occurring singly, in
influenza. pairs and in short chains. At times very
Habitat: With the swine influenza virus, pleomorphic with long filaments. Non-mo-
causes tj'pical swine influenza (Shope, tile. Show bipolar staining. Gram-negative.
Jour. Exp. Med., 5^, 1931, 373). Requires both the factors V and X for
growth (Schalm and Beach, Jour. Bact.,
4. Haemophilus haeinolyticus Bergey 31, 1936, 161; Delaplane and Stuart, Jour!
et al., 1923. (Bacillus X, Pritchett and Agr. Res., 63, 1941, 29). Fails to grow on
Stillman, Jour. Exp. Med., 29, 1919, 259; certain media which support the growth of
also see Stillman and Bourn, Jour. Exp. Haemophilus influenzae (Delaplane et al.,
Med., 32, 1920, 665; Bergey et al.. Manual, op. cit., 1934; Gregory, Am. Jour. Vet. Res.,
1st ed., 1923, 269.) 5, 1944, 72).
hae.mo.ly'ti.cus. Gr. noun haema blood; Requires approximately 1.0 per cent so-
Gr. adj. lyticus loosening, dissolving; M.L. dium chloride in media for growth.
adj. haemolyticus blood-dissolving. Blood agar colonies: 0.3 mm or less in
Morphologically similar to Haemophilus diameter, smooth, translucent, becoming
influenzae. Non-motile. Gram -negative. more opaque with age.
Requires both the factors V and X for Filtered chocolate agar colonies: 0.5 to
growth (Rivers, Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull., 0.6 mm in diameter, convex, smooth, trans-
S3, 1922, 149). lucent to slightly opaque, glistening.
Blood agar colonies: Resemble those of Indole not produced.
Haemophilus influenzae, but these are Glucose fermented; final pH, 6.4.
surrounded by a zone of hemolysis. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Blood agar slant: Thin, filiform, trans- Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic; CO2
parent growth. favors growth.
Blood broth: Turbid, showing hemolysis. Optimum temperature, 37° C. Killed in
Blood milk mixture: Slightly alkaline. 4 to 6 minutes at 55° C.
Sterile, unheated potato favors develop- Pathogenic for fowls.
ment. Source: Isolated from the nasal exudates
Indole produced by some strains. of fowls.
Various carbohydrates fermented by some Habitat: Causes Type I fowl coryza
characterized by rapid onset and short Requires the V factor for growth in all
duration; in association with coccobacilli- media.
forra bodies of Nelson, causes Type III Blood agar colonies: 1 to 3 mm in di-
fowl corj^za characterized by rapid onset ameter, slightly opaque, homogeneous,
and long duration (Nelson, Jour. Exp. Med., entire, friable, surrounded by a large, clear
67, 1938, 847). zone of hemolysis.
Blood agar slant: Thin, filiform, slightly
6. Haemophilus parainfluenzae Riv- opaque growth. Death occurs in a few days.
ers, 1922. (Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull., 32, Broth: Stringy, floccular sediment; clear
1922, 429.) supernatant.
pa.ra.in.flu.en'zae. Gr. prep, para along- Indole usually not produced.
side of, resembling; M.L. noun influenzae Weak acidity from glucose and usually
a specific epithet; M.L. adj. parainfluenzae from sucrose and maltose.
(Haemophilus) influenzae-like. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Morphologically similar to Haemophilus Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
influenzae. Non-motile. Gram-negative. Optimum temperature, 37° C.
Requires the V factor for growth. Habitat: Found in the upper respiratory
Blood agar colonies: Resemble those of tract; frequently associated with acute
Haemophilus influenzae. No hemolysis. pharyngitis and occasionally causes sub-
Blood agar slant: Thin, filiform trans- acute endocarditis.
plant.
Broth containing yeast extract: Floccular 8. Haemophilus aphrophilus Khairat,
sediment. 1940. (Jour. Path, and Bact., 50, 1940, 497.)
Indole produced by some strains from the a.phro'phi.lus. Gr. noun aphrus foam;
cat. Gr. adj. philus loving; M.L. adj. aphrophilus
Various carbohydrates fermented by some foam-loving.
strains, while other strains do not attack Coccobacilli, 0.4 by 1.5 to 2.0 microns,
carbohydrates. occurring singly and in irregular clumps.
Nitrites produced from nitrates. After repeated culture long, curved and
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. occasionally filamentous forms occur. Non-
Optimum temperature, 37° C. motile. Gram-negative.
Usually non-pathogenic; occasionally Requires the X factor for growth in air
causes subacute endocarditis. containing CO 2 , but not in the absence of
Habitat: Found in the upper respiratory
tract of man and cat. air.
Gelatin stab: Slight growth at 37° C.
No liquefaction.
7. Haemophilus parahaemolyticus Blood agar colonies: After one day, 0.15
Pittman, 1953. (Haemolytic influenza ba- to 0.4 mm in diameter, circular, entire,
cillus, Fildes, Brit. Jour. Exp. Path., 5, convex, smooth, glistening, translucent,
1924, 69; Hemophilus parainfluenzae, hemo- butyrous. After three days, 0.5 to 0.7 mm
lytic, Valentine and Rivers, Jour. Exp. in diameter with olive-green discoloration
Med., 45, 1927, 993; Pittman, Jour. Bact., of agar.
65, 1953, 750.) Tryptic digest broth: Faint, uniform
pa.ra.hae.mo.ly'ti.cus. Gr. prep, para turbidity with discrete colonies adhering
alongside of, resembling; M.L. noun hae- to glass.
molyticus a specific epithet; M.L. adj. Litmus milk: Slightly acid after 14 days.
parahaemolyticus {Haemophihis) haemoly- Indole not produced.
ticus-\\kQ. Acid but no gas from glucose, maltose
Usually larger and stain more heavily and lactose in 2 to 4 days and from starch
and unevenly than the other influenza and glycogen in 9 to 10 daj's. No acid from
bacilli. Vary from coccoid to long, tangled galactose, fructose, raffinose, xylose, man-
thread forms with much pleomorphism. nitol, dulcitol, sorbitol, salicin or inulin.
Non-motile. Gram-negative. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Microaerophilic, facultatively anaerobic. Source: Isolated from the noses and

Grows best in the presence of CO2 . pharynges of mice.
Optimum temperature, 37° C. Killed in Habitat: Causes conjunctivitis and re-
10 minutes at 60° C. spiratory infections in mice.
Non-pathogenic for guinea pigs and mice.
Source : Isolated from the blood and heart 10. Haemophilus ovis Mitchell, 1925.
valve of a case of endocarditis. (Jour. Amer. Vet. Assoc, 68, 1925, 8.)
Habitat: Found in the blood and on the o'vis. L. fem.n. ovis a sheep; L. gen. noun
heart valve of one case of endocarditis. ovis of a sheep.
Small, short, somewhat pleomorphic
9. Haemophilus influenzae -murium rods occurring singly and at times in short
(Kairies and Schwartzer, 1936) Lwoff, 1939. chains. Coccoid forms occur in old cultures.
{Bacterium influenzae murium (sic) Kairies Non-motile. Gram-negative.
and Schwartzer, Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Requires the X factor when newly iso-
Orig., 1S7, 1936, 351; Haemophilus influenzae lated. After serial passage on chocolate
murium (sic) Lwoff, Ann. Inst. Past., 62, agar, slight growth on plain agar medium.
1939, 168.) Primary isolation best on chocholate blood
in.flu.en'zae-mu'ri.um. Italian noun in-
fluenza influenza; L. noun mus, muris Gelatin slant: Very slight growth in 4
agar.
mouse; M.L. gen. noun influenzae -murium days.
influenza of mice. Gelatin stab: No growth.
Small, short, thick coccobacilli occurring Chocolate blood agar colonies: After 24
singly and at times in the form of threads. to 36 hours, pinhead in size, discrete, moist,
Filterable forms pass through 0.4- to 0.6- viscid, translucent; become gray, scaly
micron pores. Non-motile. Shows bipolar and adherent to the medium with age.
staining. Gram-negative. Blood broth: No hemolysis.
Requires the factor X for growth (Ivano- Plain broth: After adaptation, turbid.
vics and Ivanovics, Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Floating ropy strands. Slimy sediment.
Orig., 139, 1937, 184). Litmus milk: No change.
Gelatin: No liquefaction. Potato: No growth.
Levinthal agar colonies: Up to 4 mm in Indole not produced.
diameter, round, convex, glistening, bluish, Acid but no gas from glucose, fructose,
transparent. Resemble Haemophilus in- galactose, sucrose, raffinose, sorbitol, man-
fluenzae colonies. Become opaque and whit- nitol, mannose and maltose. Weak acidity
ish with age. from lactose and xylose. No acid from
Blood agar colonies. Whitish. No hemoly- arabinose, rhammose, salicin or inositol.
sis.
Chocolate agar: Good growth. Aerobic.
Endo agar: Red colonies in 2 to 3 days.
Levinthal or egg broth: Uniformly Optimum temperature, 37° C. Slight
turbid. growth at 28° C.
Milk not coagulated. Pathogenic for guinea pigs and sheep.
Source: Isolated from the lungs of sheep.
Habitat: Causes bronchial pneumonia
Acid from glucose, fructose, lactose,
maltose and sucrose. No acid from man- and generalized hemorrhagic involvement
nite. in sheep.
Aerobic.
11. Haemophilus putoriorum Haudu-
Optimum temperature, 37° C. roy et al., 1937. {Bacterium influenzae
Slightly pathogenic for mice but not
for guinea pigs. putoriorum multiforme Kairies, Ztschr. f.
Serologically homogeneous and distinct Hyg., 117, 1935, 12; Hauduroy et al.. Diet,
from Haemophilus influenzae, Pasteurella d. Bact. Path., 1937, 258.)
and Salmonella typhosa. pu.to.ri.o'rum. M.L. mas.n. Putorius
generic name of ferret; M.L. gen. pi. noun rounded ends, occurring singly and in short
putoriorvm of ferrets. chains. Non-motile. Gram-negative.
Coccoid to bacillary rods with a strong Requires the X factor (Lwoff, Ann. Inst.
pleomorphic tendency. Non-motile. Show Past., 62, 1939, 168) and other enrichment
liipolar staining. Gram-negative. for growth.
Growth requirement for V and X un- Gelatin colonies: No growth.
known. Growth reliable only on media con- Gelatin stab: No growth.
taining blood. On ordinary media growth Blood agar colonies: Small, grayish, glis-
occurs only in the vicinity of other bacteria. tening. Slight zone of hemolysis around the
Less hemoglobinophilic than is Haemophilus colony in three or four days (Teague and
influenzae. Deibert, Jour. Med. Research, 43, 1922,
61).
Levinthal agar colonies: Young colonies
are small with elevated centers and trans- Best growth is obtained on clotted rabbit,
parent peripheries; older colonies are flat sheep or human blood heated to 55° C. for
with bluish, glassy appearance in trans- 15 minutes and in casein digest agar con-
mitted light and bluish gray with whitish taining blood (Teague and Deibert, Jour.
luster in reflected light. Urology, 4, 1920, 543).
Agar slant: Poor, thin growth when sub- Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
cultured from Levinthal agar. Optimum temperature, 37° C.
Broth: Lightly turbid; fine granules. Habitat: The cause of soft chancre
Odor like that of Haemophilus influenzae. (chancroid) .
Non-pathogenic for laboratory animals
when inoculated in pure culture. Intra- 13. Haemophilus haemoglobinophilus
cutaneous inoculation produces a marked (Lehmann and Neumann, 1907) Murray,
hemorrhagic lesion. 1939. (Bacillus haemoglobinophilus canis
Serologically, different strains are re- Friedberger, Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig.,
lated but not homogeneous. Distinct from 33, 1903, 401; Bacterium haemoglobinophilus
Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus Lehmann and Neumann, Bakt. Diag., 4
suis. Aufl., 2, 1907, 270; Murray, in Manual,
Source: Isolated from the respiratory 5th ed., 1939, 309.)
tracts of ferrets. hae. mo. glo.bi.no 'phi. lus. Gr. noun
Habitat: Found in the respiratory tracts haema blood; L. noun globus a sphere; M.L.
of ferrets. noun haemoglobinum hemoglobin; Gr. adj.
philus loving; M.L. adj. haemoglobinophilus
12. Haemophilus ducreyi (Neveu-Le- hemoglobin-loving.
maire, 1921) Bergey et al., 1923. (Ducrey, Small rods, 0.2 to 0.3 by 0.5 to 2.0 microns,
Riforma Med., 5, 1889, 98; also see Cong, occurring singly, in pairs and in short
internat. de dermatol. et syph., Compt. chains. Non-motile. Gram-negative.
rend., Paris, 1890, 229; Monatsh. f. prakt. Requires the X factor for growth.
Dermatol., 9, 1889, 387; and ibid, 21, 1895, Blood agar colonies: Small, clear, trans-
57, abstract in Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., 18, parent, entire. Old colonies become opaque.
1895, 290; Streptobacillus of soft chancre, Blood broth: Turbid.
Unna, Monatsh. f. prakt. Dermatol., H, Blood milk mixture: Doubtful develop-
1892, 485; also see ibid, 21, 1895, Ql; Bacillus ment.
idceris cancrosi Kruse, in Fliigge, Die Indole is produced.
Mikroorganismen, 3 Aufi., 2, 1896, 456; Acid but no gas from glucose, fructose,
Coccobacillus ducreyi Neveu-Lemaire, Precis galactose, mannitol, sucrose and xylose.
Parasitol. Hum., 5th ed., 1921, 20; Bergey No acid from maltose, lactose, dextrin,
et al.. Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 271.) arabinose or glycerol (Rivers, Jour. Bact.,
du.crey'i. M.L. gen. noun ducreyi of 7, 1922, 579).
Ducrey; named for A. Ducrey, the bac- Nitrites produced from nitrates.
teriologist who first isolated this organism. Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
Small rods, 0.5 by 1.5 to 2.0 microns, with
413
Habitat: Occurs in large numbers in Requires diphosphothiamine or adenosine

preputial secretions of dogs. triphosphate for growth (Griffin, Arch.
Biochem., 30, 1951, 100). Supplied by peptic
14. Haemophilus citreus Diernhofer, digest of fish tissue or 5 per cent sterile,
1949. (Wiener tierarztl. Monatsschr., 36, unheated potato extract; V and X factors
1949, 582.) are not required. X in presence of diphos-
cit're.us. L. adj. citreus of the citron; phothiamine increases growth response
M.L. adj. citreus lemon-colored. (Griffin, Yale Jour. Biol, and Med., 24,
Rods, 0.5 by 1.0 to 2.0 microns, occurring 1952,411).
singly and in short chains; frequently' Fish e.xtract gelatin colonies : Same as on
pleomorphic with long threads. Non-motile. agar. No liquefaction.
Stain poorly and unevenly, showing bi- Fish extract gelatin stab: Growth best
polar bodies. Gram-negative. near surface, filiform. No liquefaction.
Gelatin plus blood: No liquefaction. Fish extract agar colonies: 1 to 3 mm in
Plain agar: No growth. diameter, circular, entire, convex, opaque,
Blood agar containing 20 to 30 per cent smooth, cream-colored. S variants are
blood and 1.0 per cent glucose is optimum butyrous, R variants are compact and
for isolation. Colonies are 1 to 2 mm in tough.
diameter, flat, moist and entire. Some Blood agar: Beta hemolysis.
strains produce a narrow zone of hemolysis Fish extract agar slant: In 2 to 3 days,
around the colonies. Become slightly yel- growth is filiform, slightly glistening,
low; lemon-yellow when massed by loop. cream-colored. S variants are butyrous,
V and X agar colonies: Very small, trans- R variants are brittle.
parent, colorless. Fish extract broth: R variants show
Serum, pus, fresh milk, potato extract transient clouding, then granular; adherent
and yeast extract added to chocolate agar to walls; clearing of medium; scant pellicle
stimulate luxuriant growth. or ring within a week. S variants remain
Indole is produced. uniformly clouded for several days.
Weak acid from glucose. Fish extract litmus milk: No change.
Nitrites produced from nitrates. Potato: No visible growth.
Non-pathogenic for mice, guinea pigs and Indole not produced.
calves. Does not induce disease in the Acid but no gas in 2 to 3 days in fish
genital tracts of cattle. extract broth with glucose, fructose or
Aerobic. sucrose; slowly with maltose, trehalose or
Grows at 37° C. Killed in 30 minutes at starch; weak and slowly with mannose,
50° C. galactose, cellobiose or dextrin. No acid
Source: Isolated from genital secretions with arabinose, xylose, rhamnose, lactose,
from acute and chronic cases of vesicular melibiose, raffinose, melezitose, inulin or
exanthema (exanthema coitale) in cattle. alcohols.
Methyl red test positive; Voges-
15. Haemophilus pisciuin Snieszko et Proskauer test negative after one week.
al., 1950. (Snieszko, Griffin and Friddle, Fish extract used in media.
Jour. Bact., 59, 1950, 699.) Nitrites produced from nitrates.
pis'ci.um. L. noun piscis fish; M.L. Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
gen. pi. noun piscium of fishes. Optimum temperature, between 20° and
Rods, in lesions measuring 0.5 to 0.7 by 25° C. No growth at 35° C., slow growth
2.0 microns, in cultures measuring 0.8 to
at 7° C.
1.0 by 1.0 to 3.0 microns, occurring singly, Pathogenic for trout.
in pairs, in irregular groups and occasionally Source: Isolated from trout with ulcer
as filaments up to 12.0 microns in length. disease.
Non-motile. May show bipolar staining. Habitat : Found in infected trout. A cause
Gram-negative. of ulcer disease in trout.
Genus V. Actinobacillus Brumpt, 1910*

(Brumpt, Precis de Parasitologie, Paris, 1st ed., 1910, 849; Cladascus Enderlein (in part),
Sitzber. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, 1917, 316; PJeifferella Buchanan, Jour. Bact., 3,
1918, 54; not PJeifferella Labl)e, Sporozoa, in Das Tierreich, Lief. 5, 1899, 60; MaUeomyces
Pribram, Klassifikation der Schizomyceten, Leipzig, 1933, 11 and 93; not MaUeomyces
Hallier, Ztschr. f. Parasitenkunde, 1870, 119; Loefflerella Gay et aL, Agents of Disease and
Host Resistance, Indianapolis, 1935, 782.)
Ac.ti.no.ba.cil'lus. Gr. noun actis, actinis a ray, beam; L. dim. noun bacillus a small rod;
M.L. noun Actinobacillus ray bacillus or rod.
Small to medium-sized, coccoid to rod-shaped cells which rarely grow into filaments;
under special conditions the filaments may show some branching. Non-motile. There is a
tendency to show bipolar staining. Gram-negative. Colonies may be mucous or stringy,
especially when freshlj^ isolated, and white, grayish white, yellowish or bluish in color.
Aerobic to facultatively anaerobic. Microaerophilic in primary cultures. Acid but no gas
from carbohydrates, when fermented. Pathogenic for animals; some species attack man.
The type species is Actinobacillus lignieresii Brumpt.
Key to the species of genus Actinobacillus.

I. Little or no growth on potato.
A. Growth in milk.
1. Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Non-pigmented growth on glycerol agar.
1. Actinobacillus lignieresii.
2. Actinobacillus equuli.
B. No growth in milk.
1. Growth on ordinary agar or broth.
3. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans.
2. No growth on ordinary agar or broth.
4. Actinobacillus actinoides.
II. Good growth on potato. Yellowish growth on glycerol agar.
5. Actinobacillus mallei.
1. Actinobacillus lignieresii Brumpt, forms occur. Non-motile. Frequentl}^ show

1910. (Actinobacilo, Lignieres and Spitz, bipolar staining. Gram-negative.
Boletin d. Agr. 3^ Ganaderia, Buenos Aires, Gelatin: Growth sparse, if at all. No
11, 1902, 169; Actinobacille, Lignieres and liquefaction.
Spitz, Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 35, Infusion-peptone-agar: Good growth,
1903, 454; Actinobacillus Lignieresi (sic) favored by the addition of serum or blood.
Brumpt, Precis de Parasitol., Paris., 1st Primary cultures succeed w^hen granules
ed., 1910, 849.) are broken. Surface colonies measure 1 mm
lig.ni.e.re'si.i. M.L. gen. noun lignieresii and may reach 2 to 3 mm in diameter;
of Lignieres; named for J. Lignieres, one translucent and bluish, later opaque,
of the bacteriologists who first isolated this Colonies in primary isolations may be
organism. rather firmly attached to the agar surface;
Rod-shaped cells, 0.4 by 1.15 to 1.25 when touched by the tip of the needle a
microns, on primary isolation; later, espe- ropy thread may be pulled off, the colony
cially on agar, cocco-bacillary and diplococ- finally jerking to the tip of the needle leav-
cal forms occur. Streptobacillary forms ing a rough spot on the agar surface. In
appear in serum broth, and in old cultures, subcultures the ropiness gradually is lost,
principally in serum broth, involution but the growth continues to be mucous.
* Prepared by Prof. Dr. H. Haupt, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany, April, 1955.
415
Glycerol-agar: Growth non-pigment ed the tongue ("wooden tongue"), where

(Thompson, Jour. Bact., 26, 1933, 224). granulomatous tumors are formed. Even-
Broth: Moderate growth, favored by the tually these break down to form abscesses,
addition of serum and peptone. Freshly the pus containing small grayish white
isolated strains grow in the form of small
granules which adhere to the walls of the granules.
tube or are collected on its bottom, leaving 2. Actinobacillus eqiiuli (van Straaten,
the broth fairly clear. On the surface, a 1918) Haupt, 1934. {Bacillus nephriiidis equi
fine, fragile pellicle is formed. Later genera- Meyer, Transvaal Dept. Agr. Rept. Gov.
tions may grow rather diffusely. No change Bac, 1908-1909, 122; Bacterium viscosum
in reaction of medium. No odor. equi Magnusson, Svensk. Veterinartidskr.,
Coagulated serum and Loeffler serum: 1917, 81; also see Jour. Comp. Path, and
Good growth. A whitish, opaque laj'er is Therap., 32, 1919, 143; Bacillus equuli van
produced. No proteolysis. Straaten, Verslag van den Werksaamheden
Litmus milk: Most strains produce no der Rijksseruminrichting voor 1916-1917,
change, some strains produce a slight red- Rotterdam, 1918, 75; Bacillus equirulis,
dening after 4 to 6 days. No coagulation. incorrectly attributed to van Straaten by
Potato: On natural potato, little or no de Blieck and van Heelsbergen, Tijdschr. v.
growth; on potato rendered alkaline, a Diergeneesk., 46, 1919, 496; Bacterium
rather feeble, shining and yellowish gray pyosepticum viscosum Miessner, Deutsch.
layer may be formed. tierarztl. Wochnschr., 29, 1921, 185; Shigella
Indole produced in small amounts. equirulis Edwards, Kentucky Agr. Exp.
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. Sta. Res. Bui. 320, 1931; Haupt, Arch. f.
Acid but no gas within 48 hours from wissen. u. prakt. Tierheilk., 67, 1934, 514.)
glucose, maltose, sucrose and mannitol; e.quu'li. L. noun eguulus a small young
some strains, after longer incubation, also horse, a foal; L. gen. noun equuli of a foal.
produce acid from lactose, galactose, raf- Description taken largely from Edwards
finose, glycerol and salicin. No acid within {op. cit., 1931).
10 days from arabinose, rhamnose, adonitol, Rods, 0.3 to 0.4 by 0.5 to 0.8 micron,
dulcitol, inositol, sorbitol or inulin. occurring singly, in chains and in filaments.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. The prevailing forms in rough, mucoid
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic; primary colonies are short, oval rods, and in smooth,
cultures are microaerophilic. non-mucoid colonies, long filaments and
Temperature relations: Optimum, 37° C. chains prevail. Capsules have been de-
Slight growth at 20° C. Killed in m hours scribed, but their existence is uncertain.
at 52°, in 1 hour at 54°, in 10 minutes at Non-motile. Gram-negative.
62° and in 1 minute at 100° C.; on agar Gelatin colonies : Similar to those on agar.
slants, survival for 10 to 12 da3's. No liquefaction.
No exotoxin is produced. Agar slant: Grayish white, viscid growth
Pathogenic for cattle and swine. A few covering the surface. Viable 8 to 10 days.
cases have been reported in man. Rabbits Infusion-peptone-agar: Good growth.
and guinea pigs are slightly susceptible to Colonies 3 to 6 mm in diameter in 48 hours.
inoculation. In primary cultures rough type colonies
Serologically homogeneous (Haupt, Arch, prevail with lobulated surface and mucous
f. wissen. u. prakt. Tierheilk., 67, 1934, 516); or stringy consistency; in later generations
related serologically to Actinobacillus mallei smooth type colonies with glistening smooth
Thompson (Thompson, Jour. Bact., 26, surface and of soft (non-mucous) consist-
1933, 225). ency prevail.
Source and Habitat: Usually isolated Broth: Masses are formed on the wall of
from actinobacillosis of cattle. This condi- the tube. At times a thin, grayish pellicle
tion is often clinically diagnosed as "actino- is formed. Grayish, tough, ropy sediment.
mycosis". Lesions are found in soft tissues, Eventually there is diffuse turbidity which
usually in lymph nodes and in muscles of is highly viscous. Viability, 2 to 4 weeks.
Litmus milk: Slowly acidified; slimy, nying; M.L. part. adj. actinomycetemcomi-
viscid. Sometimes coagulated and reduced. tans accompanying an actinomycete.
No caseolysis. Description taken from Topley and Wil-
Potato: No visible growth. son {loc. cit.), Colebrook (Brit. Jour. Exp.
Indole not produced. Path., 1, 1920, 197) and Bayne-Jones (Jour.
Hydrogen sulfide is produced. Bact., 10, 1925, 572).
Acid but no gas from glucose, fructose, Cocco-bacilli, occurring as rods, 1.0 to
xylose, lactose, galactose, maltose, sucrose, 1.5 microns long, or as cocci, 0.6 to 0.8
mannitol and raffinose. Dextrin usually micron in diameter, in densely packed
fermented. No action on rhamnose, dulcitol, masses. Non-motile. Gram-negative.
sorbitol or inositol. Usually no action on Generally will grow on nutrient media
salicin, adonitol or arabinose. under aerobic as well as anaerobic condi-
Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced. tions; increased CO2 tension accelerates
Uric and citric acids not utilized. growth (Holm, Riassunti delle Comunica-
Nitrites produced from nitrates. zioni, VI Congresso Internaz. di Micro-
Trimethylamine not produced from tri- biologia, Roma, 1, 1953, 407; also see Acta
methylamine oxide (Wood et al., Jour. Path, et Microbiol. Scand., 34, 1954, 235;
Bact., 46, 1943, 100). abst. of the latter paper in Biol. Abst., 29,
1955, No. 6185).
Optimum temperature, 37° C. Does not
grow at 45.5° C. (Stuart et al., Jour. Bact., Gelatin: No liquefaction.
46, 1943, 105). Agar colonies: Small, transparent, hemi-
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. spherical, tough, adherent.
Non-hemolytic. Glucose agar: Growth thin, dry, granular,
Not pathogenic for small experimental hard, slightly yellow, adherent.
animals. Produces abscesses and joint -ill Liquid gelatin or broth: At 37° C., numer-
when infected subcutaneously into horses. ous, isolated, translucent granules, 0.5 to
Serologically heterogeneous (Edwards) ; 1.0 nma in diameter; adherent granules are
related serologically to Actinobacillus formed along the walls of the tube. In a few
Ugnieresii Brumpt and to A. mallei Thomp- days they fuse into a grayish white mass,
son (Haupt, op. cit., 1934, 524). fornndng a ring around the tube and a pel-
Source: Isolated from cases of joint-ill licle over the surface. Later the granules
in foals. become opaque and grayish white.
Habitat : Generally a harmless inhabitant Glucose broth: Turbid. Yellowish flakes.
of the intestinal canal of solipeds; causes Milk: No growth.
joint-ill and nephritis purulenta chiefly Potato: No growth.
in foals 1 to 4 days old, sometimes in adoles- Acid but no gas from glucose and lactose.
cent solipeds. Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
3. Actinobacillus actinomycetenico- Not pathogenic for laboratory animals.
mitans Topley and Wilson, 1936. {Bac- Toxic to rabbits on injection, but a true
terium actinomycetem comitans Klinger, infection is not set up.
Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 62, 1912, 198; Distinctive character: Manner of growth
Bacterium comitans Lieske, Morph. u. Biol, in liquid gelatin.
d. Strahlenpilze, 1921, 233; Actinobacillus Relationship to other species: Compara-
actinomycetem comitans Topley and Wilson, tive investigations may show this organism
Princip. of Bact. and Inmaun., 1st ed., 1, to be identical wuth Actinobacillus Ugniere-
1931, 253 and 256; Topley and Wilson, ibid., sii Brumpt.
2nd ed., 1936, 279.) Source: Originally isolated from lesions
ac . ti . no . my . ce . tem. co'mi . tans. Gr. noun of actinomycosis; also found in a jaw infec-
actis, actinis a ray; Gr. noun myces, myce- tion in a young woman (Thj0tta and Sydnes,
tis a fungus; M.L. noun actinomyces ray Acta Path, et Microbiol. Scand., 28, 1951,
fungus; L. part. adj. comitans accompa- 27; abst. in Biol. Abst., 25, 1951, No. 28469)
417
and in mice (Valine and Gaillard, Ann. N. Y., 36, 1937, 740); however, in view of
Inst. Past., 84, 1953,647). its inability to infect laboratory animals
Habitat: Found in human cases of actino- and because of its bacillary morphology in
mycosis either alone or in mixture with the calf lungs, Topley and Wilson (Princip. of
Gram-positive bacilli of Wolff and Israel Bact. and Immun., 3rd ed., 1946, 393) feel
(1891). that A. actinoides should be treated sepa-
rately from S. moniliformis.
4. Actinobacillus actinoides (Smith, Comments: Heilmann (Jour. Inf. Dis.,
1918) Topley and Wilson, 1931. (Bacillus 69, 1941, 32) discusses the question raised
actinoides Th. Smith, Jour. Exp. Med., ^8, by Klieneberger (Jour. Path, and Bact., 40,
1918, 342; Topley and Wilson, Princip. of 1935, 93; also see ibid., 4^, 1936, 587), Daw-
Bact. and Immun., 1st ed., 1, 1931, 253 and son and Hobby (Proc. 3rd Intern. Cong,
256.) of Microb., New York, 1939, 177) and others
ac.ti.no.i'des. Or. noun aciis, actinis a on Asterococcus-like forms originating from
ray; Gr. noun eidus shape, form; M.L. adj. cultures of Streptobacillus moniliformis
actinoides ray -like. Levaditi et al.
In tissues the organisms appear as delicate Source: Isolated by Th. Smith from an
rods, 0.4 to 0.5 micron in width, arranged enzootic of chronic pneumonia in calves;
in groups. In cultures, coccoid or bacillary in five cases the only cultivable organism,
forms occur. In the condensation water of in four cases associated with other patho-
coagulated blood serum, small, round, genic species and in three cases absent. Th.
mulberry-like flakes up to 1 mm in diameter Smith raises the question of some noncul-
may be seen which consist of sheathed fila- tivable, unrecognized microorganism. No
ments, each filament terminating in club- other authors have observed similar cases.
like expansions. The sheaths as well as the Jones has isolated an organism resembling
clubs are unstainable and enclose chains of Actinobacillus actinoides Topley and Wilson
minute bacilli. Cells from cultures on agar from a pneumonia in old white rats (Jour.
containing tissue, milk or blood appear in Exp. Med., 38, 1922, 441).
the form of rods without capsules or clubs. Habitat: Pathogenic, affecting calves
Non-motile. Gram-negative. and probably other domestic animals.
Nutrient agar with or without blood:
Uncertain growth. Serial transfers on this 5. Actinobacillus mallei (Zopf, 1885)
medium generally fail. Thompson, 1933. (Rotz-Bacillus, Loefl[ler and
Broth: No growth. Schiitz, in Struck, Deutsch. med.
Potato: No growth. Wochnschr., 8, 1882, 707; Bacillus mallei
Litmus milk: No growth. Zopf, Die Spaltpilze, 3 Aufl., 1885, 89;
An accumulation of fatty substances in Pfeifferella mallei Buchanan, Jour. Bact.,
the cultures has been reported. 3, 1918, 54 (type species of genus Pfeifferella
Optimum temperature, 37° C. Buchanan, loc. cit.) ; Thompson, Jour. Bact.,
Not pathogenic for laboratory animals. 26, 1933, 226; see ibid., 25, 1933, 44; Malleo-
Distinctive characters: For isolation bits rnyces mallei Pribram, Klassifikation der
of tissue are brought into the condensation Schizomyceten, Leipzig und Wien, 1933, 93
water of coagulated serum, the tubes being (type species of genus Malleomyces Pribram,
sealed with wax. Serial transfers may be loc. cit.).)
successful on the same medium held under mal'le.i. L. noun malleus the disease
increased CO2 tension (microaerophilic con- glanders; L. gen. noun mallei of glanders.
ditions). Appearance of mulberry-like Common name: Glanders bacillus.
granules. Description taken largely from Kelser
Relationship to other species: A resem- (Man. Vet. Bact., 4th ed., 1943, 325).
blance between Actinobacillus actinoides Slender rods, 0.3 to 0.5 by 1.5 to 4.0 mi-
Topley and Wilson and Streptobacillus crons, with rounded ends, usually occurring
moniliformis Levaditi et al. has been noted singly, in pairs and in groups; in culture
by Dienes and Edsall (Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol., preparations, sometimes occur as filaments.
Branching involution forms occur on glyc- Indole not produced.

erol agar. Show irregular staining. Non- Carbohydrates usually not fermented.
motile. Gram-negative. Some strains produce small amounts of acid
Gelatin: Poor growth. Usually no lique- from glucose.
faction. May be slowly liquefied (Jordan, Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
General Bact., 11th ed., 1935, 491). Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
Agar colonies: Moist, grayish white layer, Optimum temperature, 37° C. No growth
translucent, ropy, with regular borders. below 20° or above 44° C.
Later become yellowish or yellowish brown. Serologically related to Actinohacillus
Agar slants: Glistening, moist, ropy, lignieresii Brumpt (Thompson, Jour. Bact.,
grayish white growth. 26, 1933, 225) and to Actinohacillus eqmili
Glycerol agar: Yellowish growth (Thomp- Haupt (Haupt, Arch. f. wissensch. u. prakt.
son, op. cit., 26, 1933, 224). Tierheilk., 67, 1934,514).
Loeffler's serum: Good growth. Moist, Distinctive characters: Culture media of
viscid, yellowish colonies develop after 36 slightly acid reaction (pH 6.6) are best
to 48 hours.
suited for growth; on potato, honey-drop-
Broth: Turbid, sometimes with a thin like colonies are formed which later darken.
pellicle; slimy or ropy sediment.
Source: Isolated by Loeffler and Schiitz
Litmus milk: Coagulation usually occurs
from the lesions of a horse affected with
after a week with some acid production.
Litmus may or may not be reduced. glanders.
Potato: After 36 to 48 hours, pale yellow Habitat: The cause of glanders naturally
occurring in solipeds; Felidae and man
"honey-drop-like" colonies, later becoming
darker, reddish yellow or chocolate-colored. occasionally are affected. Transmissible to
The medium sometimes has a faint greenish guinea pigs, cats, field mice and to rabbits
tinge around the growth. and dogs, generally not to the white mouse.
Genus VI. Calymmatobacterium Aragdo and Vianna, 1913*

(Aragao and Vianna, Mem. do Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 5, 1913, 221; also see Aragao, Brasil
Medico, 1919, 74; and ibid., 1933, 473; Donovania Anderson, De Monbreun and
Goodpasture, Jour. Exp. Med., 81, 1945, 25.)
Ca.lym.ma.to.bac.te'ri.um. Gr. noun calymma mantel, sheath; Gr. dim.neut.n. bac-
teriutn a small rod; M.L. noun Calymmatobacterium the sheathed rodlet.
Pleomorphic rods which exhibit single or bipolar condensations of chromatin and which
occur singly and in clusters. May or may not be encapsulated. Non-motile. Gram-negative.
Growth outside of the human body occurs only in the yolk sac or amniotic fluid of develop-
ing chick embryo or in a medium containing embryonic jôlk; after adaptation, growth may
occur in meat infusion media. Pathogenic for man causing granulomatous lesions, particu-
larly in the inguinal region.
The type species is Calymmatobacterium granulomatis Aragao and Vianna.
1. Calynimatobacteriuiii granuloma- granulomatis Anderson, De Monbreun and

25.)
tis Aragao and Vianna, 1913. (Epithelial Goodpasture, Jour. Exp. Med., 81, 1945,
cell parasites, Donovan, Indian Med. Gaz.,
40, 1905, 414; Aragao and Vianna, Mem. gra.nu.lo'ma.tis. L. dim. noun granulum
do Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 5, 1913, 221; Dono- a small grain; Gr. suffix -oma, -omatis a
van bodies, Dienst, Greenblatt and Sander- swelling or tumor; M.L. noun granuloma a
son, Jour. Inf. Dis., 62, 1938, 112; also see granuloma; M.L. gen. noun granulomatis of
Anderson, Science, 97, 1943, 560; Donovania a granuloma.
* Revised by Dr. Otto Bier, Department of Immunology, Instituto Biologico, Sao Paulo,
Brazil, May, 1955.
419
Pleomorphic rods, 1 to 2 microns in length, translucent, increasing in size until the

with rounded ends, occurring singlj^ and in larger colonies measure 1.5 mm in diam-
clusters. Intracellular forms are usually eter; gradually become gray, later brownish
encapsulated. Non-motile. Gram-negative. (Rake and Oskay, ibid., 668).
Originally this organism was described as Distinctive characters : Encapsulated
being non-cultivable on ordinary media; forms readily demonstrated by means of
lately, however, it has been shown by
Dunham and Rake (Amer. Jour. Syphilis, Wright's stain as blue bacillary bodies sur-
rounded by well defined, dense, pinkish
Gonorrhea and Venereal Diseases, 32, 1948,
capsules. Non-encapsulated forms are vari-
145) and b}^ Rake and Oskaj^ (Jour. Bact.,
55, 1948, 667) that, after adaptation, growth able in morphology. Characteristic safety-
can be effected on artificial media. pin forms may be demonstrated.
Chick embryo : Grows readily in yolk sac Not pathogenic for the common experi-
mental animals.
and feebly in amniotic fluid of developing
chick embryo. Source: Isolated from granulomatous
Embryonic jôlk medium: Growth occurs. lesions of man.
Levinthal beef heart infusion agar colo- Habitat: Human lesions. The cause of
nies (after adaptation) : At first shiny and granuloma inguinale.
Genus VII. Moraxella Lwoff, 1939.*

(Z)zp?o6aci7Z?^s McNab, Klinische Monatsbl. f. Augenheilk., 4^, 1904, 65; not Diplobacillus
Weichselbaum, Cent. f. Bakt., 2, 1887, 212; Lwoff, Ann. Inst. Past., 62, 1939, 168.)
Mo.rax.el'la. M.L. dim. ending -ella; M.L. fem.n. Moraxella named for V. Morax, the
bacteriologist who first isolated the type species of this genus.
Small, short, rod-shaped cells which occur as diplobacilli and which are sometimes de-
scribed as diplococci; occasionally occur singly. Non-motile. Gram-negative. Do not re-
quire V (phosphopyridine nucleotide) or X (hemin) factors for growth; growth is, however,
dependent upon or improved with the addition of serum or ascitic fluid. Litmus milk is
unchanged or becomes alkaline. Carbohydrates generally not attacked. Activelj^ proteo-
lytic, liquefying inspissated blood serum and even egg media. Oxidase-positive. Aerobic.
Found as parasites and pathogens in warm-blooded animals, being especially found in
association with diseases of the eye.
The type species is Moraxella lacunata (Eyre) Lwoff.
Key to the species of genus Moraxella.

I. Does not grow in gelatin.
1. Moraxella lacunata.
II. Grow in gelatin.
A. Gelatin readily liquefied. No change in litmus milk.
2. Moraxella liguefaciens .
B. Gelatin slowly liquefied. Litmus milk becomes alkaline with partial coagulation.
3. Moraxella bovis.
1. Moraxella lacunata (Eyre, 1899) Ann. Rept. Del. Col. Agr. Exp. Sta., 9, 1897,
Lwoff, 1939. (Diplobacille de la conjuncti- 66; not Bacterium conjunctivitis Chester,
vite subaigue, Morax, Ann. Inst. Past., 10, ibid., 67; Bacillus lacjinatus Eyre, Jour.
1896, 337; Diplobacillus of chronic conjunc- Path, and Bact., 6, 1899, 5; not Bacillus
tivitis, Axenfeld, Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., 21, lacunatus Wright, Memoirs Nat. Acad. Sci.,
1897, 1; Bacterixnn conjunctivitis Chester, 7, 1895, 435; Bacterium duplex Lehmann and
* Revised bj' Prof. E. G. D. Murray, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada,

April, 1955.
Neumann, Bakt. Diag., 2 Aufl., 2, 1899 Monatsbl. f. Augenheilk., 42, 1904, 64;
(July), 193; Bacterium conjuncHvitidis Murray, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 591.)
Chester, Man. Determ. Bact., 1901, 120; li.que.fa'ci.ens. L. part. adj. liquefaciens
not Bacterium conjunctivitidis Migula, dissolving.
Syst. d. Bact., 2, 1900, 509; Diplobacillvs Rods, 1.0 to 1.5 by 2.0 microns, with
moraxaxenfeld McNab, Klinische Monatsbl. rounded ends, occurring in pairs and some-
f. Augenheilk., J^2, 1904, 64; Bacillus duplex times singly. Capsules not demonstrated.
Hewlett, Med. Res. Council Syst. of Bact., Non-motile. Stain uniformly with basic
2, 1929, 417; Lwoff, Ann. Inst. Past., 62, aniline dyes. Gram-negative.
1939, 173.) Will barely grow in bouillon or peptone
la.cu.na'ta. L. noun lacuna a hollow or water without the addition of blood serum.
cavity; M.L. adj. lacunatus pitted. Gelatin colonies: Round, 1.5 to 2.0 mm in
Short rods, 0.4 to 0.5 by 2.0 microns, diameter, j-ellowish white.
occurring singly, in pairs and in short Gelatin stab: Rapid liquefaction.
chains, with ends rounded or square in the Blood agar: Ready growth in primarj- and
chains. Non-motile. Gram-negative. subculture.
Requires the addition of blood serum for Ascitic agar colonies: Grayish, thick,
growth in bouillon or peptone water. round, viscous.
Gelatin colonies: No growth. Peptone agar colonies: Same as above,
Gelatin stab: No growth. but less abundant growth.
Blood agar colonies: No growth on pri- Coagulated serum: Liquefaction in 3 to
mar}^ isolation. Growth on subculture is 4 days; eventually complete.
difficult. Certain strains are not surrounded Plain broth: Poor growth, if any. Slight,
by zones of hemolysis, while others are uniform turbidity.
(Oag, Jour. Path, and Bact., 54, 1942, 128). Ascitic broth: Abundant growth in 24
Serum agar colonies: No growth on pri- hours at 35° C. Uniform turbidity. Later
mary isolation. sediment and an opaque pellicle.
Loffler's blood serum: Slow but definite Milk: No growth. No coagulation.
liquefaction with deep pitting around the Potato: Slight, yellowish white, viscous
colonies.
Ascitic broth: Turbid with slight, grayish growth.
sediment. Optimum temperature, between 20° and
37° C. Killed at 55° C for 15 minutes.
Blood milk mixture: Doubtful develop- Aerobic.
ment. Not pathogenic for laboratory animals.
Litmus milk: No growth. Source: Isolated from cases of conjuncti-
Potato: No growth. vitis associated with corneal ulceration in
Various carbohydrates and mannitol are man.
attacked. Habitat: Conjunctivitis in man so far as
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. known.
Comments: Audureau (Ann. Inst. Past., 3. Moraxella bovis (Hauduroy et al.,
64, 1940, 128) reports a variety of this organ- 1937) Murray, 1948. (Diplobacillus, Allen,
ism which differs from the parent strain in Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assn., 54, 1918, 307;
that it does not liquefy serum. Diplobacillus, Jones and Little, Jour. Exp.
Source: Isolated from conjunctiva. Med., 38, 1923, 139; Hemophilus bovis Hau-
Habitat: Causes subacute infectious con- duroy et al.. Diet. d. Bact. Path., 1937, 247;
junctivitis, or angular conjunctivitis. Murray, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 591.)
bo'vis. L. noun bos cow, ox; L. gen. noun
2. Moraxella liquefaciens (McNab, bovis of an ox or cow.
1904) Murray, 1948. (Diplobacille liqu^fiant, Short, plump rods, 0.5 by 1.5 to 2.0 mi-
Pettit, Annales d'oculistique, March, 1899, crons, with rounded ends, usually occurring
166; also see Thesis, Paris, 1900, 223; Diplo- in pairs and in short chains. Encapsulated.
hacilbis liquefaciens McNab, Klinische Non-motile. Gram-negative.
Gelatin: Slow growth at 22° C. Ver}^ slow Broth: Slow growth; slight turbidity;
liquefaction. considerable sediment.
Blood agar colonies: After 24 hours, Litmus milk: Alkaline. Partial coagula-
tion.
round, translucent, grayish white, sur-
Potato: No growth.
rounded by a narrow, clear zone of hemoly-
sisdeep
; colonies tiny with a clear hemolytic
zone, usually 1.5 mm in diameter. After 48 No acid from glucose or other carbohy-
drates.
hours, surface colonies somewhat flattened, Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
3.5 to 4.0 mm in diameter; deep colonies Aerobic.
ellipsoidal and biconvex with hemolytic
area 2.5 to 3.0 mm in diameter. Optimum temperature, 36° C. Killed at
58° to 59° C. in five minutes.
Blood agar slants : After 24 hours at 38° C. , Not pathogenic for laboratory animals.
heavy, viscid, grayish white growth. Source: Isolated from acute cases of
Coagulated serum: Liquefaction. ophthalmia (pink eye) of cattle.
Genus VIII. Noguchia Olilsky et al., 1934.*

(Olitsky, Syverton and Tyler, Jour. Exp. Med., 60, 1934, 382.)
No.gu'chi.a. M.L. noun Noguchia named for Hideyo Noguchi, the bacteriologist who
isolated the type species of this genus.
Small, slender rods. Encapsulated. Motile by means of peritrichous flagella. Gram-nega-
tive. Produce a mucoid type of growth which, on initial isolation, occurs with some diffi-
culty on ordinary media. Aerobic to facultatively anaerobic. Optimum temperature, be-
tween 28° and 30° C. Found in the conjunctiva of man and animals affected by a follicular
type of disease.
The type species is Noguchia granulosis (Noguchi) Olitsky et al.
Ketj to the species of genus Noguchia.
I. Produce acid from carbohydrates.
A. Produces acid from raffinose, maltose and salicin.
1. Noguchia granulosis.
B. Does not produce acid from raffinose, maltose or salicin.
2. Noguchia simiae.
II. Does not produce acid from carbohydrates.
3. Noguchia cxmiculi.
1. Noguchia granulosis (Noguchi, 1928) arises from one of the poles but which occa-
Olitsky et al., 1934. {Bacterium granulosis sionally appears as if attached to one side.
Noguchi, Jour. Exp. Med., 48, 1928, Supple- Gram-negative.
ment 2, 21; Olitsky, Syverton and Tyler, No growth on plain agar or broth.
Jour. Exp. Med., 60, 1934, 382.) Blood agar colonies: Minute, round,
gra.nu.lo'sis. L. noun granulum a small shiny, somewhat raised, almost transparent
grain; Gr. suffix -osis; M.L. fem.n. granulosis or slightly grayish in 48 hours; later the
pathological condition characterized by col- colonies increase in size and are grayish,
lection ofgranules; M.L. gen. noun granulo- opalescent and somewhat sticky. Old col-
sis of granulosis. onies have a brownish or yellowish tint.
Rods measuring 0.25 to 0.3 by 0.8 to 1.2 Semi-solid Leptospira medium: Grayish
microns in young cultures; involution forms white, diffuse growth forming a delicate
occur in old cultures on blood agar. Motile zone 1 cm deep.
by means of a single flagellum which usually Liquid Leptospira medium: Diffuse,
Arranged by Prof. C. D. Kelly, McGill University, Montreal, P.Q., Canada, October,
1938.
422 OEDER IV. EUBACTERIALES
slightly cloudy growth; sticky, grayish Agar colonies: Small, circular, grajdsh,
sediment at the bottom of the tube in old translucent, smooth, convex, slightly raised
cultures. with a sticky or mucoid consistency.
Acid from glucose, fructose, mannose, Agar slants: Grayish white to white,
sucrose, galactose, maltose, salicin, xylose, moist, mucoid, raised, glistening growth.
mannitol, dextrin, arabinose, amygdalin Growth is more profuse when blood is added.
and lactose. Small amount of acid from Blood agar colonies : More highly translu-
raffinose, inulin, rhamnose and trehalose. cent and colorless during earlj- growth than
No acid from dulcitol, sorbitol or inositol. those on plain agar, becoming grayish after
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. two or three daj's.
Temperature relations: Optimum, be- Leptospira medium: Homogeneous, dense
tween 15° and 30° C. Grows at 37° C. growth in a 0.5 cm, sharply defined layer
Optimum pH, 7.8. with a slight, nebulous, uniform opacity
Non-pathogenic for rabbits, guinea pigs, about 1 cm below. In three or four days the
rats and mice. lower layer becomes more dense and in time
Distinctive characters: Non-motile when extends to the bottom of the tube.
cultured on Leptospira medium or on blood Broth: Uniformly turbid; slight, grayish
agar plates at 30° to 37° C; motile when sediment; no pellicle.
Litmus milk: Unchanged.
grown on horse blood agar slants at 30° C.
or on Leptospira medium or blood agar Potato: Light tan, spreading, abundant
plates at 15° C. Carbohydrates are attacked.
Agglutination reactions. growth.
Source : Isolated from cases of trachoma of Acid but no gas from glucose, fructose,
American Indians at Albuquerque, New mannose, galactose, xylose, arabinose and
Mexico. rhamnose. Small amount of acid from dex-
Habitat: Regarded by Noguchi and by trin. Some strains produce a small amount
others as a cause of trachoma in man. Pro- of acid from sucrose, lactose, inulin and
duces a granular conjunctivitis in monkej^s mannitol. Raffinose, salicin, dulcitol, amyg-
and apes. dalin, maltose, trehalose, sorbitol and inosi-
tol are not attacked.
2. Noguchiasimiae (Olitsky et al., 1933) Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Olitsky et al., 1934. (Bacterium simiae Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
Olitsky, Syverton and Tyler, Jour. Exp. Temperature relations: Optimum, be-
Med., 57, 1933, 875; Olitsky, Syverton and tween 28° and 30° C. Thermal death point,
Tyler, ibid., 60, 1934, 382.) 56° C. for thirty minutes.
si'mi.ae. L. noun simia ape; L. gen. noun Serological reactions: Rabbit antiserum
simiae of an ape. is specific for all strains, and there is no
Slender rods, 0.2 to 0.3 by 0.8 to 1.2 mi- cross agglutination with Noguchia granulo-
crons, with pointed ends, occurring singly, sis.
in pairs, in short chains or in a parallel Distinctive characters: Attacks carbohy-
arrangement of two or three cells. Encapsu- drates. Agglutination reactions.
lated. Motile by means of flagella which Source: Isolated from inflammatory type,
are really of the peritrichous type, although Type II, of spontaneous conjunctival
normally not more than one flagellum is folliculosis in monkeys (Macacus rhesus).
found attached near the end but usually not Habitat: Causes conjunctival folliculosis
in the polar position; occasionally two in monkeys (Macacus rhesus).
separated flagella are observed in lateral
positions. Gram-negative. 3. Noguchia cuniculi Olitsky et al.,
Gelatin colonies: More mucoid and more 1934. (Olitsky, Syverton and Tyler, Jour.
raised than those on agar. Exp. Med., 60, 1934, 382.)
Gelatin stab: Arachnoid growth along line cu.ni'cu.li. L. noun cunioilns rabbit; L.
of inoculation. No liquefaction. gen. noun cuniculi of a rabbit.
423
FAMILY VI. BACTEROIDACEAE
Small, slender rods, 0.2 to 0.3 by 0.5 to thick which progresses slowly until the
1.0 micron, with pointed ends. Capsules bottom of the tube is reached in about seven
formed are of much finer texture than those days.
surrounding Noguchia granulosis or No- Broth: Uniformly turbid; no pellicle.
guchia simiae. IMotile by means of six to Litmus milk: Unchanged.
eight peritrichous flagella. Not acid-fast. Potato: Faint, buff-colored (changing to
Gram-negative. brown after five days), non-spreading,
Gelatin agar colonies: Grayish, mucoid, sparse surface growth.
confluent. Indole not produced.
Gelatin stab: Tenuous, arborescent, non- No acid or gas from glucose, fructose,
spreading growth. No liquefaction. mannose, mannitol, sucrose, raffinose,
Agar colonies: Small, spherical, translu- inulin, galactose, maltose, salicin, xylose,
cent, slightly grayish, smooth, somewhat dextrin, arabinose, amygdalin, lactose,
convex, moist, mucoid, entire. dulcitol, rhamnose, trehalose, sorbitol or
Agar slants: Slightly grayish, translu- inositol.
cent, coalescent, glistening, mucoid, homo- Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
geneous, non-spreading growth. The water of Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
sj'neresis appears uniformly cloudy or milky Temperature relations: Optimum, be-
depending on the amount of growth. tween 28° and 30° C. Thermal death point,
Blood agar colonies: More profuse, more 56° C. for 15 to 30 minutes.
grayish and less translucent than those on Serological reactions: Rabbit antiserum
plain agar. is specific for all strains, and there is no
Leptospira medium: After 24 hours there cross agglutination with Noguchia granulosis
is a faint, nebulous surface growth followed or Noguchia simiae.
by an ingrowing sac-like mass, with its base Distinctive characters : No action on car-
5 mm across, lying at the center of the bohydrates. Agglutination.
under surface and extending for 5 mm into Source: Isolated from spontaneous con-
the medium. The area spreads laterally junctival folliculosis, Type II, of rabbits.
until at about two or three days there is a Habitat: Causes conjunctival folliculosis
uniform, opaque, whitish layer about 1 cm in rabbits
FAMILY VI. BACTEROIDACEAE BREED, MURRAY AND SMITH, Fam. Nov.^
Bac.te.ro.i.da'ce.ae. M.L. noun Bacteroides type genus of the family; -aceae ending to
denote a family; M.L. fem.pl.n. Bacieroidaceae the Bacteroides family.
Rods, with rounded or pointed ends, w^hich vary in size from minute, filterable forms to
long, filamentous, branching forms; marked pleomorphism may occur. May be motile or
non-motile, the motile species possessing peritrichous flagella (rarely, motility has been
ob.served without demonstrable flagella). Gram-negative. Body fluids are frequentl}- re-
quired for growth and are always stimulative. Simple carbohydrates are usuall}' fermented
with the production of acid; gas may be produced in glucose or peptone media. Normally
these are strict anaerobes, but occasionally microaerophilic species occur. Found primarily
in the intestinal tracts and mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals. Sometimes patho-
genic.
* Prof. Robert S. Breed, Cornell University, Geneva, New York, Prof. E. G. D. Murraj^
University of Western Ontario, Canada, and Dr. Nathan R. Smith, Senior Bacteriologist,
Retired, Plant Industry Station, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland,
have prepared the general sections for Family Bacieroidaceae, June, 1955. Other contribu-
tors as noted have prepared the sections covering special groups within this family.
Key to the genera of family Bacteroidaceae.

I. Simple, rarely pleomorphic, rod-shaped cells which are strict anaerobes.
A. Cells with diameters greater than 0.3 micron.
1. Cells with rounded ends.
Genus I. Bacteroides, p. 424.
2. Cells with pointed ends.
Genus II. Fusobacterium, p. 436.
B. Cells with diameters 0.15 micron or less.
Genus III. Dialister, p. 440.
II. Highly pleomorphic rods, some of which may be facultative anaerobes.
A. Strict anaerobes.
Genus IV. Sphaerophorus , p. 441.
B. Facultative anaerobes.
Genus V. Streptobacillus, p. 451.
Genus I. Bacteroides Castellani and Chalmers, 1919.*

(Castellani and Chalmers, Man. Trop. Med., 3rd ed., 1919, 959; Ristella Prevot, Ann. Inst.
Past., 60, 1938, 289; Capsularis Pr6vot, ibid., 290; Zuberella Prevot, loc. cit.)
Bac.te.ro.i'des. M. L. noun bader the masculine equivalent of Gr. neut.n. bactrum a

staff or rod; Gr. noun idus form, shape; M.L. noun Bacteroides rod-like.
Rods, with rounded ends, occurring singly, in pairs or in short chains; sometimes pleo-
morphic. Some species are encapsulated. Motile and non-motile species occur, the motile
species possessing peritrichous flagella. Gram-negative. May or may not require enriched
culture media. Usually ferment glucose, rarely lactose or sucrose. Nitrites not produced
from nitrates. Gas may or may not be produced in peptone media. Anaerobic. Found in the
alimentary and urogenital tracts of man and other animals; some species are pathogenic.
The type species is Bacteroides fragilis (Veillon and Zuber) Castellani and Chalmers.
Key to the species of genus Bacteroides.

I. Non-motile. Sub-genus Ristella Prevot (Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 289).
A. Not encapsulated.
1. Gas produced in culture media,
b. Serum or ascitic fluid not required for growth.
c. Attack carbohydrates.
d. Simple, rod-shaped cells.
1. Bacteroides fragilis.
2. Bacteroides frircosus.
3. Bacteroides perfoetens.
4. Bacteroides incommunis.
5. Bacteroides insolitus.
dd. Pleomorphic cells.
6. Bacteroides thetaiotao micron.
7. Bacteroides trichoides.
8. Bacteroides terebrans.
9. Bacteroides halosmophilus .
cc. Does not attack carbohydrates.
10. Bacteroides putidus.
* Revised by Dr. C. D. Kelly, Department of Bacteriology, McGill University, Montreal,

P.Q., Canada, March, 1955.
FAMILY VI. BACTEROIDACEAE 425
bb. Requires serum or ascitic fluid for growth. Produces a black pigment on
blood agar.
11. Bacteroides melaninogeniciis.
b. Attack carbohydrates.
12. Bacteroides ovatus.
13. Bacteroides convexus.
bb. Do not attack carbohydrates.
14. Bacteroides coagulans.
15. Bacteroides putredinis.
2. Gas not produced in culture media.
a. Gelatin is liquefied.
16. Bacteroides uncatus.
17. Bacteroides tumidus.
18. Bacteroides exiguus.
19. Bacteroides uniformis.
20. Bacteroides vulgatus.
21. Bacteroides distasonis.
b. Action on cellulose not recorded.
22. Bacteroides capillostis.
23. Bacteroides cylindroides .
19. Bacteroides uniformis.
20. Bacteroides vulgatus.
21. Bacteroides distasonis.
bb. Attacks cellulose.
24. Bacteroides succinogenes.
aaa. Action on gelatin not recorded.
25. Bacteroides glutinosus.
26. Bacteroides destillationis .
B. Encapsulated. Sub-genus Capsularis Prevot {ibid., 290).
1. Requires serum or ascitic fluid for growth.
27. Bacteroides viscosus.
2. Does not require serum or ascitic fluid for growth.
28. Bacteroides variabilis.
II. Motile. Sub-genus Zuberella Prevot {loc. cit.).
A. Gas produced in culture media.
29. Bacteroides serpens.
B. No gas produced in culture media.
30. Bacteroides variegatus.
1. Bacteroides fragilis (Veillon and Gelatin: No liquefaction; small amount

Zuber, 1898) Castellani and Chalmers, 1919. of gas.
{Bacillus fragilis Veillon and Zuber, Arch. Agar colonies: Small, gray, irregular.
Med. Exp. et Anat. Path., 10, 1898, 870; Broth: Turbid.
Castellani and Chalmers, Man. Trop. Med., j ., •,, ^.t , ,. o,- ,.
•3 I A mm nr;n D • , 7 / ;• u - / Litmus milk: No coagulation. Slight
3rd ed., 1919, 959; Ristella fragihs Prevot,
^* S^^-
Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 290 (type species ^'^^^^^^
of genus Ristella Prevot, loc. cit.).) ^"dole not produced.
fra'gi . lis. L. adj . fragilis fragile. Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Rods, with rounded ends, staining more Acid from fructose, maltose, sucrose,
deeply at the poles, occurring singly and in galactose, glucose and arabinose. Some
pairs. Non-motile. Gram-negative. strains produce acid from lactose (Wein-
berg et al., Les Microbes Ana^robies, 1937, adj. foetens stinking; M.L. adj. perfoetens
720). very stinking.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Small, ellipsoidal rods, 0.6 to 0.8 by 0.8
Anaerobic. to 1.0 micron, occurring singly, in pairs, in
Optimum temperature, 37° C. short chains or in irregular groups. Non-
Pathogenicity: Some strains produce sub- motile. Gram-negative.
cutaneous abscesses in rabbits, guinea pigs Gelatin: No growth.
or mice. Glucose agar: Deep colonies lenticular,
Source and habitat: From acute appen- with bubbles of fetid gas.
dicitis, pulmonary gangrene, abscesses of Glucose broth: Rapid growth, with pow-
the urinary tract and septicemias in man. dery precipitate and fetid gas.
Milk: Unchanged.
2. Bacteroides furcosus (Veillon and Indole not produced.
Zuber, 1898) Hauduroy et al., 1937. (Bacillus Acid from glucose and sucrose. Some
furcosus Veillon and Zuber, Arch. Med. strains produce acid from lactose.
Exp. et Anat. Path., 10, 1898, 517; Hauduroy Anaerobic.
et al.. Diet. d. Bact. Path., 1937, Ql;Ristella Optimum temperature, 37° C.
furcosa Prevot, Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, Not pathogenic.
291.) Source: Isolated from the intestines of
fur.co'sus. L. adj. furcosîs forked. infants with diarrhoea.
Small rods with forked ends. Non-motile. Habitat: Found in the intestinal tract of
Gram-negative.
Agar: Deep colonies very small, trans- 4. Bacteroides incommunis Eggerth
parent, regular, yellowish. No gas. and Gagnon, 1933. (Eggerth and Gagnon,
Blood agar: Small, moist colonies with Jour. Bact., 25, 1933, 402; Ristella incom-
irregular edges. 291.) munis Pr6vot, Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938,
Broth: Slow growth; fine precipitate;
little gas with sourish, fetid odor. in.com.mu'nis. L. adj. incommunis not
Milk: No coagulation. common .
Coagulated egg white not digested. Rods, 0.5 to 1.5 by 1.0 to 3.0 microns,
Coagulated serum not digested. occurring singly. Non-motile. Stain solidly.
Acid and gas from glucose, maltose, su- Gram-negative.
crose and mannitol. No action on lactose Gelatin: No liquefaction.
or inulin. Blood agar colonies: Elevated, slightly
Anaerobic. yellowish, 1 mm in diameter. One strain
formed soft colonies; the other was stringy
Pathogenicity: Produces subcutaneous when emulsified.
abscesses in guinea pigs. Broth: Growth is diffuse.
Source: Isolated from cases of appendi- Milk: Acidified but not coagulated;
citis and from lung abscesses. coagulates promptly on boiling.
Habitat: Found in cases of appendicitis Indole not produced.
and similar infections in man. Hydrogen sulfide is produced.
Acid and a small amount of gas from
3. Bacteroides perfoetens (Tissier, amygdalin, arabinose, cellobiose, dextrin,
1905) Hauduroy et al., 1937. (Cocco-Bacillus fructose, galactose, glucose, inulin, lactose,
anaerohius perfoetens Tissier, These M6d., maltose, mannose, raffinose, rhamnose,
Paris, 1900, 70; Coccohacillus perfoelans sucrose and xylose. One strain fermented
(sic) Tissier, Ann. Inst. Past., 19, 1905, 110; glycogen and starch. No action on esculin,
Hauduroy et al.. Diet. d. Bact. Path., 1937, glycerol, mannitol, melezitose, salicin,
67; Risiella perfoetens Prdvot, Ann. Inst. sorbitol or trehalose.
Past., 60, 1938,291.) Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
per.foe'tens. L. pref. per very; L. part. Peptone: No gas.
427
Anaerobic. because the pleomorphic rods of this species

Non-pathogenic for white mice or rabbits. have the shapes of these letters.
Source : Two strains were isolated from Description taken from Distaso (op. cit.,
human feces. 1912, 444) ; a more complete description will
Habitat: Probably the intestinal canals be found in Eggerth and Gagnon (Jour.
of mammals. Bact., 25, 1933, 399).
Short, plump to elliptical rods which
5. Bacteroides insolitvis Eggerth and sometimes have a bar across them, thus
Gagnon, 1933. (Eggerth and Gagnon, Jour. causing the organism to resemble the Greek
Bact., 25, 1933, 408; Ristella insolita Prevot, letter theta. Motile (Distaso). Non-motile
Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 291.) (Eggerth and Gagnon). Stain solidly or only
in.so.li'ta. L. adj. insolitus unusual. at the poles. Gram-negative.
Short, thick rods, 1 to 2 microns long, Gelatin: No liquefaction.
often occurring as slender, curved cells, Glucose agar colonies : Large, transparent,
2 to 3 microns long. Non-motile. Gram- entire; sometimes gas bubbles are produced.
negative. Broth: Turbid.
Gelatin: No liquefaction in 45 days. Egg albumen broth: Albumen not at-
Blood agar colonies: Minute, transparent. tacked.
Broth: Heavy, diffuse growth. Litmus milk: Acid, coagulated. Curd
Milk: Acidified and coagulated in 30 to shrinks with expulsion of turbid whey.
35 days. Indole is produced.
Indole is produced. Hydrogen sulfide produced (Eggerth and
Hydrogen sulfide is produced. Gagnon) .
Acid but no gas from fructose, galactose, Acid and gas from esculin, amygdalin,
glucose, glycerol, lactose, maltose and arabinose, fructose, inulin, lactose, cello-
niannose. No acid or gas from esculin, biose, dextrin, galactose, glucose, glycogen,
amygdalin, arabinose, cellobiose, dextrin, maltose, mannose, melezitose, raffinose,
glycogen, inulin, mannitol, melezitose, rhamnose, salicin, starch, sucrose, trehalose
raffinose, rhamnose, salicin, sorbitol, starch, and xylose. Four strains fail to produce gas
sucrose, trehalose or xylose. from any sugar. No acid or gas from glyc-
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. erol, mannitol or sorbitol (Eggerth and
Anaerobic. Gagnon) .
Non-pathogenic for white mice or rabbits. Nitrate reduction not recorded (Distaso).
Distinctive characters: Brom cresol Nitrites not produced from nitrates (Eg-
purple and phenol red are rapidly decolor- gerth and Gagnon).
ized in a meat infusion broth. A small Peptone: No gas (Eggerth and Gagnon).
amount of gas is produced from peptone. Anaerobic.
Source: One strain was isolated from hu- Distinctive characters: Resembles Bac-
man feces. teroides variabilis but is not encapsulated,
Habitat: Probably the intestinal canals does not liquefy gelatin, usually produces
of mammals. gas from sugars and ferments melezitose and
trehalose. Differs from Bacteroides uniformis
6. Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (Dis- in morphology, in producing gas from sugars
taso, 1912) Kelly, comb. nov. {Bacillus and in fermenting rhamnose (Eggerth and
thetaiotaomicron Distaso, Cent. f. Bakt., I Gagnon) .
Abt., Orig., 62, 1912, 444; Bacteroides tethai- Source: Isolated frequently from human
otaomicron (sic) Castellani and Chalmers, feces.
Man. Trop. Med., 3rd ed., 1919, 960;/SpAae/'o- Habitat: Intestinal canals of mammals
cillus thetaiotaomicron Prevot, Ann. Inst. (common).
Past., 60, 1938, 300.)
the.ta.i.o.ta.o'mi.cron. M.L. noun the- 7. Bacteroides trichoides (Potez and
taiotaomicron a combination of the Greek Compagnon, 1922) Hauduroy et al., 1937.
letters theta, iota and omicron, so used {Bacillus trichoides Potez and Compagnon,
Compt. rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, 87, 1922, Acid and gas from glucose, fructose,
339; Hauduroy et al., Diet. d. Bact. Path., maltose, lactose, sucrose and mannitol.
1937, 78; Ristella trichoides Pr4vot, Ann. Neutral red decolorized.
Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 292.) Anaerobic.
tri.cho.i'des. Gr. adj. trichoides hair-like. Optimum temperature, 37° C.
Rods, 0.3 by 5.0 microns, with rounded Pathogenicity doubtful.
ends. Pleomorphic with long filaments in Source: Two strains were isolated from
cultures. Non-motile. Gram-negative. cases of gangrenous erysipelas associated
Gelatin: No liquefaction. with a streptococcus.
Glucose agar: Deep colonies lenticular, Habitat: Presumably found in various
tenacious, whitish. infections in man.
Martin broth: Uniform turbidity in 2 to
3 days followed by fiocculent precipitate 9. Bacteroides halosniophilus Baum-
and clearing. gartner, 1937. (Baumgartner, Food Re-
Milk: Acid and coagulation. search, 2, 1937, 321; Ristella halosmophila
Coagulated egg white: Not digested. Prevot, Man. de Class, et de Determ. des
Coagulated serum: Not digested. Bact. Ana^robies, 1940, 47.)
Hydrogen sulfide produced. ha.los.mo'phi.lus. Gr. noun hals salt;
Acid and gas from glucose, maltose, su- Gr. noun osnms a pushing, thrust; Gr.
crose, fructose, lactose and mannitol. Gas adj. philus loving; M.L. adj. halosniophilus
but no acid from glycerol. salt-pressure-loving.
Neutral red decolorized. Rods, with rounded ends and frequently
Anaerobic. curved, varying in size and shape, the aver-
Optimum temperature, 37° C. age size being 0.5 by 2.0 to 3.0 microns,
Pathogenicity: Produces subcutaneous occurring singly, in pairs and occasionally
abscesses in rabbits. in chains. Pleomorphic. Non-motile. Gram-
Source: One strain was isolated from a
negative.
case of cholecystitis. Gas is produced.
Habitat: Presumably found in various in- NaCl-nutrient gelatin: No liquefaction in
fections inman. 21 days.
NaCl-nutrient broth: Uniform turbidity;
8. Bacteroides terebrans (Brocard and
sparse, granular sediment.
Pham, 1934) Kelly, comb. nov. {Bacillus NaCl-agar colonies: After 4 to 6 days, 2
terebrans Brocard and Pham, Compt. rend. to 3 mm in diameter, finely granular,
Soc. Biol., Paris, 117, 1934, 997; Ristella smooth, moist, low convex, round, entire,
terebrans Prevot, Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, translucent, buff-colored, readily emulsi-
291.) fied in 15 per cent NaCl solution.
te.re'brans. L. part. adj. terebrans per- NaCl-agar streak: Buff-colored, trans-
forating.
parent, beaded.
Rods, 2 to 3 microns long, with rounded NaCl cooked meat medium: Gas pro-
ends. Pleomorphic with swollen bodies and duced. Meat slightly reddened in 4 days.
chromatic granules. Non-motile. Gram- Slight fetid odor.
negative. Indole not produced.
Hydrogen sulfide produced in trace
Glucose agar: Deep colonies spherical
amounts.
with irregular edges. Some gas.
Glucose broth: Uniform turbidity; some Acid and gas from glucose, maltose and
gas with foul odor. glycerol. No acid from lactose, sucrose,
Milk: Acid but no coagulation. inulin, mannitol, dulcitol or salicin.
Coagulated egg white: Not digested. Starch not hydrolyzed.
Coagulated serum: Not digested. Nitrites not produced from nitrates in 21
Growth inhibited by bile. days.
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. Halophilic; more than 4 per cent NaCl is
required in the medium for growth. Opti- tella melaninogenica Pr6vot, Ann. Inst.
mum, 12.5 to 15 per cent. Past., 60, 1938, 290; Roy and Kelly, in Man-
Optimum pH, between 7.4 and 7.6. Limits ual, 5th ed., 1939, 569.)
of pH, 5.5 to 8.5. me.la.ni.no.ge'ni.cus. Gr. adj. melas
Anaerobic. black; M.L. noun melaninum melanin; Gr.
Temperature relations: Optimum, 35° C. adj. genicus of the family; M.L. adj. mel-
Slight growth at 22° C. No growth at 56° C. aninogenicus melanin-producing.
Source: Isolated from salted Mediter- Description taken from Oliver and
ranean anchovies; frequently isolated from Wherry (op. cit., 1921, 341) and Burdon
the fish muscle and the solar salt (the prob- (Jour. Inf. Dis., 4^, 1928, 161).
able infecting agent) in which the fish is Rods, 0.8 by 1.0 to 3.0 microns. Non-
packed. motile. Gram-negative.
Habitat: Probably sea water. Serum gelatin stab: Dense, flocculent
growth at 37° C. No liquefaction.
10. Bacteroides putidus (Weinberg et Blood agar slant: Confluent, black, dry
al., 1937) Kelly, comb. nov. {Bacillus gracilis layer. The blood is disintegrated in one to
putidus Tissier and Martelly, Ann. Inst. two weeks, forming melanin. The medium
Past., 16, 1902, 865; Bacillus putidus Wein- becomes colorless.
berg et al., Les Microbes Ana^robies, 1937, Sodium phosphate broth: Turbid.
790; not Bacillus putidus Kern, Arb. bakt. Litmus milk: Slow acidification but no
Inst. Karlsruhe, 1, Heft 4, 1896, 400; Ristella coagulation.
putida Prevot, Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, Blood serum slant: Fairly luxuriant,
291.) white, moist layer.
pu'ti.da. L. adj. putidus stinking, fetid. Acid from fructose, glucose, lactose,
Small, thin, straight rods, occurring maltose, sucrose and mannitol. No acid
singly or in short chains; longer forms occur from galactose.
in older cultures. Non-motile. Gram-nega- Growth is stimulated by the X factor, but
tive. there is very little growth stimulation by the
Gelatin: No liquefaction. V factor (Schwabacher, Lucas and Riming-
Glucose agar: Deep colonies lenticular in ton. Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 1, 1947, 109).
48 hours, later becoming irregular. No gas. Anaerobic.
Broth: Turbidity in 48 hours with a
powdery precipitate. No gas. Putrid odor. Optimum temperature, 37° C.
Non-pathogenic for rabbits, guinea pigs
Milk: No action. or white mice (Burdon).
Albumin: Broken down to proteoses and Distinctive characters: Growth very poor
amines with the production of hydrogen sul- unless fresh body fluids are added to the
fide and acetic, butyric and valerianic acids. medium. Grows more readily in mixed cul-
Fibrin is digested with the production of ture. When grown on a medium containing
gas. haemoglobin, a black pigment is produced.
Urea is broken down. Comments: Schwabacher et al. {loc. cit.)
No action on carbohydrates. have shown that the black pigment pro-
Fats are saponified. duced by this species is, in reality, hematin,
Anaerobic.
not melanin; the specific epithet melanino-
Growth occurs at 37° C. or at room tem- genicus is, therefore, inappropriate, and
perature.
Source: Isolated from putrefying meat. they recommend renaming this species. Re-
Habitat: Found in decomposing organic naming, however, is contrary to inter-
matter. nationally accepted rules governing nomen-
clature.
11. Bacteroides melaninogenicus (Oli- Source: Isolated from the oral cavity, ex-
ver and Wherry, 1921) Roy and Kelly, ternal genitalia, an infected surgical wound,
1939. (Bacterium melaninogenicuvi Oliver and urine and feces (Oliver and Wherry) .
Wherry, Jour. Inf. Dis., 28, 1921, 341; Ris- Habitat: Inhabits healthy mucous mem-
branes of mammals but may take a part in Acid and a small amount of gas from
various pathological processes (Burdon). esculin, amygdalin, cellobiose, dextrin,
fructose, galactose, glucose, glycogen,
12. Bacteroides ovatus Eggerth and inulin, lactose, maltose, mannose, raffinose,
Gagnon, 1933. (Eggerth and Gagnon, Jour. starch, sucrose and xylose. No acid or gas
Bact., ^5, 1933, 405; Pasteurella ovata Prevot, from arabinose, glycerol, mannitol, melezi-
Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 292.) tose, rhamnose, salicin, sorbitol or tre-
halose.
o.va'tus. L. adj. ovatus ovate, egg-shaped.
Small, ellipsoidal rods, 0.5 to 1.0 by 1.0 Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
to 2.0 microns, occurring singly. Non- Peptone: No gas.
motile. Stain solidly. Gram-negative. Anaerobic.
Gelatin: Liquefaction in 4 days. Non-pathogenic for white mice or rabbits.
Blood agar colonies: Soft, grayish ele- Source: Five strains were isolated from
vated colonies, 1.0 to 1.5 mm in diameter. human feces.
Broth: Diffuse, heavy growth. Habitat: Probably the intestinal canals
Milk: Acidified and coagulated in 4 days. of mammals.
Indole is produced.
Hydrogen sulfide is produced. 14. Bacteroides coagiilans Eggerth and
Acid and a small amount of gas from Gagnon, 1933. (Eggerth and Gagnon, Jour.
esculin, amygdalin, cellobiose, dextrin, Bact., £5, 1933, 409; Pasteurella coagulans
Prevot, Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 292.)
fructose, galactose, glucose, glycogen, inu-
lin, lactose, maltose, mannose, raffinose, co.a'gu.lans. L. part. &&]. coagulans curd-
rhamnose, starch, sucrose and xylose. No ling, coagulating.
Rods, 0.5 to 2.0 microns long. Show bi-
acid or gas from arabinose, glycerol, manni-
polar staining. Non-motile. Gram-negative.
tol, melezitose, salicin, sorbitol or trehalose. Gelatin: Liquefied in 8 to 12 days.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Blood agar colonies: Soft, transparent,
Peptone: No gas. 0.5 mm in diameter.
Anaerobic. Broth: Diffuse growth.
Non-pathogenic for white mice or rabbits. Milk: Coagulated in 8 days without acid
Source: One strain was isolated from production. The coagulum partly redis-
human feces. solves after 3 to 4 weeks.
Habitat: Probably the intestinal canals Indole is produced.
of mammals. Hydrogen sulfide is produced.
13. Bacteroides convexus Eggerth and Anaerobic.
Gagnon, 1933. (Eggerth and Gagnon, Jour. Non-pathogenic for white mice or rabbits.
Bact., 25, 1933, 406; Pasteurella convexa Distinctive characters: No acid or gas
Prevot, Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 292.) from carbohydrates. A small amount of
con. vex 'us. L. adj. convexus convex. gas is produced from peptone. Phenol red
Thick, ellipsoidal rods, 0.8 to 1.5 microns and brom cresol purple are decolorized in a
long, occurring singly or in pairs. In glucose meat infusion broth.
Source: One strain was isolated from
broth, the rods are usually 2.0 to 3.0 microns
human feces.
long. Non-motile. Gram-negative.
Habitat: Probably the intestinal canals of
Gelatin: Liquefaction in 20 to 30 days.
mammals.
Blood agar colonies: Elevated, grayish,
somewhat opaque colonies, 1.0 to 1.5 mm in 15. Bacteroides putredinis (Weinberg
diameter.
et al., 1937) Kelly, couih. nov. (Bacillus A,
Broth: Heavy diffuse growth. Heyde, Beitr. z. klin. Chirurg., 76, 1911, 1;
Milk: Acidified and coagulated in 4 days. Bacillus 'putredinis Weinberg et al., Les
Indole not produced. Microbes Ana^robies, 1937, 755; not Bacillus
Hydrogen sulfide is produced. putredinis Trevisan, Add. ad Gen., p. 36;
see DeToni and Trevisan, in Saccardo, biose, glycerol, glycogen, inulin, mannitol,
Sylloge Fungorum, 8, 1889, 1025; Ristella mannose, melezitose, sorbitol, trehalose or
putrcdinis Prevot, Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, xylose.
291.) Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
put.re'di.nis. L. noun piitredo putridity; Peptone: No gas.
M.L. gen. noun putredinis of putridity. Anaerobic.
Straight rods, 0.8 by 3.0 to 4.0 microns, Non-pathogenic for white mice or rabbits.
with rounded ends, one of which may be Source: One strain was isolated from
swollen. Non-motile. Gram-negative. human feces.
Gelatin: Liquefaction. Foul odor. Habitat: Probabl}' the intestinal canals
Agar: Deep colonies small, round to ar- of mammals.
borescent. No gas.
Broth: Rapid growth; uniform turbidity. 17. Bacteroides lumidus Eggerth and
No gas ; foul odor. Gagnon, 1933. (Eggerth and Gagnon, Jour.
Milk: Rapid growth; casein precipitated Pact., 25, 1933, 405; Ristella tumida Prevot,
and peptonized. Small amount of gas; foul Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 292.)
odor.
tu'mi.dus. L. adj. tumidus swollen.
Coagulated serum: Digested. Small, thick, ellipsoidal rods, 1.0 to 1.5
Indole is produced. microns long, occurring singly. On glucose
Hydrogen sulfide produced in broth. broth there are many swollen forms, 1.0 to
No acid or gas from carbohydrates. 4.0 by 1.5 to 10.0 microns, which stain ir-
Anaerobic. regularly; the bodies of these swollen forms
Optimum temperature, 37° C. are usually very pale, with only the ends
Pathogenicity : Produces local abscesses in staining. Non-motile. Stain solidly. Gram-
animals when mixed with Escherichia coli.
Source: Fifteen strains were isolated from negative.
Gelatin: Liquefaction in 12 to 20 days.
cases of acute appendicitis. Blood agar colonies: Soft, grayish, ele-
Habitat: From cases of acute appendicitis vated colonies, 1 mm in diameter.
and presumably found in similar infections Broth: Heavy, diffuse growth.
in man. INIilk: Acidified but not coagulated.
16. Bacteroides uncatus Eggerth and Hydrogen sulfide is produced.
Gagnon, 1933. (Eggerth and Gagnon, Jour. Acid but no gas from de.xtrin, fructose,
Pact., 25, 1933, 404; Ristella uncata Prevot, galactose, glucose, glycogen, inulin, lactose,
Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 291.) maltose, mannose, rafRnose, sorbitol, starch
un.ca'tus. L. adj. uncatus hooked at the and sucrose. No acid or gas from esculin,
tip. amygdalin, arabinose, cellobiose, glycerol,
Rods, ordinarily 5 to 8 microns long, with mannitol, melezitose, rhamnose, salicin,
extreme variations in size and form; curved trehalose or xylose.
and hooked forms are common. Non-motile. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Gram-negative. Peptone: No gas.
Gelatin: Liquefaction in 16 daj's. Anaerobic.
Blood agar colonies: Very minute and
Non-pathogenic for white mice or rabbits.
transparent. Source: Four strains were isolated from
Broth: Turbid; growth is slow and light. human feces.
Milk: Not acidified or coagulated.
Habitat: Probably the intestinal canals
of mammals.
Acid but no gas after 8 to 30 da3^s of incu-
bation from dextrin, fructose, galactose, 18. Bacteroides exiguus Eggerth and
glucose, lactose, maltose, raffinose, rham- Gagnon, 1933. (Eggerth and Gagnon, Jour.
nose, salicin, starch and sucrose. No acid Bact., 25, 1933, 407; Ristella exigua Prevot,
from esculin, amygdalin, arabinose, cello- Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 292.)
ex.i'gu.us. L. adj. exiguus small and galactose, glucose, glycogen, inulin, lactose,
narrow. maltose, mannose, melezitose, raffinose,
Very small, slender rods, 0.5 to 1.0 micron salicin, starch, sucrose, trehalose and
long, occurring singly and in pairs. Non- xylose. No acid or gas from glycerol, manni-
motile. Gram-negative. tol, rhamnose, sorbitol, dulcitol, erythritol
Gelatin: Liquefaction in 16 to 20 days. or inositol.
Blood agar colonies: These are of two Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
types: one is pin-point in size, the other is Peptone: No gas.
large, gray, moist and 1.0 to 1.5 mm in Anaerobic.
diameter. Non-pathogenic for white mice or rabbits.
Broth: Diffusely clouded. Distinctive characters: Produces indole.
Milk: Acidified and may or may not be Resembles Bacteroides vulgatus.
coagulated in 35 to 40 days. Source: Eight strains were isolated from
Indole not produced. human feces.
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. Habitat: Probably the intestinal canals
Acid but no gas from fructose, galactose, of mammals.
glucose, lactose, maltose, mannose, sucrose
and trehalose. One strain ferments raffinose. 20. Bacteroides vulgatus Eggerth and
No acid or gas from esculin, amygdalin, Gagnon, 1933. (Eggerth and Gagnon, Jour.
arabinose, cellobiose, dextrin, glycerol, Bact., 25, 1933, 401; Pasteurella vulgata
glycogen, inulin, mannitol, melezitose, Prevot, Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 292.)
rhamnose, salicin, sorbitol, starch or xylose. vul.ga'tus. L. adj. vulgatus common.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Ellipsoidal rods, 0.7 to 2.5 microns long,
Peptone: No gas. usually occurring singly, sometimes in pairs;
Anaerobic. one strain forms filaments 10.0 microns long.
Non-pathogenic for white mice or rabbits. Morphology very variable in glucose broth.
Source: Two strains were isolated from Non-motile. Stain solidly, although some
human feces. strains show bipolar staining. Gram-nega-
Habitat: Probably the intestinal canals tive.
of mammals. Gelatin: Liquefaction in 4 to 20 days by
all but one strain.
19. Bacteroides uniformis Eggerth and Blood agar colonies: Soft, translucent,
Gagnon, 1933. (Eggerth and Gagnon, Jour. grayish, elevated, 1.5 to 2.0 mm in diam-
Bact., 25, 1933, 400; Rislella uniformis eter. Half of the strains are hemolytic.
Pr^vot, Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 291.) Broth: Heavy and diffuse growth.
u.ni.for'mis. L. adj. uniformis of a single Milk: Acidified. Coagulated by some
form. strains in 5 to 25 days.
Small rods, 0.8 to 1.5 microns long, with Indole not produced.
rounded ends, occurring singly. Non-motile. Hydrogen sulfide is produced.
Stain heavier at poles and around periphery. Acid and a small amount of gas from
Gram-negative. arabinose, dextrin, fructose, galactose,
Gelatin: Liquefaction by two strains in glucose, glycogen, inulin, lactose, maltose,
15 to 40 days. No liquefaction by six strains. mannose, raffinose, rhamnose, starch, su-
Blood agar colonies: Transparent, soft, crose and xylose. Seven strains fermented
elevated, 0.5 to 0.75 mm in diameter. esculin. No acid or gas from amygdalin,
Broth: Diffuse growth. cellobiose, glycerol, mannitol, melezitose,
Milk: Acidified and coagulated in 8 to 12 salicin, sorbitol, trehalose, dulcitol, erythri-
days. tol or inositol.
Indole is produced. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Hydrogen sulfide produced slowly or not Anaerobic.
at all. Non-pathogenic for white mice or rabbits.
Acid but no gas from esculin, amygdalin, Distinctive characters: Does not form
arabinose, cellobiose, dextrin, fructose, indole; does not produce gas from peptone.
433
FAMILY VI. BACTEEOIDACEAE
This is the commonest Bacteroides species 1908) Kelly, comb. nov. (Bacillus capillosus
found in the feces of adults. Differs from Tissier, Ann. Inst. Past., 22, 1908, 189;
Bacteroides incommunis in that it does not Ristella capillosa Prevot, Ann. Inst. Past.,
ferment am3'gdalin and cellobiose but does 60, 1938, 292.)
ferment glj^cogen and starch. Liquefies ca.pil.lo'sus. L. adj. capi7Zosws very hairy.
gelatin. Long, thick rods, 1 by 4 to 5 microns,
Source: Thirty-eight strains were iso- occurring singly or in chains; curved and
lated from human feces. filamentous forms are present, and they may
Habitat: Probablj' the intestinal canals become tangled. Non-motile. Gram-nega-
of mammals. tive.
21. Bacteroides distasonis Eggerth and Agar: Deep colonies fine, granular, ir-
Gagnon, 1933. (Eggerth and Gagnon, Jour. regular, fimbriate. No gas produced.
Bact., 25, 1933, 403; Ristella distasonis Broth: Slight turbidity.
Prevot, Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 291.) Milk: Growth but no change.
dis.ta.so'nis. M.L. gen.noun distasonis of Coagulated egg white not digested.
Distaso; named for A. Distaso, a Rouma- Indole not produced.
nian bacteriologist. Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Rods, 0.5 to 0.8 b}^ 1.5 to 2.5 microns, with Slight acid from glucose. No acid from
rounded ends, occurring singly; some strains lactose or sucrose.
show a few bacilli 5.0 to 8.0 microns long. Anaerobic.
Non-motile. Stain solidly. Gram-negative. Optimum temperature, 37° C.
Gelatin: No liquefaction by 16 strains; Not pathogenic.
liquefaction by the remaining four strains in Source: Isolated twice from the intestines
35 to 50 days. of infants.
Blood agar colonies: Soft, gra3-ish, ele- Habitat: Found in the intestinal tract of
vated, 1.0 to 1.5 mm in diameter. Two man.
strains are markedly hemolytic.
Broth: Growth is diffuse. 23. Bacteroides cylindroides (Rocchi,
Milk: Acidified. All but 4 strains coagu- 1908) Kelly, comb. nov. (Bacterium cylin-
late milk. droides Rocchi, Lo stato actuale delle nostre
Indole not produced. cognizioni sui germi anaerobi Gamberine e
Hydrogen sulfide is produced. Parmezziani, Bologna, 1908; Ristella cylin-
292.) droides Prevot, Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938,
Acid but no gas from amygdalin, cello-
biose, dextrin, fructose, galactose, glucose,
inulin, lactose, maltose, mannose, melezi- cy.lin.dro.i'des. Gr. noun cylindrus a
tose, raffinose, rhamnose, salicin, sucrose, cjdinder; Gr. noun idus form, shape; M.L.
trehalose and xylose. Fifteen strains fer- adj. cylindroides cylinder-shaped.
ment esculin. Fifteen strains slowly ferment Large, filamentous rods, 6 to 8 microns
starch. No acid or gas from arabinose, glj'co- long, with granular, swollen areas. Non-
gen, glycerol, mannitol or sorbitol. motile. Gram-negative.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Gelatin: No liquefaction.
Peptone: No gas. Glucose agar: Deep colonies small, round.
Anaerobic.
Glucose broth: Turbid with light deposit.
Non-pathogenic for white mice or rabbits. Milk: Unchanged.
Distinctive characters: Usually fails to
Albumin not digested.
liquefy gelatin. Fails to ferment arabinose.
Acid from glucose and sucrose. No acid
Source : Twenty strains were isolated from
human feces. from lactose, galactose, mannitol or dulci-
tol.
Habitat: Probably the intestinal canals
of mammals. Anaerobic.
Grows only at 18° C.
22. Bacteroides capillosus (Tissier, Not pathogenic.
Source: Isolated from the intestines of Produces mainly succinic and acetic acids
man. and shows a net carbon dioxide uptake in
Habitat: Found in the intestinal tract of cellulose or cellobiose fermentations.
Casein is digested.
24. Bacteroides succinogenes Hungate, Anaerobic.
1950. (Bact. Revs., U, 1950, 1.) Temperature relations: Optimum, about
suc.ci.no'ge.nes. L. noun succinum am- 40° C. No growth at 22° or 45° C.
ber; M.L. noun acidum succinicum succinic Final pH in liquid rumen fluid -glucose
acid (derived from amber) ; Gr. v. gennaio medium, about 5.5.
to produce; M.L. adj. succinogenes succinic Distinctive characters: Ferments cellu-
acid-producing. lose very rapidly. Certain volatile fatty
Original description supplemented by acids present in rumen fluid are required
material from Bryant and Doetsch (Jour. for growth (Bryant and Doetsch, Sci., 120,
DairySci.,37, 1954, 1176). 1954, 944; Jour. Dairy Sci., 38, 1955, 340).
Rods, 0.3 to 0.4 by 1.0 and 2.0 microns Source: Isolated from bovine rumen con-
when grown on cellulose agar, often appear- tents.
ing slightly curved and with pointed ends. Habitat: Probably the reticulo-rumen of
Occur singly and in pairs. In old cultures ruminants.
the rods are replaced by spherical and ellip-
soidal forms of variable size. In media con- 25. Bacteroides glutinosus (Guillemot
taining either glucose or cellobiose, the rods and Halle, 1904) Hauduroy et al., 1937.
are larger, usually quite pleomorphic and (Bacillus glutinosus Guillemot and Hall6,
occasionally show rosette arrangements of Arch. M6d. Exp. et Anat. Path., 16, 1904,
cells. Non-motile. Show bipolar staining. 599; Hauduroy et al.. Diet. d. Bact. Path.,
Gram-negative. 1937, 61; Ristella glutinosa Pr^vot, Ann.
Gelatin: No liquefaction. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 292.)
Cellulose agar colonies: Definite clear glu.ti.no'sus. L. adj. glutinosus glutinous.
zone of cellulose digestion with no micro- Long rods, 0.8 by 6.0 to 8.0 microns, fila-
scopically visible colony, but rods may be mentous forms attaining a length of 32.0
observed microscopically at the periphery microns. Occur singly or in entangled
of the area cleared of cellulose. clumps in pus, mostly in clumps and rarely
Rumen fluid-glucose-cellobiose agar col- singly in cultures. Not encapsulated. Non-
onies: Deep colonies are lenticular, 1 to 3 motile. Gram-negative.
mm in diameter; surface colonies are entire, Gas not produced.
slightly convex, translucent to opaque, Agar stab: Growth slow; colonies lenticu-
often with "frosted glass" appearance. lar, whitish, very cohesive.
Non-pigmented or, occasionally, yellow. Anaerobic.
Liquid rumen fluid-glucose-cellobiose me-
dium: Evenly turbid growth which rapidly 55°Optimum
C. temperature, 37° C; killed at
clears with age. Pathogenicity: Pleural pus containing
Indole not produced. this organism did not prove fatal to guinea
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. pigs and rabbits when inoculated into the
Acid from glucose, cellobiose, cellulose
and pectin. Acid may or may not be pro- Distinctive characters: Feeble growth;
pleura.
duced from maltose, lactose, trehalose and very cohesive colonies.
dextrin. No acid from xylose, arabinose, Source: Isolated from cases of purulent
galactose, fructose, sucrose, mannitol, pleurisies.
glycerol, inositol, inulin, salicin, gum arable Habitat : Found in respiratory apparatus,
or xylan. especially the pleura; not common.
Starch may or may not be hydrolyzed.
Esculin not hydrolyzed. 26. Bacteroides destillationis (Wein-
Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced. berg et al., 1937) Kelly, comh. nov. (Anaero-
435
bic bacillus, Tunnicliff, Jour. Inf. Dis., IS, 293.)

7nucosus Prevot, Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938
1913, 289; Bacterium destillationis Weinberg
et al., Les Microbes Ana^robies, 1937, 762; vis.co'sus. L. adj. viscosus sticky, viscous.
Ristella destillationis Prevot, Ann. Inst. Short, ellipsoidal rods, 0.4 by 1.0 to 2.0
Past.,eO, 1938,291.) microns. Pleomorphic on culture media.
des.til.la.ti.o'nis. L. prep, de from, down; Encapsulated. Non-motile. Show bipolar
L. noun stillatio a dropping down; L. noun staining. Gram-negative.
destillatio a dripping down; L. gen. noun Serum gelatin: Liquefaction.
destillationis of a distillation. Serum agar: Deep colonies small, lenticu-
Rods, 0.3 by 2.0 microns, occurring singly lar; gas with fetid odor.
or in clumps; filaments are formed. Non- Serum broth: Mucoid growth in bottom
motile. Gram-negative. of tube; gas and fetid odor.
Gas is not produced. Indole produced in serum broth.
Serum or ascitic fluid favors growth. Hydrogen sulfide produced in serum
Plain agar: No growth. broth.
Goat blood agar colonies: Round, convex, Anaerobic.
white becoming yellowish, very cohesive; Growth only at 37° C.
growth in water of condensation is grayish Pathogenicity: Produces subcutaneous
white and mucoid. abscesses in rabbits, guinea pigs and mice.
Blood agar and ascitic fluid agar stabs: Distinctive characters: Grows only if
Colonies are lenticular, coherent, mucoid. serum is added to the medium.
Loefller's serum: Smooth colonies. Source: One strain was isolated from a
Potato: Smooth, moist, adherent growth. brain abscess following bronchiectasis in
Nutrient broth: No growth. man.
Glucose bouillon: Growth occurs as ir- Habitat: Presumably found in various
regular, mucoid zoogloea; no turbidity. infections in man.
Anaerobic.
Optimum temperature, 37° C.; killed at 28. Bacteroides variabilis (Distaso,
55° C. 1912) Castellani and Chalmers, 1919.
Pathogenicity: Toxic but not pathogenic {Bacillus variabilis Distaso, Cent. f. Bakt.,
to guinea pigs when inoculated in large num- I Abt., Orig., 62, 1912, 441; Castellani and
bers. Following two inoculations (18 days Chalmers, Man. Trop. Med., 3rd ed., 1919,
apart) with the water of condensation from 960; Capsularis variabilis Prevot, Ann. Inst.
Past., 60, 1938, 293.)
cultures in Loeffler's blood serum, a pul-
monary congestion and broncho-pneumonia va.ri.a'bi.lis. L. adj. variabilis variable.
with atelectasis, culminating in death, were Short rods, with rounded ends, occurring
produced in guinea pigs. singly; some cells appear as long, flexuous
Source: Isolated from a case of chronic rods. Encapsulated. Non-motile. Gram-
bronchitis. negative.
Habitat : Found in the human respiratory Gelatin: No growth on plain gelatin
tract; not common. (Distaso) ; liquefaction (Eggerth and Gag-
non, Jour. Bact., 25, 1933, 400).
27. Bacteroides viscosus Hauduroy et Blood agar colonies: Smooth, glistening,
al., 1937. (Coccobacterium mucosum anaerobi- elevated and very mucoid, about 1.0 mm in
diameter.
cum Klinger, Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Grig., Broth: Diffuse growth.
62, 1912, 186 (type species (monotypy) of Litmus milk: Unchanged (Distaso); acidi-
genus Coccobacterium Klinger, loc. cit.); fied and some strains coagulating in 25 to
Bacterium mucosum, Weinberg et al., Les 35 days (Eggerth and Gagnon).
Microbes Anaerobies, 1937, 727; not J5ac/eri- Indole is produced.
um mucosum Mez, Mikroskopische Wasser- Hydrogen sulfide is produced.
analyse, Berlin, 1898, 57; Hauduroy et al., Acid and gas from glucose, lactose and
Diet. d. Bact. Path., 1937, 81; Capsularis sucrose (Distaso). Acid but no gas from
esculin, amygdalin, arabinose, cellobiose, Coagulated egg white and serum not
dextrin, fructose, galactose, glycogen, liquefied.
inulin, lactose, glucose, maltose, mannose, Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
raffinose, rhamnose, salacin, starch, sucrose Acid from fructose, galactose, maltose
and xylose. No acid or gas from glycerol, and lactose.
mannitol, melezitose, sorbitol or trehalose Anaerobic.
(Eggerth and Gagnon). Optimum temperature, 37° C.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates Experimental pathogenicity: Some strains
(Eggerth and Gagnon) . produce abscesses in rabbits, guinea pigs
Peptone: No gas. and mice.
Anaerobic. Source and habitat: Acute appendicitis,
Optimum temperature, 37° C. mastoiditis, pulmonary gangrene, bile tract
Non-pathogenic for white mice or rabbits. of dog and sea water.
Distinctive characters: Encapsulated.
Source: Isolated from human feces by 30. Bacteroides variegatus (Distaso,
Distaso and by Eggerth and Gagnon (8 1912) Castellani and Chalmers, 1919. {Bacil-
strains). lus variegatus Distaso, Cent. f. Bakt., I
Habitat: Probably the intestinal canals Abt., Orig., 62, 1912, 445; Castellani and
of mammals. Chalmers, Man. Trop. Med., 3rd ed., 1919,
960; Zuherella variegata Prevot, Ann. Inst.
29. Bacteroides serpens (Veillon and Past., 60, 1938,293.)
Zuber, 1898) Hauduroy et al., 1937. {Bacillus va.rie.ga'tus. L. part. adj. variegatus
serpens Veillon and Zuber, Arch. Med. Exp. variegated.
et Anat. Path., 10, 1898, 870; Hauduroy et Rods occurring singly and in chains.
al.. Diet. d. Bact. Path., 1937, 74; Zuherella Motile by means of peritrichous fiagella.
serpens Prevot, Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, Gram-negative.
293 (type species of genus Zuherella Prevot, Gelatin stab: No liquefaction.
i6zd.,290).) Glucose agar colonies: Small, translucent,
ser'pens. L. part. adj. serpens creeping. entire. No gas produced.
Thick rods, with rounded ends, occurring Broth: Turbid; no gas.
singly, in pairs or in short chains. Motile. Litmus milk: Acid, coagulated.
Gram-negative. Coagulated egg white: Not digested.
Gelatin: Slow liquefaction, with gas. Indole is produced.
Agar colonies: Punctiform. Acid but no gas from glucose or lactose.
Deep agar colonies: Small colonies in 48 Anaerobic.
hours, ray -like growth later. Gas produced. Optimum temperature,
Broth: Turbid, then flocculent growth; Source: Isolated from 37°
the C.intestines of
some gas with foul odor. man.
Litmus milk: Acidified and coagulated in Habitat: Found in the intestinal tract of
six days with no digestion. man.
Genus II. Fusobacterium Knorr, 1922*

(Knorr, Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 87, 1922, 536; Fusocillus
Prevot, Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 300.)
Fu.so.bac.te'ri.um. L. noun fusus a spindle; Gr. dim. noun hacterium a small rod; M.L.
noun Fusobacterium a spindle rodlet.
Straight or curved rods, usually with tapering ends, occurring singly, in pairs and some-
times in short chains; filaments are common. Motile {Fusocillus) and non-motile species
occur; the motile species may show oscillation of both ends of the rod or movements of
* Revised by Dr. Heiner Hoffman, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York
City, New York, May, 1955.
437
FAMILY VI. BACTEEOIDACEAE
translation. Gram-negative. Stain with more or less distinct granules which may become
Gram-positive. Surface colonies are butyrous, round, entire and, especially in early cultiva-
tion, may appear as clouded, white flecks in a water-clear medium. Glucose is usually fer-
mented. Possess fastidious nutrient requirements for growth. Anaerobic to microaero-
philic. Limited pathogenicity for man and laboratory animals. Found in the buccal cavity
and various infections of man.
Although it is now known that the genus Fusiformis Hoelling is based on a type species,
Fusiformis termitidis Hoelling, which presumably belongs in the genus Cytophaga Wino-
gradsky, some bacteriologists continue to use this generic name for the anaerobic, fusiform
bacteria found in the human mouth. The latter organisms are closelj^ related to the anaero-
bic. Gram-negative species found in the human intestine, and the generic name Fiisohade-
rium Knorr appears to be the legitimate name for this group.
The type species is Fusobaclerium fusiforme (Veillon and Zuber) Hoffman.
Key to the species of genus Fusobacterium.

I. Long rods, attaining a length of 8 to 16 microns.
A. Acid from maltose.
1. Fusobacterium fusiforme.
B. No acid from maltose.
2. Fusobacterium polymorphum.
II. Short rods, usually not exceeding 4 microns in length.
A. Motile.
3. Fusobacterium praeacidum.
B. Non-motile.
1. Milk unchanged.
a. Stubby, spindle-shaped cells.
4. Fusobacterium nucleatum.
aa. Slender, pointed cells.
5. Fusobacterium vescum.
2. Milk acidified and coagulated.
6. Fusobacterium biacutum.
1. Fusobacterium fusiforme (Veillon Original description supplemented by

and Zuber, 1898) Hoffman, comb. nov. (Ba- material taken from Hine and Berry (Jour.
cille de la pourriture d'hopital, Vincent, Bact., S4, 1937, 523).
Ann. Inst. Past., 10, 1896, 495; Bacillus Straight or slightly curved rods, 0.5 to
fusiformis Veillon and Zuber, Arch, de M^d. 1.0 by 8.0 to 16.0 microns, occurring in pairs
Exp6r. et Anat. Path. (Paris), ser 1, 10, with blunt ends together and outer ends
1898, 540; not Bacillus fusiformis Gottheil, pointed, sometimes in short, curved chains
Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 7, 1901, 724; Le ba- or long spirillum-like threads. Granules
cille fusiforme, Vincent, op. cit., IS, 1899, present. Non-motile. Gram-negative.
613; Bacillus hastilis Seitz, Ztschr. f. Hyg., No gas or odor produced.
SO, 1899, 47; Corynebacterium fusiforme Leh- Gelatin: No growth.
mann and Neumann, Bakt. Diag., 4 Aufl., 2, Colonies: Circular, 1 to 3 mm in diameter,
1907, 529; Fusiformis dentium Hoelling, shaped like a low cone, surface resembles
Arch. f. Protistenk., 19, 1910, 239; Fuso- hammered copper or may be wrinkled and
bacterium plauti-vincenti Knorr, Cent. f. pitted; regular edge.
Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 89, 1923, 5; Fusiformis Plain agar: No growth.
fusiformis Topley and Wilson, Princip. of Meat infusion agar: Growth.
Bact. and Immun., 1st ed., 1931, 300.) Serum agar shake culture: After 36 hours,
fu.si.for'mis. L. noun fusus a spindle; L. colonies spherical, up to 0.5 mm in diameter,
noun forma shape; M.L. adj. fusiformis thin, yellowish brown.
spindle-shaped. Serum agar plate: Matted growth. Me-
dium around colonies becomes turbid from mouths of three monkeys and two rabbits
the precipitation of protein. No surface (Hine and Berry).
growth. Habitat: Found in mouth cavities with
Ascitic fluid agar: Growth by most gangrenous lesions as well as in normal
strains. mouth cavities.
Serum broth: Milky turbidity.
Peptone broth: No growth. 2. Fusobacterium polyniorphuni
Liver broth: No turbidity; grayish white, Knorr, 1923. (Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig.,
flaky precipitate. 89, 1923, 19.)
Indole not produced. po.ly.mor'phum. Gr. adj. poly many;
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. Gr. noun morphe form, shape; Gr. adj.
Acid from glucose, fructose, sucrose, polymorphns multiform, of many shapes.
maltose and sometimes from lactose. No Original description supplemented by
acid from inulin or mannitol (Hine and material taken from Hine and Berry (Jour.
Berry). Bact., 3J^, 1937, 522) and from Prevot and
Pathogenicity: Associated with Vincent's Peyre (Ann. Inst. Past., 7S, 1947, 1124).
angina. Non-pathogenic for white mice Rods, 0.2 to 0.5 by 8.0 to 16.0 microns,
(Hauduroy et al., Diet. d. Bact. Path., occurring in pairs with the pointed ends
Paris, 1953, 259). adjoining, often occurring in long threads
Anaerobic. (250 microns). Pronounced pleomorphism.
Temperature relations: Survives 60° C. Non-motile. Gram-negative.
for 2 but not for 5 minutes. Neither gas nor odor is produced.
Relationship to other species: There has Gelatin: No liquefaction.
been a continuous discussion in the litera- Plain agar: Slight growth.
Meat infusion agar: Good growth.
ture regarding the identity of Vincent's
organism (Vincent, op. cit., 1896, 495) with Serum agar plates (alkaline) : After 2 to 3
that reported by Plant (Deutsch. med. days, colonies 0.5 mm or larger in diameter,
Wochnschr., £0, 1894, 922). A review of lens-shaped with offshoots.
Plaut's work indicates that he dealt pri- Rabbit blood (5 per cent) agar colonies:
marily with a mixed culture, one of the Round, 1 to 2 mm in diameter, convex,
organisms present being the "Miller 'schen grayish white, smooth, glistening, entire.
Bacillus," which appears to have been Ascitic fluid agar: Good growth.
Selenomonas sputigena Dobell. Early Ger- Glucose bouillon: Uniformly turbid.
man workers (e.g. Knorr) have favored the Peptone broth: No growth.
idea that Plaut's organism is really identical Douglas' broth: Good growth at bottom
with Vincent's organism, but Vincent and of tube under anaerobic conditions; uniform
other French investigators have maintained turbidity on shaking.
that the two organisms are distinct. The Tenacious sediment in liquid media.
French viewpoint, which seems to be the Milk: Partially coagulated.
correct one, is well summarized by Weinberg Coagulated serum or egg white: Not di-
et al. (Les Microbes Anaerobies, 1937, 804)
and by Prevot (Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, Indole not produced (Knorr) ; indole is
produced (Hine and Berry, and Prevot and
285). Plaut's organism is so vaguely de- Peyre) .
scribed that it should be placed among the
Hydrogen sulfide not produced (Knorr) ;
species incertae sedis; it is doubtful whether
hydrogen sulfide produced in trace amounts
it can be definitely reidentified.
(Prevot and Peyre) .
Source: Isolated from cases of hospital
Acid usually produced from glucose, fruc-
gangrene (Vincent) ; also isolated from tose and sucrose. No acid from lactose, mal-
gingival crevices in normal mouths, from tose, inulin or mannitol (Hine and Berry).
cases with deep caries, inflamed areas Only glucose and fructose are fermented
around crowns and fillings, pyorrhetic (Prevot and Peyre) .
pockets, Vincent's infection and from the Neutral red is reduced.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Habitat: Found in the intestinal tract
Anaerobic. of man.
Temperature relations: Optimum, 37° C;
growth range, 31° to 43° C. (Hoffman, Oral 4. Fusobacteriuni nucleatum Knorr,
Surg., 5, 1952, 1088). Survives 50° C. for 15 1923. (Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 89,
1923, 17.)
minutes, 52° C. for 10 minutes and 56° C.
for 5 minutes (Hine and Berry) . nu.cle.a'tum. L. adj. nucleatus having a
Optimum pH, between 7.0 and 8.2 (Hau- kernel, nucleated.
duroy et al., Diet. d. Bact. Path., 1953, Original description supplemented by
259); between 6.9 and 7.7 (Hoffman, op. material taken from Hine and Berry (Jour.
cit., 1952, 1088). Bact., 34, 1937, 520) and from Robin (Ann.
Non-pathogenic for guinea pigs and mice. Inst. Past., 74, 1948, 259).
Source : One strain was isolated from a de- Spindle-shaped rods, 1 by 4 microns,
posit on teeth in a case of gingivitis (Knorr) ; occurring singly and often in pairs. One or
also isolated from gingival crevices in nor- two granules are present. Non-motile.
mal mouths, from cases with deep caries, Gram-negative.
inflamed areas around crowns and fillings, Disagreeable odor produced on cultiva-
pyorrhetic pockets, Vincent's infection and tion; no gas is produced.
from the mouths of three monkeys and two Gelatin: No liquefaction.
rabbits (Hine and Berry) ; also found in a Plain agar: Scant growth.
case of acute appendicitis (Prevot and Meat infusion agar: Good growth.
Peyre). Serum agar plate: Deep colonies lens-
Habitat: Presumably the buccal cavity. shaped with offshoots.
Rabbit blood (5 per cent) agar colonies:
3. Fusobacteriuin praeacutum (Tis- Round, 0.5 to 1.0 mm in diameter, convex,
sier, 1908) Hoffman, comh. nov. {Coccobacil- grayish white, smooth, glistening, entire.
lus praeacutus Tissier, Ann. Inst. Past., Ascitic fluid agar: No growth by most
22, 1908, 189; Zuberella praeacuta Prevot, strains.
Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 293.) Peptone broth: No growth.
prae.a.cu'tum. L. pref. prae very, quite; Plain liver broth: No growth.
L. adj. acuiiis sharp; ]M.L. adj. praeacutus Liver broth with serum: After 1 to 3 days,
quite sharp. flocculent deposit on the pieces of liver.
Short rods, with pointed ends, occurring Douglas' broth: Good growth at bottom
singly and in chains. Swôllen forms present of tube under anaerobic conditions ; uniform
in old cultures. Motile by means of peri- turbidity on shaking.
trichous flagella. Gram-negative. Milk: No coagulation.
Gelatin: No liquefaction. Indole not produced (Knorr) ; indole
Agar: Deep colonies lenticular. Abun- produced (Hine and Berry, and Robin).
dant gas production. Hydrogen sulfide not produced (Knorr);
Broth: Turbid with powdery precipitate. hydrogen sulfide is produced (Robin).
Milk: Unchanged. Acid from glucose, usually from fructose
Coagulated egg white: Not digested. and sometimes from sucrose and lactose.
Milk fats are saponified. No acid from maltose, inulin or mannitol
Indole not produced. (Hine and Berry). Glucose, fructose, galac-
tose and sucrose are fermented, lactose
Acid from glucose. No acid or gas from
lactose or sucrose. only feebly (Robin) .
Anaerobic. Neutral red reduced.
Optimum temperature, between 22° and Proteins not digested.
37° C. Pathogenic for mice.
Not pathogenic. Anaerobic.
Source: Isolated from the intestines of
infants.
tween 35° and 37° C. (Hauduroy et al.,
Diet. d. Bact. Path., 1953, 259). Survives Anaerobic.

56° C. for 15 minutes but not 60° C. for 10 Non-pathogenic for white mice or rabbits.
minutes (Hine and Berry). Source: One strain was isolated from
Source: One strain was isolated from a human feces.
deposit on teeth in a healthy mouth Habitat: Probably the intestinal canals
(Knorr) ; also isolated from gingival crev- of mammals.
ices in normal mouths, from cases with
deep caries, inflamed areas around crowns 6. Fusobacterium biacutum Weinberg
and fillings, pyorrhetic pockets, Vincent's and Prevot, 1926. (Compt. rend. Soc. Biol.,
infection and from the mouths of three Paris, 95, 1926, 519.)
monkeys and two rabbits (Hine and Berry) ; bi.a.cu'tum. L. adv. bis twice; L. adj.
also found in an actinomycosis of the face acutus sharp, pointed; L. part. adj. biacutus
(Robin). two-pointed.
Habitat: Presumably the buccal cavity. Rods, 0.4 to 0.5 by 1.4 to 3.0 microns, with
pointed ends, occurring singly, in pairs or
5. Fusobacterium vescum (Eggerth sometimes in short chains. Non-motile.
and Gagnon, 1933) Hoffman, comb. nov. Gram-negative.
(Bacteroides vescus Eggerth and Gagnon, Gelatin: No liquefaction.
Jour. Bact., 25, 1933, 406; Fusijormis vescus Veillon's agar: Rapid growth. Colonies
Prevot, Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 300.) lens-shaped. Gas is produced which breaks
ves'cus. L. adj. vescus small, weak. up the medium.
Slender, pointed rods, 1 to 2 microns long, Plain broth: Poor growth.
which are sometimes slightly curved. Non- Glucose broth: Turbid. Medium rapidly
motile. Show bipolar staining. Gram-nega- acidified. Good growth.
tive. Indole not produced.
Gelatin: Liquefaction in 8 to 25 days. Small amount of hydrogen sulfide pro-
Blood agar colonies: Very minute and duced.
transparent. Milk: Acid and coagulation in 2 to 8 days.
Broth: Diffusely clouded. Curd not digested.
Milk: Neither acidified nor coagulated. Casein and coagulated egg-white not
Indole not produced. digested.
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. Acid from glucose, fructose, galactose,
Acid but no gas from cellobiose (in 30 maltose and lactose.
days), dextrin, glucose, maltose, mannose Neutral red reduced.
and rhamnose. No acid or gas from esculin, Does not require blood serum for growth.
amygdalin, arabinose, galactose, mannitol, Anaerobic.
melezitose, raffinose, salicin, sorbitol, Killed in 60 minutes at 60° C.
starch, sucrose, trehalose, xylose, glycerol, Pathogenic for guinea pigs.
glycogen, inulin, lactose or fructose. Source: Six strains were isolated from a
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. case of appendicitis.
Peptone: No gas. Habitat: Unknown.
Genus III. Dialister Bercjey et al., 1923*

(Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 271.)
Di.a.lis'ter. Etymology uncertain.
Minute, filterable, rod-shaped cells, with rather pointed ends, occurring singly, in pairs
and in short chains. Non-motile. Gram-negative. Require fresh, sterile tissue or ascitic
fluid for growth. Glucose is fermented. Anaerobic. Parasitic. Found, associated with in-
fluenza, inthe respiratory tract.
The type species is Dialister p7ieuinosintes (Olitsky and Gates) Bergey et al.
* Arranged by Dr. A. Parker Kitchens, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Penna.,
March, 1946.
441
1. Dialister pneumosintes (Olitsky Optimum pH, between 7.4 and 7.8. No
and Gates, 1921) Bergey et al., 1923. (Bac- growth at pH 7.0 or pH 8.0.
terium pneumosintes Olitsky and Gates, Pathogenic for rabbits and guinea pigs.
Jour. Exp. Med., 33, 1921, 713; also see ibid., Intratracheal injections of mass cultures
35, 1922, 813; Bergey et al., Manual, 1st ed., into rabbits produces a rise in temperature
1923, 271.) in 24 hours and sometimes a conjunctivitis
pneu.mo.sin'tes. Gr. noun pneuma air; and a mononuclear leucopenia. Non-patho-
Gr. noun sintes a spoiler, thief; M.L. adj.
cheally.genic to monkeys when injected intratra-
pneumosintes breath-destroying.
Original description supplemented by Source: Isolated from filtered naso-
material taken from Dack (Bact. Revs., pharyngeal secretions from influenza pa-
4, 1940,250). tients in the early hours of the disease.
Very short rods, 0.15 to 0.3 (in glucose Habitat: Found in the nasopharyngeal
broth, 0.5 to 1.0) micron in length, the washings of man.
width measuring }4 to }yi the length, occur-
ring singly and occasionally in pairs, short 2. Dialister granuliformans (Pavlo-
chains or masses. The ends are rather vic, 1929) Bergey et al., 1934. (Bacterium
pointed. Non-motile. Gram-negative. granuliformans Pavlovid, Cent. f. Bakt.,
Passes Berkefeld V and N filters. I Abt., Orig., 112, 1929, 432; Bergey et al.,
Blood agar colonies: Small, clear, cir- Manual, 4th ed., 1934, 341.)
cular, entire, translucent. gra.nu.li. for 'mans. L. noun granula a
Growth occurs in media containing fresh, small grain; L. part. adj. for mans forming;
sterile, rabbit kidney and ascitic fluid. M.L. adj. granuliformans granule-forming.
Under strict anaerobic conditions, there is Small rods. Non-motile. Gram-negative.
good growth on rabbit blood glucose agar Passes through Chamberland L2 filters.
phites. Agar colonies: Very small, transparent.
Glucose broth in which Escherichia coli No gas.
or Bacillus mesentericus (non-spore stage) Broth: Turbid.
has grown favors growth. Litmus milk: Unchanged.
Acid but no gas from glucose. Neither
Acid from glucose, sucrose and mannitol.
acid nor gas from maltose, lactose, sucrose,
inulin or mannitol. Anaerobic to microaerophilic.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Optimum temperature, 37° C.
Methylene blue not reduced. Pathogenic for rabbits.
Catalase-negative. Source: Isolated from the respiratory
Anaerobic. tract in cases of influenza.
Habitat : Found in the mucous membrane
Optimum temperature, 37° C. Does not
survive 56° C. for half an hour. of the respiratory tract.
Genus IV. Sphaerophorus Prevot, 19S8.*t

(Spherophorus (sic) Prevot, Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 297; Spherocillus (sic) Prevot, loc.
cit.; Necrobacterium Thj0tta, in Lahelle and Thj0tta, Acta Path, et Microbiol. Scand.,
32, 1945, 310; not Spherophorus Persoon, Einige Bemerkungen iiber der Flechten. Neue
Annalen d. Bot., edited by Dr. Paulus Usteri, 7, 1794, 1-32.)
Sphae.ro 'pho.rus. Gr. noun sphaera sphere; Gr. adj. phorus bearing; M.L. noun Sphaero-
phorus that which bears spheres.
* Revised by Prof. Robert S. Breed, Cornell University, Geneva, New York; assisted
by Dr. Heiner Hoffman, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York City,
New York, June, 1955.
t The generic name Sphaerophorus Prevot, type species Sphaerophorus necrophorus Prevot,
was used in the 6th ed. of the Manual, 1948, 578, and is continued in use in this edition.
Straight or curved rods, with rounded ends, which show a marked pleomorphism ; fila-
mentous and branching forms occur. Motile and non-motile species. Gram-negative. May-
or may not require enriched culture media. Usually ferment glucose, rarely lactose or su-
crose. Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Gas may or may not be produced in peptone
media. Anaerobic. Found in the alimentary and urogenital tracts of man and other animals;
also found in various gangrenous or purulent infections in man.
The type species is Sphaerophonis necrophorus (Fliigge) Prevot.
Keij to the species of genus Sphaerophorus.
I. Non-motile. Sub-genus Sphaerophorus Prevot (Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 297).
A. Gas produced in culture media.
1. Do not require serum or ascitic fluid for growth.
1. Sphaerophorus necrophorus.
2. Sphaerophorus inaequalis.
3. Sphaerophorus varius.
4. Sphaerophorus siccus.
5. Sphaerophorus necroticus.
6. Sphaerophorus necrogenes.
7. Sphaerophorus ridiculosus.
aa. Gelatin liquefied slowly.
8. Sphaerophorus gulosus.
2. Require serum or ascitic fluid for growth.
9. Sphaerophorus mortiferus.
10. Sphaerophorus gonidiaformans .
11. Sphaerophorus freundii .
12. Sphaerophorus pyogenes.
B. No gas produced in culture media.
1. Do not require serum or ascitic fluid for growth,
a. Slow coagulation of milk.
13. Sphaerophorus infiuenzaejormis.
aa. No coagulation of milk.
14. Sphaerophorus fioccosus.
After the manuscript was prepared in this way, it was discovered that Sphaerophorus Prevot
is an illegitimate homonym of Sphaerophorus Persoon (Einige Bemerkungen iiber der Flech-
ten. Neue Annalen d. Bot., edited by Dr. Paulus Usteri, 7, 1794, 1-32). Persoon included two
species of lichens in this genus, and the name continues in use among botanists (see for
example. Fink, Lichen Flora of the United States, 1935, 78). Dr. Prevot 's attention has
been called to this unfortunate situation in order that he may make such adjustments in
nomenclature as he feels are desirable. The problem of adjusting the nomenclature is com-
plicated bythe fact that Thj0tta, in Lahelle and Thj0tta (Acta Path, et Microbiol. Scand.,
22, 1945, 310), without noting the previous proposal oi Sphaerophorus Prevot, 1938, has pro-
posed Necrohacterium as the name of the genus in which he would place the necrosis bacillus.
However, no use is made of a scientific name for the necrosis bacillus in the paper by Lahelle
and Thj0tta. Neither is the binomial Necrohacterium necrophorum used by Lahelle {Necro-
hacterium, Thesis, Univ. Oslo, 1947, 166), this binomial appearing first as Necrohacterium
necrophorus (sic) in Jonsen and Thj0tta, Acta Path, et Microbiol. Scand., 25, 1948, 698. It
is unfortunate that so many authors fail to observe conventional requirements established
in order to produce stability in nomenclature. If the definition given above for Sphaero-
phorus isaccepted, then it would appear that the correct name for the necrosis bacillus is
Necrohacterium necrophorum. Some may feel that this name should be ascribed to Thj0tta
1945 by implication although this binomial was not actually published until 1948 by Jonsen
and Thj0tta. — Editors
443
2. Require serum or ascitic fluid for growth.

a. Gelatin not liquefied,
b. Acid from glucose.
15. Sphaerophorus abscedens.
bb. No acid from glucose.
16. Sphaerophorus caviae.
aa. Gelatin liquefied slowly.
17. Sphaerophorus glycohjticus.
II. Motile. ^\xh-gen\xs Sphaerocillus Pr6vot {loc. cit.).
18. Sphaerophorus bullosus.
1. Sphaerophorus necrophorus (Fliigge, dirty white; yellowish center under low

1886) Pr^vot, 1938. (Bacillus der Kalber- power lens; floccose margin.
diphtherie, Loeffler, Mitteil. kaiserl. Gesund- Agar stab : Yellowish colonies along needle
heitsamte, B, 1884, 493; Bacillus diphtheriae track; gas bubbles are produced.
vitulorum Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, Blood agar: Hemolysis of human and
2 Aufl., 1886, 265; Bacillus necrophorus rabbit erythrocytes; weak hemolysis of ox
Fliigge, ibid., 273; Streptothrix cuniculi erythrocytes; no hemolysis of horse, sheep
Schmorl, Deutsch. Ztschr. f. Tiermed., or goat erythrocytes.
17, 1891, 376; Bacillus funduliformis Hall6, Broth: Turbid, flocculent growth; gas and
Inaug. Diss., Paris, 1898; Bacillus theto- a cheese-like odor are produced.
ides Rist, These de Paris, 1898; Actinomyces Litmus milk: Coagulation then digestion
necrophorus Lehmann and Neumann, Bakt. of the coagulum; neutral reaction after 1
Diag., 2 Aufl., 2, 1899, 434; Cohnistreptothrix week.
cuniculi Chalmers and Christopherson, Coagulated egg white: No digestion.
Ann. Trop. Med., 10, 1916, 273; Bactero- Indole is produced.
ides funduliformis Bergey et al.. Manual, 3rd Hydrogen sulfide is produced.
ed., 1930, 373; Pr6vot, Ann. Inst. Past., 60, Acid and gas from glucose, fructose and
1938, 298; Spherophorus funduliformis Pre- maltose. No acid or gas from lactose, su-
vot, loc. cit.; Bacterium funduliforme Dack, crose, mannitol or glycerol.
Jour. Inf. Dis., 62, 1938, 169; Necrobacter- Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
ium necrophorus (sic) Jonsen and Thj0tta, Ammonia not produced.
Acta Path, et Microbiol. Scand., 25, 1948, Anaerobic.
698.) Temperature relations: Optimum, be-
ne.cro'pho.rus. Gr. adj. necrus dead; Gr. tween 30° and 40° C. No growth at 21° or at
adj. phorus bearing; M.L. adj. necrophorus 45° C. Sparse growth at 22° and at 44° C.
necrosis-producing. Optimum pH, between 7.5 and 7.8.
Rods, 0.5 to 1.5 by 1.5 to 3.0 microns in Hemotoxin is produced.
pathological processes. Extremely pleo- Pathogenicity: Some strains are patho-
morphic, especially in cultures, showing genic for rabbits, guinea pigs and mice but
filamentous forms up to 80 to 100 microns in not for white rats.
length and even branching forms, as re- Comments: Dack, Dragstedt, Johnson
ported by some authors. Schmorl (Deutsch. and McCullough (Jour. Inf. Dis., 62, 1938,
Ztschr. f. Tiermed., 17, 1891, 376) states that 169) made a comparative study of Sphaero-
the short forms are motile, whereas Lahelle phorus funduliformis and Sphaerophorus
{Necrobacterium, Oslo, 1947, 166) and other necrophorus with respect to their growth re-
quirements, their colonial morphologies,
recent investigators report this species to their cell morphologies on different media,
be non-motile and non-flagellated. Gram- their biochemical reactions, their patho-
negative. genicities for rabbits and their abilities to
Foul odor produced in all media. ulcerate the colons of experimental animals.
Gelatin: No liquefaction. Their study indicated that no distinction
Agar colonies: Small, circular, opaque. exists between these two organisms. Al-
though strain variations in morphology were sucrose and xylose. No acid or gas from
noted, Dack et al. (ibid., 180) regarded cellobiose, dextrin, glycerol, glycogen, inu-
these variations as insufficient for the differ- lin, mannitol, melezitose, rhamnose, sor-
entiation of species. Likewise, differences bitol, starch or trehalose.
were observed with regard to pathogenicity. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
When injected subcutaneously into rabbits, Anaerobic.
various strains of these organisms produced Non -pathogenic for white mice or rabbits.
a gradient of virulence which ranged from Distinctive characters: Produces a small
slightly virulent to lethal. As there is no amount (5 per cent in Smith tube) of gas
clear-cut method for separating Sphaero- from peptone water in the complete absence
phorus funduliformis and Sphaerophorvs of carbohydrates; none of this gas is ab-
necrophorus, Dack et al. (loc. cit.) consider sorbed by alkali. Rapidly decolorizes brom
these two organisms as constituting a single cresol purple and phenol red in meat infusion
species, Sphaerophorus necrophorus. broth; slowly or not at all in peptone water.
Source: Isolated from the female genital Source: One strain was isolated from hu-
man feces.
tract, urinary infections, puerperal infec-
tions, acute appendicitis, otitis, pulmonary Habitat: Probably the intestinal canals
of mammals.
gangrene, liver abscesses, septicaemias, in-
testinal tracts and chronic ulcerative colitis;
also isolated from cases of diphtheria in 3. Sphaerophorus varius (Eggerth and
cattle with multiple sclerotic abscesses, Gagnon, 1933) Prevot, 1938. {Bacteroides
from gangrenous dermatitis in horses and varius Eggerth and Gagnon, Jour. Bact., 25,
mules and from multiple necrotic foci in the 1933, 409; Prevot, Ann. Inst. Past., 60,
livers of cattle and hogs. 1938, 299.)
Habitat : Presumably a normal inhabitant va'ri.us. L. adj. varius diverse, varied.
of the mucous membranes of man and other Slender rods, 1 to 2 microns long, on blood
animals. agar; on glucose agar the cells are longer
and thicker, measuring 2 to 3 microns in
2. Sphaerophorus inaequalis (Eggerth length; ellipsoidal or coccoid forms are
and Gagnon, 1933) Prevot, 1938. (Bactero- found in glucose broth. Non-motile. Shows
ides inaequalis Eggerth and Gagnon, Jour. uneven staining. Gram-negative.
Bact., 25, 1933, 407; Prevot, Ann. Inst. Gelatin: No liquefaction in 45 days.
Past., 60, 1938, 298.) Blood agar colonies: Very flat cones, 2 to
in.ae.qua'lis. L. adj. inaequalis unequal. 3 mm in diameter.
Rods which show wide variation in size Broth: Diffusely clouded.
and form. Marked pleomorphism on blood Milk: Not acidified or coagulated.
agar: some forms are coccoid, 0.5 micron in Indole is produced.
diameter, while others are slender filaments, Hydrogen sulfide is produced.
3.0 to 12.0 microns long, which are often Acid and gas from fructose, galactose,
curved or hooked. On glucose agar and in glucose and mannose. No acid or gas from
glucose broth, the cells occur as small ellip- esculin, amygdalin, arabinose, cellobiose,
soids, 1.0 to 2.0 microns long, which may dextrin, glycerol, glycogen, inulin, lactose,
form short chains. Non-motile. Show bi- maltose, mannitol, melezitose, raffinose,
polar staining. Gram-negative. rhamnose, salicin, sorbitol, starch, sucrose,
Gelatin : No liquefaction in 45 days.
trehalose or xylose.
Blood agar colonies: Pin-point in size. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Broth: Diffusely clouded.
Milk: Acidified but not coagulated. Anaerobic.
Indole is produced. Non-pathogenic for white mice or rabbits.
Hydrogen sulfide is produced. Distinctive characters: Gas is produced
Acid but no gas from esculin, amygdalin, from peptone. Brom cresol purple and
arabinose, fructose, galactose, glucose, lac- phenol red are decolorized in a meat infu-
tose, maltose, mannose, raffinose, salicin, sion broth.
445
Source: Two strains were isolated from amorphous elements remain. Non-motile.
human feces. Gram-negative.
Habitat: Probably the intestinal canals of Gelatin: No liquefaction.
mammals. Agar: Deep colonies small, lenticular. Gas
is produced.
4. Sphaerophorus siccus (Eggerth and Glucose broth: Diffuse growth which
Gagnon, 1933) Prevot, 1938. [Bacteroides settles as a heavy, sticky deposit. Gas and
siccus Eggerth and Gagnon, Jour. Bact., 25, fetid odor.
1933, 410; Prevot, Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, Milk: No acid, coagulation or peptoniza-
299.) tion.
sic'cus. L. adj. siccus dry. Coagulated egg white not liquefied.
Short, thick rods about 1.0 micron long; Indole is produced.
in glucose broth the cells are coccoid and Acid from glucose, fructose, lactose, su-
often grow in short chains. N on -motile. crose, galactose and maltose. No acid from
Gram-negative. mannitol, dextrin, inulin, amygdalin, sali-
Gelatin: No liquefaction. cin, arabinose or glycerol.
Blood agar colonies: Elevated, dry, diffi- Anaerobic.
cult to emulsify, 1.0 to 1.5 mm in diameter.
Broth: Growth occurs as a powdery sedi- Pathogenicity: Slightly pathogenic in
ment with a clear supernatant fluid. pure culture. Pathogenicity more marked if
Indole not produced. mixed with Escherichia coli.
Hj'drogen sulfide is produced. Source: One strain was isolated from a
Milk: Unchanged. case of gangrenous appendicitis.
Acid but no gas from fructose. No acid or Habitat: Presumably found in necrotic
gas from glucose, glycerol, mannitol, sor- tissues of man.
bitol, arabinose, salicin, trehalose, amygda-
lin, cellobiose, glycogen, rhamnose, xylose 6. Sphaerophorus necrogenes (Wein-
or lactose. berg et al., 1937) Prevot, 1938. (Bacillus,
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Kawamura, Jour. Jap. Soc. Vet. Sci., 5,
Anaerobic. 1926, 22; Bacillus necrogenes Weinberg et al.,
Non-pathogenic for white mice or rabbits. Les Microbes Ana^robies, 1937, 681; Prevot,
Distinctive characters: Gas is produced Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 298.)
in small amounts from peptone. Phenol red ne.cro'ge.nes. Gr. adj. necrus dead; Gr.
and brom cresol purple are decolorized in V. gennaio to produce; M.L. adj. necrogenes
meat infusion broth. necrosis-producing.
Source: Two strains were isolated from Rods and very long filaments (50 to 100
human feces. microns) with swellings. Non-motile. Gram-
Habitat : Probably the intestinal canals of negative.
mammals. Gas is produced.
Serum and ascitic fluid may or may not
5. Sphaerophorus necroticus (Nati- favor growth.
velle, 1936) Prevot, 1938. {Bacillus necroticus Gelatin: No liquefaction. Good growth;
Nativelle, 1936, see Weinberg et al., Les
Microbes Ana6robies, 1937, 693; Pr6vot,
Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 298.) Serum agar colonies: Small, whitish, ap-
pearing in 2 or 3 days; slight gas.
ne.cro'ti.cus. Gr. noun necrus a dead gas.Glucose agar colonies: Small, whitish; less
body; M.L. adj. necroticus necrotic.
Short, thin, irregular rods, with a few growth than on serum agar.
long forms, some showing bipolar staining Agar stab: Small, punctiform colonies;
in young cultures. In 10 to 18 hours, central,
deep-staining, ovoid swellings appear in the Glucose bouillon: Turbid; gas; sediment
rods; these are not spores. After 24 hours to and then clarification.
several days, the rods disappear, and only gas.Liver broth: Abundant growth; gas; gray-
ish white sediment in 3 to 5 days, the broth Ammonia (0.04 g) and a volatile acid
clearing. (0.096 g of acetic and butyric acids) are
Milk: Not coagulated; cheesy odor. produced (per 100 cc of culture).
Anaerobic. Lactic acid is produced.
Optimum temperature, 37° C; killed at Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced.
58° C. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Pathogenicity: Causes necrotic suppura- Neutral red is reduced.
tions in domestic fowls, especially hens. Anaerobic.
Pathogenic for mice, guinea pigs and rab- Optimum temperature, 37° C.
bits; subcutaneous injection of 0.1 to 1.0 cc Neither toxin nor hemolysin produced.
produces local edema and metastatic, ne- Pathogenicity: Lesions not produced in
crotic abscesses in the lungs and liver, mice or guinea pigs.
killing in 4 to 10 days. Intramuscular injec- Source : Isolated from a lesion in a j aw un-
tion of 0.1 cc produces purulent inflamma- successfully treated with penicillin.
tion and necrosis, followed by death, in Habitat: Found in human lesions; prob-
chickens and pigeons. ably more widely distributed than this.
Source : Isolated from an epidemic abscess
of chickens. 8. Sphaerophorus gulosus (Eggerth
Habitat: Found in domestic fowls; not andGagnon, 1933) Prevot, 1938. {Bacteroides
common. gulosus Eggerth and Gagnon, Jour. Bact.,
£5, 1933, 398; Prevot, Ann. Inst. Past., 60,
7. Sphaerophoriis ridiculosus Prevot, 1938, 298.)
1948. (Ann. Inst. Past., 75, 1948, 387.) gu.lo'sus. L. adj. gulosus gluttonous.
ri.di.cu.lo'sus. L. adj. ridiculosus laugh- Small, elliptical rods, 0.8 to 1.0 by 1.0 to
able, droll. 2.0 microns, on blood agar plates; in addi-
Extremely pleomorphic rods, especially tion to these elliptical forms, small cocci,
on initial isolation and when subject to the rods with marked bipolar staining, swollen
action of penicillin; the most frequent form rods 2 to 3 by 3 to 4 microns, and longer rods
is a round mass, 3 to 4 microns in diameter, up to 6 microns occur in glucose broth. Non-
bearing two rod-shaped appendices which motile. Stain deeper around periphery.
are diametrically opposed or which form an Gram-negative.
obtuse angle with each other; in old cultures Gelatin: Liquefaction in 2 to 3 weeks.
the predominant forms are straight or Blood agar colonies: Soft, gray, entire,
curved rods, 0.8 by 2.5 to 10.0 microns, the elevated, 2 mm in diameter.
short forms often showing bipolar staining. Broth: Heavy and diffuse growth.
Non-motile. Robinow's procedures show Milk: Acidified and coagulated in 4 to 20
what appears to be a conjugation of cells days.
with a true nuclear cycle. Gram-negative. Indole is produced.
Much gas and slight odor are produced. Hydrogen sulfide is produced.
Gelatin : No liquefaction. Acid and a very small amount of gas from
Agar stab: Lenticular colonies; abundant esculin, amj-gdalin, arabinose, cellobiose,
gas. dextrin, fructose, galactose, glycogen, in-
Glucose bouillon: Rapid and abundant ulin, lactose, glucose, maltose, mannitol,
turbidity; abundant gas; fetid odor. mannose, melezitose, raffinose, rhamnose,
Peptone broth: Turbid; gas. salicin, sorbitol, starch, sucrose, trehalose
Milk: Coagulated in 5 days. and xylose. Sorbitol and mannitol require
Coagulated proteins: Not attacked. 2 to 3 weeks for fermentation. Neither acid
Indole and skatole not produced. nor gas from glycerol, dulcitol, erythritol
Hydrogen sulfide slightly produced. or inositol.
Glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, mal- Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
tose and galactose are attacked. Glycerol is Peptone: No gas.
not utilized. Anaerobic.
Starch is feebly attacked. Non-pathogenic for white mice or rabbits.
447
Source: Seven strains were isolated from Path., 1937, 62; Prevot, Ann. Inst. Past.,
human feces. 60, 1938, 299.)
Habitat: Probably the intestinal canals go.ni.di.a.for'mans. Gr. noun gone off-
of mammals. spring, seed; M.L. noun gonidium gonidium;
L. part. adj. formans forming; M.L. adj.
9. Sphaerophorus niortiferus (Harris, gonidiaformans gonidia-forming.
1901) Prevot, 1938. {Bacillus mortiferus Rods, 0.5 by 1.0 to 3.0 microns, with
Harris, Jour. Exp. Med., 6, 1901, 519; rounded ends; gonidia form within the
Prevot, Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 299.) rods, developing into short or long, wavy
mor.ti'fer.us. L. noun mors death; L. filaments. Non-motile. Show bipolar stain-
gen. noun mortis of death; L. v. fero to bear; ing; also show red granules with Giemsa
ALL. adj. mortiferus death-bearing. stain. Gram-negative.
Rods, 0.6 bj' 2.0 microns, with rounded Serum or ascitic fluid is required for
ends, occurring singly, in pairs or in short
chains, with filamentous and pleomorphic growth.
Gelatin: No liquefaction. No growth.
forms, some showing metachromatic gran- Blood agar colonies: Thick,whitish, moist,
ules. Non-motile. Gram-negative. entire.
Serum or ascitic fluid is required for Glucose media: Slight gas produced.
growth. Broth: Slight development; flocculent
Hydrocele gelatin: No liquefaction. No sediment.
gas. Litmus milk: No growth.
Hydrocele agar: Deep colonies small, ir- Potato: No growth.
regular, translucent, granular, light brown. No acid or gas from glucose, salicin, man-
Surface colonies small, regular or fringed, 1 nitol or inulin.
to 2 mm in diameter, yellowish brown; fecal Anaerobic.
odor.
Glucose-human blood agar: Gas with a Pathogenic for rabbits and guinea pigs.
disagreeable odor; browning of the hemo- Source : Isolated from tonsils.
globin. Habitat: Presumably the pharynx.
Hydrocele broth: Growth with heavy,
viscous, whitish deposit and foul-smelling 11. Sphaerophorus freundii (Haudu-
gas. roy et al., 1937) Prevot, 1938. (Freund, Cent,
Hj^drocele milk: Acid but no coagulation. f. Bakt., I Abt., Ong., 88, 1922, 9; Bacterium
In 6 days the milk is peptonized. of Freund, Weinberg et al., Les Microbes
Indole produced in hydrocele broth. Anaerobies, 1937, 706; Bacteroides freundii
Hydrogen sulfide produced in hydrocele Hauduroy et al., Diet. d. Bact. Path., 1937,
broth. bl ; Sphaerophorus freundi (sic) Prevot, Ann.
Anaerobic. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 299.)
Optimum temperature, 37° C. freun'di.i. M.L. gen. noun freundii of
Pathogenic for guinea pigs, rabbits and Freund; named for F. Freund, the bacteri-
mice.
ologist who first described this species.
Source: Isolated from a liver abscess of
Short, ellipsoidal rods, 0.3 to 0..35 by 0.8
man.
to 1.0 micron, occurring singly, in pairs and
Habitat : Presumabl}^ found in various in- in chains. Pleomorphic in cultures with ir-
fections inman.
regular filaments and swollen forms. Non-
10. Sphaerophorus gonidiaformans motile. Show bipolar staining. Gram-
(Tunnicliff and Jackson, 1925) Prevot, 1938. negative.
(Bacillus gonidiaformans Tunnicliff and Serum or ascitic fluid is required for
Jackson, Jour. Inf. Dis., 36, 1925, 430;
Actinomyces gonadiformis (sic) Bergey et al., growth.
Manual, 3rd ed., 1930, 469; Bacteroides goni- Ascitic agar: Deep colonies lenticular in 1
diaformans Hauduroy et al.. Diet. d. Bact. to 3 days, small, yellowish.
Serum glucose agar: Deep colonies len- Tarozzi broth with liver: Rapid growth
ticular. Gas produced. with turbidity and later a fiocculent deposit.
Glucose agar: Surface colonies pinhead, Foamy layer on the surface.
dew-drop, opaque, yellowish. Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Glucose serum broth: Turbidity; thin Anaerobic.
fiocculent growth. Gas produced with fetid
odor. Pathogenicity: Pathogenic for rabbits
Serum milk: Coagulated in 3 daj-s. Not and guinea pigs when pus from a lesion is in-
peptonized. jected. Cultures other than those in ascitic
Indole is produced in glucose broth. broth show no pathogenicity.
Hydrogen sulfide is produced in glucose Source: Isolated from abscesses of the
broth. liver and lungs following septic war wounds;
Coagulated hydrocele fluid not liquefied. also isolated from the blood stream follow-
Acid and gas from glucose, maltose, su- ing tonsillectomies.
crose and inannitol. I']thanol and butyric Habitat: Found in various infections in
and lactic acids are produced from carbohy- man.
drates.
Anaerobic. 13. Sphaerophorus influenzaeforniis
Optimum temperature, 37° C. (Russ, 1905) Prevot, 1938. (Bacillus influen-
Pathogenic for rabbits and guinea pigs. zaeformis Russ, Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt.,
Source: One strain was isolated from a Orig., 39, 1905, 357; Bacteroides russii Hau-
purulent meningitis following otitis in man. duroy et al.. Diet. d. Bact. Path., 1937, 73;
Habitat: Found in various infections in Prevot, Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 299.)
man. in.flu.en.zae.for'mis. M.L. noun iyiflu-
enza influenza; L. noun forma shape; M.L.
12. Sphaerophorus pyogenes (Haudu- adj. influenzaeformis influenza-like.
roy et al., 1937) Prevot, 1938. (Buday, Cent, Short rods, 0.5 by 1.5 microns, with
f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 77, 1916, 453; Bacillus rounded ends ; some strains are pleomorphic
pyogenes anaerobins Bela-Johan, Cent. f. with involution forms and swollen fila-
Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 87, 1922, 290; not ments. Non-motile. Show bipolar staining.
Bacillus pyogenes anaerobius Kruse, in Gram-negative.
Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 3 Aufl., 2, Gelatin: No liquefaction.
1896, 244; Bacteroides pyogenes Hauduroy Agar: Deep colonies lenticular, sometimes
et al.. Diet. d. Bact. Path., 1937, 69; Prevot, surrounded by a number of smaller colonies.
Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 299.) No gas.
py.o'ge.nes. Gr. noun pyum pus; Gr. v. Glucose agar: Surface colonies semi-
gennaio to produce; M.L. adj. pyogenes pus- transparent, dew-drop, grayish.
producing. Peptone broth: No growth.
Short, ellipsoidal rods, occurring singly, Glucose broth: Uniform turbidity which
in short chains and as pleomorphic, filamen- deposits as a granular mass. No gas pro-
tous forms. Non-motile. Show bipolar stain- duced.
ing. Gram-negative. Milk: Slow growth with coagulation in
Serum or ascitic fluid is required for
several weeks. No gas or digestion of coagu-
growth; isolation in culture media is easier lum.
after animal passage.
Indole produced in glucose broth.
Serum agar: Deep colonies small, puncti-
form. Some gas produced. Surface colonies Hydrogen sulfide produced in glucose
fine, transparent, with flat borders, 0.5 mm broth.
in diameter. Anaerobic.
Ascitic broth: The optimum concentra- Optimum temperature, 37° C.
tion of ascitic fluid is from 30 to 50 per cent. Pathogenicity: One strain was patho-
Fiocculent growth with a foamy layer on the genic for rabbits, mice and guinea pigs.
surface. Gas produced. Source: One strain was isolated from a
perianal abscess and two strains from puru- quent transfers, the short forms predomi-
lent meningitis in man. nate, especially in liquid media, and pleo-
Habitat: Found in various infections in morphism is retained in agar stabs. The
man. ellipsoidal forms show bipolar staining.
Non-motile. Gram-negative.
14. Sphaerophorus floccosus (Wein- Serum or ascitic fluid is required for
berg et al., 1937) Prevot, 1938. (Strepfobadl-
hts pyogenes floccosus Courmont and Cade, growth.
Neither gas nor odor produced.
Arch. Med. Exp., 12, 1900, 393; Bacillus Gelatin: No liquefaction.
floccosus Weinberg et al., Les Microbes Serum agar stab: Colonies punctiform,
Ana6robies, 1937, 698; not Bacillus floccosus becoming lenticular.
Kern, Arb. bakt. Inst. Karlsruhe, 1, Heft 4, Glucose serum broth: Homogeneous tur-
bidity.
1896, 424; Bacteroides floccosus Hauduroy
et al., Diet. d. Bact. Path., 1937, 55; Prevot, In glucose broth, the end-products of fer-
Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 299.) mentation are acetic, butyric and lactic
floc.co'sus. L. adj. floccosus full of flocks acids, ammonia, a slight amount of hydro-
of wool . gen sulfide, indole and sometimes cresol and
Small, ellipsoidal rods, 1 micron long, oc- acetylmethylcarbinol. Amines, alcohols and
curring singly, in pairs and in chains. Non- ketones are not produced.
motile. Show bipolar staining. Gram-nega- Peptone broth: Eventually becomes tur-
tive. bid; indole is produced.
Gelatin: No liquefaction. Milk: Unchanged.
Deep agar: Growth slow, appearing as a Coagulated proteins not attacked.
light haze. No gas produced. Glucose and galactose are attacked.
Blood agar: Translucent colonies sur- Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
rounded by a zone of alpha hemolysis. Anaerobic.
Broth: Rapid, flocculent growth on sides Neither toxin nor hemolysin produced.
of tube; no turbidity; no gas; slight fetid Non-pathogenic for rabbits, guinea pigs
odor. or mice.
Milk: Poor growth; no coagulation. Source: One strain was isolated from the
Coagulated serum: Small, whitish colo- pus of an abscess on a cow; a second strain
nies. No liquefaction. was isolated from the pus of an abscess
Potato: No growth. which developed on the heel of a man bitten
Anaerobic. by a dog.
Optimum temperature, 37° C. Habitat : Found in warm-blooded animals
Non-pathogenic for mice. Produces le- so far as known.
sions in rabbits, guinea pigs and dogs.
Source: Isolated from blood in pyemia of 16. Sphaerophorus caviae (Vinzent,
man . 1928) Prevot, 1938. iStreptobacillus caviae
Habitat: Presumabh' found in various in- Vinzent, Ann. Inst. Past., 42, 1928, 533;
fections in man. Bacteroides caviae Hauduroy et al.. Diet. d.
Bact. Path., 1937, 53; Prevot, Ann. Inst.
15. Sphaerophoru.s abscedens Tardieu.x Past., 60, 1938,299.)
and Monteverde, 1951. (Tardieux and ca'vi.ae. M.L. gen. noun caviae of Cavia;
Monteverde, in Tardieux, Ann. Inst. Past., M.L. noun Cavia generic name of the cavy,
80, 1951,276.) or guinea pig.
ab.sce'dens. L. part. adj. abscedens going Small rods, usually 0.3 to 0.5 by 1.0 to 1.5
away, disappearing. microns, sometimes curved, occurring singly
Pleomorphic rods which, on initial cultur- and in chains. Pleomorphic in old cultures
ing, occur as ellipsoidal forms, 2 to 3 microns with long, filamentous forms. Non-motile.
in diameter, and as elongated forms with Gram-negative.
lateral or terminal, spheroidal swellings Serum or ascitic fluid is required for
and metachromatic granules. With subse-
growth.
Serum gelatin: No liquefaction. and traces of aldehydes and skatole. Amines

Serum agar: Surface colonies small, trans- and alcohols are not produced.
lucent, slightly raised, adherent to medium Peptone serum broth: Very slight tur-
bidity.
in 48 hours. Deep colonies lenticular, 2 mm
in size in 48 hours. Colonies difficult to Milk: Rapid coagulation and digestion.
break up. No gas. Coagulated proteins not attacked.
Serum broth: Supernatant fluid clear with Acid but no gas from glucose, fructose,
small, stellate colonies which tend to adhere galactose, sucrose, lactose, maltose and
to walls of the tube. No gas.
Milk: Unchanged. glycerol.
Starch is not hydrolyzed.
Coagulated egg white and serum not Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
liquefied. Neutral red is reduced, progressively re-
coloring.
Indole not produced in serum peptone
water. Anaerobic.
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. Survives for several minutes at 70° C.
No acid or gas from carbohydrates. Neither to.xin nor hemolysin produced.
Anaerobic. Pathogenic for guinea pigs but not for
rabbits.
Pathogenic for guinea pigs, rabbits and Source: Two strains were isolated from
mice. genital infections and a third from a war
Source: Isolated from epidemic benign wound.
cervical adenitis of guinea pigs. Habitat: Human sources so far as known.
Habitat: Infected guinea pigs so far as
known. 18. Sphaerophorus bullosus (Distaso,
1912) Breed, comb. nov. (Bacillus bullosus
17. Sphaerophorus glycolyticus Tar- Distaso, Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 62,
dieux and Ernst, 1951. (Tardieu.x and Ernst, 1912, 443; Bacteroides bullosus Castellani
in Tardieux, Ann. Inst. Past., 80, 1951, 278.) and Chalmers, Man. Trop. Med., 3rd ed.,
gly.co.ly'ti.cus. Gr. adj. glycus sweet; 1919, 960; Spherocillus bullosis (sic) Pr^vot,
Gr. adj. lyticus dissolving; M.L. adj. glyco- Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 300 (type species
lyticus sugar-dissolving. of genus Sphaerocillus Prevot, ibid., 297).)
Pleomorphic rods which, on initial cul- bul.lo'sus. L. noun6MZZaaknob;M.L. adj.
turing, occur as ellipsoidal forms, 2 to 3 bullosus knobbed.
microns in diameter, and as elongated forms Small rods with rounded ends; at times
with lateral or terminal, spheroidal swell- long, slender, bifurcating forms occur with
ings and metachromatic granules. With an enlargement at one pole or in the center.
subsequent transfers, the short forms pre- Motile by means of peritrichous flagella.
dominate, especially in liquid media, and Show bipolar staining. Gram-negative.
pleomorphism is retained in agar stabs. The Gelatin: No liquefaction.
ellipsoidal forms show bipolar staining. Glucose agar colonies: Deep colonies very
Non-motile. Gram-negative. small with fimbriate margin. Gas is pro-
Serum or ascitic fluid is required for duced.
growth. Glucose broth: Flocculent growth falling
No gas, but abundant odor is produced. to bottom. Some gas produced.
Gelatin: Slow liquefaction (sometimes Litmus milk: Slight acidity. No coagula-
only after 1 month). tion.
Agar stab: Colonies are punctiform or Indole not produced.
lenticular. Acid from glucose. No acid from lactose or
Glucose broth: Abundant, homogeneous sucrose.
turbidity. Anaerobic.
In glucose broth, the end-products of Optimum temperature,
fermentation are acetic, butyric and lactic Source: Isolated from the37°intestinal
C. tract.
acids, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, acetone Habitat: Found in the intestinal tract.
Genus V. Streptobacillus Levaditi et al., 1925.*

(Streptothrix Schottmiiller, Dermat. Wochnschr., 68, 1914, Supplement, 77; not Strepto-
thrix Corda, Prachtflora Europaeischer Schimmelbildung, 1839; Actinomyces Lieske, Morph.
u. Biol. d. Strahlenpilze, Leipzig, 1921, 31; not Actinomyces Harz, in Bollinger, Centbl. f.
med. Wissensch., 15, 1877; 485; Levaditi, Nicolau and Poincloux, Compt. rend. Acad. Sci.,
Paris, 180, 1925, 1188; not Streptobacillus Ueke, Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., 23, 1898, 996; Astero-
coccus (in part) Heilman, Jour. Inf. Dis., 69, 1941, 32; Pruactinomyces (in part) Krassilnikov,
Guide to the Actinomycetes, Izd. Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Moskau, 1941, 76.)
As Streptobacillus Levaditi et al., 1925, is generally used as the generic name of the or-
ganisms in this genus, it is retained for use in this edition of the Manual although Strep-
tobacillus Ueke, 1898, type species S. terrae Ueke, clearly antedates it. Streptobacillus Ueke
is now generally regarded as a synonym of Bacillus Cohn, for the type species of Ueke's
genus is an aerobic sporeformer while Streptobacillus moniliformis Levaditi et al. is a non-
sporeformer. Possibly Haverhillia Parker and Hudson (Amer. Jour. Path., 2, 1926, 357), type
species Haverhillia multiformis Parker and Hudson (loc. cit.), should be accepted as the
legitimate name for the rat-bite-fever organism. However, except for a purely morphologi-
cal comparison based on stained smears (van Rooyen, Jour. Path, and Bact., 4^, 1936, 455),
no direct comparative studies of the rat-bite-fever organism and the organism that caused
the epidemic in Haverhill, Massachusetts have been made as yet, and the latter was re-
garded as having been transmitted by ingested milk, not by rat bites. Until the relation-
ship of the two species is established by further research, it has seemed advisable not to
complicate further the problems of nomenclature by using the generic name Haverhillia
Parker and Hudson at this place.
Strep. to. ba.cil'lus. Gr. adj. streptus pliant; L. dim. noun bacillum a small rod; M.L.
noun bacillus a rodlet; M.L. noun Streptobacillus pliant rodlet.
Pleomorphic bacilli which vary from short rods to long, interwoven filaments which
have a tendency to fragment into chains of bacillary and coccobacillary elements. Under
certain conditions Monilia-\ike swellings are formed along the length of each filament. Not
encapsulated. Non-motile. Not acid-fast. Gram-negative. Require media enriched with as-
citic fluid or blood serum for good growth. Discrete, colorless or grayish to whitish colonies
are formed on solid media. Flocculent, whitish growth at the bottom of fluid media. Spon-
taneous L-phase variation occurs. Aerobic, facultative; anaerobic conditions sometimes
produce the best growth on primary isolation. Parasitic to pathogenic for rats, mice and
other mammals.
The type species is Streptobacillus moniliformis Levaditi et al.
1. Streptobacillus moniliformis Leva- Jour. Inf. Dis., 69, 1941, 32; Proactinomyces
diti et al., 1925. (Streptothrix muris ratti muris Krassilnikov, Guide to the Actino-
Schottmiiller, Dermat. Wochnschr., 58, mycetes, Izd. Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Mos-
1914, Supplement, 77; Nocardia muris de kau, 1941, 76; Haverhillia moniliformis
Mello and Pais, Arq. Hig. Pat. Exot., 6, Prevot, in Hauduroy et al.. Diet. d. Bact.
1918, 183; Actinomyces muris ratti Lieske, Path., 2« ed., 1953, 266.)
Morph. u. Biol. d. Strahlenpilze, Leipzig, mo.ni.li.for'mis. L. noun monile a neck-
1921, 31; Levaditi, Nicolau and Poincloux, lace; L. noun forma shape; M.L. adj. moni-
Compt. rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, 180, 1925, liformis necklace-like.
1188; Haverhillia multiformis Parker and Highly pleomorphic rods, 0.1 to 0.5 by
Hudson, Amer. Jour. Path., 2, 1926, 357; 2.0 or 5.0 to 10.0 or 15.0 microns, with
Actinomyces muris Topley and Wilson, rounded or occasionally pointed ends, form-
Princip. of Bact. and Immun., 2nd ed., ing long, wavy, curved or looped filaments
1936, 274; Asterococcus nmris Heilman, up to 100 to 150 microns in length. In young
* Prepared by Dr. E. A. Freundt, Statens Seruminstitut, Copenhagen, Denmark, April,

1955.
cultures the filaments are homogeneous edges, low-convex, colorless or grayish to

and composed of single cells; with increas- whitish, smooth glistening surface, buty-
ing age, fine granules and alternate light rous consistency. Smaller colonies (type X
and dark bands appear in the filaments colonies of Brown and Nunemaker, Bull.
together with a tendency to fragment into Johns Hopkins Hosp., 70, 1942, 201; a. colo-
irregular, bacillary and coccobacillary ele- nies of 0rskov, Acta Path, et Microbiol.
ments which give the typical strepto- Scand., 19, 1942, 575), which have a rough
bacillary appearance. Under certain con- and more coarsely granular appearance,
ditions, large, spindle-shaped or spherical are sometimes found; these colonies are
swellings, sometimes packed with gran- intermediate in size and structure between
ules, are very common, occurring any- those of the streptobacilli and those of the
where, terminally, subterminally or Li forms.
centrally, in the rods and filaments. Horse-blood agar colonies: Similar to
Besides these cellular swellings, extra- those on serum agar. No hemolysis or change
cellular, ether -soluble, oil -droplet -like of color.
globules are very characteristic ; these have Loeffler's serum colonies: Smaller than
been shown to consist mainly of cholesterol those on serum agar, being less than 1 mm in
(Partridge and Klieneberger, Jour. Path, diameter.
and Bact., 52, 1941, 219). The morphology, Ascitic fluid and serum broth: Whitish,
to a considerable extent, depends upon the flocculent growth at the bottom or along
medium, culture conditions and the age of the side of the tube in 24 hours; growth oc-
the culture. Under favorable conditions the curs either as small, compact balls or
cells tend to be regular and rod-shaped, granules with perfectly clear supernatant
while under unfavorable conditions pleo- fluid or as soft, fluffy masses, occasionally
morphism is most pronounced. In smears with some general turbidity. No surface
from pathological material, such as exudates growth. No odor.
or blood from infected animals, the cells Medium composed of equal parts of gly-
occur only as rods or occasionally as short cerol extract of potato and infusion broth to
filaments which lie singly or in clumps which egg yolk is added (Parker and Hud-
without definite arrangement. True branch- son, op. cit., 1926, 357): Excellent growth.
ing has often been reported, but it is now Milk : Growth generally poor ; good growth
generally recognized that branching does is reported bj' some authors. No coagula-
not occur. Not encapsulated. Non-motile. tion.
The Monilia-\\k.e swellings take stains more Indole not produced.
intensely than do the filaments; they do not Hydrogen sulfide produced in slight or
take the spore stain. Not acid-fast. Gram- moderate amounts.
negative; sometimes reported to be weakly Acid from glucose, fructose, maltose,
and irregularly Gram-positive in very galactose, mannose, glycogen, dextrin and
young cultures. starch. Sucrose, lactose and salicin may or
Requires media enriched with ascitic may not be attacked. No acid from xylose,
fluid, blood serum or whole blood. CO 2 inulin, dulcitol, rhamnose, arabinose,
generally does not stimulate growth. Mois- inositol, raffinose, sorbitol, trehalose, gly-
ture is essential for good growth; incubation cerol or mannitol.
of cultures on solid media in incubators Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
wath a moisture-saturated atmosphere is Urea not hydrolyzed.
recommended. Methylene blue is rapidly reduced.
Gelatin: No liquefaction. Sodium tellurite not reduced.
Plain and glucose agarorbroth: No growth Catalase-negative.
with recently isolated strains; occasionally Oxidase-negative.
very slight growth after prolonged artificial Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic; anaero-
culture. bic conditions sometimes produce the best
Ascitic fluid or serum agar: Discrete colo- growth on primary isolation.
nies, 1.0 to 2.5 mm in diameter after 3 days,
circular or irregularly round with sharp 38° C. No or scant growth at 22° C.
453
Optimum pH, between 7.0 and 8.0. Via- that Li was a symbiont of S. moniliformis,
bility rapidly lost with decrease in pH was oppo.sed by Dienes (Jour. Inf. Dis., 65,
Pathogenicity: Usually highly virulent 1939, 24; Jour. Bact., 44, 1942, 37), Dawson
for mice, although certain strains of mice and Hobby (Proc. 3rd Internat. Congr. for
may be rather resistant. Intravenous or Microbiol., New York, (1939) 1940, Sect. I,
intraperitoneal inoculation with 0.1 to 0.5 177), Heilman (op. cit., 1941, 32), Brown and
ml of broth culture causes a fatal sepsis, Nunemaker (op. cit., 1942, 201) and 0rskov
death occurring in 24 to 48 hours, or a {op. cit., 1942, 575), among others; it is now
chronic disease characterized by purulent generally accepted, also by Klieneberger-
polyarthritis, anemia, emaciation, diar- Nobel herself (Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 3,
rhea, conjunctivitis and transient or per- 1949, 434), that Li is a variant form of S.
manent paralysis involving the hindpart moniliformis.
of the body. At necropsy nothing distinctive L-phase colony: The Li colony is defi-
is found in acute cases; the spleen and lymph nitely smaller than that of the bacillary
nodes are considerably enlarged in subacute form, measuring about 0.1 to 0.2 mm in
and chronic infections, and focal or con- diameter. It contains a round, dark brown
fluent necroses are frequently found in the center embedded in the agar and consists of
spleen and liver. Intracutaneous and sub- tiny, coccoid or coccobacillary elements.
cutaneous injections cause local abscesses The central spot is surrounded by a delicate,
and arthritis and occasionally generalized translucent, peripheral zone made up of
infection. Bronchopneumonia and sepsis swollen bodies, extracellular fatty droplets
are frequently produced by intranasal in- and an amorphous substance. Li is ex-
stillation. Generalized infection has been tremely resistant to penicillin, while the
produced by feeding experiments; the portal streptobacilli are very sensitive to this
of entry in such cases appears to be the sub- antibiotic. Cross absorption tests between
ma.xillary and cervical lymph nodes Li and the bacillary phase have shown that
(Freundt, Acta Path, et Microbiol. Scand., although they share a common antigen, the
38, 1956, 231.) Passage in 9- to 10-day-old L phase is deficient in another antigen that
chick embryos causes thickening, edema and is found in the bacillary form (Klieneberger,
hemorrhagic lesions of the chorio-allantoic Jour. Hyg., 42, 1942, 485). Reversion of Li
membrane and invasion of the embryo. to the streptobacillus form is extremely
Rats, rabbits and guinea pigs are generally difficult to obtain on solid media, whereas
resistant, although rabbits have been re- this reversion generally occurs in fluid or
ported to be susceptible to certain strains. semi-solid media. The stability of Li , even
Antigenic structure : Mice and rat strains in fluid media, increases with the number of
from three different sources (Levaditi et al., subcultures on solid media. Li cultures are
op. cit., 1925, 1188; Mackie, van Rooyen and non-pathogenic when reversion to the
Gilroy, Brit. Jour. Exp. Path., I4, 1933, 132; bacillary form in the inoculated animal is
Strangeways, Jour. Path, and Bact., 37, prevented. Vaccines prepared from Li do not
1933, 45) were found to be identical by protect against infections by streptobacilli
agglutinin absorption tests (van Roojên, (Freundt, op. cit, 1956, 246).
Jour. Path, and Bact., 43, 1936, 460). Relationships and nomenclature of this
L-phase variation: In most bacteria in species : Streptothrix muris ratti Schottmiiller
which the L-phase variation is known, ab- and Haverhillia multiformis Parker and Hud-
normal culture conditions are generally son are included here as synonyms of Strep-
necessary to induce the development of tobacillus moniliformis Levaditi et al. How-
L-type colonies on solid media. All strains ever, because no comparative studies have
oi Streptobacillus moniliformis, on the other been made with authentic cultures of these
hand, develop L colonies spontaneously, three organisms, the change in nomencla-
though in a variable number. The L-phase ture that would be indicated if it were
variant of S. moniliformis is known as Li established that these organisms are iden-
(Klieneberger, Jour. Path, and Bact., 40, tical has not been made at this time.
1935, 93). Klieneberger's original theory. Source: Isolated from cases of sponta-
neous polyarthritis in mice, from the naso- doubtedly caused by ingestion of infected
pharynx and infected middle-ears of milk, and the portal of entry was thought
laboratory and wild rats, from cervical ab- to be intestinal.
scesses in guinea pigs and from the blood Comment: Another type of rat-bite fever
and joint fluids of humans suffering from rat (Soduku) is caused by Spirillum minus
bite fever. Similar organisms, which many Carter. Clinically the two etiologically dis-
regard as identical with Streptobacillus tinct diseases may be indistinguishable.
moniliformis Levaditi et al., have been Mixed infections may occur,
reported as the cause of Haverhill fever Habitat: Commonly found as an inhabi-
(Erythema arthriticum epidemicum); the tant of the naso-pharynx of rats. Occurs as
Haverhill epidemic in the United States the etiological agent of an epizootic septic
(1926), which has given name to the disease polyarthritis in mice and of one type of rat-
when not contracted by rat bite, was un- bite fever.
FAMILY VII. MICROCOCCACEAE PRIBRAM, 1929.*

(Jour. Bact., 18, 1929, 385.)
Mi.cro.coc.ca'ce.ae. M.L. mas.n. Micrococcus type genus of the familj-; -aceac ending to
denote a family; M.L. fem.pl.n. Micrococcaceae the Micrococcus family.
Cells in their free condition spherical; during division, somewhat elliptical. Endospores
not produced (except mSarcina ureae under special conditions). Division is primarily in two
or three planes; some anaerobic cells divide only in a single plane, producing chains. If
the cells remain in contact after division, they are frequently flattened in the plane of last
division. They occur singly or in pairs, tetrads, packets, irregular masses or even in chains.
Motility is rare. Gram-positive although the free-living and saprophytic species may de-
colorize so readily that they are sometimes reported as Gram-variable or even as Gram-
negative. Many species form a non-water-soluble, yellow, orange, pink or red pigment.
The aerobic species produce abundant growth on ordinary culture media and are capable of
slight anaerobic growth. Anaerobic to aerotolerant species also occur. Heterotrophic. No
visible gas is produced by the aerobic species from carbohydrates, which are frequently fer-
mented. The anaerobic species sometimes produce gas, such as methane, carbon dioxide and
hydrogen. Gelatin is often slowly liquefied. Free-living, saprophytic to parasitic or even
pathogenic. The typical aerobic micrococci frequently live on the skin, in skin glands or in
the skin gland secretions of Vertebrata; however, sea-water and soil forms may occur. The
anaerobic species live primarily in decomposing organic materials.
Key to the genera of family Micrococcaceae.

I. Aerobic to facultatively anaerobic species. Also includes some obligate anaerobes that
occur in packets (Sarcina).
A. Cells are generally found in irregular masses; occasionally they are single or in pairs.
1. Action on glucose, if any, is oxidative. Aerobic.
Genus I. Micrococcus, p. 455.
2. Glucose fermented anaerobically with the production of acid. Facultatively
anaerobic.
Genus II. Staphylococcus, p. 464.
B. Cells normally occur in tetrads or packets of eight cells.
1. Parasitic species occurring in tetrads. White to pale yellow chromogenesis.
Non-motile.
Genus III. Gaffkya, p. 446.
* Arranged by Prof. Robert S. Breed, Cornell University, Geneva, New York, October,
1955.
FAMILY VII. MICROCOCCACEAE 455
2. Cells occur in packets. White, jellow, orange and red chromogenesis. Usuall}^
non-motile.
Genus IV. Sarcina, p. 467.
II. Obligate anaerobes occurring singly or in pairs, chains or masses but never in packets;
tetrads are rarely formed.
A. Methane produced from various organic compounds.
Genus V. Methanococcus, p. 473.
B. Methane not produced.
Genus VI. Pepfococcus, p. 474.
Genus I. Micrococcus Cohn, 1872.*"^

(Cohn, Beitrage z. Biol. d. Pflanzen, 1, Heft 2, 1872, 153;
Urococcus Miquel, Ann. Microg., 1, 1888, 518.)
Mi.cro.coc'cus. Gr. adj. micrus small; Gr. noun coccus a grain, berry; M.L. mas.n. Micro-
coccus small coccus.
Cells in irregular masses (never in packets). The group is regarded as Gram-positive al-
though some species lose their power to retain the Gram stain so quickly that they are fre-
quently reported as Gram-negative. Some species are motile or show motile varieties.
Growth on agar usually abundant; some species form no pigment but others form yellow,
orange or red pigment. Catalase-positive so far as known. Glucose broth slightly acid, lac-
tose broth generally neutral. Gelatin frequently liquefied, but never rapidlj'. Saprophytic,
facultatively parasitic or parasitic. Never truly pathogenic.
The type species \s Micrococcus luteus (Schroeter) Cohn.
Key to the species of genus Micrococcus.
I. May or may not reduce nitrates to nitrites. No free nitrogen or nitrous oxide gas pro-
duced from nitrates.
A. No pink or red pigment produced on agar media in young cultures.
a. Utilize NH4H2PO4 as a sole source of nitrogen. {
b. Yellow pigment produced on agar media. Not acido-proteolytic.
1. Micrococcus luteus.
* Revised by Prof. G. J. Hucker and Prof. Robert S. Breed, New York State Experiment
Station, Cornell University, Geneva, New York, April, 1954.
t In revising the material covering the micrococci for the 7th edition of the Manual, it
has become evident that there is a very real difference between the fundamental physiolo-
gies of such free-living species as those found in soil, sea water and brines, and those that
are familiar as pus-forming, enterotoxin-producing staphylococci. The former are able to
satisfy their needs for nitrogen and carbon from such simple compounds as ammonium phos-
phate and glucose, ammonium tartrate or asparagine and glucose. On the other hand, the
staphylococci require more complex nitrogenous compounds in order to grow. It is believed
that when suitable investigations can be completed, it will prove desirable to separate the
mass-forming cocci into the two genera Micrococcus Cohn, 1872, and Staphylococcus Rosen-
bach, 1884. In the present edition both of these genera are recognized. However, only two
species have been placed in the genus Staphylococcus; further investigations may show that
other parasitic or pathogenic species should be included therein.
J That is, will grow and produce acid (sometimes slowly) on slants containing 1.5 per cent
washed agar, 0.1 per cent ammonium phosphate, 1 .0 per cent glucose, 0.02 per cent potassium
chloride and 0.02 per cent magnesium sulfate. Add brom-cresol-purple as an indicator
(Hucker, N. Y. State Exp. Sta. Tech. Bui. 100, 1924, 25; also Tech. Bui. 101, 1924, 36-40).
45G ORDER IV. EUBACTERIALES
bb. No pigment produced on agar media,

c. Not acido-proteolytic.
d. Utilizes urea as a sole source of nitrogen.
2. Micrococcus ureae.
dd. Does not utilize urea.
3. Micrococcus freudenreichii.
CO. Acido-proteolytic in litmus milk.
9. Micrococcus caseolylicus .
aa. Do not utilize NH4H2PO4 as a sole source of nitrogen,
b. Grow well at 25° C.
c. Yellow pigment produced.
4. Micrococcus flavus-
cc. No pigment produced.
5. Micrococcus candidus.
bb. No growth at 25° C; grows well at 10° C.
6. Micrococcus cryophilus.
a. Do not utilize chitin. Utilize NH4H2PO4 as a sole source of nitrogen. Ordi-
narily found in dairy products,
b. Yellow pigment produced on agar media. Not acido-proteolytic.
c. Gelatin liquefied.
7. Micrococcus conglomeratus .
cc. Gelatin not liquefied.
8. Micrococcus varians.
bb. Usually not chromogenic. Actively acido-proteolytic in litmus milk.
9. Micrococcus caseolylicus.
aa. Utilizes chitin. Found in sea water.
10. Micrococcus colpogenes.
B. Pink, orange-red or red pigment produced on agar media in young cultures.
1. Not obligately halophilic.
a. Gelatin liquefied slowly. Produces rose-colored pigment.
11. Micrococcus roseus.
b. Non-motile. Produces light, flesh-colored pigment on agar slants.
12. Micrococcus rubens.
bb. Motile. Produces a bright red pigment.
13. Micrococcus agilis.
2. Obligately halophilic (requires at least 12 per cent salt for growth).
14. Micrococcus morrhuae.
II. Free nitrogen gas and sometimes nitrous oxide produced from nitrates.
A. Will not grow in media containing more than 6 per cent salt. Produces a mixture of
nitrogen and nitrous oxide gases from nitrates.
15. Micrococcus denilrificans.
B. Grows in 4 to 12 per cent salt. Gas produced from nitrates is largely nitrogen.
16. Micrococcus halodenitrificans.
1. Micrococcus luteus (Schroeter, 1872) Beitr. z. Biol. d. Pflan., 1, Heft 2, 1872, 119;
Cohn, 1872. (Bacleridium hileum Schroeter, Cohn, z6zd., 153; not Micrococcus Zwfews Leh-
457
FAMILY VII. MICROCOCCACEAE
158.) z. Biol. d. Pflanzen, 1, Heft 2, 1872,

triige
mann and Neumann, Bakt. Diag., 1 Aufi.,
S, 1896, 161.)
lu'te.us. L. adj. luteus golden-yellow. u're.ae. Gr. noun ururn urine; M.L. noun
Spheres, 1.0 to 1.2 microns in diameter, tirea urea; M.L. gen. noun ureae of urea.
occurring in pairs and fours. Non-motile. Spheres, 0.8 to 1.0 micron in diameter, oc-
Gram-positive. curring singly, in pairs and in clumps. Never
Gelatin colonies: Yellowish white to yel- in chains. Non-motile. Gram-variable.
low, raised, with undulate margin. Gelatin colonies: Small, white, translu-
Gelatin stab: No liquefaction (Schroeter, cent, slimy, becoming fissured.
in Cohn, Krj^ptog. Flora v. Schlesien, 3, I, Gelatin stab: Slight, white growth. Very
1886, 144). slow or no liquefaction.
Agar colonies: Small, yellowish, glisten- Agar colonies: White, slightly raised.
ing, raised. Agar slant: Grayish white, raised, glisten-
Agar slant: Citron-yellow, smooth ing, butyrous growth.
growth. Broth: Turbid, with viscid sediment.
Broth: Clear, with yellowish sediment. Litmus milk: Slightly alkaline; litmus
Litmus milk: Usually slightly acid, not slowly reduced.
coagulated. Milk: Acid.
Potato: Thin, glistening, citron-yellow Potato: Slight, grayish to pale olive
growth.
Indole not produced. growth.
Acid from glucose, sucrose and mannitol. Acid produced from glucose, lactose,
No acid from lactose. sucrose and mannitol.
Starch not hydrolyzed. Starch not hydrolyzed.
Ammonia produced from peptone. Urea fermented to ammonium carbonate.
Utilizes NH4H2PO4 as a source of nitro- Ammonium salts are utilized.
gen; also utilizes ammonium tartrate, Ammonia produced from peptone.
growth occurring after 6 weeks in Cohn's Saprophytic.
solution (Cohn, op. cit., 1872, 153). Aerobic.
Saprophytic. Optimum temperature, 25° C.
Aerobic. Source: Isolated from fermenting urine.
Habitat : Found in stale urine and in soil
Optimum temperature, 25° C. (Eisenberg,
Bakt. Diag., 1891, 39). containing urine.
Comments: It is recommended that Cul-
ture number 398, Micrococcus luteus, of the 3. Micrococcus freudenreichii Guille-
American Type Culture Collection be ac- beau, 1891. (Landwirtsch. Jahrb. d. Schweiz,
cepted as the type culture for this species. 5, 1891, 135.)
This culture has been retested (September, freud.en.reich'i.i. M.L. gen. noun freu-
1955) and has been found to grow slowly in denreichii of Freudenreich; named for E.
Cohn's solution without added sugar after von Freudenreich, a Swiss bacteriologist.
6 weeks under conditions similar to those Spheres, 2.0 microns in diameter, occur-
used by Cohn in 1872. On reinoculation, this ring singly and in clumps, rarely in short
culture now develops within 2 weeks in chains. Non-motile. Gram-positive.
Cohn's solution. Milk gelatin colonies: Small, white,
Source: Isolated by Schroeter from dust
opaque.
contaminations on cooked potato. Milk gelatin stab : Infundibuliform lique-
Habitat: Found in milk and dairy pro- faction.
ducts and on dust particles. Agar colonies: White, slimy.
Agar streak: White, smooth growth.
2. Micrococcus ureae Cohn, 1872. (Bei- Broth: Turbid, with white sediment.
Litmus milk: Acid; coagulated; pep- Generally produces growth on NH4H2PO4

tonized. media.
Potato: Moderate, white to yellow Ammonia produced from peptone.
growth. Non-pathogenic.
Indole not produced. Aerobic.
Does not utilize urea as a source of ni- Optimum temperature, 25° C.
trogen. Source: Original source not given.
Acid from glucose, lactose and sucrose. Habitat: Found in skin gland secretions,
Some strains form acid from mannitol, others milk, dairy products and dairy utensils.
from glycerol.
Starch not hydrolyzed. 5. Micrococcus candidus Cohn, 1872.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. (Beitrage z. Biol. d. Pflanzen, 1, Heft 2,
Ammonia produced from peptone. 1872, 160.)
Ammonium salts are utilized. can'di.dus. L. adj. candidus shining
white.
Saprophytic.
Aerobic. Spheres 0.5 to 0.7 micron in diameter,
Optimum temperature, 20° C. occurring singly. Non-motile. Gram-posi-
tive.
Habitat: Found in milk and dairy uten-
sils. Gelatin colonies: White, granular, with
irregular or entire margin.
4. Micrococcus flavus Trevisan, 1889. Gelatin stab: White surface growth. Fili-
{Micrococcus flavus liquefaciens Fliigge, Die form. No liquefaction.
Mikroorganismen, 2 Aufl., 1886, 174; Trevi- Agar colonies : Punctiform, white, smooth,
san, Igeneri e le specie delle Batteriacee, entire, iridescent.
Milan, 1889, 34.) Agar slant: Smooth, white, glistening,
fla'vus. L. adj. flavus yellow. iridescent growth.
Spheres, 0.8 to 0.9 micron in diameter, oc- Broth: Turbid with pellicle.
curring singly, in clumps and occasionally in Litmus milk: Slightly acid; not coagu-
fours. Occasionally cultures are found that lated.
are motile with a single flagellum, otherwise
Potato: Thick, porcelain-white, glisten-
they are non-motile. Gram-variable.
Gelatin colonies: Small, circular, yellow- ing growth.
ish to yellowish brown, somewhat serrate
Acid from glucose, sucrose, lactose and
margin, granulated, sharply contoured.
Gelatin stab: Yellow, wrinkled surface
glycerol.
growth with slow, crateriform liquefaction.
Agar colonies: Small, pale yellowish, Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
homogeneous, entire. Ammonia produced from peptone.
Ammonium salts not utilized.
Agar-slant: Growth canary-yellow, some-
what dry, wrinkled, raised, entire. Non-pathogenic.
Broth: Turbid with yellowish ring and Aerobic.
sediment.
Litmus milk: Slightly acid; soft coagulum Source: Originally appeared as white
formed with slight reduction; slowly pep- colonies on cooked potato exposed to dust
tonized. contaminations.
Potato: Slight, canary-yellow growth. Habitat: Found in skin secretions, milk
Indole not produced. and dairy products.
Acid is generally formed from glucose and
lactose. Sucrose, glycerol and mannitol 6. Micrococcus cryophilus McLean et
generally not fermented. al., 1951. (McLean, Sulzbacher and Mudd,
Starch not hydrolyzed. Jour. Bact., 6B, 1951, 723.)
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. cry.o'phi.lus. Gr. noun cryus cold, frost;
459
Gr. adj. philus loving; M.L. adj. cryophilus Optimum pH, between 6.8 and 7.2. Growth
frost-loving. occurs between pH 5.5 and 9.5.
Spherical cells, the average diameter be- Source: Isolated by McLean (Food Tech-
ing 1.6 microns, occasional large cells nology, 6,1951, 7) from a finished package of
measuring 3.6 and small cells measuring pork sausage prepared from frozen meat.
1.0 micron in diameter, occurring singly, in Habitat: Found in frozen meat products
pairs, in chains and in clusters. Nuclear so far as known.
bodies which vary in size and position have
been observed in the cell. There is evidence 7. Micrococcus conglomeratus Migula,
that these bodies represent various stages 1900. (Citronengelber Diplococcus, Bumm,
of a mitotic and a meiotic process (DeLa- Der Mikroorganismus der gonorrhoischen
mater and Woodburn, Jour. Bact., 64, 1952, Schleimhauterkrankungen, 1 Aufl., 1885, 17;
793; Hunter, E.xp. Cell Res., 9, 1955, 231). Micrococcus citreus conglomeratus Fliigge,
However, compare Bisset (Jour. Bact., 67, Die Mikroorganismen, 2 Aufl., 1886, 182;
1954, 41). Non-motile; occasional cells are Migula, Syst. d. Bakt., 2, 1900, 146.)
motile by means of peritrichous flagella. con.glo.me.ra'tus. L. part. adj. conglo-
Gram-stains of veal infusion agar smears meratus rolled together.
show Gram-positive cells with a predomi- Spheres, 0.8 to 1.2 microns in diameter,
nant number of Gram-negative cells irrespec- occurring singly, in pairs, in fours and in
tive of the age of the culture. large clumps. Non-motile. Gram-variable.
Gelatin: No liquefaction. Gelatin colonies: Small, circular, yellow
Agar slant: Creamy white, glistening, fili- with radiate margin.
form, moderately heavy growth. Gelatin stab: Slow crateriform liquefac-
Yeast extract agar: Growth same as tion.
above but heavier; old cultures become faint Agar colonies: Luxuriant, moist, sulfur-
pink in color.
Veal infusion agar: Growth same as yellow.
Agar slant: Growth light yellow, plumose,
above; old cultures become brownish slightly rugose, somewhat dull with raised
yellow. center and transparent margin.
Yeast e.xtract and nutrient broths : A ring Broth: Turbid, with light orange ring
is formed. and sediment.
Ulrich milk (Science, 99, 1941, 352) : Alka- Milk: Generally acid but not sufficient
line in 2 days; slight reduction of methylene to curdle.
blue indicator in 4 days. Potato: No growth.
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. Acid from glucose and lactose generally,
No acid from glucose, lactose, sucrose, sometimes from sucrose. Mannitol and
maltose, xylose, cellobiose, mannitol, dul- glycerol generally not fermented.
citol or salicin. Starch not hydrolyzed.
Sodium citrate does not serve as a sole Nitrites produced from nitrates.
source of carbon. Ammonia produced from peptone.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Utilizes NH4H2PO4 as a source of nitro-
Ammonium phosphate does not serve as a
sole source of nitrogen. Blood not hemolyzed.
Urease is produced. Non-pathogenic.
gen.
Oxidase not produced. Aerobic.
Blood agar: No hemolysis.
Catalase-positive. Resistant to drying and heat.
Aerobic. Source: Found in gonorrhoea! pus and in
Temperature relations: Optimum, 9.8° C. dust.
Minimum, —4.0° C. Maximum, between 23° Habitat: Infections, milk, dairy products,
and 24° C. dairy utensils, water. Common.
8. Micrococcus varians Migula, 1900. Agar stroke: Yellow to orange (Evans, op.
(Merismopedia flava varians Dyar, Ann. N. cit., 18, 1916, 455); pearly white (Hucker,
Y. Acad. Sci., 8, 1895, 346; Migula, Syst. d. op. cit., 1924, 17); luxuriant growth.
Bakt., 2, 1900, 135.) Broth: Generally grows with smooth tur-
va'ri.ans. L. part. adj. varians varying. bidity although certain strains give heavy
Spheres, 0.8 to 1.0 micron in diameter, oc- precipitate with clear supernatant fluid.
curring singly, in pairs and in fours. Occa- Litmus milk: Acid, peptonized. Whey
sionally cultures are found that are motile generally clear.
with a single flagellum, otherwise they are Potato: Scant, white growth. Certain
non-motile. Gram-variable. strains may show yellow pigment.
Gelatin colonies: Small, circular, whitish Indole not produced.
to yellow, capitate, moruloid. Acid from glucose, lactose, maltose, man-
Gelatin stab: Scant growth. No liquefac- nitol and glj^cerol. No action on rafiinose.
tion. Forms dextrorotatory lactic acid (Orla-
Agar colonies: Small, yellow, raised, Jensen, The Lactic Acid Bacteria, 1919, 80).
glistening. Nitrites usually produced from nitrates.
Agar slant: Plumose, yellow, variegated Asparagin and urea decomposed bj^ some
growth. strains.
Broth: Turbid, with yellow, granular Utilizes NH4H2PO4 as a source of nitro-
sediment.
Litmus milk: Acid; coagulated on boiling. Aerobic.
Potato: Raised, dry, bright yellow, glis- gen.
tening growth. Saprophytic.
Indole not produced. Source: Eight cultures from a bovine
Acid from glucose, lactose, sucrose, raffi- udder.
nose and frequently from glycerol and Habitat: Milk, dairy utensils and dairy
mannitol. No acid from salicin or inulin. products, especially cheese.
Nitrites produced from nitrates. 10. Micrococcus colpogenes Campbell
Ammonia produced from peptone. and Williams, 1951. (Jour. Gen. Microbiol.,
Utilizes NH4H2PO4 as a source of nitro- 5, 1951, 897 and 904).
gen. col.po'ge.nes. Gr. noun colpus bosom,
Saprophytic. fold; Gr. v. gennaio to bear; M.L. adj.
Aerobic. colpogenes fold-producing.
Optimum temperature, 25° C. Cocci occurring in clumps and occasion-
Source: Original strains found in a con- ally in pairs. Non-motile. Gram-positive.
taminated jarof sterilized milk. Gelatin stab: No liquefaction.
Habitat: Has been found in body secre- Agar colonies: Circular, smooth, entire,
tions, dairy products, dairy utensils, dust raised, glistening, yellow.
and water, including sea water. Agar slant: Filiform, glistening, jêllow
streak.
9. Micrococcus caseolyticus Evans, Broth: Moderatelj^ turbid; slight, granu-
1916. (Jour. Inf. Dis., 18, 1916, 455.) lar sediment.
ca.se. o.ly'ti.cus. L. noun caseiis cheese; Litmus milk: Unchanged.
Gr. adj. lyticus able to loose; M.L. adj. Indole not produced.
caseolyticus casein-dissolving. Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Spheres, variable in size, occurring in No acid or gas from glucose, lactose, su-
clumps. Non-motile. Gram-positive. crose, maltose, fructose, dextrin, mannose,
Gelatin stab: Liquefaction generally be- arabinose, rhamnose, xylose, raffinose, in-
gins after first day and continues rapidly. ulin, mannitol, salicin, dulcitol, galactose,
Agar colonies: Yellow to orange (Evans, trehalose, inositol, cellobiose, melezitose or
loc. cit.); pearly white (Hucker, N. Y. Agr. adonitol. Fumarate (0.5 per cent), lactate,
Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. 102, 1924, 17). malonate, tartrate, citrate, levulinate,
(3-alanine, asparaginate, propionate, sa- Usually produces nitrites from nitrates.

licylate, valerate, oxalate, butyrate, man- Utilizes NH4H2PO4 as a source of nitro-
delate, benzoate (0.5 per cent), starch,
ethanol, methanol, n-amyl alcohol, iso- Aerobic.
amyl alcohol, tertiary-butanol, n-propanol Optimum temperature, 25° C.
gen.
and lumichrome not utilized.
Saprophj'tic.
Starch not hydrolyzed. Source: Dust contamination.
Chitin is hydrolyzed, ammonia and re- Habitat: Widespread, as it occurs in dust.
ducing sugars being produced in 6 days.
Glucose, maltose, mannitol, malate, py- 12. Micrococcus rubens Migula, 1900.
ruvate (0.3 per cent), acetate, succinate, (Micrococcus ietragenus rvber Bujwid, in
glycogen, chitin and glucosamine are uti- Schneider, Arb. Bakt. Inst. Karlsruhe, 1,
lized as carbon sources. Heft 2, 1894, 215; Migula, Syst. d. Bakt., S,
Casein is hydrolyzed. 1900, 177.)
Non-lipolytic. ru'bens. L. part. adj. rubens being red,
Nitrites produced from nitrates. reddish.
Urease is produced. Description taken from Migula (loc. cit.)
Trimethylamine not produced from tri- and Breed (Jour. Bact., 45, 1943, 455).
methylamine oxide, choline or betaine. Spheres, the average diameter being 2.1
Growth is inhibited by 10 per cent but not microns; large cells measure 4.0 microns and
by 4 per cent sodium chloride. small cells 1.3 microns in diameter; occur
Aerobic. in fours and in irregular masses, generally
Optimum temperature, between 20° and not singly or in pairs. Non-motile. Gram-
30° C. Does not grow at 4° C. negative to Gram-variable.
Source : Two strains were isolated from Gelatin colonies: After several days,
marine mud from the Gulf of Mexico. small, pink or flesh-colored, shiny, buty-
Habitat: Found in sea water and marine rous, 0.5 to several mm in diameter. Smaller
mud. colonies have regular edges; larger colonies
have lobate edges.
11. Micrococcus roseus Fltigge, 1886. Gelatin streak; Thick, shiny, flesh-
(Rosafarbiger Diplococcus, Bumm, Der colored to carmine-red growth, generally
Mikroorganismus der gonorrhoischen spreading.
Schleimhauterkrankungen, 1 Aufl., 1885, 25; Gelatin stab: Scant, whitish growth along
Flijgge, Die Mikroorganismen, 2 Aufl., line of stab; surface growth flesh-red. No
1886, 183.) liquefaction after several weeks, but a slight
ro'se.us. L. adj. rosevs rose-colored. softening of the medium underneath the
Spheres, 1.0 to 1.5 microns in diameter,
occurring singly and in pairs. Non-motile. growth.
Agar slant: Luxuriant, thick, spreading,
Gram- variable. slimy, flesh-colored growth.
Gelatin colonies: Rose surface growth, Broth: Bright red, slimy sediment. No
usually with slow liquefaction.
Agar colonies: Circular, entire, rose-red pellicle.
Milk: Generally acid curd followed by
surface colonies. slight peptonization.
Agar slant: Thick, rose-red, smooth, Acid from glucose, sucrose, mannitol and
glistening growth. glycerol. No action on lactose or starch.
Broth: Slightly turbid with rose-colored Nitrites produced from nitrates.
sediment. Pigment soluble in ether, benzol, carbon
Litmus milk: Unchanged to alkaline; bisulfide, chloroform and alcohol. Not sol-
usually reddish sediment after 14 days. 215). uble in water (Schneider, op. cit., 1894,
Potato: Raised, rose-red, smooth, glis-
tening growth. Aerobic.
Acid from glycerol and mannitol. Grows well between 26° and 37° C.
Starch not hydrolyzed. Saprophytic.
Source: Original culture isolated by Buj- on the Microflora of the Dead Sea. Thesis,
wid in Bern, Switzerland, and sent to Mi- Hebrew Univ., Jerusalem, 1940, V and 65).
gula at Karlsruhe, Germany. Spheres, 1.0 to 1.5 microns in diameter,
Habitat: Unknown. occurring singly, in pairs, in short chains
and in tetrads. In 30 per cent salt + 1 per
13. Micrococcus agilis Ali-Cohen, 1889. cent peptone ("Poulenc"), the spheres are
(Cent. f. Bakt., 6, 1889, 36.) 0.9 to 2.7 microns in diameter and occur
a'gi.lis. L. adj. agilis agile. singly or in pairs or tetrads; in the same
Spheres, 1.0 micron in diameter, occurring agar medium, they appear mostly as cocci,
singly, in pairs and in fours. Motile by diplococci, streptococci and staphylococci,
means of one or two flagella. Gram- variable. tetrads being poorly developed. Non-mo-
Gelatin colonies: Small, gray, becoming tile. Gram-negative.
distinctly rose-colored. Gelatin stab (15 per cent salt) : Surface
Gelatin stab: Thin, whitish growth in growth and liquefaction.
stab. On surface thick, rose-red, glistening Agar colonies (24 per cent salt + 1 per
growth. Generally no liquefaction. cent proteose peptone -f 2 per cent KNO3) :
Agar slant: Growth glistening, dark rose- Circular, smooth, entire, raised to conve.x,
red, lobed with much variation in color. amorphous, opaque, orange-red.
Broth: Slightly turbid, with slight, rose- Agar slant: Growth filiform, raised,
colored ring and pink sediment. slightly glistening, smooth, Inityrous,
Litmus milk : Slightly acid, pink sediment. opaque, orange-red.
Potato: Slow growth as small, rose- Broth (24 per cent salt + 1 per cent pro-
colored colonies. teose peptone): Slightly turbid; orange-red
sediment.
Loeffler's blood serum: Pink, spreading,
shiny, abundant. Slow liquefaction. Indole not produced.
Indole not produced. No acid or gas from arabinose, xylose,
Acid from glucose, sucrose, inulin, gly- glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose, lac-
cerol and mannitol. No acid from raffinose. tose, sucrose, maltose, raffinose, inulin, dex-
Nitrites produced (trace). trin, glj'cerol, mannitol or salicin (all tests
Ammonia formed (trace) . were made in 24 per cent salt + 1 per cent
Does not utilize NH4H2PO4 as source peptone + 1 per cent carbohydrate during
3 weeks).
of nitrogen.
Aerobic. Starch not hj^drolj^zed.
Nitrites produced from nitrates; no gas
Optimum temperature, 25° C. is produced (tests made in 24 per cent salt
Saprophytic.
Source: Isolated from water. -f 1 per cent peptone + 2 per cent KNO3) .
Habitat : Water, sea water and on sea fish. Catalase-positive.
Aerobic.
14. Micrococcus morrhuae Klebahn, Salt tolerance : Halophilic, obligate; grows
with no morphological changes in 9 to 30
1919. {Micrococcus (DipJococcus) morrhuae
Klebahn, Mitteil. a. d. Inst. f. allg. Bot. i. per cent salt. When the organism is trans-
ferred to water, its morphology does not
Hamburg, 4, 1919, 47; abst. in Cent. f. Bakt.,
change, and it grows when reinoculated into
II Abt., 52, 1921, 123.)
salt-containing media.
mor'rhu.ae. M.L. gen. noun morrhuae of
Morrhua; M.L. fem.n. Morrhua a genus of Optimum temperature, between 30° and
37° C.
codfish.
Distinctive character: The pigment pro-
Original description supplemented bj' duced by this organism gives a blue color
material taken from Better (Proc. Kon. with concentrated sulfuric acid, thus sug-
Acad. V. Wetensch. Amsterdam, 34, 1931, gesting a carotenoid; it is not soluble in
1417; also see Petter, Over roode en andere methanol, ethanol, acetone, ether, chloro-
bacterien van gezouten visch. Thesis, form, dioxam, ethylacetate, benzol, pe-
Utrecht, 1932) and Elazari-Volcani (Studies troleum ether, xjdene or pyridine.
Comment : Also see description of Sarcina valerionate or asparagine are suitable hy-
littoralis Poulsen. drogen donators.
Source: Isolated from reddened, salted Grows under autotrophic conditions on
codfish and herring and from Dead Sea thiosulfates as oxidation substrates with
water. the formation of sulfates and sulfuric acid.
Habitat: Found in sea-water brine, sea Sijderius (op. cit., 1946) suggests that
salt and salt lakes; also found to be asso- Thiobacillus novellvs Starkey is the same
ciated with a red discoloration of salted fish. as Micrococcus denitrificans Beijerinck.
Grows readily under autotrophic condi-
15. Micrococcus denitrificans Beije- tions in a hydrogen atmosphere. Also pro-
rinck, 1910, emend. Sijderius, 1946. (Beije- duces good growth on a mineral medium
rinck, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 25, 1910, 53; with nitrate in a hydrogen atmosphere, if
also see Elema, De bepaling van de oxydatie certain growth factors are added to the
reductie potentiaal in bacterien cultures en medium.
hare betekenis voor de stofwisseling. Thesis, The relationship of Micrococcus denitrifi-
Delft, 1932; Sijderius, Heterotrophe bac- cans to Micrococcus halodenitrificans Robin-
terien die thiosulfaat oxyderon. Thesis, son and Gibbons (Can. Jour. Botany, 30,
Amsterdam, 1946.) 1952, 147) has not been determined. Pre-
de.ui.tri'fi.cans. L. prep, de away from; sumably the latter organism is an obligate,
L. noun nitrum soda; M.L. noun nitriim halophilic adaptate of Micrococcîs denitri-
nitrate, niter; M.L. v. denitrifico to denitriiy ; ficans (Verhoeven, Koster and van Nievelt,
M.L. part. adj. denitrificans denitrifying. Jour. Microbiol, and Serology, 20, 1954,
279).
Description prepared by Dr. W. Ver-
hoeven, Delft, Holland. Source: Isolated from nitrate media ino-
Non-motile coccus, 1 micron in diameter. culated with soil.
Some spindle-shaped, even rod-like forms Habitat: Presumably widely distributed
may be observed in young cultures. In old in soil.
cultures the typical coccus form is pre-
dominant. Sometimes aggregates are ob- 16. Micrococcus halodenitrificans Rob-
served. Gram-negative. inson and Gibbons, 1952. (Robinson and
Grows readilj' on peptone media. Rather Gibbons, Can. Jour. Botany, SO, 1952, 147;
salt resistant; develops in media containing also see Robinson, ibid., 30, 1952, 155, and
no salt to 6 per cent salt. Robinson, Gibbons and Thatcher, Jour.
Gelatin stab: No liquefaction. Bact., 64, 1952, 69.)
Agar colonies: Circular, entire, smooth, ha.lo.de.ni.tri'fi.cans. Gr. noun hals,
glistening, white, opaque. halis salt; L. prep de away from; L. noun
Broth: Turbid, no pellicle. nitrum soda; M.L. noun nitrum nitrate,
Milk: Unchanged. niter; M.L. v. denitrifico to denitrify; M.L.
Indole not produced. part. adj. halodenitrificans salt denitrifying.
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. Description prepared by Dr. N. E. Gib-
No acid or gas produced from glucose. bons, Ottawa, Canada.
Nitrates and nitrites are hydrogen ac- Spherical cells 0.5 micron in diameter.
ceptors in dissimilation, being reduced to Occur singly or in pairs. Salt concentration
nitrous oxide and nitrogen. Ammonia is not has little effect on morphology. Gram-nega-
produced. tive.
Urease activity negative. Does not grow on media containing less
Catalase-positive. than four per cent salt. Grows readily in
Aerobic.
peptone media.
Temperature range, 5° to 37° C. Opti- Gelatin stab: Liquefied.
mum, between 25° and 30° C. Agar colonies: Circular, entire, convex,
In denitrification, ethanol, propanol, l)utyrous, glistening, opaque, cream-
glycerol, mannitol, glucose, formate, ace- colored.
tate, lactate, succinate, fumarate, citrate, Broth: Turbid, no pellicle.
Milk: Unchanged. Salt range: Limits of growth, 4 to 23 per-

Indole not produced. cent salt. Optimum, 4.4 to 8.8 per cent NaCl.
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. Will not grow in the presence of other so-
No acid or gas produced from glucose. diu™ and potassium salts, including sodium
Nitrates and nitrites are reduced to nitro- ammonium phosphate and ammonium sul-
fate.
gen and nitrous oxide. Ammonia is not pro-
duced. Relationship to the denitrifying micro-
coccus described by Beijerinck (Cent. f.
Urease activity negative. Bakt., II A.ht.,25, 1910, 53) is being studied.
Catalase-positive. Source: Isolated from Wiltshire bacon-
Aerobic, curing brines in Canada.
Temperature range, 0° to 32° C. Opti- Habitat: Presumably widely distributed
mum, 20° C. in natural and artificial brines.
Genus II. Staphylococcus Rosenbach, 1884.*t
(Staphylococcus Ogston (nomen nudum), Jour. Anat. et. Physiol., Paris, 17, 1883, 27; Rosen-
bach, Mikroorganismen bei den Wundinfektionskrankheiten des Menschen, Wiesbaden,
1884, 27; Aurococcus Winslow and Rogers, Jour. Inf. Dis., 3: 1906, 540; Albococcus Winslow
and Rogers, ibid., 541; also see Evans, Bradford and Niven, Int. Bull, of Bact. Nomen.
and Taxon., 5, 1955, 61.)
Staph. y.lo.coc'cus. Gr. noun staphyle bunch of grapes; Gr. noun coccus a grain, berry;
M.L. mas.n. Staphjlococciis the grape-like coccus.
Spherical cells occurring singly, in pairs, in tetrads and in irregular clusters, especially
when growing in broth. Non-motile. Gram-positive. Many strains produce an orange or
yellow pigment, particularly on media containing high levels of NaCl. Most strains produce
acetoin from glucose, ammonia from arginine, reduce nitrates and ferment a variety of car-
bohydrates. Require an organic source of nitrogen (amino acids) and two or more vitamins
for growth in a sjmthetic medium. Growth in a nutritionally adequate broth is abundant,
usually with a heavy, uniform turbidity and a slight ring pellicle. Growth on agar media is
usually abundant. Strongly catalase-positive. Facultative with respect to oxygen require-
ment, growing very well anaerobically in the presence of a fermentable carbohydrate but
growing even better aerobically. Coagulase-positive strains produce a variety of to.xins
and are thus potentially pathogenic and may cause food poisoning. Frequently found on
the skin, in skin glands, on the nasal and other mucous membranes of warm-blooded ani-
mals and in a variety of food products.
The type species is Staphylococcus aureus Rosenbach.
Key to the species of genus Staphylococcus.
I. Ferments mannitol. Coagulase-positive.
1. Staphylococcus aureus.
II. Does not ferment mannitol. Coagulase-negative.
2. Staphylococcus epidermidis.
* Revised by Dr. J. B. Evans, American Meat Institute Foundation, University of Chi-

cago, Chicago, Illinois, April, 1955.
t While Rosenbach describes the orange and the white pus-forming staphylococci of
Ogston as two separate species, he states that he finds no difference between them other than
the difference in chromogenesis. He describes them under the names Staphylococcus
aureus and Staphylococcus albus. White colonies occur frequently as variants and may be
the only type present in a culture. These should not be considered a different species but
merely a white variety of Staphylococcus aureus. The name Staphylococcus albus should
never be used for these or for any other white staphylococci.
1. Staphylococcus aureus Rosenbach, original description, in which no such differ-

1884. (Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus Rosen- ences in characters are noted.
bach, Mikroorganismen bei den Wund- Gelatin stab: Saccate liquefaction with
infektionskrankheiten des Menschen, 1884, white to j-ellowish pellicle and white or yel-
19 ; Staphylococcus pyogenes albus Rosenbach, low to orange sediment.
ibid., 21; Staphylococcus aiireus Rosenbach, Agar colonies: Circular, smooth, orange
ibid., 27; Staphylococcus albus Rosenbach, to white, glistening, butj^rous, entire.
loc. cit.; Staphylococcus pyogenes citreus Agar slant: Abundant, opaque, smooth,
Passet, Aetiologie der eiterigen phlegmone flat, moist, white to j'ellowish or orange
des Menschen, Berlin, 1885, 9; Micrococcus
aureus Zopf, Die Spaltpilze, 3 Aufl., 1885, growth.
Broth: Turbid, becoming clear; yellowish
57; Micrococcus pyogenes Lehmann and Neu- ring and sediment.
mann, Bakt. Diag., 1 Aufl., 2, 1896, 165; Litmus milk: Acid, coagulated.
Micrococcus citreus Migula, Syst. d. Bakt., Acid from glucose, lactose, sucrose, man-
S, 1900, 147; Micrococcus albus Buchanan, nitol and glycerol. No acid from raffinose,
Veterinary Bact., 1911, 196; Staphylococcus salicin or inulin.
citreus Bergey et al.. Manual, 1st ed., 1923, Optically inactive or levo-rotatory lactic
55.) acid is produced (Orla- Jensen, The Lactic
au're.us. L. adj. aureus golden. Acid Bacteria, 1919,81).
Spheres, 0.8 to 1.0 micron in diameter, Acetoin produced from glucose.
occurring singly, in pairs, in short chains Starch and esculin not hydrolyzed.
and in irregular clumps. Non-motile. Gram- Sodium hippurate usually hydrolyzed.
positive. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Chromogenesis : Typical Staphylococcus Amino acids are required as a source of
aureus cultures rather readily develop nitrogen.
variants that grow as dirty white colonies. Thiamin and nicotinic acid are required
Such colonies quite frequently develop for growth.
strains that again produce the tj'pical Does not utilize NH4H2PO4 as a source of
orange chromogenesis. On the other hand nitrogen.
cultures occur which are white on original Ammonia produced from peptone and
isolation. Such colonies usually do not arginine.
develop orange variants although they are Blood agar: Beta hemolysis normally pro-
identical in other cultural characters and duced.
in their physiological characters with the Catalase-positive.
orange strains. Some designate these white Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
forms as Staphylococcus albus, as did Rosen- Optimum temperature, 37° C. Grows at
bach, and regard them as belonging to a 10° and 45° C., these temperatures being
separate species. very near the minimum and maximum tem-
Passet used the name Staphylococcus pyo- peratures respectively.
genes citreus for the organisms that produce Very salt tolerant, growing vigorously in
media containing 10 per cent NaCl.
the yellower (more lemon-colored) colonies.
He distinguished these from the darker Certain strains, under favorable condi-
yellow (more orange-colored) colonies de- tions, produce not only exotoxins (hema-
toxin, dermatoxin, lethal toxin, etc.) but
scribed by Rosenbach under the name
Staphylococcus aureus. Passet secured his also a potent enterotoxin which is a sig-
nificant cause of food poisoning (Dolman
Staphylococcus citreus cultures from asepti- and
13). Wilson, Jour. Immunology, 35, 1938,
cally drawn pus. He reports that the yellow
organisms were identical with the orange Pathogenic.
organisms except for the difference in chro- Distinctive characters: Normally coagu-
mogenesis. Later investigators have some- lase-positive (human or rabbit plasma).
times reported other differences in charac- Ferments both glucose and mannitol under
ters without referring back to Passet's anaerobic conditions.
Source: Isolated from pus in wounds. drate)Heavy,

: uniform turbidity; ring pel-
Habitat: Found particularly on nasal licle.
mucous membrane and skin (hair follicles). Litmus milk: Acid.
The cause, outstandingly, of furunculosis, Acid is usually produced from glucose,
pyaemia, osteomyelitis, suppuration of fructose, maltose, sucrose, trehalose and
wounds, and food poisoning. Very common. glycerol. Acid may be produced from man-
nose, galactose and lactose. No acid from
2. Staphylococcus epidermidis (Wins- xylose, arabinose, raflfinose, inulin, sorbitol
low and Winslow, 1908) Evans, 1916. {Staph- or mannitol.
ylococcus epidermidis albus Welch, Amer. Amino acids are required as a source of
Jour. Med. Sci., Phila., 102 (N.S.), 1891, nitrogen.
441; Albococcus epidermidis Winslow and
Some of the B vitamins, usually including
Winslow, The Systematic Relationships of
the Coccaceae, New York, 1908, 201; Evans, biotin, are required for growth.
Jour. Inf. Dis., 15, 1916, 849; Micrococcus Nitrites produced from nitrates.
epidermidis Hucker, N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. Catalase-positive.
Tech. Bull. 102, 1924, 21.) Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
e.pi.der'mi.dis. Gr. noun epidermis the Grows readily at 37° C.
outer skin; M.L. gen. noun epidermidis of the Very salt tolerant, growing vigorously in
epidermis. media containing 10 per cent NaCl.
Spheres, 0.5 to 0.6 micron in diameter, Parasitic rather than pathogenic.
occurring singly, in pairs and in irregular Distinctive characters: Coagulase-nega-
groups. Non-motile. Gram-positive. tive. Ferments glucose but not mannitol
Gelatin stab: White surface growth with under anaerobic conditions.
slow saccate liquefaction. Source: Originally isolated from small
Agar colonies: Circular, smooth; generally stitch-abscesses and other skin wounds.
pale, translucent white. Habitat: Skin and mucous membranes of
Broth (containing a fermentable carbohy- man and other animals.
Genus III. Gaflfkya Trevisan, 1885.*

(Trevisan, Atti d. Accad. Fi.sio-Medico-Statistica in Milano, Ser 4, 3, 1885, 106;
Tetracoccus von Klecki, Cent. f. Bakt., 15, 1894, 360.)
Gaff'ky.a. M.L. fem.n. Gaffkya named for Prof. Georg Gaffky, a German bacteriologist.
Occur in the animal body and in special media as tetrads, while in ordinary culture media
the cells occur in pairs and irregular masses. Gram-positive. Aerobic to facultatively anaero-
bic. Parasitic.
The type species is Gaffkya tetragena (Gaffky) Trevisan.
Key to the species of genus GaflFkya.
I. White, viscid growth on potato. Found in the mucous membranes of the respiratory
tract.
1. Gaffkya tetragena.
II. No growth on potato. Causes a disease of lobsters.
2. Gaffkya homari.
1. Gaflfkya tetragena (Gaffky, 1883) tet.ra'ge.na. Gr. pref. tetra- four; Gr. v.
Trevisan, 1885. {Micrococcus tetragenus gennaio to produce; M.L. adj. tetragenus pro-
Gaffky, Arch. f. Chirurg., 28, 1883, 500; duced in fours.
Trevisan, Atti d. Accad. Fisio-Medico- Spheres, 0.6 to 0.8 microns in diameter,
Statistica in Milano, Ser. 4, 3, 1885, 106.) with a pseudocapsule (in body fluids) sur-
* Revised by Prof. G. J. Hucker, New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, New
York, March 1943; further revision, November, 1955.
467
rounding four of the elements, thus forming ho.ma'ri. M.L. noun Homarus generic
typical tetrads. Gram-positive. name of the lobster; M.L. gen. noun homari
Gelatin colonies: Small, 1 to 2 mm in di- of the lobster.
ameter, white convex. Spheres, 0.8 to 1.1 microns in diameter, oc-
Gelatin stab: Thick, white surface curring in tetrads. Encapsulated in lobster
growth. No liquefaction. blood but not in artificial media. Non-mo-
Agar colonies: Circular, white, smooth, tile. Gram-positive.
glistening, entire. Reimann (Jour. Bact., Gelatin: No liquefaction.
31 , 1936, 385) has described eleven colony- Agar colonies: Circular, 1 to 2 mm in di-
form variants for this species. ameter, grayish white, raised.
Agar slant: White, moist, glistening Agar slants: Scant, beaded growth.
growth. Broth: Scant growth with granular sedi-
Broth: Clear, with gray viscous sediment. ment.
Litmus milk: Slightly acid. Litmus milk: Slightly acid.
Potato: White, viscid growth. Potato: No growth.
Acid from glucose, lactose and glycerol. Acid but no gas from glucose, lactose,
Starch not hydrolyzed. sucrose, maltose, raffinose, mannitol, glyc-
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. erol and salicin. Dulcitol not attacked.
Ammonium salts not utilized. Starch not hydrolyzed.
Biotin, L-tyrosine and L-glutamate are Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced.
required for growth (Aaronson, Bact. Proc, Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
51st Gen. Meeting Soc. Amer. Bact., Chi- Urease not produced.
cago, 1951, 58). Ammonium salts do not serve as a sole
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. source of nitrogen.
Optimum temperature, 37° C. Biotin, calcium pantothenate, thiamin,
Pathogenic for mice and guinea pigs; rab- nicotinic acid and a number of amino
bits are less susceptible.
acids are required for growth (Aaronson,
Source : Isolated from sputum in tubercu-
losis; also from air and skin. Bact. Proc, 51st Gen. Meeting, Soc. Amer.
Bact., Chicago, 1951, 58).
Habitat: Mucous membrane of the respir-
atory tract. Optimum temperature, between 30° and
35° C. Growth range, 6° to 44° C.
2. GafFkya homari Hitchner and Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
Snieszko, 1947. (Micrococci of the Gaffkya Human blood agar: Beta-hemolytic.
type, Snieszko and Taylor, Science, 105, Pathogenic for lobsters.
1947, 500; Hitchner and Snieszko, Jour. Source: Isolated from diseased lobsters
Bact., 54, 1947, 48.) {Homarus americanus) from Maine.
Genus IV. Sarcina Goodsir, 1842.*

(Edinborough Med. and Surg. Jour., 57, 1842, 430.)
Sar.ci'na. L. noun sarcina a package; M.L. fem.n. Sarcina a generic name.

Spheres. Division occurs, under favorable conditions, in three perpendicular planes, pro-
ducing regular packets. Usually non-motile, although motile species may occur. Gram-posi-
tive, but the Gram stain may be lost rather readily. Aerobic growth on agar abundant, often
with the production of a yellow, orange or red pigment; the growth of the anaerobic species
* Revised by Prof. Robert S. Breed, New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, New-
York, March, 1943; further revision by Prof. Jan Smit, Landbouwhoogeschool, Wageningen,
The Netherlands, February, 1949.
is less abundant and non-pigmented even when the conditions for growth are favorable.
Glucose broth generally slightly acid, lactose broth generally neutral. Gelatin frequently
liquefied. Nitrites may or maj^ not be produced from nitrates. Saprophytic and facultatively
parasitic species occur.
The type species is Sarcina ventriculi Goodsir.
Key to the species of genus Sarcina.

I. Microaerophilic to anaerobic.
A. Utilize sugars. Do not produce methane. Subgenus Zymosarcina Smit (Die Garungs-
sarcinen. Pflanzenforschung, Jena, Heft 14, 1930, 26).
1. Cellulose reaction positive. Slow coagulation in litmus milk.
1. Sarcina ventriculi.
2. Cellulose reaction negative. Litmus milk not coagulated.
2. Sarcina maxima.
B. Do not utilize sugars. Produce methane from carbon dioxide. Sub-genus Methano-
sarcina Kluyver and van Niel (Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 94, 1936, 400).
1. Methanol not utilized.
3. Sarcina methanica.
2. Methanol utilized.
4. Sarcina barkeri.
II. Aerobic.
A. Urea not converted to ammonium carbonate. Sub-genus Sarcinococcus Breed (in
Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 285).
1. Not halophilic.
a. Yellow pigment produced.
b. Milk alkaline; coagulated.
5. Sarcina lutea.
bb. Milk alkaline; not coagulated.
6. Sarcina flava.
aa. Orange pigment produced.
7. Sarcina aurantiaca.
2. Halophilic, red chromogen.
8. Sarcina litoralis.
B. Urea converted into ammonium carbonate. Sub-genus Urosarcina Miquel (Annales
de Micrographie, 1, 1888, 517).
9. Sarcina hansenii.
10. Sarcina ureae.
1. Sarcina ventriculi Goodsir, 1842, Large spheres, 3.5 to 4.0 microns in di-
emend. Beijerinck, 1905. (Goodsir, Edin- ameter, occurring in packets of 8, 16, 32 or
borough Med. and Surg. Jour., 57 , 1842, 430; more elements. Non-motile. Gram-positive.
Beijerinck, Proc. Sect. Sci., Kon Akad. v. Growth occurs only in sugar media con-
Wetensch., Amsterdam, 7, 1905, 580; also taining peptones,
see Beijerinck, ibid., 8, 1911, 1237; Zymo- Gelatin: No liquefaction.
sarcina ventriculi Smit, Die Garungssarci- Deep glucose agar colonies: Multilen-
nen. Pflanzenforschung, Jena, Heft 14, 1930, ticular, surrounded by a cloudy zone.
26.) Abundant gas.
ven.tri'cu.li. L. noun ventricxihis the Glucose agar slant : Round, whitish colo-
stomach; L. gen. noun ventriculi of the nies, several millimeters in diameter,
stomach. Glucose broth: Abundant, flaky growth.
Description taken in part from Smit {loc. Abundant gas. Acid. No turbidity.
cit.). Plain peptone water: No growth.
Sugar peptone water: Abundant growth. velle and Prevot (Les Microbes Anaerobies,
Gas. 1937, 1030) and from Smit (op. cit., 1930, 22).
Milk: Slow growth. Acid and coagulation. Large spheres, 4.0 to 4.5 microns in di-
Indole not produced. ameter, occurring in regular packets of 8, 16,
Acid and gas from glucose, fructose, 32 or more elements. Non-motile. Gram-
sucrose, maltose, lactose and galactose. No
positive.
acid from .xylose, arabinose, raffinose, man- Growth occurs only in sugar media con-
nitol, dulcitol, salicin, starch, glycerol or taining peptones.
inulin. Gelatin: No liquefaction.
Cellulose reaction positive. Deep glucose agar colonies: Multilenticu-
Neutral red broth changed to fluorescent lar. Abundant gas produced.
yellow. Glucose agar slant: Round, whitish colo-
Utilizes peptones, wort and yeast water nies.
as sources of nitrogen. Cannot utilize Glucose broth: Abundant growth, flakj^,
amino acids or inorganic nitrogen. gaseous, marked acidification. Disagree-
Coagulated proteins not attacked. able butyric odor. No turbidity.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Sugar peptone water: Abundant growth,
Principal products of metabolism are flaky, gaseous, followed by acidification.
carbon dioxide and ethanol. Milk: Not coagulated.
Microaerophilic to anaerobic. Acid and gas from glucose, fructose, galac-
Temperature relations: Optimum, 30° C. tose, maltose, sucrose and lactose.
Minimum, 10° C. Maximum, 45° C. Killed Cellulose reaction negative.
in ten minutes at 65° C. Neutral red broth changed to fluores-
Optimum pH, between 1.5 and 5.0; pH cent yellow.
limits for growth, 0.9 to 9.8. Utilizes peptones, yeast water or broth
Non-pathogenic. as source of nitrogen. Cannot utilize amino
Comments: Sarcina ventriculi Goodsir is acids or inorganic nitrogen.
often described as small, aerobic cocci, Coagulated proteins not attacked.
isolated from the stomach, which grow on Principal products of metabolism are car-
sugar-free media and which do not attack bon dioxide, butyric and acetic acids.
sugars (see Bergeyet al., Manual, 1st to 5th Microaerophilic to anaerobic.
eds., 1923 to 1939). This mistake originated Temperature relations: Optimum, 30° C.
with Falkenheim (Arch. f. exp. Path u. Minimum, 15° C. Maximum, 40° C. Killed
Pharmak., 19, 1885, 339). Beijerinck {op. in twenty minutes at 55° C.
cit., 1905, 580) was the first to grow pure cul- pH limits of growth, 1.0 to 9.5.
tures of Sarcina ventriculi and to recognize Non-pathogenic.
its anaerobic nature. Source: Isolated from fermenting malt
Source: Originally found by making a mash .
microscopic examination of vomit. Found in Habitat: Acidified flour pastes, wheat
cases of duodenal ulcer, never in cases of
stomach cancer (Smit). bran; seldom in soils. Also intestinal con-
tents of guinea pigs (Crecelius and Rettger,
Habitat: Found in the stomach, garden
Jour. Bact., 4^, 1943, 10).
soil, dust, sand and mud.
3. Sarcina methanica (Smit, 1930)
2. Sarcina maxima Lindner, 1888. (Lind-
ner, Die Sarcina- Organismen der Garungs- Weinberg et al., 1937. (Methaansarcine,
gewerbe. Inaug. Diss., Berlin, 1888, 54; Sohngen, Inaug. Diss., Delft, 1906, 104;
Zymosarcina maxijna Smit, Die Garungs- Zymosarcina methanica Smit, Die Garungs-
sarcinen. Pflanzenforschung, Jena, Heft 14, sarcinen. Pflanzenforschung, Jena, Heft 14,
1930, 22.) 1930, 25; Weinberg, Nativelle and Prevot,
max'i.ma. L. sup. adj. maximus greatest. Les Microbes Anaerobies, 1937, 1032.)
Description taken from Weinberg, Nati- me.tha'ni.ca. Gr. noun methy wine; M.L.
noun methanum methane; M.L. adj . methani- Methanol agar (with inorganic salts and
cus pertaining to methane. some NaaS) colonies: 0.5 to 1.0 mm in di-
Description taken from Weinberg at al. ameter, whitish.
(loc. cii.) and from Smit {op. cit., 1930, 25). Carbohydrates not fermented.
Spheres, 2.0 to 2.5 microns in diameter, Cellulose-negative .
occurring in packets of 8 or more cocci. Methane is produced from carbonic acid
Non-motile. Gram-variable. and bicarbonates. Sodium acetate is more
Growth in solutions of calcium acetate slowly attacked with the production of car-
and possibly of butyrate and inorganic am- bon dioxide, part of which is reduced to
monium salts. Carbon dioxide is needed for methane. Other alcohols and salts are not
methane production. utilized.
In acetate-agar (with addition of some Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
HoS and NaHCOs) : Colonies of 50 to 100 Peptones and other sources of organic
microns are formed, showing gas produc- nitrogen are not utilized.
tion. Catalase-negati ve .
Cultural characters as yet unknown. Optimum temperature, 30° C.
Carbohydrates and ethanol not fer- Optimum pH, 7.0.
mented. Non-pathogenic.
Cellulose reaction negative. Distinctive characters: Methanol is uti-
Principal products from the metabolism lized with the production of methane, car-
of calcium acetate and butyrate are meth- bon dioxide and water. From mixtures of
ane, carbon dioxide and calcium carbonate. carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide and
Peptones not attacked. hydrogen, methane is produced. Pure car-
Utilizes ammonium salts as source of bon monoxide is utilized with the produc-
nitrogen. No organic nitrogen compounds tion of carbon dioxide and methane.
utilized. Source: Isolated from mud.
Strict anaerobe. Killed by a short contact Habitat: Found in mud and sewage
with the air. sludge.
37° C. 5. Sarcina lutea Schroeter, 1886. (In
Non-pathogenic. Cohn, Kryptogamen-Flora v. Schlesien, 3,
Distinctive characters: Utilizes am- 1, 1886, 154.)
monium salts and acyclic acids producing lu'te.a. L. adj. luteus yellow.
methane and carbonic acid. Spheres, 1.0 to 1.5 microns in diameter,
Source: Isolated from sediment in meth- occurring in packets in all media. Gram-
ane fermentation (Weinberg et al.). Iso-
lated from mud (Smit). positive.
Gelatin colonies: Circular, up to 5 mm in
Habitat: Swamp waters and mud; fer- diameter, sulfur-yellow, sinking into the
menting sewage sludge. medium.
Gelatin stab: Slow, infundibuliform li-
4. Sarcina barkeri Schnellen, 1947.
quefaction.
Agar colonies: Yellow, coarsely granular,
(Sarcina harkerii (sic) Schnellen, Inaug.
Diss., Delft, 1947, 63; also see Kluyver and circular, raised, moist, glistening, entire.
Schnellen, Arch, of Biochem., IJ,., 1947, 57.) Agar slant: Sulfur- to chrome-yellow,
bar'ke.ri. M.L. gen. noun barkeri of smooth, soft growth.
Barker; named for H. A. Barker, who has Broth: Clear with abundant, j'ellow sedi-
made studies of organisms of this type. ment.
Spheres, 1.5 to 2.0 microns in diameter, Litmus milk: Coagulated, becoming alka-
occurring mostlj' in packets of 8 or less. line.
Non-motile. Gram-positive. Potato: Sulfur- to chrome-yellow, raised,
Growth occurs in solutions of methanol sometimes limited growth.
and inorganic ammonium salts. Slight indole production.
Hydrogen sulfide is produced. 8. Sarcina litoralis Poulsen, 1879.

No acid from glucose, lactose or sucrose. (Poulsen, Vidensk. Meddel. naturh. Foren.
Nitrites generally produced from nitrates. i Copenhagen, 1 and 2, 1879-1880, 231;
Aerobic. Halococcus litoralis Schoop, Deutsch. Tier-
arztl. Wochnschr., 43, 1935, 817.)
Habitat: Air, soil and water; also found li.to.ra'lis. L. adj. litoralis pertaining
on skin surfaces. to the shore.
Description taken from Lochhead (Can.
6. Sarcina flava de Bary, 1887. (Vorle- Jour. Res., 10, 1934, 280).
sungen iiber Bakterien, 1887, 151.) Spheres, 1.2 to 1.6 microns in diameter,
fla'va. L. adj. flavus jêllow. occurring singly, in pairs, fours, short
Spheres, 1.0 to 2.0 microns in diameter, chains and in packets, the arrangement
occurring in packets of 16 to 32 cells. Gram- varying with the medium, temperature, salt
positive.
concentration and age of culture. Non-mo-
Gelatin colonies: Small, circular, yellow- tile. Gram-variable, with rather more posi-
ish.
tive than negative cells.
Gelatin stab: Slowly liquefied. No growth in ordinary media.
Agar slant: Yellow streak.
Salt gelatin: Growth slow, with no lique-
Broth: Slowly becoming turbid with whit- faction.
ish, later yellowish, sediment. Starch media (20 per cent salt) : Colonies
Litmus milk: Alkaline, not coagulated.
Potato: Yellow streak. usually 1 to 3 mm in diameter, round, en-
tire, convex with a waxy appearance, brick-
Indole not produced. red with a pale border, color appearing
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. graduall.y.
Aerobic. Starch media slants (20 per cent salt) :
Optimum temperature, between 30° and Growth filiform, slightly raised, entire.
35° C. Coral-red in color. Slight decrease in shade
Habitat: Air, water and soil. as cultures age.
7. Sarcina aiirantiaca Hiigge, 1886. Liquid media: No growth.
(Die Mikroorganismen, 1886, 180.) Potato: In 20 per cent salt, scant growth.
au.ran.ti'a.ca. M.L. noun aurantium the Slight, chalky pink development near the
top.
orange; M.L. adj. aurantiacus orange-
colored. Indole not produced.
Spheres which occur in packets in all Diastatic action negative.
media. Gram-positive. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Gelatin colonies: Small, circular, dark Halophilic, obligate; growth in 16 to 32
yellow, entire, sinking into the medium. per cent salt. Optimum growth in 20 to 24
Gelatin stab: Infundibuliform liquefac-
tion. per cent salt.
Aerobic.
Agar slant : Slightly raised, orange- yellow
to orange-red, soft, smooth growth. Optimum temperature, 37° C.
Comments: It appears quite possible
Broth: Flocculent turbidity with abun-
dant sediment. that this species is identical with Micrococ-
Litmus milk: Coagulation and digestion. cus morrhuae Klebahn. Tetrads are men-
tioned by the majority of investigators, but
Potato: Raised, yellow-orange, glisten-
ing to dull, granular growth. few if any mention packets. Comparative
Slight indole production. studies using suitable methods for growing
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. these organisms are needed.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Source : Isolated from seashore mud near
Aerobic. Copenhagen; also from salted hides and
Optimum temperature, 30° C. salted fish.
Habitat: Air and water. Habitat: Sea-water brine or sea salt.
9. Sarcina hansenii (Miquel, 1893) diameter and are centrally located. Motile,
Breed, comb, nov* {Urosarcina hansenii each sphere possessing a single, long flagel-
Miquel, Annales de Micrographie, 5, 1893, lum. Gram-positive.
225 (type species (monotypy) of genus Gelatin colonies: Small, circular, flat,
Urosarcina Miquel, ibid., 1, 1888, 517); also microscopically coarsely granular, gray,
see Miquel and Cambier, Trait6 de Bac- becoming opaque; old colonies generally
teriologie, 1903, 628.) become slightly yellowish or brownish.
han.se'ni.i. M.L. gen. noun hansenii of Gelatin stab: Thread-like or beaded, gray
Hansen; named for Emil Christian Hansen, to jêllowish gray, glistening or dull growth.
a Danish scientist who worked on fermen- No liquefaction (Beijerinck); may or may
tation problems. not produce slow liquefaction (several weeks
Spheres, variable in size, ordinarily oc- or months) (Gibson).
curring in tetrads or packets, sometimes in Agar colonies: Same as those on gelatin.
irregular forms. Agar slant: Growth gray, opaque and
Growth occurs in various media. glistening, becoming slightly yellowish in
Gelatin colonies: White, becoming yellow old cultures.
after 48 hours. Growth may occur in streaks. Glucose agar stab: Gray, glistening sur-
No liquefaction. face growth becoming whitish or yellowish
Broth: No turbidity; yellow deposit on in the center and slightly irregular.
walls of tube. Broth: Turbid; later, an easily dispersed
Urea is converted into ammonium car- sediment is produced ; a granular precipitate
bonate. may be formed on the walls of the tube.
Optimum temperature, 30° C. Growth Milk: No change, but alkaline after several
occurs at room temperature. weeks if a heavy inoculum is used.
Comment : The original description makes Potato: No growth on acid potato; brown-
no mention of motility, of spore formation ish growth on potato rendered alkaline with
or of the Gram stain. NaoCOs .
Relationships to other species: Hauduroy Indole not produced.
et al. (Diet. d. Bact. Path., 2<= ed., 1953, 542) Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
regard this species as probably identical No acid from glucose.
with the following species. If the two species Starch not hydrolyzed.
are identical, Miquel's description ante- Nitrites produced from nitrates (Gibson) ;
dates that of Beijerinck. sea-water forms do not reduce nitrates
Source: Isolated from water and dust. (Wood, Jour. Bact., 51, 1946, 287).
Habitat: Presumably widely distributed. Urea is converted into ammonium car-
bonate.
10. Sarcina ureae (Beijerinck, 1901) Aerobic.
Lohnis, 1911. {Planosarcina iireae Beije-
rinck, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 7, 1901, 52; Temperature relations: Optimum, 20° C.
Lohnis, Landwirtsch. bakteriol. Prakti- Maximum, under 37° C. Spore-containing
kum, 1911, 138.) cells resist heating to 80° C. for 10 minutes
u're.ae. Gr. noun urum urine; M.L. noun (Beijerinck) and 100° C. for 5 minutes
(Gibson). The majority of vegetative cells
urea urea; M.L. gen. noun ureae of urea.
Original description supplemented by are destroyed at 65° C. for 15 minutes; in
material taken from Gibson (Arch, f . Mikro- dense suspensions, some survive 70° C. for
biol.,6, 1935,73). 15 minutes (Gibson).
Spheres, 1.0 to 2.5 microns in diameter, Optimum pH, about 8.8. Limits of pH,
occurring singly, in pairs and in packets. 6.4 and 9.4.
Endospores of an unusual type are pro- Spore formation: For abundant spore
duced; they measure 0.8 to 1.0 micron in formation, solid media containing am-
* Description prepared by Prof. Robert S, Breed, Cornell University, Geneva, New York,
October, 1955.
473
monium salts and sub-optimal concentra- tures on agar, in peptone water and in
tions of other nutrients should be used; also, broth are non-motile whereas those on urea
the reactions of the media should approach agar are actively motile.
the limiting acidity for growth, and the in- Source: Isolated from urine and from
cubation temperature should not exceed garden soil. Also found in sea water (Wood,
22° C. loc. cit.).
Motility: After 24 hours, jirimary cul- Habitat: Presumably widely distributed.
Genus V. Methanococcu.s Kluyver and van Niel, 1936, emend. Barker, 1936*
(Kluyver and van Niel, Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 9J^, 1936, 400; Barker,
Arch. f. Mikrobiol., 7, 1936, 430.)
Me.tha.no.coc'cus. Gr. noun methy wine; M.L. noun methanum methane; Gr. noun
coccus a berry; M.L. noun coccus a spherical cell; M.L. mas.n. Methanococcus methane
coccus.
Spherical cells, occurring singly, in pairs, or in masses. Motile or non-motile. Gram-
variable. Chemo-heterotrophic, fermenting various organic compounds with the production
of methane. Anaerobic. Saprophytes.
The type species is Methanococcus mazei Barker.
1. Methanococcus niazei Barker, 1936. 2. Methanococcu.s vannielii Stadtman

(Pseudosarcina, Maze, Compt. rend. Soc. and Barker, 1951. (Jour. Bact., 62, 1951,
269.)
Biol., Paris, 78, 1915, 398; Barker, Arch. f.
Mikrobiol., 7, 1936, 430.) van.niel'i.i. M.L. gen. noun vannielii of
ma'ze.i. M.L. gen .noun mazei of Maze; van Niel; named for C. B. van Niel, the
named for P. Maze, the French bacteriolo- American bacteriologist who developed the
gist who first gave a clearh^ recognizable carbon dioxide reduction theory of methane
description of this tj'pe of methane or- formation.
ganism. Cocci, often slightly ellipsoidal, which
Small, spherical cells occurring singh", in vary from 0.5 to 4.0 microns in diameter
large, irregular masses or in regular cysts of and which frequently occur in pairs. Motile.
various sizes and forms. Non-motile. Stains Cells disintegrate on drying. Stain readily
readily with erythrosine. Gram-variable. with erj^throsine. Gram stain not recorded.
Grows in a mineral medium containing Agar deep colonies: 0.5 to 1.0 mm in di-
acetate, fermenting the acetate vigorously. ameter, lenticular and light brown with
Ferments acetate and butyrate with the edges regular or slightly lobate.
production of methane and carbon dioxide. Acetate, propionate, butyrate, succinate,
Ethanol and butanol not attacked.
glucose, ethanol and methanol are not at-
Ammonia nitrogen utilized, but not ni-
trate nitrogen. Yeast extract is not bene- tacked when incorporated in a mineral-bi-
ficial. carbonate medium of pH 8.0 at a concentra-
Anaerobic. tion of 0.5 per cent; under similar
conditions, formate supports good growth.
Optimum temperature, between 30° and Sodium formate in concentrations of 1.5
37° C.
Source: Isolated from garden soil, sewage per cent permits maximum growth; at the
sludge, black mud containing hydrogen 2 and 3 per cent levels, growth is slower,
sulfide and from the feces of herbivorous and in 5 per cent sodium formate there is no
animals.
Habitat: One of the most active methane- growth.
Formate, the only organic compound
producing organisms found in nature. known to support growth, is fermented to
Prepared by Prof. H. A. Barker, University of California, Berkeley, California, October,
1955.
methane, carbon dioxide and, under some Source: Isolated by enrichment proce-
conditions, hydrogen. dures from black mud from the east shore
Chemical tolerance: pH range for growth, of San Francisco Bay.
7.4 to 9.2. Optimum pH, about 8.0. Habitat: Presumably found in similar
Anaerobic. materials elsewhere.
Genus VI. Peptococciis Kluyver and van Niel, 1936 *

(Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 94, 1936, 400.)
Pep.to.coc'cus. Gr. v. pepto to cook, digest; Gr. noun coccus a grain, berry; M.L. mas.n.
Peptococcus the digesting-coccus.
Spherical bacteria occurring singly, in pairs, tetrads or masses. Non-motile. Gram-posi-
tive. Anaerobic. Chemoheterotrophic, fermenting a variety of organic compounds. With one
exception, the species here described are all from human sources.
Cardon and Barker (Jour. Bact., 52, 1946, 633) have proposed the generic name Anaero-
coccus as a provisional name to include the Gram-positive, anaerobic occci which occur in
a more or less irregular and variable arrangement.
The present classification of the species in this genus is based on morphological and
various physiological characters. However, recent work has shown that the presence of
fatty acids and sulfur compounds exerts a marked influence on the morphology and/or
biochemical behavior of these organisms; consequently, in choosing criteria for the classifi-
cation of the species in this genus, it seems exigent to use those obtained with standardized
media. With the use of rather ill-defined media, at least thirty anaerobic cocci have been
recognized and described; however, with standardized media, Hare and his associates have
divided the anaerobic cocci into only nine groups. Thus, future work may show that some
or even many of the species here regarded as distinct are, in reality, identical with each
other. (See Hare, Wildy, Billett and Twort, Jour. Hyg., 50, 1952, 295; Hare, Atti del VI
Congresso Internaz. di Microbiologia, Roma, 1, 1953, 55; and Thomas and Hare, Jour. Clin.
Path., 7, 1954, 300; also see Foubert and Douglas, Jour. Bact., 56, 1948, 25.)
The type species is Peptococcus niger (Hall) Kluyver and van Niel.
Key to the species of genus Peptococcus.

I. Produce gas in visible quantities in culture media.
A. Agar colonies black.
1. Peptococcus niger.
B. Agar colonies not black.
2. Peptococcus activus.
a. Indole produced, nitrate reduced, glutamate fermented.
3. Peptococcus asaccharolyticus.
4. Peptococcus aerogenes.
aa. Indole not produced, nitrate not reduced, glutamate not fermented.
5. Peptococcus prevotii.
II. Do not produce gas in visible quantities in culture media.
A. Ferment sugars. Glycine not fermented.
1. Lactose fermented.
6. Peptococcus grigoroffii.
2. Lactose not fermented.
7. Peptococciis constellatus .
8. Peptococcus saccharolyticus.
* Prepared by Prof. H. C. Douglas, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington,
December, 1954.
475
B. None or only slight fermentation of sugars. Glycine fermented.

1. Gelatin liquefied; cell size variable.
9. Peptococcus glycinophilus .
10. Peptococcus variabilis.
2. Gelatin not liquefied; cell size uniform.
11. Peptococcus anaerobius.
1. Peptococcus niger (Hall, 1930) Kluy- 2. Peptococcus activus (Prdvot and

ver and van Niel, 1936. {Micrococcus niger Taffanel, 1945) Douglas, comb. nov. {Staph-
Hall, Jour. Bact., 20, 1930, 409; Kluyver and ylococcus activus Pr^vot and Taffanel, Ann.
van Niel, Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 94, 1936, Inst. Past., 71, 1945, 152.)
400.) ac'ti.vus. L. adj. activus active.
ni'ger. L. adj. niger black. Original description supplemented by ma-
Small spheres, 0.6 micron in diameter, terial from Foubert (Thesis, Univ. of Wash-
occurring in irregular masses, occasionally ington, 1947) and Whiteley (Thesis, Univ.
in pairs. Gram-positive. of Washington, 1951).
Gelatin: After 5 days a dark sediment is Spherical cells, 0.75 to 1.0 micron in di-
produced which graduall}' gets more and ameter, occurring singly, in pairs, tetrads
more intensely black. No liquefaction. and irregular groups. Non-motile. Not en-
Deep agar colonies: Slow growth. At capsulated. Gram-positive.
first very tiny, colorless, irregularly globu- Gelatin: Liquefaction.
lar, smooth, dense. Small bubbles of gas Agar colonies: 0.5 to 1.0 mm in diameter,
are sometimes produced. After several days smooth, entire, convex, opaque, grayish
colonies become brown, then black. If ex- white, butyrous.
posed to air, colonies fade to a dull gray. Growth in fluid medium: In peptone yeast
Medium not discolored. extract broth, growth moderately heavy in
Blood agar slant colonies: After 4 or 5 72 hours; no odor; coarsely granular; gas
days, minute, black, round, smooth, glisten- is produced. Growth not enhanced by glu-
ing, 0.5 mm in diameter. Non-hemolytic. cose.
Coagulated blood serum: Minute, brown Litmus milk: Reduced.
colonies appear on the 8th day. No liquefac- Indole is produced.
tion. Hydrogen sulfide is produced.
Broth: After 4 or 5 days, uniform turbid- Acid from glucose, galactose, fructose,
ity and slight production of gas which con- mannose, maltose and sucrose. No acid from
tains hydrogen sulfide. Black sediment. raffinose, starch, inulin, salicin, glycerol or
Brain medium: Turbid after 4 or 5 days mannitol. Cell suspensions ferment serine,
at 37° C. Uniform gas production about the threonine and purines to CO2 , NH3 , H2
6th day. Discoloration of the medium not and unidentified products.
marked. Nitrites produced from nitrates; nitrites
Milk: No change. are reduced.
No acid from carbohydrates. Black sedi- Egg albumen, beef serum and casein at-
ment produced. tacked slowly.
Strict anaerobe. Coagulase-negative.
Optimum temperature, 37° C. No growth Catalase-positive.
below 30° C. Anaerobic.
Non-pathogenic for guinea pigs and Optimum temperature, 37° C. Growth oc-
rabbits. curs between 30° and 37° C.
Distinctive characters: Formation of a Optimum pH, between 7.0 and 8.0; pH
water-insoluble, black pigment. Growth range, 6.5 to 8.5.
slow, visible after 2 to 4 days. Non-hemolytic.
Source: Isolated from the urine of an Distinctive characters: Gas production;
aged woman. active utilization of glucose and other
Habitat: Unknown. sugars; proteolytic activity.
Source: Isolated from the blood of a pa- Nat., Ser. Bot. et Zool., 15, 1933, 212), Fou-
tient suffering from puerperal septicemia. bert and Douglas (Jour. Bact., 56, 1948, 25)
Habitat: Human sources so far as known. and Whiteley (Jour. Bact., 63, 1952, 163, and
Thesis, Univ. of Washington, 1951).
3. Peptococcus asaccharolyticus (Dis- Spheres, 0.75 to 1.0 micron in diameter,
taso, 1912) Douglas, comb. nov. {Staphylo- occurring singly, in pairs, tetrads and ir-
coccus asaccharolyticus Distaso, Cent. f. regular masses. Non-motile. Not encapsu-
Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 62, 1912, 445; Micro- lated. Gram-positive.
coccus asaccharolyticus Hall, in Manual, 6th Gelatin: No liquefaction.
ed., 1948, 246.) Agar colonies: Circular, 0.5 to 2.0 mm in
a.sac.cha.ro.ly'ti.cus. Gr. pref. a not; diameter, smooth, entire, low convex,
Gr. noun sacchar sugar; Gr. adj. lyticus opaque, grayish white, butyrous.
able to loose; M.L. adj. asaccharolyticus not Growth in fluid medium : In peptone yeast
digesting sugar. extract broth, growth is moderate, coarsely
Description taken from Prevot (Ann. granular; slight to moderate gas produc-
Sci. Nat., Ser. Bot. et Zool., 15, 1933, 211). tion. Growth and gas production not en-
Large spheres, 1.0 to 1.2 microns in di- hanced by glucose but markedly stimulated
ameter, occurring in very large clusters and by 0.5 per cent glutamate.
in pairs and short chains. Gram-positive. Litmus milk: Reduced.
Gelatin: At 37° C. growth resembles tufts Indole is produced.
of cotton which precipitate. No liquefac- Hydrogen sulfide is produced.
tion. Cell suspensions decompose glutamate,
Deep agar colonies: Very delicate, pin- serine, threonine, histidines and purines to
point, transparent. A few bubbles of gas are CO 2 , Ho , NHs and acids. The acids pro-
produced. duced are butyric and acetic from glu-
Broth: Turbid. Growth settles at the bot- tamate, acetic from serine, propionic from
tom of the tube as a sort of viscous zoogloea. threonine, and acetic and lactic from
Unpleasant odor produced. purines and histidines. Chemical analyses
Peptone water: Turbid. show that only traces of glucose are utilized
Milk: Feebly acidified but not coagulated. (Foubert and Douglas). Prevot states that
Indole is produced. some strains produce small amounts of acid
Carbohydrates not attacked. from glucose and fructose.
Egg albumen not attacked. Nitrites produced from nitrates; nitrites
Anaerobic. are reduced.
Distinctive characters: Large size; un- Egg albumen, beef serum and casein not
pleasant odor; production of indole; pro- attacked.
duction of gas. Coagulase-negative.
Source: Isolated from the large intestine Catalase-positive.
of a man with intestinal intoxication. Anaerobic.
Habitat: Intestine. Not common.
Optimum temperature, 37° C. Growth be-
tween 25° and 37° C.
4. Peptococcus aerogenes (Schottmiil- Optimum pH, between 7.0 and 8.0; pH
ler, 1912) Douglas, comb. nov. (Staphylococ- range, 5.5 to 8.5.
cus aerogenes Schottmiiller, Cent. f. Bakt., Non-hemolytic.
I Abt., Orig., 64, 1912, 270; Micrococcus Distinctive characters: Gas production;
aerogenes Bergey et al.. Manual, 1st ed., sugars utilized slowly if at all; fermenta-
1923, 70; not Micrococcus aerogenes Miller, tion of amino acids and purines. Foubert
Deutsch. med. Woehnschr., 12, 1886, 119.) and Douglas (op. cit., 1948, 29) found no es-
a.e.ro'ge.nes. Gr. noun aer air; Gr. v. sential differences between cultures of this
gennaio to produce; M.L. adj. aerogenes gas- species and those of Peptococcus asaccharoly-
producing. ticus. Future work will probably show the
Description taken from Prevot (Ann. Sci. two species to be identical.
477
Source: Isolated from twenty cases of from Peptococcus aerogenes by its failure
puerperal fever (Schottmiiller), from in- to produce indole, to reduce nitrates and to
fected tonsils (Prevot) and from the female ferment glutamate and histidine.
genital tract (Foubert and Douglas). Source: Isolated from the female genital
Habitat: Female genital tract and tonsils tract; also from tonsils, from a bottle of
so far as known. plasma and from skin.
Habitat: From human sources so far as
5. Peptococcus prevotii (Foubert and known.
Douglas, 1948) Douglas, comb. nov. {Micro-
coccus prevotii Foubert and Douglas, Jour. 6. Peptococcus grigoroffii (Prevot,
Bact., 56, 1948,25.) 1933) Douglas, comb. nov. (Micrococcus A,
pre.vo'ti.i. M.L. gen. noun prevotii of Grigoroff, These de Geneve, 1905; Micro-
Prevot; named for A. Prevot, a French bac- coccus grigoroffi, (sic) Prevot, Ann. Sci. Nat.,
teriologist. Ser. Bot. et Zool., 15, 1933, 219.)
Spherical cells, 0.6 to 1.5 microns in di- gri.go.rof'li.i. M.L. gen. noun grigoroffii
ameter, occurring singly, in pairs, tetrads of Grigoroff; named for S. Grigoroff, the
and irregular groups. Non-motile. Not en- bacteriologist who first isolated this or-
capsulated. Gram-positive.
Gelatin: No liquefaction. ganism.
Small spheres, averaging 0.7 micron in
Agar colonies: Circular, 0.5 to 1.0 mm in diameter, occurring singly or in irregular
diameter, smooth, entire, low convex, trans- masses. Gram-positive.
lucent or opaque, gray to grayish white, Gelatin: Colonies appear in four days. No
butyrous. liquefaction.
Growth in fluid medium: In peptone yeast Deep agar colonies: After three days,
extract broth, moderately heavy growth in round, lenticular, yellowish.
72 hours, coarsely granular; no odor; gas is Glucose broth: Turbid after two days
produced. Growth of some strains enhanced with whitish sediment. Neither gas nor
slightly by glucose. fetid odor produced. The medium is acidi-
Litmus milk: Litmus reduced. fied.
Indole not produced. Milk: Good growth; acid; coagulation.
Hydrogen sulfide production slight, if at Acid from glucose, fructose, maltose, lac-
all. tose and sorbitol.
All strains utilize small amounts of glu- Anaerobic.
cose. Some strains produce slight acidity in
glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose, mal- One strain is slightly pathogenic.
tose and raffinose. Cell suspensions decom- Distinctive characters: This is the onl}-
pose serine, threonine and purines with the anaerobic coccus growing in irregular
formation of CO2 , NH3 , H2 and unidenti- masses that coagulates milk. Lactose is fer-
fied products. Glutamate, histidine and mented.
other amino acids not decomposed. Source: Five strains were isolated from
Nitrites not produced from nitrates; ni- the appendix by Grigoroff; one strain was
trites not reduced. isolated from an appendix by Prevot.
Egg albumen, beef serum and casein not Habitat: Human digestive tract. Not
attacked. common.
Coagulase-negative.
Catalase-positive. 7. Peptococcus constellatus (Prevot,
Anaerobic. 1924) Douglas, comb. nov. {Diplococcus con-
Optimum temperature, 37° C. Growth be- stellatus Prevot, Compt. rend. Soc. Biol.,
tween 25° and 37° C. Paris, 5/, 1924,426.)
Optimum pH, between 6.5 and 8.5. con.stel.la'tus. L. adj. constellatus stud-
Non-hemolytic. ded with stars.
Distinctive characters : Distinguished Description taken in part from Prevot
(Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. Bot. et Zool., 15, 1933, Agar colonies: Circular, 0.5 to 1.0 mm in
158). diameter, smooth, entire, low convex,
Spheres, 0.5 to 0.6 micron in diameter, opaque, grayish white, butyrous.
occurring in pairs and tetrads, rarely in very Growth in fluid medium: In peptone yeast
short chains, never in clu.sters. Gram-posi- extract broth, growth is moderate and
tive. stimulated by glucose. Cultures are turbid
Gehitin: Good growth. No liquefaction. with a white, powdery sediment. No visible
Deep agar colonies: At first very small, gas production. Faint, fruity odor.
lenticular, biconvex, thick, opaque, yel- Litmus milk: Slight reduction of litmus.
lowish, 0.5 to 1.5 mm in diameter. Each Indole not produced.
colony is surrounded by many small satel- Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
lite colonies visible microscopically. Acid but no visible gas from glucose,
Broth: Growth slow, poor. After 48 hours fructose, mannose and glycerol. Arabinose,
a slight, homogeneous turbidity is formed; galactose, maltose, lactose, raffinose, starch,
it quickly clears leaving a slight, powdery inulin, salicin, mannitol, lactate and malate
sediment. Neither gas nor odor is produced. not utilized. Glucose fermented to CO2 ,
Glucose broth: Growth rapid, abundant. ethanol, acetic acid, formic acid and traces
Proteins not attacked. of lactic acid.
Blood broth: Good growth; no hemolysis. Nitrites produced from nitrates; nitrites
Milk: Poor growth; no change. are reduced.
Peptone water: Good growth; not acidi- Egg albumen, beef serum and casein not
fied; indole not produced. attacked.
Acid but no gas from glucose and arabi- Coagulase-negative.
nose. Slight acid from glycerol. No acid from Catalase-positive.
lactose, inulin, mannitol or dulcitol. Anaerobic.
Neutral red broth: Unchanged. Optimum temperature, 37° C. Growth
Anaerobic. between 25° and 37° C.
Optimum pH, between 7.0 and 7.5; pH
Optimum temperature, 37° C. Feeble
growth at 22° C. Not thermo-resistant. range, 5.5 to 8.5.
Optimum pH, between 6.0 and 8.0. Non-hemolytic.
Distinctive character: The microscopic Distinctive characters: Saccharolytic; no
appearance of agar colonies, each of which visible gas produced; characteristic fer-
is surrounded by a constellation of satel- mentation products from glucose.
lites. Comments: There seems to be little dif-
Source: Isolated from a case of chronic, ference between this and the preceding
cryptic tonsillitis; later isolated from pus
in acute appendicitis. species.
Source: Isolated from bottles of plasma;
Habitat: Found in the digestive tract, es- also from the human skin.
pecially the lymphoid tissues, such as ton- Habitat: Probably the skin of man.
sils, etc.
9. Peptococcus glycinophilus (Cardon
8. Peptococcus saccharolyticus (Fou- and Barker, 1946) Douglas, comb. nov.
bert and Douglas, 1948) Douglas, comb. nov. {Diplococcus glycinophilus Cardon and
{Micrococcus saccharolyticus Poubert and Barker, Jour. Bact., 52, 1946, 629.)
Douglas, Jour. Bact., 56, 1948, 30 and 31.) gly.ci.no'phi.lus. M.L. noun glycinum
sac.cha.ro.ly'ti.cus. Gr. noun sacchar glycine; Gr. adj. philus loving; M.L. adj.
sugar; Gr. adj. lyticus able to loose; M.L. glycinophilus glycine-loving.
adj . saccharolyticus sugar-digesting. Original description supplemented by
Spheres, 0.6 to 1.0 micron in diameter, material from Foubert (Thesis, University
occurring singly, in pairs, tetrads and ir- of Washington, 1947).
regular groups. Non-motile. Not encapsu- Spheres, 0.7 to 2.5 microns in diameter,
lated. Gram-positive. the average being about 1.2 microns, occa-
Gelatin: No liquefaction. sionally rod-shaped, occurring in pairs,
short chains, tetrads and irregular groups. terial from Douglas (Jour. Bact., 62, 1951,
517).
Non-motile. Not encapsulated. Gram-posi-
tive. Spheres, 0.5 to 1.5 microns in diameter,
Growth does not occur on complex ni- occurring singly, in pairs, tetrads and ir-
trogenous or sugar-containing media to any regular groups. Non-motile. Not encapsu-
observable extent in the absence of added lated. Gram-positive.
glycine; furthermore, ordinary distilled Gelatin: Liquefaction.
water is frequently toxic to this organism, Agar colonies: Circular, 0.5 to 1.0 mm in
and glass-distilled water or a 1 :1 mixture of diameter, smooth, entire, low convex,
glass-distilled and tap water is recom- opaque, grayish white, butyrous.
mended in the preparation of media. Growth in fluid medium: In peptone yeast
Gelatin: Liquefaction. extract broth, growth moderately heavy,
Agar plate colonies: Circular, up to 0.5 cloudy; no odor; no visible gas. Growth not
mm in diameter, smooth, entire, convex, enhanced by glucose.
opaque, grayish white, butyrous. Litmus milk: Slight reduction.
Growth in fluid medium: Slow but abun- Indole not produced.
dant growth in peptone yeast extract Hydrogen sulfide is produced.
medium containing 0.3 per cent added Cell organisms and growing cultures de-
glycine; coarsely granular; no odor; no gas. compose glycine to CO2 , NH3 and acetic
Litmus milk: Partial reduction. acid. Other amino acids, purines, lactate
Indole not produced. and malate not decomposed. No acid pro-
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. duction or growth enhancement by sugars
Glycine or glycine-containing peptides although chemical analyses show that small
are fermented. Other amino acids, organic amounts of glucose are utilized by all
acids and carbohydrates are not utilized. strains.
Glycine is decomposed to CO 2 , NH3 and Nitrites not produced from nitrates; ni-
acetic acid; under certain conditions H2 trites not reduced.
may also be formed in addition to the above Coagulase-negative.
products. Catalase-positive.
Nitrites produced from nitrates; nitrites Anaerobic.
are reduced.
Optimum temperature, 37° C. Growth
Coagulase-negative. between 25° and 37° C.
Catalase-positive. Optimum pH, 7.0; pH range, 6.5 to 8.5.
Anaerobic. Non-hemolytic.
Optimum temperature, 37° C. Distinctive characters: No visible gas
Optimum pH, 7.2; pH range, 6.0 to 8.5. production; glycine fermented to CO2 ,
Non-hemolytic. NH3 and acetic acid; liquefaction of gelatin
Distinctive characters: Large cell size; and variable cell size distinguish this
distinctive catabolism. The predominant species from Peptococcus anaerohius.
organism in anaerobic enrichment cultures Source: Isolated from the female genital
prepared by inoculating mud into 1 per cent tract; also from a normal tonsil and a drain-
glycine in tap water. ing sinus.
Source: Isolated from mud in the tidal Habitat: Human sources so far as known.
areas of San Francisco Bay.
Habitat: Mud and soil. 11. Peptococcus anaerobius (Hamm,
1912) Douglas, comb. nov. (Anaerobic
staphylococcus, Jungano, Compt. rend.
10. Peptococcus variabilis (Foubert
Soc. Biol., Paris, 59, 1907, 707; Staphylococ-
and Douglas, 1948) Douglas, coinb. nov. cus anaerobius Hamm, Die puerperale Wun-
{Micrococcus variabilis Foubert and dinfektion, Berlin, 1912; not Staphylococcus
Douglas, Jour. Bact., 56, 1948, 25.) anaerobius Heurlin, Bakt. Unters. d. Keim-
va.ri.a'bi.lis. L. adj. variabilis variable. gehaltes im Genitalkanale d. fiebernden
Original description supplemented by ma- Wochnerinnen, Helsingfors, 1910, 120;
Micrococcus anaerobius Hall, in Manual, decompose glycine to CO2 , NH3 and acetic
6th ed., 1948, 247). acid. Other amino acids are not fermented.
an.a.e.ro'bi.us. Gr. pref. an not; Gr. Purines, lactate and malate not attacked.
noun aer air; Gr. noun bius life; M.L. adj. Sugars attacked slowly or not at all.
anaerobius not living in air. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
De.scription taken from Prevot (Ann. Egg albumen, beef serum and casein not
Sci. Nat., Ser. Bot. et ZooL, 15, 1933, 209), attacked.
Foubert (Thesis, Univ. of Washington, Coagulase-negative.
1947) and Douglas (Jour. Bact., 62, 1951, Catalase-positive.
517). Anaerobic.
Spheres, 0.5 to 0.6 micron in diameter, Optimum temperature, 37° C. Growth
occurring singly, in pairs, tetrads and between 25° and 37° C.
masses. Non-motile. Not encapsulated. Optimum pH, 7.0; pH range, between 6.0
Gram-positive. and 8.0.
Gelatin: No liquefaction. Non-hemolytic.
Agar colonies: 0.5 to 1.0 mm in diameter, Distinctive characters: No visible gas
circular, smooth, entire, low convex, produced; sugars utilized slowly or not at
opaque, grayish, opalescent, butyrous. all; glycine fermented to CO 2 , NH3 and
Growth in fluid medium: In peptone yeast acetic acid; failure to liquefy gelatin and
extract broth, growth moderate, cloudy to uniform cell size distinguish this species
granular; no visible gas production. Growth from Pepiococcus variabilis.
not enhanced by glucose. Source: Isolated by Jungano from in-
Litmus milk: Reduced. flamed appendices and from a case of cysti-
Indole not produced. tis; also from an infected tonsil (Prevot).
Hj^drogen sulfide is produced. Habitat: From human sources so far as
Cell suspensions and growing cultures known.
FAMILY VIII. NEISSERIACEAE PREVOT, 1933.

(Ann. Sci. Nat., S6t. Bot., 15, 1933, 119.)
Neis.se. ri.a'ce.ae. M.L. fem.n. Neisseria type genus of the family; -aceae ending to de-
note afamily; M.L. fem.pl.n. Neisseriaceae the Neisseria family.
Spherical cells occurring in pairs or in masses. Giant cells common in young cultures.
Non-motile. Gram-negative. Pigment may or may not be produced. Some species grow
poorly immediately after isolation without mammalian body fluids. Aerobic, facultatively
anaerobic and anaerobic. Optimum temperature, 37°C. All known species are parasitic.
Key to the genera of famihj Neisseriaceae.
I. Cells, approximately 1.0 micron in diameter, occur in pairs with the adjacent sides
usually flattened. Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic.
Genus I. Neisseria, p. 480.
II. Cells, usually less than 0.5 micron in diameter, occur in pairs and masses. Anaero-
bic.
Genus II. Veillonella, p. 485.
Genus I. Neisseria Trevisan, 1885*

(Trevisan, Atti della Accademia Fisio-Medico-Statistica in Milano, Ser. 4, S, 1885, 105;
Gonococcus Lindau, in Just's Bot. Jahresber., I Abt., Orig., 26, 1898, 100.)
* Revised by Dr. Sara E. Branham, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland,
and Dr. Michael J. Pelczar, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, December,
1952. Reviewed by Prof. E. G. D. Murray, McGill University, Montreal, P. Q., Canada.
FAMILY VIII. NEISSERIACEAE 481
Neis.se'ri.a. M.L. fem.n. Neisseria named for Dr. Albert Neisser, who discovered the
organism causing gonorrhoea in 1879.
Cocci occurring in pairs with the adjacent sides flattened. Gram-negative. Five species
produce a yellow, a greenish yellow or a tan pigment. Growth on non-enriched media may
be poor. Biochemical activities are limited. Few carbohydrates are utilized. Indole not
produced. Nitrates not reduced. Catalase is abundantlj^ produced. Aerobic or facultatively
anaerobic. Some species are hemolytic. Parasites of animals so far as known.
The type species is Neisseria gonorrhoeae Trevisan.
Key to the species of genus Neisseria.

I. Grow best on special culture media containing blood, blood serum or similar enrichment
fluids (especiallj^ with added glucose) at 35° to 37° C.; growth rare below 25° C. Non-
chromogenic.
A. Acid from glucose, not from maltose. Will grow anaerobically.
1. Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
B. Acid from glucose and maltose. No growth anaerobically.
2. Neisseria meningitidis.
II. Grow well on ordinary culture media at 22° C.
A. Non-chromogenic.
1. No acid from any carliohydrate. Moist colonies on agar. From human nasal se-
cretions.
3. Neisseria catarrhalis.
2. Acid from glucose, fructose, maltose and sucrose.
a. Dry, crumbly colonies on agar. Sometimes hemolytic.
4. Neisseria sicca.
aa. Growth slow and delicate. Hemolytic.
5. Neisseria haemolysans.
B. Chromogenic, especially on Loeffler's serum medium or on Dorsett's egg medium*.
1. No acid from any carbohydrate.
a. Greenish yellow chromogenesis.
6. Neisseria flavescens.
aa. Light brown to tan chromogenesis.
7. Neisseria caviae.
2. Acid from carbohydrates.
a. No acid from fructose. Greenish yellow chromogenesis.
8. Neisseria subflava.
aa. Acid from fructose.
b. No acid from sucrose. Greenish yellow chromogenesis.
9. Neisseria flava.
bb. Acid from sucrose. Greenish yellow chromogenesis.
10. Neisseria perflava.
1. Neisseria gonorrhoeae Trevisan, dau, in Just's Bot. Jahresber., I Abt.,

1885. (Micrococcus der Gonorrhoe, Neisser, Orig., 26, 1898, 100.)
Vorl. Mitteil., Cent. f. Medicinische Wis- go.nor.rhoe'ae. Gr. noun gonorrhoea
senchaft, 17, 1879, 497; Trevisan, Atti gonorrhea; M.L. gen. noun gonorrhoeae of
della Accademia Fisio-Medico-Statistica in gonorrhea.
Milano, Ser. 4, 3, 1885 105; Micrococcus Common name: Gonococcus.
gonorrhoeae Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, Spheres, 0.6 to 1.0 micron in diameter,
2 Aufl., 1886, 156; Gonococcus neisseri Lin- occurring singly and in pairs, the sides flat-
* Abel's modification. See M. Levine and H. Schoenlein, A Compilation of Culture

Media. Baltimore, 1930, 792.
tened where they are in contact. Gram-nega- Gram-negative coccus as the cause of epi-
tive. demic meningitis.
Grows best on media with the addition of Spheres, 0.6 to 1.0 micron in diameter,
body fluids (blood, ascites, etc.) or other occasionally larger; occur singly, in pairs
specially prepared media. with adjacent sides flattened or occa-
Colonies are small and transparent, even- sionally in tetrads. Gram-negative.
tually (2 to 4 days) developing a lobate Good growth is obtained on media con-
margin, grayish white with a pearly opal- taining blood, blood serum and other en-
escence by transmitted light. Larger colo- richment fluids with added glucose. Best
nies form on special media. growth on special media.
Acid from glucose. No acid from fructose, Blood agar plates are generally employed
maltose, sucrose, mannitol or other sugars. to isolate the organism. The colonies are
Optimum temperature, 37° C. No growth small, slightly conve.x, transparent, glis-
below 25° C. tening. Colonies are larger on special media.
Aerobic to facultatively anaerobic. Many Older cultures may show growth on nu-
strains develop more readily with increased trient agar or glucose agar properly pre-
CO2 tension. pared. Semi-solid media are especially
Source: Originally found in purulent favorable for growth and are often used for
venereal discharges. Also found in blood, isolation. With recently isolated strains
conjunctiva, joints and cerebrospinal fluid. frequent transplantation is necessary to
Habitat: The cause of gonorrhea and keep the organism alive; older strains sur-
other infections of man. Not found in other vive longer. Cultures should be kept at
animals. 35° to 37° C.
Acid from glucose and maltose. No acid
2. Neisseria ineningitidis* (Albrecht from other carbohydrates.
and Ghon, 1903) Holland, 1920. (Diplococcus Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
intracellular is meningitidis Weichsel- Optimum temperature, between 36° and
baum, Fortschr. d. Med., 5, 1887, 583; 37° C. No growth at 22° C.
Neisseria weichselbaumii Trevisan, I Aerobic.
generi e le specie delle Batteriacee, 1889, Source: Originally found in the cerebro-
32; Micrococcus intracelhilaris Migula, Syst. spinal fluid. Also found in the nasopharj'n.x,
d. Bakt., 2, 1900, 189; Micrococcus menin- in the blood, in the conjunctiva, in pus
gitidis Albrecht and Ghon, Cent. f. Bakt., I from joints and in petechiae in the skin.
Abt., Orig., 33, 1903, 498; Holland, Jour. Habitat: Nasopharynx of man; not found
Bact., 5, 1920, 224.) in other animals. Cause of epidemic cerebro-
me.nin.gi'ti.dis. Gr. fem.n. meninx, spinal fever (meningitis).
meningis the membrane enclosing the brain;
M.L. fem.n. meningitis, meningitidis in- Four main groups of Neisseria meningiti-
flam ation ofthe meninges. dis have been differentiated on the basis of
Common name: Meningococcus. agglutination reactions with immune serum.
In 1898, Councilman, Mallory and Wright The Subcommittee on Neisseria of the In-
(Epidemic Cerebrospinal Meningitis and ternational Committee on Bacteriological
its Relation to other Forms of Meningitis, Nomenclature of the International Asso-
Boston, 1898) definitely established the ciation of Microbiologists has suggested
* The binomial Neisseria intracelhilaris , used in the first five editions of the Manual,
proved confusing because the names Micrococcus intracellularis, Diplococcus intracelhilaris
and Streptococcus intracellularis have been used loosely for unrelated organisms. Neisseria
weichselbaumii has also been so rarely used and at the same time is so loosely used that any
attempt to introduce it now is inadvisable despite rights or priority. The equally available
name Neisseria meningitidis was therefore adopted for the 6th edition of the Manual and is
hereby continued. It has the obvious advantage of association with the common name,
meningococcus, which has been repeatedly used in the literature.
FAMILY VIII, NEISSERIACEAE
(Proceedings 5th International Congress Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.

for Microbiology, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, Source: Nasopharynx, saliva and respira-
1950, Internat. Bull. Bact. Nomen. and tory tract.
Taxon., 4, 1954, 95) that these groups be Habitat: Human mucous membrane of
designated as A, B, C and D. Relationships
of these groups to older classifications of the the respiratory tract. Often associated with
meningococcus are shown in the accom- other organisms in inflammations of the
panying table. mucous membrane.
Relationships Among the Various Classifications OF Meningococci.

Nicolle,
Gordon and Griffith; Common use, Recommended
Dopter and Pauron,* Debains and Evans (Tro- 1950
1914 Murray,* 1915 Scott,* 1916 pin Groups),*
1920 1940 by Committee,*
Jouan,* 1918
Meningococcus I I A R I A
III
Para-meningo- II II B S II B
coccus
IV
IV z D
C II alpha C
*Dopter and Pauron, Compt. rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, Tt , 1914, 231; Gordon and Murraj',
Jour. Roy. Army Med. Corps, 25, 1915, 411; Griffith, Local Govt. Bd. Rept., New Series,
No. 110, 1916, 41; Scott, ihid., 56; Nicolle, Debains and Jouan, Ann. Inst. Past., ^2, 1918,
150; Evans, U. S. Pub. Health Ser., Hyg. Lab. Bull. D**124, 1920, 43; Sub-Committee on Aêts-
sena of the Internat. Comm. on Bact. Nomenclature, Proceedings, 5° Congresso Inter-
nacional de Microbiologia, Rio de Janeiro, 1950 (in press) .
** Relation of this D to other groups is unknown.
3. Neisseria catarrhalis (Frosch and 4. Neisseria sicca (von Lingelsheim,
Kolle, 1896) Holland, 1920. {Micrococcus 1908) Bergey et al., 1923. (Diplococcus
catarrhalis Frosch and Kolle, in Fliigge, Die pharyngis siccus von Lingelsheim, Klin.
Mikroorganismen, 3 Aufl., 2, 1896, 154; Jahrb., 15, 1906, 409; Diplococcus siccus von
Holland, Jour. Bact., 5, 1920, 224.) Lingelsheim, Ztschr. f. Hyg., 59, 1908, 476;
ca.tar.rhal'is. Gr. adj. catarrhus down- Bergey et al.. Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 43.)
flowing, catarrh; M.L. adj. catarrhalis of sic'ca. L. adj. siccus dry.
catarrh. Spheres, 0.6 to 1.0 micron in diameter,
Spheres 0.6 to 1.0 micron in diameter as occurring singly and in pairs with adjacent
a rule. Occur singly, in pairs with adjacent sides flattened. Gram-negative.
sides flattened and sometimes in fours. Blood agar colonies: Grayish, somewhat
Gram-negative. dry, crumbling when an effort is made to
Blood agar colonies: Small, circular, remove them. Often the whole colony can
rather convex, grayish white to dirty white, be pushed about over the medium. Some-
sometimes erose. times corrugated on the surface and firmly
Broth : Turbid, often with a slight pellicle. adherent to the medium. Sometimes hemo-
No acid from any of the carbohydrates.
lytic.
Often difficult to emulsify; precipitates
Optimum temperature, 37° C. Grows
well at 22° C. spontaneously in normal salt solution.
Acid from glucose, fructose, maltose and Optimum temperature, 37° C; grows well
sucrose. at 22° C.
Optimum temperature, 37° C. Grows at Serologically, a homogeneous group.
22° C.
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. Source: Cerebrospinal fluid in cases of
Source: Nasopharynx, saliva and sputum. meningitis.
Habitat: Mucous membrane of the respi- Habitat: Probably mucous membrane of
ratory tract of man. respiratory tract of man.
5. Neisseria haemolysans Thj0tta and 7. Neisseria caviae Pelczar, 1953. (Neis-

Boe, 1938. (Acta path, et microbiol. Scand., seria from guinea pig, Pelczar, Hajek and
Suppl., 37, 1938, 527.) Faber, Jour. Inf. Dis., 85, 1949, 239; Pelczar,
hae.mo'ly.sans. Gr. noun haema blood; Jour. Bad., 65, 1953,744.)
Gr. V. lyo to loose; M.L. part. adj. haemoly- ca'vi.ae. M.L. fem.n. Cavia generic name
sans dissolving blood. of the guinea pig; M.L. gen. noun caviae of
Cavia.
Spheres, 0.6 to 1.0 micron or more in di-
ameter, occurring singly and in pairs with Spheres, 0.6 to 1.0 micron in diameter,
adjacent sides flattened. Type strain shows occurring predominantly in pairs with flat-
some very large cells. Gram-negative. tened sides, though small clusters of cells
Blood agar colonies: Smooth, non-chro- are present. Gram-negative.
mogenic, surrounded by a zone of clear Trypticase soy agar colonies: Approxi-
beta hemolysis by the second or third day. mately 2mm in diameter, circular, convex,
Growth slow and delicate. entire with smooth glistening surface. Con-
Gelatin not liquefied. sistency butyrous, becoming viscid.
Acid from glucose, fructose, maltose and Chromogenesis : Growth on Loefiier's
sucrose, but not from any other carbohy- slants is a distinct light caramel to dirty
drate. brown color. Distinctly different from the
Indole not produced. grayish white or yellow to yellowish green
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. chromogenesis of other species in the genus.
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. No acid from any carbohydrate.
Source: Bronchial secretions, nasophar- Positive oxidase test with para-amino-
ynx. dimethylaniline monohydrochloride rea-
Habitat: Human mucous membrane of
the respiratory tract. Hemolysis: Some strains weakly hemo-
gent.
lytic against rabbit blood.
6. Neisseria flavescens Branham, 1930.
Optimum temperature, 37° C; grows at
(U. S. Public Health Service, Pub. Health 22° C.
Reports, 45, 1930, 845.) Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
fla.ves'cens. L. v. flavesco to become Source: Isolated from the pharyngeal
golden yellow; L. part. adj. flavescens be- region of guinea pigs.
coming golden yellow. Habitat: Pharyngeal region of guinea
Biscuit-shaped cocci occurring in flat- pigs and perhaps also in the pharyngeal
tened pairs; usually 0.6 to 1.0 micron in di-
ameter. Gram-negative. region of other animals.
Glucose agar: Poor growth.
8. Neisseria subflava Bergey et al., 1923.
Blood agar: Grows well, colonies less
noist and less transparent than those of the (Chromogenic group III, Elser and Hun-
meningococcus. Develops a golden yellow toon, Jour. Med. Res., £0 (N.S. 15), 1909,
415; Bergey et al., Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 44.)
blood serumIs medium.
pigment. greenish yellow on Loeffler's
sub.fla'va. L. prefix sub less than, some-
Semi-solid agar: Good growth with pel- what; L. adj. flavits yellow; L. adj. subflaviis
licle formation.
yellowish.
No acid from any carbohydrates. Spheres, 0.6 to 1.0 micron in diameter,
485
FAMILY VIII. NEISSERIACEAE
occurring singly and in pairs with adjacent

sides flattened. Gram-negative. 22°Optimum
Blood agar colonies: Small, round, Source: Nasopharynx and cerebrospinal
smooth, convex, yellowish gray. Sometimes fluid in cases of meningitis (very rare).
translucent and very adherent to the agar. Habitat: Human mucous membrane of
Chromogenesis: The bacterial growth is respiratory tract.
usually a pale greenish yellow on Loeffler's
serum medium. 10. Neisseria perflava Bergey et al.,
Acid from glucose and maltose. No acid 1923. (Chromogenic group I, Elser and
from fructose, sucrose or mannitol. Huntoon, Jour. Med. Res., 20 (N.S. 15),
Optimum temperature, 37° C, but grows 1909, 415; Bergey et al.. Manual, 1st ed.,
1923, 43.)
at 22° C.
Easily confused with Neisseria meningi- per. fla'va. L. prefix -per very; L. adj.
tidis. flavus yellow; M.L. adj. per flavus very yel-
Source: Nasopharynx. low.
Habitat: Human mucous membrane of Spheres, 0.6 to 1.0 micron in diameter,
the respiratory tract. occurring singly and in pairs with adjacent
sides flattened. Gram-negative.
9. Neisseria flava Bergey et al., 1923. Blood agar colonies: Small, circular,
(Chromogenic Group II, Elser and Hun- raised, yellowish, smooth, shining. Growth
toon, Jour. Med. Res., 20 (N.S. 15), 1909, is often adherent to the medium.
415; Bergey et al.. Manual, 1st ed., 1923, Chromogenesis best seen on Loeffler's
43.) serum medium; usually a bright greenish
fla'va. L. adj. flavus yellow.
Spheres, 0.5 to 1.0 micron in diameter, yellow.
Acid from glucose, fructose, maltose and
occurring singly and in pairs with adjacent sucrose.
sides flattened. Gram-negative.
Blood agar colonies: Small, circular, 22°Optimum
raised, smooth, glistening, yellowish. Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
Chromogenesis best seen on Loeffler's Source: Nasopharynx, saliva and sputum.
serum medium; greenish yellow. Habitat: Mucous membrane of respira-
Acid from glucose, fructose and maltose. tory tract of man. The most common of the
No acid from sucrose. chromogenic Neisseria.
Genus II. Veillonella Prevot, 193S.*

(Pr^vot, Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. Bot., 15, 1933, 118; also see Langford, Faber and Pelczar,
Jour. Bact., 69, 1950, 349-356.)
Veil.lo.nel'la. M.L. dim. ending -ella; M.L. fem.n. Veillonella named for A. Veillon, the
French bacteriologist who isolated the type species.
Small cocci, generally 0.3 to 0.4 micron in diameter, occurring in masses, in pairs or in
short chains. Cells undifferentiated and united by an interstitial substance of ectoplasmic
nature. Gram-negative. Good growth on usual culture media. Pronounced biochemical
activity. Anaerobic. Occur as parasites in the mouths, the intestines and the urogenital
and respiratory tracts of man and other animals.
The present classification of the species in this genus is based on morphological and vari-
ous physiological characters. However, recent work has shown that the presence of fatty
acids and sulfur compounds exerts a marked influence on the morphology and/or biochem-
ical behavior of these organisms; consequentlj^ in choosing criteria for the classification of
the species in this genus, it seems exigent to use those obtained with specified media.
With the use of rather ill-defined media, at least thirty anaerobic cocci have been recog-
* Prepared by Dr. Michael J. Pelczar, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland,
December, 1954.
nized and described; however, with standardized media, Hare and his associates have di-
vided the anaerobic cocci into only nine groups. Thus, future work may show that some or
even many of the species here regarded as distinct are, in reality, identical with each other.
(See Hare, Wildy, Billett and Twort, Jour. Hyg., 50, 1952, 295; Hare, Atti del VI Congresso
Internaz. di Microbiologia, Roma, 1, 1953, 55; and Thomas and Hare, Jour. Clin. Path., 7,
1954, 300.)
The type species is Veillonella parvula (Veillon and Zuber) Prevot.
Key to the species of genus Veillonella.
I. Gas produced in culture media.
A. Acid from glucose.
1. Veillonella parvula.
B. Carbohydrates not attacked.
1. Rancid odor not produced in broth.
2. Veillonella alcalescens.
2. Slight rancid odor produced in broth.
3. Veillonella discoides.
II. Gas not produced in culture media.
A. Gelatin not liquefied.
1. Indole produced in trace amounts. Cells measure 0.8 to 1.0 micron in diameter.
4. Veillonella reniformis.
2. Indole not produced. Cells measure 1.5 to 2.0 microns in diameter.
5. Veillonella orbiculus.
B. Gelatin is liquefied.
6. Veillonella vulvovaginitidis .
1. Veillonella parvula (Veillon and Indole is produced.

Zuber, 1898) Prevot, 1933. {Staphylococcus Hydrogen sulfide is produced.
par villus Veillon and Zuber, Arch. Med. Acid and gas from glucose. Slight amount
Exp., 1898, 542; Prevot, Ann. Sci. Nat., of acid from fructose, galactose and sucrose.
S6r. Bot., 15, 1933, 119.) Mannitol, maltose and inulin feebly at-
par'vu.la. L. dim. adj. parvulus very tacked by some strains.
small. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Very small spheres, 0.2 to 0.4 micron in Coagulated protein not attacked.
diameter, occurring in pairs, in very short Ammonia not produced.
chains or in masses. Gram-negative. Strictly anaerobic.
Gelatin: No liquefaction. Temperature relations: Optimum, 37° C.
Semi-solid agar (Veillon) colonies: At Feeble growth at 22° C.
first punctiform, becoming lenticular, reach- Optimum pH, between 6.5 and 8.0.
ing a diameter of 2 mm. Gas bubbles pro- Distinctive characters: Fermentation of
duced. polypeptides to produce hydrogen, carbon
Blood agar colonies: Usually surrounded dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and indole; fer-
by a clear halo; weakly hemolytic. mentation of sugars; hemolj'sis of blood;
Agar slant: Transparent, bluish, minute production of nitrites from nitrates.
colonies. Source: Isolated by Veillon and Zuber
Peptone broth: Turbid; fine sediment. from appendixes, buccal cavities and lungs.
Glucose broth: Turbid. Faintly fetid Of the 13 strains studied by Prevot, three
odor. Gas produced contains CO2 , H2 and were isolated from pulmonary gangrene,
H2S. one from an appendix, one from alveolar
Serum broth: Very abundant, rapid pyorrhea, five from amniotic fluid, two from
growth. abscesses and pulmonary congestion and
Milk: No acid. No coagulation. Some one from the buccal cavity of a normal rab-
strains produce gas. bit. Found in suppurative lesions or pus.
487
FAMILY VIII. NEISSERIACEAE
Occasionally pathogenic, invading the tis- thorn. so'ni.i. M.L. gen. noun thomsonii
sues, causing suppurations either alone or in of Thomson; named for Dr. David Thomson
association with other pyogenic organisms. of London, England, the first to isolate this
variety.
Habitat: Found normally as a harmless
parasite in the natural cavities, especially Differs but slightly from Veillonella par-
the mouths and digestive tracts, of man and vula in that it requires some accessory
other animals. growth factor found in serum or other
body fluids or tissues.
la. Veillonella parvida var. minima Pr6- Source: Isolated from the throats of per-
vot, 1933. {Staphylococcus minimus Gioelli, sons with measles or scarlet fever.
Boll. R. Accad. Med. di Genova, 1907; abst.
in Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Ref., 4^, 1908-09,
595; Prevot, Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. Bot., 15, 2. Veillonella alcalescens* Prevot,
1933. {Micrococcus gazogenes alcalescens
1933, 125.)
anaerohius Lewkowicz, Arch. M^d. Expt.,
mi'ni.ma. L. sup. adj. minimus smallest. 13, 1901, 633; Micrococcus gazogenes Hall and
Differs from Veillonella parvula only in
Howitt, Jour. Inf. Dis., 37, 1925, 112; not
that it is slightly smaller in size (0.2 to 0.3
Micrococcus gazogenes Choukevitch, Ann.
micron). Growth only at 37° C. No growth Inst. Past., 25, 1911, 350; Prevot, Ann. Sci.
on gelatin. Growth on the wall of the cul- Nat., S^r. Bot., 15, 1933, 127; Veillonella
ture tube in fine flakes, not clouding the 287.)
gazogenes Murray in. Manual, 5th ed., 1939,
medium. No plasmolysis in a 5 per cent salt
solution.
al.ca.les'cens. M.L. v. alcalesco to make
Source: Isolated from a periuterine ab- alkaline; M.L. part. adj. alcalescens alkaline-
scess. making.
lb. Veillonella parvula var. hranhamii Spheres, 0.3 to 0.7, averaging 0.4, micron
Prevot, 1933. (Anaerobic micrococcus, Bran- in diameter, occurring in irregular masses,
ham, Jour. Inf. Dis., U, 1927, 203; also see in pairs, in short chains or singly. Gram-
ibid., 4^, 1928, 230; Micrococcus hranhamii negative.
Bergey et al., Manual, 3rd ed., 1930, 92; Gelatin: No liquefaction.
Prevot, Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. Bot., 15, 1933, Agar deep colonies: At first punctiform,
126.) becoming lenticular. Gas bubbles appear
after 16 to 18 hours.
bran.ham'i.i. M.L. gen. noun hranhamii
of Branham; named for Dr. Sara E. Bran- Blood agar colonies: Minute. Several
ham, an American bacteriologist who has strains produce a greenish pigment. No
made a special study of these organisms. hemolysis.
Serologically distinct from Veillonella Peptone broth: Gas produced. Broth be-
parvula. Gelatin slowly liquefied by one comes slightly alkaline.
strain. Milk: Gas but no acid. No coagulation.
Source: Isolated from nasal washings in Indole not produced.
two cases of influenza. Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Egg white and coagulated seriim not at-
Ic. Veillonella parvula var. thomsonii tacked.
Prevot, 1933. (Anaerobic diplococcus, Thom- Carbohj^drates not attacked.
son, Jour. Trop. Med. and Hyg., 26, 1923, Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
227; also see Ann. Pickett-Thomson Res. Ammonia and hj-drogen produced in
Lab., /, 1924-25, 105 and 164; Prevot, Ann. small amounts.
Sci. Nat., Ser. Bot., 15, 1933, 126.) Strictly anaerobic.
* Under the present International Bacteriological Code of Nomenclature, the specific

epithet alcalescens is the correct epithet for this species. The epithet gazogenes cannot be
reestablished on the transfer to a new genus {Veillonella) as it was illegitimate when it was
first proposed by Hall and Howitt.
growth and that the gas produced is not

Some strains grow at 22° C. absorbed by sodium hydroxide and is not
Optimum pH, between 6.0 and 8.0. inflammable.
Growth occurs in broth at pH 5.5. Non-pathogenic for rabbits, guinea pigs
Slowly plasmolyzed in 5 per cent NaCl or white mice (Oliver and Wherry).
solution. Source: Two strains were isolated from a
Non-pathogenic (Lewkowicz's strains). mixed infection in aphthous ulcers of the
Two strains (Prevot's) were pathogenic for gingival and buccal mucosa of a case of
rabbits. post-poliomyelitic paralysis.
Distinctive characters : Differs from Veil-
lonella parvula in that it does not ferment 2c. Veillonella alcalescens var. syzygios
sugars, does not produce hydrogen sulfide Prevot, 1933. (Syzygiococcus scarlatinae
nor indole, is not hemolytic, does not pro- Herzberg, Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Ref., 90,
duce nitrites from nitrates and does not 1928, 575; Micrococcus syzygios scarlatinae
develop fetid odors. Herzberg, Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., Ill,
Source: Isolated from the mouth of a 1929, 373; Micrococcxis syzygios Bergey et al.,
healthy infant (Lewkowicz). Twenty-four Manual, 3rd ed., 1930, 92; Prevot, Ann. Sci.
strains were isolated from human saliva Nat., Ser. Bot., 15, 1933, 134.)
(Hall and Howitt). Of the fifteen strains sy.zy'gi.os. Gr. adj. syzygios yoked to-
isolated by Prevot, one was from alveolar
pyorrhoea, one from a case of pulmonary gether.
Differs from Veillonella alcalescens only
gangrene, five from tonsils, one from an ap- by its ability to grow under an atmospheric
pendix, two from cases of measles, three pressure of 4 cm of mercury with the pro-
from cases of scarlet fever and two from duction of hydrogen sulfide in small
normal guinea pigs and rabbits. amounts by some strains and the production
Habitat: Prevalent in the salivas of man of nitrites from nitrates.
and other animals. Source: Isolated by Herzberg in 30 per
cent of normal mouths and in 100 per cent
2a. Veillonella alcalescens var. gingivalis of salivas from scarlet fever patients.
Prevot, 1933. (Kleiner Micrococcus, Ozaki,
Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 62, 1912, 83; 3. Veillonella discoides (Prevot, 1933)
Micrococcus gingivalis Bergey et al., Man- Pelczar, comb. nov. (Neisseria discoides Pre-
ual, 1st ed., 1923, 69; Prevot, Ann. Sci. Nat., vot, Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. Bot., 15, 1933, 106.)
Ser. Bot., 15, 1933, 133.) dis.co.i'des. Gr. adj. discoides disc-
gin.gi.va'lis. L. noun gingiva a gum; shaped.
M.L. adj . gingivalis pertaining to a gum. Spheres, 0.6 to 0.7 micron in diameter,
Differs from Veillonella alcalescens by occurring in pairs or tetrads. Gram-nega-
its ability to grow at 22° C. and by the fact tive.
that glucose, although favoring growth, is Gelatin: No liquefaction.
not fermented. Agar deep colonies: Lenticular, up to 1
Source: Isolated from the oral cavity. mm in diameter. Grows in a narrow disc
Two strains were isolated from the intes- about 1 cm below the surface. Gas pro-
tines (Prevot). duced.
Broth: Turbid; fine, granular precipitate.
2b. Veillo7iella alcalescens var. mimitis-
Slight rancid odor and inflammable, ex-
sima Prevot, 1933. {Micrococcus minutis- plosive gas produced.
siinus Oliver and Wherry, Jour. Inf. Dis.,
Peptone water: Gas produced.
28, 1931, 342; Pr6vot, Ann. Sci. Nat., S^r. Milk: No action.
Bot., 15, 1933, 134.)
mi.nu.tis'si.ma. L. sup. adj. minutissi-
mus smallest. Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Differs from Veillonella alcalescens only Coagulated proteins: No digestion.
in that the usual carbohydrates favor Carbohydrates not attacked.
FAMILY Vril. XEISSERIACEAE 489
Neutral red glucose broth: Becomes pink, Pathogenic.

but no further change. Distinctive character: Odor of rancid
Strictly anaerobic. butter.
Source: Isolated in several cases from
No growth at 28° C. suppurations of the urogenital system.
Optimum pH, between 7.0 and 8.0. Habitat: Presumably found in bodies of
Non-pathogenic. warm-blooded animals.
Distinctive characters: Colonies grow in
narrow zone 1 cm below the surface of an 5. Veillonella orbiculus (Tissier, 1908)
agar stab; gas produced from peptones. Pelczar, comb. nov. {Diplococcus orbiculus
Source: Isolated from bronchial mucus Tissier, Ann. Inst. Past., 22, 1908, 204;
and from elsewhere in the respiratory sys- Neisseria orbiculata (sic) Pr6vot, Ann. Sci.
tem; also from dental and tonsillar}^ focal Nat.,S6r. Bot., ./J, 1933,109.)
infections. or.bi'cu.lus. L. mas. dim. n. orbiculus
Habitat: Found in the human buccal small disc.
cavity and probably also in other warm- Spheres, 1.5 to 2.0 microns in diameter,
blooded animals. occurring in pairs. Gram-negative.
Gelatin: No growth at 22° C.
Agar deep colonies: After 36 to 48 hours,
4. Veillonella reniformis (Cottet, 1900)
large, lenticular, very regular, whitish, al-
Pelczar, comb. nov. (Diplococcus reniformis most transparent. Gas not produced.
Cottet, Compt. rend. Soc. Biol., 52, 1900, Broth: Turbid; sediment.
421; Micrococcus reniformis Oliver and Milk: No coagulation.
Wherry, Jour. Inf. Dis., 28, 1921, 341;
Egg white: Not attacked.
Neisseria reniformis Prevot, Ann. Sci. Nat.,
Proteoses attacked without the produc-
Ser. Bot., 15, 1933, 102.) tion of indole.
re. ni. for 'mis. L. noun ren kidney; L. Acid from glucose and feebly from lac-
noun forma shape; M.L. adj. reniformis tose. No acid from sucrose.
kidney-shaped. Strictly anaerobic.
Spheres, 0.8 to 1.0 micron in diameter,
bean-shaped, occurring in pairs. Gram- Temperature relations: Optimum, 37° C.
negative. No growth at 22° C.
Non-pathogenic.
Gelatin: No liquefaction. Distinctive characters: Large size; no gas
Agar deep colonies: Appear in 24 to 48
hours; at first punctiform, then lenticular; production.
Source: Isolated from the feces of young
small, 0.3 to 0.5 mm in diameter. No gas children.
produced. Habitat: Found in the intestinal canal.
Agar slant: Minute, bluish white, dew- Not common.
drop colonies.
Broth: Turbid in 24 hours; flocculent 6. Veillonella vulvovaginitidis (Reynes,
precipitate rapidly formed, clearing the
medium. No gas produced, but a rancid odor 1947) Pelczar, comb. nov. (Neisseria vulvo-
vaginitis (sic) Reynes, Ann. Inst. Past., 73,
is present. 1947, 601.)
Peptone water: Very meager growth.
Milk: Unchanged. vul.vo.va.gi.ni'ti.dis L. fem.n. vulva a
covering, vulva; L. fem.n. vagina vagina;
Indole produced in trace amounts. Gr. suffix -itis inflammation of; M.L. noun
Coagulated proteins: No digestion. vulvovaginitidis vulvovaginitis.
Acid from glucose in slight amounts by
Spheres, about 0.8 to 1.0 micron in di-
only one strain. ameter, occurring in pairs or in very short
Strictly anaerobic. chains, rarely singly, often in masses of 5 to
Temperature relations: Optimum, 37° C. 10 cells. Not encapsulated. Non-motile.
No growth at 22° C. Gram-negative.
Optimum pH, 7.0. Limits of pH, 6.0 to 8.0. Gelatin: Liquefaction.
Agar deep colonies: Small. No gas bubbles Indole and skatole not produced.
produced. Cultures have a slightly disagree- Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
able, rancid odor. Survive over two months. Neutral red and phenosafranin are not re-
Peptone water: Very meager growth duced.
which precipitates. Non-hemolytic.
Glucose broth: Uniformly turbid; slight, Strictly anaerobic.
white sediment. No acidification detectable Temperature relations: Grows well at
by chemical titration. Ammonia produced 35° C. but not at 25° C.
with a mixture of propionic and acetic acids. Not pathogenic for mice or guinea pigs.
No lactic or succinic acid. Volatile amines, Distinctive characters: Digestion of milk
aldehydes and acetone are present, but no and liquefaction of gelatin. Survival for two
alcohol, acetylmethylcarbinol, phenol or months.
cresol. Source: Isolated from pus from a case of
Milk: Digested. vulvovaginitis in a child.
Coagulated serum and fibrin : Partially Habitat : Found in the urogenital tract of
attacked. man. Distribution in nature unknown.
FAMILY IX. BREVIBACTERIACEAE BREED, 1953.*

(Riassunti delle Comunicazioni, VI Congresso Internaz. di Microbiol., Roma, /, 1953, 13;
also see Atti del VI Congresso Internaz. di Microbiol., Roma, 1, 1955, 10.)
Brev.i.bac.te.ri.a'ce.ae. M.L. neut.n. Brevihacterium type genus of the family; -aceae
suffix to denote a family; M.L. fem.pl.n. Brevihacleriaceae the Brevihacterium family.
Cells without endospores. Rod-shaped, varying from a quite short, almost coccoid form
to a rather long, straight, unbranched rod. Motile or non-motile, the motile species being
peritrichous or, occasionally, monotrichous. Gram-positive. Red, reddish orange, yellow
or brown pigments may be produced. Carbohydrates may or may not be attacked. Aerobic
and facultatively anaerobic species occur. Found in dairy products, soil, salt and fresh
water and decomposing substances of a great variety of types.
Key to the genera of family Brevibacteriaceae.

I. Short, almost coccoid, unbranched rods which do not form filaments. Acid usually
produced from simple carbohydrates.
Genus I. Brevihacterium, p. 490.
II. Long, unbranched rods which may form filaments; the filaments may subdivide into
coccoid elements. Carbohydrates not utilized.
Genus II. Kurthia, p. 503.
Genus I. Brevibacterium Breed, 1953.

(Riassunti delle Comunicazioni, VI Congresso Internaz. di Microbiol., Roma, 1, 1953, 13;
also see Atti del VI Congresso Internaz. di Microbiol., Roma, 1, 1955, 12.)
Brev.i.bac.te'ri.um. L. adj. hrevis short; Gr. dim. noun hacterium a small rod; M.L.
neut.n. Brevihacterium a short rodlet.
Typically short, unbranching rods. Generally non-motile; type of motility of motile
species peritrichous or uncertain. Sometimes chromogenic, with non-water-soluble reddish,
reddish orange, yellow or brown pigments. May or may not reduce nitrates. Glucose broth
usually becomes acid; lactose not fermented. Proteolytic action varies with the species.
* Prepared by Prof. Robert S. Breed, Cornell University, Geneva, New York, October.
1954.
FAMILY IX. BREVIBACTEEIACEAE 491
Aerobic and facultatively anaerobic. Rarely niicroaerophilic. Found in dairy products, soil,
salt- and fresh-water and decomposing substances of a great variety of types.
The type species is Brevibacierium linens (Weigniann) Breed.
Key to the species of genus Brevibacterium.

I. Non-motile.
A. Red, rose, yellow, brownish yellow or orange pigmentation produced on agar.
1. Red or rose chromogenesis.
a. Litmus milk slowly digested; becomes alkaline with a yellow sediment.
1. Brevibacierium linens.
aa. Litmus milk slowly digested; becomes alkaline with a clear, reddish fluid.
2. Brevibacterium eryihrogenes .
2. Yellow to brownish yellow or orange chromogenesis.
b. Orange-red chromogenesis on agar.
3. Brevibacterium fulvum.
bb. Light greenish yellow chromogenesis on agar.
4. Brevibacterium insectiphilium.
bbb. Surface colonies flesh-colored. Deep colonies brown.
5. Brevibacterium brunneum.
b. Pale lemon-yellow to orange-yellow chromogenesis on agar.
c. Pale lemon-yellow chromogenesis on agar.
6. Brevibacterium vitarumen.
cc. Orange-yellow chromogenesis on agar.
7. Brevibacterium maris.
bb. Brownish yellow to pale greenish yellow chromogenesis on agar.
8. Brevibacterium fuscum.
B. White, grayish white or gray on agar.
a. Require agar made with sea water for initial growth,
b. Gelatin not liquefied.
9. Brevibacterium minutiferula.
bb. Gelatin liquefied.
c. Acid produced from maltose; found associated with marine seden-
tary organisms.
d. Gelatin colonies irregular and sunken.
10. Brevibacterium sociovivum.
dd. Gelatin colonies circular and raised.
11. Brevibacterium immotum.
cc. Acid not produced from maltose; found on the skin of marine fish.
12. Brevibacterium marinopiscosum.
aa. Does not require agar made with sea water for initial growth.
13. Brevibacterium tegumenticola.
a. Requires agar made with sea water for initial growth.
14. Brevibacterium stationis.
aa. Do not require agar made with sea water for initial growth.
15. Brevibacterium quale.
16. Brevibacterium ammoniagenes .
3. Nitrite production not recorded.

17. Brevibacierium healii.
II. Motile.
A. Gelatin not liquefied.
1. Grayish white on agar slant.
18. Brevibacierium incertum.
2. Pinkish orange to j'ellow on agar slant.
19. Brevibacierium imferiale.
B. Gelatin liquefied.
1. Grayish white on agar slant.
20. Brevibacierium lipolylicum.
2. Yellow to yellow-brown on agar slant.
a. Orange chromogenesis on potato.
21. Brevibacierium acelylicum.
aa. Yellow chromogenesis on potato.
b. Sulfur-yellow streak on potato.
22. Brevibacierium sulftireum.
bb. Abundant, thickened, yellow growth on potato.
23. Brevibacierium helvolum.
1. Brevibacierium linens (Weigmann, tract agar at 21° C. after 1 to 2 days, colonies

1910) Breed, 1953. (Organismus IX, Wolff, convex, glistening, entire and cream-
Milchwirt. Zent., 5, 1909, 145; Baclerium colored, becoming brown on extended in-
linens Weigmann, in Wolff, Cent. f. Bakt., cubation; diameters 2 to 5 mm. On special
II Abt., 28, 1910, 422, and in Weigmann, cheese agar with incubation in oxygen,
Mykologie der Milch, 62, 1911, 220; Breed, luxuriant growth, the color becoming bright
Riassunti delle Comunicazioni, VI Con- orange to reddish brown in 4 or 5 days.
gresso Internaz. di Microbiol., Roma, 1, Agar stab: Heavy surface growth on
1953, 13; also see Atti del VI Congresso tryptone glucose extract agar at 21° C. with
Internaz. di Microbiol., Roma, 1, 1955, 13.) no growth along the line of inoculation.
li'nens. L. part. adj. linens spreading over, Agar slant: On tryptone glucose extract
smearing. agar at 21° C. after 2 days, growth abun-
Also see Steinfatt (Milchwirt. Forsch., 9, dant, glistening, filiform, non-viscid and
1930, 7), Kelly (Jour. Dairy Sci., 20, 1937, cream-colored. After extended incubation
239) and Albert, Long and Hammer (Iowa the color usually is brown. On special cheese
Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. Bui. 328, 1944). agar in an atmosphere of oxygen, the growth
Rods. Average 0.6 by 2.5 microns when is bright orange to reddish brown in 4 or 5
grown 1 to 2 days on tryptone glucose ex- days.
tract agar. Non-motile (Wolff, op. cit., Broth: Turbidity and sediment.
1909, 145). Gram-positive (Kelly, op. cit., Potato: At 21° C. after 5 days, growth is
1937, 239). scant, smooth, glistening and varies in
Gelatin colonies: At 18° C., punctiform at color from grayish to brownish orange.
first; after 12 daj^s about 1 mm in diameter, Litmus milk: At 21° C. the changes are
compact, circular, shiny, brownish yellow to very slow. After 6 or 7 days the reaction be-
red-brown. Liquefaction. comes alkaline and a yellow sediment ap-
Gelatin stab: At 21° C., crateriform li- pears. After approximately 10 days some
quefaction, becoming infundibuliform on digestion is evident, complete digestion gen-
extended incubation. Rate of liquefaction erally requiring several weeks to over a
varies considerably with different cultures, month. A distinct ammoniacal odor, more
some completing it in 15 days, others not or less objectionable, produced in old cul-
completing it even on long incubation. tures. No coagulation. Ropiness often pro-
Agar colonies: On tryptone glucose ex- duced on extended incubation.
493
FAMILY IX. BREVIBACTERIACEAE
Indole not produced. also see Atti del VI Congresso Internaz. d

Hj^drogen sulfide produced in broth and Microbiol., Roma, /, 1955, 13.)
in agar by some cultures but not by others. e.ryth.ro'ge.nes. Gr. adj. erythrus red;
No acid or gas from arabinose, dextrin, Gr. v. gennaio to produce; M.L. adj. erythro-
glucose, dulcitol, galactose, inulin, lactose, genes producing a red (color).
fructose, maltose, mannitol, rafiinose, rham- Rods, 0.3 to 0.5 by 1.0 to 1.4 microns, in
nose, salicin, sorbitol, sucrose or xylose. broth often up to 4.3 microns long, occurring
Ethyl, propyl, butyl and amyl alcohols singly and having rounded ends. Non-mo-
oxidized largely to corresponding acids; tile. Stain with the usual aniline dyes.
hexyl and heptyl alcohols attacked much Gram-positive (Lehmann and Neumann,
less actively. op. cit., 1896, 253).
Nitrites produced from nitrates. Gelatin colonies: Small, circular, graj'ish,
Methyl red test negative. becoming yellow, sinking into the medium.
Acetjdmethylcarbinol not produced. Crateriform liquefaction. Yellow sediment.
Natural fats not hydrolyzed. Medium becomes rose-colored.
Catalase rapidly produced in or on various Gelatin stab: Surface growth a whitish,
media. later yellow, circular, thin laj'er. Weak
Aerobic. growth in stab. Slow liquefaction at the
Temperature relations: Optimum, about surface, the liquid becoming red with a
21° C. Growth at 8° and 37° C. but not at yellow sediment. The solid portion assumes
45° C. a weak rose color.
Heat resistance low, cultures being killed Agar stab: Moist, fairly luxuriant, yellow
at 62.8° C. in a few minutes. growth, the medium assuming a rose to wine
Growth in the pH range 6.0 to 9.8; no color.
growth at pH 5.0 or below. Broth: Turbid, yellow. Pellicle (Fuller
Salt tolerant, cultures growing readily in and Johnson, Jour. Exp. Med., 4, 1899, 609).
a concentration of 15 per cent salt in broth Litmus milk: Acid. Slow coagulation, hav-
or skim milk, with certain cultures appar- ing a clear fluid which becomes blood-red in
ently capable of growing somewhat in much color. Reaction becomes alkaline.
higher concentrations. Sterile milk: Casein slowly precipitated,
Relationships to other species: Closely re- later peptonized. Reaction neutral or alka-
lated to or identical with Bacterium erythro- line. A stratum of blood-red serum is seen
genes Lehmann and Neumann. above the precipitated casein and above
Source : Originally isolated by Wolff from this is a yellowish white layer of cream.
the surface flora of various soft cheeses. Produces an intensive sweet odor that be-
Habitat: Widely distributed in and es- comes disagreeable.
pecially on the surface of dairy products Potato: Growth rapid, spreading, grayish,
including blue, brick, camembert, lim- later yellow. On incubation a deep golden
burger, oka and cheddar cheeses, butter, yellow color develops after 6 to 8 days. A
milk and cream. Also found in various feeds darkening of the medium occurs around the
culture but soon disappears; later the whole
including grains, silage, green plants, hay
and straw, and in water, soil, manure and potato becomes a weak jêllowish red.
air. Indole not produced (Fuller and Johnson,
loc. cit.). Indole produced (Chester, Manual
Determ. Bact., 1901, 174).
2. Brevibacterium erythrogenes (Leh-
Slight hydrogen sulfide production (Mat-
mann and Neumann, 1896) Breed, 1953. zuschita, Bakt. Diagnostik, 1902, 220).
(Bacterium lactis erythrogenes Grotenfelt, Blood serum: Liquefied (Fuller and John-
Fortschr. d. Med., 7, 1889, 41; Bacterium son, op. cit., 1899, 609). Not liquefied (Hef-
erythrogenes Lehmann and Neumann, Bakt. feran. Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., //, 1903, 457).
Diag., 1 Aufl., 3, 1896, 253; Breed, Riassunti No gas from carbohydrates.
delle Comunicazioni, VI Congresso In- Nitrites produced from nitrates.
ternaz. di Microbiol., Roma, 1, 1953, 13; Red pigment insoluble in water, alcohol,
494 ORDER IV, EUBACTERIALES
ether, chloroform and benzol; soluble (Hef- Nitrites not produced from nitrates
feran, op. cit., 1903, 529). Yellow pigment (Bergey) .
insoluble. Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
Distinctive character: Milk becomes
blood-red in 12 to 20 days. Source: Isolated from Chemnitz and
Non-pathogenic for mice (Fuller and D5beln tap water (Zimmermann). From
Johnson, op. cit., 1899, 609). dust and water (Dyar).
Habitat: Water.
35° C.
Aerobic (Fuller and Johnson, loc. cit.). 4. Brevibacteriuin insectiphiliiim
Facultatively anaerobic (Hefferan, op. cit., (Steinhaus, 1941) Breed, 1953. (Bacterium
1903,530). insectiphilium Steinhaus, Jour. Bact., 4^,
Source : Isolated from red milk by Hueppe 1941, 777; Breed, Riassunti delle Comunica-
in Wiesbaden in 1886. Isolated from feces of zioni, VI Congresso Internaz. di Microbiol.,
a child by Baginsky (Cent. f. Bakt., 6, 1889, Roma, 1, 1953, 13; also see Atti del VI
137). Isolated from Ohio River water by Congresso Internaz. di Microbiol., Roma, 1,
1955, 13.)
Fuller and Johnson (op. cit., 1899, 609). Iso-
lated from Mississippi River water by Hef- in.sec.ti.phi'li.um. L. noun insectum an
feran {op. cit., 1903, 456). Burri and Staub insect; Gr. adj. philius friendly; M.L. in-
(Landwirtsch. Jahrb. d. Schweiz, 40, 1926, sectiphilium friendly to insects.
1006) isolated an organism of this type from Rods, 0.8 to 1.2 by 1.0 to 2.8 microns,
Emmenthal cheese; they regarded it as occurring singly. At times appearing almost
closely related to or possibly identical with as cocci or coccobacilli. Non-motile. Gram-
this species.
Habitat: Probably widely distributed in positive.
Gelatin stab: Liquefaction.
nature. Agar colonies: Light greenish 5êllow, cir-
cular, entire, raised, glistening, smooth,
3. Brevibacteriiim fulvum (Zimmer-
mann, 1890) Breed, 1953. (Bacillus fvlvus opaque.
Agar slant: Filiform, raised, smooth,
Zimmermann, Bakt. unserer Trink- u. glistening, opaque growth.
Nutzwasser, Chemnitz, 1, 1890, 44; Breed, Broth: Moderate turbidity; slight, viscid
Riassunti delle Comunicazioni, VI Con- sediment.
gresso Internaz. di Microbiol., Roma, 1, Litmus milk: Alkaline, peptonization and
1953, 14; also see Atti del VI Congresso slow reduction.
Internaz. di Microbiol., Roma, 1, 1955, 14.) Potato: Greenish yellow, thick, moist
ful'vum. L. adj. ftdvus deep yellow.
Rods, 0.8 by 0.9 to 1.3 microns, occurring growth.
singly and in pairs. Non-motile. Gram-posi- Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
tive. No acid from glucose, lactose, sucrose,
Gelatin colonies: Circular, convex, red- maltose, fructose, mannitol, galactose,
dish yellow. arabinose, xylose, dextrin, salicin, rham-
Gelatin stab: Convex, reddish yellow sur- nose, raffinose, trehalose, sorbitol, inulin,
face growth. Good growth in stab. Slow dulcitol, gljj^cerol, adonitol or mannose.
liquefaction. Starch slightly hydrolyzed.
Agar slant: Orange-red, glistening streak. Aerobic.
Broth: Turbid with yellow sediment.
Source : Isolated from the body wall of the
Litmus lactose broth: Acid, or acid then
bagworm, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis
alkaline (Dyar, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 8, Haw.
1895,368). Habitat: Unknown.
Potato: Slowly spreading, yellowish, glis-
tening growth. 5. Brevibacteriuin brunneuni (Cope-
Indole produced (Dyar, loc. cit.). land, 1899) Breed, comb. nov. (Bacillus
FAMILY IX. BREVIBACTERIACEAE 495
brunneus Copeland, Rept. Filtration Comm. Agar slant: Growth filiform and pale
Pittsburgh, 1899, 348.) lemon-yellow.
brun'ne.um. M.L. adj. brunneus dark Lead acetate agar: No growth.
brown. Endo medium: No growth.
Cells rod-shaped, 0.5 micron in width. Broth: Turbid, becoming clear; sediment;
Non-motile. Gram stain not recorded. no pellicle.
Gelatin colonies: Surface colonies are Litmus milk: Turns acid; slight reduction
flesh-colored; deep colonies are brownish. of litmus; no curd.
Liquefaction. Indole and skatole are not produced.
Gelatin stab: Beaded growth along the Acid from glucose, sucrose and maltose.
stab; gelatin turns deep brown; sunken, No acid from xylose, lactose, mannitol,
flesh-colored surface growth. inositol, sorbitol or dulcitol.
Agar slant: Growth slight, very thin, Starch not hydrolyzed.
glistening, spreading. Cellulose not attacked.
Broth: Not turbid; no pellicle. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Potato: Red to reddish brown streak. Distinctive characters: Produces vitamin
Plain milk: Coagulated; casein digested; B complex in the rumina of cows. Because
brownish whey. of this, cattle, unlike any other species of
Litmus milk: Reaction unchanged. animal yet studied, have the ability to grow
Indole not produced. to maturity, to produce normal offspring
No acid from glucose, lactose or sucrose. and to produce milk of normal dietary com-
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. position on a ration that carries an insuffi-
Coagulated blood serum: No visible cient amount of vitamin B complex to
growth. support growth and well being in rats.
Growth at 18° and 37° C. Thermal death Comments: Dutcher (personal communi-
point, about 50° C. cation, January, 1955) states that it is now
Relationships to other species: This or- evident that the chief substance synthesized
ganism seems to be the same as Corynebac- by this species was riboflavin and that
terium bruneum as described by Lehmann many other species of bacteria are now
and Neumann (Bakt. Diag., 7 Aufl., 2, 1927, known that are more efficient as synthesizers
708); this species is reported to be Gram- of riboflavin than is this species.
positive. Source: Isolated from the fermented ru-
Source: Isolated from Pittsburgh tap men contents of a Holstein cow.
water. Habitat: Found in the rumina of cows
and, presumably, other ruminants where it
6. Brevibacterium vitarumen (Knutsen, constitutes about 90 per cent of the micro-
1928) Breed, comb. nov. (Flavobacterium vi- flora as manifested on plain nutrient agar.
tarumen Knutsen, in Bechdel, Honeywell,
Dutcher and Knutsen, Jour. Biol. Chem., 7. Brevibacterium maris (Harrison,
80, 1928, 234.) 1929) Breed, 1953. {Flavobacterium maris
vi.ta.ru'men L. noun vita life; L. noun Harrison, Canadian Jour. Research, 1 , 1929,
rumen throat, gullet, rumen; M.L. noun vi- 232; Breed, Riassunti delle Comunicazioni,
tarumen rumen-life. VI Congresso Internaz. di Microbiol.,
Rod -shaped cells, 0.5 to 1.5 by 0.5 to 3.0 Roma, 1, 1953, 14; also see Atti del VI
microns, with rounded ends, occuring singly Congresso Internaz. di Microbiol., Roma, 1,
and occasionally in pairs. Non-motile. 1955, 14.)
Gram-positive. mar'is. L. noun mare the sea; L. gen. noun
Gelatin: No liquefaction. maris of the sea.
Gelatin colonies: Similar to those on agar. Rods, 0.7 to 0.8 by 1.0 to 1.2 microns,
.\gar colonies: Those on the surface are occurring singly and in pairs. At 37° C,
1 to 4 mm in diameter, while the embedded coccoid. Encapsulated. Non-motile. Gram-
colonies are somewhat smaller.
positive.
Gelatin colonies: Punctiforni, red-orange, Agar slant: Growth greenish yellow, plu-
granular, entire. mose, smooth, raised, undulate.
Gelatin stab: Red-orange surface growth; Broth: Turbid, with pellicle and heavy
filiform growth in stab. No liquefaction. chrome-yellow sediment.
Agar colonies: Circular, orange-yellow, Litmus milk: Slightly acid, becoming
smooth, glistening, convex. alkaline, with yellow ring.
Agar slant: Growth moderate, orange- Potato: Thick, moist, dark chrome-yellow
yellow, becoming cadmium-orange to red- streak. Eventually spreads over entire sur-
orange, spreading, glistening. face.
Broth : Clear with orange pellicle and sedi- Indole not produced.
ment. Nitrites produced from nitrates (Dyar,
Litmus milk: At first faintly alkaline, be- Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 8, 1895, 361 and 373).
coming faintly acid with orange sediment. Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
Potato: Scant growth.
Indole not produced. Comment: Dyar (ibid., 375) has described
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. a variety of this species which liquefies gela-
Faint acidity from glucose. No action on tin more slowly and more completely than
lactose or sucrose. does the parent strain.
Nitrites produced from nitrates. Source: Isolated from Zwonitz River
Traces of ammonia produced. water.
For the action of this species on choles- Habitat: Water.
terol, see Arnaudi (Rendiconti 1st. Lom-
bardo Sci. e Lett., 83, 1950, 1). 9. Brevibacterium iiiinutiferula (Stein-
Loeffler's blood serum not liquefied. haus, 1941) Breed, 1953. (Bacterium minuti-
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. ferula Steinhaus, Jour. Bact., 42, 1941, 778
Optimum temperature, between 20° and Breed, Riassunti delle Comunicazioni, VI
25° C. Congresso Internaz. di Microbiol., Roma, 1
Source: Isolated from the skin of fishes. 1953, 13 and 14; also see Atti del VI Con
Steinhaus (Jour. Bact., 42, 1941, 771) found gresso Internaz. di Microbiol., Roma, 1
a similar organism in the intestine of a 1955, 13.)
caterpillar. mi.nu.ti.fe'ru.la. L. part. adj. minutus
Habitat: Unknown. small (literally, diminished); L. noxxn ferula
a rod; M.L. noun minutiferula a small rod.
8. Brevibacterium fuscum (Zimmer- Very small rods, 0.4 to 0.9 by 0.7 to 1.0
mann, 1890) Breed, 1953. {Bacillus fuscus micron, occurring singly. Non-motile.
Zimmermann, Bakt. unserer Trink- u. Nutz- Gram-positive.
wasser, Chemnitz, 1, 1890, 70; Breed, Rias- Gelatin stab: No liquefaction.
sunti delle Comunicazioni, VI Congresso Agar colonies: Colorless to faint gray,
Internaz. di Microbiol., Roma, 1, 1953, 14; circular, smooth, entire, glistening.
also see Atti del VI Congresso Internaz. di Agar slant: Very thin, transparent, glis-
Microbiol., Roma, 1, 1955, 14.) tening growth.
fus'cum. L. adj. fuscus dark, tawny. Broth: Slight turbidity and sediment.
Rods, 0.6 by 1.5 microns, occurring singly. Litmus milk: No change at first; slightly
Non-motile. Gram-positive. acid after one week.
Gelatin colonies: Small, with brownish Indole not produced.
center and yellowish border. Heavj^ un- Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
dulate growth. Acid from glucose after 4 days. Slight acid
Gelatin stab: Gray, filiform growth in from sucrose. Lacto.se and maltose not fer-
stab. Slow crateriform liquefaction. mented.
Agar colonies: Circular, brownish jellow Starch not hydrolyzed.
to brownish orange, smooth, slightly con- Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
vex, entire. Aerobic.
497
Source: Isolated from a triturated speci-

men of the mud-dauber wasp, Sceliphron 25°Optimum
cementariiim Dru. Source: Found associated with sedentary
Habitat: Unknown. organisms in the sea.
Habitat: Commonly found on submerged
10. Brevibacteriuni sociovivuni (ZoBell surfaces and on sessile diatoms in sea water.
and Upham, 1944) Breed, 1953. {Bacterium
sociovivnm ZoBell and Upham, Bull. Scripps 11. Brevibacteriuni iinmotuin (ZoBell
Inst. Oceanography, La Jolla, 5, 1944, 269; and Upham, 1944) Breed, 1953. {Bacterium
Breed, Riassunti delle Comunicazioni, VI immotum ZoBell and Upham, Bull. Scripps
Congresso Internaz. di Microbiol., Roma, 1, Inst. Oceanography, 5, 1944, 271; Breed,
1953, 14; also see Atti del VI Congresso Riassunti delle Comunicazioni, VI Con-
Internaz. di Microbiol., Roma, 1, 1955, 14.) gresso Internaz. di Microbiol., Roma, 1,
so.ci.o.vi'vum. L. noun socius com- 1953, 14; also see Atti del VI Congresso
panion, partner; L. v. vivo to live; M.L. adj. Internaz. di Microbiol., Roma, 1, 1955, 14.)
sociovivus partner living. im.mo'tum. L. adj. immotus motionless.
Rods, 0.5 to 0.8 by 3.0 to 4.0 microns, Rods, 0.8 by 3.1 to 8.6 microns, with
with rounded ends, occurring singly, inpairs rounded ends, occurring singly, in pairs and
and in chains. Non-motile. Gram-positive, in long chains. Non-motile. Gram-positive,
but tends to destain, leaving Gram-positive but tends to destain, leaving Gram-positive
cell wall and granules. outline and granules.
All differential media except the fresh- All differential media except the fresh-
water broth, litmus milk and potato were water broth, litmus milk and potato were
prepared with sea water. prepared with sea water.
Gelatin colonies: Irregular, sunken, gray- Gelatin colonies: Small, circular, raised,
ish white; filamentous margin. gray, slowly digest gelatin.
Gelatin stab: Crateriform liquefaction Gelatin stab : Crateriform liquefaction be-
becoming stratiform. coming infundibuliform. Beaded growth
Agar colonies: 2 to 4 mm in diameter, along line of stab. No pigment.
circular, convex, smooth, entire, darker Agar colonies: 1 to 2 mm in diameter,
center. circular, convex, smooth, lobate margin,
Agar slant: Luxuriant, beaded, glisten- darker centers.
ing, butyrous growth with no pigment. Agar slant: Luxuriant, glistening, echinu-
Sea-water broth: No pellicle; no turbid- late, mucoid growth with no pigment.
ity; heavy, flocculent sediment. Sea-water broth: No pellicle; moderate
Fresh-water broth: Fair growth. turbidity; abundant, flocculent sediment.
Litmus milk: Decolorized; neutral; com- Fresh-water broth: Scant growth.
pletely peptonized in 20 days. Litmus milk: Decolorized; neutral; partly
Potato: Abundant, dull, light cream- peptonized in 20 days.
colored growth. Potato darkened. Potato: Luxuriant, mucoid, cream}^
Indole not produced. growth which darkens potato.
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. Indole not produced.
Acid but no gas from glucose, maltose and Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
mannitol. No acid from glycerol, lactose, Acid but no gas from glucose, maltose,
sucrose or salicin. xylose and mannitol. No acid from glycerol,
Starch is hydrolyzed. lactose, sucrose or salicin.
Non-lipolytic. Starch is hydrolyzed.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Non-lipolytic.
Ammonia produced from peptone but not Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
from urea. Ammonia produced from peptone but not
Casein is digested. from urea.
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. Casein is digested.
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.

Optimum temperature, between 20° and Ammonia produced from peptone but not
25° C. from urea.
Source: Found associated with marine Casein is digested.
sedentary organisms. Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
Habitat: Not known from other sources.
25°Optimum
12. Brevibacterium marinopiscosiim Source: Found on the skin of marine fish.
(ZoBell and Upham, 1944) Breed, 1953. {Bac- Habitat: Not known from other sources.
teriurn tnarinopiscosus (sic) ZoBell and Up-
ham, Bull. Scripps Inst. Oceanography, La 13. Brevibacterium tegumenticola
Jolla, 5, 1944, 258; Breed, Riassunti delle (Steinhaus, 1941) Breed, 1953. (Bacterium
Comunicazioni, VI Congresso Internaz. di tegumenticola Steinhaus, Jour. Bact., 42,
Microbiol., Roma, 1, 1953, 14; also see Atti 1941, 775; Breed, Riassunti delle Comunica-
del VI Congresso Internaz. di Microbiol., zioni, VI Congresso Internaz. di Microbiol.,
Roma, 1, 1955, 13.) Roma, 1, 1953, 13; also see Atti del VI Con-
ma. ri.no. pis. co'sum. L. adj. marinus of gresso Internaz. di Microbiol., Roma, 1,
the sea; L. adj. piscosus abounding in fish; 1955, 13.)
M.L. adj. marinopiscosus literallj^ marine te.gu.men.ti'co.la. L. noun tegumentum
abounding in fish. cover, skin; L. suffix cola dweller; M.L. noun
Rods, 1.2 to 1.6 by 2.0 to 4.7 microns, with skin dweller.
rounded ends, showing granular staining Small rods, 0.5 to 0.8 by 1.0 to 1.5 microns,
and occurring singly, in pairs and in long with a tendency to be ellipsoidal on solid
chains. Non-motile. Gram-positive, but media. Non-motile. Gram-positive.
many cells tend to decolorize leaving Gram- Gelatin stab: Generally no liquefaction,
positive granules. although variable.
All differential media except the fresh- Agar colonies: Tiny (1 mm), white, con-
water broth, litmus milk and potato were vex, glistening, circular, entire.
prepared with sea water. Agar slant: Filiform, glistening, grayish
Gelatin colonies: Gray, circular, convex, white growth.
1 mm in diameter. No pigment. Broth: Slight turbidity; sediment.
Gelatin stab: Liquefaction napiform, be- Litmus milk: No change.
coming crateriform to stratiform with age. Indole not produced.
Complete in 50 daj^s. Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Agar colonies: 2 to 4 mm in diameter, cir- Acid slowly produced from glucose and
cular, convex, entire, smooth; irregular maltose. Acid from sucrose. Lactose not
edge. fermented.
Agar slant: Luxuriant, beaded, glistening, Starch not hydrolyzed.
butyrous growth with no pigment. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Sea-water broth: No turbidity; abundant Source: Isolated from the integument of
flocculent sediment; slight surface ring. the bed-bug, Cimex lectularius L.
Fresh -water broth: Good growth. Habitat: Unknown.
Litmus milk: Decolorized; neutral; top
peptonized. 14. Brevibacterium stationis (ZoBell
Potato: Heavy, white, raised, mucoid, and Upham, 1944) Breed, 1953. {Achromo-
dull growth. Potato darkened. bacter stationis ZoBell and Upham, Bull.
Indole not produced. Scripps Inst, of Oceanograph}^ Univ. of
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. Calif., 5, 1944, 273; Breed, Riassunti delle
Acid but no gas from glucose and manni- Comunicazioni, VI Congresso Internaz. di
tol. No acid from maltose, lactose, sucrose, Microbiol., Roma, 1, 1953, 14; also see Atti
glycerol, xylose or salicin. del VI Congresso Internaz. di Microbiol.,
Starch is hydrolyzed. Roma, 1, 1955, 13.)
Non-lipolytic. sta.ti.o'nis. L. noun statio, stationis that
499
which is fixed in position, a station; L. gen. Source: Isolated from a film of marine
noun slationis of a fixed position. fouling organisms.
Ovoid rods, 0.4 by 0.5 to 0.6 micron, Habitat: Sea water.
occurring singly or in chains of two to three.
Non-motile. Gram-positive, but easily de- 15. Brevibacterium quale (Steinhaus,
stained. 1941) Breed, 1953. (Bacterium qualis (sic)
All media except the fresh-water broth, Steinhaus, Jour. Bact., 42, 1941, 774; Breed,
litmus milk and potato were prepared with Riassunti delle Comunicazioni, VI Con-
sea water. gresso Internaz. di Microbiol., Roma, 1,
Gelatin colonies: 0.5 to 1.0 mm in diame- 1953, 13; also see Atti del VI Congresso
ter, circular, convex, grayish white. Internaz. di Microbiol., Roma, 1, 1955, 13.)
Gelatin stab: Very slow, napiform lique- qua'le. L. proun.adj. qualis of what sort?
faction. Short rods, very short on solid media,
Agar colonies: 1 to 2 mm in diameter, frequently ellipsoidal in shape. In fluid
convex, smooth, colorless; lobate edge. media, 0.5 to 0.7 by 1.4 to 2.2 microns,
Agar slant: Moderate, glistening, filiform, occurring singly. Non-motile. Gram-posi-
butyrous growth with no pigment. tive.
Sea-water broth: Heavy pellicle; no tur- Gelatin stab: Liquefaction.
bidity; granular growth along walls; scant Agar colonies: Small (1 mm), white, glis-
sediment. tening, transparent, circular, entire.
Fresh-water broth: Good growth. Agar slant: Filiform, smooth, glistening.
Litmus milk: Becomes alkaline. Casein Broth: Almost clear; slight turbidity in
not digested. serum and glucose broth.
Potato: No visible growth. Litmus milk: No change.
Acid but no gas from glucose. Lactose, Acid from glucose, sucrose and maltose.
maltose, sucrose, mannitol, glycerol, xylose Lactose not fermented.
and salicin not utilized. Starch not hydrolyzed.
Starch not hydrolyzed. Slight production of nitrites from ni-
Non-lipolytic. trates.
Of 19 amino acids tested, none was re- Source: Isolated from the alimentary
quired for growth; preformed growth factors tract of the tarnished plant bug, Lygus
also were not required (Campbell and Wil- pratensis L.
liams, Food Research, 16, 1951a, 506). Habitat: Unknown.
Ammonium chloride and the 19 amino
acids which were tested may serve as sources 16. Brevibacterium animoniagenes
of nitrogen; the amino acids may also be (Cooke and Keith, 1927) Breed, 1953. (Bac-
utilized as carbon sources (Campbell and terium ammoniagenes Cooke and Keith,
Williams, loc. cit.). Jour. Bact., 13, 1927, 315; Breed, Riassunti
Nitrites rapidly produced from nitrates. delle Comunicazioni, VI Congresso Inter-
Ammonia produced from peptone but not naz. di Microbiol., Roma, 1, 1953, 14; also
from urea. see Atti del VI Congresso Internaz. di
Trimethylamine not produced from tri- Microbiol., Roma, 1, 1955, 14.)
methjiamine oxide, betaine, choline or am.mo.ni.a'gen.es. M.L. noun ammonia
acetyl choline (Campbell and Williams, ammonia, from Gr. noun Amnion (Jupiter),
Jour. Bact., 62, 1951b, 250). worshipped in Egypt in the form of a ram;
Inorganic sulfur may serve as a source of Gr. V. gennaio to produce; M.L. adj. am-
sulfur (Campbell and Williams, op. cit., moniagenes ammonia producing.
1951a, 506). Rods with rounded ends, 0.8 by 1.4 to 1.7
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. microns, occurring singly. Not encapsu-
Optimum temperature, between 20° and lated. Non-motile. Gram-positive.
25° C. Gelatin stab: No liquefaction.
Agar colonies: Circular, flat, smooth, en- Agar streak: White, hard, arborescent
tire, gray. Occasionally a faint yellow growth; no tendency to stringiness.
chromogenesis is produced. Agar colonies: Large, white, rhizoid.
Agar slant: Growth moderate, smooth, Broth: No turbidity; forms a pellicle
flat, opaque, glistening, butyrous, amor- which sinks either entirely or in part.
phous. No odor. Litmus milk: Slightly acid, becoming
Agar stab: Filiform growth more abun- slimy, coagulated and peptonized.
dant near the surface. Potato: Heavy white, shiny, non-viscous
Broth: Moderate turbidity near the sur-
face; flocculent sediment. growth.
Litmus milk: Slightly alkaline. Acid but no gas from glucose, fructose,
Indole not produced. maltose, sucrose, salicin and starch. No acid
No action on carbohydrates. from mannitol, lactose, raffinose or inulin.
Nitrites produced from nitrates (personal Grows well at room temperature. Does
communication, test of A.T.C.C. cultures, not survive 80° C. for 5 minutes.
numbers 6871 and 6872, by W. A. Clark, Distinctive character: Morphologically
1954). this species resembles the species in Kurthia;
Urea is fermented forming ammonia. further study may show that it should be
Blood serum not liquefied. transferred from Brevibacterium to Kurthia.
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. Source: Isolated from bitter and slimj^
Optimum temperature, 30° C. Killed at milk by Dr. Healj^ of Kentucky; also from
55° C. in ten minutes. dairy products by Esten.
Optimum pH, between 7.0 and 8.5; does Habitat : Dairy products, and presumably
not grow readily in media with more acid or widely distributed in decomposing organic
more alkaline reaction than this. materials.
Not pathogenic for rabbits or guinea pigs.
Source: Isolated from the feces of infants. 18. Brevibacteriiim incertum (Stein-
Cause of a diaper rash of infants. haus, 1941) Breed, 1953. (Bacterium incertum
Habitat: Presumably widely distributed Steinhaus, Jour. Bact., 42, 1941, 776; Breed,
in putrefjdng materials. Riassunti delle Comunicazioni, VI Con-
gresso Internaz. di Microbiol., Roma, 1,
17. Brevibacterium healii (Buchanan 1953, 14; also see Atti del VI Congresso
and Hammer, 1915) Breed, 1953. (Bacterium Internaz. di Microbiol., Roma, 1, 1955, 13.)
healii Buchanan and Hammer, Iowa Agr. in.cer'tum. L. adj. incertus uncertain.
E.xp. Sta. Research Bull. 22, 1915, 249; Short rods, 0.5 to 0.8 by 1.0 to 1.5 microns,
Breed, Riassunti delle Comunicazioni, VI occurring singly and occasionally in pairs.
Congresso Internaz. di Microbiol., Roma, 1, Young cultures motile. Monotrichous
1953, 14; also see Atti del VI Congresso (Steinhaus, personal communication, 1955).
Internaz. di Microbiol., Roma, 1, 1955, 14.) After 48 hours generally non-motile. Gram-
hea'li.i. M.L. gen. noun healii of Healy; positive; after 48 hours many cells become
named for Dr. Healy. Gram-negative.
Rods 0.5 to 0.7 by 2.2 to 12.9 microns; Gelatin stab: No liquefaction.
chains and filaments common. Not encap- Agar colonies: Tiny, grayish white,
sulated. Non-motile. Gram-positive. smooth, almost transparent. Does not grow
Produces a slight flocculent growth in well on nutrient agar.
Uschinsky's solution. North's gelatin chocolate agar slant: Fili-
Gelatin stab: Heavy growth with stratiform, thin, transparent growth. Brown color
form liquefaction beginning at surface. of chocolate medium changes to yellowish
Villous to arborescent growth along the
stab. Blood agar: Alpha hemolysis at first; after
green.
Agar stab: Heavy white, brittle surface three days, beta hemolysis.
growth. Villous to arborescent growth Broth: Almost clear; very slight growth.
along line of inoculation. Litmus milk: No change.
Indole not produced. Aerobic.

Hydrogen sulfide not produced. Source: Isolated from the alimentary
Acid but no gas from glucose, sucrose, tract of the imperial moth, Eacles imperialis
fructose, mannose and maltose. No fermen- Dru.
tation of lactose, rhamnose, galactose, Habitat: Unknown.
mannitol, dulcitol, inositol or sorbitol.
Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced. 20. Brevibacteriiiin lipolylicuin (Huss,
Starch not hydrolyzed. 1908) Breed, 1953. (Bactridiutn lipolyticum
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Huss, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 20, 1908, 474;
Microaerophilic. Breed, Riassunti delle Communicazioni, VI
Source: Isolated from the ovaries of the Congresso Internaz. di Microbiol., Roma, /,
lyreman cicada, Tihicen linnet Smith and 1953, 14; also see Atti del VI Congresso
Grossbeck. Internaz. di Microbiol., Roma, 1, 1955, 14.)
Habitat: Unknown. li.po.ly'ti.cum. Gr. noun lipus animal
fat; Gr. adj. lyticus dissolving; M.L. adj.
19. Brevibacteriuiti imperiale (Stein- lipolyticus fat-dissolving.
haus, 1941) Breed, 1953. {Bacterium im- Small, coccoid rods, 0.3 to 0.5 by 0.7 to
periale Steinhaus, Jour. Bact., 42, 1941, 777; 1.4 microns, occasionally as long as 3.5 mi-
Breed, Riassunti delle Comunicazioni, VI crons. Cells coccoid on gelatin media, form-
Congresso Internaz. di Microbiol., Roma, 1 , ing chains resembling those of the strepto-
1953, 14; also see Atti del VI Congresso cocci. Motile by means of peritrichous
Internaz. di Microbiol., Roma, /, 1955, 13.) flagella. Gram-positive.
im.pe.ri.al'e. L. adj. imperialis imperial; Gelatin colonies: Circular, grayish to
from specific epithet of name of insect host. transparent with irregular margin.
Small rods, 0.5 to 0.8 by 1.0 to 1.7 microns, Gelatin stab: Infundibuliform liquefac-
occurring singly and in pairs. tion.
A few cells are motile in young cultures. Agar colonies: Circular, gray, smooth,
Monotrichous; occasionally the flagellum is butyrous, glistening, entire. Old colonies
lateral (Steinhaus, personal communication, brownish yellow.
1955). Gram-positive. Whey agar: Growth on surface and along
Gelatin stab: No liquefaction. the stab; surface growth maj^ become
Agar colonies: Circular, entire, almost faintly yellowish.
translucent, pinkish orange to yellow pig- Whey: Heavy turbidity at 20° C; forms a
ment. heavy precipitate after 8 days.
Agar slant: Filiform, glistening, opaque Broth: Turbid; granular sediment.
growth. Litmus milk: Coagulated, peptonized and
Broth: Slight to moderate turbidity; becoming alkaline.
slight sediment. Potato: Moist, glistening, yellowish white
Litmus milk: No change at first, later
slightly acid. growth.
Acid from glucose, sucrose, raffinose, xy-
Potato: Heavy, glistening, moist growth; lose, mannitol and glycerol. Lactose not
reddish to yellowish orange. fermented.
Indole not produced. Indole reaction faint.
Acid but no gas from glucose, sucrose, Fats are split in milk, giving rise to a
maltose, fructose, mannitol, galactose, rancid odor and a bitter taste.
arabinose, xylose, salicin, raffinose, tre- Reduction of nitrates questionable.
halose, sorbitol, mannose, adonitol and Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
esculin, and slight acid from lactose and Temperature relations: Optimum, 35° C.
dextrin. Inulin, dulcitol, glycerol, rham- Growth at 14° but not above 45° C.
nose, adonitol and inositol not fermented. Comments: This species is definitely not
Starch not hydrolyzed. Bacterium lipolyticum Evans (Jour. Inf.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Dis., 22, 1918, 576). The latter organism is a
non-motile, non-gelatin-liquefying species I Abt., Orig., 77, 1916, 222; Flavobacterium

which possesses the characteristic diph- sulfureum Bergey et al., Manual, 1st ed.,
theroid morphology and which does not 1923, 103.)
ferment sugars and related compounds; sul.fu're.um. L. adj. sulfureus of sulfur,
furthermore, it is less actively lipolytic from sulfur-colored growth.
than is the species described by Huss (op. Rods, 0.5 to 0.7 by 0.7 to 1.5 microns.
cit., 1908, 474). Huss' organism appears to Motile by means of peritrichous flagella.
occur less frequently than that described Gram-positive.
by Evans. Gelatin colonies: Very small, barely
Source: Isolated from the udder of a cow visible, becoming brownish yellow, granu-
giving abnormal milk. lar.
Habitat: Found in milk and in dair}^ Gelatin stab: Spreading growth on the
products. surface only ; later, crateriform liquefaction.
Agar slant: Sulfur-yellow growth.
21. Brevibacterium acetylicum (Le- Broth: Turbid.
vine and Soppeland, 1926) Breed, comb. nov. Litmus milk: Alkaline; peptonized; yel-
(Flavobacterium acetylicxim Levine and Sop- low.
peland, Bull. 77, Engineering Exp. Sta., Potato: Sulfur-yellow streak.
Iowa State Agr. College, 1926, 46.) Indole not produced.
a.ce.ty'li.cum. L. neut.n. acetum vine- No acid from glucose.
gar; M.L. neut.n. acetylum the organic Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
radical acetyl; M.L. adj. acetylicus pertain- Blood serum: Sulfur-yellow growth. Par-
ing to acetyl. tial liquefaction.
Rods, 0.9 by 1.1. microns, with rounded Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
ends, occurring singly and in pairs. Motile
from air.
(Levine and Soppeland). Peritrichous as
determined by O. B. Weeks, January, 1955, Habitat : Unknown.
from A.T.C.C. cultures 953 and 954. Gram-
positive. 23. Brevibacterium helvolum (Zimmer-
Gelatin stab: Stratiform liquefaction. mann, 1890) Lochhead, 1955. {Bacillus hel-
Agar colonies: Irregular in form, yellow, volus Zimmermann, Die Bakt. unserer
smooth, flat, amorphous, entire. Trink- und Nutzwasser, Chemnitz, 1, 1890,
Agar slant: Growth abundant, echinulate, 52; Bacterium helvolum Lehmann and Neu-
flat, peach-yellow, smooth, butyrous. mann, Bakt. Diag., 1 Aufl., 3, 1896, 254;
Broth: Ring growth on surface. Turbid Corynebacterium helvolum Kisskalt and
with a scant sediment. Berend, Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 81,
Litmus milk: Slight acidity with a granu- 1918, 446; not Corynebacterium helvolum
lar curd; peptonized; litmus reduced. Jensen, Proc. Linn. Soc. New So. Wales, 59,
Potato: Moderate, orange growth. 1934, 37; Flavobacterium helvolum Bergey et
Indole not produced. al., Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 114; Lochhead,
Acid from glucose. Internat. Bull, of Bact. Nomen. andTa.xon.,
Starch is hydrolyzed. 5, 1955, 115.)
Acetylmethylcarbinol is produced. hel'vo.lum. L. adj. helvolus pale yellow.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Description given below is taken directly
Blood serum: Liquefaction. from the original description by Zimmer-
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. mann {op. cit., 1890, 52) except as indicated.
Optimum temperature, 22° C. Lehmann and Neumann add certain charac-
Source: Isolated from skimmed milk. ters to the original description from a study
Habitat: Unknown. of a culture from air that agreed with Zim-
mermann's culture. The description in
22. Brevibacterium sulfureum (Bergey Migula (Syst. d. Bakt., 2, 1900, 324) is ac-
et al., 1923) Breed, comb. nov. {Bactermm
curately paraphrased from Zimmermann 's
punctans suljureuvi Zettnow, Cent. f. Bakt., original description.
503
Short rods which at first hang very closely Hydrogen sulfide is actively produced
together usually in pairs, also in fours or (Lehmann and Neumann).
longer chains. Later, however, longer chains No gas produced from glucose (Lehmann
are regularly formed. The diameter of the and Neumann).
cells is about 0.5, the length 1.5 to 2.5, Milk is coagulated (Lehmann and Neu-
mann).
microns, at times as long as 4.5 microns. The
rods rotate on their long axis (Lehmann Optimum
and Neumann state that their culture was Aerobic. temperature, about 25° C.
non-motile). Gram-positive. The specific epithet helvolits is suggested
Gelatin plates: The colonies within the because of its pale yellow chromogenesis on
gelatin are small, spherical bodies that are agar plates.
bright yellow in color. The colonies on the Comments: It will be seen that the de-
surface are highly convex, bright yellow, scription byZimmermann differs in several
tin}' drops which lie in a shallow depression. important respects from that given in the
When examined under low magnification, 6th edition of the Manual, 1948, 395; the
the colonies beneath the surface appear as latter was taken largely from Jensen (Proc.
pale yellowish to brownish, granular, cir- Linn. Soc. New So. Wales, 59, 1934, 37). The
cular, sharply contoured discs. The colonies morphology of the Zimmermann organism
on the surface also show a sharp contour for both as described by him and also by Leh-
some time; however, they later become mann and Neumann is that of a simple,
somewhat irregular in contour and appear unbranching rod. There is no suggestion of
much darker brown by transmitted light. a pleomorphic morphology, snapping divi-
Gelatin stab : An elevated growth is formed sion or branching. The description given by
at first on the surface. This is a definite Jensen is indicative of a different species,
Naples-yellow in color. This growth gradu- and when Lochhead compared a culture of
ally spreads until it almost reaches the glass Jensen's organism with cultures of related
wall of the test tube. By this time the gela- organisms, he found it (personal communi-
tin is liquefied in a shallow layer. There is cation, 1954) to be identical with cultures of
little development along the stab. The lique- Bacterium globiforme Conn, the organism
faction proceeds slowly. selected as the type species of the genus
Agar slant: There is an abundant, rather Arthrobacter Conn and Dimmick. Zimmer-
rapid growth that is of a definite light yellow mann's organism clearly was a Brevihac-
color as on gelatin. (Lemon-yellow, Leh- terium as defined here, not a Corynebacter-
mann and Neumann.) ium as defined by Lehmann and Neumann
Bouillon broth: The broth becomes some- (Bakt. Diag., 1 Aufl., 2, 1896, 380). Brevi-
what lighter in color with little turbidity at hacterium represents a segregation of species
first; then flecks form and settle, appearing placed by Lehmann and Neumann in Bac-
as a j'ellowish white sediment. terium.
Potato: The yellow growth is abundant, Source : Isolated from Chemnitz tap water
becoming thickened and glistening. The (Zimmermann) ; also found as a dust con-
color becomes somewhat greenish but not taminant inWiirzburg (Lehmann and Neu-
mann).
enough to call it sulfur-yellow.
Indole is not produced (Lehmann and Habitat: Presumably widely distributed
Neumann) . in nature.
Genus II. Kurthia Trevisan, 1885.

(Trevisan, Atti della Accad. Fisio- Medico- Statistica in Milano, Ser. 4, S, 1885, 92;
Zopfius Wenner and Rettger, Jour. Bact., 4, 1919, 334.)
Kurth'i.a. M.L. fem.n. Ki<r/Am named for H. Kurth, the German bacteriologist who de-
scribed the type species.
Long rods with somewhat rounded ends. In liquid media the cells are aligned in evenly
curved chains; in gelatin media filaments form which may subdivide into coccoid elements.
Not encapsulated. Motile with peritrichous flagella. Gram-positive. Carbohydrates not
attacked. Facultatively anaerobic. Found in decomposing materials.
The type species is Kurthia zopfii (Kurth) Trevisan.
Key to the species of genus Kurthia.

I. Gelatin not liquefied.
A. Hydrogen sulfide not produced; putrid odor produced in cultures.
1. Kurthia zopfii.
B. Hydrogen sulfide produced; no putrid odor produced in cultures.
2. Kurthia variabilis.
II. Gelatin rapidly liquefied.
3. Kurthia bessonii.
1. Kurthia zopfii (Kurth, 1883) Trevi- Comments: Some workers make a dis-
san, 1885. (Bacterium zopfii Kurth, Bericht. tinction between Kurthia zopfii Trevisan and
d. deutsch. Bot. Gesellschaft, 1, 1883, 97; Kurthia zenkeri Bergey et al., mainly on
Trevisan, Atti della Accad. Fisio-Medico- their ability or inability to form an arbores-
Statistica in Milano, Ser. 4, 3, 1885, 92.) cent growth in a gelatin stab. However,
zop'fi.i. M.L. gen. noun zopfii of Zopf; according to Chester (Man. Determ. Bact.,
named for W. Zopf, a German botanist. 1901, 249), division of these organisms into
Description based on original descriptions two species does not seem advisable: the
and that of Wenner and Rettger (Jour. formation of an arborescent growth is too
Bact., 4, 1919, 350). variable a character on which to base species
Rods, 0.8 by 3.5 microns, with rounded differentiation. This view is also shared by
3nds. In liquid media, long, evenly curved Wenner and Rettger (op. cit., 1919, 351).
chains are formed; in gelatin media the Source: Isolated from hen manure.
chains are twisted, braided and clumped Habitat: Foimd in decomposing mate-
into knots. From these knots filaments push rials.
out, laterally then anteriorly, which may
subdivide into coccoid elements. Not en- 2. Kurthia variabilis Severi, 1946.
capsulated. Motile by means of peritrichous 107.)
(Giorn. di Batteriol. e Immunol., 46, 1946,
flagella. Gram-positive.
Gelatin colonies: Radiate, filamentous, va.ri.a'bi.lis. L. adj. variabilis variable.
gray. Rods, 0.7 by 1.5 to 2.0 microns, frequently
Gelatin stab: Arborescent growth in stab. curved, growing out into filaments 10 to 30
No liquefaction. microns long; these filaments later divide
Agar colonies: Fimbriate. in two or form short chains. Motile by means
Agar slant: Spreading, gray, fimbriate of peritrichous flagella. Gram-positive.
growth. Gelatin stab: No liquefaction. Grayish
Broth: Slow, moderate growth; putrid, growth along the stab.
ammoniacal odor produced. Agar colonies: 1 to 2 mm in diameter,
Litmus milk: No change. grayish white, glossy, smooth; regular mar-
Potato: Moderate, gray growth; medium
becoming dark. Agar slant: Slender, grayish white, trans-
Carbohydrates not attacked. gins.
lucent, slightly viscid.
Indole not produced. Broth: Moderate, uniform turbidity; thin
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. membrane. Sediment at first slight, later
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. abundant.
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. Litmus milk unchanged.
Optimum temperature, between 25° and Methylene blue not reduced.
30° C. Neutral red reduced.
Potato: Growth slender, moist and white. bes.son'i.i. M.L. gen. noun bessonii of
Coagulated blood serum: Growth viscous, Besson; named for A. Besson, the bacteri-
mucoid, white. ologist who first described this organism.
Indole not produced. Description taken from Hauduroy et al.
Hj-drogen sulfide produced. (op. cit., 1937, 271).
No action on carbohydrates or alcohols, Rods, 0.7 by 1.0 to 8.0 or even 12.0 mi-
of which the following were tested: glucose, crons, which form filaments. Actively motile
fructose, galactose, lactose, maltose, su- by means of peritrichous flagella. Gram-
crose, starch, dextrin, salicin, glycerol, sor-
bitol, dulcitol and mannitol. positive.
Gelatin colonies: Thin and spreading;
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. fimbriate margins.
Ammonia produced in peptone solutions. Gelatin stab: Rapid liquefaction.
Temperature relations: Optimum, be- Agar colonies: Thinner in center than at
tween 37° and 39° C. Minimum, 17° C. Maxi- margins; lacerate edges.
mum, 45° C. Broth: Slightly turbid; thin, fragile pel-
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. licle; slight precipitate. Odor ammoniacal
Not pathogenic for guinea pigs. and putrid.
Source: Isolated from feces in a case of Litmus milk: Alkaline and digested.
food poisoning. Indole not produced.
Habitat: Found in decomposing mate- Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
rials.
Little or no action on carbohydrates.
3. Kurthia bessonii (Hauduroy et al., Slight action on glycerol.
1937) Severi, 1946. (Bacille isole des selles, Coagulated blood serum: Liquefied.
Besson, Tech. microbiol. et s^rotherap., Neutral red partially and slowly reduced.
Paris, 1" ed., 1924, 920; Listerella bessoni Source: Isolated from normal and diar-
(sic) Hauduroy et al.. Diet. d. Bact. Path., rheal human feces.
Paris, l" ed., 1937, 271; Severi, Giorn. di Habitat: Believed to be widely distrib-
Batteriol. e Immunol., 34, 1946, 107.) uted in putrid organic matter.
FAMILY X. LACTOBACILLACEAE WINSLOW ET AL., 1917.*

(Winslow, Broadhurst, Buchanan, Krumwiede, Rogers and Smith, Jour. Bact., 2, 1917, 561;
Lactobacteriaceae (sic) Orla-Jensen, Jour. Bact., 6, 1921, 266; Streptobacteriaceae
Bergey, Breed and Murray, Preprint, Manual, 5th ed., 1938, 71.)
The generic name Lactobacter proposed by Beijerinck (Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 6, 1900,
200) was used by him to designate a physiological genus that included both the lactic acid
cocci and the lactic acid rods. No species are described so that the status of this name is
questionable.
Lac.to.ba.cil.la'ce.ae. L. noun lac, lactis milk; L. mas. dim. n. bacillus a little rod; -aceae
ending to denote a family; M.L. fem.pl. n. Lactobacillaceae the Lactobacillus family.
* The following have been consulted in regard to the general arrangement of the genera
recognized in this family: Prof. E. G. D. Murray, McGill University, Montreal, P.Q.,
Canada; Prof. J. M. Sherman, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Dr. C. F. Niven, Jr.,
American Meat Institute Foundation, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Dr.
L. DS. Smith, ^Montana Agricultural Experiment Station, Bozeman, ^Montana; and Prof.
C. S. Pederson, New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, March, 1955.
The descriptions of the anaerobic species are taken largely from Dr. A.-R. Prevot, Pasteur
Institute, Paris, France.
Long or short rods or cocci which divide like rods in one plane only, producing chains,
occasionally tetrads; filamentous as well as so-called false branching forms sometimes
occur. Usually non-motile but may be motile, the motile species possessing peritrichous
flagella. Gram-positive. Pigment production is rare; a few species produce a yellow, orange,
red or rusty brown pigment. Gelatin liquefaction is rare among the microaerophilic species
but is more common among the strict anaerobes. Surface growth on all media is poor or
absent. Carbohydrates are essential for good development; they are fermented to lactic
acid, sometimes with volatile acids, alcohol and carbon dioxide as by-products. Nitrites not
produced from nitrates, but among the strict anaerobes there are a few species that are
known to reduce nitrates and some that have not been tested for nitrate reduction. Micro-
aerophilic toanaerobic. Found regularly in the mouth and intestinal tract of man and other
animals, in food and dairy products and in fermenting vegetable juices; a few species are
highly pathogenic.
Key to the tribes of family Lactobacillaceae.
I. Cocci occurring singly, in pairs and in chains (rarely tetrads).
Tribe I. Streptococceae, p. 506.
II. Rods, occurring singly, in pairs and in chains. Individual cells may be very long or even
filamentous.
Tribe II. Lactobacilleae, p. 541.
TRIBE I. STREPTOCOCCEAE TREVISAN, 1889.
(I generi e le specie delle Batteriacee, 1889, 29.)

Cells spherical or elongate, dividing in one plane only, usually occurring in pairs or in
chains. Gelatin is rarely liquefied. None of the species grows abundantly on solid media.
The microaerophilic species attack carbohydrates and polyhydro.xy alcohols, producing
lactic acid by homofermentation or lactic and acetic acids, alcohol and carbon dioxide by
heterofermentation; the strictly anaerobic species attack protein decomposition products,
organic acids and usually carbohydrates with the production of carbon dioxide, hydrogen
and other products. Microaerophilic to anaerobic. Catalase-negative. May or may not be
pathogenic; some pathogenic species grow poorly without blood serum or other enrich-
ment fluids. Found in various lesions and in the normal mouths and intestines of man and
other animals, in food and dairy products and in fermenting plant juices.
Key to the genera of tribe Streptococceae.

I. Facultatively anaerobic to microaerophilic.
A. Homofermentative, producing only traces of end-products other than lactic acid
from carbohydrates.
1. Produce dextro rotatory lactic acid from glucose.
a. Parasites which grow poorly on artificial media. Cells usually in pairs, often
elongated. Bile-soluble.
Genus I. Diplococcus , p. 507.
aa. Parasites and saprophytes. Normally form short or long chains. Not soluble
in bile solutions.
Genus II. Streptococcus, p. 508.
2. Produces a racemic mixture of lactic acid from glucose. Occurs singly, as tetrads,
pairs or even short chains.
Genus III. Pediococcus, p. 529.
FAMILY X. LACTOBACILLACEAE 507
B. Heterofermentative, producing considerable amounts of carbon dioxide, ethanol

and acetic acid as well as lactic acid from carbohydrates.
Genus IV. Leuconostoc, p. 531.
II. Strictly anaerobic (one species becomes aerotolerant with repeated transfers).
Genus V. Peptostreptococcus , p. 533.
Genus I. Diplococcus Weichselbaum, 1886.*

(Wiener med. Jahrb., 82, 1886, 483.)
Dip.Io.coc'cus. Gr. adj. diplous double; Gr. noun coccus a grain, berry; M.L. mas.n.
Diplococcus paired coccus.
Cells usually in pairs, sometimes in chains. Young cells Gram-positive. Parasites, some-
times growing poorl}^ or not at all on artificial media. Fermentative powers usually high,
most strains producing acid from glucose, lactose, sucrose and inulin. The organisms in
this genus are soluble in a 10 per cent bile solution.
The type species is Diplococcus pneumoniae Weichselbaum.
1. Diplococcus pneumoniae Weichsel- hemaglobin formation with green zone

baum, 1886. (Microbe septicemique du around colony.
salive, Pasteur, Chamberland and Roux, Beef heart infusion broth: Uniform tur-
Compt. rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, 92, 1881, bidity with variable amount of sediment.
159; Micrococcus of rabbit septicemia, Addition of glucose, serum, whole blood
Sternberg, National Board of Health Bull., or ascitic fluid enhances growth.
Washington, 2, 1881, 781; Coccus lanceole, Meat extract media: Growth irregular,
Talamon, Communication k la Society ana- usually poor if any.
tom. de Paris, 58, 1883, 475; Weichselbaum, Inulin serum water: Usually acid with
Wiener med. Jahrb., 82, 1886, 485; Pneu- coagulation.
moniemikrococcus or Pneumococcus, Fran- Litmus milk: Usually acid with coagula-
kel, Ztschr. f. klin. Medizin, 10, 1886, 402.) tion.
pneu.mo'ni.ae. Gr. noun pneumon the Potato: No growth.
lungs; M.L. fem.n. pneumonia pneumonia; Whole bile or 10 per cent solutions of
M.L. gen. noun pneumoniae of pneumonia. sodium taurocholate or sodium glycocholate
Common name: Pneumococcus. added to actively growing broth cultures
The organisms occur as oval or spherical will dissolve the organisms. It is customary
forms typically in pairs, occasionally singly to use from 0.1 to 0.5 ml of bile for each 0.5
or in short chains, 0.5 to 1.25 microns. The ml of culture.
distal ends of each pair of organisms tend Aerobic, facultative.
to be pointed or lancet-shaped. Encapsu- Optimum temperature, 37° C. Usually no
lated. Non-motile. Young cells are Gram- growth between 18° and 22° C.
positive. Optimum initial pH, 7.8.
Gelatin stab: Filiform or beaded growth. Source: Sputum, blood and exudates in
No liquefaction. pneumonia; cerebrospinal fluid in menin-
Infusion agar colonies: Small, trans- gitis; mastoiditis; otitis media; peritonitis;
parent, grayish, entire. Elevation high, empyema; pericarditis; endocarditis; ar-
convex, glistening, mucoid to watery. thritis; saliva and secretions of respiratory
On blood agar the colonies are elevated at tract in normal persons. Commonest cause
the center with concentric elevations and of lobar pneumonia.
depressions. Hemolysis usually slight but Habitat : The respiratory tract of man and
often marked in anaerobic culture; met- animals.
* Revised by Prof. E. G. D. Murray, McGill University, Montreal, P.Q., Canada, Sep-

tember, 1938; further revision by Lt. Col. Elliott S. Robinson, M.C., Washington, D. C,
January, 1944.
At present thirty-one serotypes of Diplo- with new strains reported by Kauffmann,

coccus pneumoniae are recognized on the M0rch and Schmith (Jour. Immunol., 39,
basis of serological reactions, chiefly the 1940, 397), if eventually recognized, would
Neufeld "Quellung" phenomenon as induced make a total of fifty-five types. Eddy still
by type-specific immune rabbit serums. Fol- more recently, taking into account all
lowing the description of Pneumococcus 1 by known types, raises the number of recog-
Neufeld and Handel (Arb. a. d. k. Gesund- nized types to seventy five (U. S. Public
heitsamte, 3^, 1910, 293), Dochez and Health Repts., 59, 1944, 449-468).
Gillespie (Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 61, 1913, Note : Pneumococci, regardless of serolog-
727) divided the species into Types 1, 2, 3 ical type, manifest three chief culture
and a heterogeneous group 4; Cooper, Ed- phases (or stages) : Mucoid, Smooth and
wards and Rosenstein (Jour. Exp. Med., Jf9, Rough. The Mucoid (M) form corresponds
1929, 461) separated Types 4 to 13 from the to that previously designated as Smooth (S)
strains previously designated as group 4, and represents the typical phase of the
and later Cooper, Rosenstein, Walter and species; Smooth (S) supersedes the earlier
Peizer (Jour. Exp. Med., 55, 1932, 531) con- term Rough (R); and the present Rough
tinued the classification to Type 32. Due to (R) form is a relatively newly described
marked cross-reactions, it was subsequently variant. The most frequently observed dis-
decided that Type 6 was identical with Type
26, and that Types 15 and 30 were identical. sociative trend is M -^ S — > R. Serological
types are recognizable only in the Mucoid
This resulted in the deletion of the Cooper
Types 26 and 30, thus leaving thirty of the form due to the presence of type-specific
polysaccharides in the capsular material;
original thirty-two types. Type 33 (Wilder)
both Smooth and Rough forms are devoid of
has been described by Walter, Blount, Beat-
tie and Cotler (Jour. Inf. Dis., 66, 1940, 181) capsular material but possess species-spe-
as a distinct tj^pe; sufficient recognition has cific antigens common to all members of the
been accorded to justify the acceptance of species. Smooth and Rough forms are non-
this type, thereby making a total of thirty- pathogenic, possess distinctive growth
one types of the species. In a still more characteristics and require special technic
recent publication, Walter, Guevin, Beattie, for accurate observations. The cultural
Cotler and Bucca (Jour. Immunol., Ji.1, 1941, characteristics given are those of the mucoid
279) recommend the addition of nine new and smooth phases only, e.g., see growth in
types and eight subtypes. These, together broth.
Genus 11. Streptococcus Rosenbach, 1884.*

(Mikroorganismen bei den Wundinfectionskrankheiten des Menschen. Wiesbaden, 1884, 22.)
Strep. to. coc'cus. Or. adj. streptus pliant; Gr. noun coccus a grain, berry; M.L. mas.n.
Streptococcus pliant coccus.
Cells spherical or ovoid, rarely elongated into rods, occurring in pairs or short or long
chains. Capsules are not regularly discernible but may become conspicuous with some
species under certain conditions. Non-motile except a few strains in the enterococcus
group. Gram-positive. No pigments are produced with the exception of an occasional strain
in Lancefield's groups B and D, which may produce brick-red pigment or yellow pigments
under appropriate environmental conditions. A fermentable carbohydrate or polyhydroxy
alcohol is necessary for satisfactory growth in artificial media. Growth in broth culture
is variable in character. Rough variants may show granular growth that tends to settle out
quickly, leaving a clear supernatant. Smooth variants may show uniform turbidity with
little tendency to settle out. Such variants may be noted within one species. A pellicle is
never formed. Growth on agar surface is usually scanty. Colonies are small, usually less
* Revised by Dr. C. F. Niven, Jr., American Meat Institute Foundation, The University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, in consultation with Professors J. M. Sherman and Harry W.
Seeley, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, November, 1953.
than 1 millimeter in diameter. Colony variants within one species may range from rough
to smooth (matt to glossy) to mucoid. Subsurface colonies are usually lenticular. Carbohy-
drate fermentation is homofermentative with dextro rotatory lactic acid as the dominant
end-product. Carbon dioxide is produced in very small quantities or not at all from sugar
fermentation. Ethanol, acetic acid and formic acid may be produced in appreciable quanti-
ties from glucose if allowed to ferment in alkaline media (Gunsalus and Niven, Jour. Biol.
Chem., 1I^5, 1942, 131). Many of the streptococci oxidize a number of the alcohols, glycols
and short-chain fatty acids (Gunsalus and Wood, Jour. Bact., 44, 1942, 523; Gunsalus and
Umbreit, Jour. Bact., 49, 1945, 347; Niven, Evans and White, Jour. Bact., ^9, 1945, 105;
Wolin, Evans and Niven, Jour. Bact., 6^, 1952, 531), but the energy derived from these
respiratory mechanisms is not utilized directly for growth. However, some enterococcus
cultures may show moderately superior growth under aerobic conditions (Seeley and Van-
Demark, Jour. Bact., 61, 1951, 27). The cytochrome systems are absent; catalase-negative.
Do not reduce nitrate to nitrite. Facultative with respect to oxygen. Not soluble in ten per
cent bile. Proteolytic strains found only in the enterococcus group. All streptococci are
fastidious with respect to their nutritional requirements, thereby requiring a number of
the B vitamins and amino acids for growth. The nutritional requirements are, in general,
species specific, but some variations may be noted within one species. Some strains require
an unsaturated fatty acid or increased carbon dioxide tension for growth. In some in-
stances, the nutritional requirements may be of aid in the identification of a species. The
reader is referred to Dubos (Bacterial and Mycotic Infections of Man. Lippincott, 1948,
240) for a general summary of the nutritional requirements for most of the species. Sero-
logical tests, specifically the Lancefield precipitin technique, have proved to be of distinct
value in classifjang the streptococci. In general, all streptococci except those in the viridans
group possess a serologically active, group specific "C" substance (polysaccharide), thus
allowing them to be placed into serological groups by the precipitin technique. One sero-
logical group may comprise more than one species. Also, one serological group may possess
a number of established serological types based upon the presence of capsular type-specific
antigens and detected by the agglutinin or precipitin technique. Thus far, little relationship
has been noted between serological type specificity and species specificity as established by
their respective physiological characteristics. Several instances are known in which certain
strains of streptococci possess common type antigens but belong to different serological
groups. Members of the viridans group possess demonstrable type antigens but, for the
most part, they have been of little taxonomic value. The streptococci are commonly found
wherever organic matter containing sugars is accumulated. They occur regularly in the
mouth and intestine of man and other animals, in dairy and other food products and in
fermenting plant juices. Some species are pathogenic.
The arrangement of the species presented is in harmony with the suggestions of Sherman
(Bact. Rev., 1, 1937, 3) in which the facultative streptococci are separated into four general
groups: the pyogenic, the viridans, the enterococcus and the lactic groups. The arrange-
ment of the species into these four categories was based upon a series of common physio-
logical characteristics possessed by the respective groups, the most important of which was
their temperature limits for growth. However, as new species are recognized, the indi-
viduality ofeach group naturally becomes less distinct, and the difficulties of placing the
new species, which may possess characteristics of more than one group, are increased. For
example. Streptococcus tiberis Diernhofer, a member of the viridans group, possesses certain
characteristics that would tempt one to place it in the enterococcus group, while Strepto-
coccus acidominimus Ayers and Mudge, also a member of the viridans group, might be
considered a member of the pyogenic group.
The type species is Streptococcus pyogenes Rosenbach.
It is difficult to draw up a workable key for streptococci. Keys, of necessity, emphasize

single characters or, at most, only a few characters, and these are not necessarily the most
important characters of a species. Before the identify of a Streptococcus culture should be

regarded as established, the complete physiological pattern should be determined and com-
pared with the complete physiological patterns of the species in the genus.
Key to the species of genus Streptococcus.
The Pyogenic Group
I. No growth at 10° or 45° C. (some exceptions in Streptococcus sanguis). No growth in

6.5 per cent NaCl broth, at pH 9.6 or in 0.1 per cent methylene blue milk. No reduction
of litmus before curdling milk. Tyrosine not decarboxylated.
A. Sodium hippurate not hydrolyzed.
1. High COo tension not required for rapid growth on blood agar. Cells and colonies
not "minute." Ammonia produced from arginine.
a. No viscous polysaccharide produced in 5 per cent sucrose broth. Inulin not
fermented,
b. Fibrinolytic.
0. Beta hemolytic. Ferments trehalose but not sorbitol,
d. Glycerol not fermented. Lancefield group A.
1. Streptococcus pyogenes.
dd. Glycerol fermented aerobically. Lancefield group C.
2. Streptococcus equisimilis.
bb. Not fibrinolytic.
c. Beta hemolytic.
d. Trehalose not fermented, but sorbitol fermented. Glycerol
fermented aerobically. Lancefield group C.
3. Streptococcus zooepidemicus .
dd. Trehalose, sorbitol and glycerol not fermented. Lancefield group
C.
4. Streptococcus egui.
cc. Not beta hemolytic. Trehalose fermented. Sorbitol usually fer-
mented. Glycerol not fermented. Lancefield group C.
5. Streptococcus dysgalactiae.
aa. Viscous polysaccharide produced in 5 per cent sucrose broth. Inulin usually
fermented. May or may not be beta hemolytic. Lancefield group H.
6. Streptococcus sanguis.*
2. High CO2 tension required for rapid growth on blood agar. "Minute" cells and
colonies. Ammonia produced from arginine. Lancefield group F and Type I,
group G.
7. Streptococcus anginosus.
B. Sodium hippurate hydrolyzed.
1. Ammonia produced from arginine. Glycerol fermented aerobically. May be beta
hemolytic. Final pH in glucose broth, 4.2 to 4.8. Lancefield group B.
8. Streptococcus agalactiae.
The Viridans Group
2. Ammonia not produced from arginine. Glycerol not fermented. Not hemolytic.
Final pH in glucose broth, 5.6 to 6.5.
9. Streptococcus acidominimus .
II. No growth at 10° C. Growth at 45° C. (exceptions in Streptococcus mitis). No ammonia
* Although no group antigen has been demonstrated for Streptococcus sanguis, this
species and the group H streptococci are similar enough in other characteristics to warrant
their association. See detailed description of this species.
from arginine (exceptions in Streptococcus mitis). Not beta hemolytic. No growth in 6.5
per cent NaCl broth, at pH 9.6 or in 0.1 per cent methylene blue milk. No reduction of
litmus before curdling milk. Tyrosine not decarbo.xylated.
A. No growth at 50° C. Growth in 2 per cent NaCl broth.
1. Starch not hydrolyzed. No growth on 40 per cent bile blood agar.
a. Indifferent (gamma hemolytic) on blood agar. Raffinose and inulin fer-
mented. Large, mucoid colonies produced on 5 per cent sucrose and raffinose
agar.
10. Streptococcus salivarius
aa. Greening (alpha hemolytic) on blood agar. Inulin not fermented. Raffinose
may or may not be fermented. Mucoid colonies not produced on 5 per cent
sucrose agar.
11. Streptococcus mitis.
2. Starch hydrolyzed. Growth on 40 per cent bile blood agar.
a. Lactose fermented.
12. Streptococcus hovis.
aa. Lactose not fermented.
13. Streptococcus equinus.
B. Growth at 50° C. No growth in 2 per cent NaCl broth.
14. Streptococcus thermophilus.
III. Growth at 10° and 45° C. Ammonia produced from arginine.
A. No growth in 6.5 per cent NaCl broth, at pH 9.6 or in 0.1 per cent methylene blue
milk. Tyrosine not decarboxylated. Not hemolytic. Litmus milk not reduced be-
fore curdling.
15. Streptococcus iiheris.
The Enterococcus Group
B. Growth in 6.5 per cent NaCl broth, at pH 9.6 and in 0.1 per cent methylene blue
milk. Tyrosine decarboxylated. Lancefield group D.
1. Not beta hemolytic.
a. Gelatin not liquefied,
16. Streptococcus faecalis.
16a. Streptococcus faecalis var. liquefaciens.
2. Beta hemolytic.
a. Mannitol and sorbitol fermented. Litmus reduced before curdling milk.
May or may not liquefy gelatin.
16b. Streptococcus faecalis var. zymogenes.
aa. Mannitol and sorbitol not fermented. Litmus not reduced before curdling
milk. Gelatin not liquefied.
17. Streptococcus durans.
The Lactic Group
IV. Growth at 10° but not at 45° C. No growth in 6.5 per cent NaCI broth or at pH 9.6.
Tjnosine not decarboxylated. Growth in 0.1 per cent methylene blue milk; reduces
litmus before curdling milk. Not hemolytic. Lancefield group N.
A. Growth at 40° C, in 4 per cent NaCl broth, at pH 9.2 and in 0.3 per cent methylene
blue milk. Produces ammonia from arginine. Maltose fermented.
18. Streptococcus lactis.
B. No growth at 40° C, in 4 per cent NaCl broth, at pH 9!2 or in 0.3 per cent methylene
blue milk. Ammonia not produced from arginine. Maltose usually not fermented.
19. Streptococcus cremoris.
.12 ORDER IV. EUBACTERIALES
1. Streptococcus pyogenes Rosenbach, stitution ofmedium and presence of serum.

1884. (Fehleisen, Ueber Erysipel, Deut. Streptolysin O is reversibly oxygen-labile;
Zeit. f. Chir., 16, 1882, 391; Erysipelkokken, streptolysin S is very sensitive to heat and
Fehleisen, Die Aetiologie des Erysipels, acids but is stable to oxygen (Todd, Jour.
Berlin, 1883; Rosenbach, Mikroorganismen Path. Bact., ^7, 1938, 423).
bei den Wundinfectionskrankheiten des Colony form: Mucoid, matt and glossy
Menschens, 1884, 22; Streptococcus enjsip- variants are ordinarily observed (Todd,
elatos (sic) Rosenbach, lac. cit.; Micrococcus Brit. Jour. Exp. Path., 9, 1928, 1). The matt
scarlaiinae and Streptococcus scarlatinae colony type contains the type-specific M
Klein, Report of the Medical Officer of the substance and may or may not be virulent.
Local Government Board for 1885-1886, No. Mucoid variants also possess the M sub-
8, 1887, 85; Streptococcus hemolyticus Roily, stance in addition to the serologically in-
Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 61, 1911, 87; active capsular substance, hyaluronic acid
Streptococcus epidemicus Davis, Jour. Am. (Kendall et ah. Jour. Biol. Chem., 118, 1937,
Med. Assoc, 58, 1912, 1852; Jour. Inf. Dis., 61). The glossy forms are always avirulent
15, 1914, 378; ibid., 19, 1916, 236.) and contain little or no M substance.
py.o'ge.nes. Gr. noun pyum pus; Gr. v. Fibrinolytic (Tillett, Bact. Rev., 2, 1938,
(jennaio to produce; M.L. adj. pyogenes pus- 161). Only very rare strains fail to dissolve
producing. human fibrin.
Spherical or ovoid cells, 0.6 to 1 micron Temperature relations: Optimum tem-
in diameter in cultures, usually spherical perature, approximately 37° C. No growth
in blood and inflammatory exudates, oc- at 10° or 45° C. Does not survive 60° C. for
curring in chains or pairs; in broth culture, 30 minutes.
usually long chains. Gram-positive. Tolerance tests : Fails to grow in presence
Serology: Constitutes Lancefield's group of 6.5 per cent NaCl or in skim milk contain-
A (Jour. Exp. Med., 57, 1933, 571). May be ing 0.1 per cent methylene blue. No growth
subdivided into serological types by the in broth adjusted to pH 9.6 or on blood agar
precipitin technique on the basis of the cap- containing 40 per cent bile.
sular protein M antigen. This antigen, which Litmus milk: Acid, seldom curdled, lit-
can be destroyed by certain proteolytic en- mus reduced slowly or not at all.
zymes, isassociated with virulence, and the Final pH in glucose broth, 4.8 to 6.0.
antibodies to which it gives rise are pri- Acid characteristically produced from
marily concerned with the specific protec- glucose, maltose, lactose, sucrose, salicin
tive action of immune sera (Lancefield, The and trehalose. No acid from inulin, raffinose,
Harvey Lectures, Ser. XXXVI, 1940-1941, arabinose, glycerol, mannitol, sorbitol or
251). At least 40 types have been identified. dulcitol. Rare strains noted that fail to
May also be subdivided into types by the ferment lactose, salicin or trehalose, or may
agglutination technique (Griffith, Jour. ferment mannitol.
Hyg., 34, 1934, 542) on the basis of the cap- Starch not actively hydrolyzed, although
sular T substance. The T substance is not some strains are reported to hydrolyze this
associated with virulence. The M and T sub- substance under certain conditions (Crow-
stances are independent and may occur in ley, Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 4, 1950, 156).
various combinations in different strains. Gelatin is not liquefied, and casein is not
Some strains may lack either or both type- digested as detected by the usual cultural
specific antigens. methods. However, under certain conditions
Action on blood: Surface and submerged some strains elaborate an extracellular pro-
colonies are beta hemolytic (Brown, Rocke- teinase that destroys the type-specific M
feller Inst. Med. Res., Monograph 9, 1919, antigen (except for type 28) . It also is able
14). In rare instances, some strains have to digest casein, gelatin and fibrin (Elliott,
been noted to lose their hemolytic proper- Jour. Exp. Med., 81, 1945, 573).
ties when cultured aerobically. Two soluble Sodium hippurate not hydrolyzed. Es-
antigenic hemolysins (streptolysins) pro- culin usually split.
duced in fluid cultures; influenced by con- Ammonia produced from arginine.
Erythrogenic toxin associated with scarlet genes. Occasionally grows on 40 per cent bile
fever rash produced by most strains. blood agar.
Source: Originally isolated from infected Litmus milk: Lactose-fermenting strains
wounds by Rosenbach (op. cit., 1884, 22). produce an acid reaction. Milk may be
Also found in the human mouth, throat and curdled; litmus not reduced before curdling.
respiratory tract and in inflammatory Pînal pH in glucose broth, between 4.6 and
exudates, blood stream and lesions in human 5.4.
disease of varied character. Occasionally Acid from glucose, maltose, sucrose and
encountered in the udder of the cow and in trehalose. Glycerol fermented when incu-
laboratory animals. May be found in dust bated aerobically. May or may not ferment
from sick rooms, hospital wards, schools, lactose and salicin. No acid from arabinose,
theaters and other public places. raffinose, inulin, mannitol or sorbitol.
Habitat: Primarily the human body, Starch and esculin may or maj- not be
where it causes the formation of pus or even hydrolyzed. Gelatin not liquefied. Sodium
fatal septicemias. hippurate not hydrolyzed.
Ammonia produced from arginine.
2. Streptococcus equisiniilis Frost and Distinctive characters: Members of this
Engelbrecht, 1936. (Type B, Ogura, Jour. species may be confused with Streptococcus
Jap. Soc. Vet. Sci., 8, 1929, 174; Frost and pyogenes but may be differentiated from the
Engelbrecht, A Revision of the Genus Strep- latter by their ability to ferment glycerol
tococcus, privately published, 1936, 3 pp.; aerobically and to hydrolyze starch and by
also see The Streptococci, 1940, 45; Human their generally greater tolerance to methyl-
C, Sherman, Bact. Reviews, 1, 1937, 35.) ene blue and bile. For positive identifica-
e.qui.si'mi.lis. L. noun equvs horse; L. tion, the Lancefield precipitin technique
adj. similis resembling; M.L. adj. equisi- must be relied upon.
inilis literally horse-like, but intended to Source: Occasionally associated with
mean "resembling Streptococcus equi". erysipelas and puerperal fever. The normal
Morphology and general cultural charac- human nose and throat, vagina and skin.
teristics resemble those of Streptococcus Sometimes found in respiratory tract of
pyogenes. Matt colonies are characteris- domestic animals.
tically produced. Gram-positive. Habitat: Human upper respiratory tract
Serology: Belongs to Lancefield's group and vagina.
C. Several types have been established.
Griffith's agglutinative types 7, 20 and 21 3. Streptococcus zooepidcniicus Frost
belong to this species. The type-specific and Engelbrecht, 1936. (Animal pj-ogenes,
antigens are proteins digestible with tryp- Type A of Edwards, Jour. Bact., 27, 1934,
sin. 527; Frost and Engelbrecht, A Revision of
Action on blood: Beta hemolytic. Soluble the Genus Streptococcus, privately pub-
hemolysins produced, one of which is iden- lished, 1936, 3 pp. ; also see The Streptococci,
tical with streptolysin O. 1940, 25; Streptococcus pyogenes animalis
Fibrinolytic. Seelemann, Deutsche tierarzt. Wchnschr.,
Temperature relations: No growth at 10° 50, 1942, 8 and 48.)
or 45° C. Does not survive 60° C. for 30 zo.o.e.pi.de'mi.cus. Gr. noun zoum an
minutes. animal; Gr. adj. epidemius among people,
Tolerance tests : Fails to grow in presence prevalent, epidemic; M.L. adj. zooepidemi-
of 6.5 per cent NaCl or at pH 9.6. Does not cus prevalent among animals.
grow in skim milk containing 0.1 per cent Morphology and general cultural charac-
methylene blue, but Edwards (Kentucky teristics resemble those of Streptococcus
Agr. Exp. Station Bull. 356, 1935) reported pyogenes. Mucoid colonies are common. May
growth in an infusion-casein digest broth produce capsular hyaluronic acid.
containing 0.000025 molar methylene blue, Serology: Belongs to Lancefield's group
thus indicating a tolerance to methylene
C. Action on blood: Beta hemolvtic. The
blue higher than that of Streptococcus pyo-
soluble hemolysin produced is distinct from are not rare; occur in pairs, short or long
streptolysins O and S. chains; very long chains common in broth
Not fibrinolytic. cultures. Capsules often pronounced in
Temperature relations: No growth at 10° blood of infected mice and when grown in
or 45° C. Does not survive 60° C. for 30 serum. Gram-positive.
minutes. Generally poor growth in broth culture;
Tolerance tests: Same as for Streptococcus growth increased by serum.
pyogenes. Serology: Belongs to Lancefield's group
Litmus milk: Acid, usually does not C. Cultures are generally poor antigens for
curdle. Does not reduce litmus before production of agglutinating serum.
curdling. Action on blood: Beta hemolytic. The
Final pH in glucose broth, between 4.6 blood agar colonies are small and watery
and 5.0. and dry out rapidly leaving flat, glistening
Acid from glucose, lactose, sucrose, sor- colonies.
bitol and salicin. May ferment maltose. No Growth in serum broth yields a soluble
acid from the pentoses, trehalose, rafiinose, hemolysin that is distinct from streptolysins
inulin, glycerol or mannitol. O and S.
Starch usually hydrolyzed. Sodium hip- Not fibrinolytic.
purate not hydrolyzed. Gelatin not lique- Temperature relations: Optimum tem-
fied; esculin split. perature, 37° C. Growth slow at 20° C. No
Ammonia produced from arginine. growth at 10° or 45° C. Does not survive 60°
Distinctive characters: This species may C. for 30 minutes.
be distinguished from closely allied species Tolerance tests : Fails to grow in presence
by its ability to ferment sorbitol but not of 6.5 per cent NaCl or in skim milk con-
trehalose and by its inability to lyse human taining 0.1 per cent methylene blue. No
fibrin. growth in media adjusted to pH 9.6 or on
Source: Blood stream, inflammatory exu- blood agar containing 40 per cent bile.
dates and lesions of diseased animals. Not Litmus milk: No change.
known from man. Final pH in glucose broth, between 4.8
Habitat: Disease process of domestic and and 5.5.
laboratory animals. (Horse: endometritis, Acid from glucose, maltose, sucrose and
fetus. Hog: Septicemia. Cow: septicemia, salicin. No acid from arabinose, lactose,
metritis, fetus. Fowls: slipped tendon. trehalose, rafiinose, inulin, glycerol, man-
Guinea pig: lymphadenitis. Rabbit: sep- nitol or sorbitol.
ticemia. Fox: pneumonia.) Sodium hippurate not hydrolyzed. Gela-
tin not liquefied; esculin not split.
4. Streptococcus equi Sand and Jensen, Ammonia produced from arginine.
1888. {Bacillus adenitis equi Baruchello, High virulence for mice, but low or no
Soc. veter. de Venetie, Undine, 1886; also virulence for rabbits and guinea pigs.
see Baruchello, Giornale di anatomia, Distinctive characters: This species is
fisiologica et patologia degli animali domes- distinctive by its inability to ferment tre-
tici, Pisa, Sept., 1887; Sand and Jensen, halose, sorbitol, glycerol or lactose.
Deutsche Ztschr. f. Tiermed., IS, 1888, 436, Source: Pus from lesions and mucous
dated December 27, 1887, Veterinary Con- membrane of upper respiratory tract of
gress, Copenhagen, 1887.) horses.
e'qui. L. noun equus horse; L. gen. noun. Habitat: Found only in strangles in
equi of a horse. horses.
Ovoid or spherical cells 0.6 to 1 micron
in diameter; sometimes in pus the long axes 5. Streptococcus dysgalactiae Diern-
of the cells are transverse to the long axis hofer, 1932. (Diernhofer, Milchw. Forsch.,
of the chain and at other times parallel with 13, 1932, 368; Group II, Minett, Proc. 12th
the long axis of the chain, in the latter case Internat. Vet. Cong., 2, 1934, 511; Strep-
resembling streptobacilli; bacillary forms tococcus pseudoagalactiae Plastridge and
FAMILY X. LACTOBACILLACEAE
515
Hartsell, Jour. Inf. Dis., 61, 1937, 110; see from various tissues and organs of lambs
Little, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 41, 1939, suffering from suppurative polyarthritis.
254.) Habitat: Probablj- of bovine and ovine
dys.ga.lac'ti.ae. Gr. prefix dys ill, hard; origin.
Gr. noun galacfia pertaining to milk; M.L.
noun dysgalactia loss or impairment of milk 6. Streptococcus sanguis White, 1946.
secretion, dysgalactia; M.L. gen. noun dys- (Serological group H, Hare, Jour. Path.
galacHae of dysgalactia. Bact., 41, 1935, 499; Streptococcus s.b.e.,
Spherical or ovoid cells occurring in Loewe, Plummer, Niven and Sherman, Jour.
chains of medium length. Gram-positive. Am. Med. Assoc, 130, 1946, 257; White, in
717.)
White and Niven, Jour. Bact., 51, 1946,
Serology: Belongs to Lancefield's group
C. Those cultures associated with suppura-
tive polyarthritis(joint-ill) in lambs appear san'guis. L. noun sanguis blood.
to belong to a distinct serological type of Spherical or ovoid cells 0.8 to 1.2 microns
which the type antigen is a capsular protein in diameter, occurring in medium or long
(Blakemore, Elliott and Hart-Mercer, Jour. chains. Cultures grown aerobically may
Path. Bad., 52, 1941, 57). show occasional rod-shaped cells. Gram-
Action on blood: Greening (alpha hemo-
lytic). Soluble hemolysin not produced. positive.
Serology: Two serological types (I and II)
Colony form: Matt colonies may be pro- have been established among the non-he-
duced similar to those of Streptococcus molytic strains. Some cultures possess both
pyogenes. type antigens (Washburn, White and Niven,
Not fibrinolytic. Jour. Bact., 51, 1946, 723). Dodd (Proc.
Temperature relations: No growth at 10° Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 70, 1949, 598) placed
or 45° C. Does not survive 60° C. for 30 both types within serological group H as
minutes. established by Hare and indicated that this
Tolerance tests : Fails to grow in presence group contained at least 5 serological types.
of 6.5 per cent NaCl or at pH 9.6. Does not Porterfield (Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 4, 1950,
grow in skim milk containing 0.1 per cent 92) reported that types I and I/II belonged
methylene blue. Does not grow on 40 per to group H but that type II was serolog-
cent bile blood agar. ically distinct.
Litmus milk: Lactose-fermenting strains Action on blood: The original group H
produce acid reaction with occasional cur- streptococci as established by Hare were de-
dling. Litmus not reduced before curdling. scribed as narrow-zoned beta hemolytic
Final pH in glucose broth: bovine strains, colonies on blood agar which had a tendencj^
between 5.0 and 5.2; ovine strains, between to throw off non-hemolytic variants. No
4.4 and 4.9. soluble hemolysin could be demonstrated.
Acid from glucose, maltose, sucrose and As originally described, Streptococcus san-
trehalose. Lactose, sorbitol and salicin may guis produced alpha reaction on blood agar,
or may not be fermented. No acid from but one strain produced narrow-zone beta
raffinose, inulin, glycerol or mannitol. hemolysis (White and Niven, Jour. Bact.,
Esculin may or may not be hydrolyzed. 51, 1946, 717).
Gelatin not liquefied. Sodium hippurate Colony forms: Matt or glossy type colo-
hydrolyzed by some bovine strains but not nies may be produced, usually 0.7 to 0.9
by ovine strains. mm in diameter on blood agar after 48 hours
Ammonia produced from arginine.
at Not
37° C.
fibrinolytic.
Relationships : This non-hemolytic species
needs further study to establish definitely Temperature relations: No growth at
its identity, the relationship of the ovine 10° C. May or may not grow at 45° C. A few
and bovine strains and its serological rela- cultures may survive 60° C. for 30 minutes.
tionship to group C. Tolerance tests: Fails to grow in presence
Source: Isolated from milk and udder of of 6.5 per cent NaCl or in skim milk con-
cows with acute but mild mastitis. Also taining 0.1 per cent methylene blue. Most
cultures grow on blood agar containing 40 beta hemolytic streptococcus. Long and
per cent bile. Bliss, Jour. Exp. Med., 60, 1934, 619; also
Litmus milk: Acid produced; may be see Long, Bliss andWalcott, ibid., 633, and
curdled; litmus not reduced before curdling. Bliss, Jour. Bact., 83, 1937, 625.)
Final pH in glucose broth, between 4.6 an.gi.no'sus. L. adj. anginosus pertaining
and 5.2. to angina.
Acid from glucose, maltose, lactose, su- Minute cocci, one-half to two-thirds the
crose, trehalose and salicin. The majority size of Streptococcus pyogenes, occurring
of the cultures ferment inulin but not raffi- singly, in pairs, short chains and in small or
nose. Arabinose, xylose, glj^cerol, mannitol large masses. Gram-positive, but may de-
and sorbitol not fermented. colorize readil3^
Nearly all cultures synthesize a polysac- Serology: Comprises Lancefield's group
charide (dextran) from sucrose in broth F and type I group G. At least 4 serological
culture (Niven, Kiziuta and White, Jour. types within group F have been established.
Bact., 51 , 1946, 711) or on sucrose agar when The type-specific antigens in type I group
incubated anaerobically (Hehre, Jour. Exp. F, and type I group G appear to be chem-
Med., 83, 1946, 147). This polysaccharide ically and serologically identical.
cross reacts with type II pneumococcus Action on blood: Very minute colonies
antiserum. appear on blood agar after incubation for
Starch usually not hydrolyzed. Gelatin 48 to 96 hours; they are surrounded by
not liquefied. minute zones of beta hemolysis. The he-
Sodium hippurate not hydrolyzed. Escu- molytic zones may appear before the colo-
lin usually split. nies are visible to the naked eye. Growth
Ammonia produced from arginine. and hemolysis greatly aided by incubation
Relationships: Although the identity of under 10 per cent carbon dioxide (Deibel,
non-hemolytic Streptococcus sanguis with Thesis, Univ. of Chicago, 1952). Soluble
the hemolytic group H streptococci has not hemolysin produced, but may be difficult to
yet been clearly established, their close re- demonstrate (Long and Bliss, Jour. Inf.
lationship appears to warrant combining Dis., 61, 1937, 96). Streptolysin O or S not
them into one species at this time. Further produced. Non-hemolytic strains reported
serological studies are needed to firmly es- by Rantz (Jour. Inf. Dis., 71, 1942, 61).
tablish the validity of this grouping. Al- Colony forms : Matt colonies usually not
though most Streptococcus sanguis cultures produced. Under the microscope, colonies
react with group H sera, attempts to pre- are finely granular and may appear wrinkled
pare group H sera ivora Streptococcus sanguis and crenated.
cultures have been unsuccessful. Not fibrinolytic.
Source : The original group H strains were Temperature relations: No growth at
isolated from normal human throats. They 10° C. and, with few exceptions, no growth
were not believed to be associated with any at 45° C. Does not survive 60° C. for 30
serious human infections. minutes.
Streptococcus sanguis was originally iso- Tolerance tests: Does not grow in broth
lated from so-called vegetation on heart containing 6.5 per cent NaCl or at pH 9.6.
valves from cases of subacute bacterial No growth on 40 per cent bile blood agar
endocarditis and appeared to be one of the or in skim milk containing 0.1 per cent
most common streptococci associated with methylene blue.
this disease. Occasionally isolated from in- Litmus milk: Acid produced by the lac-
fected sinuses and teeth and from house tose-fermenting strains. Milk may be cur-
dust. dled by some strains. Litmus not reduced
Habitat: Unknown. Probably man. before curdling.
Final pH in glucose broth, between 4.5
7. Streptococcus anginosus Andrewes and 5.2.
and Horder, 1906. (Andrewes and Horder, Acid from glucose, maltose, sucrose and
Lancet, 2, 1906, 70S, 775 and 852; Minute salicin. Lactose and trehalose usually fer-
517
merited. Raffinose fermented bj' the group coccus ttiastitidis Migula, Syst. d. Bakt., 2,
G strains. Inulin, glycerol, mannitol and 1900, 19.)
sorbitol not fermented. a.ga.lac'ti.ae. Gr. noun agalactia want of
Starch not hydrolyzed. Gelatin not lique- milk, agalactia; M.L. gen. noun agalactiae of
fied.
agalactia.
Sodium hippurate not hydrolyzed. Escu- Spherical or ovoid cells 0.6 to 1.2 microns
lin split. in diameter, occurring in chains of seldom
Ammonia produced from arginine. less than four cells and frequently very long.
Oxidizes butja-ic acid with the production Chains may appear to be composed of paired
of hydrogen peroxide (Niven, Evans and cocci.
White, Jour. Bact., J^9, 1945, 105). Serology: Constitutes Lancefield's group
Requires folic acid for growth in simplified B. May be subdivided into a number of
media (Niven, Washburn and Sherman, serological types by the precipitin tech-
Jour. Bact., 51, 1946, 128). nique on the basis of the capsular carbohy-
Reciuires high carbon dioxide tension or drate "S" substance. The type-specific
an unsaturated fatty acid for growth in polysaccharides appear to have a direct
simplified media (Deibel, Thesis, Univ. of relationship to virulence, and the antibodies
Chicago, 1952). to which they give rise are concerned with
Comments: All of the minute streptococci the specific protective action of immune
do not adhere to the original description of sera. Some strains may lack the "S" sub-
Streptococcus anginosus as given by An- stance.
drewes and Border. The minute streptococci There is a difference of opinion as to
comprise a homogeneous group based upon whether the serological types indigenous to
physiological characteristics other than man and cattle are distinct (Lancefield,
those originally employed by these investi- Harvey Lectures, Ser. XXXVI, 1940, 251;
gatorsalso
; it will be noted that this species, Simmons and Keogh, Austral. Jour. Exp.
as herein described, contains representa- Biol. Med. Sci., 18, 1940, 151; Brown, Proc.
tives that belong to two different serological Fifth Internat. Congress Microbiol., Rio
groups. Further study of these microor- de Janeiro, 1950, in press).
ganisms isneeded to establish definitely the Action on blood: About half the strains
validity of this precedent. Minor differences produce narrow but clear zones of hemoly-
between the group F and the minute group sis on blood agar. A few may produce broad
G streptococci may warrant the establish- zones of hemolysis. The other strains pro-
ment of two separate varieties within this duce greening (alpha hemolytic) reaction.
species or an ultimate separation into two The hemolytic strains produce a soluble
separate species (Sherman, Bact. Rev., /, hemolysin that is moderately sensitive to
heat and acid and that is distinct from
1937,3).
Source: Human throat, sinuses, abscesses, streptolysins O and S.
Some strains produce a yellow, orange or
vagina, skin, feces. Has been associated
with glomerular nephritis and various types brick-red pigment in stab cultures. May
also be noted as an orange sediment in
of mild respiratory diseases.
broth cultures, especially when starch is
Habitat: Human respiratory tract.
added.
Not fibrinolytic.
8. Streptococcus agalactiae Lehmann
Temperature relations: Optimum tem-
and Neumann, 1896. (Streptococcus de la
mammite, Nocard and MoUereau, Ann. perature, 37° C. No growth at 10° or 45° C.
Does not survive 60° C. for 30 minutes.
Inst. Past., 1, 1887, 109; Streptococcus Tolerance tests : Usually grows in presence
nocardi Trevisan, I generi e le specie delle of 4 per cent NaCl but not in 6.5 per cent
Batteriacee, 1889, 30; Streptococcus agalac- NaCl. Does not grow in milk containing 0.1
tiae contagiosae Kitt, Bakterienkunde, per cent methylene blue or in broth ad-
Wien, 1893, 322; Lehmann and Neumann, justed to pH 9.6. Usually grows on blood
Bakt. Diag., 1 Aufl., 2, 1896, 126; Strepto- agar containing 40 per cent bile.
518 ORDER rv. EUBACTERIALES
Litmus milk: Acid, usually followed by taining 2per cent NaCl but not 6.5 per cent
curdling. Litmus reduced subsequent to NaCl. No growth at pH 9.6 or in milk con-
curdling. No proteolysis. taining 0.01 per cent methylene blue.
Final pH in glucose broth, between 4.2 Litmus milk: Little or no visible change.
and 4.8. Final pH in glucose broth, between 6.5
Acid from glucose, maltose, sucrose and and 5.6. Most strains fail to lower the pH
trehalose. Nearly all strains ferment lac- below 6.0.
tose, although an occasional strain may fail Acid from glucose, lactose and sucrose.
to ferment or may lose its ability to ferment The majority of strains ferment maltose and
lactose. Salicin may or may not be fer- trehalose. Mannitol may or may not be fer-
mented. Glycerol is fermented aerobically mented. Afew cultures ferment sorbitol and
(Gunsalus and Sherman, Jour. Bact., Jt5, salicin. Arabinose, xylose, raffinose, inulin
1943, 155), but rarely anaerobically. No acid and glycerol not fermented. The fermenta-
from xylose, arabinose, raffinose, inulin, tion tests are difficult to perform with ac-
mannitol or sorbitol. curacy because of the high limiting pH.
Starch not hydrolyzed; gelatin not lique- Starch and gelatin not hj^drolyzed.
fied. Sodium hippurate hydrolyzed slowly.
Sodium hippurate hydrolyzed, but es- Esculin not split by most strains.
culin not split. Ammonia not produced from arginine.
Ammonia produced from arginine. Distinctive characters: This species may
Erythrogenic toxin not produced. be confused with Streptococcus agalactiae
Distinctive character: This species is dis- because of its ability to hydrolyze sodium
tinctive among the pyogenic group by its hippurate, but it can be differentiated easilj^
ability to hydrolyze sodium hippurate. by its low acid production in glucose broth,
Source: Isolated from milk and tissues by its inability to produce ammonia from
from udders of cows infected with mastitis. arginine and by its inability to ferment
Also reported to be associated with a variety
of human infections, especially those of the glycerol.
Source: Originally isolated from freshly
urogenital tract. drawn milk. Occurs abundantly in the
Habitat : Udder of cows infected with mas- bovine vagina. Also found on the skin of
titis. calves.
Habitat: The bovine vagina.
9. Streptococcus acidoniinimus Ayers
and Mudge, 1922. (Jour. Inf. Dis., 31, 1922, 10. Streptococcus salivarius Andrewes
40; ihid., S3, 1923, 155.) and Horder, 1906. (Lancet, 2, 1906, 712.)
a.ci.do.mi'ni.mus. L. adj. acidus sour, sa.li.va'ri.us. L. adj. salivarius salivary,
slimy.
acid; L. sup. adj. minimus very least;
M.L. neut.n. acidum an acid; M.L. adj. Description based on studies by Sherman,
acidominimus literally acid least, probably Niven and Smiley (Jour. Bact., 4S, 1943,
249).
intended to mean that this organism pro-
duces the least amount of acid. Spherical or ovoid cells 0.8 to 1.0 micron
Description taken from Smith and Sher- in diameter. Chain length may vary from
man (Jour. Inf. Dis., 65, 1939, 301). short to very long. Gram-positive.
Spheres. Generally occur in short chains. Serology: No group-specific antigen has
Serology: Does not belong to any es- been demonstrated. Serological types I and
tablished serological group. II have been established based upon the
Action on blood: Greening (alpha hemo- presence of capsular antigens (Sherman,
lytic). No soluble hemolysin produced. Niven and Smiley, loc. cit.). Several ad-
Temperature relations : No growth at 10° ditional serological types are known to exist.
or 45° C. Some strains are reported to pro- A cross reaction occurs between type I and
duce feeble growth at 45° C. Does not Streptococcus MG (Mirick et al., Jour. Exp.
survive 60° C. for 30 minutes. Med., 80, 1944, 431).
Tolerance tests: Growth in broth con- Action on blood: Indifferent (gamma re-
519
action of Brown, Rockefeller Inst. Med. characteristic colonies produced on agar

Res., Monograph 9, 1919, 8) on horse blood media containing 5 per cent sucrose.
agar. Rare strains produce weak greening. Source: Saliva, sputum and intestinal
No soluble hemolj'sin is produced. tract of the human. Not pathogenic.
Both smooth and rough variants are ob- Habitat: Human mouth, throat and naso-
served as detected by colony forms and
growth characteristics in broth. Rough pharj'nx.
variants often revert to smooth upon sub- 11. Streptococcus mitis Andrewes and
culture in broth. Notwithstanding rather Horder, 1906. (Lancet, 2, 1906, 712.)
vigorous growth in culture media, cultures mi 'tis. L. adj. 7nitis mild.
die out rapidl3^ Description based on studies by Sherman,
Temperature relations: Optimum tem- Niven and Smiley (Jour. Bact., 45, 1943,
249).
perature, approximately 37° C. Growth at
45° C. but no growth at 10° C. No growth Spherical or ellipsoidal cells 0.6 to 0.8
at 47° C. Does not survive 60° C. for 30 micron in diameter. Long axis of cell coin-
minutes. cides with long axis of chain. Chain length
Tolerance tests : No growth in broth con- may vary from moderately long to very
taining 6.5 per cent NaCl. No growth at pH long. Gram-positive.
9.6, on 30 per cent bile blood agar or in milk Serology: No group-specific antigen has
containing 0.1 per cent methylene blue. been demonstrated. A very large number of
Litmus milk: Acidified and curdled serological types exists as determined by the
promptly by all lactose-fermenting strains. precipitin and agglutinin reactions. Sero-
Litmus completel}' reduced after curdling. logical typing is of little or no value in the
No digestion. identification of this species.
Final pH in glucose broth, between 4.0 Action on blood: Produces pronounced
and 4.4. green zones (alpha hemolytic) of varying
Produces large, mucoid colonies on agar intensities on blood agar. No soluble hemol-
medium containing 5 per cent sucrose or ysin produced.
raffinose similar to those produced by Both smooth and rough variants are ob-
Leuconosioc species. The polj^saccharides served as detected by colony forms and
produced are a soluble, serologically active growth characteristics in broth. Rough
levan (not related to type specificity on variants often revert to smooth upon sub-
other media) and an insoluble dextran. culture in broth. Cultures tend to die out
Colonies on sucrose agar may vary from rapidly in artificial media.
"smooth" to "rough" depending upon the Temperature relations: Optimum growth
relative proportions of the two polysac- at approximately 37° C. Growth may or
charides synthesized. These variations are may not occur at 45° C. Does not survive
not related to the smooth-rough variants 60° C. for 30 minutes.
observed in other media. Tolerance tests: No growth in broth con-
Acid from glucose, maltose, sucrose, raf- taining 6.5 per cent NaCl. No growth at
finose, inulin and salicin. No acid from pH 9.6, and only a minority of the strains
glycerol, mannitol, sorbitol, arabinose or grow on 10 per cent bile blood agar. No
xylose. Trehalose and lactose usually fer- growth in litmus milk containing 0.01 per
mented. Some strains ferment only the ter- cent methylene blue.
minal fructofuranose portion of the raffi- Litmus milk: Acidified and usually
nose molecule, thus leaving melibiose as a curdled promptly by the lactose-fermenting
metabolic product. strains. Litmus reduced after curdling. No
Starch, sodium hippurate and gelatin not digestion.
hydrolyzed. Esculin split. Final pH in glucose Inoth, between 4.2
Ammonia is not produced from arginine. and 5.8, usually about 4.5.
Distinctive character: Members of this Only rare strains produce large, mucoid
species are most easilj' identified bj^ their colonies on 5 per cent sucrose agar. Some
strains produce colonies on sucrose agar vary from strong greening (alpha hemolytic)
resembling small bits of broken glass. to no observable change (gamma hemoly-
Acid from glucose, maltose, sucrose and tic). No soluble hemolysin produced.
usually from lactose and salicin. A minority Generally uniform turbidity with some
of the strains ferment raffinose and treha- sediment produced in broth cultures. Some
lose. No acid from inulin, mannitol, sor- strains tend to die out rapidly in artificial
bitol, glycerol, arabinose or xylose. media.
Sodium hippurate and gelatin not hy- Temperature relations : Growth at 45° but
drolyzed. Esculin is split by a minority of not at 10° C. Survives 60° C. for 30 minutes.
the strains. Starch may be hydrolyzed Tolerance tests: No growth in broth con-
feebly by some strains. taining 6.5 per cent NaCl. No growth at pH
Ammonia may or may not be produced 9.6. May tolerate 0.01 per cent, but not 0.1
from arginine. per cent, methylene blue in milk. Growth
Some strains oxidize butyric acid with the occurs on blood agar containing 40 per
production of hydrogen peroxide and acetic cent bile.
acid (Wolin, Evans and Niven, Jour. Bact., Litmus milk: Acid; usually curdles with
6J^, 1952, 531). litmus reduction after curdling. No diges-
Comments: This species comprises the tion.
heterogeneous group of greening strepto- Final pH in glucose broth, between 4.0 and
cocci associated with the human respiratory 4.5.
tract. It has no unique identifiable charac- Some strains synthesize a dextran from
teristic, and some non-hemolytic varieties sucrose resulting in the production of large,
of the pyogenic group may be confused with mucoid colonies on agar media containing 5
it. The species may yield to more incisive per cent sucrose.
methods of segregation and more accurate Acid from glucose, fructose, mannose,
characterization of its constituent units. galactose, maltose, lactose, sucrose, raf-
Source: Saliva, sputum and intestinal finose and salicin; sometimes from xylose,
tract of the human. Ordinarily not consid- arabinose, trehalose, inulin, mannitol and
ered pathogenic but may be recovered from sorbitol. No acid from glycerol.
ulcerated teeth and sinuses and from the Starch is hydrolyzed. Occasional strains
blood and heart lesions in subacute endocar- hydrolyze sodium hippurate. Gelatin not
ditis cases. hydrolyzed. Esculin split.
Habitat: Human mouth, throat and naso- Ammonia is not produced from arginine.
pharynx. Distinctive characters: This species is
characterized by its temperature limits of
12. Streptococcus bovis Orla-Jensen, growth, its bile tolerance and its ability to
1919, emend. Sherman, 1937. (Orla-Jensen. hydrolyze starch. A significant proportion
The Lactic Acid Bacteria, 1919, 137; Sher- of the strains from bovine sources do not,
man, Bacteriological Reviews, 1, 1937, 57.) however, fit the above description. Further
bo'vis. L. noun hos a cow; L. gen. noun study of the streptococci from bovine
hovis of a cow. sources is indicated.
Spherical or ovoid cells, 0.8 to 1.0 micron Source: Alimentary tract of the cow.
in diameter, occurring in pairs and chains. Sometimes found in large numbers in hu-
Some occur in long chains. Gram-positive. man feces. May be encountered in blood and
Serology: This species is serologically heart lesions of certain cases of subacute
heterogeneous. Many serological types are endocarditis (Niven, Washburn and White,
known to occur. Some strains cross-react Jour. Bact., 55, 1948, 601).
with group D sera (Sherman, Jour. Bact., Habitat: Bovine alimentary tract.
35, 1938, 81). Shattock (Jour. Gen. Micro-
biol., S, 1949, 80) claims that by special 13. Streptococcus equinus Andrewes
methods of preparing the cellular extracts, and Border, 1906. (Lancet, 2, 1906, 712.)
the group D antigen can be demonstrated. e.qui'nus. L. adj. equinus pertaining to a
Action on blood: The changes exhibited horse.
521
Spheres, occurring in moderately long Action on blood: Most strains produce a
chains. Some cultures show very long weak greening reaction.
chains in broth. Temperature relations: Optimum, be-
Serology: No group-specific antigen has tween 40° and 45° C. Grows at 50° but not
been demonstrated.
at 53° C. No growth below 20° C. Survives
Action on blood: Usually weak greening. 65° C. for 30 minutes.
No soluble hemolysin produced. Tolerance tests: Very sensitive to salt as
Temperature relations : Growth at 45° but indicated by no growth in broth containing
not at 50° C. No growth at 10° C. Occa- 2 per cent NaCl. No growth in milk con-
sional strains survive 60° C. for 30 minutes. taining 0.01 per cent methylene blue nor on
Tolerance tests: Growth in broth con- 10 per cent bile blood agar.
taining 2per cent NaCl but not in 6.5 per Litmus milk: Acid, curdled, followed by
cent NaCl. No growth at pH 9.6 or in milk reduction of the litmus. No digestion.
containing 0.1 per cent methjdene blue. Final pH in glucose broth, between 4.0
Growth on 40 per cent bile blood agar. and 4.5. Members of this species preferen-
Litmus milk: No visible change. tially ferment the disaccharides sucrose and
Final pH in glucose broth, between 4.0 lactose and, therefore, may show a lower
and 4.5. final pH from fermenting these sugars than
No polysaccharide synthesized from from fermenting glucose.
sucrose. No polysaccharide is synthesized from
Acid from glucose, fructose, galactose, sucrose.
maltose and usually from sucrose and Acid from glucose, fructose, lactose and
salicin. Raffinose and inulin are seldom fer- sucrose; seldom ferments the pentoses or
mented. No acid from arabinose, xylose, raffinose. No acid from trehalose, maltose,
lactose, mannitol or glycerol. inulin, glycerol, mannitol, sorbitol or sali-
Starch is hydrolyzed on a favorable me- cin.
dium. Sodium hippurate and gelatin not Starch may be hydrolyzed on a favorable
hydrolj-zed. Esculin split. medium. Sodium hippurate and gelatin not
Ammonia not produced from arginine. hjfdrolyzed. Esculin not split.
Distinctive character: This species is Ammonia not produced from arginine.
ordinarily differentiated from the other Distinctive characters: This species may
viridans streptococci by its inability to fer- be easily recognized by its high tempera-
ment lactose. However, occasional strains ture range for growth, its thermal tolerance,
in other species of this group also fail to its extreme sensitivity to salt and its in-
ferment this sugar, thus necessitating the ability to ferment maltose.
determination of the tolerance to bile, of Source: Milk and milk products. Em-
the ability to hydrolyze starch and of other ployed as a starter for Swiss cheese.
tests for final identification. Habitat: Unknown.
Source and habitat: Predominating strep-
tococcus in the alimentarj- tract of the 15. Streptococcus uberis Diernhofer,
horse. 1932. (Diernhofer, Milchw. Forsch., IS,
1932, 368; "Group III" non-hemolytic
14. Streptococcus therniophilus Orla- streptococci, Edwards, Jour. Comp. Path.
Jensen, 1916. (Maelkeri-Bacteriologi, 1916, Therap., 45, 1932, 43.)
37; The Lactic Acid Bacteria, 1919, 136.) u'ber.is. L. noun uber udder, teat; L.
ther.mo'phil.us. Gr. noun therme heat; gen. noun uberis of an udder.
Gr. adj. philus dear, loving; M.L. adj. Description taken from Seeley (Jour.
therniophilus heat-loving. Bact., 6S, 1951, 107).
Spherical or ovoid cells, 0.7 to 0.9 micron Spheres, occurring in pairs or chains of
in diameter, occurring in pairs to long moderate length.
chains. Gram-positive. Serolog}-: A group-specific and distinctive
Serology: No group-specific antigen has antigen has been reported to exist among the
been demonstrated. strains tested (Seeley, loc. cit.), but the sta-
tus of this species with respect to its serol- bovine mastitis. Its temperature limits of
ogy remains doubtful. Members of this growth and its ability to ferment the higher
species have been related to group E (Little, alcohols tend to relate this species to the
Thirteenth Ann. Report, N. Y. State Assoc. enterococci. However, other characteris-
Dairy Milk Insp., 1939, 35; Jacob, Thesis, tics, including its nutritional require-
Univ. Reading, 1947). Plastridge and Wil- ments, clearly differentiate this species
liams (Jour. Bact., 38, 1939, 352) established from the enterococci and would tend to
11 serological types. place it among the viridans streptococci.
Action on blood: Slight greening (alpha Source: From raw milk and from freshly
hemolytic) or indifferent (gamma hemo- drawn milk of cows affected with mastitis.
lytic). Habitat: Found in bovine udder infec-
tions.
Temperature relations: Growth at 10°
and 45° C. Some variation occurs among the
individual strains at both extremes of tem- 16. Streptococcus faecalis* Andrewes
perature, depending, however, upon the and Horder, 1906. (Micrococcus ovalis
previous history of the method for handling Escherich, Die Darmbakterien des Saug-
the culture. Most strains survive 60° C. for lings und ihre Beziehungen zur Physiologie
30 minutes. der Verdauung. Stuttgart, 1886, 89; re-
Tolerance tests: Growth in broth con- clas ified as a streptococcus by Escherich
taining 4.0 per cent NaCl but not in 6.5 per in Jahrb. f. Kinderheilk., 49, 1899, 161;
cent NaCl. Growth in milk containing 0.01 Enterocoque, Thiercelin, Compt. rend.
per cent methylene blue but not in 0.1 per Soc. Biol., Paris, 54, 1902, 1082; Enterococcns
cent methylene blue. No growth at pH 9.6. 'proteijormis Thiercelin and Jouhaud,
Most strains fail to grow on 10 per cent Compt. rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, 55, 1903, 686;
bile blood agar but a few strains are able to Andrewes and Horder, Lancet, 2, 1906, 708;
tolerate as nmch as 40 per cent bile. Streptococcus ovalis Lehmann and Neu-
Litmus milk: Freshly isolated strains may mann, Bakt. Diag., 7 Aufl., 2, 1927, 209
acidify and curdle milk with reduction of and 230.)
litmus after curdling. Old laboratory strains fae.cal'is. L. adj. faex, faecis dregs; M.L.
tend to lose their ability to curdle milk. No adj. faecalis relating to feces.
digestion. Ovoid cells elongated in direction of the
Final pH in glucose broth, between 4.6 chain; 0.5 to 1.0 micron in diameter. Occur
and 4.9.
mostly in pairs or short chains. Gram-
No polysaccharide synthesis from sucrose.
Acid from glucose, fructose, maltose, lac- positive.
tose, sucrose, trehalose, mannitol, sorbitol Serology: Belongs to Lancefield's group
and salicin. Most strains ferment inulin D. Many serological types and sub-types
are known to exist (Takedo, Zeit. Immun-
but fail to ferment raffinose. Xylose, arabi-
nose and melibiose not fermented. Glycerol forsch., 86, 1935, 341; Shigeno, ibid., 90,
1937, 323). Sharpe and Shattock (Jour. Gen.
fermented aerobically but not anaerobi-
cally. Microbiol., 6, 1952, 150) established 24
Starch hydrolyzed by a minority of the serological types based upon agglutinin and
strains. Gelatin not liquefied. Sodium hip- precipitin tests. Some cultures of Strepto-
purate hydrolyzed, though slowly, by some coccus faecalis and Streptococcus lactis ap-
strains. Esculin split. pear to contain identical type-specific
Ammonia produced from arginine. Tyro- antigens, although they belong to different
sine not decarbo.xylated. serological groups (Niven, Thesis, Cornell
Relationships : This species represents an Univ., 1939; Sharpe, Jour. Gen. Microbiol.,
important group commonly associated with 7, 1952, 192).
* Although the specific epithet ovalis has priority, the species name Streptococcus faecalis
is being retained here because of its widespread usage and because of the more complete
description given by Andrewes and Horder (op. cit., 1906, 708).
Action on blood: Greening (alpha hemo- Starch and gelatin not hydrolyzed.
lytic) to indifferent (gamma hemolytic). Sodium hippurate may or may not be hy-
Abundant growth in broth media con- drolyzed. Esculin split.
taining fermentable carbohydrate with Ammonia produced from arginine.
the production of uniform turbidity and Tyrosine is decarboxylated with the pro-
heavy sediment. duction of tyramine and carbon dioxide.
Some strains are actively motile (Leven- Distinctive characters: This species and
sen, Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 99; Bruner, the other members of the enterococcus
Edwards, Doll and Moran, Cornell Veteri- group are easily distinguished from the
narian, 38, 1948, 313; Auerbach and Felsen- other Streptococcus species by their wide
feld, Jour. Bact., 56, 1948, 587). temperature limits of growth, their salt
A few strains are reported that are tolerance and their ability to initiate
yellow pigmented (Hannay, Jour. Gen. growth at pH 9.6. They are also considerably
Microbiol., 4, 1950, 294). more tolerant to penicillin than the other
Not fibrinolytic. streptococci, most strains being able to
Temperature relations: Growth at 10° and grow in the presence of 0.5 to 1.0 unit of this
45° C. Survives 60° C. for 30 minutes. antibiotic per ml. All enterococci are dis-
Tolerance tests: Growth in broth contain- tinctive in their ability to decarboxylate
ing 6.5 per cent NaCl. Growth at pH 9.6 tyrosine.
(Sherman and Stark, Jour. Dairy Sci., 17, Source : Human feces and the intestine of
1934, 525; Shattock and Hirsch, Jour. Path. many warm-blooded animals. Occasionally
Bact., 69, 1947, 495). Growth in milk con- encountered in urinary infections and in the
taining 0.1 per cent methylene l)lue. Growth blood stream and heart lesions in subacute
on 40 per cent and higher concentrations of endocarditis cases. Associated with Euro-
bile in blood agar. pean foul-brood of bees; found in milk and
Litmus milk: Acidified, usually curdled dairy products. Has been associated with
with complete reduction of litmus before mild outbreaks of food poisoning.
curdling. Some cultures do not reduce lit- Habitat: Intestines of humans and many
mus before curdling. other warm-blooded animals.
Final pH in glucose broth, between 4.0
and 4.4. 16a. Streptococcus faecalis var. lique-
Acid from glucose, maltose, lactose, faciens (Sternberg, 1893, emend. Orla-
trehalose and salicin. All cultures ferment Jensen, 1919) Mattick, 1947. {Streptococcus
glycerol, although this substance may be liquefaciens Sternberg*, Manual of Bac-
fermented only under aerobic conditions by teriology, 1893, 613; Orla-Jensen, The Lac-
some strains (Gunsalus and Sherman, Jour. tic Acid Bacteria, 1919, 142; Mattick, Proc.
Bact., 45, 1943, 155). Mannitol and sorbitol Fourth Internat. Cong, for Microbiology,
are fermented with only occasional ex- Copenhagen, 1947, 519.)
ceptions. Arabinose and sucrose may or li.que.fa'ci.ens. L. part. adj. liquefaciens
may not be fermented. Inulin and raffinose liquefying.
are seldom fermented. This variety was regarded as a separate
Some strains are able to ferment citric species. Streptococcus liquefaciens, in the
acid in the absence of any fermentable car- Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 326, but it is believed
bohydrate with the production of acetic that the differences are not sufficient to
acid, carbon dioxide, formic acid and lactic warrant species distinction. This variety
acid (Campbell and Gunsalus, Jour. Bact., possesses the same characteristics as Strep-
48, 1944, 71). tococcus faecalis except as given below. It
No polysaccharide is synthesized from is a member of the enterococcus group and
sucrose. Lancefield's group D. It can not be dis-
* Streptococcus liquefaciens Frankland and Frankland, 1888 (Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc.
London, 178, B, 1888, 264), may have been an organism identical with Sternberg's; it was
described as producing a yellow pigment, as do certain strains of Streptococcus faecalis.
tinguished from Streptococcus faecalis by diameter. Occur mostly in pairs or short

serological type-specificity. chains.
Litmus milk: Acidified, curdled and pep- Serology: Belongs to Lancefield's group
tonized. The proteolysis of the milk is D. Many serological types are known to
usually characteristic in showing digestion exist. No distinctive separation of the
down one side of the tube. Litmus com- serological types from those oi Streptococcus
pletely reduced before curdling. Old labora- faecalis and its varieties, although some
tory strains tend to lose their ability to broad divisions can be made (Sharpe and
peptonize milk. Shattock, Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 6, 1952,
150).
Gelatin liquefied.
Action on blood: Hemolytic (beta), but
16b. Streptococcus faecalis var. zy mo- the zones of hemolysis are generally less ex-
genes (MacCallum and Hastings, 1899) tensive than those produced by Streptococ-
Mattick, 1947. {Micrococcus zymogenes cus faecalis var. zymogenes. Soluble hemoly-
MacCallum and Hastings, Jour. Exp. Med., sin difficult to demonstrate.
4, 1899, 521; Streptococcus zymogenes Hol- Abundant growth with the production of
land, Jour. Bact., 5, 1920, 226; Mattick, uniform turbidity and heavy sediment in
Proc. Fourth Internat. Cong, for Micro- broth media containing fermentable carbo-
biology, Copenhagen, 1947, 519.)
hydrate.
Not fibrinolytic.
zy.mo'ge.nes. Gr. noun zyme leaven, fer-
ment; Gr. V. gennaio to produce; M.L. adj. Temperature relations : Growth at 10° and
zymogenes ferment-producing. 45° C. Survives 60° C. for 30 minutes.
This variety was regarded as a separate Tolerance tests: Same as iox Streptococcus
species. Streptococcus zymogenes, in the
Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 327, but it is be- faecalis
Litmus. milk: Acidified, usually curdled,
lieved that the differences are not sufficient with litmus reduction after curdling. No
to warrant species distinction. This variety
proteolysis.
possesses the same characteristics as Strep- Final pH in glucose broth, between 4.0
tococcus faecalis except as given below. It and 4.5.
is a member of the enterococcus group and Acid from glucose, maltose and lactose.
Lancefield's group D. It can not be dis- Trehalose and salicin may or may not be
tinguished from Streptococcus faecalis by fermented. Ferments glycerol only aerobi-
serological type-specificity. cally. Sucrose and mannitol rarely fer-
Action on blood: Broad zoned hemolysis mented. Arabinose, raffinose, inulin and
(beta hemolytic). An acid-labile soluble sorbitol not fermented.
hemolysin is produced, but it is difficult to No polysaccharide synthesized from
demonstrate under the usual conditions of sucrose.
testing. Starch or gelatin not hydrolj'zed. Sodium
Litmus milk: Acidified, usually curdled, hippurate may or may not be hydrolyzed.
with complete reduction of the litmus be- Esculin split.
fore curdling. May or may not peptonize. Ammonia produced from arginine.
The proteolytic strains show changes in Tyrosine is decarboxylated to yield
litmus milk similar to those effected by tyramine and carbon dioxide.
Streptococcus faecalis var. liquefaciens. Distinctive characters: As a member of
Gelatin may or maj^ not be liquefied. the enterococcus group, this species is
closely related to Streptococcus faecalis and
17. Streptococcus durans Sherman and its varieties. Other than its hemolytic
Wing, 1937. (Jour. Dairy Sci., 20, 1937, 165.) properties, this species may be difficult to
du'rans. L. part. adj. durans hardening, distinguish from some cultures now classi-
resisting. fied as Streptococcus faecalis. However, in
Spherical to ovoid cells elongated in di- contrast to the typical Streptococcus fae-
rection of the chain; 0.5 to 1.0 micron in calis, this species fails to reduce litmus be-
fore curdling milk, fails to ferment sorbitol, Final pH in glucose broth, between 4.0
rarely ferments mannitol or sucrose and and 4.5.
ferments glycerol only aerobically. Skad- Acid from glucose, maltose and lactose.
hauge (Studies on Enterococci with Special May or may not ferment xylose, arabinose,
Reference to Their Serological Properties, sucrose, trehalose, mannitol and salicin. No
A Monograph, Copenhagen, 1950) reports acid from raflinose, inulin, glycerol or sor-
that this species does not tolerate 1/2500 bitol. Strains have been isolated from plants
potassium tellurite in a medium, which is in that fail to ferment lactose (Yawger and
contrast to the typical Streptococcus faecalis Sherman, Jour. Dairy Sci., 20, 1937, 83).
and its varieties. Orla-Jensen and Hansen (Zent. f. Bakt., II
Source: Originally isolated from spray Abt., 86, 1932, 6) described certain strains
dried milk powder. Found in milk and that ferment raffinose.
dairy products and in the human intestine. Starch and gelatin not hydrolyzed. So-
Habitat: Intestines of humans and other dium hippurate and esculin may or may not
warm-blooded animals. be split.
Ammonia produced from arginine. Ty-
18. Streptococcus lactis (Lister, 1873) rosine not decarboxylated.
Lohnis, 1909. (Bacterium lactis Lister, Quart. This species is of great economic im-
Jour. Micro. Sci., 13, 1873, 380; also see ibid., portance in the dairy industry. Certain
18, 1878, 177; Lohnis, Cent. f. Bakt., II strains are employed as starter cultures in
Abt., 22, 1909, 553.) preparing cheeses and cultured milk drinks.
lac'tis. L. noun lac milk; L. gen. noun lactis Some strains are capable of fermenting citric
of milk. acid when incorporated with a fermentable
Ovoid cells elongated in direction of the sugar with the production of carbon dioxide,
chain; 0.5 to 1.0 micron in diameter. Occur acetic acid and diacetjd. (See discussion
mostly in pairs or short chains. Some cul- and reference citations of citrate-ferment-
tures produce long chains. Gram-positive. ing strains by Swartling, Jour. Dairy Res.,
Serologj': A group-specific antigen has 18, 1951, 256.) For a recent discussion of
been demonstrated (Sherman, Smiley and the relationships of Streptococcus lactis to
Niven, Jour. Dairy Sci., 23, 1940, 529; S. cretnoris and other lactic acid strepto-
Seeleman and Nottbohm, Zent. f. Bakt., I cocci, see Sherman (Jour. Dairy Sci., 38,
Abt., Orig., 146, 1940, 142; Shattock and 1955, 1184).
Mattick, Jour. Hyg., 43, 1943, 173). The Some cultures of this species synthesize a
serological group has been designated by powerful antibiotic, nisin, that inhibits
Shattock and Mattick {loc. cit.) as group N. the growth of a wide variety of other Gram-
Manj' serological types are known to exist. positive microorganisms (Mattick and
Action on blood: Slight greening (alpha Hirsch, Nature, 154, 1944, 551; Hirsch,
hemolytic) to indifferent (gamma hemo- Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 5, 1951, 208).
lytic). Distinctive characteristics: Growth at 10°
Temperature relations : Growth at 10° but or below and at 40° but not at 45° C; rapid
not at 45° C. May survive 60° C. for 30 and complete reduction of litmus before
minutes. curdling milk; growth in the presence of 4
Tolerance tests: Growth in broth con- per cent but not in 6.5 per cent NaCl; am-
taining 4per cent NaCl but not in 6.5 per monia produced from arginine; growth at
cent NaCl. Growth initiated at pH 9.2 but pH 9.2 but not at pH 9.6; tyrosine not de-
not at pH 9.6. Growth in milk containing carboxylated.
0.3 per cent methylene blue. Growth on 40 Source: A common contaminant in milk
per cent bile blood agar. and dairy products.
Litmus milk: Acidified, curdled, litmus Habitat: Probably of plant origin (Stark
completely reduced before curdling. Old and Sherman, Jour. Bact., SO, 1935, 639).
laboratory strains may lose the ability to
curdle milk. No digestion. 19. Slreplococcus crenioris
Orla-
Jensen, 1919. (Streptococcus hollandicus porated with a fermentable sugar with the
Weigmann, quoted from Kramer, Die production of carbon dioxide, acetic acid
Bakteriologie in ihren Beziehungen zur and diacetyl.
Landwirtschaft und den Landw. Techni- Some cultures produce an antibiotic-like
schen Gewerben, Wien, 1890; Orla-Jensen, substance that is active against other lactic
TheLacticAcid Bacteria, 1919, 132; 5«rep<o- acid bacteria. This substance is distinct
coccus lactis B, Aj-ers, Johnson andMudge, from nisin, the antibiotic from Streptococcus
Jour. Inf. Dis., 34, 1934, 29.) lactis (Oxford, Biochem. Jour., 38, 1944,
178).
cre.mo'ris. L. noun cremor juice; cream;
L. gen. noun cremoris of cream. Related species : Although closely related,
Spheres or ovoid cells elongated in direc- this species can be distinguished readily
tion of the chain; 0.6 to 1.0 micron in di- from Streptococcus lactis by its inability to
ameter (often larger than Streptococcus grow at 40° C., in a 4 per cent NaCl broth or
lactis) ; form long chains, especially in milk, in a medium adjusted to pH 9.2. Also, it
but some cultures occur predominantly as fails to produce ammonia from arginine,
pairs. Gram-positive. and the majority of the strains fail to fer-
Serology: Possesses group-specific anti- ment maltose.
gen (group N) of Streptococcus lactis (Sher- Source: Raw milk and milk products;
man, Smiley and Niven, Jour. Dairy Sci., commercial starters for butter and cheese
23, 1940, 529; Swartling, Jour. Dairy Res., manufacture.
18, 1951, 256; Briggs and Nevvland, Jour. Habitat: Probably of plant origin.
Dairy Res., 19, 1952, 160). Many serological
types are known to exist. Addendum: Species incertae sedis. De-
Action on blood: Slight greening (alpha scriptions ofspecies to which no name has
hemolytic) to indiiferent (gamma hemo- been given or of poorly defined species, the
lytic). taxonomic relationships of which are not
Temperature relations: Growth at 10° and clear:
below but not at 40° C. Optimum, below 1. Streptococcus sp. Serological group E.
30° C. May survive 60° C. for 30 minutes. (Brown, Frost and Shaw, Jour. Inf. Dis.,
Tolerance tests: No growth in broth con- 38, 1926, 381; Lancefield, Jour. Exp. Med.,
taining 4per cent NaCl. Growth not ini- 57, 1933, 571.)
tiated in broth adjusted to pH 9.2. No Spherical or ovoid cells occurring in
growth in milk containing 0.3 per cent pairs or chains of medium length.
methylene blue. Growth on 40 per cent Serology: Constitutes Lancefield's group
bile blood agar. E. Several serological types are known to
Litmus milk: Acidified, curdled, litmus occur. May cross react with group C.
completely reduced before curdling. No Action on blood: Strongly hemolytic
digestion. (beta). Some non-hemolytic strains have
Final pH in glucose broth, between 4.0 and been reported. The streptolysin produced
4.6. is very acid-stable (Todd, Jour. Path.
Acid from glucose and lactose. May or Bact., 39, 1934, 299).
maj' not ferment trehalose and salicin. Not fibrinolytic.
Rarely ferments maltose, sucrose, raffinose Temperature relations: No growth at 10°
or mannitol. Arabinose, xj-lose, inulin, glyc- or at 45° C. Does not survive 60° C. for 30
erol and sorbitol not fermented. minutes.
Starch, gelatin and sodium hippurate not Tolerance tests: Does not grow in broth
hydrolyzed. Esculin may or may not be containing 6.5 per cent NaCl or at pH 9.6.
split. No growth in 0.1 per cent methylene blue
Ammonia not produced from arginine. milk or in 10 per cent bile blood agar.
Comments: Members of this species are Litmus milk: Acid, but not curdled. No
commonly employed in commercial dairy digestion.
starters. Like Streptococcus lactis, some Final pH in glucose broth, between 4.2
strains ferment citric acid when incor- and 4.8.
527
Acid from glucose, lactose, trehalose and Litmus milk: Acid, some strains curdle;
sorbitol. May or may not ferment sucrose, litmus not reduced before curdling.
glycerol, mannitol and salicin. No acid Final pH in glucose broth, l)etween 4.8
from arabinose, raffinose or inulin. and 5.2.
Gelatin not liquefied. Sodium hippurate Acid produced from glucose, lactose,
not hydrolyzed. Some strains may hydrolyze sucrose and trehalose. Glycerol is fer-
starch or split esculin. mented when incubated aerobically. Salicin
Ammonia produced from arginine. may or may not be fermented. Inulin fer-
Not pathogenic. mented by a few strains. No acid from raf-
Source: Isolated from raw milk and the finose, mannitol or sorbitol.
bovine udder. Starch may be hydrolyzed by some
Habitat: Unknown. strains. Gelatin not liquefied.
Sodium hippurate not hydrolyzed. Es-
2. Streptococcus sp. Lancefield and Hare. culin usually split.
(Large colony group G, Lancefield and Ammonia produced from arginine.
Hare, Jour. Exp. Med., 60, 1934, 633; Lance- Source: Obtained from the human throat,
field, The Harvey Lectures, Series XXXVI, nose, skin, vagina and feces. Also found in
1940-1941, 251.) the throat of a number of domestic ani-
Spherical or ovoid cells 0.6 to 1.0 micron mals, especially the dog. May be associated
in diameter; occur in medium-sized or long with a variety of animal diseases.
chains. Habitat: Human respiratory tract and
Serologj^: Belongs to Lancefield's group vagina; throats of domestic animals.
G. At least three serological tj'pes of the This group of streptococci deserves spe-
large-colony group G streptococci have cies recognition, but no suitable name has
been established (Simmons and Koegh, been proposed. More than one variety or
Austral. Jour. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci., 18, species may be included among these large-
1940, 151). May contain a common protein colony group G streptococci (Sherman,
antigen with Streptococcus equisimilis Bact. Rev., 1, 1937, 1). Some strains, es-
which sometimes gives rise to confusing pecially those that are fibrinolytic, are very
cross-reactions. Griffith's type 16 belongs difiicult to differentiate from Streptococcus
to this species. pyogenes by means other than serological
Action on blood: Broad-zone beta hemol- methods.
j'sis on blood agar. Area of hemolysis may
be much larger than that produced by 3. Streptococcus sp. Hare. (Group K,
Streptococcus pyogenes. Soluble hemolysin Hare, Jour. Path. Bact., 41, 1935, 499.)
produced that is identical to streptolysin O. Spherical cells in medium-sized to long
Colony form: Matt colonies similar to chains. Gram-positive.
those of Streptococcus pyogenes and Strepto- Serology: Established as group K.
coccus equisimilis are produced characteris- Action on blood: Small, incomplete zones
tically. of hemolysis on 8 per cent blood agar. No
May or may not be fibrinolytic (Sher- soluble hemolysin produced.
man, Bact. Rev., 7, 1937, 1). Colony forms: Moist and transparent
Temperature relations: No growth at 10° with crenated edges; 0.8 to 1.3 mm in di-
and, with few exceptions, no growth at ameter after 48 hours.
45° C. Does not survive 60° C for 30 min- Not fibrinolytic.
utes. Tolerance test: Does not grow on 10 per
Tolerance tests : Fails to grow in presence cent bile blood agar.
of 6.5 per cent NaCl or in skim milk con- Final pH in glucose broth, between 5.1
taining 0.1 per cent methylene blue. Gen- and 5.4.
erally more tolerant to methylene blue than Acid from glucose and generally from lac-
Streptococcus pyogenes. No growth in broth tose. May or may not ferment salicin. Acid
adjusted to pH 9.6 or on blood agar con- generally not produced from trehalose,
taining 40 per cent bile. mannitol or sorbitol.
Sodium hippurate not hydrolyzed. ably not associated with any canine dis-
Source: Normal human throat. Not con- ease.
sidered to be pathogenic. Habitat: Probably the dog.
Habitat: Human throat.
6. Streptococcus sp. Boissard and Wor-
4. Streptococcus sp. Fry. (Group L, Hare mald. (Hitherto undescribed serological
and Fry, Vet. Rec, 1, 1938, 1537.) Addi- group O, Boissard and Wormald, Jour.
tional information from Laughton, Jour. Path. Bact., 62, 1950, 37.)
Path. Bact., 60, 1948, 471. Spherical or ovoid cells occurring in very
Spherical or ovoid cells in long chains. long chains in broth culture.
Gram-positive. Serology: Belongs to a new serological
Serology: Established as group L. group for which "group O" is proposed.
Action on blood: Surface and submerged Action on blood: Hemolysis on blood agar
colonies are beta hemolytic. Most strains ranges from frank green to a moderately
do not produce a demonstrable soluble wide zone of beta hemolysis similar to that
hemolysin. produced hy Streptococcus pyogenes. Growth
Colony forms: Glossy, matt and inter- under anaerobic conditions reduces or com-
mediate types observed on blood agar. pletely inhibits the beta hemolysis. No
Final pH in glucose broth, between 4.7 soluble hemolysin detected.
and 5.2. Colonj^ forms: Surface colonies on blood
Acid produced from maltose, lactose, agar 0.4 to 0.8 mm in diameter after 18 hours
sucrose, trehalose and salicin. May or may at 37° C. with flattened margin and raised
not ferment glycerol and sorbitol. center. The margin is radically striated and
Sodium hippurate not hydrolyzed. has a beaded or pleated edge. Colony has
Source: Isolated from miscellaneous in- rubbery and coherent consistency.
fections ofthe dog. Not fibrinolytic.
Habitat : Probably the throat and genital Temperature relations: Does not survive
tract of the dog. 60° C. for 30 minutes.
Tolerance tests: May or may not grow
5. Streptococcus sp. Fry. (Group M, Hare on blood agar containing 10 per cent bile.
and Fry, Vet. Rec, 1, 1938, 1537.) Addi- No growth on 40 per cent bile blood agar.
tional information from Laughton, Jour. Final pH in glucose broth, between 4.5
Path. Bact., 60, 1948, 471. and 5.1.
Spherical or ovoid cells in long chains. Acid produced from glucose and lactose.
Gram-positive. May or maj^ not ferment trehalose and sali-
Serology: Established as group M. At cin. No acid from mannitol or sorbitol.
least two serological types are known. Sodium hippurate not hj'drolyzed.
Action on blood: Surface and submerged Not pathogenic for mice.
colonies are beta hemolytic. A weak, slow Source: Nasopharynx of normal humans;
acting soluble hemolysin produced by some occasionally from throats of individuals
suffering from tonsilitis.
strains; other strains appear to be negative.
Habitat: Probably the human naso-
Colony forms: Glossy, matt and inter-
mediate types observed on blood agar. pharynx.
Final pH in glucose broth, between 4.6 7. Streptococcus MG. Mirick, Thomas,
and 6.9. Curnen and Horsfall. (Jour. Exp. Med., 80,
Acid produced from maltose, lactose, 1944, .391, 407 and 431.)
sucrose and usually from trehalose. May or Spherical or ovoid cells occurring in pairs
may not ferment glycerol and salicin. Sor- or short chains. Gram-positive.
bitol not fermented.
Serology: No group-specific antigen has
Sodium hippurate not hydrolyzed. been demonstrated. All strains belong to one
Source: Isolated from the urethra, the serological type due to the presence of a
vagina and the tonsillar area of dogs. Prob- type-specific capsular antigen shown to be
529
a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide. Re- Final pH in glucose broth, between 4.3

ciprocal cross-reactions occur between this and 5.6.
group and type I Streptococcus salivarius, Produces small colonies on 5 per cent
thus indicating a similarity in their capsular sucrose agar that are fluorescent under
antigens. Capsular swelling can be demon- ultraviolet light.
strated in the presence of homologous im- Acid from glucose, maltose, lactose,
mune serum. Rough variants lacking the sucrose and salicin. May or may not fer-
capsular antigen can be induced by cultur- ment trehalose. No acid from xylose,
ing in the presence of homologous immune arabinose, raffinose, inulin, glycerol, man-
sera. nitol or sorbitol.
Action on blood: Greening (alpha hemo- Starch, sodium hippurate and gelatin
lytic) or indifferent (gamma hemolj'tic). not hydrolyzed. Esculin split.
The reaction is variable depending upon Ammonia produced from arginine.
the type of blood employed. No soluble Comments: This group of streptococci is
hemolysin is produced. of particular interest because of its associa-
Temperature relations: No growth at 10° tion with primary atypical pneumonia. Pa-
or at 45° C. Does not survive 56° C. for 30 tients recuperating from this disease
minutes.
develop precipitins and agglutinins in their
Tolerance tests : No growth in broth con-
taining 6.5 per cent NaCl. No growth at pH blood against this streptococcus, as well
9.6. Growth in milk containing 0.005 per as against Streptococcus salivarius type I.
cent methylene blue but not in 0.02 per cent In contrast with other viridans strepto-
methylene blue. Growth on 10 per cent bile cocci, this group appears to be particularly
resistant to the sulfonamides.
blood agar. Maj^ or may not grow on 40 per
cent bile blood agar. Source : Saliva, sputum and lung cultures
Litmus milk: Acidified and curdled with from cases of primary atypical pneumonia.
reduction of litmus after curdling. No di- Also found in the respiratory tract of nor-
gestion. mal individuals.
Genus III. Pediococcus Balcke, 1884f emend. Mees, 1934.*

(Balcke, Wochnschr. f. Brauerei, 1 , 1884, 257; Mees, Onderzoekingen over de Biersarcina.
Thesis, Delft, 1934, 92.)
Pe.di.o.coc'cus. Gr. noun pedium a plane; Gr. noun coccus a berry, sphere; M.L. mas.n.
Pediococcus plane coccus.
Cocci occurring singly, as tetrads, pairs or even short chains. Although these organisms
are frequently called sarcinae in the literature, packets of eight cells, if they occur at all,
are very rare. Non-motile. Gram-positive. Microaerophilic, showing poor surface growth.
Generally catalase-negative in sugar media. Homofermentative, producing optically inac-
tive lactic acid from carbohydrates. Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Produce acidifica-
tion and more or less clouding of wort and beer. Saprophytes in fermenting vegetable juices.
The type species is Pediococcus cerevisiae Balcke.
Keij to the species of genus Pediococcus.
I. Optimum temperature, between 25° and 32°C. Grows in wort, hopped wort and beer.
1. Pediococcus cerevisiae.
II. Optimum temperatxire, about 40°C. Grows in unhopped wort but not in beer.
2. Pediococcus acidilactici .
* Prepared by Prof. Carl S. Pederson, New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, New
York, September, 1954.
1. Pedicoccus cerevisiae Balcke, 1884. and asparagine are required for growth.
(Ferment No. 7, Pasteur, Etudes sur la Aspartic acid can completely replace as-
biere. Paris, 1876, 4; Sarcina from beer, paragine, whereas asparagine can only par-
Hansen, Compt. rend. Trav. Lab. Carls- tially replace aspartic acid. DL-methionine
berg, 1, 1879, 234 and 288; Balcke, Woch- and possibly DL-lysine are stimulatory
nschr. f. Brauerei, 1, 1884, 257.) (Jensen and Seeley, Jour. Bact., 67, 1954,
486).
ce.re.vi'si.ae. L. noun cerevisia beer;
L. gen. noun cerevisiae of beer. Purine and pyrimidine requirements vary
Spheres, 1.0 to 1.3 microns in diameter, considerably with the strain: some strains
occurring singly, in pairs or in tetrads. In require neither of these compounds; other
acid media the latter prevail. Non-motile. strains, requiring both purines and pyrimi-
Gram-positive. dines, exhibit greatest growth with either
No growth in alkaline media. xanthine or guanine, whereas uracil and
Peptone, meat-extract gelatin colonies: thymine are least effective; still other
White becoming yellowish to yellowish strains require uracil (Jensen and Seeley,
brown. No liquefaction. loc. cit.).
Wort gelatin with calcium carbonate: Leucovorin (citrovorum factor), niacin
White colonies, 2 to 3 mm; carbonate dis- and pantothenic acid are absolute vitamin
solved. requirements, whereas biotin and pyridox-
Meat extract gelatin stab: Growth along ine are merely stimulatory; a few strains
stab ; white, raised surface growth. No lique- require riboflavin in addition (Jensen and
faction. Seeley, loc. cit.).
Wort and beer: Slight to moderately tur- Urea not utilized.
bid growth, strong development on bottom Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
of the flask. Hop-sensitive, but may de- Usually catalase-negative; may be weakly
velop in heavily hopped beers under special positive in media low in sugar content (Fel-
conditions. ton, Evans and Niven, Jour. Bact., 65, 1953,
481).
Litmus milk: Usually no growth; a few
strains may show acid and may curdle the Microaerophilic.
milk.
Potato: Scant growth. 32° C. Growth range, 7° to 45° C. Killed at
Acid from glucose, fructose, mannose, 60° C. in 8 minutes.
galactose and maltose; usually from arabi- Source: Originally isolated from sarcina-
nose, sucrose, lactose, raffinose, salicin and sick beer and for many years known only as
amygdalin; sometimes from xjdose and found in beer jêasts, spoiled wort and beer.
rhamnose. No acid from mannitol, alpha- More recently this species has been recog-
methyl glucoside, inulin, dextrin or starch nized in various types of fermenting vegeta-
(Pederson, Bact. Rev., 13, 1949, 228). Op- ble juices (Pederson, op. cit., 1949, 228; also
tically inactive lactic acid, as well as traces see Wallerstein Lab. Communications, 17,
of acetic acid and carbon dioxide, is pro- 1954, 10).
duced.
Habitat: Widely distributed in ferment-
Diacetyl is produced, apparently from ing materials such as beer, sauerkraut and
the oxidation of acetylmethylcarbinol; di-
acetyl is the substance responsible for the pickles.
"sarcina odor" of spoiled beer and the 2. Pediococcus acidilactici Lindner,
aroma of fresh butter (Shimwell and Kirk-
1887. (Lindner, Wochnschr. f. Brauerei, 3,
patrick, Jour. Inst. Brewing, 45 (N.S. 36),
1939, 141). No. 23, 1887; see Cent. f. Bakt., 2, 1887, 342;
L-tryptophane, L-cj^stine, DL-threonine, also see Die Sarcina-Organismen der Giih-
DL-valine, DL-leucine, DL-isoleucine, rungsgewerbe. Lindner, Inaug. Diss., Ber-
427.) lin, 1888, 26, and Cent. f. Bakt., 4, 1888,
L-histidine, DL-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine,
L-proline, glycine, DL-alanine, L-arginine,
DL-serine, L-glutamic acid, L-aspartic acid a.ci.di.lac.ti'ci. M.L. noun acidum lacti-
FAMILY X, LACTOBACILLACEAE
531
ciim lactic acid; M.L. gen. noun acidi lactici Growth in unhopped wort but not in beer.
of lactic acid. Produces much acid from maltose and
Original description supplemented by wort. Cultures that do not produce acid
naaterial from Shimwell (Jour. Inst. Brew- from maltose are regarded by some (see
ing, 5i (N.S. 45), 1948, 103). Shimwell, loc. cit.) as forming a distinct
Cocci, 0.6 to 1.0 micron in diameter, oc- species as they produce slight or no acid
curring singly, in pairs and tetrads or even in unhopped wort.
in short chains. Gram-positive. Catalase-negative.
Gelatin colonies: Small; no liquefaction. Optimum temperature, 41° C. Killed in
Gelatin streak: Growth grayish white, a short time at 60° C.
moist, iridescent, thin; smooth edges. Source: Isolated from spoiled mash.
Gelatin stab: Growth along stab; white, Habitat: Found in mash and unhopped
leafy surface growth. wort.
Genus IV. Leuconostoc van Tieghem, emend.

Hucker and Pederson, 1930.*
(Van Tieghem, Ann. Sci. Nat., 6, S6r. 7, 1878, 170; Betacoccus Orla-Jensen, The Lactic
Acid Bacteria. Mem. Acad. Sci. Danemark, Sec. d. Sci., 5, S6r. 8, 1919, 146; Hucker and
Pederson, New York Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bui. 167, 1930, 66.)
Leu.co.nos'toc. Gr. leucus clear, light; M.L. neut.n. Nostoc algal generic name; M.L.
neut.n. Leuconostoc colorless Nostoc.
Cells normally spherical. Under certain conditions, such as in acid fruits and vegetables,
the cells may lengthen and become pointed or even elongated into a rod. Certain types grow
with a characteristic slime formation in sucrose media. Grow on ordinary culture media,
but growth is enhanced by the addition of yeast, tomato or other vegetable extracts. Gen-
erally, alimited amount of acid is produced, consisting of lactic and acetic acids; alcohol
is also formed, and about one-fourth of the fermented glucose is changed to CO2 . Levo
rotatory lactic acid is always produced, and sometimes dextro rotatory lactic acid also.
Milk is rarely curdled. Fructose is reduced to mannitol. Found in milk and in plant juices.
The type species is Leuconostoc mesenter aides (Cienkowski) Van Tieghem.
Key to the species of genus Leuconostoc.

I. Acid from sucrose.
A. Acid from pentoses.
1. Leuconostoc mesenteroides.
B. No acid from pentoses.
2. Leuconostoc dextranicum.
II. No acid from sucrose.
3. Leuconostoc citrovorum.
1. Leuconostoc mesenteroides (Cien- shape; M.L. adj. mesenteroides mesentery-

kowski, 1878) van Tieghem, 1878. {Asco- like.
coccus mesenteroides Cienkowski, Arb. d. Spheres, 0.9 to 1.2 microns in diameter,
Naturf. Gesellsch. a. d. Univ. a. Charkoff, occurring in pairs and short or long chains.
1878, 12; van Tieghem, Ann. Sci. Nat., 6, In sucrose solutions the chains are usually
S^r. 7, 1878, 170.) surrounded by a thick, gelatinous, colorless
me.sen.te.ro.i'des. Gr. noun mesen- membrane consisting of dextran. Gram-
terium the mesentery; Gr. noun eidus form.
positive.
* Revised by Prof. G. J. Hucker and Prof. Carl S. Pederson, New York State Experiment
Station, Geneva, New York, September, 1938; further revision, December, 1943, and Au-
gust, 1954.
Glucose gelatin colonies: Small, white to jerinck, 1912) Hucker and Pederson, 1930.
grayish white, raised, nodular. (Lactococcus dextranicus Beijerinck, Folia
Glucose gelatin stab: Growth along entire Microbiologica, Delft, 1912, 377; Hucker
stab. No liquefaction. and Pederson, New York Agr. Exp. Sta.
Sucrose broth: Usually produces slime Tech. Bull, 167, 1930, 67.)
from sucrose; slime most pronounced in dex.tra'ni.cum. L. adj. dexter right; M.L.
sucrose gelatin stab. Niven, Castellani and noun dextranum dextran; M.L. adj. dex-
AUanson (Jour. Bact., 58, 1949, 633) have tranicus related to dextran.
described types from meat products that Spheres, 0.6 to 1.0 micron in diameter,
do not produce slime. Pederson and Ward occurring in pairs and in short chains. Gram-
(New York State Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech
Bull. 288, 1949) have described similar positive.
Gelatin stab : Gray filiform growth in stab.
types from high-salt cucumber brines. Agar colonies: Small, gray, circular,
Pederson and Albury (Jour. Bact., 70, 1955, slightly raised, entire.
702) have induced such types to produce Glucose broth: Slight grayish sediment.
typical slime by repeated transfers in Litmus milk: Acid, coagulation. Fre-
sucrose solutions. quentl}^ shows slight reduction of litmus in
Potato: No visible growth. bottom of tube.
Indole not produced. Potato: No visible growth.
Acid from glucose, fructose, galactose, Indole not produced.
mannose, xylose, arabinose, sucrose and Produces slime from sucrose in rapidly
generally from lactose, raffinose, salicin and growing cultures.
mannitol. Rarely acid from dextrin, starch, Acid from glucose, fructose, galactose,
inulin, sorbitol, rhamnose or glycerol. Mc- maltose, sucrose and generally from lactose
Cleskey, Faville and Barnett (Jour. Bact., and mannose. No acid from xylose, arabi-
54, 1947, 697) recognize four colonial types nose, glycerol, rhamnose, sorbitol, mannitol
which differ somewhat in fermentation reac- or starch; rarely from raffinose, inulin or
tions. dextrin.
Microaerophilic, facultatively anaerobic. Microaerophilic, facultatively anaerobic.
Optimum temperature, between 21° and 25°Optimum
25° C.
Distinctive characters: Usually active Distinctive characters: Produces a mod-
slime producer in sucrose solutions. Mc- erate amount of slime in sucrose solutions.
Cleskey, Faville and Barnett (op. cit. 1947, Source: Isolated from dairy starters.
697) recognized four colonial types, A, B, C Habitat: Found in plant materials and in
and F, which differ in amounts of gum, acid milk products.
and gas produced and in temperature and
pH requirements for growth. McCleskey 3. Leuconostoc citrovoruni (Hammer,
and Barnett (Proc. Louisiana Acad of Sci.,
1920) Hucker and Pederson, 1930. {Strepto-
12, 1949, 38) have correlated these with nu- coccus citrovorus Hammer, Iowa Agr. Exp.
tritional requirements and Leiva-Quiros and Sta. Research Bull. No. 63, 1920; Hucker
McCleskey (Jour. Bact., 54, 1947, 709) with
and Pederson, New York Agr. E.xp. Sta.
serological relationships.
Source: Isolated from slime in a sugar Tech. Bull. 167, 1930, 67.)
factory. cit.ro'vo.rum. L. noun citr^js the citron
Habitat: Most active species of the genus. tree; M.L. noun citrus the lemon, here re-
Encountered in fermenting vegetable and ferring to citric acid; L. v. voro to devour;
other plant materials and in prepared meat M.L. adj. citrovorus citrate-utilizing.
products. Frequently isolated from slimy Spheres, 0.6 to 1.0 micron in diameter,
sugar solutions. occuring in pairs and chains. Gram-positive.
Gelatin stab: Filiform growth in stab. No
2. Leuconostoc dextranicuiii (Bei- liquefaction.
Agar colonies: Small, gray, entire, slightly arabinose, rhamnose, raffinose, glycerol,
raised. dextrin, inulin, starch, salicin, mannitol or
Agar slant: Small, gray, discrete colonies. sorbitol.
Glucose broth: Slight gray sediment. Uggg ^-^^^-^^ ^cid in milk.
Litmus milk: Slightly acid with partial ^-^^-^^^ ^^^ produced
reduction of litmus. , ,. , .,. ,,,,-, from nitrates, , .
„ , , ^.-r . ., , ,, Microaerophilic, facultatively anaerobic.
Potato: No visible growth. ^ .
. Optimum temperature, between 20° and
not prod
Indole poorly
Grows on ordinaryuced
media without
the addition of yeast extract or other Distinctive character: Non-slime pro-
growth-accessory substance. ducer.
Acid from glucose, fructose, galactose Source: Isolated from dairy products,
and lactose. Generally does not form acid Habitat: Found in milk and dairy prod-
from mannose, sucrose, maltose, xj^lose, ucts.
Genus V. Peptostreptococcus Kluyver and van Niel, 1936 *

(Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., H, 1936, 391, 395 and 401.)
Pep.to.strep.to.coc'cus. Gr. v. pepio to cook, digest; M.L. mas.n. Streptococcus a generic

name;M.L. mas.n. Peptostreptococcus the digesting streptococcus.
Spherical cells which occur in pairs or in chains. Non-motile. Gram-positive. Chemohet-
erotrophic, fermenting protein decomposition products, organic acids and usually carbo-
hydrates with the production of carbon dioxide, hydrogen and other products. Anaerobic.
Found in septic and gangrenous conditions in man and other animals and as part of the
normal bacterial flora of respiratory and digestive tracts. May be pathogenic.
The present classification of the species in this genus is based on morphological and va-
rious physiological characters. However, recent work has shown that the presence of fatty
acids and sulfur comijounds exerts a marked influence on the morphology and/or biochem-
ical behavior of these organisms; consequently, in choosing criteria for the classification
of the species in this genus, it seems exigent to use those obtained with standardized media.
With the use of rather ill-defined media, at least thirty anaerobic cocci have been recog-
nized and described; however, with standardized media, Hare and his associates have di-
vided a very large number of anaerobic cocci into only nine groups. Thus, future work may
show that some or even many of the species here regarded as distinct are, in reality, identical
with one another. (See Hare, Wildy, Billett and Twort, Jour. Hyg., 50, 1952, 295; Hare, Atti
del VI Congresso Internaz di. Microbiologia, Roma, 1, 1953, 55; and Thomas and Hare,
Jour. Clin. Path., 7, 1954, 300.)
The type species is Peptostreptococcus anaerohius (Kronig emend. Natvig) Kluyver and
van Niel.
Key to the species of genus Peptostreptococcus.

I. Cells occur in chains.
A. Strict anaerobes.
1. Gas and fetid odor produced.
a. No general turbidity in broth,
b. Acid from maltose.
1. Peptostreptococcus anaerohius.
bb. No acid from maltose.
2. Peptostreptococcus foetidus.
aa. Turbidity in broth.
* Revised by Dr. Louis DS. Smith, ^lontana Agricultural Experiment Station, Boze-
man, Montana, February, 1955.
b. No gas in peptone broth.

c. Milk unchanged. No gas in semisolid agar.
3. Peptostreptococcus putridus.
cc. Milk slowly coagulated.
4. Peptostreptococcus productus.
bb. Gas produced in peptone broth. Abundant gas in semisolid agar.
5. Peptostreptococcus lanceolatus .
2. No gas or fetid odor produced.
a. Milk not coagulated.
6. Peptostreptococcxis micros.
aa. Milk coagulated.
b. Viscous sediment in broth. Semisolid agar colonies blacken with age.
7. Peptostreptococcus parvulus.
bb. No viscous sediment in broth. Semisolid agar colonies do not blacken
with age.
8. Peptostreptococcus intermedins.
B. Strictly anaerobic on isolation, later becomes aerotolerant.
9. Peptostreptococcus evolutus.
II. Cells normally occur in pairs although short chains may occur.
A. Greater than 1 micron in diameter.
1. Carbohydrates not attacked.
10. Peptostreptococcus magnus.
B. Not greater than 1 micron in diameter.
1. Acid from glucose and lactose.
a. Encapsulated. Pathogenic.
11. Peptostreptococcus paleopneumoniae .
aa. Not encapsulated. Non-pathogenic.
12. Peptostreptococcus plagarumbelli .
2. Acid from glucose but not from lactose. No growth on ordinary culture media.
13. Peptostreptococcus morhillorum.
1. Peptostreptococcus anaerobius acidified; feeble production of gas; slight

(Kronig, 1895, emend. Natvig, 1905) Kluyver fetid odor.
and van Niel, 1936. (Streptococcus anaerobius Martin glucose broth: Very abundant
Kronig, Zent. f. Gyn., 19, 1895, 409; Natvig, growth; gas fetid, inflammable; no hydrogen
Arch. f. Gyn., 1905, 724; Kluyver and van sulfide; very marked acidification.
Niel, Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 94, 1936, 391, Peptone broth: Abundant, flocculent
395 and 401.) growth; gas produced at expense of pep-
an.a.e.ro.bi'us. Gr. pref. an- not; Gr. tone; medium not acidified; neither indole
noun aer air; Gr. noun bins life; M.L. adj. nor hydrogen sulfide is produced.
anaerobius not living in air, anaerobic. Meat and liver broth: Very abundant
Description taken from Prevot (Ann. Sci. growth; much gas produced which contains
Nat., S6r. Bot., 15, 1933, 180). CO2 and Ho .
Spheres, averaging 0.8 micron in diame- Milk: No acid; no coagulation.
ter, occurring in chains. Non-motile. Gram- Cooked protein (egg white, meat, liver,
positive. fibrin and serum) not attacked. Fresh fibrin
Gelatin: No liquefaction. and fresh organs partialh' disintegrated
Semi-solid agar (Veillon) : After 48 hours, with blackening, abundant gas and a very
colonies 1 to 2 mm in diameter, very regular, fetid odor due in part to hydrogen sulfide.
lenticular; gas is produced; agar slightly Serum broth: Abundant gas and fetid
acidified. odor.
Martin broth: Rapid growth; no turbid- Acid from glucose, fructose, galactose,
ity; sediment in 24 hours; medium slightly sucrose and maltose. Mannitol and arabi-
535
nose are sometimes fermented. Fermenta- ameter, convex, grayish, entire margin.
tion products include formic and acetic Small, brownish hemopeptic zone around
acids (Prevot, Ann. Inst. Past., 67, 1941, colonies. No true hemolysis.
88). Martin broth: Poor growth; no turbidity;
Neutral red broth: Changed to fluorescent flakes form on wall of tube but rapidly settle
yellow. to the bottom; little or no gas is produced;
Anaerobic. very faint, fetid odor.
Temperature relations: Optimum, be- Martin glucose broth: Good growth; no
tween 36° and 38° C. Grows at 26° but not turbidity; gas fetid, inflammable.
below 22° C. Survives 5 minutes at 60° C. Meat and liver broth: Rapid, abundant
or two minutes at 80° C. Killed in ten min- growth; abundant gas; strong, fetid odor.
utes at 80° C. Milk: No acid; no coagulation.
Optimum pH, between 6.0 and 8.0. Peptone broth: Gas production is feeble.
Some strains are pathogenic. Indole not produced.
Distinctive characters: Ver}^ peptolytic; Fresh organs become green, then blacken.
gas produced in peptone water with destruc- Much gas is produced which contains hy-
tion of the peptone. Differs from Pepto- drogen sulfide; later the organs are grad-
streptococcus foetidus b}^ being morphologi- ually disintegrated; partial bioproteolysis
cally like a typical streptococcus. Differs and hydrogen sulfide formation.
from Peptostreptococcus pntridiis by its Coagulated protein is not attacked.
phj'siology, by its bread-crumb-like growth Acid and gas from glucose, fructose, galac-
and by the production of gas in all media. tose and sucrose. No acid from lactose, malt-
Source: Isolated in cases of putrefactive ose, arabinose, glycerol, mannitol, dulcitol
gangrene; war wounds; uterus, lochia and or starch.
blood in puerperal infections; appendicitis; Neutral red broth: Changed to fluorescent
pleurisy; and amniotic fluid.
Habitat: Found in the mouth and intes- Anaerobic.
yellow.
tines; also from the cavities of man and Temperature relations: Optimum, be-
animals, especially the vagina. Can invade tween 36° and 38° C. Feeble growth at 26° C.
all tissues.
No growth below 22° C. Killed in one hour
at 60° C. or in ten minutes at 80° C.
2. Peptostreptococcus foetidus (Veil- Optimum pH, between 6.5 and 8.0.
Ion, 1893) Smith, comb. nov. {Micrococcus Some strains are pathogenic.
foetidus Veillon, Compt. rend. Soc. Biol., Comment : A variety of this species, which
Paris, 4^, 1893, 867; not Micrococcus foetidus differs from the parent strain in being
Flugge, Die Mikroorganismen, 2 Aufl., 1886, smaller in size and in producing more gas
172; not Micrococcus foetidus Klamann, in carbohj'drate media, has been reported
Allgem. med. Centralzeitung, 1887, 1344; by Prevot (ibid., 193).
Streptococcus foetidus Prevot, Ann. Sci. Nat., Source: First isolated from a fatal case
Ser. Bot., 15, 1933, 189; not Streptococcus
foetidus Migula, Syst. d. Bakt., 2, 1900, 38.) of Ludwig's angina; also from perinephritic
phlegmon, the fetid pus from Bartholin's
foe'ti.dus. L. adj. foetidus stinking. gland, gangrene of the lung and appendi-
Large spheres, 0.8 to 1.0 micron in diame-
ter, occurring normally in short chains; also citis.
Habitat: Found in the mouth, intestines
in tetrads and double or zig-zag chains. Non-
and vagina of man and animals. Common
motile. Gram-positive.
Gelatin: No liquefaction. in fetid suppurations and autogenous gan-
Semi-solid agar (Veillon): Slow growth; grenous processes.
at first punctiform. Small colonies, }i to
}-2 mm in diameter, which grow 1 to 2 cm 3. Peptostreptococcus putridus
below the surface, regular, thick, lenticular, (Schottmiiller, 1910, emend. Prevot, 1933)
opaque. Gas bubbles are produced. Smith, comb. nov. (Streptococctis putridus
Blood agar colonies: 0.5 to 1.0 mm in di- Schottmiiller, Mitteil. a. d. Grenzgeb. d.
Med. Chirurg., 21, 1910, 450; Prevot, Ann. Distinctive characters: Putrescence but
Sci. Nat., Ser. Bot., 15, 1933, 170 and 184.) absence of gas in ordinary media; presence
pu'tri.dus. L. adj. putridus rotten, de- of gas and hydrogen sulfide in media with
cayed. fresh tissue or body fluids.
Spheres, averaging 0.8 micron in diame- Comments: Thomas and Hare (Jour. Clin.
ter, occurring in chains. Gram-positive. Path., 7, 1954, 302) divide certain of the
Gelatin: No liquefaction. anaerobic cocci into nine groups and state
Semi-solid agar (Veillon) colonies: More that Group I is essentially Streptococmis
or less lenticular; 1 to 2 mm in diameter; putridus. This group is described as in-
no gas produced. cluding Gram-positive, anaerobic spheres,
Blood agar colonies: 2 mm in diameter; 0.6 to 0.8 micron in diameter, which grow
become brownish, sometimes blackish on in the form of chains and which, in media
aging. Surrounded by a brownish hemopep- containing 0.01 per cent sodium oleate, 0.1
tic zone. per cent sodium thioglycollate and 1.0 per
Martin broth: In 6 to 8 hours there is a cent of the substance tested, produce acid
uniform turbidity which does not precipi- and gas from glucose, fructose and maltose
tate completely; no gas; little odor. and gas from pyruvate; galactose, sucrose,
Martin glucose broth: Rapid, abundant malate, citrate, tartrate and lactate are not
growth; uniform turbidity; sediment; no attacked. Gas is produced in ordinary media
gas; slight fetid odor; black pigment in the if sulfur compounds are present.
sediment. Source: Isolated from normal and fetid
Meat and liver broth: Very abundant lochia; blood in puerperal fever; gangrenous
growth; veiy marked putrid odor; incom- appendicitis; gangrene of the lung; gas gan-
plete sedimentation. grene; gangrenous metastases; war wounds;
Peptone broth: Sparse growth; neither osteomyelitis and from amniotic fluid.
gas, odor, hydrogen sulfide nor indole is pro- Found in sea water by Montel and Mous-
duced. seron (Paris Medical, 1929).
Milk: No acid; no coagulation. Habitat: Found in the human mouth and
Coagulated protein is not attacked. intestines and especially in the vagina.
Deep blood agar: Agar is broken by the
gas (hydrogen sulfide). 4. Peptostreptococcus productus (Pre-
Fresh-blood broth: Abundant gas which vot, 1941) Smith, comb. nov. (Streptococcus
contains a large amount of hydrogen sulfide productus Pr6vot, Compt. rend. Soc. Biol.,
is produced; blood blackens rapidly and Paris, 135, 1941, 105.)
has typical putrid odor. pro.duc'tus. L. adj. productus lengthened.
Fresh fibrin broth: The fibrin is broken Large spheres, 0.7 to 1.2 microns in diame-
up and partially digested. ter, occurring in chains which contain 6 to
Lead media are blackened. 20 cells. Gram-positive.
Acid from glucose, fructose and maltose. Gelatin: No liquefaction.
Acid sometimes produced from sucrose, Gas and odor produced.
mannitol and galactose. Fermentation prod- Deep agar colonies: Lens-shaped; slight
ucts include valerianic, butyric and acetic
acids (Prevot, Ann. Inst. Past., 67, 1941, 88). Glucose broth: Homogeneous turbidity;
Neutral red is changed to fluorescent viscid; mucoid, coherent sediment; slight
yellow. gas. hydrogen sulfide is produced.
gas;
Anaerobic. Peptone broth: Homogeneous turbidity;
Temperature relations: Optimum, be- no gas; indole not produced.
tween 36° and 38° C. Growth feeble at 28° C. Milk: Slowly coagulated (8 to 10 daj^s).
No growth below 22° C. Killed in ten min- Coagulated proteins not attacked.
utes at 80° C. Acid and gas from glucose, fructose, xy-
Optimum pH, between 7.0 and 8.5. lose, arabinose, sorbose and lactose. Fer-
Rare strains are pathogenic for laboratory mentation products include ammonia, hy-
animals. drogen sulfide, acetic and propionic acids
537
and traces of lactic acid and acetylmethyl- Distinctive characters: Proteolytic and
carbinol. saccharolytic; produces ammonia from
Neutral red reduced. hydrolyzed proteins; butyric, valerianic
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. and acetic acids are produced from certain
Anaerobic. carbohydrates. No hydrogen sulfide is pro-
duced.
Optimum temperature, between 30° and Source: Isolated from human feces in a
37° C.
Optimum pH, between 6.5 and 8.2. case of diarrhoea.
Non-pathogenic for guinea pigs, rabbits Habitat: Found in putrefying materials.
and mice.
Comments: A hemolj'tic variety of this 6. Peptostreptococcus micros (Prevot,
organism has been reported by Beeuwkes 1933) Smith, comb. nov. {Streptococcus an-
and Aladame (Ann. Inst. Past., 75, 1948, aerobius micros Lewkowicz, Arch. Med. Exp.,
390). IS, 1901, 645; Streptococcus micros Prevot,
Source: Isolated from a subacute case of Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. Bot., 15, 1933, 193.)
pulmonary gangrene. mi'cros. Gr. adj. micrus small.
Habitat : Found in the natural cavities of Very small spheres, 0.2 to 0.4 micron in
man, especially the respiratory. diameter, occurring in long chains or in
pairs. Non-motile. Gram-positive.
5. Peptostreplococcus lanceolatu.s Gelatin: Poor growth. No liquefaction.
(Prevot, 1933) Smith, comb. nov. {Coccus Semi-solid agar (Veillon) : Slow growth;
lanceolatus anaerobhis Tissier, Compt. rend. colonies at first punctiform, becoming len-
Soc. Biol., Paris, 94, 1926, 447; Streptococcals ticular and later forming processes into the
lanceolatus Prevot, Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. medium. Average size, 0.5 to 1.0 mm in di-
Hot., 15, 1933, 173 and 193; not Streptococcus ameter; some reach 2 to 3 mm, growing 2 or
lanceolatus Gamaleia, Ann. Inst. Past., 2, 3 cm below the surface.
1888, 440.) Blood agar: No hemolysis. No hemopep-
lan.ce.o.la'tus. L. adj. lanceolatus lancet- tolysis.
shaped. Martin broth: Sliglit, particulate tur-
Large, ovoid cells, 1.2 to 1.4 microns in bidity which slowly settles.
diameter, with pointed ends, occurring in Meat and liver broth: Rapid growth;
short chains in culture and in pairs in ex- abundant sediment.
udates. Non-motile. Gram-positive. Peptone broth: Powdery sediment; me-
Gelatin: No liquefaction. dium not acidified; no indole is produced.
Deep agar colonies: Very large, lenticular; Milk: Grows with difficulty; no acid; no
abundant gas produced which breaks up coagulation.
the medium. Coagulated protein not attacked.
Peptone broth: Uniform turbidity; gran- Acid from glucose, fructose, galactose,
ular, viscous sediment. sucrose and maltose. Fermentation prod-
Peptone broth: Good growth; gas pro- ucts include propionic, formic and lactic
duced. acids (Pr(5vot, Man. d. Classif. et d. De-
Milk: No change. term, d. Bact. Anaerobies, 2" ed., 1948, 59).
Coagulated protein not attacked. Neutral red broth is changed to fluores-
Hydrolyzed albumen reduced to CO3 , cent yellow.
(NH4)2C03 and NH,,. Anaerobic.
Acid from glucose, sucrose and starch.
No acid from lactose. Butyric, valerianic 38° C. No growth at 22° C. Killed in 15 min-
and acetic acids are produced, in the pro- utes at 60° C.
portions 2:1: trace, from glucose and su- Optimum pH, about 7.0.
crose. Non-pathogenic for mice.
Anaerobic. No toxin and no hemolysin.
Distinctive characters: Neither gas nor
Non-pathogenic for laboratory animals. fetid odor produced; small size.
Source: Isolated from gangrene of the and Repaci identified this organism as Strep-
lung, from lochia and uterus in puerperal tococcus micros, but Weinberg, Nativelle
sepsis and from cases of appendicitis. and Prevot consider it as a distinct species,
Habitat: Found in the mouth and in- although rare.
testine of man and other animals. Source: Isolated from the respiratory
tract.
7. Peptostreptococcus parvulus (Wein- Habitat: Unknown.
berg et al., 1937) Smith, comb. nov. (Strep-
tococcus parvulus non liguefuciens Repaci, 8. Peptostreptococcus intermedius
Compt. rend.Soc. Biol., Paris, 68, 1910, 528; (Prevot, 1925) Smith, comb. nov. (Strepto-
Streptococcus parvulus Weinberg, Nativelle coccus intermedius Prevot, Ann. Inst. Past.,
and Prevot, Les Microbes Anaerobies, 1937, 39, 1925, 439.)
1011; not Streptococcus parvulus Levin- in.ter.me'di.us. L. adj. intermedius inter-
thai, Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 106, mediate.
1928, 195.) Description taken in part from Prevot
par'vu.lus. L. dim. adj. parvulus somewhat (Ann. Sci. Nat., S^r. Bot., 15, 1933, 197).
small. Spheres, 0.5 to 0.7 micron in diameter,
Small spheres which average 0.3 to 0.4 occurring in very long chains in culture.
micron in diameter and which occur in Non-motile. Gram-positive.
short chains, sometimes in pairs. Non-mo- Gelatin: Poor growth.
tile. Gram-positive. Semi-solid agar (Veillon) : After 24 hours,
Gelatin: At 37° C., slow growth; culture colonies 1 to 2 mm in diameter, regular,
at bottom of tube; no gas. No liquefaction. lenticular, sometimes with complex proc-
Deep glucose agar colonies: After 48 esses.
hours, very tiny, lenticular, whitish. Old Blood agar: No change or slight greening.
colonies become blackened. No gas is pro- Martin broth: Rapid growth; uniform
duced. turbidity which slowly settles.
Broth: Rapid turbidity; sediment forms Martin glucose broth: Abundant growth;
in 5 or 6 days as a whitish, mucous mass abundant sediment; medium strongly acidi-
which clears the fluid; no gas; faint, dis- fied.
agreeable odor. Peptone broth: Particulate sediment.
Milk: Coagulation in 24 hours. Milk: Very acid; coagulated in 24 hours
Indole not produced. without retraction of clot; not peptonized.
Coagulated proteins not attacked. Serum broth (1:2): Rapid growth; coag-
Glucose and lactose are feebly attacked. ulation by acidification.
Does not attack sucrose, galactose or dex- Indole not produced.
trin. Fermentation products include acetic, Coagulated proteins not attacked.
propionic and lactic acids (Prevot, Man. d. Acid from glucose, fructose, galactose,
Classif. et d. D6term. d. Bact. Anaerobies, maltose and lactose. Fermentation products
2« ed., 1948,59). include formic, propionic and lactic acids
Anaerobic. (Prevot, Man. d. Classif. et d. Determ. d.
Optimum temperature, 37° C. No growth Bact. Anaerobies, 2«ed., 1948, 60).
at room temperature. Will grow at 41° C. Neutral red broth is changed to fluores-
Non-pathogenic. cent yellow.
Distinctive characters : Differs from Pep- Anaerobic.
tostreptococcus micros by its black colonies, Temperature relations: Optimum, be-
its coagulation of milk and by its feeble tween 36° and 38° C. Poor growth at 26° C.
saccharolytic power. Differs from Pepto- No growth below 22° C. Killed in 30 minutes
streptococcus intermedius by its black colo- at 70° C. or in ten minutes at 80° C.
nies, the smallness of its elements, its feeble Optimum pH, between 6.0 and 8.5.
saccharolytic power and by the viscous Some strains are pathogenic for guinea
sediment it forms in broth. pigs and mice, causing small abscesses;
Relationship to other species: Veillon sometimes kill in 48 hours.
FAMILY X, LACTOBACILLACEAE 539
No toxin and no hemolysin. sucrose, lactose and maltose. Arabinose

Distinctive characters: Strongly acidifies sometimes fermented.
media; coagulates milk. Anaerobic, becoming aerotolerant with
Source: Isolated from lochia and uterus subsequent transfers. Viability is short
in puerperal sepsis; also from cases of gan- aerobically and several months anaerobi-
cally.
grene of the lung, pleurisy, bronchiectasis
and appendicitis. Optimum temperature, between 36° and
Habitat : Found in the human respiratory 38° C. No growth below 22° C.
and digestive tracts and in the vagina. Optimum pH, between 6.0 and 8.5.
Pathogenicity: Most strains are not
9. Peptostreptococcus evolutus (Pre- pathogenic; some produce slight local swell-
vot, 1924) Smith, comb. nov. (Streptococcus ing subcutaneously with little pus in
Sch. (Schwarzenbek), Graf and Wittneben, guinea pigs and mice.
Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., U, 1907, 97; Distinctive characters: Growth in alter-
Streptococcus evolutus Pr6vot, Thes. M6d., nate zones in agar; strict anaerobe at first,
Paris, 1924; Streptococcus Schwarzenbeck later aerotolerant.
(sic) Ford, Textb. of Bact., 1927, 455: also Source: Isolated from skin abscesses and
see Weiss and Mercado, Jour. Inf. Dis., from cases of appendicitis, synergistic
62, 1938, 181.) gangrene and endocarditis.
e.vo.lu'tus. L. part. adj. evolutus unrolled. Habitat: Found in the respiratory tract,
Description taken in part from Prevot mouth and vagina.
(Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. Bot., 15, 1933, 199).
Spheres, 0.7 to 1.0 micron in diameter, 10. Peptostreptococcus magnus (Pre-
averaging 0.7 micron, occurring in pairs vot, 1933) Smith, comb. nov. (Diplococcus
or in short and long chains. Pleomorphic. magnus anaerobius Tissier and Martelly,
Often appear as short, ovoid rods with Ann. Inst. Past., 16, 1902, 885; Diplococcus
rounded ends. Gram-positive. magnus Prevot, Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. Bot.,
Gelatin: Liquefaction. 15, 1933, 140.)
Deep agar colonies : Lenticular or rosettes. mag'nus. L. adj. magnus large.
Growth occurs about one cm beneath the Large spheres, 1.5 to 1.8 microns in di-
surface; after a transfer the second gen- ameter, usually in pairs, sometimes occur-
eration may show a ring of growth in the ring singly, in small clumps or in very short
middle of this sterile zone . This is the charac- chains. Gram-positive.
teristic alternate zones appearance. Suc- Gelatin: Growth slow, scant. No lique-
cessive generations may grow fully when faction.
exposed to the air. Colonies usually become Deep agar colonies: After 24 hours at
brownish with age. 37° C, lenticular, whitish, granular; margin
finely cut. No gas produced.
Glucose broth: Abundant growth resem-
Broth: Turbid, clearing in 4 or 5 days
bling bread crumbs. Medium strongly
resulting in a viscous mass similar to the
acidified (pH 5). A small quantity of lactic
zoogloea which Clostridium bifermentans
acid is produced. forms .
Peptone broth: Rapid growth; no general Peptone broth: Slight turbidity; indole
turbidity; precipitating, flocculent growth
not produced.
on the wall of the tube; indole not pro- Milk: Unchanged.
duced.
Blood agar: No change, sometimes green- Fibrin not digested.
ing. Sterilized urine : Turbid in 3 to 4 days. The
Litmus milk: Acid; curdled in 24 hours; urea is attacked forming (NH4)2C03.
clot retracts and fragments; slight peptoni- Proteoses: Digested and disintegrated
zation with some strains. forming (NH4)2C03 with the liberation of
Coagulated protein not attacked. NH3.
Acid from glucose, fructose, galactose. Anaerobic.
Temperature relations: Optimum, 37° C. Pathogenic for mice.

Grows from 18° to 37° C. Killed in five Distinctive characters: Resembles Di-
minutes on boiling orinhalf an hour at 60° C. plococcus pneumoniae but is a strict anaer-
Optimum pH, 7.0. Limits of pH, 5.5 to obe; highly pathogenic.
8.5 Source : Isolated from an osseous abscess
Non-pathogenic. (Rist), from lesions of pleuropneumonia
Distinctive characters: Large size; very (Bolognesi) and from bronchitis and pneu-
marked alkalinizing power. monia (Smith).
Source: Isolated from putrefying butch- Habitat: Found in the buccal-pharyngeal
er's meat (Tissier and Martelly) and from cavity of man and rodents.
a case of acute appendicitis (Prevot).
Habitat: Unknown. 12. Peptostreptococcus plagarunibelli
(Prevot, 1933) Smith, comb. nov. {Diplococcus
11. Peptostreptococcus paleopneutno- from septic wounds, Adamson, Jour. Path.
niae (Prevot, 1930) Smith, comb. nov. (An Bact., 22, 1919, 393; Diplococcus plagarum-
anaerobic pseudopneumococcus, Etudes belli Prevot, Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. Bot., 15,
bact. sur les infections d'origine otique, 1933, 157.)
Rist, These med., Paris, 1898; also see
pla.ga.rum.bel'li. L. noun plaga injury,
Compt. rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, 52, 1902, plague; L. noun bellum war; M.L. gen. noun
305; Der Frankelsche Diplococcus, Bolog- plagarumbelli of the plagues of war.
nesi, Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 43, 1907, Spheres, 0.6 to 1.0 micron in diameter,
113; Diplococcus paleopneutnoniae Prevot, occurring in pairs of unequal size or in short
Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. Bot., 15, 1933, 143.) chains. Gram-positive.
pa.le.o.pneu.mo'ni.ae. Gr. adj. palaeus Gelatin: No liquefaction.
old; Gr. noun pneumon the lungs; M.L. noun Deep agar colonies: Appear after 24 to
pneumonia pneumonia; M.L. fem.gen.n. 48 hours, gradually increasing in size to
paleopneumoniae of old pneumonia. to 2 mm in diameter; lenticular, regular,
Spheres, about 0.7 to 1.0 micron in di- almost transparent. Gas is not produced,
ameter, occurring in pairs, rareh' singly or even in glucose agar.
in very short chains. Encapsulated. Gram- Broth : Growth precipitates in 5 or 6 days;
positive. no gas is produced.
Gelatin: No liquefaction. Milk: Strongly acidified and coagulated in
Deep agar colonies: Lenticular. 2 to 3 days.
Blood agar colonies: Round, raised, Coagulated proteins not digested.
transparent, dew drop. No hemolysis. Indole not produced.
Broth : Opalescent turbidity which settles Acid but no gas from glucose, maltose,
as a rather abundant, powdery, flocculent lactose and sucrose.
precipitate. No gas produced. Anaerobic.
Glucose or lactose broth: Rapid, abun-
dant growth. Temperature relations: Optimum, 37° C.
Peptone broth (2 per cent) : Very slow Not always killed in 30 minutes at 80° C.
Non-pathogenic.
development; after 4 or 5 days at 37° C., Source: Sixteen strains were isolated from
growth very poor.
Milk: Good growth; partial coagulation. fifty-one cases of septic war wounds.
Habitat: Common in septic wounds.
Blood agar: Very rapid, abundant growth.
Coagulated protein not attacked.
Acid from glucose and lactose. 13. Peptostreptococcus niorbilloruni
Anaerobic. Some strains become aero- (Prevot, 1933) Smith, conib. nov. (Diplo-
tolerant (Smith, Brit. Jour. Exp. Path., 17, cocci from cases of measles, Tunnicliff,
1936, 329). Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 68, 1917, 1028;
Temperature relations: Optimum, 37° C. Diplococcus rubeolae Tunnicliff, Jour. Inf.
No growth at 20° nor at 42° C. Killed at Dis., 52, 1933, 39; Diplococcus morbilloruju
55° C. Prevot, Ann. Sci. Nat., S^r. Bot., 15, 1933,
541
148; original name withdrawn by Tunnicliff, Hemolysed blood broth: Growth floccu-
Jour. Inf. Dis., 58, 1936, 1.) lent, leaving the liquid clear.
mor.bil.lo'rum. Ij. noun morbus disease; Milk: Unchanged by most strains. Acidi-
M.L. dim. noun inorbilhis little disease; jjI. fied and coagulated by some strains.
morbilli measles; M.L. gen. noun morbil- Indole not produced.
lorum of measles. Insoluble in bile.
Spheres, 0.6 to 0.8 micron in diameter, Acid from glucose, sucrose and maltose.
occurring in short chains, rarely in small Anaerobic; most strains become aerotol-
erant with transfers.
masses. Gram-positive.
This organism does not develop on ordi- Temperature relations: Optimum, 37° C.
nary culture media; the addition of fresh Killed in 45 minutes at 57° C. Withstands
— 2° C. for two weeks.
serum or ascitic fluid is necessary.
Distinctive characters: Greenish colonies
on blood media; poor growth on ordinary
Serum agar colonies: Very small, puncti- media.
form, appearing after 5 to 22 days. No gas
Comments: Certain strains of this organ-
is produced. ism become aerotolerant upon repeated
Glucose agar containing ascitic fluid and transfers; these aerotolerant strains are
blood: Colonies are slightly larger and ap- regarded as varieties of this species by Pre-
pear more rapidly than those on serum vot (op. cit., 1933, 152).
agar; greenish. Source: Isolated from the throat and
Blood agar colonies: Surrounded by a blood in cases of measles.
greenish halo. May be large and moist. Gas Habitat: Found in the nose, throat, eyes,
is not produced. ears, mucous secretions and blood from
Broth: Very poor growth. cases of measles.
TRIBE II. LACTOBACILLEAE WINSLOW ET AL., 1920.
(Winslow, Broadhurst, Buchanan, Krumwiede, Rogers and Smith, Jour. Bact., 5,

1920, 211.)
Lac.to.ba.cil'le.ae. M.L. mas.n. Lactobacillus tj^pe genus of the tribe; -eae ending to
denote a tribe; M.L. fem.pl.n. Lactobacilleae the Lactobacillus tribe.
Straight or curved rods usually occurring singly or in chains, sometimes in filaments;
so-called false branching may also occur. Usually non-motile but may be motile, the motile
species possessing peritrichous flagella. Gram-positive. Gelatin may be liquefied, but only
by the strict anaerobes. Carbohydrates are usually attacked, the end-products of fermenta-
tion including either one or a number of the following: formic, acetic, propionic, butyric,
lactic and valerianic acids, alcohol and carbon dioxide. Microaerophilic to anaerobic. Cata-
lase-negative. May or may not be pathogenic. Found in fermenting animal and plant prod-
ucts; also found in the intestinal tracts and in lesions of various warm-blooded animals,
including man.
The physiologies of the strictly anaerobic species included in this tribe have not been
completely elucidated; future work may show that some of these species should be placed
in Propionibacterium Orla-Jensen or in Butyribacterium Barker and Haas.
Key to the genera of tribe Lactobacilleae.

I. Microaerophilic to anaerobic. Glucose fermented with the production of lactic acid
(subgenus Lactobacillus Beijerinck) or with the production of lactic and acetic acids,
alcohol and carbon dioxide (subgenus Saccharobacillus van Laer).
Genus I. Lactobacillus, p. 542.
II. Strictly anaerobic.

A. Non-motile.
1. Cells do not show so-called false branching.
a. Cells do not occur in long chains and/or filaments.
Genus II. Eubacterium , p. 552.
aa. Cells occur in long chains and/or filaments.
Genus III. Catenahacterium , p. 560.
2. Cells show so-called false branching.
Genus IV. Ramihacterium, p. 563.
B. Motile.
Genus V. CiUohacteriuin, p. 566.
Gemis I. Lactobacillus Beijerinck, 1901 *

(Arch, neerl. d. sci. exact, et nat., Hadrlem, Ser. 2, 7, 1901, 212.)
Lac.to.ba.cil'lus. L. noun lac, lactis milk; L. dim. noun bacillus a small rod; M.L. mas.n.
Lactobacillus milk rodlet.
Rods, often long and slender. Non-motile. Gram-positive. Pigment production rare;
when present, yellow or orange to rust or brick-red. Gelatin is not liquefied. Growth on
potato is poor or absent. Glucose and similar aldehydic hexoses, carbohydrates which yield
these simple sugars, and polyhydroxy alcohols are changed either by homofermentation
to lactic acid or by heterofermentation to lactic and acetic acids, alcohol and carbon diox-
ide. Nitrates are not reduced except under certain conditions with Lactobacillus plantarum.
Several species grow at relatively high temperatures. Poor surface growth because these
bacteria are generally microaerophilic or anaerobic. Do not produce catalase. Found in
fermenting animal (especially dairy) and plant products.
Many taxonomists continue to recognize three subdivisions of the lactic acid rods de-
scribed here as belonging to the genus Lactobacillus Beijerinck: Thermobacterium Orla-
Jensen (The Lactic Acid Bacteria, 1919, 160) and Streptobacterium Orla-Jensen {ibid, 166)
for the homofermentative species, and Betabacterium Orla-Jensen {ibid., 175) for the hetero-
fermentative types. Two of these generic names are illegitimate homonyms: Streptobac-
terium apparently was first used by Maggi (Jour. Micrographie, 10, 1886, 84) to designate
a growth form of Bacterium aceti Zopf ; Billet (Bull. Sci. de la France et de la Belgique,
Paris, 1890, 23) used it as a form genus to designate rod-shaped organisms which occur in
chains; Jacqu6 andMasay (Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 62, 1912, 180) defined it as a genus,
including Streptobacterium foetidum as a species in the genus; this organism was similar to
if not identical with one of the species placed in the genus Proteus Hauser. Betabacterium,
as a name for the heterofermentative tj^pes, is antedated by Saccharobacillus van Laer, type
species Saccharobacillus pastoriajius van Laer. There seems to be no more reason for sepa-
rating the high temperature, homofermentative lactic rods from the species that grow at
ordinary temperatures than there is for making a similar subdivision of the homofermenta-
tive lactic streptococci. Thermobacterium is therefore regarded as a synonym in part of
Lactobacillus Beijerinck. Lactobacterium as used by some recent authors (e.g. Krassilnikov,
Guide to the Bacteria and Actinomycetes, Izd. Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Moskau, 1949, 208)
as a substitute for Lactobacillus Beijerinck is invalid. Lactobacterium was proposed by van
Steenberge (Ann. Inst. Past., 34, 1920, 803) for lactobacilli in beer and beer wort; it is a
synonym of Lactobacillus Beijerinck. At the same time when Beijerinck proposed Lacto-
bacillus and van Laer proposed Saccharobacillus, the generic name Bacillus was generally
accepted as applying to any large, rod-shaped bacterium whether it did or did not form
spores, and this interpretation is in accord with the classical meaning of bacillus. In other
*Completely revised by Prof. Carl S. Pederson, New York State Experiment Station,
Geneva, New York, October, 1954.
words, the use of Bacillus for spore-forming rods at a later period cannot be properly inter-
preted as rendering generic names of non-spore-forming rods with the suffix -bacillus ille-
gitimate. Stability in bacteriological nomenclature can, it is believed, be best brought
about by observing the rules of the internationally accepted Bacteriological Code. Under
this Code no one has authority to reject, change or modify a name because in his judgment
another name is preferable. Exceptions to rules should be internationally approved.
The type species is Lactobacillus caucasicus Beijerinck.
It is impossible to make an entirely satisfactory differentiation of the species in the genus
Lactobacillus due to the inadequacy of comparative data. The end-products of fermenta-
tion, utilization of carbon compounds and temperatures of growth are the criteria relied
upon at present. It is quite possible that when more comparative information is made avail-
able in regard to nutritional patterns in defined media, serological reactions and variations
in sugar fermentations, a more satisfactory arrangement of species may be effected. See
Rogosa, Wiseman, Mitchell, Disraely and Beaman (Jour. Bact., 65, 1953, 681), Tittsler,
Geib and Rogosa (Jour. Bact., 54, 1947, 12), Williams (Jour. Inf. Dis., 82, 1948, 31) and Or-
land (Jour. Inf. Dis., 86, 1950, 63).
Key to the, species of genus Lactobacillus.

I. Homofermentative, producing only traces of end-products other than lactic acid from
glucose. Sub-genus Lactobacillus Beijerinck (Arch, nêrl. d. sci. exact, et nat., Hadr-
lem, Ser. 2, 7, 1901, 212).
A. Optimum temperature, between 37° and 60° C. or higher.
1. Produce acid from lactose.
a. Optimum temperature, between 37° and 45° C.
b. Produce levo rotatory lactic acid.
1. Lactobacillus caucasicus.
2. Lactobacillus lactis.
bb. Produce optically inactive or dextro rotatory lactic acid,
c. Microaerophilic.
3. Lactobacillus helveticus.
4. Lactobacillus acidophilus.
cc. Anaerobic in freshly isolated cultures.
5. Lactobacillus bifidus.
aa. Optimum temperature, between 45° and 62° C; usually no acid from maltose.
6. Lactobacillus bulgaricus.
7. Lactobacillus thermophilus.
2. Does not produce acid from lactose.
8. Lactobacillus delbrueckii.
B. Optimum temperature, between 28° and 32° C.
1. Produce optically active lactic acid.
a. Produces dextro rotatory lactic acid. Often prefers lactose to sucrose and
maltose.
9. Lactobacillus casei.
aa. Produces levo rotatory lactic acid.
10. Lactobacillus leichmannii .
2. Produces optically inactive lactic acid.
11. Lactobacillus plantarum.
II. Heterofermentative, producing considerable amounts of end-products other than lactic
acid from glucose (carbon dioxide, alcohol and acetic acid; mannitol from fructose).
Sub-genus Saccharobacillus van Laer (Contributions a I'Histoire des Ferments des Hy-
drates de Carbone. Mem. Acad. Royale de Belgique, 47, 1892, 5).
A. Optimum temperature, between 28° and 32° C. Usually ferment arabinose.
1. Ferment raffinose, sucrose and lactose.

12. Lactobacillus pastorianus.
13. Lactobacillus buchneri.
2. Does not ferment raffinose and often does not ferment sucrose or lactose.
14. Lactobacillus brevis.
B. Optimum temperature, between 35° and 40° C. or higher. Usually does not ferment
arabinose.
15. Lactobacillus fermenti.
1. Lactobacillus caiicasicus (Beije- was not the same as the presumably granu-
rinck, 1889) Beijerinck, 1901. (Bacillus cau- lated lactobacillus he saw in microscopical
casicus Beijerinck, Arch, neerl. d. sci. exact. preparations of kefir. Beijerinck was appar-
et nat., ^3, 1889, 428; Beijerinck, ibid., S6r. ently the first to have isolated a lactobacil-
2, 7, 1901, 212; not Bacillus caucasicus von lus from kefir in pure culture and to have
Freudenreich, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., S, given a sufficiently complete description to
1897, 54 and 135.) make reidentification possible. It should be
cau.ca'si.cus. Gr. noun Caucasia region noted that from the characters given, this
of the Caucasus; M.L. adj. caucasicus of could not have been the same species as
the Caucasus. that isolated later from kefir by von Freu-
Description taken from the reports of denreich (op. cit., 1897, 54 and 135) and
Beijerinck cited above. Orla-Jensen (The Lactic Acid Bacteria,
Rods, thin and variable in size, occurring 1919, 175).
singly or in filaments. Non-motile. Gram-
positive (not recorded in early descriptions) . 2. Lactobacillus lactis (Orla-Jensen,
Gelatin: No liquefaction. 1919) Holland, 1920. {Bacillus lactis acidi
Wort gelatin: Small, white colonies. Leichmann, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., £, 1896,
Agar colonies: Small. 779; also see Milch. Zeitung, 25, 1896, 67;
Broth: Carbohydrates necessary for Thermobacterium lactis Orla-Jensen, The
growth. Lactic Acid Bacteria, 1919, 164; Holland,
Milk: Rapid acid production with coagu- Jour. Bact., 5, 1920, 223.)
lation; no action on casein. lac'tis. L. noun lac milk; lactis of milk.
Utilizes animal peptones wath difficulty; Rods, appearing as long forms with a
utilizes vegetable peptones more readily. tendency to grow into threads, often
Acid from glucose, sucrose, maltose and strongly curling, occurring singly or in pairs
lactose. No action on starch. Action on other
in young vigorous cultures. Generally con-
carbohydrates not studied. Lactose in milk tain volutin grains. Gram-positive (not
converted to levo rotatory lactic acid with recorded in original description).
little carbon dioxide.
Milk: Acid produced followed by coagu-
Microaerophilic . lation in one to four days. 1.7 per cent acid
produced.
44° C. Temperature range, 25° to 45° C. Acid from fructose, glucose, mannose,
Source: Isolated from kefir and from
cheese. galactose, sucrose, maltose, lactose, raffi-
Habitat: Occurs symbiotically with yeast nose and dextrin. Glycerol, xylose, arabi-
in kefir. nose, rhamnose, sorbitol, mannitol, inulin
Prototype: Dispora caucasica Kern, 1882. and starch not fermented. Salicin may or
(Biol. Zent., 2, 1882, 135; later in Bull, de la may not be fermented.
Soc. Imp. des Naturalistes de Moscow, 56, Forms levo rotatory lactic acid with only
1882, 168.) a trace of other products.
The description by Kern of an organism Temperature relations: Optimum, 40° C.
from kefir grains is confused probably be- Minimum, between 18° and 22° C. Maxi-
cause the organism (a spore former) which
mum, 50° C.Isolated from milk and cheese.
Source:
he isolated by the use of Cohn's solution
545
Habitat: Undoubtedly widely distril)uted Rods, 0.6 to 0.9 by 1.5 to 6.0 microns, oc-
in milk or milk products. curring singly, in pairs and in short chains
with rounded ends. Non-motile. Dimensions
3. Lactobacillus helveliciis (Orla-Jen- variable (Kulp and Rettger), (Curran,
sen, 1916) Holland, 1920. (Bacillus e, von Rogers and Whittier). Gram-positive; old
Freudenreich, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., /, cultures often Gram-negative (Moro).
1895, 173; also see Landw. Jahrb. d. Schweiz, Gelatin: No growth at 20° C. No lique-
faction.
1895, 211; Bacillus casei e, von P'reudenreich
and Thoni, Landw. Jahrb. d. Schweiz, 1904, Wort-agar (Moro) or tomato agar (Kulp
526; Thermobacterium helveticiun Orla-Jen- and Rettger) plates. Surface colonies: pe-
sen, Maelkeri-Bakteriologie, 1916, 35; also ripheries a capilliform maze of long, deli-
see The Lactic Acid Bacteria, 1919, 164; cate, twisted, fuzzy projections; center
Holland, Jour. Bact., 5, 1920, 223.) appears as a thick, dark, felt-like mass.
hel.ve'ti.cus. L. adj. Helveiicus Swiss. Deep colonies: small, irregularly shaped,
Rods, 0.7 to 0.9 by 2.0 to 6.0 microns, oc- with fine radiate or ramified projections.
curring singly and in chains. Non-motile. Wort-agar slants: Growth scant, limited,
Gram-positive. dry, veil-like.
Whey gelatin colonies: Does not grow Wort-broth: After 48 hours, fine, floccu-
readily at temperatures required for incu- lent sediment. Other acid broths sediment
bation of gelatin. whitish, slight turbidity.
Lactose agar colonies: Small, grayish, Milk: Slow growth with small inoculum.
viscid. Coagulates from the bottom up.
Milk: Acid, with coagulation; may be- Potato: No growth.
come slimy. Acid but no gas from glucose, sucrose and
Acid from glucose, fructose, galactose, lactose (Moro). Acid from glucose, fructose,
mannose, maltose and lactose; smaller galactose, mannose, maltose, lactose and
amounts are produced from dextrin. The sucrose. Some cultures ferment raffinose
lactic acid produced is optically inactive. and trehalose and have slight action on
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. dextrin. Xylose, arabinose, rhamnose, glyc-
Microaerophilic. erol, mannitol, sorbitol, dulcitol and inosi-
Temperature relations: Optimum, be- tol not fermented (Kulp and Rettger). Op-
tween 40° and 42° C. Minimum, between tically inactive lactic acid and volatile acids
20° and 22° C. Maximum, 50° C. formed from sugars (Curran, Rogers and
Source: Isolated from sour milk and Whittier).
cheese. No visible growth in carbohydrate-free
Habitat: Widely distributed in dairy media (Rettger, Levy, Weinstein and
products. Weiss).
Microaerophilic.
4. Lactobacillus acidophilus (Moro,
1900) Holland, 1920. (Bacillus acidophilus No growth between 20° and 22° C. (Moro).
Moro, Wiener klin. Wochnschr., 13, 1900, Maximum, between 43° and 48° C. (Curran,
114; also see Jahrb. f. Kinderheilkunde, 52, Rogers and Whittier).
1900, 38; Holland, Jour. Bact., 5, 1920, 215.) Not pathogenic for laboratory animals.
a.ci.do'phi.lus. L. adj. acidus sour; M.L. Distinctive characters: Grows in acid
neut.n. acidum acid; Gr. adj. philus loving; media. Unless frequent transfers are made,
M.L. adj. acidophilus acid-loving. organism may become Gram-negative and
Description of Moro supplemented by rapidly develop characteristic degeneration
material from Kulp and Rettger (Jour. forms (Moro). The so-called original strains
Bact., 9, 1924, 357), Curran, Rogers and of Bacilhts acidophilus from the Krdl col-
Whittier (Jour. Bact., 25, 1933, 595) and lection, described and called Microbaclerium
Rettger, Levy, Weinstein and Weiss (Lacto- lacticum by Orla-Jensen, do not have the
bacillus acidophilus, Yale Univ. Press, New characteristics given by Moro.
Haven, 1935). Comments: Crecelius and Rettger (Jour.
Bact., 46, 1943, 12) describe a variety of this in primary culture, becoming microaero-
species from the feces and intestinal con- philic (Weiss and Rettger).
tents of guinea pigs. Optimum temperature, 37° C. May show
Source : Isolated from the feces of milk-fed slight growth at 20° C. Killed at 60° C. in
infants. Also found in the feces of older 15 minutes.
persons on high milk-, lactose- or dextrin- Non-pathogenic for mice or guinea pigs.
containing diets. Distinctive characters: Bifurcations and
Habitat: Same as for the source. club-shaped forms (Tissier), particularly
in infant feces and in primary culture (Weiss
5. Lactobacillus bifidus (Tissier, 1900) and Rettger).
Holland, 1920. (Bacillus bifidus communis Comment: A variety of this species that
and Bacillus bifidus Tissier, Recherches sur
grows more readily in human than in cow's
la flore intestinal des nourrissons, Paris, milk is discussed by Gyorgy and Rose (Jour.
1900, 85; Holland, Jour. Bact., 5, 1920, 223.) Bact., 69, 1955, 483) and in papers listed in
bi'fi.dus. L. adj. bifidus cleft, divided. the bibliography of this report. This differ-
Description supplemented from Weiss ence appears to be due to a specific growth
and Rettger (Jour. Bact., 28, 1934, 501). factor, the so-called bifidus factor.
Small, slender rods, the average length Source: Isolated from feces of nursing
of which is 4.0 microns, 0.5 to 0.7 by 2 to 8 infants.
microns (Weiss and Rettger), occurring Habitat: Very common in the feces of
singly or in pairs and short chains, parallel infants. May constitute almost the entire
to each other, very variable in appearance. intestinal flora of breast-fed infants. Also
Branched and club forms develop in some present in smaller numbers with bottle-fed
cultures. Non-motile. Gram-positive but infants. Possibly more widely distributed
stains irregularly in old cultures (Tissier). than indicated in the intestines of warm-
Little or no growth in carbohydrate-free blooded animals.
agar (Weiss and Rettger).
Deep sugar-agar colonies: After 3 days, 6. Lactobacillus biilgaricus (Luerssen
solid with slightly irregular edge, whitish. and Kiihn, 1907) Holland, 1920. {Bacillus A,
Grow up to 3 cm from the surface forming Grigoroff, Revue M6d. Suisse romande, 25,
a ring. Average diameter 3 mm. No gas. 1905; Bacillus biilgaricus Luerssen and
Sugar broth: Good growth. Turbid within Kuhn, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 20, 1907, 241;
3 days. Clears with fiocculent precipitate. Holland, Jour. Bact., 5, 1920, 215.)
Milk: Good growth with large inoculum. bul.ga'ri.cus. M.L. adj. bulgaricus Bul-
No coagulation (Tissier). May or may not
coagulate milk (Weiss and Rettger). garian.
Description of Luerssen and Kiihn sup-
Acid but no gas from glucose (Tissier). plemented byGrigoroff {op. cit., 1905), Co-
Acid from glucose, fructose, galactose, su- hendy (Compt. rend. Soc. Biol. Paris, 58,
crose, inulin and usually from dextrin, 1906, 364), Kuntze (Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt.,
starch, maltose, raffinose and trehalose. A 21, 1908, 737), Bertrand and Duchacek (Ann.
few strains form acid from lactose and sali- Inst. Past., 23, 1909, 402), White and Avery
cin. The acid consists of optically inactive (Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 25, 1910, 161), Rahe
lactic acid and 18 to 25 per cent of volatile (Jour. Bact., 3, 1918, 420), Orla-Jensen (The
acid (Weiss and Rettger). Orla-Jensen (The Lactic Acid Bacteria, 1919, 164), Kulp and
Lactic Acid Bacteria, 1919, 192), Eggerth Rettger (Jour. Bact., 9, 1924, 357) and Sher-
(Jour. Bact., 30, 1935, 295) and Weiss and man and Hodge (Jour. Dairy Sci., 19, 1936,
Rettger (Jour. Bact., 85, 1938, 17; Jour. Inf. 494).
Dis., 62, 1938, 115) describe a more anaerobic Slender rods with rounded ends, often in
variety of this species which produces more chains. Non-motile. Gram-positive, older
volatile acid as well as dextro rotatory lactic cultures showing unstained portions (Lu-
acid and which ferments arabinose, xylose erssen and Kiihn).
and melezitose but not mannose. Whey gelatin: No liquefaction (White and
Avery).
Strict anaerobe (Tissier). Strict anaerobe
547
Colonies: Flat, yellowish white, 2 to 3 ther.mo'phi.lus. Gr. noun therme heat;

mm in diameter. Old cultures have dark Gr. adj. philus loving; M.L. adj. thermo-
centers. Deep colonies globular (Luerssen philus heat -loving.
and Kiihn). Description of Ayers and Johnson sup-
Whey agar colonies: Circular to irregular plemented bymaterial from Charlton (Jour.
(White and Avery). Dairy Sci., 15, 1932, 393).
Milk: Coagulation at 37° C. No gas. No Rods 0.5 b}- 3.0 microns. Non-motile
decomposition of casein. (Charlton). Stain irregularly. Gram-posi-
tive.
Potato: Yellow-white colonies (Luerssen
and Kiihn). No growth (Grigoroff), (Co- Gelatin stab: No liquefaction.
hendy), (White and Avery). Agar plate: Small colonies.
Indole not produced (Grigoroff), (White Agar slant: Slight, translucent growth
and Avery). (Charlton).
Results on acid production from sugars Broth: Turbid (Charlton).
vary. Glucose, lactose and galactose are Litmus milk: Acid.
apparently always fermented while xylose, Acid from glucose, lactose, sucrose, starch
arabinose, sorbose, rhamnose, dulcitol, and trace from glycerol; no acid from sali-
mannitol, dextrin, inulin and starch are cin, mannitol, raffinose or inulin (Ayers and
never fermented. Early workers (GigorofT) Johnson). Acid from fructose, galactose,
(Cohendy) noted fermentation of fructose, mannose, maltose, raffinose and dextrin;
maltose and sucrose. Later workers (Ber- no acid from arabinose, xylose, glycerol,
trand and Duchacek), (Orla-Jensen), rhamnose, salicin, inulin or mannitol. Dex-
(Rahe), (Kulp and Rettger), (Sherman and tro rotatory lactic acid formed (Charlton).
Hodge) noted variable or negative results Nitrites not produced from nitrates
on sucrose, maltose and unheated fructose. (Charlton).
Forms high acidity in milk. The lactic Facultatively anaerobic. Grows best aer-
obically.
acid is optically inactive (Grigoroff), (Ber-
trand and Duchacek), (White and Avery) Temperature relations: Optimum, be-
or levo rotatory (White and Avery), (Orla- tween 50° and 62.8° C. Minimum, 30° C.
Jensen) with small quantities of volatile Maximum, 65° C. Thermal death point,
acid (White and Avery). 71° C. for 30 minutes or 82° C. for 2^ min-
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. utes.
Aerobic or anaerobic (Luerssen and This is the thermophilic lactobacillus ob-
Kiihn). Microaerophilic (White and Avery). tained from pasteurized milk which causes
Anaerobic in fresh isolation (Sherman and pin-point colonies on agar plates.
Hodge). Source: Isolated from pasteurized milk.
Temperature relations: Optimum, be- Habitat: Known only from pasteurized
milk.
tween 45° and 50° C. Minimum, 22° C. (Lu-
erssen and Kiihn).
Distinctive characters: This species at 8. Lactobacillus delbrueckii (Leich-
present is regarded as including the high- mann, 1896) Beijerinck, 1901. {Bacilhis del-
temperature organisms isolated from milk hriickii Leichmann, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt.,
with difficulty. These ferment glucose, ga- 2, 1896, 284; Beijerinck, Arch, nêrl. d. sci.
lactose and lactose but usually do not fer- exact, et nat., Hadrlem, S4r. 2, 7, 1901, 212.)
ment sucrose, maltose or unheated fructose del.bruec'ki.i. M.L. gen. noun delbrueckii
when freshly isolated. of Delbriick; named for Prof. M. Delbriick,
Source: Originally isolated from yogurt. a German bacteriologist.
Habitat: Probably present in many milk Description of Leichmann supplemented
products if held at high temperature. by material from Henneberg (Cent. f. Bakt.,
II Abt., 11, 1903, 154).
7. Lactobacillus iherniophilus Ayers Rods, 0.5 to 0.8 by 2.0 to 9.0 microns (Hen-
and Johnson, 1924. (Jour. Bact., 9, 1924, neberg), occurring singly and in short
291.) chains. Non-motile. Gram-positive.
Gelatin colonies: Small, gray, circular, is produced with a trace of other end-prod-
not liquefied. ucts.
Agar colonies: Small, flat, crenatecl. Microaerophilic.
Agar slant: Narrow, translucent, soft, Temperature relations: Optimum, 30° C.
grayish streak. Minimum, 10° C. Maximum, between 37°
Broth: Slightly turbid. and 40° C.; with some strains, 45° C.
Milk: Unchanged. Relationship to other species : This is the
Acid from maltose and sucrose (Leich- more common lactic acid rod found in milk
mann) and glucose, fructose, galactose and and milk products. Orla-Jensen distin-
dextrin. No acid from xylose, arabinose, guishes itfrom Lactobacillus plantarum Hol-
rhamnose, lactose, raffinose, trehalose, inu- land in that it produces dextro rotatory
lin, starch, mannitol or a-methyl-glucoside lactic acid and usually ferments lactose
(Henneberg). Levo rotatory lactic acid is more readily than sucrose or maltose.
formed. Forms 1.6 per cent acid in mash. Comments: Rogosa, Wiseman, Mitchell,
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Disraely and Beaman (Jour. Bact., 65, 1953,
Microaerophilic. 688) recognize three varieties of this species
Optimum temperature, 45° C. based on the ability to ferment lactose and/
This is the high-temperature organism or rhamnose.
of fermenting mashes. In fresh isolations it Source: Isolated from milk and cheese.
apparently has a higher optimum tempera- Habitat: Probably more widely distribu-
ture than when held in pure culture. ted than indicated b}^ isolations.
Source: Isolated from sour potato mash
in a distillerJ^ 10. Lactobacillus leichmannii Bergey
Habitat : Fermenting vegetable and grain et al., 1925. {Bacillus leichmanni I, Henne-
mashes. berg, Ztschr. f. Spiritusindustrie, 26, 1903,
22; also see Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 11, 1903,
9. Lactobacillus casei (Orla-Jensen, 180.) Bergey et al.. Manual, 2nd ed., 1925,
163;
1919) Holland, 1920. {Bacillus a, von Freu-
denreich, Ann. d. Microg., 2, 1890, 266; also leich.man'ni.i. M.L. gen. noun leichmannii
see Landw. Jahrb. d. Schweiz, 1891, 20; of Leichmann; named for Prof. G. Leich-
Bacillus casei a, von Freudenreich and mann, a German bacteriologist.
Thoni, Landw. Jahrb. d. Schweiz, 1904, 526; Rods, 0.6 by 2.0 to 4.0 microns, occurring
Caseobacterium vulgare Orla-Jensen, Mael- singly and in short chains. The cells show
keri-Bakteriologie, 1916, 35; Streptobacte- two or more deeply staining granules. Non-
rium casei Orla-Jensen, The Lactic Acid motile. Gram-positive.
Bacteria, 1919, 166; Holland, Jour. Bact., Gelatin stab: No liquefaction.
5, 1920, 221.) Agar colonies: Small, clear with white
centers.
ca'se.i. L. nouncose;/s cheese; L. gen. noun
casei of cheese. Agar slant: Limited, grayish streak, bet-
Short or long rods occurring in short or ter growth in stab.
Broth: Turbid.
long chains. Non-motile. Gram-positive. Acid from glucose, fructose, maltose,
Milk: Acid with coagulation in 3 to 5 days
sucrose and trehalose; slight amounts from
or longer, may become slimy. Forms about
1.5 per cent lactic acid. galactose, mannitol and a-methyl-glucoside.
Lactose, raffinose, arabinose, rhamnose,
Utilizes casein and therefore important dextrin and inulin not fermented. Forms
in cheese ripening. 1.3 per cent lactic acid in mash. Produces
Acid from glucose, fructose, mannose,
levo rotatory lactic acid, according to Ro-
galactose, maltose, lactose, mannitol and gosa et al. (Jour. Bact., 65, 1953, 686).
salicin. May or may not ferment sucrose. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Mostly dextro rotatory lactic acid produced Microaerophilic.
though a small amount of levo rotatory
lactic acid may be formed. Only lactic acid
Maximum, between 40° and 46° C.
549
FAMILY X. LACTOBACILLACEAB
Relationship to other species : This species Lactic acid (usually optically inactive),
is apparently similar to Lactobacillus del- with only small quantities of acetic acid
brueckii but has a lower optimum tempera- and carbon dioxide, is produced in the fer-
ture. mentation of hexose sugars. Acetic and
Source: Isolated from compressed yeast lactic acids are produced from the pentoses
and from fermenting milk. Produces up to 1.2 per cent acid in broth.
Habitat: Dairy and plant products. Nitrites not produced from nitrates in
ordinary broth. In special media, some
11. Laclobacillus plantaruni (Orla- strains produce nitrites from nitrates (Cos-
Jensen, 1919) Holland, 1920. (Streptobac- tilow and Humphreys, Science, 121, 1955,
168).
teriurn plantarum Orla-Jensen, The Lactic
Acid Bacteria, Copenhagen, 1919, 174; Hol- Microaerophilic.
land, Jour. Bact., 5, 1920, 225.) Temperature relations: Optimum, 30° C.
Probable synonyms: Lactobacillus pento- Minimum, 10° C. Maximum, 40° C. Thermal
sus Fred, Peterson and Anderson, Jour. death point, 65° to 75° C. for 15 minutes.
Biol. Chem., 48, 1921, 410; Lactobacillus Salt tolerance: Usually grows in salt up
arabinosus Fred, Peterson and Anderson, to 5.5 per cent.
loc. cit. Relationship to other species : This species
plan.ta'rum. L. fem.n. planta a sprout; is the optically inactive lactic acid-produc-
M.L. planta a plant; M.L. gen. pi. noun plan- ing rod from fermenting materials but is
tarum of plants. closely related to Lactobacillus casei. It
Description from Orla-Jensen supple- ferments sucrose and maltose as readily as
mented b}^ material from Pederson (Jour. lactose.
Bact., SI, 1936, 217). Comments: Breed and Pederson (Jour.
Rods, ordinarily 0.7 to 1.0 by 3.0 to 8.0 Bact., 36, 1938, 667; also see New York Agr.
microns, occurring singly or in short chains, Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. 259, 1941, 15 pp.) have
with rounded ends. Under favorable growth described a chromogenic variety of this
conditions these organisms tend to be short species which causes rusty spots in cheese.
rods. Under adverse conditions they tend Source: Isolated from cheese, butter,
to be longer; for example, in tomato juice kefir, feces, fermenting potatoes, beets,
agar at 45° C. (Pederson, N. Y. Agr. Exp. corn, chard, bread dough, sauerkraut, cu-
Sta. Tech. Bull. 150, 1929). In fermenting cumber pickles, tomato pickles, cauliflower
vegetables, the organisms tend to become pickles and spoiled tomato products.
longer as the acidity becomes greater. The Habitat: Widely distributed in nature,
organisms are usually longer in milk than particularly in fermenting plant and animal
in broths. Differences in morphology are
well illustrated by Orla-Jensen. Non-motile. products.
A motile strain of this organism has been 12. Lactobacillvis pastorianus (van
described bj' Harrison and Hansen (Jour. Laer, 1892) Bergey et al., 1923. (Saccharo-
Bact., 59, 1950, 444). Gram-positive. bacillus pastorianus van Laer, Contributions
Gelatin-yeast extract-glucose stab: Fili-
form growth. No liquefaction. k I'Histoire des Ferments des Hydrates de
Carbone. M6m. Acad. Royale de Belgique,
Agar slant: Growth, if any, is very faint.
Broth: Turbid, clearing after a few days. 47, 1892, 5; Bergey et al., Manual, 1st ed.,
A few strains flocculate. 1923, 246.)
Litmus milk: Acid, usually coagulated. pas.tor.i.an'us. L. mas.n. pastor a shep-
The majoritj' of strains produce acid from herd, the Latin rendition of Pasteur; M.L.
glucose, fructose, mannose, galactose, arabi- adj. pastorianus pertaining to Pasteur;
nose, sucrose, maltose, lactose, raffinose, named for Louis Pasteur, French chemist
salicin and, to a lesser extent, from sorbitol, and bacteriologist.
mannitol, dextrin, glycerol and xylose. Description supplemented by material
Rhamnose, starch and inulin usually not from Henneberg (Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt.,
fermented. 8, 1902, 184), Shimwell (Jour. Inst. Brewing,
4/, 1935, 481) and Pederson (Jour. Bact., fermentations, has been described by Shim-
35, 1938, 107). well (Jour. Inst. Brewing, 55 (X.S. 46),
Rods, 0.5 to 1.0 bj' 7.0 to 35.0 microns, 1949, 26).
occurring singly and in chains. Non-motile. Source: Isolated from sour beer and from
Gram-positive. distillery yeast.
Wort gelatin : Surface colonies are rhizoid Habitat: Probably more widely distribu-
and slightly spreading. Submerged colonies ted than indicated by isolations.
are round with smooth edges, yellowish by
transmitted light and rarely exceed 0.3 mm 13. Lactobacillus buchneri (Henne-
in diameter. berg, 1903) Bergey et al., 1923. {Bacillus
Wort gelatin slant: Growth is narrow huchneri Henneberg, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt.,
(about 1 mm wide), fiat, translucent and 11, 1903, 163; Bergey et al.. Manual, 1st ed.,
rhizoid, becoming dry. 1923, 251.)
Wort gelatin stab: A lu.xuriant, arbores- buch'ner.i. M.L. gen. noun buchneri of
cent form is produced in 7.5 per cent gelatin. Buchner; named for Prof. E. Buchner, a
With 10 per cent gelatin the growth spreads German bacteriologist.
less vigorously, and in 15 per cent gelatin Description supplemented hy material
the stab is no longer arborescent but be- from Pederson (Jour. Bact., 85, 1938, 107).
comes beaded. Rods, 0.35 by 0.7 to 4.0 microns, occurring
Wort agar colonies: Appear as irregular singly, in pairs and chains or in filaments
masses of threads radiating from a central 25 microns or longer. Non-motile. Gram-
nucleus; grayish white by reflected light.
Wort agar slant: Growth same as for wort positive.
Agar colonies: White to j-ellowish, ad-
gelatin slant. However, at higher tempera- herent.
tures (32° C.) the rhizoid form becomes ob- Agar slant: Growth, if anj', faint.
scure, and the growth develops into a Broth: Turbid, clearing after a few days.
beaded, raised, grayish white streak about Litmus milk: Usually unchanged but
2 mm in width. may be slightly acid with no reduction.
Broth: Produces a silky turbidity in un- Acid usually from arabinose, xylose, glu-
hopped beer and wort. Good growth in cose, fructose, galactose, mannose, sucrose,
yeast extract; turbid. lactose, maltose and raffinose. Mannitol,
Litmus milk: Acid. sorbitol, glycerol, rhamnose, salicin, inulin,
Acid from arabinose, glucose, fructose, dextrin and starch fermented by a few
galactose, maltose, sucrose, dextrin, rafii- strains.
nose, trehalose and mannitol; slight acid Lactic acid produced usually optically
from lactose and starch. No acid from xy- inactive. Acetic acid, ethyl alcohol and car-
lose, rhamnose or inulin. Forms 1.5 per cent bon dioxide formed in the fermentation of
acid in mash. Also forms CO2 and alcohol, aldohexoses. Mannitol produced from fruc-
lactic, formic and acetic acids. tose. Acetic and lactic acids from pentoses.
This species includes the ordinarily long Forms 1.3 per cent lactic acid in mash and
rod tj'pes from spoiled beers. Apparently 2.7 per cent alcohol.
the same variations in regard to sugar fer- Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
mentation may be found as are noted for Temperature relations: Optimum, be-
similar species. tween 32° and 37° C. Minimum, between
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. 10° and 15° C. Maximum, between 44° and
Microaerophilic. 48° C.
Temperature relations: Optimum, be- Relationship to other species: Strains of
tween 29° and 33° C. Minimum, 11° C. Max- this species might be considered intermedi-
ates between Lactobacillus brevis and Lacto-
imum, 37° C.
Optimum pH for initial growth, 8.0; bacillus fermenti.
growth shows signs of inhibition at pH 9.0. Source: Isolated from sour mash, pressed
Comment: A slime-producing variety, yeast, molasses, wine, catsup and sauer-
differing from the parent strain in sugar kraut.
Habitat: Widel}' distributed in fermenting (Proc. Soc. Agr. Bact., 1936, 3) and by Breed
substances. and Pederson (Jour. Bact., S6, 1938, 667;
also see New York Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech.
14. Lactobacillus brevis (Orla-Jensen, Bull. 259, 1941, 15 pp.).
1919) Bergey et al., 1934. (Bacillus y, von Source: Isolated from milk, kefir, cheese,
Freudenreich, Landw. Jahrb. d. Schweiz, feces, fermenting sauerkraut, ensilage,
1891, 22; Bacillus casei y, von Freudenreich manure, soils, sour dough and spoiled to-
and Thoni, Landw. Jahrb. d. Schweiz, 1904, mato products.
526; Beiabacterium breve Orla-Jensen, The Habitat: Widely distributed in nature,
Lactic Acid Bacteria, 1919, 175; Bergey et particularly in plant and animal products.
aL, Manual, 4th ed., 1934, 312.)
bre'vis. L. adj. brevis short. 15. Lactobacillus fermenti Beijerinck,
Description supplemented by material 1901. (Arch, nêrl. d. sci. exact, et nat.,
fromPederson (Jour, of Bact.,S5, 1938, 105). Ser. 2, 7, 1901, 212.)
Rods, 0.7 to 1.0 by 2.0 to 4.0 microns, with fer.men'ti. L. neut.n. fermentum ferment
rounded ends, occurring singly, in short yeast; L. gen. noun fermenti of yeast.
chains and occasionally in long filaments Description supplemented by material
which may show granulation. Non-motile. from Smit (Ztschr. f. Garungsphysiol., 5,
Gram-positive. 1916, 273) and Pederson (Jour. Bact., 35,
Gelatin: No liquefaction. 1938, 106).
Agar slant: Growth, if any, faint. Rods, variable in size, usually short (Bei-
Broth: Turbid, clearing after a few daj^s. jerinck), 0.5 to 1.0 by 3.0 to 15.0 microns
Milk: Acid produced but no clot except (Smit), sometimes in pairs or chains. Non-
with some freshly isolated strains.
Does not attack casein as a rule. motile. Gram-positive (Smit).
Utilizes calcium lactate as a source of Yeast extract-glucose-gelatin: Filiform,
carbon. no liquefaction (Pederson).
Acid from arabinose, xylose, glucose, Agar colonies: Flat, circular, small, trans-
fructose, galactose and maltose. Strains lucent like droplets of water.
vary in fermentation of lactose, sucrose, Agar slant: Growth, if any, scant.
mannose and raffinose. Salicin, mannitol, Broth: Turbid, clearing after a few days.
glycerol, rhamnose, dextrin, inulin and Milk: Unchanged or slightly acid.
starch seldom fermented. Usually shows a Reduction of litmus, methylene blue,
particularly^ vigorous fermentation of arabi- indigo carmine, sodium thiosulfate. NaoSOs
nose.
is reduced to H2S (Smit).
Lactic acid produced usually optically
inactive; acetic acid, ethyl alcohol and Acid usually from glucose, fructose, malt-
carbon dioxide formed in fermentation of ose, sucrose and lactose (Beijerinck) and
aldohexoses. Mannitol produced from fruc- mannose, galactose and raffinose; some
tose. Acetic and lactic acids produced from strains ferment xylose; usually does not
the pentoses. ferment arabinose, rhamnose, sorbitol,
Temperature relations: Optimum, 30° C. mannitol, inulin, dextrin, starch or salicin
Growth poor below 15° and above 37° C. (Pederson).
Maximum, 38° C. Lactic acid produced usually optically
This species includes the large group of inactive; acetic acid, ethyl alcohol and
gas-producing lactic acid rods ordinarily carbon dioxide are formed in the fermenta-
characterized by a marked fermentation of
tion of aldohexoses (Smit), (Pederson).
pentoses, particularly arabinose. Thej^ usu- Mannitol is formed in the fermentation of
ally also ferment fructose more readily
than glucose. fructose (Beijerinck), (Smit). Acetic acid
Comment: A chromogenic variety which and lactic acid are produced from pentoses
causes the production of rusty spot in cheese if they are fermented (Pederson).
has been described by Davis and Mattick These are the higher temperature gas-
producingrods.They usually do not ferment 15° and 18° C. Maximum, between 48° and
the pentoses, but when they do the fermen- 50° C.
tation is seldom as active as that produced Source: Isolated from yeast, milk prod-
by strains of Lactobacillus hrevis. ucts, fermenting dough, potatoes or vegeta-
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. bles, tomato products and wine.
Microaerophilic. Habitat: Widely distributed in nature.
Temperature relations: Optimum, be- particularly in fermenting plant or animal
tween 41° and 42° C. Minimum, between products.
Genus II. Eubacterium Prevot, 1938*

(Prevot, Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 294; not Subgenus Eubacterium Janke, Zent. f.
Bakt., II Abt., 80, 1930, 490.)
Eu.bac.te'ri.um. Gr. prefix eu- true; Gr. neut.dim.n. bacterium a small rod; M.L. neut.n.
Eubacterium true Bacterium.
Straight or curved rods which usually occur singly, in pairs or in very short chains. Never
show branching. Non-motile. Gram-positive. Carbohydrates are usually attacked, the
end-products of fermentation including some of the following: formic, acetic, propionic,
butyric and lactic acids. Anaerobic. May be pathogenic. Found in the intestinal tracts of
vertebrates.
The descriptions of the species in Eubacterium, Catenabacterium, Ramibacterium and Cillo-
baclerium which appeared prior to 1948 have been supplemented by material taken from
Prevot (Man. d. Classif. et d. Determ. d. Bact. Anderobies, Paris, 1948, 95-105).
The type species is Eubacterium foedans (Klein) Prevot.
Key to the species of genus Eubacterium.

A. Produce a fetid odor.
1. Not proteolytic. Gelatin not liquefied.
a. Milk not coagulated. Not pathogenic.
1. Eubacterium foedans.
aa. Milk is coagulated.
b. Presumabl}^ not hemolytic. Effect on carbohydrates not recorded. Path-
ogenic.
2. Eubacterium niosii.
bb. Hemolytic. Carbohydrates are attacked.
c. Pathogenic. Effect on gelatin not recorded.
3. Eubacterium obstii.
cc. Not pathogenic.
4. Eubacterium rectale.
2. Proteolytic. Gelatin is liquefied. Milk is digested. Pathogenic.
5. Eubacterium quartiun.
B. Do not produce a fetid odor.
1. Elements occur in twisted chains.
6. Eubacterium pseudotortuosinn.
7. Eubacterium tortuosum.
2. Elements do not occur in twisted chains.
*Arranged by Mrs. Eleanors Heist Clise and Mr. Erwin F. Lessel, Jr., Cornell Univer-
sity, Geneva, New York, March, 1955.
b. Milk coagulated then digested.

8. Euhacterimn quinlum.
bl). Milk not attacked.
9. Euhaderivm limosum.
b. Milk is coagulated.
c. Ethanol produced as a principal end-product of fermentation.
10. Eubacferium ethylicum.
cc. Ethanol not produced.
11. Euhacterium ureolyiicum.
12. Euhacterium biforme.
bb. Milk not coagulated.
c. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
13. Euhacterium nitritogenes.
cc. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
14. Euhacterium aerofaciens.
A. Carbohydrates are attacked.
1. Neutral red reduced.
a. Phenosafranin reduced.
15. Euhacterium parvum.
aa. Phenosafranin not reduced.
16. Euhacterium crispatum.
2. Neutral red not reduced.
17. Euhacterium discifortnans.
B. Carbohydrates not attacked.
1. Pathogenic. Action on milk not recorded.
18. Exibacterium mimitum.
2. Not pathogenic. Milk not coagulated.
19. Euhacterium lentum.
C. Effect on carbohydrates not recorded. No growth in milk. Pathogenic.
20. Euhacteririm poeciloides .
1. Eubacteriuni foedans (Klein, 1908) semifluid mass. Alkaline reaction. Gas and
Prevot, 1938. (Bacillus foedans Klein, Lan- fetid odor produced.
cet, 1, 1908, 1832; Prevot, Ann. Inst. Past., Milk: No change. Fetid odor produced.
60, 1938, 294.) Coagulated proteins not attacked.
foe'dans. L. part. adj. foedans making Hj'drogen sulfide is produced,
foul or filthj'. Acid from glucose, fructose, maltose and
Straight or curved rods, 0.4 by 3.0 to 5.0 galactose,
microns, occurring in short chains or some- Ammonia, acetylmethylcarbinol, volatile
times in filaments. Non-motile. Gram-posi- amines, alcohol, ketone and formic, pro-
tive. pionic and lactic acids are produced.
Gas and fetid odor produced in culture Nitrites produced from nitrates,
media. Neutral red not reduced.
Glucose gelatin: Colonies cloudy. No Phenosafranine reduced,
liquefaction. Anaerol)ic.
Deep agar colonies: Lenticular, becoming Optimum temperature, between 20° and
floccose and arborescent. 37° C.
Glucose broth: Growth occurs as a viscid. Not pathogenic.
Source: Isolated from a spoiled, salted Indole not produced.

ham; also from soil from Equatorial Africa. Acid and gas from glucose.
Habitat: Probably decomposing organic Ammonia, amines and nitrogen are pro-
material. duced.
Anaerobic.
2. Eubacteriuni niosii (Hauduroy et Optimum temperature, 37.5° C. Killed at
al., 1937) Prevot, 1938. (Anaerobe Bacillus, 65° C.
Niosi, Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 58, 1911, Pathogenic for mice, guinea pigs and
193; Bacteroides niosii Hauduroy et al., marine fish, causing death.
Diet. d. Bact. Path., 1937, 65; Pr6vot, Ann. Source: Isolated from the intestines of
Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 294.) copepods, schizopods and shrimp.
ni.o'si.i. M.L. gen. noun niosii of Niosi; Habitat: Found in sea water and in the
named for F. Niosi, the bacteriologist who intestines of marine fish. Rather common.
first isolated this organism.
Short, thick rods, 0.8 to 1.2 by 1.0 to 1.5 4. Eubacterium rectale (Hauduroy et
microns, with rounded ends, occurring al., 1937) Prevot, 1938. (Un bacille an-
singly, in pairs, in V-formation, in short aerobic, Grootten, Compt. rend. Soc. Biol.,
chains and in clumps. Non-motile. Gram- Paris, 102, 1929, 43; Bacteroides rectalis Hau-
positive in pus and in young cultures. duroy et al.. Diet. d. Bact. Path., 1937, 72;
Gas and fetid odor produced in culture Prevot, Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 294.)
media.
rec'ta.le. L. part. adj. rectus straight;
Gelatin: No growth. M.L. neut.n. rectum the straight bowel,
Deep agar colonies: Small, lenticular, rectum; M.L. adj. rectalis rectal.
becoming mulberry-like. Gas is produced. Straight or curved rods, 0.8 by 3.0 mi-
Glucose broth: Turbid. Gas and fetid odor crons, with rounded ends; sinuous filaments
produced. up to 20.0 microns in length may also occur.
Tarozzi broth: Abundant turbidity. Very Non-motile. Gram-positive.
fetid odor. Gas produced in culture media.
Milk : Coagulated in 5 days ; curd digested. Gelatin: No liquefaction.
Indole not produced. Deep agar colonies: Spherical, 1 to 2 mm
Anaerobic. in diameter, arborescent. Medium broken
37° C. by Glucose
gas. broth: Abundant turbidity which
Pathogenic for rabbits and guinea pigs. precipitates. Fetid gas produced.
Source: Isolated from a case of suppura- Blood broth: Hemolysis in 24 hours.
tive pleurisy. Milk: Acidified; coagulated in 3 weeks.
Habitat: Respiratory tract. Uncommon. Gas is produced.
Coagulated proteins not attacked.
3. Eubacterium obstii Prevot, 1938. Hydrogen sulfide is produced.
(Bacillus B, Obst, Jour. Inf. Dis., U, 1919, Acid and gas from glucose, maltose and
159 and 168; Eubacterium obsti (sic) Prevot, lactose.
Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 294.) Neutral red reduced in 24 hours.
ob'sti.i. M.L. gen. noun obstii of Obst; Anaerobic.
named for M. Obst, the bacteriologist who
first isolated this organism. 56°Optimum
C. temperature, 37° C. Killed at
Short, straight rods. Non-motile. Gram- Source: Isolated in association with a
positive.
rectal ulcer.
Gas produced in culture media.
Deep agar colonies: Discoid. Gas is pro- Habitat: Found in the rectum. Very un-
duced. common.
Blood agar colonies: Discoid. Hemolysis.
Blood media: Abundant growth. Fetid 5. Eubacteriuni quartum Prevot, 1938.
gas produced. (Anaerob No. IV, Rodella, Ztschr. f. Hyg.,
Jtl, 1902, 474; Pr6vot, Ann. Inst. Past., 60, Milk: No coagulation.
1938, 294.) Coagulated proteins not attacked.
quar'tum. L. adj. quartus fourth. Hydrogen sulfide is produced.
Thick rods, with rounded ends, which Acid from glucose, fructose, maltose,
vary in length. Non-motile. Gram-positive. sucrose, lactose, galactose, sorbitol and
Gas and fetid odor produced in culture starch.
media. Ammonia, formic, butyric and lactic
Gelatin: Liquefaction in 6 to 9 days. Sedi- acids, volatile amines, alcohol, aldehyde,
ment. ketone and acetylmethylcarbinol are pro-
Deep agar colonies : Small, round, arbores- duced.
cent. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Glucose broth: Turbid. Abundant gas. Neutral red and safranin are reduced.
Sediment. Anaerobic.
Milk: Digested in 3 to 5 days. Cheese-like Optimum temperature, 37° C.
odor produced. Optimum pH, 7.4.
Coagulated serum not liquefied. Not pathogenic for guinea pigs or mice.
Hydrogen sulfide is produced. Source: Isolated from a case of purulent,
Acid from glucose, fructose, maltose and acute appendicitis.
glycerol. Habitat: Found in human intestines. Un-
Ammonia, volatile amines, alcohol and common.
formic, butyric and lactic acids are pro-
duced. 7. Eubacterium tortuosum (Debono,
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. 1912) Pr^vot, 1938. (Bacillus tortuosus De-
Neutral red and safranin are reduced. bono, Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 6£, 1912,
Anaerobic. 233; Pr^vot, Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 295.)
Optimum temperature, 37° C. Killed at tor.tu.o'sum. L. adj. tortuosus full of
70° C. windings.
Pathogenic. Guinea pigs killed in 24 hours Straight rods of medium size, with
by intraperitoneal inoculation. rounded ends, occurring in twisted chains.
Source: Isolated from feces in cases of Non-motile. Gram-positive.
infantile diarrhea; also from soil from Slight gas production in culture media.
French West Africa. Gelatin: Granular growth. No liquefac-
Habitat: Found in intestines of children. tion.
Rather uncommon. Deep agar colonies: Small, lenticular or
irregular, grayish. Little gas produced.
6. Eubacterium pseiitlotortuosuiii Pr6- Glucose broth: Uniform turbidity. Vis-
vot, 1947. (Ann. Inst. Past., 73, 1947, 409.) cous, coherent sediment. Gas produced.
pseu.do.tor.tu.o'sum. Gr. adj. pseudes Milk: Acidified; no coagulation.
false; L. adj. tortuosus full of windings, a Coagulated proteins not digested.
specific epithet; M.L. adj. pseudotortuosum Indole not produced.
not the true {Eubacterium) tortuosum. Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Straight or curved rods, 0.4 to 0.5 by 3.0 Acid and gas from glucose, lactose, su-
to 4.0 microns, occurring in twisted chains crose, galactose, fructose, maltose, manni-
or wavy filaments. Non-motile. Gram-posi- tol and starch.
tive (decoloring easily). Ammonia, acetylmethylcarbinol and for-
Gas but no odor produced in culture me- mic, propionic and lactic acids are produced.
dia. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Gelatin: Liquefaction in 3 days. Neutral red reduced.
Deep agar colonies: Lenticular. Gas is Anaerobic.
produced. Not pathogenic.
Glucose broth: Abundant turbidity and Source: Isolated from human feces.
gas. Habitat: Found in the human intestine.
Peptone broth: Turbid. Rather uncommon.
8. Eubacteriuni quintum Prevot, 1940. halose. A slight acidity (pH 6.0 to 6.5) de-
(Anaerob No. V, Rodella, Ztschr. f. Hyg., velops without detectable gas in aesculin,
U, 1902, 475; Prevot, Man. d. Classif. et d. cellobiose, glucosamine, inulin, glycogen,
Determ. d. Bact. Anaerobies, 1940, 65.) maltose, mannose, methylmannoside, raffi-
quin'tum. L. adj. quintus fifth. nose, salicin, starch and sucrose. No acid
More or less thick rods, of variable length, from amygdalin, arabinose, dulcitol, galac-
with rounded ends. Non-motile. Gram-posi- tose, glycerol, inositol, lactose, melezitose,
tive. methylglucoside, rhamnose, sorbitol or
Gas but no odor produced in culture me- .xjdose.
dia. Gas and volatile acid, of which butyric
Gelatin: Liquefaction in 5 to 7 days. acid is a main component, are produced
Deep agar colonies: Opaque centers. Gas from glucose; traces of lactic acid are also
is produced. produced (Pederson, Jour. Bact., 50, 1945,
478).
Glucose broth: Rapid turbidity.
Milk: Digested in 2 to 3 days after coagu- Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
lation. Anaerobic.
Coagulated serum slowly digested.
Anaerobic. Optimum temperature, 37° C.
Non-pathogenic for white mice and rab-
Pathogenic. Guinea pigs killed in 48 hours bits.
after subcutaneous injection. Relationship to other species: A culture
Source: Isolated from cases of infantile of this organism supplied to Dr. H. A. Bar-
diarrhea. ker has been carefully studied. Barker (per-
Habitat: Found in the intestines of chil- sonal communication, November, 1955)
dren. Uncommon. states that acetic and n -butyric acids are
produced from glucose and lactate and
9. Eubacteriuni liiiiosum (Eggerth, that this organism should be transferred to
1935) Prevot, 1938. (Bacteroides limosus the genus Butyribacterium.
Eggerth, Jour. Bact., 30, 1935, 290; Prevot, Source: One strain, obtained as a single-
Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 295.) cell culture, was isolated from human feces.
li.mo'sum. L. adj. limosus full of slime, Habitat: Found in human feces and pre-
slimy. sumabl}^ in the feces of other warm-blooded
Rods, 0.5 to 1.5 by 1.0 to 5.0 microns; the animals.
average length is 3.0 to 4.0 microns. Pleo-
morphic. Occur as short ovoids and as 10. Eubacteriuni ethylicum Prevot,
wedge-shaped bacilli; curved, hooked and 1938. {Bacillus gracilis ethylicus Achalme
bifid forms are numerous. Metachromatic and Rosenthal, Compt. rend. Soc. Biol.,
granules are absent. Non-motile. Gram- Paris, 58, 1906, 1025; Prevot, Ann. Inst.
positive. Past., 60, 1938, 295.)
Gas but no odor produced in culture me- e.thy'li.cum. Gr. noun ether ether; M.L.
dia. neut.n. ethyl the ethyl radical; M.L. adj.
Gelatin: Slow liquefaction. ethylicus pertaining to ethyl.
Glucose agar and blood agar colonies: 2 Slender, straight or curved rods occurring
to 4 mm in diameter, raised, cream-colored, singly, in pairs or in short chains. Granular.
mucoid, adherent. No hemolysis on blood Non-motile. Gram-positive.
agar. Gas but no odor produced in culture me-
Glucose broth: Cloudy with a heavy, dia.
mucoid sediment; the pH reaches 4.8. Gelatin: No liquefaction.
Milk: Unchanged. Deep agar colonies: At first punctiform,
Coagulated proteins not attacked. spreading to 2 mm in diameter; irregular.
Indole not produced. Glucose broth: Flocculent growth which
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. precipitates, leaving the medium clear.
Acid and gas from glucose, fructose, man- Ammonia is produced.
nitol, adonitol, erythritol, de.xtrin and tre- Peptone broth: Same as for glucose broth.
Milk: Coagulated in 5 days, followed by curring singly, in pairs or in short chains.

digestion. Gas produced. Non-motile. Gram-positive.
Indole not produced. Gas produced in culture media.
Glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, man- Gelatin: No liquefaction.
nitol, starch and glycerol are fermented Deep agar colonies: Lenticular, 2 to 3 mm
with the production of gas, acid (acetic and in diameter.
butyric) and ethanol. Glucose broth: Turbid. Acidified.
Anaerobic. Milk: Acidified and coagulated.
Optimum temperature, 37° C. Coagulated proteins not attacked.
Pathogenic for rabbits and guinea pigs, Indole not produced.
which are killed after subcutaneous inocu- Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
lation. Acid and abundant gas from glucose,
Source: Isolated from a case of gastritis. fructose, maltose, galactose, mannose, lac-
Habitat: Found in the human stomach. tose and dextrin.
Uncommon. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Anaerobic.
11. Eubacterium ureolyticuni Huet Pathogenic for rabbits but not for mice.
and de Cadore, 1954. (Ann. Inst. Past., 86, Relationship to other species: Pederson
1954, 242.) (personal communication, March, 1945)
u.re.o.ly'ti.cum. M.L. fem.n. urea urea; points out that this organism may have
Gr. adj. lyticus dissolving; M.L. adj. ureo- been a Lactobacillus , but that its relation-
lijticus urea-digesting. ships are not definitely known.
Large rods, 0.8 b}^ 3.0 microns. Non-mo- Source: Isolated from human feces.
tile. Gram-positive. Habitat: Found in the human intestine.
Gas produced in culture media. Uncommon.
Deep agar colonies: Irregular, snowflake- 13. Eubacterium nitritogenes Pr6vot,
like. 1940. (Compt. rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, ISJt,
Glucose broth: Abundant growth. Gas is 1940, 353.)
produced. ni.tri.to'ge.nes. M.L. neut.n. nitritum
Peptone broth: Poor growth. nitrite; Gr. v. gennaio to produce; M.L.
Milk: Coagulated. adj. nitritogenes nitrite-producing.
Proteins not attacked. Straight, thick rods, 1.0 by 2.5 to 4.0 mi-
Hydrogen sulfide produced abundantly. crons, with rounded ends. Non-motile.
Acid from lactose, maltose, fructose, glu- Gram-positive.
cose and galactose. Gas but no odor produced in culture me-
Volatile amines, aldehydes and butyric, dia.
acetic and lactic acids, but not alcohol or Gelatin: No liquefaction.
ketones, are produced. Deep agar colonies: Lenticular. Gas pro-
Nitrites produced from nitrates. duced.
Produces an extremely active urease. Gluco.se broth: Abundant turbidity and
Neutral red, safranin and phenosafranin
are reduced. Peptone broth: Turbid; gas is produced.
Anaerobic. Milk: No coagulation.
Source: Isolated from feces from a sheep. gas.Coagulated proteins not attacked.
Habitat: Unknown. Indole not produced.
12. Eubacterium biforme (Eggerth, Acid from glucose and fructose; sucrose
1935) Pr^vot, 1938. (Bacteroides biformis and lactose are very weakly fermented.
Eggerth, Jour. Bact., 30, 1935, 283; Pr^vot, Ammonia, volatile amines and propionic,
Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 295.) butyric and lactic acids are produced. Ace-
bi.for'me. L. adj. biformis two-formed. tylmethylcarbinol not produced.
Short, ovoid rods, 0.7 by 1.5 microns, oc- Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Neutral red reduced. Milk: Coagulated in 20 to 25 days; some

Anaerobic. strains coagulate more rapidly ; no digestion.
Optimum pH, between 6.5 and 7.8. Acid- Acid from glucose, fructose, maltose,
tolerant but not acidophilic. galactose and lactose.
Not pathogenic for guinea pigs or mice. Ammonia, aldehydes, alcohols, ketones,
Source: Isolated from a peptic digest of acetylmethylcarbinol and formic, butyric
meat in an acid medium. and lactic acids are produced.
Habitat: Unknown. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Neutral red and phenosafranin reduced.
14. Eiibacterium aerofaciens (Eggerth, Anaerobic.
1935) Prevot, 1938. (Bacteroides aerofaciens Optimum temperature, 37° C.
Eggerth, Jour. Bact., 30, 1935, 282; Prevot, Not pathogenic for laboratory animals.
Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 295.) Source: Isolated from the large intestine
a.e.ro.fa'ci.ens. Gr. mas.n. aer air, gas; of a horse; also from a case of acute appendi-
L. V. facio to make, produce; M.L. part. adj. citis.
aerofaciens gas-producing. Habitat: Found in the intestines of foals
Ovoid rods, 0.4 to 2.0 by 2.0 to 3.0 microns, and of man. Uncommon.
with rounded or pointed ends, occurring in
chains of two to ten elements. Non-motile. 16. Eubacterium crispatum Brygoo
Gram-positive. and Aladame, 1953. (Ann. Inst. Past., 8^,
Gas produced in culture media. 1953, 640.)
Gelatin: No liquefaction. cris.pa'tum. L. part. adj. crispatus curled,
Deep agar colonies : 1 to 2 mm in diameter, crisped.
coherent. Straight or slightly curved rods, 1.0 by
Glucose broth: Slightly turbid. 3.0 microns, occurring sometimes singly
Milk: Acidified; not coagulated. but usually in rather long chains having a
Coagulated proteins not attacked. twisted appearance and numerous loops;
Indole not produced. the length of each chain varies from 20 to
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. 40 microns. Non-motile. Gram-positive.
Acid and gas from glucose, maltose, fruc- Gas not produced in culture media.
tose, galactose, sucrose and lactose. Gelatin: No liquefaction.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Deep agar colonies: Punctiform.
Anaerobic. Glucose broth: Abundant, uniform tur-
Pathogenic for mice. bidity.
Source: Isolated from human feces. Peptone broth: Slightly turbid.
Habitat: Found in the human intestine. Milk: Slowly coagulated; partially di-
Rather uncommon.
gested.
15. Eubacteriiim parvum Prevot, 1938. Indole not produced.
(Coccobacillus anaerobicus parvus Chouke- Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
vitch, Ann. Inst. Past., 25, 1911, 256; Pre- Acid from glucose, fructose, maltose,
vot, Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 295.) sucrose, lactose, galactose and starch. No
par'vum. L. adj. parvus small. acid from glycerol.
Small, ovoid rods, 0.5 by 1.0 to 1.5 mi- Acetic acid and traces of lactic acid, but
crons, occurring singly or in pairs; filamen- not amines, aldehydes, ketones or acetone,
tous forms may occur. Non-motile. Gram- are produced.
positive. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Gas not produced in culture media. Sulfites not produced from sulfates.
Gelatin: No liquefaction. Neutral red reduced. Safranin and pheno-
Deep agar colonies: Small, lenticular. safranin not reduced.
Glucose broth: Abundant turbidity and Anaerobic.
sediment. Not pathogenic for guinea pigs or mice.
Source: Isolated from pus from a dental mi.nu'tum. L. part. adj. minutus small
abscess. (literally, diminished).
Habitat: Unknown. Very slender, straight rods, 2.0 to 4.0
microns in length, with rounded ends, oc-
17. Eubacteriuni disciformans (Mas- curring singly or in pairs. Non-motile.
sini, 1913) Prevot, 1938. (Bacillus discifor- Gram -positive.
mans IMassini, Ztschr. f. gesammte Exp. Gas not produced in culture media.
Med., 2, 1913, 81; Prevot, Ann. Inst. Past., Deep agar colonies: Delicate, irregular,
60, 1938, 295.) ovoid.
Glucose broth: Poor growth. Slightly
dis.ci. for 'mans. Gr. noun discus a disc; turbid.
L. part. adj. formans forming; M.L. adj.
Anaerobic.
disciformans disc-forming.
Small, ovoid rods, 0.3 to 0.7 by 0.5 to 0.7 Optimum temperature, 37° C.
micron, with rounded ends, occurring Pathogenic for mice.
singly, in pairs and in small masses. Non- Source: Isolated from a case of diarrhea
in an infant.
motile. Gram-positive (decolorizing easily).
Gas not produced in culture media. Habitat : Found in the intestines of breast-
Gelatin: No growth. fed infants. Uncommon.
Deep lactose agar colonies: Punctiform,
then lenticular, forming a disc of colonies 19. Eubacterium lentuni (Eggerth,
in the upper part of the medium. No gas 1935) Prdvot, 1938. (Bacteroides lentus Eg-
produced. gerth, Jour. Bact., SO, 1935, 280; Prevot,
Glucose broth agar: Acidified. Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 295.)
Glucose broth: Fine, flak}' growth which len'tum. L. adj. lentus slow.
precipitates, leaving the medium clear. Short, ovoid rods, 0.5 to 1.5 by 2.0 to 3.0
Milk: Slowlj- coagulated. microns, occurring in chains. Pleomorphic,
Indole not produced. occurring as coccoid forms and as spindles
Acid but no gas from glucose, fructose,
up to 6.0 microns in length. Non-motile.
maltose, lactose, sucrose, galactose, arabi-
nose, mannitol and starch. Gram-positive.
Gas not produced in culture media.
Ammonia and formic, acetic and propionic
acids are produced. Gelatin: No liquefaction.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Deep blood agar colonies: Small, 0.25 to
Neutral red not reduced. 0.75 mm in diameter. Not hemolytic.
Anaerobic. Milk: No coagulation.
Optimum temperature, 37° C. Killed at
56° C. Indole not produced.
Pathogenic for man, rabbit, guinea pig Hydrogen sulfide produced in trace
and mouse. amounts.
Source: Isolated from cases of fetid sup- Carbohydrates not attacked.
purations in empyema, pulmonary gan- Anaerobic.
grene, liver abscess and dermatosis.
Habitat: Found in the respiratory sys- Not pathogenic.
tem, the liver and the skin. Common. Source: Isolated from human feces.
Habitat: Found in normal human feces.
18. Eubacterium ininutum (Hauduroy Common.
et al., 1937) Prevot, 1938. (Bacillus an-
aerobicus minutus Tissier, Recherches sur la 20. Eubacterium poeciloidcs (Roger
fiore intestinale des nourissons, Paris, 1900; and Gamier, 1906) Prevot, 1938. (Bacillus
Bacteroides minutus Hauduroy et al.. Diet, poeciloides Roger and Garnier, Bull, et Mem.
d. Bact. Path., 1937, 64; Prevot, Ann. Inst. Soc. Med. des Hopitaux Paris, 2, 1906, 870;
Past., 60, 1938, 295.) Prevot, Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 295.)
poe.ci.lo'i.des. Gr. adj. poecilus many- Glucose broth: Turbidity which finally
colored, spotted; Gr. noun eidus shape, precipitates.
form; M.L. adj. poeciloides variegated. Milk: No growth.
Potato: No growth.
Straight or curved rods, 0.8 by 3.0 mi- Anaerobic.
crons, with rounded ends, occurring singly,
in pairs or in V- or L-shaped groups, some- 38°Optimum
times tapered. Non-motile. Gram-positive. Pathogenic for guinea pigs and rabbits.
Gas not produced in culture media. Source : Isolated from a case of intestinal
Gelatin: No liquefaction. occlusion.
Deep agar colonies: Small, punctiform, Habitat: Found in human intestines. Un-
becoming confluent. common.
Genus III. Catenabacterium Prevot, 1938 *

(Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 294.)
Ca.te.na.bac.te'ri.um. L. fem.n. catena a chain; Gr. dim.n. bacterium a small rod; M.L.
neut.n. Catenabacterium chain rodlet.
Straight or curved rods which usually occur in long chains or filaments. No branching.
Non-motile. Gram-positive. Carbohydrates are attacked, the end-products of fermenta-
tion including some of the following: formic, acetic, propionic, butyric and lactic acids.
Anaerobic. May be pathogenic. Found in the intestinal tracts and in lesions of warm-
blooded animals.
The type species is Catenabacterium helminthoides (Lewkowicz) Prevot.
Key to the species of genus Catenabacterium.

A. Liquefies gelatin.
1. Catenabacterium helminthoides.
B. Do not liquefy gelatin.
1. Milk is coagulated.
2. Catenabacterium filamentosuyn.
2. Milk not coagulated.
3. Catenabacterium contortum.
A. Do not require serum or ascitic fluid for growth.
1. Liquefies gelatin.
4. Catenabacterium lottii.
2. Do not liquefy gelatin.
a. No turbidity in glucose broth. No fetid odor. Agar colonies do not turn black.
5. Catenabacterium catenajorme.
aa. Slight turbidity in glucose broth. Very fetid odor. Agar colonies turn black.
6. Catenabacterium nigrum.
B. Requires serum or ascitic fluid for growth.
7. Catenabacterium leptotrichoides .
1. Catenabacterium helminthoides hel.min.tho.i'des. Gr. adj. helminthoides

(Lewkowicz, 1901) Prevot, 1938. (Bacillus worm-like.
helminthoides Lewkowicz, Arch, de M6d. Straight or curved rods, with rounded
Exp., 73, 1901,631; Prgvot, Ann. Inst. Past., ends, occurring as S-shaped forms and as
60, 1938, 295.) long filaments, 0.7 to 1.0 by 3.0 to 20.0 mi-
* Arranged by Mrs. Eleanore Heist Clise and Mr. Erwin F. Lessel, Jr., Cornell University,
Geneva, New York, March, 1955.
561
crons; possess fusiform or spherical swell- Ammonia, volatile amines, alcohol, ace-
ings. Non-motile. Gram-positive. tylmethylcarbinol, acetic and lactic acids
Gas produced in culture media. and traces of formic and propionic acids are
produced.
Deep agar colonies : Large (3 to 5 mm in
diameter), flocculent, arborescent. Medium Neutral red reduced.
broken bj' gas. Rancid odor. Acidified. Anaerobic.
Glucose broth: Turbid. Flaky sediment.
Abundant gas. Rancid odor. Acidified. Not pathogenic for guinea pigs or mice.
iNIilk: Acidified; not coagulated. Gas is Source: Isolated from the intestine of a
produced. Rancid odor. rat; also from cases of acute appendicitis,
Coagulated proteins not attacked. lung abscess, putrid pleurisy and uterine
Hj'drogen sulfide is produced. suppuration.
Acid from glucose, maltose, sucrose, sorbi- Habitat: Found in the intestine of the
tol, mannitol and glycerol. rat and in the natural cavities of man. Com-
Ammonia, alcohols, acetylmethylcarbinol
and formic, butj^ric and lactic acids are
produced. 3. Catenabacteriuni contortuin Pre-
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. vot, 1947. (Ann. Inst. Past., 73, 1947, 414.)
Neutral red and phenosafranin not re- con.tor'tum. L. adj. confortus twisted.
duced. Rods, 0.5 to 0.7 by 3.0 to 4.0 microns, oc-
Anaerobic. curring in long, twisted chains of 30 to 50
Optimum temperature, 37° C. Killed at or more elements. Non-motile. Gram-posi-
60° C. tive.
Not pathogenic or only slightlj- so; causes Gas but no odor produced in culture me-
minor abscesses in rabbits. dia.
Source: Isolated from the mouth of a Gelatin: No liquefaction.
breast-fed infant; also from pond mud. Deep agar colonies: Lenticular. Gas is
Habitat: Unknown.
produced.
Peptone broth: Little or no growth.
2. Catenabacteriuni filaineiitosuin Glucose broth: Slowly turbid; growth
Prevot, 1938. (Jungano, Compt. rend. Soc. occurs as a viscid, semifluid mass. Gas is
Biol., Paris, 66, 1909, 112 and 122; Prevot,
produced.
Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 295.) Milk: No coagulation.
fi.la.men.to'sum. L. nounfilum a thread; Coagulated proteins not attacked.
ALL. noun filamentum a filament; M.L. adj. Indole is produced.
fikimentosus full of filaments. Acid and gas from glucose, fructose, malt-
Large rods with rounded ends. Pleo- ose, galactose, sucrose, xylose and arabi-
morphic, occurring either as short and swol- nose.
len or long and curved forms. Bifurcation. Ammonia, formic, propionic and lactic
Non-motile. Gram-positive. acids, volatile amines, aldehydes, alcohols
Slight amount of gas produced (on agita- and acetylmethjdcarbinol are produced.
tion) in culture media. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Gelatin: No liquefaction. Neutral red reduced.
Deep agar colonies: Rather large, white, Anaerobic.
lenticular. Slight gas.
Glucose broth: Turbid. Slight gas. Optimum toxin
Neither temperature, 37° C.is produced.
nor hemolysin
Peptone broth: Slight turbidity. One strain pathogenic for guinea pigs,
Milk: Coagulated. causing death in 48 hours.
Coagulated proteins not attacked. Source: Isolated from two cases of putrid,
Indole not produced. gangrenous appendicitis.
Acid from glucose, fructose, maltose, ga- Habitat: Found in human intestines. Un-
lactose, lactose and sucrose.
4. Catenabacterium lottii Prevot, 1938. Acid from glucose, maltose, fructose,

(Bacillo 7, Lotti, Ann. Ig. Sper., 19, 1909, galactose, lactose, dextrin, sucrose, glycerol
101; Prevot, Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 296.) and starch.
lot'ti.i. M.L. gen. noun lottii of Lotti; Ammonia and formic, butyric and lactic
named for C. Lotti, the bacteriologist who acids are produced.
first isolated this organism. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Straight, slender rods, 3 to 4 microns long, Neutral red and phenosafranin not re-
occurring in chains of 3 to 4 elements and duced.
in very long filaments. Non-motile. Gram- Anaerobic.
positive. Optimum temperature, 37° C.
Gas not produced in culture media. Not pathogenic.
Gelatin: Liquefaction. Source: Isolated from feces; also from a
Deep agar colonies: Lenticular, white. case of putrid pleurisy.
Glucose broth: Turbid; viscous sediment; Habitat: Found in human intestines and
acidified. No odor. pulmonary cavity.
Milk: Coagulated.
Coagulated proteins not attacked. 6. Catenabacterium nigrum Prevot,
Indole produced in trace amounts. 1938. {Streptobacillus gangrenae pulmonaris
Acid from glucose and lactose. Repaci, Compt. rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, 61,
Anaerobic. 296.)
1910, 410; Prevot, Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938,
Optimum temperature, 37° C. No growth
at 22° C. Killed in 3 minutes at 70° C. ni'grum. L. adj. nigei- black.
Pathogenic for guinea pigs, causing fatal Pleomorphic rods, sometimes occurring
as short rods in chains of 10 to 14 elements,
Source: Isolated from a case of appendi- each measuring 0.6 by 1.0 to 2.0 microns, at
citis.
other times occurring in very long and flex-
Habitat: Found in the human appendix uous chains. Non-motile. Gram-positive.
and intestines. Gas not produced in culture media.
5. Catenabacterium catenafornie (Eg- Deep agar colonies: Delicate, lenticular,
gerth, 1935) Prevot, 1938. (Bacteroides ca- becoming blackened.
tenafonnis Eggerth, Jour. Bact., 30, 1935, Glucose broth: Slight, uniform turbidity;
286; Prevot, Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 296.) whitish mass of agglutinated filaments.
ca.te.na.for'me. L. fem.n. catena a chain; Very fetid odor.
L. noun forma shape; M.L. adj. catenajonnis Coagulated proteins not attacked.
chain-like. Indole not produced.
Rods, 0.3 to 0.5 by 2.0 to 3.5 microns, oc- Glucose feebly fermented.
curring in long chains (20 to 100 elements) Anaerobic.
which are filamentous-like and non-seg-
mented; possess globular swellings 2.0 to Optimum temperature, 37° C.
Pathogenic for guinea pigs, causing death.
3.0 microns in diameter. Non-motile. Gram- Source: Isolated from a gangrenous lung
positive.
Gas not produced in culture media. Habitat: Unknown.
Deep agar colonies : 2 to 3 mm in diameter,
irregular. 7. Catenabacterium leptotrichoides
Glucose broth: Viscous zoogloeae at the Prevot, 1938. (Leptothrix sp. Jay, no refer-
bottom of the tube; no turbidity; acidified. ence given; Catenabacterium leptothricoides
Milk: Not coagulated. (sic) Pr6vot, Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 296.)
Coagulated proteins not digested. lep.to.tri.cho.i'des. Gr. adj. leptîs fine,
Indole not produced. thin; Gr. fem.n. thrix, trichis thread, hair;
Hydrogen sulfide produced in trace Gr. noun, eidus shape, form; M.L. adj. lep-
amounts. totrichoides like a fine thread.
Long rods, 0.3 by 8.0 microns, with lactose, sucrose, arabinose, xj'lose, manni-
tapered, rounded or swollen ends, often tol, dulcitol, sorbitol and inositol,
occurring in short chains or in very long Anaerobic.
£, , -KT
filaments. .-I /-I
Aon-motile. „ „;+;.,„ Optimum
uram-positive. ^^ temperature,
^ ' between 37° and
Requires serum or ascitic fluid for growth. a- i xu
^ , ,. , ,. -Not pathogenic.
Gas not produced in culture media. g^^^^^^ j^^j^^^^ ^^^^ ^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^
Blood agar colonies: Arborescent. Not caries.
hemolytic. Habitat: Found in the human mouth.
Acid from glucose, fructose, mannose, Common.
Genus IV. Ramibacterium Prevot, 1938*

(Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 294.)
Ra.mi.bac.te'ri.um. L. mas.n. ramus a branch; Gr. neut.dim.n. bacterium a rodlet;M.L
neut.n. Ramibacterium branched rodlet.
Straight or curved rods which show so-called false branching. Non-motile. Gram-posi-
tive. Carbohydrates are attacked, the end-products of fermentation including some of
the following: formic, acetic, propionic, butyric, lactic and valerianic acids. Anaerobic.
Maj' be pathogenic. Found in the intestinal tracts and in lesions of warm-blooded animals,
especially man.
The type species is Ramibacterium ramosum (Veillon and Zuber) Prevot.
Key to the species of genus Ramibacterium.

I. Indole not produced.
A. Milk coagulated.
1. Ramibacterium ramosum.
B. Milk not coagulated.
2. Ramibacterium pleuriticum.
II. Indole produced.
A. Milk coagulated slowly.
1. Produces acetic and propionic acids. Pathogenic.
3. Ramibacterium ramosoides.
2. Produces formic and valerianic acids and traces of lactic acid. Not pathogenic.
4. Ramibacterium pseudoramosum.
B. Milk not coagulated.
5. Ramibacterium dentium.
6. Ramibacterium alaciolyticum.
1. Ramibacterium ramosum (Veillon Straight, slender rods, 0.3 to 0.4 by 2.0

and Zuber, 1898) Prevot, 1938. (Bacillus to 3.0 microns, which are sometimes undu-
ramosus Veillon and Zuber, Arch. med. exp. lating and sometimes filamentous; form
et anat. path., 10, 1898, 542; Fusiformis acute, V- and Y-shaped angles, thus giving
ramosus Topley and Wilson, Princ. Bact., the appearance of false branching. Possess
and Immun., 2nd ed., 1936, 358; Prevot, spherical swellings. Non-motile. Gram-
Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 296.) positive.
ra.mo'sum. L. adj. ramosus much- Gas produced in moderate amounts in
branched. culture media.
* Arranged by Mrs. Eleanore Heist Clise and Mr. ErwinF. Lessel, Jr., Cornell University,
Geneva, New York, March, 1955.
Gelatin: No liquefaction. Peptone broth: Slightly turbid. Gas is

Deep agar colonies: Lenticular. Some gas produced.
bubbles are produced. Milk: No coagulation.
Blood media: No hemolysis. Coagulated proteins not attacked.
Glucose broth: Turbid. Acidified. Gas. Indole not produced.
Rancid odor. Acid from glucose and galactose. One
Peptone broth: Very poor growth. strain ferments sucrose and maltose.
Milk: Coagulated. No digestion. Ammonia, traces of hydrogen sulfide,
Coagulated proteins not attacked. alcohol, ketones, volatile amines and acetic,
Indole not produced. valerianic and lactic acids are produced.
Acid and gas from glucose, maltose, ga- Acetjdmethylcarbinol not produced.
lactose, sucrose, lactose and mannitol. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Ammonia, acetylmethylcarbinol and for- Neutral red and safranin reduced.
mic and acetic acids are produced. Anaerobic.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Optimum temperature, 37° C.
Neutral red reduced temporarily. Safranin Optimum pH, 7.8.
not reduced. Not pathogenic for guinea pigs or mice.
Anaerobic. Source : Isolated from two cases of fetid,
Grows at temperatures from 22° to 37° C. purulent pleurisy.
Habitat: Found in the natural cavities of
Killed at 56° C.
Optimum pH, between 7.0 and 8.0. man, especially the respiratory tract. Not
Toxin, but no hemolysin, is produced. common.
Pathogenic. Fatal for guinea pigs and
rabbits. 3. Ramibacterium ramosoides (Rune-
Comments: Prevot iloc. cit.) recognizes berg, 1908) Prevot, 1938. (Bacilhis ramo-
two varieties of this species which differ soides Runeberg, Arb. a. d. path. Inst. d.
from the parent strain with respect to cer- Univ. Helsingfors, 2, 1908, 271; see Cent. f.
tain cultural and biochemical characters. Bakt., I Abt., Ref., 43, 1909, 665; Prevot,
Source: Isolated in association with mas- Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 296.)
toiditis, otitis, pulmonary gangrene, putrid ra.mo.so.i'des. L. mas.n. ramus a branch;
pleurisy, appendicitis, intestinal infections, L. adj. ramosus full of branches; Gr. noun
balanitis, liver abscess, osteomyelitis, ■sep- eidus form, shape; M.L. adj. ramosoides
ticemia, urinary infections, etc. branch-like.
Habitat: Found in the natural cavities Cells occur either as ovoids in small chains
of man and animals; also found in sea water. or as long elements showing what appears
Very common. to be false branching; sometimes spherical.
Non-motile. Gram-positive.
2. Raniibacterium pleuriticum Prevot Gas produced in moderate amounts in
et al., 1947. (Prevot, Raynaud and Digeon, culture media.
Ann. Inst. Past., 73, 1947, 481.) Gelatin: No liquefaction.
pleu.ri'ti.cum. Gr. fem.n. pleura a rib; Deep agar colonies: Lenticular. Some
M.L. adj. pleuriticus pertaining to pleurisy.
Rods resemble those found in Raniibac- gas is produced.
Brain media: Fetid odor produced.
terium ramosum; the Y-shaped forms pre- Blood media: Hemolysis. Fetid odor pro-
dominate. Non-motile. Gram-positive.
duced.
Gas but no odor produced in culture me- Glucose broth: Turbid. Viscous, glairy
dia.
sediment. Acidified. Gas is produced.
Deep agar colonies: Lenticular. Gas is Peptone broth: Moderate growth.
produced. Milk: Coagulation in 8 days.
Glucose broth: Abundant turbidity. Coagulated proteins not attacked.
Rather coherent, viscous sediment. Gas is Indole is produced.
produced. Acid from glucose, maltose and lactose.
565
Ammonia and acetic and propionic acids den'ti.um. L. mas.n. dens tooth; L. gen.
are produced. pi. noun dentium of teeth.
Anaerobic. Straight, slender rods, 0.3 to 0.4 by 2.0
Optimum temperature, 37° C. to 3.0 microns, resembling those of Rami-
Pathogenic for mice, guinea pigs and bacterium ratnosvm; occur in short chains
rabbits. and in clumps; Y-shaped forms occur as the
Source: Isolated from cases of appendi- result of what appears to be false branching.
citis and various suppurations (dacryo- Non-motile. Gram-positive.
cystitis, tubercular tissues). Gas but no odor produced in culture me-
Habitat: Found in the appendix, lacrymal dia.
sac and lungs. Common. Gelatin: Abundant growth. No liquefac-
tion.
4. Ramibacteriuni pseudoraniosuni Deep agar colonies: Punctiform, becom-
(Distaso, 1912) Pr6vot, 1938. (Bacillus pseu- ing cotton-like in appearance. Develop
slowly.
doramosus Distaso, Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt.,
OTig.,62, 1912, 441 ; Pr^vot, Ann. Inst. Past., Glucose broth: Produces a viscid, semi-
60, 1938, 296.) fluid mass which precipitates. Gas is pro-
pseu.do.ra.mo'sum. Gr. adj. pseudes duced.
false; L. adj. ramosus much-branched; M.L. Peptone broth: Growth poor; produces a
adj. pseudoramosus false (Ramibacterium) viscid, semifluid mass.
ramosum. Milk: No coagulation.
Cells similar to those of Ramibacterium
ramosum but slightlj^ smaller and flexuous; Indole is produced.
occur in angles and in short chains. Non- Acid from glucose, fructose and mannitol.
Ammonia, acetylmethylcarbinol and bu-
Gas produced in slight amounts in culture tyric and valerianic acids are produced.
media.
Gelatin: No liquefaction. Neutral red and safranin are reduced.
Deep agar colonies: Lenticular. Gas is Anaerobic.
produced.
Glucose broth: Turbid. Whitish precipi- Optimum temperature, 37° C. Grows at
tate. 26° C. Killed at 65° C.
Milk: Slowly coagulated. Optimum pH, between 7.0 and 8.0.
Coagulated proteins not attacked. Neither toxin nor hemolj^sin is produced.
Indole is produced. Not pathogenic for guinea pigs or mice.
Source: Isolated from dental tartar.
Acid and gas from glucose, fructose, ga-
Habitat: Found in the human mouth.
lactose, lactose and trehalose.
Ammonia, traces of hydrogen sulfide, Not common.
aldehyde, ketone, formic and valerianic
acids and traces of lactic acid are produced. 6. Ramibacterium alaclolyticum Ft6-
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. vot and Taffanel, 1942. (Ann. Inst. Past.,
Neutral red reduced temporarily. 68, 1942, 259.)
Anaerobic. a.lac.to.ly'ti.cum. Gr. pref. a not; L.
Optimum temperature, 37° C. noun lac, lactis milk; Gr. adj. lyticus dis-
Not pathogenic. solving; M.L. adj. alactolyticus non-milk-
Source: Isolated from human feces. dissolving.
Habitat: Found in human intestines. Straight rods occurring either in sinuous,
Very common. short chains or in zigzags; Y-shaped forms
occur as the result of what appears to be
5. Ramibacterium dentium Vinzent false branching. Non-motile. Gram-positive.
and Reynes, 1947. (Ann. Inst. Past., 73, Gas but no odor produced in culture me-
1947, 594.) dia.
Gelatin: No liquefaction. acetic, butyric and lactic acids are pro-

Deep agar colonies: Lenticular. Slight duced.
amount of gas is produced. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Glucose broth: Abundant turbidity. Acid- Neutral red not reduced; phenosafranin
ified. Gas is produced. reduced temporarily.
Anaerobic.
Peptone broth: Very poor growth.
Milk: No coagulation. 37°Optimum
Optimum pH, between 6.0 and 8.0.
Indole is produced. Not pathogenic for guinea pigs or mice.
Acid from glucose, fructose, galactose, Source: Isolated from dental suppura-
arabinose and xylose. tions and from cases of purulent pleurisy.
Ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, aldehydes, Habitat: Found in the human mouth.
volatile amines, acetylmethylcarbinol and Rather common.
Genus V. Cillobacterium Prevot, 1938.*

(Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 294.)
Cil.lo.bac.te'ri.um. L. v. cillo to move, to put in motion; Gr. neut.dim.n. bacterium a
small rod; M.L. neut.n. Cillobacterium motile rodlet.
Straight or curved rods. Motile by means of peritrichous flagella. Gram-positive. Carbo-
hydrates are attacked, the end-products of fermentation including some of the following:
formic, acetic, butyric, lactic and valerianic acids. Anaerobic. May be pathogenic. Found
in the intestinal tracts and in lesions of warm-blooded animals; also found in soil.
The type species is Cillobacterium monilijorme (Repaci) Prevot.
Key to the species of genus Cillobacterium.

I. Does not liquefy gelatin.
1. Cillobacterium moniliforme.
II. Liquefy gelatin.
A. Milk not coagulated.
2. Cillobacterium endocarditidis.
3. Cillobacterium meningitidis.
B. Milk coagulated and digested.
1. Acid and gas produced from glucose.
a. Deep agar colonies circular with small amount of gas produced.
4. Cillobacterium tenue.
aa. Deep agar colonies lenticular with abundant amount of gas produced.
5. Cillobacterium vmltijorme.
2. Carbohydrates not attacked.
6. Cillobacterium combesii.
1. Cillobacterium moniliforme (Re- lace; L. noun forma shape; M.L. adj. monili-
paci, 1910) Prevot, 1938. (Bacillus moniliformis necklace-shaped.
formis Repaci, Compt. rend. Soc. Biol., Straight rods, 0.7 by 3.0 to 4.0 microns,
Paris, 61, 1910, 216; Pr6vot, Ann. Inst. Past., occurring singly or in pairs. Possess spindle-
60, 1938, 296.) shaped swellings and metachromatic gran-
mo.ni.li.for'me. L. noun monile a neck- ules. Motile. Gram-positive.
* Arranged by Mrs. Eleanore Heist Clise, Geneva, New York, March, 1955.
567
Gas produced in culture media. Anaerobic.

Deep agar colonies: Lenticular, 2 to 3 mm Toxin is produced.
in diameter. Abundant gas is produced. Pathogenic for guinea pigs, causing death
Aromatic odor. in 2 to 6 days.
Glucose broth: Flaky growth which pre- Source: Isolated from the blood in a case
cipitates forming a viscous mass. Gas is of febrile endocarditis.
produced. Habitat: Probably the natural body cavi-
Milk: No coagulation. ties of man. Uncommon.
Indole produced in trace amounts. 3. Cillobacterium meningitidis Prevot,
Acid and gas from glucose, fructose, galac- 1938. (Stamm S.V., Ghon, Mucha and
tose and lactose. Miiller, Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 41,
Ammonia, alcohol, acetone, acetylmethyl- 1906, 145 and 693; Cillobacterium meningitis
carbinol and formic, butyric and lactic (sic) Prevot, Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 297.)
acids are produced. me.nin.gi'ti.dis. Gr. fem.n. m,eninx, me-
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. ningis the membrane enclosing the brain;
Neutral red reduced. M.L. fem.n. meningitis inflammation of the
Anaerobic. meninges; fem. gen.n. meningitidis of menin-
41° C. Pleomorphic rods, occurring sometimes
gitis.
Pathogenic for guinea pigs, causing death as ovoids, 1.5 to 3.5 microns long, with
in 8 days. rounded ends, and at other times as fila-
Source: Isolated from a case of pulmonary ments with spindle-shaped swellings. Ac-
gangrene; also from soil from Equatorial tively motile. Show bipolar staining. Gram-
Africa.
Habitat: Found in the human respiratory positive.
Gas produced in culture media.
system. Uncommon. Gelatin: Cloudy turbidity. Slow liquefac-
tion. Gas is produced.
2. Cillobacterium endocarditidis Pre- Deep agar colonies: Mulberry-like, sur-
vot, 1938. (Bacille BG, Routier and Braun- rounded by small, satellite colonies. Gas is
berger, Compt. rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, 115,
produced.
Glucose broth: Turbid. Flaky sediment.
1934, 611; Cillobacterium endocarditis (sic)
Prevot, Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 296.) Gas is produced.
en.do.car.di'ti.dis. Gr. pref. endo within; Peptone broth: Turbid. Flaky sediment.
Gr. noun cardia heart; Gr. suffix -itis dis- Milk: No coagulation. Gas is produced.
ease of; M.L. noun endocardium heart lin- Coagulated proteins not attacked.
ing; M.L. gen.n. endocarditidis of endo- Indole is produced.
carditis. Hydrogen sulfide is produced.
Pleomorphic rods. Actively motile. Gram- Ethanol and butyric, acetic and lactic
positive. acids are produced.
Gas produced in culture media. Neutral red reduced.
Gelatin: Liquefaction in 2 to 5 days. Anaerobic.
Deep agar colonies: Lenticular. Gas is
Grows at temperatures from 22° to 37° C.
produced. Grows at pH 7.8 to 8.5.
Glucose broth: Turbid. Sediment. Gas is Pathogenic for guinea pigs and rabbits.
produced. Source: Isolated from a fatal case of puru-
Peptone broth: Poor growth. lent meningitis of otic origin.
Milk: No change. Habitat: Unknown.
Acid and gas from glucose, fructose, malt- 4. Cillobacterium tenue (Bergey et al.,
ose, sucrose and arabinose. 1923) Clise, comb. nov. (Bacillus tenuis spatu-
Neutral red not reduced. liformis Distaso, Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt.,
Orig., 59, 1911, 101 ; Bacieroides tenuis Bergey Ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and formic,
et al., Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 263; Cillobac- butyric and lactic acids are produced.
terium spatulif or me Frevot, Ann. Inst. Past., Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
60, 1938, 297.) Neutral red reduced.
Anaerobic.
te'nu.e. L. adj. tenuis slender.
Straight or curved rods with square ends;
one of the ends is usually enlarged, thus Neither toxin nor hemolysin is pro-
giving the cells the appearance of spatulas. duced.
Motile. Gram-positive. Not pathogenic for guinea pigs.
Gas produced in culture media. Source: Isolated from the feces of a dog;
Gelatin: Liquefaction. also from soil from Equatorial Africa.
Deep agar colonies: Circular. Small Habitat: Unknown.
amount of gas is produced.
Milk: Coagulated then digested. 6. Cillobacterium combesii Prevot and
Coagulated protein is attacked. 687.)
Laplanche, 1947. (Ann. Inst. Past., 73, 1947,
Indole is produced.
Acid and gas from glucose. com.be'si.i. M.L. gen. noun combesii of
Anaerobic. Combes; named after Combes.
Optimum temperature, 37° C. Straight rods, 0.7 by 3.0 to 4.2 microns,
Pathogenicity unknown. with square ends, occurring singly or in
Source: Isolated from feces from a dog. pairs, more often in chains of 3 to 10 ele-
Habitat: Unknown. ments. Motile by means of slow undula-
tions. Gram-positive.
5. Cillobacterium multiforme (Dis- Gas and odor produced in culture media.
taso, 1911) Prevot, 1938. (Bacillus multi- Gelatin: Liquefaction in 5 days.
formis Distaso, Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., Deep agar colonies: Irregular; arbores-
59, 1911, 101; not Bacillus jtiultiformis van cent or like tufts of cotton. Gas is produced.
Senus, Dissert., Leiden, 1890; Prevot, Ann. Glucose broth : Abundant turbidity which
Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 297.) forms a viscous, zoogloea-like mass. Fetid
mul.ti.for'me. L. adj. multus much, gas is produced.
many; L. noun /orma shape; M.L. adj. 7nul- Peptone broth: Turbid.
tiformis many-shaped. Milk: Coagulated in 8 days, then digested.
Straight or curved, thick, pleomorphic Coagulated proteins not attacked.
rods, 3 microns long. Motile. Gram-positive. Carbohydrates not attacked.
Gas and odor produced in culture media. Ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, alcohol,
traces of acetylmethylcarbinol and formic,
Deep agar colonies: Lenticular. Abundant
butyric and valerianic acids are produced.
gas is produced.
Glucose broth: Turbid. Gas is produced. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Putrid odor. Neutral red and safranin are reduced.
Milk: Coagulated then digested. Anaerobic.
Coagulated protein is attacked. Fibrin Optimum temperature, 37° C.
and coagulated serum are digested. Toxin not produced.
Indole is produced in trace amounts. Not pathogenic for guinea pigs or mice.
Acid and gas from glucose, lactose, fruc- Source: Isolated from forest soil from
tose, maltose, galactose, sorbitol, mannitol French West Africa.
and glycerol. Habitat: Unknown.
FAMILY XI. PROPIONIBACTERIACEAE 569
FAMILY XI. PROPIONIBACTERIACEAE DELWICHE, Fam. Nov.*

Pro.pi.on.i.bac.te.ri.a'ce.ae. M.L. neut.n. Propionihacterium the type genus of the
family; -aceae ending to denote a family; M.L. fem.pl.n. Propionibacteriaceae the Propioni-
bacterium family.
Irregularly shaped rods which tend toward bending or terminal swelling (in Butyribac-
ferium) or pleomorphism (in Propionibacterium) . Non-motile. Gram-positive. Colonial de-
velopment on semi-solid media is slow, visible colonies seldom being discernible before two
days. Where pigment is produced, it is brownish red. Non-proteolytic; usually saccharolytic.
Ferment carbohydrates, usually lactic acid and, in some cases, polj'hydroxy alcohols with
the production of saturated aliphatic carboxylic acids. With Propionibacterium, extensive
carbon dioxide production occurs with some substrates. Lactic acid usually does not ac-
cumulate. Anaerobic to aerotolerant, many strains of Propionibacterium being readily
adapted to growth under aerobic conditions, with the actual utilization of oxygen. Gener-
ally catalase-positive when subjected to the usual laboratory test, but exceptions exist,
particularly in Butyribacterium. Inhabitants of the intestinal tracts of animals; also occur
in materials outside the body where suitable foodstuffs are found.
Key to the genera of family Propionibacteriaceae,

I. Ferment carbohydrates and lactic acid.
A. Produce propionic and acetic acids and carbon dioxide.
Genus I. Propionibacterium, p. 569.
B. Produce butj'ric and acetic acids and carbon dioxide.
Genus II. Butyribacterium, p. 577.
II. Carbohj^drates are fermented. Glucose is converted mainly to ethanol and carbon diox-
ide, with small amounts of acetic and other acids. Lactic acid is not fermented.
Genus III. Zymobacterium, p. 577.
Genus I. Propionibacterium Orla-Jensen, 1909.'\

(Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 2£, 1909, 337.)
Pro.pi.on.i.bac.te'ri.um. Gr. pref. pro- before, priority in order; Gr. neut.n. pium (pion)
fat; ]M.L. adj. propionicus propionic, referring to priority in the fatty acid series of com-
pounds as in acidum propionicum propionic acid; Gr. dim. noun bacterium a small rod; M.L.
neut.n. Propionibacterium propionic bacterium.
Non-motile, non-sporeforming, Gram-positive bacteria which grow under anaerobic con-
ditions in neutral media as short, diphtheroid rods which sometimes resemble streptococci
in appearance; under aerobic conditions and with a heavy inoculum, thej^ grow as long, ir-
regular, club-shaped and branched cells. Metachromatic granules are demonstrable with
Albert's stain. Ferment lactic acid, carbohj'drates and polyhydroxy alcohols with the pro-
duction of propionic and acetic acids and carbon dioxide. As a rule, strongly catalase-posi-
tive, sometimes weakly so. There is a strong tendency towards anaerobiosis; development
is slow, macroscopically visible colonies generally not discernible in less than five to seven
days. J Nutritional requirements complex. Development best in yeast extract media with
the addition of lactates or simple carbohydrates. Vitamin B requirements are relativelj'
* Proposed by Prof. E. A. Delwiche, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, November,
1954.
t Revised by Prof. C. B. van Niel, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, California,
Januar}^ 1944.
% In an atmosphere containing 5 per cent carbon dioxide, growth is enhanced both aerobi-
cally and anaerobically. Contrary to the claim made by Krebs and Eggleston (Biochem.
Jour., 35, 1941, 676), a differential effect of carbon dioxide tension on aerobic and anaerobic
development has never been observed.
simple: practically all, if not all, of the species require pantothenic acid, and the majority
require biotin; a few species require either thiamine or para-aminobenzoic acid in addition.
Optimum temperature, 30° C. Found in dairy products, especially hard cheeses.
The type species is Propionibacterhim freudenreichn van Niel.
Key to the species of genus Propionibacterium.

I. Little surface growth on yeast-agar-lactate stab. Short chains of small, spherical cells
occur in yeast e.xtract-glucose media. Sucrose and maltose not fermented.
A. Lactose not fermented.
L Propionibacterium freudenreichii.
B. Lactose fermented.
2. Propionibacterium shermanii.
n. Distinct surface growth on yeast-agar-lactate stab. Growth in yeast e.xtract-glucose
media does not occur in the form of small, spherical cells in short chains. Sucrose and
maltose are fermented.
A. Typical short rods of diphtheroid appearance are produced in yeast extract-glucose
media.
1. Brownish red growth in yeast-agar-lactate stab.
a. Raffinose and mannitol, but not sorbitol, are fermented.
3. Propionibacterium rubrum.
aa. Sorbitol, but not raffinose or mannitol, is fermented.
4. Propionibacterium thoenii.
2. Cream-colored growth in yeast-agar-lactate stab.
a. Cream-colored surface growth.
5. Propionibacterium zeae.
aa. Yellow to orange surface growth.
b. Dextrin, glycogen and starch fermented.
6. Propio7iibacterium technicum.
bb. Dextrin, glycogen and starch not fermented.
c. Cellobiose fermented.
7. Propionibacterium raffinosaceum.
cc. Cellobiose not fermented.
d. Growth in liquid media flocculent, as if agglutinated. Acid from
salicin.
8. Propionibacterium peter ssonii.
dd. Growth in liquid media dispersed and smooth. No acid from
salicin.
9. Propionibacterium jensenii.
B. Growth in yeast extract-glucose media occurs as highly irregular cells which give
the appearance of involution forms.
1. Involution forms occur as large, swollen spheres. Surface growth on yeast-agar-
lactate stab is orange-yellow. Xylose and rhamnose not fermented.
10. Propionibacterium arabinosum.
Involution forms occur as long, irregular rods. Surface growth on yeast-agar-
lactate stab is cream-colored. Xylose and rhamnose are fermented.
11. Propionibacterium pentosaceum.
1. Propionibacterium freudenreichii The Propionic Acid Bacteria, Haarlem,

van Niel, 1928. {Bacteriiim acidi propionici 1928, 162.)
a, von Freudenreich and Orla-Jensen, Cent. freu.den.reich'i.i. M.L. gen. noun freu-
f. Bakt., II Abt., 17, 1906, 532; van Niel, denreichii of Freudenreich; named for Ed-
FAMILY XI. PROPIOXIBACTERIACEAE 571
uoard von Freudenreich, the Swiss bacteri- The Propionic Acid Bacteria, Haarlem,
ologist who isolated this species. 1928, 163.)
Description taken from van Kiel (loc. sher.man'i.i. M.L. gen. noun shermanii of
cit.) and from Werkman and Brown (Jour. Sherman; named for J. M. Sherman, the
B&ci., 26, 1933, 397). American bacteriologist who isolated this
Small, spherical cells, 0.5 to 0.6 micron
species.
Description taken from van Niel {loc.
in diameter, occurring mostly in pairs and
short chains. Little difference in morphol- cit.) and from Werkman and Brown (Jour.
ogy between growth from anaerobic solid Bact., ^6, 1933, 400).
media and neutral or acid liquid media. Small, spherical cells, 0.5 to 0.6 micron
Aerobic growth irregular, club-shaped and in diameter, occurring mostly in pairs and
branched, long rods. Non-motile. Show met- short chains. Little difference in morphol-
achromatic granules. Gram-positive. ogy between growth from anaerobic solid
Yeast -gelatin-lactate stab: No liquefac- media and neutral or acid liquid media.
tion. Aerobic growth occurs as irregular, club-
Yeast-agar-Iactate stab: Dirty, grayish- shaped and branched rods. Non-motile.
creamy development in stab; very slight Show metachromatic granules. Gram-posi-
surface growth of same color. tive.
Liquid media: Distinctly turbid with Yeast-gelatin-lactate stab: No liquefac-
grayish-creamy, ropy sediment. tion.
Litmus milk: Slight development; faint Yeast-agar-lactate stab: Dirty, grayish
reduction; not coagulated. creamy development in stab; very slight
Indole not produced. surface growth of same color.
Ferments lactic and pyruvic acids, glyc- Liquid media: Distinctly turbid with
erol, dihydroxyacetone, glucose, fructose, grayish -creamy, ropy sediment.
mannose and galactose with the production Litmus milk: Acid coagulation.
of chiefly propionic and acetic acids and Indole not produced.
carbon dio.xide. Ferments lactic and pyruvic acids, glyc-
Acid from erythritol, adonitol, inositol erol, dihydroxyacetone, glucose, fructose,
and esculin. No acid from amygdalin, d- mannose, galactose and lactose with the
and 1-arabinose, dextrin, dulcitol, glycogen, production of chiefly propionic and acetic
inulin, lactose, maltose, mannitol, melezi- acids and carbon dioxide. Occasionally
tose, melibiose, perseitol, raffinose, rham- arabinose is fermented.
nose, sucrose or xylose. Acid from erythritol, adonitol, arabitol,
Pantothenic acid, but not thiamine or inositol and esculin. No acid from amj^g-
para-aminobenzoic acid, is required for dalin, dextrin, dulcitol, glycogen, inulin,
growth; a few strains require biotin (Del- maltose, mannitol, melezitose, melibiose,
wiche, Jour. Bact., 58, 1949, 396). perseitol, raffinose, rhamnose, salicin, sorbi-
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. tol, sucrose, starch, trehalose or xylose.
Catalase-positive. Pantothenic acid and biotin, but not
Anaerobic to aerotolerant . para-aminobenzoic acid, are required for
Distinctive character: Inability to fer- growth; some strains require thiamine,
ment any of the disaccharides when inocu- others do not, and still others find this vita-
min stimulating but not required for growth
lated into yeast extract-sugar media. (Delwiche, Jour. Bact., 58, 1949, 396).
Source: Isolated from dairy products;
also from raw market milk and Swiss cheese. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Catalase-positive.
Habitat: Dairy products. Anaerobic to aerotolerant.
Distinctive characters: Resembles Fro-
2. Propionibacteriuni shernianii van pionibactenum Jreudenreichii in every re-
Niel, 1928. {Bacterium acidi propionici d, spect, but differs in its ability to ferment
Sherman, Jour. Bact., 6, 1921, 387; van Niel, lactose.
Source: Isolated from dairy products; freudenreichii and Propionibacterium sher-

also from Swiss cheese and buttermilk. manii.
Habitat: Dairy products. Distinctive characters: Production of
brownish red pigment under anaerobic and
3. Propionibacterium rubrum van aerobic conditions. Fermentation of raffi-
Niel, 1928. {Bacterium acidi propionici var. nose and mannitol, but not of sorbitol.
rubrum Thoni and Allemann (in part), Cent, Source: Isolated from various dairy prod-
f. Bakt., II Abt., 25, 1910, 8; van Niel, The ucts.
Propionic Acid Bacteria, Haarlem, 1928, Habitat: Dairy products.
164.)
rub 'rum. L. adj. ruber red. 4. Propionibacterium thoenii van Niel,
Medium sized, stoutish rods to elongated 1928. {Bacteritim acidi propionici var. ru-
diplococci, 0.8 by 1.2 microns, occurring brum Thoni and Allemann (in part), Cent. f.
singly or in pairs, resembling diphtheroids Bakt., II Abt., 25, 1910, 8; van Niel, The
rather than streptococci. Somewhat more 164.)
Propionic Acid Bacteria, Haarlem, 1928,
slender in media without fermentable car-
bohydrate. Aerobic growth occurs as irreg- thoe'ni.i. M.L. gen. noun thoenii of Thoni;
ular, club-shaped and branched rods. Non- named for J. Thoni, the Swedish bacteriol-
motile. Show metachromatic granules. ogist who isolated this organism.
Gram-positive. Description taken from van Niel {loc.
Yeast-gelatin-lactate stab: No liquefac- cit.) and from Werkman and Brown (Jour.
tion. Bact., 26, 1933, 412).
Yeast-agar-lactate stab: Brownish red Medium sized, stoutish rods to elongated
development in stab, with appreciable diplococci, 1.0 by 1.5 microns, occurring
dome-shaped surface growth of same color. singly or in pairs, resembling diphtheroids.
(Also see Margolena and Hansen, Cent. f. In media without fermentable carbohy-
Bakt., II Abt., 99, 1938, 107.) drate, small, spherical cells occur in short
Liquid media: Turbidity in early stages; chains. Aerobic growth occurs as irregular,
sediment red and smooth. club-shaped and branched rods. Non-motile.
Litmus milk: Acid coagulation. Shows metachromatic granules. Gram-posi-
Indole not produced. tive.
Ferments lactic and pyruvic acids, glyc- Yeast-gelatin-lactate-stab: No liquefac-
erol, dihydroxy acetone, glucose, fructose, tion.
mannose, galactose, sucrose, maltose, lac- Yeast-agar-lactate-stab: Brownish red
tose, raffinose and mannitol with the pro- growth throughout stab with appreciable
duction of chiefly propionic and acetic acids dome-shaped surface growth of same color.
and carbon dioxide. Liquid media: Turbidity in early stages;
Acid from erythritol, adonitol, arabitol, sediment smooth and red.
amygdalin, esculin, salicin, melezitose and Litmus milk: Mostly acid coagulation.
trehalose. No acid from d- and 1-arabinose, Indole not produced.
dextrin, dulcitol, glycogen, inulin, meli- Ferments lactic and pyruvic acids, glyc-
biose, perseitol, rhamnose, sorbitol, starch erol, dihydroxy acetone, glucose, fructose,
or xylose. mannose, galactose, sucrose, maltose, lac-
Pantothenic acid and biotin are required tose and sorbitol with the production of
for growth; para-aminobenzoic acid is re- propionic and acetic acids and carbon diox-
quired by some strains and stimulating for ide.
others; thiamine, although not required, Acid from adonitol, arabitol, erythritol,
is stimulating for growth (Delwiche, Jour. esculin, salicin and trehalose. No acid from
Bact., 58, 1949, 396). amygdalin, arabinose, dextrin, dulcitol,
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. glycogen, inulin, mannitol, melezitose, meli-
Catalase-positive; very weakly so for biose, perseitol, pectin, raffinose, rhamnose,
aerobically grown cells. starch or xylose.
Less anaerobic than Propionibacterium Domke (Milchwirtsch. Forsch., 15, 1933,
FAMILY XI. PROPIONIBACTERIACEAE 573
480) reports that this species may or may Litmus milk: Coagulated; acid.
not ferment lactose and may or may not Indole not produced.
produce acid from esculin and salicin. Ferments lactic and pyruvic acids, glyc-
Pantothenic acid and biotin, but not erol, dihydroxyacetone, 1-arabinose, rham-
para-aminobenzoic acid, are growth re- nose, glucose, fructose, mannose, galactose,
quirements; thiamine is required by some sucrose, cellobiose, maltose, lactose and
strains, but other strains, while not requir- mannitol with the production of propionic
ing this vitamin, find it stimulating for and acetic acids and carbon dioxide.
growth (Delwiche, Jour. Bact., 58, 1949, Acid from salicin. No acid from d-arabi-
396). nose, dextrin, dulcitol, glycogen, inulin,
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. starch or xylose.
Catalase-positive. Pantothenic acid and biotin are required
Less anaerobic than Propionibacteriiun for growth; thiamine and para-aminoben-
Jreudenreichii and Propionihacterium sher- zoic acid, although not required, are growth-
nianii. stimulating (Delwiche, Jour. Bact., 58,
Distinctive characters : Closely resembles 1949, 396).
Propionihacterium rubrum in morphology Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
and in the production of brownish red pig- Catalase-positive, especially when grown
ment under aerobic and anaerobic condi- in neutral media.
tions. Differs from this species in its inabil- Less anaerobic than Propionibacterium
ity to ferment rafiinose and mannitol, freudenreichii and Propionibacterium sher-
whereas fermentation of sorbitol occurs. manii.
The biochemical characteristics of a ten- Distinctive characters: Cream-colored
year-old stock culture have remained un- surface growth and ability to ferment
changed. 1-arabinose and rhamnose but not d-arabi-
Source: Isolated from cheese and butter- nose or xylose.
milk. Source: Not definitely recorded, but prob-
Habitat: Dairy products. ably isolated from silage.
Habitat: Dairy products.
5. Propionibacterium zeae Hitchner,
1932. (Jour. Bact., £S, 1932, 40; also see 6. Propionibacterium technicuni van
ibid., 28, 1934, 473.) Niel, 1928. (The Propionic Acid Bacteria,
ze'ae. Gr. fem.n. zia spelt; M.L. fem.n. Haarlem, 1928, 164.)
Zea generic name of maize; M.L. gen.noun tech'ni.cum. Gr. adj. technicus technical.
zeae of maize. In neutral media spherical cells, 0.8 mi-
Cells in neutral lactate media spherical, cron in diameter, occur in pairs and in short
0.8 micron in diameter, usually occurring chains. In acid media short rods, 0.6 by 1.0
in short chains. In carbohydrate media to 1.5 microns, occur, often in pairs, with a
which turn acid during development, the typical diphtheroid appearance. Aerobic
cells are distinctly rod-shaped, 0.8 by 2.0 growth occurs in the form of irregular, long
to 3.0 microns, with a slight tendency to- rods, swollen and branched. Non-motile.
wards the formation of club-shaped forms. Show metachromatic granules. Gram-posi-
Appearance typically diphtheroid. Aerobic tive.
growth occurs as irregular, club-shaped and Yeast-gelatin-lactate-stab: No liquefac-
branched rods. Non-motile. Show meta- tion.
chromatic granules. Gram-positive. Yeast-agar-lactate-stab : Cream-colored
Yeast-gelatin-lactate-stab: Iô liquefac- development in stab with distinct yellow
tion. surface growth.
Yeast-agar-lactate-stab : Cream-colored Liquid media: Turbid in early stages;
growth in stab with distinct surface growth cream-colored, somewhat flocculent sedi-
of same color. ment.
Liquid media: Distinctly turbid; cream- Litmus milk: Coagulation, acid.
colored; smooth sediment; very ropy. Indole not produced.
Ferments lactic and pyruvic acid, glyc- mannose, galactose, cellobiose, maltose,
erol, dihydroxyacetone, arabinose, glucose, lactose, sucrose, raffinose and mannitol
galactose, fructose, naannose, lactose, malt- with the production of propionic and acetic
ose, sucrose, raffinose, dextrin, glycogen and acids and carbon dioxide.
starch with the production of propionic and Acid from adonitol, amygdalin, arabitol,
acetic acids and carbon dioxide. erythritol, esculin, inositol, melezitose,
Acid from esculin, salicin and mannitol. salicin and trehalose. No acid from d- and
No acid from dulcitol, inulin or xylose. 1-arabinose, dextrin, dulcitol, glycogen,
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. inulin, melibiose, perseitol, pectin, rham-
Catalase-positive. nose, sorbitol, starch or xylose.
Anaerobic, but less so than Propionibac- Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
terium Jreudenreichii . Catalase-positive; only very slightly so
Distinctive character: The ability to fer- when grown aerobically.
ment the polysaccharides dextrin, glycogen Less anaerobic than Propionibacteriuni
and starch. Jreudenreichii.
Source: Isolated from Edam and Tilsit Distinctive characters: Differs from Pro-
cheeses. pionibacterium jensenii in its somewhat
Habitat: Dairy products. greater length and in its ability to ferment
cellobiose and salicin; the behaviour of
7. Propionibacteriuni raffinosaceum Propionibacteriuni jensenii towards raffinose
Werkman and Kendall, 1931. {Propionibac- and mannitol is not constant and hence
terium jensenii var. raffinosaceum van Niel, cannot be used as a differential character.
The Propionic Acid Bacteria, Haarlem, Werkman and Kendall have reported differ-
1928, 162; Werkman and Kendall, Iowa State ent agglutination reactions for Propioni-
Coll. Jour. Sci., 6, 1931, 17.) bacterium jensenii and Propionibacteriuni
raf.fi. no. sa'ce.um. Fr. v. raffiner to re- raffinosaceum.
fine; M.L. neut.n. raffinosum raffinose, a Source: Isolated from buttermilk.
sugar secured by refining beet sugar mo- Habitat: Dairy products.
lasses; M.L. adj. raffinosaceum relating to
raffinose. 8. Propionibacterivim peterssonii van
Description taken from van Niel (op. Niel, 1928. {Bacterium acidi propionici c,
cit., 1928, 162) and from Werkman and Troili-Petersson, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt.,
Brown (Jour. Bact., 26, 1933, 402). 24, 1909, 333; van Niel, The Propionic Acid
Cells in neutral media spherical to short, Bacteria, Haarlem, 1928, 163.)
rod-shaped cells, 0.8 by 0.8 to 1.5 microns, pe.ters.so'ni.i. M.L. gen. noun peterssonii
of typical diphtheroid appearance. In media of Petersson; named for Gerda Troili-Pe-
in which acid is produced, the cells are some- tersson, the Swedish bacteriologist who iso-
what longer rod-shaped, to 2 microns in lated this organism.
length. Aerobic growth occurs as irregular, Description taken from van Niel (loc.
long rods, swollen and branched. Non-mo- cit.) and from Werkman and Brown (Jour.
tile. Show metachromatic granules. Gram- Bact., 26, 1933, 406).
positive. Cells in neutral media spherical, 0.8 mi-
Yeast-gelatin-lactate-stab: No liquefac- cron in diameter, occurring in clumps of
tion. short chains. In carbohydrate media which
Yeast-agar-lactate-stab : Cream-colored turn acid during development, rod-shaped
growth in stab; distinct, orange-yellow sur- cells, 0.8 by 1.5 to 2.0 microns, also occur
face growth. in clumps. Aerobic growth occurs as heavily
Liquid media: Turbid in early stages; swollen and branched rods. Non-motile.
cream-colored, smooth sediment. Show metachromatic granules. Gram-posi-
Litmus milk: Coagulated, acid. tive.
Indole not produced. Yeast-gelatin-lactate stab: No liquefac-
Ferments lactic and pyruvic acids, glyc- tion.
erol, dihydroxyacetone, glucose, fructose, Yeast-agar-lactate stab: Cream-colored
575
FAMILY XI. PROPIONIBACTERIACEAE
growth, dry and wrinkled, resembling that little influenced by developing acidity.
of Mycobacterium spp. Aerobic growth occurs as irregular long
Liquid media: No turbiditj^; sediment a rods, swollen and branched. Non-motile.
coherent layer, cream-colored. Show metachromatic granules. Gram-posi-
Litmus milk: Acid coagulation. tive.
Indole not produced. Yeast-gelatin-lactate stab: No liquefac-
tion.
Ferments lactic and pyruvic acids, glyc-
erol, dihydroxyacetone, glucose, fructose, Yeast-agar-lactate stab: Cream-colored
mannose, galactose, sucrose, maltose and growth in stab; orange-yellow, dome-shaped
lactose with the production of propionic surface growth.
and acetic acids and carbon dio.xide. Liquid media: Turbid in early stages;
Acid from esculin and salicin. No acid cream-colored, smooth sediment.
from d- and 1-arabinose, cellobiose, dextrin, Litmus milk: Coagulated, acid.
dulcitol, glycogen, inulin, perseitol, pectin, Indole not produced.
raffinose, rhamnose, sorbitol, starch or xj^- Ferments lactic and pyruvic acids, glyc-
lose. erol, dihydroxyacetone, glucose, fructose,
Pantothenic acid, biotin and para-amino- mannose, galactose, sucrose, maltose, lac-
benzoic acid are required for growth; thi- tose and sometimes raffinose and mannitol
amine, while not required, is stimulating with the production of propionic and acetic
for growth (Delwiche, Jour. Bact., 58, 1949, acids and carbon dioxide.
396). Acid from adonitol, arabitol, erythritol.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. esculin, inositol and trehalose. No acid from
Catalase-positive; aerobically developed arabinose, cellobiose, dextrin, dulcitol, gly-
growth very slightly so. cogen, inulin, perseitol, pectin, rhamnose,
Less anaerobic than Propionibacterium salicin, sorbitol, starch or xylose.
freudenreichii and Propionibacterium sher- Pantothenic acid and biotin are growth
manii. requirements; some strains require para-
Distinctive character: Growth in liquid aminobenzoic acid, others do not, and still
media in clumps, giving the cultures the others find this vitamin stimulating but
appearance of agglutinated bacteria. So far not required for growth; thiamine, although
as known, the only species among the pro- not required, is growth-stimulating (Del-
pionic acid bacteria possessing this char- wiche, Jour. Bact., 58, 1949, 396).
acteristic. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Source: Isolated from cheese and soil. Strongly catalase-positive.
Habitat: Dairy products. Less anaerobic than Propionibacterium
freudenreichii.
9. Propionibacterium jensenii van Distinctive characters: Morphologically
Niel, 1928. {Bacterium acidi propionici b, similar to Propionibacterium rubrum and
von Freudenreich and Orla-Jensen, Cent. f. Propionibacterium thoenii from which it is
Bakt., II Abt., 17, 1906, 532; van Niel, The distinguished chiefly by the failure to pro-
Propionic Acid Bacteria, Haarlem, 1928, duce a red pigment under anaerobic condi-
163.) tions. The yellow surface growth distin-
jen.se'ni.i. M.L. gen. noun jensenii of guishes Propionibacterium jensenii from
Jensen; named for Prof. S. Orla-Jensen, the Propionibacterium zeae, as does also the
Danish bacteriologist who isolated this inability of the former to ferment 1-arabi-
organism. nose and rhamnose.
Description taken from van Niel (loc. Source: Isolated from cheese and butter.
cit.) and from Werkman and Brown (Jour. Habitat: Dairy products.
Bact., 26, 1933, 404).
In neutral media spherical to short rod- 10. Propionibacterium arabinosum
shaped cells, 0.8 by 0.8 to 1.5 microns, occur, Hitchner, 1932. (Jour. Bact., SS, 1932, 40;
often in pairs or short chains; possess typi- also see ibid., 28, 1934, 473.)
cal diphtheroid appearance. Morphology a.ra.bi.no'sum. Gr. noun Arabia Arabia;
M.L. neut.n. arabinosum arabinose, a pen- pen.to.sa'ce.um. Gr. pi. adj. pente five;
tose sugar derived from gum arable. M.L. neut.n. pentosum a pentose sugar;
Cells in neutral lactate media spherical, M.L. adj. pentosaceus relating to a pentose.
0.8 micron in diameter, occurring in pairs Description taken from van Niel {loc.
and short chains. In acid media swollen cit.) and from Werkman and Brown (Jour.
spheres and ellipsoidal cells occur, mostly Bact., 26, 1933, 408).
2.0 by 3.0 to 3.5 microns, often in pairs and In neutral lactate media cells spherical,
short chains. Non-motile. Show metachro- 0.8 micron in diameter, occurring in pairs
matic granules. Gram-positive. and short chains. In media developing acid-
Yeast-gelatin-lactate-stab: No liquefac- ity, long, irregular rods, swollen and
tion. branched, 3 to 4 microns in length, occur.
Yeast-agar-lactate-stab : Cream-colored Aerobic growth occurs as irregular, swollen
growth in stab with distinct orange-yellow and branched, long rods. Non-motile. Show
surface growth. metachromatic granules. Gram-positive.
Liquid cultures: Turbid in early stages; Yeast-gelatin-lactate stab: No liquefac-
cream-colored, smooth sediment. tion.
Litmus milk: No coagulation. Yeast-agar-lactate stab: Cream-colored
Indole not produced. development in stab with abundant, cream-
Ferments lactic and pyruvic acids, glyc- colored surface growth.
erol, dihydroxyacetone, d- and 1-arabinose, Liquid media: Turbid in early stages;
glucose, galactose, fructose, mannose, cello- smooth, creamy sediment; ropy.
biose, maltose, sucrose, raffinose and man- Litmus milk: Coagulated, acid.
nitol with the production of propionic and
acetic acids and carbon dioxide. Indole not produced.
Acid from sorbitol. No acid from dulcitol, Ferments lactic and pyruvic acids, glyc-
xylose, rhamnose, salicin or inulin. erol, dihydroxyacetone, d- and 1-arabinose,
Pantothenic acid and biotin, but not xylose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose, fruc-
tose, mannose, cellobiose, lactose, maltose,
para-aminobenzoic acid, are required for
growth; thiamine, although not required, sucrose, raffinose, mannitol and sorbitol
is growth-stimulating (Delwiche, Jour. with the production of propionic and acetic
Bact., 58, 1949, 396). acids and carbon dioxide.
Nitrite production not recorded. Acid from adonitol, arabitol, erythritol,
Very slightly catalase-positive. esculin, inositol, salicin and trehalose. No
Anaerobic, but less so than Propionibac- acid from dextrin, dulcitol, glycogen, inulin,
terium freudenreichii. perseitol or pectin.
Distinctive characters: The development Pantothenic acid and biotin, but not
of spherical involution forms in acid media, para-aminobenzoic acid, are growth re-
the almost complete absence of catalase
quirements; although thiamine is not re-
and the ability to ferment both d- and quired, it is stimulating for growth (Del-
1-arabinose but not xylose or rhamnose. wiche, Jour. Bact., 58, 1949, 396).
Note : The strain obtained from Dr. E. B.
Nitrites and free nitrogen produced from
Fred produced only minute amounts of acid nitrates.
from lactose and starch; it is questionable
whether these carbohydrates are fermented. Slightly catalase-positive.
Source: Not definitely stated. Anaerobic, but less so than any of the
Habitat: Dairy products. other species of the genus.
Distinctive characters: The formation of
11. Propionibacterium pentosaceum long, rod-shaped involution forms in acid
van Niel, 1928. {Bacillus acidi propioriici media, the absence of pigment production,
von Freudenreich and Orla- Jensen, Cent. f. and the ability to ferment d- and 1-arabi-
Bakt., II Abt., 17, 1906, 532; van Niel, The nose, rhamnose and xylose.
Propionic Acid Bacteria, Haarlem, 1928, Source: Isolated from Emmental cheese.
163.) Habitat: Dairy products.
577
FAMILY XI. PROPIONIBACTERIACEAE
Genus II. Biityribacterium Barker and Haas, 1944'*

(Jour. Bact., 47, 1944, 301.)
Bu.ty.ri.bac.te'ri.um. Gr. noun hutynnn butter; M.L. adj. butyricus butyric; Gr. dim.
noun bacterium a little rod; M.L. neut.n. Butyribacterium the butyric bacterium.
Straight or slightlj' curved rods. Non-motile. Gram-positive. Anaerobic to microaero-
philic. Ferment carbohj'drates and lactic acid, forming acetic and butj'ric acids and carbon
dioxide. Generally catalase-negative but sometimes weakly positive. From the intestinal
contents of vertebrates so far as known.
The type species is Butyribacterium rettgeri Barker and Haas.
1. Butyribacterium rettgeri Barker Glucose-cysteine broth: Abundant tur-

and Haas, 1944. (Strain 32, Lewis and Rett- bidity and sediment; no pellicle.
ger. Jour. Bact., 40, 1940, 298; Barker and Agar stab (King and Rettger's medium,
Haas, Jour. Bact., 47, 1944, 303.) Jour. Bact., 44, 1942, 302): Heavy growth
ret'tge.ri. M.L. gen. noun rettgeri of Rett- in 2 days. Gas production often causes slight
ger; named for L. F. Rettger, one of the splitting of agar.
bacteriologists who first isolated this organ- Acetic and butyric acids and carbon diox-
ism. ide produced from glucose and maltose;
Rods straight or slightly curved, 0.7 by occasionally a small amount of visible gas
2.3 microns, occurring singly, in pairs and is produced. Lactic acid fermented readily
in short chains. Non-motile. Not encap- without visible gas. Arabinose, xylose, lac-
sulated. No branched cells observed, but tose, sucrose, trehalose, rhamnose, man-
some cells have swollen club-shaped ends. nitol, sorbitol, dulcitol and glycerol are not
Gram-positive. fermented.
Glucose-cysteine agar colonies: Circular, Not proteolytic.
translucent, often with opaque center, gray- Indole not produced.
ish white with yellowish tinge, convex when Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
small, later umbonate, glistening, smooth, Generally catalase-negative.
finely granular, edges entire or finely irreg- Anaerobic.
ular; develop slowly, attaining a diameter
of 1.5 mm in 7 days. Minimum, 15° C. Maximum, between 40°
Tryptone-yeast extract-lactate agar col- and 45° C.
onies: Similar to those described above Source: Isolated from the intestinal con-
tents of a white rat.
except larger (2 mm in 4 days at 37° C.) ;
pulvinate rather than umbonate in cross Habitat: Presumably found generally in
sections. the intestines of mammals.
Genus III. Zymobaeterium Wachsman and Barker, 1954''\

(Jour. Bact., 68, 1954, 400.)
Zy.mo.bac.te'ri.um. Gr. noun zyme leaven, ferment; Gr. dim. neut.n. bacterium a small
rod; M.L. neut.n. Zymobaeterium ferment rodlet.
Rods which occur singly or in chains. Non-motile. Gram-positive. Anaerobic or micro-
aerophilic. Catalase-negative. Carbohydrates are utilized, glucose being converted mainly
to ethanol and carbon dioxide with small amounts of acetic and possibly lactic and formic
acids.
The type species is Zymobaeterium oroticum Wachsman and Barker.
* Prepared by Prof. H. A. Barker, University of California, Berkeley, California, Novem-

ber, 1954.
t Prepared by Prof. H. A. Barker, University of California, Berkeley, California, Novem-
ber, 1954.
1. Zymobacterium oroticum Wachs- Acid and gas (in 3 to 5 days) from glucose,
man and Barker, 1954. (Jour. Bact., 68, fructose, sucrose, lactose, maltose, arabi-
1954, 400.) nose, galactose and mannitol. Lactic and
o.ro'ti.cum. M.L. noun acidum oroticxiyn glutamic acids and glycerol not utilized.
orotic acid; M.L. adj. oroticus orotic. Glucose fermentation yields predomi-
Rods, 0.35 to 0.60 by 1.2 to 2.0 microns, nantly ethanol (1.3 moles per mole of glu-
with tapering ends, usually occurring in cose) and carbon dioxide with small amounts
long, intertwined chains. Non-motile. of acetic and possibly lactic and formic
Gram-positive. acids. The maximum level of ethanol pro-
Gelatin: No liquefaction. duction has not 3'et been determined; how-
Tryptone-glucose-yeast extract agar col- ever, the level must be quite low since
onies: Small, round, convex. glucose is fermented slowly, even under
Tryptone-glucose-yeast extract broth: optimum conditions.
In young cultures the cells are character- Orotic acid fermented with the production
istically short rods with tapering ends, be- of ammonia.
coming ovoid in old cultures. Starch not hydrolj^zed.
Orotic acid-basal medium; Morphologi- Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
cally, the cells are similar to those described Catalase-negative.
directly above. Anaerobic to microaerophilic.
Milk: No growth. Source: Isolated from bay mud.
Indole not produced. Habitat: Unknown.
FAMILY XII. CORYNEBACTERIACEAE LEHMANN AND NEUMANN, 1907.*

(Bakt. Diag., 4 Aufl., £, 1907, 500.)
Co.ry.ne.bac.te.ri.a'ce.ae. M.L. neut.n. Corynebacterium type genus of the family;
-aceae ending to denote a family; M.L. fem.pl. n. Corynebacteriaceae the Corynebacterium
family.
Usually non-motile rods, frequently banded or beaded with metachromatic granules. May
show marked diversity of form. Branching cells have been described in a few species, but
these are very uncertain. Generally Gram-positive, some species being partially decolor-
ized more easily than others. Where pigment is formed, it is grayish yellow or orange or
pink. Gelatin may be liquefied. Nitrites may be produced from nitrates. Aerobic to micro-
aerophilic; few
a species are anaerobic. Animal and plant parasites and pathogens; also
found in dairy products and soil.
Key to the genera of family Corynebacteriaceae.

I. Primaril}^ pathogenic on animals and plants.
A. Aerobic to anaerobic, pleomorphic rods that show the characteristic arrangement
produced by snapping division.
1. Animal species are non-motile, but some of the plant pathogens are motile.
Genus I. Corynebacterium, p. 579.
2. Animal species are motile by means of peritrichous flagella. Causes a monocytosis
in warm-blooded animals, including man.
Genus II. Listeria, p. 597.
B. Microaerophilic rods to long filaments. Non-motile.
Genus III. Erysipelothrix, p. 599.
* Definition and key with arrangement of genera in family prepared by Prof. Robert S.
Breed, Cornell University, Geneva, New York, November, 1954.
FAMILY XII. CORYNEBACTERIACEAE 579
II. Live primarily on decomposing organic matter. Saprophytic.

A. Found primarily in dairy products. Acid production weak. Lactic acid is the prin-
cipal acid produced. Xon-motile.
Genus IV. Microbnderium, p. 600.
B. Found primarily in soil.
1. Decomposes cellulose. Motile and non-motile species.
Genus V. Cellulomonas , p. 601.
2. Does not decompose cellulose. Generally non-motile. Gram-negative rods occur
in j'oung cultures, and coccoid, Gram-positive cells develop in older cultures.
Genus VI. Arthrobacter , p. 605.
Genus I. Corynebacterium Lehmann and Neumann, 1896.*

(Bakt. Diag., 1 Aufl., 2, 1896, 390.)
Co.ry.ne.bac.te'ri.um. Gr. noun coryne a club; Gr. noun bacterium a small rod;M.L.
neut.n. Corynebacternim club bacterium.
Straight to slightly curved rods with irregularly stained segments, sometimes granules.
Frequently show club-shaped swellings. Snapping division produces angular and palisade
(picket fence) arrangements of cells. Non-motile with exceptions among the plant pathogens
as stated in the text. Gram-positive, sometimes young cells and sometimes old cells losing
the stain easily. Granules invariably Gram-positive. Generally quite aerobic, but micro-
aerophilic or even anaerobic species occur. Catalase-positive. May or may not liquefj^ gela-
tin. May or may not produce nitrites from nitrates. May or may not ferment sugars, but
seldom, if ever, is a high acidity produced. Many species oxidize glucose completely to CO2
and H2O without producing visible gas. Some pathogenic species produce a powerful exo-
toxin. This group is widely distributed in nature. The best known species are parasites and
pathogens on man and domestic animals. Other species have been found in birds and even
in invertebrate animals. Several species are well known plant pathogens while still other
common species are found in dairy products.
The type species is Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Fliigge) Lehmann and Neumann.
Key to the species of genus Corynebacterium.

1. AEROBIC TO FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC.
I. From animal sources. f Non-motile.

A. From vertebrates.
1. Acid from glucose.
a. Attack man and frequently other animals.
c. Indole not produced.
1. Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
cc. Indole produced.
2. Corynebacterium enzymicum .
* The human section of this genus was revised by Prof. E. G. D. Murray', University of
Western Ontario, London, Canada, the animal section by Dr. E. V. Morse, Department of
Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State Uni-
versity, East Lansing, Michigan, the plant section by Prof. Walter H. Burkholder, De-
partment of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Cornell University, Ithaca, New
York and the anaerobic section by Dr. H. Seeliger, Hj^giene-Institut der Universitat
Bonn, Germany, November, 1954.
t Habitat relationships are used in this key because comparative studies of the species
in these groups are still completely lacking.

c. Grow on ordinary agar,
d. Grows on potato.
3. Corynehacterium hoagii.
dd. Growth on potato doubtful if at all.
e. Good growth on plain gelatin.
4. Corynehacterium striatum.
ee. Poor or slight growth on plain gelatin.
f. Yellow growth on Loeffler's blood serum.
5. Corynehacterium pseudotuberculosis .
ff. Grayish growth on Loeffler's blood serum.
6. Corynebacierium xerosis.
CO. Does not grow on ordinary agar.
7. Corynebacterium pyogenes.
aa. Not known to attack man.
b. Do not attack seals. Pathogenic for mice.
c. Grow on potato.
d. Acid from lactose, sucrose and mannitol.
8. Corynebacterium murisepticum.
dd. No acid from lactose, sucrose or mannitol.
9. Corynebacterium renale.
cc. Does not grow on potato.
10. Corynebacterium kutscheri.
bb. Attacks seals.
11. Corynebacterium. phocae.
2. No acid from carbohydrates.
b. Creamy white growth on potato. From apparently normal human throats.
12. Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum.
bb. Tan, yellow or pink growth on potato. From infectious pneumonia of
foals.
13. Corynebacterium equi.
14. Corynehacterium hovis.
B. From invertebrates. Non-motile.
1. From insects. No acid from carbohydrates. Slow liquefaction of gelatin.
15. Corynehacteriuyn paurometaholum.
2. From leeches. No acid from carbohydrates. No liquefaction of gelatin.
a. Slender rods with no tendency to develop filamentous forms.
16. Corynehacterium nephridii.
aa. Slender rods that develop into filaments 30 or more microns in length.
17. Conjnebacterium vesiculare.
II. From plant sources.
A. N on -motile.
1. Nitrites not produced from nitrates,
a. Colonies cream-colored.
b. Slow liquefaction of gelatin.
c. Bluish granules in growth on ordinary media. Attacks alfalfa.
18. Corynehacterium insidiosum.
cc. No bluish granules. Causes ring-rot of potatoes.
19. Corynebacterium sepedonicum.
bb. No liquefaction of gelatin.
20. Corynebacterium humiferum.
aa. Colonies jêllow. No liquefaction of gelatin. Causes a wilt and canker of to-
matoes.
21. Corynebacterium michiganense .
2. Nitrites produced from nitrates. Slow or no liquefaction of gelatin.
a. Colonies yellow.
b. Slow liquefaction of gelatin. Attacks members of the grass family.
22. Corynebacterium rathayi.
bb. No liquefaction of gelatin. Attacks members of the grass family.
23. Corynebacterium agropyri.
aa. Colonies orange. Parasitic on sweet peas, etc.
24. Corynebacterium fascians.
B. Motile, usually by means of a single flagellum.
1. Non-chromogenic on beef extract agar media.
a. Colonies white on beef extract agar media.
25. Corynebacterium hypertrophicans .
aa. Colonies colorless and almost transparent on beef extract agar media. Sal-
mon- to flesh-colored on potato glucose agar.
26. Corynebacteriiim poinsettiae.
2. Yellow colonies on beef extract agar.
27. Corynebacterium tritici.
28. Corynebacterium flaccumfaciens .
2. ANAEROBIC TO AEROTOLERANT.
I. Acid but no gas produced in glucose-agar shake media.

29. Corynebacterium acnes.
1. Carbohydrates generally not attacked; slight acid from glucose. Pathogenic.
30. Corynebacterium parvum.
2. Carbohydrates attacked. Not pathogenic.
31. Corynebacterium granulosum.
II. Acid and gas produced in glucose-agar shake media.
32. Corynebacterium avidum.
33. Corynebacterium diphiheroides.
1. Corynebacterium diphtheriae Common name: Diphtheria bacillus;

(Fliigge, 1886) Lehmann and Neumann, Klebs-Loeffler bacillus.
1896. (Die Klebs'schen Stabchen, Loffler, Rods, varying greatly in dimensions, 0.3
Mitteil. a. d. kaiserl. Gesundheitsamte, 2, to 0.8 by 1.0 to 8.0 microns, occurring singly.
1884, 421; Bacillus diphtheriae Flugge, Die The rods are straight or .slightly curved,
Mikroorganismen, 2 Aufl., 1886, 225; Leh- frequently swollen at one or both ends. The
mann and Neumann, Bakt. Diag., 1 Aufl., rods do not, as a rule, stain uniformly with
2, 1896, 350; Corynebacterium ulcerans Gil- methylene blue but show alternate bands
bert and Stewart, Jour, of Lab. and Clin. of stained and unstained material and in
Med., 12, 1927, 756.) addition one or more metachromatic gran-
diph.the'ri.ae. Gr. noun diphthera leather, ules which are best shown by special stains,
skin; M.L. fem.n. diphtheria diphtheria; Non-motile. Gram-positive but not in-
M.L. gen. noun diphtheriae of diphtheria. tensely so in older cultures.
Gelatin colonies: Slow development. Very fructose; some strains also ferment galac-
small, grayish, lobulate. tose, maltose, sucrose, dextrin and glycerol.
Gelatin stab: Slight growth on surface Nitrites produced from nitrates.
and scant growth in stab. No liquefaction. Does not hydrolyze urea (Merkel, Zent.
Agar slant: Scant, grayish, granular, f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., U7 , 1941, 398).
translucent growth, with irregular margin. A highly poisonous exotoxin is produced
Blood-tellurite media: Produces gray to in fluid media. This toxin represents the
black colonies. principal disease-producing agency of the
Colony forms: Smooth (S) colony form: organism. Toxin production may fail in
Round and umbonate or convex, with even otherwise tj-pical strains.
margin and smooth surface. Opaque when A highly potent antitoxin can be pro-
viewed by transmitted light, glistening and duced by repeated injection of toxin into
somewhat moist in appearance when viewed experimental animals. The antitoxin pos-
by reflected light. Colonies about 1 to 3 mm sesses both curative and protective proper-
in diameter. Growth frequently slowed or ties.
inhibited by the presence of potassium tel- Serological types : In a study of 250 strains
lurite in the medium. of Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Murray
Rough (R) colony form: Flat, margin is (Jour. Path, and Bact., 41, 1935, 439-45)
very irregular. Surface is pitted and very was able to classify 228 strains into 11 sero-
uneven. Very little light reflected from sur- logical types, and 22 strains remained un-
face. Translucent when viewed by trans- classified (Morton, Bact. Rev., 4, 1940, 196).
mitted light. Colonies about 1 to 5 mm in McLeod et al. (Jour. Path, and Bact., 34,
diameter. 1931, 667; ibid., 36, 1933, 169; Lancet, 1,
Intermediate colony forms: Several col- 1933, 293) describe three tj-pes which have
ony forms are found in this group since the been confirmed by other workers; these are
term includes all forms between the pure S distinguishable by colony form on McLeod's
form and the pure R form. Sr forms very blood-tellurite medium, they are antigeni-
nearlj' approach the S colonies and the sR cally different with subtypes, there is some
forms nearl}' approach the pure R forms. difference between their toxins (Etris, Jour.
The SR form shows properties distinct from Inf. Dis., 50, 1934, 220) and the severity of
either the S or R forms. The colonies are 3 disease is associated with the type.
to 5 mm in diameter. The margin usually Corynebacterium diphtheriae type gravis
shows indentations. The surface is raised grows with dark gray, daisy-head colonies;
but not convex; it may be nearly level or ferments dextrin, starch and glycogen; is
show a central elevation surrounded by a not hemolytic; has very few small metachro-
concentric depression and elevation. matic granules; forms a pellicle and a gran-
Dwarf (D) colony form: Colonies very ular deposit, and there is an early reversal
small, about 0.2 mm or less in diameter. of pH in broth.
Margin round and even. Surface convex. Corynebacterium diphtheriae type mitis
All of the above colony forms have been grows in convex, black, shiny, entire colo-
isolated from cases of diphtheria (Morton, nies; no fermentation of starch and
Jour. Bact., ^0, 1940, 768 ff.). glycogen, and it is variable with dextrin;
Broth: Uniform turbidity produced by S hemolytic; metachromatic granules are
form, pellicle produced by SR form, sedi- prominent; diffuse turbidity, infrequent
ment produced by the R form. pellicle, and there is a late reversal of pH
Litmus milk: Unchanged. in broth.
Potato: No visible growth. Corynebacterium diphtheriae type intenne-
Blood serum: Growth grayish to cream- dius produces a small, flat, umbonate colony
colored, moist, smooth, slightly raised, with a black center and slightly crenated
margin entire. May be bright yellow or oc- periphery; not hemolytic; barring of bacilli
asionally reddish (Hill, Sci., 17, 1903, 375). is accentuated; there is no fermentation of
Indole not produced. starch and glycogen, and it is variable with
All strains produce acid from glucose and dextrin ; forms no pellicle but a fine granular
deposit, and there is no reversal of pH in granular sediment. Coccoid form shows

broth. diffuse, luxuriant growth.
Ten years of observations in all parts of Litmus milk: Acid, coagulated.
the world have shown (McLeod, Bact. Rev., Potato: No growth.
7, 1943, 1) that a small percentage of strains Indole production slight.
does not correspond closely to any of these Acid from glucose, maltose, sucrose, dex-
three types. Variant strains are found most trin and glycerol.
frequently' in regions where the diphtheria Slight production of nitrites from nitrates.
is of mild or moderate severity. Aerobic, facultative.
Aerobic, facultative. Optimum temperature, 37° C.
Optimum temperature, between 34° and Pathogenic for rabbits, guinea pigs and
mice.
36° C. Grows well at 37° C.
Relationship to other species: A compari- Source: Isolated from lungs, blood and
son of cultures has shown Corynebacterium
ulcerans Gilbert and Stewart to be identical joints.
Habitat: From human sources so far as
with C. diphtheriae Lehmann and Neumann known.
(Henriksen and Grelland, Jour. Path, and
Bact., 64, 1952, 509). 3. Corynebacterium hoagii (Morse,
Source: Commonly from membranes in 1912) Eberson, 1918. (Bacillus X, Hoag,
the pharynx, larynx, trachea and nose in hu- Boston Med. and Surg. Jour., 167, 1907, 10;
man diphtheria; from the seemingly healthy 10.)
Bacillus hoagiiMoTse, Jour. Inf. Dis., 11,
pharynx and nose in carriers; occasionally 1912, 284; Eberson, Jour. Inf. Dis., 23, 1918,
from the conjunctiva and infected super-
ficial wounds. Found occasionally infecting
hoa'gi.i. M.L. gen. noun hoagii of Hoag;
the nasal passages and wounds in horses; named for Dr. Louis Hoag, the bacteriolo-
also reported from natural diseases in fowl. gist who first isolated this species.
Habitat: The cause of diphtheria in man. Rods, 0.8 to 1.0 by 1.0 to 3.0 microns, oc-
Pathogenic to guinea pigs, kittens and rab- curring singly. Show polar staining in the
bits. For action on other animals see An- shorter forms while the longer forms are
drewes et al. (Diphtheria. London, 1923, barred and slightly club-shaped. Non-mo-
170 ff.). tile. Gram-positive.
Gelatin colonies: Small, dull, pale pink,
2. Corynebacterium enzymicum (IVIel- entire.
lon, 1917) Eberson, 1918. (An unusual diph- Gelatin stab: Slight pink surface growth.
theroid bacillus, Mellon, Med. Record, New No liquefaction.
York, 81, 1916, 240; Bacillus enzymicus Mel- Agar colonies: Small, pale pink, dull,
lon, Jour. Bact., 2, 1917, 297; Eberson, Jour.
granular, entire.
Inf. Dis., 23, 1918, 29.) Agar slant: Filiform, dull, pink growth.
en.zy'mi.cum. Gr. noun zynie leaven; Broth: Turbid, with slight pink sediment.
M.L. noun enzymum enzyme; M.L. adj. Litmus milk: Slightly alkaline, with pink
enzymicus relating to enzyme. sediment.
Rods, beaded and club-shaped, definitely Potato: Dull, filiform streak.
pleomorphic, showing coccoid forms. Non- Indole not produced.
motile. Gram-positive. Acid from glucose and sucrose but not
Gelatin stab: Slight surface growth. No
liquefaction. maltose.
Glucose agar: Bacillary form shows very Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
small colorless colonies. Coccoid form shows Blood serum: Dull, filiform, pink streak.
heavy, yellowish white, moist growths. Aerobic.
Blood agar: Same as on glucose agar. Optimum temperature, 30° C.
Source: Isolated from the throat; also
Loefiier's blood serum: Fine, moist, con- from air contamination of cultures.
fluent growth.
Glucose broth: Bacillary form shows Habitat: Unknown.
4. Corynebacteriuni striatum (Ches- Hydrogen sulfide production slight, if at

ter, 1901) Eberson, 1918. {Bacillus striahis all.
flavus and Bacilhis striatus albits von Be.sser, Acid from glucose, fructose, mannose, tre-
Beitr. z. path. Anat. u. allgem. Path., 6, halose, dextrin and glycogen; acid usually
1888, 349; Bacterium striatum Chester, Man. produced from galactose, lactose, maltose
Determ. Bact., 1901, 171; Bacillus flavidus and starch; acid occasionally produced
Morse, Jour. Inf. Dis., 11, 1912, 281; Eber- from sucrose, glycerol and mannitol. No
son, Jour. Inf. Dis., £3, 1918, 5 and 22; Co- acid from arabinose, xylose, rhamnose,
rynebacterium flavidum Holland, Jour. Bact., raffinose, inulin, salicin, amygdalin, eryth-
5, 1920, 218.) ritol, adonitol, dulcitol, sorbitol or inositol.
stri.a'tum. L. v. strio to groove; L. part, Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced.
adj. striatus grooved. Methyl red test usually negative.
Original description supplemented by- Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
material taken from Munch-Petersen (Aus- Ammonia is not produced.
tral. Jour. E.xp. Biol, and Med. Sci., 32, Aerobic.
1954, 367). Catalase-positive .
Pleomorphic rods, many of which are Methylene blue may or may not be re-
club-shaped, which measure 0.25 to 0.5 by duced.
2.0 to 3.0 microns; coccoid and long, fila- Thermal death point (24-hour broth cul-
mentous forms increase with the age of the tures):60° C. for 5 minutes.
culture. Possess fairly large metachromatic Blood agar: Slight hemolysis around deep
granules arranged so as to produce regular but not around surface colonies.
bars (striae or segments). Non-motile. Pathogenicity: A 24-hour broth culture,
Gram-positive. when injected intramuscularly, proved
Gelatin: Good growth. Many cultures fatal to all of the guinea pigs and to nearly
liquefy gelatin slowly, while others do not all of the mice which were tested.
liquefj' even by 5 weeks. Comments: Eberson (op. cit., 1918, 5)
Agar colonies: Visible after 48 hours; cir- points out that the description of Bacillus
cular, 1.0 to 1.25 mm in diameter, white, flavidus Morse agrees with that of Bac-
smooth and entire by the fifth day. terium striatum Chester; therefore with
Agar slants: Visible growth in 48 hours; good reason he regards the two species as
discrete, white, entire, slightly moist, non- identical, and they are so regarded here.
confluent growth in 3 days; profuse, slightly Munch-Petersen 's description agrees, with
spreading, erose growth in 5 days. minor exceptions, with that of Corynebac-
Agar shakes: Excellent growth on sur- terium flavidum Holland as found in the
face and throughout the medium; similar Manual, 5th ed., 1939, 797. Investigators
to that on agar plates. find no essential differences, other than
Chromogenesis: Some strains produce a chromogenesis, between the white and yel-
yellowish green pigment soluble in the me- low strains of this species.
dium. Source: Originally isolated from nasal
Citrate agar: Fair growth similar to that mucus and from the throat; also found in
on agar. the udders of cows with mastitis.
Broth (with and without serum or glu- Habitat: Probably associated with the
cose) Excellent
: growth visible in 24 hours; mucous membranes and skin glands of mam-
clear supernatant; finely granular, white mals, including man.
sediment easily shaken up; no pellicle or
growth on surface. 5. Corynebacteriuni pseudotubercu-
Loeffler's serum: Growth moderate, losis (Buchanan, 1911) Eberson, 1918. (No-
slightly raised, low convex, opaque, erose. card, Bull, de la Soc. Centr. de m6d. Vet.,
Litmus milk: No change in 5 days; reduc- 1885, 207; Pseudotuberculose-Bakterien,
tion may occur in 3 weeks. Preisz, Cent. f. Bakt., 10, 1891, 568; Bacillus
Potato: Very doubtful growth. tuberculosis ovis Lehmann and Neumann,
Indole not produced. Bakt. Diag., 1 Aufl., 2, 1896, 362; Bacillus
FAMILY XII. CORYXEBACTERIACEAE 585
pseudotuberculosis Buchanan, Veter. Bact., club-shaped forms are seen. Non-motile.

Phila., 1911, 238; Eberson, Jour. Inf. Dis., Gram-positive.
£S, 1918, 10.) Plain gelatin colonies: Rarely develop.
pseu.do.tu.ber.cu.lo'sis. Gr. adj. pseudes Serum gelatin stab: No liquefaction.
false; L. neut.n. tuberculum a little tubercle; Agar colonies: Minute, circular, almost
M.L. fem.n. tuberculosis tuberculosis; M.L. transparent, raised, smooth, pearly white.
gen. noun pseudotuberculosis of false tuber- Agar slant: Thin, grayish, limited growth.
culosis. Loeffler's blood serum: Thin, grayish,
Common name: Preisz-Nocard bacillus. adherent growth.
Slender rods, 0.5 to 0.6 by 1.0 to 3.0 mi- Broth: Clear, with slight, granular sedi-
crons, staining irregularly and showing ment.
clubbed forms. Non-motile. Gram-positive. Litmus milk: Unchanged.
Gelatin colonies: Slight development. Potato: No visible growth.
Gelatin stab: No liquefaction. Indole not produced.
Agar colonies: Thin, cream-colored to Acid from glucose, fructose, galactose,
orange, folded, serrate, dry. maltose and sucrose.
Loeffler's blood serum: Small, yellow, ser- Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
rate colonies. No liquefaction. Aerobic, facultative.
Broth: No turbidity. Granular sediment. Optimum temperature, 37° C. Grows very
Pellicle formed (Carne, Jour. Path, and slowly as low as 18° to 25° C. (Eberson,
Bact., J^9, 1939, 316). Jour. Inf. Dis., 23, 1918, 3).
Litmus milk: Unchanged. Not pathogenic.
Potato: No growth. Source : Isolated from normal and diseased
Acid from glucose, fructose, galactose, conjunctiva. Kuschbert (Deutsche med.
mannose, sucrose, lactose, maltose and Wochnschr., 10, 1884, 321 and 341) states
dextrin. Some strains attack xylose. that this species was originally isolated by
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Colomiatti.
Aerobic, facultative. Habitat: Probably identical with other
Optimum temperature, 37° C. species described from the skin and other
Causes caseous lymphadenitis in sheep parts of the body.
and ulcerative lymphangitis in horses.
Forms an exotoxin. 7. Corynebacterium pyogenes (Glage,
Shows a close serological relationship 1903) Eberson, 1918. (Bacillus liguefaciens
with Corynebacterium renale (Merchant, pyogenes bovis Lucet, Ann. Inst. Past., 7,
Jour. Bact., 30, 1935, 109). 1893, 327; Bacillus pyogenes Glage, Ztschr. f.
Source: Isolated from necrotic areas in
Fleisch- u. Milchhyg., 13, 1903, 166; Eberson,
the kidney of a sheep. Jour. Inf. Dis., 23, 1918, 5.)
Habitat: Found in caseous lymphadenitis
in sheep and ulcerative lesions in horses, py.o'ge.nes. Gr. noun pyuni pus; Gr. v.
gennaio to produce; M.L. adj. pyogenes pus-
cattle and other warm-blooded animals.
producing.
For a fuller description see Brown and
6. Corynebacterium xerosis Lehmann
Orcutt (Jour. Exp. Med., 32, 1920, 244).
and Neumann, 1899. (Bacillus der xerose,
Rods 0.2 by 0.3 to 2.0 microns in length.
Neisser and Kuschbert, Breslauer artzl.
Smallest forms appear as scarcely visible
Ztschr., 5, 1883, 42; Lehmann and Neumann,
Bakt. Diag., 2 Aufl., 2, 1899, 365 and 385.) points (common in old abscesses). Chains
formed. Club forms may be present. Non-
xe.ro'sis. Gr. fem.n. xerosis a parched
skin, xerosis; M.L. gen.noun xerosis of motile. Gram-positive.
xerosis. Serum gelatin: Liquefaction.
An excellent historical discussion of this No growth on ordinary agar.
organism is given by Andrewes et al. (Diph- Serum agar: Minute colonies after 36 to
theria. London, 1923, 377-382). 48 hours. Surface colonies may increase to
Rods showing polar staining; occasionally 3 mm in diameter. Colonies smoky brown by
58G ORDER IV. EUBACTERIALES
transmitted light and bluish white by re- Litmus milk: Acid. No coagulation.
flected light. Potato: Good growth.
Bovine blood serum slants: Pit-like or Indole not produced.
more general areas of liquefaction. Hydrogen sulfide produced.
Serum bouillon: Cloudy with fine floccu- Acid from glucose, fructose, galactose,
lent grayish flakes that form a sediment maltose, lactose, sucrose, inulin and man-
like a streptococcus culture. nitol. Arabinose and isodulcitol are not
attacked.
Milk: Coagulation after 48 hours at 37° C,
with acid at bottom of tube. Separation of Action on nitrates not reported.
whey and peptonization. Aerobic, facultative.
Indole not produced. Optimum temperature, 37° C.
Acid produced in serum bouillon from Pathogenic for mice.
glucose, sucrose, lactose and xylose but Habitat: Septicemia in mice.
not from raffinose, inulin, mannitol or sali-
cin. 9. Corynebacterium renale (Migula,
Nitrites not produced from nitrates (Mer- 1900) Ernst, 1905. (Bacillus renalis bovis
chant, Jour. Bact., 30, 1935, 108). Bollinger, in Enderlen, Zeit. f. Tiermed.,
Beta hemolytic; not hemoglobinophilic, 17, 1890, 346; Bacterium renale Migula, Syst.
though growth is favored by proteins as d. Bakt., 2, 1900, 504; Ernst, Cent. f. Bakt.,
egg albumen, serum or blood (Brown and I Abt., Orig., 40, 1905, 80.)
Orcutt, op. cit., 1920, 244). re.na'le. L. adj. rewaZz's pertaining to the
Aerobic as well as anaerobic growth. kidne^^s.
Optimum temperature, 37° C. Growth Description taken mainlj^ from Jones and
Little (Jour. Exp. Med., U, 1926, 11).
range, 20° to 40° C.
Intravenous injection of rabbits and mice Rods, 0.7 b}' 2.0 to 3.0 microns, occurring
usually fatal. usually in masses, rarely singly. Non-motile.
Toxin and a heat-labile hemolysin are Bacteria from tissues not so pleomorphic
produced (Lovell, Jour. Path, and Bact., as those from the earlier transfer cultures,
45, 1937, 339). although many show polar granules or swol-
Source: Isolated from bovine pus (Lucet, len ends. Cultures grown in broth show coc-
op. cit., 1893, 327); also isolated from path- coid forms and beaded rods with swollen
ological processes in man (Forgeot, Halbron ends. Gram-positive.
and Levy-Bruhl, Ann. Inst. Past., 65, 1940, Gelatin: Grows poorly if at all. No lique-
326; also see Ballard, Upsher and Seeley, faction.
Amer. Jour. Clin. Path., 27, 1947, 209). Agar: Small, punctiform colonies.
Habitat: Found in abscesses in cattle, Agar slants: Raised, grayish white and
swine and other warm-blooded animals, dry growth (Jones and Little). Others say
including man. cream-colored and moist.
Blood serum slants: Fine, gray, puncti-
8. Corynebacterium murisepticuni form colonies in 24 hours at 37° C. which
von Holzhausen, 1927. (Cent. f. Bakt., I are a little larger than those on agar. Streak
Abt., Orig., 105, 1927, 94.) scarcely 1 mm in width. Glistening and slimy
mu.ri.sep'ti.cum. L. noun »ius, muris a in fresh cultures. No liquefaction.
mouse; Or. adj. septicus septic; L. adj. tnuri- Litmus milk: Reduction and coagulation
septicvs mouse-poisoning (-infecting). from the bottom. Slow digestion, becoming
Slender rods, 1.2 to 1.5 microns in length, alkaline.
with polar granules. Grow out into long Broth: Sediment at end of 2 days with
filaments. Non-motile. Gram-positive. clear bouillon above.
Gelatin stab: Feeble growth, with fimbri- Potato: Growth grayish white, later be-
ate outgrowth along line of puncture. coming adingy yellow, turning the potato
Egg glycerol broth: Good growth. brown.
Loeflfler's blood serum: Good growth. Acid from glucose. No acid from lactose,
Broth: Turbid. sucrose, maltose or mannitol. Some strains
ferment fructose and mannose (Merchant, kerud et al., 1951. (Svenkerud, Rosted and
Jour. Bact., 30, 1935, 109). Thorshang, Nord. Vet. Med., S, 1951, 168.)
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. pho'cae. M.L. noun Phoca a generic name
Optimum temperature, 37° C. of seals; M.L. gen. noun phocae of Phoca.
Pathogenic for mice (Lovell and Cotchin, Description prepared by Prof. E. G. D.
Jour. Comp. Path, and Therap., 56, 1946, Murray from the original publication by
205) and for rabbits (Feenstra, Thorp and Svenkerud et al. and from a study of cul-
Gray, Amer. Jour. Vet. Res., 10, 1949, 12). tures supplied by these investigators.
No to.xin produced. Rods, 0.4 to 0.6 by 0.7 to 2.0 microns, oc-
Shows a close serological relationship with curring infrequently flexed chains of 3 to 7
Corynebacteriurn psuedotuberculosis (Mer- or more cells, in linear, end to end pairs or
chant). in pairs lying at an obtuse angle to each
Source: Isolated from pyelonephritis in other; occasionally single cells and very
cattle. long rod-shaped forms, 10 to 15 microns in
Habitat: Occurs in purulent infections length, may occur, the latter sometimes
of the urinary tract in cattle, sheep, horses being curved. Non-motile. Gram-positive.
and dogs. Gelatin: No liquefaction.
Agar colonies: Small (0.1 mm), circular,
10. Corynebacteriurn kutscheri (Mi- smooth, moderately elevated, entire; at
gula, 1900) Bergey et al., 1925. {Bacillus first (24 hours) transparent and colorless,
pseudotuberculosis murium Kutscher, later (48 hours) becoming enlarged (0.5 to
Ztschr. f. Hyg., 18, 1894, 338; Bacterium 1.0 mm), opalescent and slightly white.
kutscheri Migula, Syst. d. Bakt., 2, 1900, Potassium tellurite medium: No growth.
372; Bergey et al.. Manual, 2nd ed., 1925, Peptone broth: Poor growth at 37° C.
395.) and room temperature.
kut'scher.i. M.L. gen. noun kutscheri of Pneumo broth: Good growth at 37° C.
Kutscher; named for Kutscher, the bac- and room temperature; slight growth in 3 to
teriologist who first isolated this species. 4 days at 4° C., becoming progressively
Rods, with pointed ends, staining irregu- heavier and producing a turbidity in the
larly. Non-motile. Gram-positive. lower portion of the medium, thus leaving
Gelatin colonies: Small, white, translu- a clear supernatant several mm in depth.
cent. Coagulated blood serum: No liquefaction.
Gelatin stab: No growth on surface. Litmus milk: No change.
White, filiform growth in stab. No lique- Indole not produced.
faction. Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Agar colonies: Small, thin, yellowish Carbohydrate fermentation determina-
white, translucent, serrate. tions (except those of esculin, arbutin and
Agar slant: Thin, white, translucent. alpha-methyl-glucoside) performed in Hiss
Loeffler's blood serum: Abundant growth. serum sugar water. Acid from glucose, fruc-
Not peptonized. tose, sucrose, maltose, trehalose and salicin.
Broth: Slight turbidity. Crystals of am- Slight acid from xj-lose, galactose, lactose,
monium magnesium phosphate are pro- inulin, glycerol, inositol and mannitol. Acid
duced. occasionally produced from rhamnose and
Litmus milk: Unchanged. dextrin. No acid from arabinose, dulcitol,
Potato: No growth. sorbitol or arbutin. Glucose, fructose, su-
Indole not produced. crose and salicin cause clotting of the me-
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. dium in 24 hours at 37° C. as does trehalose
Aerobic, facultative. in 48 hours; dextrin causes clotting l)y one
Optimum temperature, 37° C. week.
Source: Isolated from a cheesy mass in Starch, aesculin and alpha-met h3-l-glu-
the lung of a mouse. coside are hydroljzed.
Methyl red test positive.
11. Corynebacteriurn phocac Sven- Acetylmethylcarbinol produced.
Citrate not utilized. Gelatin colonies: Small, grayish to cream-

Sodium oleate severely inhibits growth. colored, smooth, homogeneous, entire.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Gelatin stab: Slight surface growth with
Urease not produced. little growth in stab. No liquefaction.
Blood agar colonies: 0.7 mm in diameter, Agar colonies: Opaque, grayish to cream-
smooth, glistening, moderately elevated, colored, smooth, homogeneous, entire.
entire, transparent, slightly white; later Agar slant: Moist, smooth, white to
(48 hours) becoming enlarged (1.0 mm in cream-colored, entire growth.
diameter) and white with opaque centers. Loeffler's blood serum: Same as on agar.
No hemolysis. Broth: Slightly turbid with slight, grayish
Catalase-negative. sediment.
Aerobic, facultative. Litmus milk: Unchanged.
Comment : Svenkerud et al. raise the ques- Potato: Slight, creamy white, smooth,
tion whether this species should be placed entire growth.
in Corynebacterinm, Erysipeloihrix or Lis- Indole not produced.
teria. However, the further cultural and No acid from carbohydrate media.
serological studies that have been made of Nitrites produced from nitrates.
their cultures show that this species is prop- Hydrolyzes urea (Merkel, Zent. f. Bakt.,
erly placed in the genus Corynebacterinm. I Abt., Orig., 147, 1941, 398).
Source: Isolated from an erysipelas oc- Aerobic, facultative.
curring in the transition between the corium
and blubber of seals {Phoca groenlandica, Not pathogenic.
P. hispida, Cristophara cristata and Erig- Source : From the oral cavity of 26 out of
naihus barbatus). 45 control cases.
Habitat: Normal throats.
12. Corynebacterinm pseudodiphthe-
riticum Lehmann and Neumann, 1896. 13. Corynebacteriuni equi Magnusson,
(Bacillus der pseudodiphtherie, Loeffler, 1923. (Arch. f. wiss. prakt. Tierheilk., 50,
Cent. f. Bakt., 2, 1887, 105; G. von Hof- 1923, 22.)
mann-Wellenhof, Wien. med. Wochenschr., e'qui. L. noun equus horse; L. gen. noun
38, 1888, 65; Lehmann and Neumann, Bakt. equi of the horse.
Diag., 1 Aufl., 2, 1896, 361.) Description taken from Dimock and Ed-
pseu.do.diph.the.ri'ti.cum. Gr. adj. wards (Kentucky Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 333,
pseudes false; M.L. fem.n. diphtheria diph- 1932), Bruner and Edwards (Kentuckj^ Agr.
theria; M.L. adj. diphtheriticns diphtheritic; Exp. Sta. Bull. 414, 1941), Merchant (Jour.
M.L. adj. pseudodiphtheriticus relating to Bact., SO, 1935, 95) and Brooks and Hucker
false diphtheria. (Jour. Bact., 48, 1944, 309).
Common name : Pseudodiphtheria bacillus Rods variable according to medium. Coc-
or Hofmann's bacillus. coid and ellipsoidal cells to rather long,
Excellent historical discussions of this curved and sometimes clubbed forms. The
and related organisms are given by Bergey latter are especially apt to occur in liquid
(Comparative Studies upon the Pseudo- media. Non-motile. Gram-positive.
diphtheria or Hofmann's Bacillus, the Gelatin stab: Good growth. No liquefac-
Xerosis Bacillus, and the Loeffler Bacillus. tion.
Contrib. from Lab. of Hyg., Univ. of Penn., Agar colonies: Usually moist, smooth and
No. 2, 1898, 19-54) and by Andrewes et al. glistening, tan to yellow (Brooks and
(Diphtheria. London, 1923, 382-388). Hucker, ibid., 300) or pink to red chromo-
Rods, with rounded ends, 0.3 to 0.5 by genesis (Merchant, op. cit., 1935, 107).
0.8 to 1.5 microns, fairly uniform in size, Agar slant: Moist heavy growth which
without swollen ends. Not barred but even
may run down the slant (Dimock and Ed-
staining interrupted by transverse, medial wards, op. cit., 1932, 322).
unstained septum; granules usually absent. Broth: Turbid with no pellicle and little
Non-motile. Gram-positive. sediment (Dimock and Edwards, loc. cit.).
Pellicle, and final pH alkaline (Brooks and Agar slant: Thin, gray, filiform, dry
Hucker, op. cit., 1944, 309). Branched cells
occur in 6- to 8-hour cultures in broth. growth.
Broth: Slight, granular sediment.
LoefBer's blood serum: Good growth with Litmus milk: Slowly becomes deeply alka-
line.
tan to yellow chromogenesis. No liquefac-
tion. Potato: No growth.
Coagulated egg yolk: Vigorous salmon- Indole not produced.
pink growth. Dryer than on agar, resembling No acid from carbohydrate media.
wrinkled growth of tubercle bacillus after Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
two weeks. No growth on agar containing asparagine
Litmus milk: No change to slightly alka- as a sole source of nitrogen (Evans, Jour.
line. Inf. Dis., 18, 1916, 461).
Potato: Abundant growth, usually tan, Coagulated blood serum: Thin, gray, fili-
yellow or pink. form growth.
Indole not produced. Blood serum (10 per cent) and bile (5 per
Hydrogen sulfide produced on appropriate cent) enhance growth, especially the former
media. (Evans, ibid., 459).
No acid from carbohj^drate media. How- Causes rancidity in cream. Weakl}- lip-
ever, glucose stimulates growth. olytic on tributyrin agar (Black, Jour.
Nitrites produced from nitrates. No am- Bact., 4i, 1941, 99).
monia produced. Optimum temperature, 37° C.
Sodium hippurate: Not hydrolyzed. Not pathogenic for guinea pigs (Evans,
Esculin: Not hydrolj'zed. Jour. Inf. Dis., 22, 1918, 579).
No exotoxin demonstrated in filtrate of Comments: Miss Alice Evans (personal
broth cultures. communication) states that the organism
No or slight hemolysis of horse blood. from the udder which she described as Bac-
Aerobic. teriimi lipolytimis (sic) {ibid., 576) was prob-
Temperature relations: Optimum, be- ably aCorynebacteriuni. This is also regarded
tween 25° and 37° C. Minimum, between 7° as probable by Steck (Die latente Infektion
and 18° C. Maximum, between 37° and der Milchdriise, Hannover, 1930) and b}'
45° C. Hendrixen (Ztschr. f. Infektionskrankh. d.
Not pathogenic for laboratory animals. Haustier., 43, 1933, 106). Miss Evans also
Source: Originally isolated from infec- indicates that it is probable that the organ-
tious pneumonia of foals. ism described by Bergey first in 1904 (op.
Habitat: Found in spontaneous pneu- cit., 1904, 11) and later in the first edition of
monia of foals and in other infections of the Manual as Corynebacieriimi bovis was
horses. Also found in swine, cattle and buf- the same organism; this is further confirmed
faloes. by Black {op. cit., 1941, 99). In his unpub-
lished manuscript, Black reports that he
14. Corynebacteriuni bovis Bergey et found no essential differences between his
al., 1923. {B. psevdodiphtheria, Bergey, The cultures isolated from milk (53 cultures)
Source and Nature of Bacteria in Milk. and those described by Bergey except for
Penn. Dept. Agr. Bull. 125, 1904, 11; Bergey action on litmus milk. Black reports no
et al., Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 388.) action on litmus milk.
bo'vis. L. noun bos the ox; L. gen. noun Source: Isolated from fresh milk drawn
bovis of the ox.
directly from the cow's udder.
Slender rods, 0.5 to 0.7 by 2.5 to 3.0 mi- Habitat: Found rather commonly in
crons, which are barred and clubbed. Non- freshly drawn milk.
motile, Gram-positive.
Gelatin stab: Slight, gray, fiat surface 15. Corynebacteriuni paurometabo-
growth. lum Steinhaus, 1941. (Jour. Bact., 4I , 1941,
Agar colonies: Circular, gray, slightly 763 and 783.)
raised, radiate, undulate, dry. pau.ro. me. ta'bo.lum. Gr. adj. pavrus
little; Gr. adj. meiabolus changeable; M.L. dium, a little kidney; M.L. gen. noun neph-
adj. pauro7netabolus little changeable, prob- ridii of a nephridium.
ably intended to mean producing little Description taken from Busing and Frey-
change. 582). tag (Zent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 160, 1954,
Rods, 0.5 to 0.8 bj' 1.0 to 2.5 microns, oc-
curring singly, in pairs and in masses. Meta- Slender rods, 0.4 to 0.5 by 1.0 to 2.0 mi-
chromatic granules present. Non-motile. crons, with no tendency toward filamentous
Gram-positive. forms or chains; occasionally occur in a
Gelatin stab: Slow liquefaction at surface. palisade arrangement. Non-motile. Gram-
Agar colonies: White to gra}^, entire, cir- positive.
cular, small, dry, somewhat granular. Growth occurs on common culture media
Agar slant: Filiform to arborescent, thick, on primary isolation.
granular growth. Gelatin: No liquefaction.
Broth: Abundant, granular sediment but Agar colonies: 1.5 mm in diameter, round,
no turbidity. Pellicle. smooth, moist, slimy, gray.
Litmus milk: Alkaline. Broth: Uniformly turbid; later becoming
Potato: Thick, raised, dry, granular, slimy with a gray pellicle with stalactite-
profuse, gray to light cream-colored growth. like growths; sediment.
Indole not produced. Coagulated blood serum: No liquefaction.
Slight production of hydrogen sulfide. Litmus milk: Distinctly alkaline in 10
No action on the following carbohydrates : days.
glucose, lactose, sucrose, maltose, fructose, Indole not produced.
mannitol, galactose, arabinose, xylose, Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
dextrin, salicin, rafiinose, trehalose, sorbi- No acid from carbohydrate media.
tol, inulin, dulcitol, glycerol, rhamnose, Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced.
adonitol, mannose, esculin and inositol. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Ammonia produced in peptone media.
Aerobic. Urea not hydrolyzed.
Slight alpha hemolysis. Blood agar: No hemolj^sis.
Non-pathogenic for guinea pigs. Aerobic.
A special semi-solid medium, the main Optimum temperature range, 15° to 37° C.
nutritive constituents of which were pro- Optimum pH range, 6.2 to 7.2.
teose peptone, rabbit serum, gelatin, minced Source : Isolated from the medicinal leech
rabbit kidney and carbohydrates, was used {Hirudo medicinalis) .
for the original isolation. An incubation
period of 4 to 7 days at 26° C. was necessary 17. Corynebacterium vesiculare Busing
for the initial isolation. Subsequent trans- et al., 1953. (Busing, Doll and Freytag,
fers to ordinary beef -infusion agar grew out Arch. f. Mikrobiol., 19, 1953, 76.)
in 24 to 48 hours. ve.si.cu.la're. M.L. adj. vesicularis per-
Source: Isolated from media inoculated taining to a vesicle.
with the mycetome and ovaries of the bed- Description taken from Busing and Frey-
bug, Cimex lectiilarius L. A very similar tag (Zent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 160, 1954,
579).
diphtheroid strain was isolated from the
alimentary tract of the bagworm, Thyri- Slender, pleomorphic rods 0.4 by 3.0 to
dopteryx ephemerae/ ormis Haw. 8.0 microns; filamentous forms 30 microns
Habitat: Distribution in nature unknown. or more in length may also occur. Non-
16. Corynebacterium nephridii Busing Primary isolation accomplished on "fun-
et al., 1953. (Busing, Doll and Freytag, gus" medium, but this species can be
Arch. f. Mikrobiol., 19, 1953, 77.) adapted to grow on common culture media.
neph.ri'di.i. Gr. adj. nephridius of the Gelatin: No liquefaction.
kidney; M.L. noun nephridium a nephri- Agar colonies: After 2 days, 1 to 2 mm in
diameter, round, smooth, moist, slimy, Source: Isolated from diseased alfalfa
orange to rust-red.
Coagulated blood serum: No liquefaction. plants.
Habitat: Vascular pathogen of alfalfa,
Litmus milk: Distinct alkalinity after Medicago saliva .
10 days.
Indole not produced. 19. Corynebacteriuni sepedonicum
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. (Spieckermann and Kotthoff, 1914) Skap-
No acid from carbohydrate media. tason and Burkholder, 1942. {Bacterium
Starch not hydrolyzed. sepedonicum Spieckermann {nomen nudum),
111. Landw. Zeitung, 33, 1913, 680; Bacterium
Acetj'lmethylcarbinol not produced.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. sepedonicum Spieckermann and Kotthoff,
Ammonia produced in peptone media. Landw. Jahr., 46, 1914, 674; Skaptason and
Burkholder, Phytopath., 32, 1942, 439.)
Urea not hj-drolyzed.
Blood agar: No hemolysis. se.pe.do'ni.cum. Gr. adj. sepedonicus
Aerobic. leading to decaj'.
Description taken from Stapp (Ztschr. f.
Optimum temperature range, 15° to 22° C. Par., 5, 1930, 756).
Optimum pH, 6.4.
Source: Isolated from the medicinal leech Rods 0.3 to 0.4 by 0.8 to 1.0 micron. Pleo-
(Hinido niedicinalis). morphic. Non-motile. Gram-positive.
Gelatin: Liquefaction slight.
Agar colonies: Thin, smooth, translucent,
18. Corynebacteriuni insidiosum (Mc- glistening, whitish, 2 to 3 mm in diameter.
Culloch, 1925) Jensen, 1934. (Aplanobacter Broth: Weak growth. No pellicle. Light
insidiosum 'SicCulloch, Phytopath., 15, 1925, sediment.
497; also see Jour. Agr. Res., 33, 1926, 502; Litmus milk: Little change in 6 weeks,
Jensen, Proc. Linnean Soc. New So. Wales, after which litmus is reduced.
59, 1934, 41.) Indole not produced.
in.si.di.o'sum. L. adj. insidiusus deceit- Hydrogen sulfide production feeble, if at
ful, insidious.
all.
Rods, 0.4 to 0.5 by 0.7 to 1.0 micron. En- Glucose, galactose, fructose, arabinose,
capsulated. Non-motile. Gram-positive. xylose, mannitol, glycerol and dulcitol are
Gelatin: Slow liquefaction. utilized.
Beef agar colonies: Pale yellow, circular,
Starch hydrolj'sis light.
smooth, shining; edges entire; viscid. Blue Grows in 4 per cent salt.
granules found on the medium.
Milk: Coagulated after 16 to 20 days. No
digestion. An apricot-^yellow sediment is tween 20° and 23° C. Minimum, 4° C. Max-
deposited on the walls of the tube. imum, 31° C. characters: Differs from Co-
Distinctive
njnebacterium michiganense in that it is
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. white to cream-colored on various media
Acid from glucose, sucrose, lactose and and has a lower optimum temperature.
glycerol.
Moderate diastatic action. Corynebacterium michiganense does not in-
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. fect potatoes.
Source: Stapp used 17 cultures isolated
Grows in 5 per cent salt.
Aerobic. from diseased potatoes.
Habitat: Causes ring rot of ])otato tubers
Optimum temperature, 23° C. Maximum, in Germany.
31° C.
Distinctive character: Bluish granules 20. Corynebacteriuni huniiferuni Selis-
produced in culture. kar, 1952. (Colorado Farm and Home Re-
Comments: Jensen (ibid., 42) reports that search, 2,1952, 9.)
he has found a non-infectious variety of hu.mi'fer.um. L. noun humus soil; L. v.
this species in grass land soil in Australia. fero to bear; M.L. adj. humiferus soil-borne.
Pleomorphic rods, 0.4 to 0.7 by 0.7 to 2.8 Indole not produced.

microns, occasional!}^ club-shaped, occur- Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
ring singly and in an angular arrangement Acid from glucose, sucrose, galactose,
due to the snapping division of the cells. fructose, maltose, and slight acid from lac-
Non-motile. Gram-positive. tose, glycerol and mannitol.
Gelatin: No liquefaction. Starch: Very weak diastatic action.
Nutrient-glucose agar colonies: White to Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
cream, circular, smooth, entire, convex, Utilizes peptone but not ammonia, nitrite,
translucent, 1 to 2 mm in diameter. nitrate, tyrosine, asparagine or glutamic
Broth: Turbid in 36 to 48 hours; no pelli- acid (Mushin, Austral. Jour. Exp. Biol, and
cle; light sediment. Med., 16, 1938, 326).
Litmus milk: Slow reduction of litmus, No growth in 3 per cent salt.
but no other change. Aerobic.
Acid but no gas from glucose, mannitol Temperature relations: Optimum, be-
and glycerol. No growth in lactose or raffi- tween 25° and 27° C. Minimum, 1° C. Max-
nose.
imum, 33° C.
Starch not hydro^^zed. Comments: A non -pathogenic variety of
No growth in Koser citrate medium. this species has been reported by Jensen
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. (op. cit., 1934, 48); it grows more rapidly
Growth in 3 per cent salt. with more moist growth, has a higher max-
Catalase-positive. imum temperature and has a stronger pro-
Aerobic to slightly microaerophilic. teolytic activity than does the pathogenic
Temperature relations: Optimum, be- strain.
Source; Isolated from the bacterial canker
tween 24° and 28° C. Minimum, 6° C. Max-
of tomato.
imum, between 34° and 36° C.
Source: Isolated from wet wood of Lom- Habitat: Pathogenic on tomato.
bardy poplar {Populus nigra var. italica).
Habitat: Pathogenic on Populus nigra 22. Corynebacteriuni rathayi (Erw.
var. italica and on P. tremuloides. Smith, 1913) Dowson, 1942. {Aplanobacter
rathayi Erw. Smith, Science, 38, 1913, 926;
21. Corynebacterivim inichiganense also see Bact. in Rel. to Plant Dis., 3, 1914,
(Erw. Smith, 1910) Jensen, 1934. {Bacterium 155; Dowson, Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc, 25,
michiganense (Erw. Smith, Science, 81, 1910, 1942, 313.)
794; Jensen, Proc. Linnean Soc. New So. ra.thay'i. M.L. gen. noun rathayi of Ra-
Wales, 59, 1934, 47.) thay; named for E. Rathay, an Austrian
mi.chi.ga.nen'se. M.L. ad'], michiganensis plant pathologist who was the first to isolate
pertaining to Michigan. this species.
Description taken from Bryan (Jour. Agr. Rods 0.6 to 0.75 by 0.75 to 1.5 microns.
Res., 41, 1930, 825). Encapsulated. Non-motile. Not acid-fast.
Rods 0.6 to 0.7 by 0.7 to 1.2 microns. Char- Gram-positive.
acteristic angular growth with branching Gelatin: Slow liquefaction after 7 weeks.
and club-shaped cells (Jensen, op. cit., 1934,
Agar colonies: Small, jêllow, slow-grow-
ing.
47). Encapsulated. Non-motile. Gram-posi-
tive.
Milk: Growth slow. Yellow ring.
Beef agar colonies: Growth slow, mustard- Litmus milk: Alkaline and reduced.
yellow, smooth, glistening, butyrous.
Potato plugs: Good, yellow, viscid
Chromogenesis: Develops yellowish
brown, light ochre-yellow to sepia-brown growth.
colors on suitable media (Jensen, loc. cit.). Acid but no gas from glucose, sucrose and
Gelatin: Slow liquefaction. lactose.
Broth: Turbidity slow and moderate. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Milk: Slow coagulation. No peptoniza- Cohn's solution: No growth.
tion. Heavy inoculum necessary in media.
FAMILY XII. CORYNEBACTEEIACEAE 593
Source: Isolated from slimy heads of Dac- Broth: Slightly turbid. Fragile pellicle
tylis glomerata. with distinct rim.
Habitat: Pathogenic on Dactylis glomerata. Milk: Litmus becomes blue. Other changes
slight .
23. Corynebacteriuni agropyri (C- Indole not produced.
Gara, 1916) Burkholder, 1948. {A planohader Hydrogen sulfide produced.
agropyri O'Gara, Phytopath., 6, 1916, 343; Acid but no gas from glucose, galactose,
Burkholder, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 395.) fructose, mannose, arabinose, xylose, malt-
ag.ro. py 'ri . Or. noun agrus field ; Or. noun ose, sucrose, glycerol, mannitol and dextrin.
pyrus wheat; M.L. neut.n. Agropyron ge- No acid from rhamnose, lactose, raffinose
neric name of a grass; M.L. gen. noun agro- or inulin.
pyri of Agropyron. Starch not hj-drolyzed.
Rods 0.4 to 0.6 by 0.6 to 1.1 microns. En- Nitrites produced from nitrates.
capsulated. Non-motile. Gram-variable. Grows in 8 per cent salt.
Gelatin: No liquefaction. Aerobic.
Nutrient agar slant: Meager, yellow, very
viscid growth. 28°Optimum
Broth: Light clouding with yellow precipi- Source: Described from 15 single-cell iso-
tate. lates from fasciated growths on sweet peas.
Milk: Little-changed. Yellow sediment Habitat: Pathogenic on sweet pea, chrys-
formed. anthemum, geranium, petunia, tobacco,
Acid but no gas from glucose, lactose, etc.
sucrose and glycerol.
Starch: Hydrolysis feeble. 25. Corynebacterium hypertrophicans
Nitrites produced from nitrates. (Stahel, 1933) Burkholder, 1948. (Pseudo-
Optimum temperature, between 25° and nionas hypertrophicans Stahel, Phyt. Ztschr.,
28° C. 6, 1933, 445; Burkholder, in Manual, 6th ed.,
This species is very similar to and may 1948, 398.)
be identical with Corynebacterium rathayi hy. per. tro 'phi. cans. Gr. pref. hyper very;
Dowson. Gr. adj. trophicus well-fed, stout, over-
Source: Isolated from slimy heads of grown; M.L. adj. hypertrophicans becoming
wheat grass. overgrown, producing a hypertrophy.
Habitat: Found on wheat grass, Agro- Rods 0.6 to 0.8 by 1.2 to 2.8 microns. Mo-
pyron smithii. tile by means of a single polar flagellum.
Bipolar staining. Gram-positive.
24. Corynebacterium fascians (Til- Gelatin: No growth.
ford, 1936) Dowson, 1942. (Phytomonas fas- Agar colonies: Slow growing, circular,
cians Tilford, 54th Rept. Ohio Agr. Exp. raised, wet-shining, white.
Sta. Bull. 561, 1936, 39; also see Jour. Agr. Broth plus sucrose: Growth good. No
Res., 53, 1936, 393; Dowson, Trans. Brit.
Myc. Soc, 25, 1942, 313.) pellicle.
Milk: No visible change.
fas'ci.ans. L. part. adj. fascians banding, Indole not produced.
binding. Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Rods 0.5 to 0.9 by 1.5 to 4.0 microns. Non- Acid but no gas from glucose, fructose
motile. Gram-positive. and sucrose. No acid from lactose and glyc-
Gelatin: No liquefaction. erol. The acids from sucrose are lactic and
Potato-glucose agar colonies: Light formic.
cream-colored colonies appear after 72 Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
hours. Punctiform, circular, later cadmium- Aerobic.
yellow to deep chrome. Source: Isolated from witches' brooms.
Nutrient agar slant : After one week streak Habitat: Pathogenic on Eugenia latifolia.
is filiform, flat, dull to glistening, smooth,
opaque, cream-colored and butyrous. 26. Corynebacterium poinsettiae Starr
and Pirone, 1942. (Phytopath., 32, 1942, Source: Fourteen cultures isolated from
1080.) diseased stems of poinsettia. Euphorbia
poin.set'ti.ae. M.L. fem.n. Poinsettia pulcherrima.
name of a genus of flowering plants; M.L. Habitat: Causes a canker of stems and
gen. noun poinsettiae of Poinsettia. spots on leaves of the poinsettia.
Rods which average 0.3 to 0.8 by 1.0 to
3.0 microns. Pleomorphic, with some cells 27. Corynebacterium tritici (Hutchin-
8.5 microns in length. Encapsulated. Gran- son, 1917) Burkholder, 1948. (Pseudomonas
ules present. Motile by means of a single tritici Hutchinson, India Dept. of Agr.,
(rarely 2) polar or lateral flagellum. Gram- Bact. Ser., 1, 1917, 174; Burkholder, in Man-
positive. ual, 6th ed., 1948, 400.)
Gelatin: Liquefaction. tri'ti.ci. L. noun triticum wheat; M.L.
Loeffler's blood-serum: Liquefaction. neut.n. Triticum generic name of wheat;
Beef -extract agar colonies: Round, L. gen. noun tritici of wheat.
slightly convex, 0.1 to 1.0 mm in diameter, Rods 0.8 by 2.4 to 3.2 microns. Motile by
entire, smooth, non-viscid, colorless and means of a single polar flagellum. Gram-
almost transparent.
Potato glucose agar slants: Moderate positive.
growth, filiform, glistening, non-viscid, Agar colonies: Bright yellow becoming
salmon- to flesh-colored. orange, glistening, moist, entire. Agar
Beef -extract broth: Turbid in 24 hours; brownish.
abundant, pale salmon sediment. No pelli- Broth: Turbid. Thin pellicle.
cle. Milk: Yellow surface and yellow precipi-
Milk: Slight acidity but no other visible tate. Little change.
change for 2 weeks, then a soft curd, reduc- Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
tion of litmus and complete peptonization. Acid but no gas from glucose and lactose.
Indole not produced. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. This species is very similar to and may
Sodium hippurate not hydrolyzed. be identical with Corynebacterium rathayi
Moderate to abundant acid, but no gas, Dowson.
from glucose, fructose, mannose, galactose, Source: Isolated from slimy heads of
sucrose, maltose, cellobiose, melibiose, wheat in India.
raffinose, glycerol, erythritol, salicin and Habitat: Pathogenic on wheat, Triticum
amygdalin; weak acid from arabinose, xy- aestivum.
lose, lactose, trehalose, dextrin and
adonitol; no acid from rhamnose, fucose, 28. Corynebacterium flaccunifaciens
inulin, glycogen, mannitol, dulcitol, sorbitol (Hedges, 1922) Dowson, 1942. {Bacterium
or inositol.
flaccumfaciens Hedges, Science, 55, 1922,
433; also see Phytopath., 16, 1926, 20; Dow-
Methyl red test negative. son, Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc, 25, 1942, 313.)
Starch hydrolyzed.
No action on cellulose. flac.cum.fa'ci.ens. L. adj. flaccus flabby;
L. part. adj. faciens making; M.L. part. adj.
Non-lipolytic.
Tellurite reduced. flaccumfaciens wilt-making.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Rods 0.3 to 0.5 by 0.6 to 3.0 microns. Mo-
tile by means of a single polar flagellum;
Asparagine not utilized as carbon-nitro- also non-motile (Adams and Pugsley, Jour.
gen source. Uric acid not utilized; urea not
hydrolyzed. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 32, 1934, 306). Gram-
Aerobic.
positive.
Gelatin: Liquefaction feeble.
Growth occurs after 24 hours from 15° to
Beef agar slants: Rather moderate
.36° C.; after 48 hours from 7° to 12° C. No
growth above 36° or below 7° C. at the end growth, glistening, flat, smooth, viscid and
of a week.
yellow.
FAMILY XII. OORYNEBACTERIACEAE 595
Broth: Moderate turbidity in 24 hours. Agar colonies: Circular, 1.5 to 4.0 mm in

Pellicle formed. diameter, raised, smooth, glistening, entire,
Milk: Acid curd and slow peptonization. slightly pink, later becoming a pale salmon-
Indole not produced. pink (Douglas and Gunter, ibid., 18).
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. Agar slant: Very small, circular, trans-
Acid from glucose, lactose, sucrose and parent colonies which may later become
glycerol. rose-colored.
Starch not hydrolyzed. Loeffler's blood serum: Small, grayish
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. colonies which may later become rose-col-
Slight growth in 5 per cent salt. ored.
Broth: Clear.
Optimum temperature, 31° C. Ma.ximum
Litmus milk: Soft coagulum.
temperature, between 36° and 40° C.
Distinctive character: A strict vascular Potato: No growth in aerobic cultures,
parasite of the bean. but pink streak in anaerobic cultures.
Source: Isolated from wilted bean plants Indole may or may not be produced
from South Dakota. (Douglas and Gunter, ibid., 19). Indole
Habitat: Causes a wilt of beans and reproduced (Seeliger, personal communica-
lated plants. tion, 1955).
Acid from glucose, sucrose (slight), malt-
29. Corynebacterium acnes (Gilchrist, ose, mannitol and inulin (Eberson, op. cit.,
1901) Eberson, 1918. {Bacillus acnes Gil- 1918, 23). Produces propionic acid; lactic
christ, Johns Hopkins Hosp. Repts., 9, acid not fermented (Douglas and Gunter,
1901, 425; Bacillus parvus liguefaciens Jun- op. cit., 1946, 22).
gano, Compt. rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, 65, Nitrites produced from nitrates.
1908, 618; Eberson, Jour. Inf. Dis., 23, 1918, Anaerobic to aerotolerant.
10; Corynebacterium liquefaciens Prevot, Catalase-positive.
Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 304; not Coryne- Optimum temperature, between 35° and
hacteriiim liquefaciens Andrewes et al.. 37° C.
Diphtheria, London, 1923, 408; not Coryne- Blood agar: Beta hemolj-sis (Douglas
bacterium liquefaciens Jensen, Proc. Linn. and Gunter, ibid., 19).
Soc. New So. Wales, 59, 1934, 49; Propioni- Pathogenic for mice, giving rise to char-
bacterium acnes Douglas and Gunter, Jour. 23). acteristic lesions (Eberson, op, cit., 1918,
Bact., 52, 1946, 22.)
ac'nes. Gr. noun acme a point; incorrectly Serology: See Linzenmeier (Ann. Inst.
transliterated as M.L. noun acne acne; M.L. Past., 87, 1954, 572).
gen. noun acnes of acne. Comments: Even before 1901 several
Original description supplemented by authors reported finding bacteria in acne
material from more recent authors. pustules which were evidently diphtheroid
Rods varying in dimensions, usually 0.4 in nature. Unna (Monatshefte f. prakt.
to 0.5 by 0.8 to 0.9 micron, occasionallj^ Derm., 13, 1891, 232) found an organism in
slightly club-shaped; under aerobic condi- acne pustules for which he gave the name
tions the cells are quite long and are swollen Flaschenbacillus. Hodara (Monatshefte f.
or club-shaped, sometimes possessing what prakt. Derm., 18, 1894, 586) reported the
appears to be rudimentary branching presence of two types of bacteria in acne
(Douglas and Gunter, ibid., 17 and 18). Show lesions, the second of which he called Fla-
alternate bands of stained and unstained schenkugelbacillus. Sabouraud (Ann. Inst.
material. Non-motile. Gram-positive. Past., 11, 1897, 134) gave a more accurate
Aerobic growth in culture media is very description of these diphtheroids which
feeble; anaerobic growth is excellent. Best he reported to need an acid medium for
growth occurs in shake cultures with soft, growth; he called this bacterium "bacille
slightly acid, glucose agar.
de s^borrhê grasse".
Gelatin: Liquefaction (Douglas and Relationship to Corynebacterium lique-
Gunter, ibid., 19). faciens: Seeliger (Arch. f. Hyg. u. Bakt.,
137, 1953, 1-10) found a culture of this organ- Neutral red not reduced.
ism isolated from a submandibular abscess Blood serum agar: Numerous, porcelain-
to be identical with C. liquefaciens as recog- w^hite colonies.
nized by Prevot and also identical with Obligately anaerobic.
cultures of C. acnes as isolated and identi- Pathogenic to white mice.
fied by Lentze (Zent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., Serology: See Linzenmeier (Ann. Inst.
155, 1950, 290). Since that time, Seeliger Past., 87, 1954, 572).
(personal communication, December, 1954) Source : Isolated from blood from a woman
has had opportunity to study the cultures with a postnatal fever. Also found in various
of C. acnes found in both the National Col- infections of the female urogenital organs.
lection of Type Cultures (London) and the Habitat: Found in female urogenital or-
American Type Culture Collection (Wash- gans so far as known.
ington), all isolated from acne pustules,
and he has found all of them to be identical. 31. Corynebacterium granulosum Pre-
At the same time he finds these cultures to vot, 1938. (Bacille granuleux, Jungano,
be the same as the cultures that he examined Compt. rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, 66, 1909,
in 1953. All cultures agree with the brief 123; Prevot, Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 304.)
but characteristic description of C. acnes gra.nu.lo'sum. L. noun granula a little
as given by Gilchrist. As the name C. acnes grain; L. adj. granulosus full of granules.
has priority and as the name C. liquefaciens Slender, medium-sized rods resembling
is an illegitimate homonym, the former those of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Non-
binomial is used here. motile. Show bipolar staining and meta-
Source: Originally isolated from acne chromatic granules. Gram-positive.
pustules. The specific epithet "acnes" was Gas not produced in culture media.
given by Gilchrist to indicate the source of Gelatin: No liquefaction.
this culture, and it should not be interpreted Agar stab: Round colonies; no gas.
as meaning that this species is the cause of Glucose broth: Turbid; no gas.
acne. Milk: Not coagulated.
Habitat : While this species appears to be Coagulated egg white: Not attacked.
an organism commonly found in acne pus- Glucose and galactose are acidified.
tules, italso occurs in other types of lesions Anaerobic.
in the human body or even as a saprophyte Optimum temperature, 37° C.
in the intestine, in skin, in hair follicles and Not pathogenic.
in sewage. It probably also occurs in domes- Serology: See Linzenmeier (Ann. Inst.
tic and wild animals. Past., 87, 1954,572).
Source: Isolated from the intestines of
30. Corynebacteriuni parvuni Prevot, white rats.
1940. {Corynebacterium parvum injectiosum
Mayer, Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 98, 32. Corynebacteriuni aviduni (Eggerth,
1926, 370; Prevot, Man. de Class, et Determ. 1935) Prevot, 1938. (Bacteroides avidus Eg-
des Bacteries Anaerobies. Monographic, gerth, Jour. Bact., SO, 1935, 289; Prevot,
Inst. Past., Paris, 1940, 202.) Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 304.)
par'vum. L. adj. parvus small. a'vi.dum. L. adj. avidus greedy, vora-
Small, slightly curved, club-shaped rods, cious.
usually 0.3 by 1.4 microns, occurring in pairs Rods, 0.5 to 1.0 by 1.0 to 2.5 microns, with
in which the cells are either parallel to each pointed or rounded ends, frequently slightly
other or in an angular arrangement due to curved, occasionally branched. Non-motile.
snapping division. Non-motile. Gram- Gram-positive.
positive. Gelatin liquefied.
Gelatin: No liquefaction. Glucose agar colonies: 2 to 3 mm in di-
Nutrient broth: Slightly turbid. ameter, raised, yellowish white, smooth.
Carbohydrates generally not attacked; Glucose broth: Turbid; acidified (final
slight acid from glucose.
pH, 4.8).
IMilk: Acid; coagulated; partially di- Habitat: From the human intestinal tract
gested. so far as known.
Indole production weak, if at all.
33. Corynebacteriuni diphtheroides
Hydrogen sulfide irregularly produced.
Prevot, 1938. (Bacille diphteroide, Jungano,
Acid and gas from glucose, fructose, galac- Compt. rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, 66, 1909, 112;
tose, sucrose, maltose, trehalose, melezitose,
Corynebacteriuni diphteroides (sic) Prevot,
glycerol, mannitol, inositol, erythritol, Ann. Inst. Past., 60, 1938, 304.)
adonitol, dextrin and starch. Lactose, raffi-
diph.the.ro.i'des. Or. noun diphthera
nose, inulin and glucosamine slowly acidi- leather, skin; M.L. fem.n. diphtheria diph-
fied (in 20 to 40 days). No acid or gas from theria; Gr. eidus form, shape; M.L. adj.
xylose, rhamnose, arabinose, aesculin, diphtheroides resembling diphtheria.
amygdalin, salicin, cellobiose, dulcitol, Medium-sized (0.3 to 0.4 by 3.0 to 4.0
mannitol, sorbitol, methyl glucoside or microns), straight or curved, club-shaped
methyl mannoside. rods resembling those of Corynebacteriuni
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. diphiheriae and occurring singly, in pairs or
Coagulated egg albumen: Not digested in clumps or angularly arranged due to snap-
awaj' but becomes transparent. ping division. Non-motile. Gram-positive.
Blood agar colonies: 2 to 3 mm in diame- Gelatin: No liquefaction.
ter, raised, yellowish white, smooth; no Glucose agar stab: Colonies round; gas
hemolysis. is produced.
Anaerobic. Glucose broth: Turbid with the produc-
tion of gas.
Optimum temperature, 37° C. Milk: Not coagulated.
Non-pathogenic for rabbits or white mice.
Indole is produced.
Linzenmeier (Ann. Inst. Past., 87, 1954,
Acid and gas from glucose.
572) states that serologically Corynebacte-
Non-proteolytic.
rium avidum is closely related to C. acnes. Anaerobic.
Comments: Pederson (Jour. Bact., 50,
1945, 478) secured a culture of this species Optimum temperature, 37° C.
Non-pathogenic.
from Eggerth and found that it ferments Serology: See Linzenmeier (Ann. Inst.
glucose with the production of higher fatty Past., 87, 1954, 572).
(mainly butyric) acids and lactic acid; he Source: Isolated from the intestine of a
further states that this species appears to white rat. Also found in a case of fibrous
be closely related to Butyribacteriujn rett- osteitis (Beerens).
geri Barker and Haas. Habitat: Unknown except as stated
Source: Isolated from feces. above.
Genus II. Listeria Pirie, 1940.*

(Listerella Pirie, Publ. So. African Inst, for Med. Res., 3, 1927, 163; not Listerella Jahn,
Ber. d. deutsch. Bot. Ges., 34, 1906, 538; not Listerella Cushman, Contr. Cushman Lab.
Foram., Sharon, Mass., 9, 1933, 32; Pirie, Science, 91, 1940, 383; also see Seeliger, Listeriosis.
Beitr. z. Hyg. u. Epidemiol., Barth, Leipzig, Heft 8, 1955, 143 pp.)
Lis.te'ri.a. M.L. fem.n. Listeria named for Joseph Lister, an English surgeon and bac-
teriologist.
Small rods. Motile by means of peritrichous flagella. Gram-positive. Grow freely on ordi-
nary media. Acid but no gas from glucose and a few additional carbohydrates. Esculin is
hydrolyzed. Catalase-positive. Aerobic. Pathogenic parasites. Parasitic in warm-blooded
animals.
The type species is Listeria monocytogenes (iVIurray et al.) Pirie.
Revised by Prof E. G. D Murray, McGill University, Montreal, P.Q., Canada, Jur
1955
1. Listeria monocytogenes (Murray et trehalose promptly, more slowly or variable

al., 1926) Pirie, 1940. {Bacterium monocyto- from maltose, lactose, dextrin, sucrose,
genes Murray, Webb and Swann, Jour. Path, rhamnose, melezitose, soluble starch and
and Bact., 29, 1926, 407; Pirie, Science, 91, glycerol. Tends to be negative on arabinose
1940, 383.) and galactose. No action on xylose, manni-
mo.no.cy.to'ge.nes. Gr. adj. menus tol, dulcitol, inulin or inositol.
alone, single; Gr. noun cytus a hollow, a Esculin hydrolyzed in 24 hours (Sohier,
vessel; M.L. noun cytus a cell; M.L. noun Ann. Inst. Past., 74, 1948, 57).
monocytum a blood cell, monocyte; Gr. v. All cultures give off a penetrating, rather
gennaio to produce; M.L. adj. monocytogenes acid smell.
monocyte-producing. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Small rods, 0.4 to 0.5 by 0.5 to 2.0 microns, Catalase-positive.
with rounded ends, slightly curved in some Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
culture media, occurring singly and in Optimum temperature, 37° C; grows at
V-shaped or parallel pairs. Motile by means all temperatures down to 2.5° C. Thermal
of peritrichous flagella (Paterson, Jour. death point, 58° to 59° C. in 10 minutes.
Survives eight weeks in 20 per cent NaCl at
Path, and Bact., 48, 1939, 25) at 2.5° C. to
room temperatures with a tendency to re- 4° C. (Wramby, Skandinavisk Vetinartid-
skriften, 34, 1944, 279).
duced motility in time at 37° C. (Griffin, Animal inoculations: Intravenous or
Jour. Bact., 48, 1944, 114). Not acid-fast.
Gram-positive. intraperitoneal injection of rabbits with
Gelatin: Growth is confined to the needle cultures results in a very marked increase
track. No liquefaction. in monocytes circulating in the blood. This
In 0.25 per cent agar, 8.0 per cent gelatin, is the most striking character of the organ-
1.0 per cent glucose semisolid medium, ism, and it is exhibited by strains derived
from all sources. Monocytosis is induced
growth along the stab in 24 hours at 37° C.
followed by irregular, cloudy e.xtensions by extracted chloroform-soluble lipid (Stan-
into the medium; growth spreads slowly ley, Australian Jour. Exp. Biol, and Med.,
through the entire medium. This is charac- 27, 1949, 123). Infection is characterized by
teristic (Seastone, Jour. Exp. Med., 62, necrotic or granulomatous foci in various
1935,203). organs. Causes conjunctivo-keratitis when
Sheep liver extract agar colonies: Circu- instilled into the conjunctiva of rabbits and
lar, smooth, butyrous, slightly flattened, guinea pigs (Anton, Zent. f. Bakt., I Abt.,
transparent by transmitted and milky by Orig., 131, 1934, 89; also see Julianelle, Proc.
reflected light. Exp. Biol, and Med., 40, 1939, 362); also
Sheep liver extract agar slant: Confluent, produces this effect in the horse and ham-
flat, transparent, butyrous growth. ster.
Peptone agar: Growth is thinner than on Serological characters: Paterson (Jour.
liver extract agar. Path, and Bact., 51, 1940, 427) and Seeliger
Blood agar: Improved growth with zone and Linzenmeier (Ztschr. f. Hyg., 136, 1953,
of hemolysis around colonies varjang with 335) conclude from studies of the flagellar
the species of blood. and somatic antigens that four types may
Peptone broth: Turbid; flocculent sedi- be recognized in this species; these do not
ment.
bear any relation to the host species or to
Litmus milk: Slightly acid, decolorized.
the geographical area from which they were
No coagulation.
isolated.
Glycerol-potato: No apparent growth.
Relationships to other species: Possibly
Inspissated ox serum: Grows as a very
thin, transparent film. identical with Bacterium hepatis Hiilphers
(Sven. Vet. Tidskrift,^, 1911,271) according
Dorsett's egg medium: Very thin film.
Indole not produced. to Nyfeldt (Sven. Vet. Tidskrift, 30, 1940,
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. 280). Further comparative studies are
Acid but no gas from glucose, salicin and needed, however, before this can be deter-
599
FAMILY XII. CORYNEBACTERIACEAE
mined definitely, as Bacterium hepatis does of birds, in all of which disease occurs. Many
not ferment lactose, rhamnose, sucrose or cases have proved fatal. Suggested as a
salicin while it does ferment xj'lose. Failure cause of infectious mononucleosis in man
to infect guinea pigs and chickens also indi- by Anton, Nj-feldt and others (see Girard
cates a possible difference between the two and Murra}^ Amer. Jour. Med. Sci., 221,
species. There may also be other species 1951, 343). "Granulomatosis infantiseptica"
(Sohier, Benazet and Piechaud, Ann. Inst. of Potel (Ztschr. f. Kinderheilk., 73, 1953,
Past., 74, 1948, 54). 113; also see Wissensch. Ztschr. der Martin-
Source and habitat: Isolated from lesions Luther Univ., 3, 1953, 341). Isolated from
in organs, from meconium, and from blood ferrets (Morris and Norman, Jour. Bact.,
and cerebrospinal fluid of man and at least 59, 1950, 313) without apparent disease. In
twentj'-six species of other mammals and some species it causes metritis and abortion.
Genus III. Erysipelothrix Rosenbach, 1909.*

(Ztschr. f. Hyg., 63, 1909, 367.)
E.ry.si.pe'lo.thrix. Gr. neut.n. erysipelas erysipelas; Gr. fem.n. thrix hair;M.L. fem.n.
Erysipelothrix erysipelas thread.
Rod-shaped organisms with a tendency to form long filaments. The filaments may also
thicken and show characteristic granules. Non-motile. Gram-positive, older cultures having
a tendency to become Gram-negative. Acid but no gas from glucose and from certain other
carbohydrates. Catalase-negative. Esculin not hydrolyzed. Facultatively anaerobic. Par-
asitic on mammals, birds and fish.
The type species is Erysipelothrix insidiosa (Trevisan) Langford and Hansen.
1. Erysipelothrix insidio.sa (Trevisan, (Thesis, Univ. of Maryland, 1952) and

1885) Langford and Hansen, 1953. (Bacillus Byrne, Connell, Frank and Moynihan (Can.
der Septicfimie bei Mausen, Koch, Aetiolo- Jour.
129). Comp. Med. and Vet. Sc, 16, 1952,
gie der Wundinfektionskrankheiten, Leip-
zig, 1878, 43; Bacillus insidiosus Trevisan, Cells in smooth colonies are slender rods,
Caratteri di alcuni nuovi generi di Batteri- 0.2 to 0.4 by 0.5 to 2.5 microns. Cells in
acee. Atti della Acad. Fisio-Medico-Sta- rough and in some smooth colonies vary
tistica, Milano, Ser. 4, 3, 1885, 100; Bacillus from short forms to long filamentous struc-
des Schweinerotlaufs, Loeffler, Arb. a. d. k. tures. Thick rods may be present singly, in
Gesundheitsamte, 1, 1886, 46; Erysipelothrix chains or in entangled masses. Non-motile.
porci Rosenbach, Ztschr. f. Hyg., 63, 1909, Predominantly Gram-positive, although
3Q7 ; Erysipelothrix Erysipeloides (sic) Rosen- some Gram-negative cells may be found,
bach, loc. cit.; Erysipelothrix murisepticus particularly in old cultures or in unfavorable
(sic) Rosenbach, loc. cit.; Erysipelothrix media.
rhusiopathiae Winslow et al.. Jour. Bact., 5, Gelatin colonies: Hazy, bluish gray, ra-
1920, 198; Langford and Hansen, Riassunti cemose.
delle Comunicazioni, VI Congresso Inter- Gelatin stab: Filiform at first; most
naz. di Microbiol., Roma, 1, 1953, 18; also strains develop, in less than 48 hours, lat-
see Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 20, 1954, 87; eral, radiating projections resulting in the
and Atti del VI Congresso Internaz. di Mi- typical "test-tube brush" appearance. No
crobiol., Roma, 1, (1953) 1955, 21.) spreading on the surface. No liquefaction.
in.si.di.o'sa. L. adj. insidiosus deceitful, Agar colonies: Pinpoint and transparent
dangerous. in 24 hours at 33° C. increasing to about
Description taken in part from Langford 1.0 to 1.5 mm in 48 to 72 hours. Fully devel-
* Revised by Dr. G. C. Langford, University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida, U. S. A.,
and Prof. P. Arne Hansen, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, September,
1953.
oped colonies are transparent with a bluish Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
sheen by reflected light, circular and entire. Catalase-negative.
Tellurite agar colonies: Grayish and pin- Facultatively anaerobic.
point in 24 hours, later increasing in size Temperature range of growth, 16° to
and becoming jet black. 41° C. The fastest growth rate is at about
Broth: Slight turbidity with scant, gray- 37° C. The maximum cell crop is obtained
ish sediment.
near 33° C.
Litmus milk: No change. Optimum pH, between 7.4 and 7.8.
Indole not produced. Tolerates phenol in concentrations to 0.2
Hj^drogen sulfide produced. per cent and potassium tellurite in concen-
Blood serum shows scant growth. trations to 0.05 per cent.
No gas from carbohydrates. Source: Isolated from cases of swine ery-
Acid from glucose, galactose, fructose sipelas, human erysipeloid and mouse sep-
and lactose. When the basic medium is very ticemia; also isolated from infections in
favorable, acid may be produced from xy- birds, e.g. turkeys and ducks. Transmissible
lose, arabinose, mannose, maltose, cello- to a large number of experimental animals :
biose and melibiose. Usually no acid from pigeons and mice are susceptible to experi-
glycerol, sorbitol, mannitol, inositol, rham- mental infection, but rabbits are less sus-
nose, sucrose, trehalose, melezitose, raffi- ceptible, and guinea pigs are quite resist-
nose, starch, inulin or salicin. The addition ant; inoculation in man has been successful;
of yeast autolysate to media for fermenta- susceptibility of swine is very variable. Fish
tion studies is recommended. handlers are especially subject to erysipe-
Esculin not hydrolyzed. loid infections derived from fish (Bedford
Final pH in yeast extract trj^pticase-glu- and Leeds, Brit. Jour. Dermat. and Syph.,
cose broth usually about 6. U, 1932, 368; Niewiarowski, see Biol. Abst.,
Blood agar: On prolonged incubation ;g7, 1953, No. 17069).
there is at first a greening and then a slight Habitat : This organism is widely distrib-
but definite clearing around the colonies. uted in nature as indicated above.
Genus IV. Microbacterium Orla-Jensen, 1919.*

(The Lactic Acid Bacteria, 1919, 179.)
Micro. bac.te'ri.um. Gr. adj. micrus small; Gr. neut.dim.n. hactcrium a small rod; M.L.
neut.n. Microbacterium a small rodlet.
Small rods with rounded ends; vary in length from 0.5 to 30 microns. Non-motile. Gran-
ulations demonstrable with methylene blue stain. Gram-positive. Good surface growth
on media supplemented with milk or yeast extract. Acid production weak with principally
L (+)- lactic acid produced from fermented carbohydrates. Catalase-positive. Optimum
temperature, 32° C. Thermoduric saprophytes found chiefly in dairy products and on
utensils.
The type species is Microbacterium lacticum Orla-Jensen.
Key to the species of genus Microbacterium.

I. Hydrolyzes starch; produces acid from maltose.
1. Microbacterium lacticum.
II. Does not hydrolj^ze starch; acid not produced from maltose.
2. Microbacterium flavum.
1. Microbacterium lacticum Orla-Jen- lac'ti.cum. L. mas.n. lac, lactis milk; M.L.

sen, 1919. (The Lactic Acid Bacteria, 1919, adj. lacticxis pertaining to milk, lactic.
179.) Small, diphtheroid rods, 0.4 to 0.7 by 1.0
Revised by Dr. R. N. Doetsch, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, April,

1953.
601
to 2.0 microns, with rounded ends. Oc- non-fat dry milk solids, cheese and dairy
casionally coccobacillary. Granulations de- utensils.
monstrable with methylene blue stain. An- 2. Microbacterium flavuin Orla-Jensen,
gular and pallisade arrangements of cell 1919. (The Lactic Acid Bacteria, 1919, 181.)
masses are typical. Non-motile. Gram- fla'vum. L. adj. flavus yellow.
positive. Rods, 0.7 to 0.9 by 1.0 to 3.0 microns, with
Gelatin stab: No liquefaction. rounded ends. Non-motile. Granulations
Milk agar: Surface colonies are smooth, demonstrable with methylene blue stain.
convex, entire, pearl-gray and finely amor- Gram-positive.
phous; 0.5 to 1.5 mm in diameter after 3 Gelatin stab: No liquefaction.
days at 32° C. Milk agar: Surface colonies are smooth,
Agar slant: Pearl-gray to pale greenish convex, entire, cream to canary -yellow; 2 to
yellow pigment. Grows as a thin butyrous 3 mm in diameter after 3 days at 32° C.
film, occasionally firmly adherent. Agar-slant: Cream to canary-yellow pig-
Litmus milk weakly acid; occasionally ment. Growth moderate to heavy, butyrous
acid coagulation. but occasionally adherent.
Indole not produced. Litmus milk: No change or slight reduc-
tion.
Acid but no gas from glucose, fructose, Indole not produced.
mannose, galactose, maltose and lactose. Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Acid but no gas from glucose, fructose or
No acid from melibiose, glycerol or dulcitol.
mannose. No acid from maltose, lactose or
Starch hydrolyzed.
dextrin.
Non-lipolytic.
Ammonia not produced from peptone or Starch not hydroh'zed.
Non-lipolytic.
arginine. Ammonia not produced from peptone or
Catalase-positive.
arginine.
Survives 72° C. for 30 minutes in skim Catalase-positive.
milk.
Survives 72° C. for 15 minutes in skim
Comment: Doetsch and Rakosky (Proc. milk.
50th Gen. Meeting Soc. Amer. Bact., Balti- Source: Isolated from cheese and butter.
more, 1950, 38) report a gelatin-liquefying Under conditions used by several workers
variety of this species. in recent extensive investigations, occur-
Source: Isolated from pasteurized milk. rence reported as rare.
Genus V. Cellulomonas Bergey et al., 1923, emend. Clark, 1952.*

(Bergey et al.. Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 154; Clark, Internat. Bull. Bact. Nomen. and
Taxon., 2, 1952, 50.)
Cel.lu.lo.mo'nas. M.L. noun cellulosa cellulose; Gr. noun inonas a unit, monad; INI. L.
fem.n. Cellulomonas cellulose monad.
Small, pleomorphic rods, straight to angular or slightly curved with occasional beaded,
clubbed, branched or coccoid cells, the number of such cells depending on the age and con-
dition ofthe subculture. Motile bj' means of one or a few peritrichous flagella; some species
are non-motile. If only a single flagellum is present, it is usually polar. Gram-variable.
Growth on ordinary culture media often not vigorous; otherwise, growth on solid media
usually soft and smooth and, in broth, turbid. Yellow, non-water-soluble pigmentation
common; other pigments also occur. Gelatin slowly hydrolyzed. Catalase-positive. Acid
but no gas from carbohydrates; cellulose commonly attacked. Typically of soil or plant
origin.
The type species is Cellulomonas biazotea (Kellerman et al.) Bergey et al.
* Completely revised by Dr. Francis E. Clark, Agricultural Research Service, Soil Re-
search Branch, U. S. Dept. Agr., Beltsville, Maryland, January, 1954,
Key to the species of gemis Cellulomonas.

I. Motile by means of one or a few peritrichous fiagella.
1. Xylose and arabinose not fermented.
a. Ammonia not produced.
b. Yellow chromogenesis on nutrient agar.
1. Cellulomonas hiazotea.
bb. White, grayish or ivory growth on agar.
2. Cellulomonas cellasea.
aa. Ammonia produced.
b. Yellow chromogenesis on nutrient agar.
3. Cellulomonas aurogena.
bb. Grayish white or ivory growth on agar.
4. Cellulomonas pusilla.
2. Xylose and arabinose fermented.
5. Cellulomonas fimi.
1. Yellow chromogenesis on nutrient agar.
6. Cellulomonas galba.
2. Grayish white or ivory growth on agar.
7. Cellulomonas gelida.
II. Non-motile.
1. Yellow chromogenesis on nutrient agar.
8. Cellulomonas flavigena.
2. Grayish white or ivory growth on agar.
9. Cellulomonas uda.
10. Cellulomonas acidula.
1. Cellulomonas biazotea (Kellerman Paper strip reduced to a pulpy mass or

et al., 1913) Bergey et al., 1923. {Bacillus weakened sufficiently so that the fibers
hiazoteus Kellerman, McBeth, Scales and separate on slight agitation.
Smith, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 39, 1913, 506; Potato: Smooth, yellow growth.
Bergey et al.. Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 158.) Acid from glucose, lactose, maltose, su-
bi.az.o'te.a. L. prefix hi-iwo; Gr. azous crose and glj'cerol; no acid from mannitol.
without life; Fr. noun azote nitrogen; M.L. Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced,
adj. hiazoteus denoting two nitrogen sources Starch is hydrolyzed.
utilized {i.e., organic and inorganic). Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Small, angular rods 0.5 by 0.8 to 1.5 mi- Ammonia not produced,
crons, occasionally branched, beaded. Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic,
clubbed or curved. Motile by means of one Optimum temperature, between 28° and
or a few peritrichous flagella. Gram-varia- 33° C.
ble, appearing most commonly as Gram- Source: Isolated from soil from Utah,
negative. Habitat: Soil. Probably widely distribu-
Gelatin agar: Gelatin hydrolyzed. ted in soil and in decomposing plant resi-
Gelatin stab: Slow, crateriform liquefac- dues,
tion in 10 days.
Agar slant: Moderate, smooth, opaque, 2. Cellulomonas cellasea (Kellerman
yellow growth. et al., 1913) Bergey et al., 1923. {Bacillus
Broth: Uniformly turbid. cellaseus Kellerman, McBeth, Scales and
Filter paper in 0.5 per cent peptone broth: Smith, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 39, 1913, 508;
Bergey et al., Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 158.) Broth: Turbid.

cel.la'se.a. M.L. adj. cellaseus pertaining Potato: Scant to abundant, yellow
to cellulose.
growth.
Acid from glucose, maltose, lactose, su-
Angular rods, 0.4 to 0.5 by 0.8 to 2.0 mi-
crons, occasionall}^ clubbed, curved or crose, starch and gl3'cerol.
branched. Motile by means of one or a few Nitrites produced from nitrates.
l)eritrichous Hagella. Gram-variable, ap- Ammonia produced.
pearing most commonly as Gram-negative. Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
Gelatin agar: Gelatin hydrolyzed.
Gelatin stab: Ver}^ scant crateriform 33°Optimum
liquefaction in 10 days. Comment: A non-chromogenic variety
Agar slant: Moderate, smooth, glistening, of this species has been described by Keller-
white or ivory-colored growth; lacks deep 506). man et al. (Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 39, 1913,
yellow pigmentation.
Broth: Uniformly turbid. Source : Isolated from soil from Louisiana
Filter paper in 0.5 per cent peptone broth: and Maine.
Paper strip reduced to a pulpy mass or Habitat: Soil.
weakened sufficiently so that the fibers sep-
arate on slight agitation. 4. Cellulomonas pusilla (Kellerman
Potato: Smooth, opaque, cream-colored et al., 1913) Bergey et al., 1923. (Bacillus
growth; freshly isolated strains may fail to pusilus (sic) Kellerman, McBeth, Scales
grow on potato. and Smith, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 39, 1913,
Acid from glucose, maltose, lactose, su- 512; Cellulotiionas pusila (sic) Bergey et al.,
crose and starch; usually no acid from glyc- Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 161.)
erol or mannitol.
pu.sil'la. L. dim. adj. pusillus very small.
Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced. Cells 0.4 to 0.6 by 0.8 to 1.5 microns. Mo-
Starch is hydrolyzed. tile by means of one to three peritrichous
Nitrites produced from nitrates. flagella. Gram-negative.
Ammonia not produced. Gelatin stab: Slow liquefaction, usually
Optimum temperature, between 28° and becoming apparent after 15 days.
33° C. Agar slant: Scant, grayish white growth.
Source: Isolated from soil from Utah. Cellulose agar: Variable enzymatic zones
Habitat: Probably widely distributed in around colonies.
soil. Broth: Turbid.
Potato: Scant growth when heavily inocu-
3. Cellulomonas aurogena (Kellerman lated.
et al., 1913) Bergey et al., 1923. (Bacillus Acid from glucose, maltose, lactose, su-
aurogenus Kellerman, McBeth, Scales and crose, starch and glycerol; no acid from
Smith, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 39, 1913, 505; mannitol.
Cellulomonas aurogenes (sic) Bergey et al.. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 157.) Ammonia produced.
au.ro'ge.na. L. noun aurum gold; L. v. Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
gigno to produce; M.L. adj. aurogenus gold
(color) -producing. 33°Optimum
Cells 0.5 by 1.4 microns. Motile by means Source: Isolated from soil from the Dis-
of one to three peritrichous flagella. Gram- trict of Columbia and from South Carolina.
negative. Habitat: Soil.
Gelatin stab: Slow liquefaction, usually
not apparent until 7 to 10 days. 5. Cellulomonas fimi (McBeth and
Agar slant: Scant to abundant, flat, yel- Scales, 1913) Bergey et al., 1923. (Bacterium
low growth. fimi McBeth and Scales, U. S. Dept. Agr.
Cellulose agar: Variable enzymatic zones Plant Ind. Bull. 266, 1913, 30; Cellulomonas
surround colonies. fima (sic) Bergey et al.. Manual, 1st ed.,
1923, 166; Corynebacterium fimi Jensen, Potato: Scant yellow growth.

Proc. Linnean Soc. New So. Wales, 59, 1934, Acid from glucose, maltose, lactose, su-
48.) crose, starch and glycerol; no acid from
fi'mi. L. noun jimus dung; L. gen. noun mannitol.
fimi of dung. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Angular rods, 0.4 to 0.5 by 1.2 to 2.5 mi- Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
crons, occasionally clubbed, curved or
branched. Feebly motile by means of one 33°Optimum
or a few peritrichous flagella. Gram-vari- Source: Isolated from soil from Louisi-
able. ana.
Gelatin agar: Gelatin hydrolyzed. Habitat: Soil.
Gelatin stab : Slow, infundibuliform lique-
faction. 7. Cellulomonas gelida (Kellerman et
Agar slant: Smooth, glistening, opaque, al., 1913) Bergey et al., 1923. (Bacillus geli-
yellow growth. dus Kellerman, McBeth, Scales and Smith,
Broth: Uniformly turbid; scant, soft, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 39, 1913, 510; Bergey
cream-colored to yellow sediment. et al.. Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 162.)
Filter paper in 0.5 per cent peptone broth: ge'li.da. L. adj. gelidus cold.
Paper strip reduced to a pulpy mass or Small, angular rods, 0.4 to 0.6 by 0.8 to
weakened sufficiently so that the fibers 2.0 microns, sometimes curved, clubbed or
separate on slight agitation. branched. Motile by means of one or a few
Potato: Cream-colored to yellow growth. peritrichous flagella. Gram-variable.
Acid from glucose, fructose, arabinose, Gelatin agar: Gelatin hydrolyzed.
xylose, maltose, sucrose, lactose, raffinose, Gelatin stab: Liquefaction very slow if
melezitose, dextrin, starch, salicin and glyc- at all.
erol; no acid from mannitol or dulcitol. Agar slant: Moderate, flat, grayish white
Starch is hydrolyzed. growth.
Broth: Uniformly turbid.
Nitrites usually produced from nitrates. Filter paper in 0.5 per cent peptone broth:
Ammonia production scant if at all. Paper strip reduced to a pulpy mass or
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. weakened sufficiently so that the fibers
Optimum temperature, between 28° and separate on slight agitation.
33° C. Potato: Good growth.
Source: Isolated from soil. Acid from glucose, maltose, lactose, su-
Habitat: Soil. crose, starch and glycerol; no acid from
mannitol.
6. Cellulomonas galba (Kellerman et Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced.
al., 1913) Bergey et al., 1923. {Bacillus galhus Starch is hydrolyzed.
Kellerman, McBeth, Scales and Smith, Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 39, 1913, 509; Bergey Ammonia occasionally produced.
et al.. Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 157.) Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
gal'ba. L. adj. galbus yellow.
Cells 0.4 by 1.0 micron. Motile by means 33°Optimum
of one to three peritrichous flagella. Gram- Source: Isolated from soil from Connecti-
positive. cut.
Gelatin stab: Liquefaction slow, usually Habitat: Soil.
appearing only after 10 days.
Agar slant: Moderate, raised, canary- 8. Cellulomonas flavigena (Kellerman
yellow growth. and McBeth, 1912) Bergey et al., 1923. (Ba-
Cellulose agar: Narrow enzymatic zone cillus flavigena (sic) Kellerman and McBeth,
around colonies. Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 34, 1912, 488; Bergey
Broth: Turbid. et al., Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 165.)
605
fla.vi'ge.na. L. noun flavus yellow; L. v. Paper strip reduced to a pulpy mass or
gigno to produce; M.L. adj. fiavigenus weakened sufficiently so that the fibers
yellow-producing. separate on slight agitation.
Angular rods, 0.4 to 0.6 by 0.7 to 1.8 mi- Potato: Good growth.
crons, occasionally curved, clubbed or Acid from glucose, fructose, maltose,
branched. Non-motile. Gram-variable. lactose, sucrose and starch; acid production
Gelatin agar: Gelatin hydrolyzed. variable with .xylose and arabinose.
Gelatin stab: Slow liquefaction. Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced.
Agar slant: Smooth, glistening, opaque, Starch is hydrolyzed.
jêllow growth. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Broth: Uniformlj^ turbid. Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
Filter paper in 0.5 per cent peptone broth:
Paper strip reduced to a pulpy mass or 33°Optimum
weakened sufficiently so that the fibers Source: Isolated from compost from Vir-
separate on slight agitation.
Potato: Smooth, creamy yellow growth. Habitat: Soil.
ginia.
Acid from glucose, lactose, sucrose, malt-
ose and starch. 10. Cellulonionas acidula (Kellerman
Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced. et al., 1913) Bergey et al., 1923. (Bacterium
Starch is hydrolyzed. aciduhim Kellerman, McBeth, Scales and
Nitrites produced from nitrates. Smith, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 39, 1913, 513;
Ammonia not produced. Bergey et al., Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 167.)
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. a.ci'du.la. L. dim. adj. acidulus somewhat
sour.
33° C. Cells 0.3 to 0.4 by 1.0 to 1.3 microns. Non-
Source: Isolated from a mixed culture and motile. Gram-negative.
from soil. Gelatin stab: Growth scant; liquefaction
Habitat: Widely distributed in soil. usually not apparent.
Agar slant: Slight to moderate or abun-
9. Cellulonionas uda (Kellerman et al., dant grayish growth.
1913) Bergey et al., 1923. {Bacterium udum Cellulose agar: Variable enzymatic zones
Kellerman, McBeth, Scales and Smith, around colonies.
Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 39, 1913, 514; Bergey Broth: Slightly turbid.
et al., Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 166.) Potato: No apparent growth.
u'da. L. adj. udus moist, wet. Acid from glucose; other sugars weakly or
Cells 0.5 by 1.0 to 1.5 microns. Non-mo- variably fermented.
tile. Gram-negative. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Gelatin agar: Gelatin hydrolyzed. Ammonia not produced.
Gelatin stab: Slow liquefaction. Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
Agar slant: Moderate, flat, grayish white Optimum temperature, between 28° and
growth. 33° C.
Broth: Uniformly turbid. Source: Isolated from soil from Utah.
Filter paper in 0.5 per cent peptone broth : Habitat: Soil.
Genus VI. Arthrobacter Conn and Dimmick, 19^7 *

(Jour. Bact., J4, 1947, 300.)
Ar.thro.bac'ter. Gr. noun arthrus a joint; M.L. mas.n. bacter the masculine equivalent of
the Gr. neut.n. hactrum a rod; M.L. mas.n. Arthrobacter a jointed rod.
Buchanan, Cowan and Wik^n (Internat. Bull. Bact. Nomen. and Taxon., 5, 1955, 83)
* Prepared by Dr. A. G. Lochhead, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada, July,

1954.
regard Arthrohacler Fischer (Jahrb. f. vvissen. Bot., 27, 1895, 141) as a nomen dubiurn, no
species having been named as belonging to the genus by Fischer. Under these circumstances
Arthrohacler Fischer would appear to be illegitimate. Conn and Dimmick (op. cil., 1947,
300) revived Fischer's name for the organisms they describe as they feel it to be an ap-
propriate name. Fischer defined Arthrohacler as including all non-flagellate, rod-shaped
bacteria which produce "arthrospores" as recognized by De Bary. While the real meaning
of arthrospores is somewhat uncertain, it sometimes has been used for the coccoid bodies
developed by the species placed in Arthrohacler as defined here.
In young cultures the cells appear as rods which may vary in size and shape from straight
to bent, curved, swollen or club-shaped forms; snapping division may show angular cell
arrangement. Short filament formation with rudimentary budding may occur, especially
in richer liquid media. Gram-negative or Gram-variable. Coccoid cells are characteristically
observed in cultures after one or more days; these coccoid cells persist as the predominant
form in older cultures and are Gram-negative to Gram-positive. Larger coccoid cells (cys-
tites), which give rise to one or more rod-shaped cells on fresh transfer, also occur. Gen-
erally non-motile. Growth on solid media soft or viscous; growth in liquid media generally
not profuse. Most species liquefy gelatin. Little or no acid from carbohydrates. Nitrites
generally produced from nitrates. Indole not produced. Aerobic. Most species show little or
no growth at 37°C. Typically soil organisms.
The type species is Arthrohacler glohifonnis (Conn) Conn and Dimmick.
Key to the species of genus Arthrobacter.

I. Utilize nitrates or ammonium salts as a sole source of nitrogen; utilize citrate as a sole
organic nutrient.
A. Non-chromogenic.
1. Starch hydrolyzed; little or no growth at 37° C.
a. Growth not viscous in liquid or on solid media; moderate growth on aspara-
gine agar.
1. Arthrohacter glohiformis.
aa. Growth viscous in most liquid or solid media; profuse growth on asparagine
agar.
2. Arthrohacler pascens.
2. Starch not hydrolyzed; grows well at 37° C.
3. Arthrohacter simplex.
B. Chromogenic.
1. Starch h3'drolyzed; nitrites produced from nitrates.
a. Grows profusely on nicotine agar producing a diffusible blue pigment; some
strains produce yellow pigment on plain agar.
4. Arthrobacter oxydans.
aa. Poor growth on nicotine agar, and no blue pigment is produced; yellow pig-
ment on plain agar.
5. Arthrohacler aurescens.
2. Starch not hydrolyzed; nitrites not produced from nitrates; yellow pigment on
plain agar.
6. Arthrobacter ureafaciens.
II. Do not utilize nitrates or ammonium salts as a sole source of nitrogen; citrates not
utilized.
A. Non-chromogenic; weak diastatic action; agar colonies punctiform.
7. Arthrobacter lumescens.
B. Chromogenic; no diastatic action; agar colonies 1 to 2 mm in diameter.
1. Yellow pigment produced on plain agar; gelatin liquefied; grows at 10° C.
8. Arthrohacter citreus.
607
2. No growth on plain agar; brownish yellow pigment produced on soil-extract agar;

gelatin not liquefied; no growth at 10° C.
9. Arthrobacler terregens.
1. Arlhrobacter globiforniis (Conn, Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced.

1928) Conn and Dimmick, 1947. (Bacterium Starch is hydrolj-zed.
globiforme Conn, New York Agr. Exp. Sta. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Tech. Bull. 138, 1928, 3; also see Conn and Urease not produced.
Darrow, ibid., 172, 1930, 3; Arthrobacler Utilizes nitrates and ammonium salts as
globiforme (sic) Conn and Dimmick, Jour. nitrogen sources; citrates utilized as sole
Bact., 54, 1947, 295, Fig. 1, and 301.) source of carbon.
glo.bi.for'mis. L. noxxnglobus ball, globe; Of 19 amino acids tested, none was re-
L. novLD. foryna shape; M.L. adj. globijormis quired for growth; preformed growth factors
spherical. also were not required (Campbell and Wil-
Rods, irregular in shape and size, gen- liams, Food Research, 16, 1951, 506).
erally 0.5 to 0.7 by 1.0 to 3.0 microns, oc- Ammonium chloride and the 19 amino
curring in an angular arrangement. Cells acids which were tested may serve as sources
may be curved, slightly bent or, frequently, of nitrogen; the amino acids may also be
swollen; rudimentary branching may occur utilized as carbon sources (Campbell and
in liquid media. Coccoid cells, 0.6 to 0.8 mi- Williams, loc. cit.).
cron in diameter, develop in older cultures; Inorganic sulfur may serve as a source of
larger coccoid cells (cjstites) occur which sulfur (Campbell and Williams, loc. cit.).
give rise to rod forms by germination on Catalase-positive.
transfer to fresh media. Non-motile. Gram- Aerobic.
negative in young cultures; coccoid forms Temperature relations: Optimum, about
prevailingly Gram-positive. 25° C; good growth from 20° to 32° C;
Gelatin stab: Slow crateriform liquefac- slight growth at 10° C; no growth at 37° C.
tion, becoming stratiform; liquid clear; Source: Isolated from soil.
abundant sediment. Habitat: Widely distributed in soil.
Agar colonies: Circular, up to 1.5 mm in
diameter, slightl}' raised, cream-colored, 2. Arthrobacler pascens Lochhead and
waxy luster. Burton, 1953. (Can. Jour. Botany, 31,
1953, 7.)
Agar slant: Growth filiform, flat, smooth,
cream-colored, soft glistening with metallic pas'cens. L. part. adj. -pascens nourishing.
sheen. Rods, generally 0.6 to 0.8 by 1.0 to 4.0
Soil extract agar slant: Growth filiform, microns, occurring in an angular arrange-
flat, pale cream-colored, surface slightly ment as a result of snapping division. The
rippled, soft, translucent, glistening, no cells vary in size and shape according to the
sheen, lobate edge. culture medium: irregular forms, curved,
Asparagine agar slant: Filiform, flat, swollen or club-shaped, may be noted as
smooth, whitish, dull, soft. well as a tendency to form short filaments
Broth: Slightly turbid; little or no surface with rudimentary budding, especially in
growth; slight sediment. liquid media. Coccoid cells occur by the
Potato: Growth abundant, pale brown, process of fragmentation, usually within
glistening, soft. two days. On solid media the cocci are 0.5
Milk: Slow clearing (2 to 3 weeks) without to 0.7 micron in diameter, and 0.7 to 0.9
coagulation; alkaline. microns in diameter in semisolid or liquid
Indole not produced. media. On fresh transfer, the large coccoid
Hydrogen sulfide produced in small cells (cystites) germinate and give rise to
amounts in cysteine medium. two or more rod forms. Non-motile. Gram-
Slight acid but no gas from glucose, su- negative.
crose, mannitol and arabinose; no acid or Gelatin stab: White, viscous surface
gas from lactose or glycerol. growth followed by slow liquefaction which
becomes stratiform; liquid flaky; abundant species. Generally non-motile; motile

sediment. strains have been reported (Clark and Carr,
Agar colonies: Circular, entire, creamy Jour. Bact., 6£, 1951, 3 and 4). Gram-vari-
white, glistening, translucent, viscous. able; coccoid cells are Gram-variable with
Agar slant: Growth filiform, flat, smooth, a predominance of Gram-positive cells.
viscous, cream-colored, glistening with a Gelatin stab: Saccate liquefaction (2 to
copper sheen. 4 days) becoming stratiform; slight surface
Soil extract agar slant: Growth filiform, growth; considerable sediment; liquid clear.
flat, smooth, cream-colored, glistening, Agar colonies: Circular, 1.0 to 1.5 mm in
slightly metallic, soft. diameter, slightly raised, cream-colored,
Asparagine agar: Abundant, filiform, smooth, glistening.
cream-colored, very viscous growth; edge Agar slant: Growth filiform, cream-col-
wrinkled, surface smooth and glistening. ored, smooth, glistening, soft; lobate edge.
Broth: Moderately turbid; no surface Soil extract agar slant: Growth filiform,
growth; whitish, viscous sediment. flat, pale cream-colored, smooth, glistening,
Potato: Pale brown, glistening, viscous. translucent, soft.
Milk: Slow clearing after 1 week without Asparagine agar slant: Growth filiform,
coagulation; abundant, white surface flat, pale cream-colored, smooth, glistening,
growth; reaction becoming alkaline. soft.
Indole not produced. Broth: Moderately turbid; no surface
Hydrogen sulfide produced in cysteine growth; moderate, stringy sediment.
medium. Potato: Growth abundant, light brown,
Slight acid but no gas from glucose and moist, glistening, membranous.
sucrose. Milk : Slow clearing (7 to 10 days) without
Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced. coagulation, becoming alkaline.
Starch is hydrolyzed. Indole not produced.
Nitrites produced from nitrates. Hydrogen sulfide produced in cysteine
Urease not produced. and thiosulfate media.
Utilizes nitrates and ammonium salts as Sugar media: Slight alkaline reaction; no
nitrogen sources; citrates utilized as sole gas produced.
source of carbon. Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced.
Catalase-positive. Starch not hydrolyzed.
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Temperature relations: Optimum, be- Urease not produced.
Utilizes nitrates and ammonium salts as
tween 20° C. and 26° C.; growth range, 10°
to 35° C.; no growth at 37° C. nitrogen sources; citrates utilized as sole
Source: Isolated from soil. carbon source.
Habitat: Soil. Catalase-positive.
Aerobic.
3. Arthrobacter simplex (Jensen, 1934) Temperature relations: Optimum, be-
Lochhead, comb. nov. {Corynebactenum
simplex Jensen, Proc. Linn. Soc. New So. 45° C. tween 26° and 37° C; no growth at 10° or
Wales, 59, 1934, 43.) Source: Isolated from Australian soil.
sim'plex. L. adj. simplex simple. Habitat: Soil.
Rods which vary in size with the culture
medium, generally 0.4 to 0.5 by 1.0 to 3.0
microns; occasionally cells may attain a 4. Arthrobacter oxydans Sguros, 1954.
length of 6.0 microns. In older cultures the (Proc. 54th Gen. Meeting, Soc. Amer. Bact.,
cells are shorter and become very small Pittsburgh, 1954, 21.)
rods or cocci, measuring 0.4 to 0.5 by 0.5 to ox'y-dans. Gr. adj. oxys sharp; M.L. adj.
0.8 micron. Though curved or swollen rods oxydans oxidizing.
generally tend to be inconsistent in form, Complete description furnished by Dr.
the tendency is less pronounced with this P. L. Sguros.
Rods, 0.5 to 1.0 by 1.0 to 4.0 microns, butyrous biotypes of this species have been
which may be curved or club-shaped; oc- recognized (Sguros, loc. cit.).
casionally rudimentary filamentous forms Source: Isolated from tobacco leaves.
maj' occur, although branching is infre- Habitat: Probably soil.
quent. The longer forms fragment into short
rods and cocci. Cells in older cultures are 5. Arthrobacter aurescens (Clark, 1951)
almost exclusively coccoid and vary from Phillips, 1953. (Arthrobacter globifonne var.
1.0 to 3.0 microns in diameter. When trans- aurescens Clark, Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer.,
ferred to fresh media, the larger coccoid 15, 1951, 180; Phillips, Iowa State Coll. Jour.
cells (cystites) germinate, giving rise to one Sci., 27, 1953, 240.)
or two rod-shaped cells (Sguros, Jour. Bact., au.res'cens. L. v. auresco to become
69, 1955, 28). Non-motile. Gram-negative; golden; L. part. adj. aurescens becoming
the cystites are Gram-negative and usually
possess a Gram-positive granule. golden.
Rods which vary in shape and size accord-
Gelatin stab: Slow, crateriform liquefac- ing to the nature of the culture medium:
tion. 0.5 by 1.0 to 3.0 microns on plain agar and
Agar colonies: Punctiform or circular, 0.6 to 0.8 by 1.0 to 6.0 microns on enriched
convex, opaque, smooth, glistening; viscid solid media; the cells may be straight,
or butj'rous varieties may occur. curved or swollen or may show rudimentary
Agar slant: Growth abundant, filiform, branching, especially in enriched liquid
opaque, smooth, glistening; yellow and media. In older cultures the cells become
pearl-gray strains occur, the former being coccoid, measuring 0.6 micron in diameter.
viscid and the latter butyrous in consist- Non-motile. Gram-variable; the cocci are
ency. generally Gram-negative although the
Asparagine agar: Growth filiform, opaque, larger coccoids (cystites) are usually Gram-
smooth, glistening; development of chromo-
genesis retarded. positive.
Gelatin stab: Stratiform liquefaction;
Nicotine agar: Abundant growth with the yellowish surface growth; moderate sedi-
production of a diffusible, deep blue pigment ment; liquid very turbid.
which turns reddish to yellowish brown with Agar colonies: Circular, up to 2 mm in
age. diameter, convex, yellow, opaque, smooth,
Broth: Abundant growth; surface ring; glistening.
viscid sediment. Agar slant: Growth abundant, filiform,
Potato: Abundant growth, yellow to gray opaque, smooth, creamy lemon-yellow, soft,
varying with the strain. waxy luster with a metallic sheen.
Milk: Slow peptonization and reduction Soil-extract agar slant: Growth filiform,
of litmus; reaction alkaline. smooth, cream-colored becoming pale yel-
Indole not produced. low, glistening, soft.
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. Asparagine agar slant: Growth filiform,
Acid but no gas from fructose and su- lemon-yellow, soft, waxy luster; surface
crose; acid in glucose broth weak and tran- uneven; edge finely indented.
sient; with other carbohydrates, reaction Nicotine agar: Growth slow and sparse,
alkaline.
flat, translucent, colorless.
Broth: Moderately turbid; no surface
Nitrites produced from nitrates. growth; considerable cream-colored sedi-
Utilizes nitrates and ammonium salts as ment.
nitrogen sources; citrates utilized as sole Potato: Growth moderate, brownish yel-
source of carbon. low, dull, cheesy in consistency.
Catalase-positive. Milk : Pale yellow surface and ring growth ;
Aerobic. clearing (3 to 4 daj's) without coagulation;
Optimum temperature, 25° C. cream-colored sediment.
Comment: Yellow-viscid and pearl -white- Indole not produced.
GIO ORDER IV. EUBACTERIALES
Hydrogen sulfide produced in cysteine Gelatin stab: Stratiform liquefaction;

and thiosulfate media. cream-colored surface growth; liquid
Sugar media: Very slight acidity from slightly turbid and flaky. Sediment is abun-
glucose and sucrose; no gas from carbohy- dant.
drates. Agar colonies: Circular, 1.5 to 2.0 mm in
Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced. ing.
diameter, convex, yellow, smooth, glisten-
Nitrites produced from nitrates. Agar slant: Growth moderate, filiform,
Urease not produced. yellow, glistening with a metallic sheen,
Utilizes nitrates and ammonium salts as soft; surface uneven, becoming wrinkled.
nitrogen sources; citrates utilized as sole Soil-extract agar slant: Growth filiform,
carbon source. pale gray becoming yellow, glistening, soft;
Catalase-positive. surface uneven; edge finely wrinkled.
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. Asparagine agar slant: Growth filiform,
Temperature relations: Optimum, be- lemon-yellow, glistening, soft; surface un-
tween 20° and 32° C; slight growth at 10° even; edge becoming wrinkled.
and at 37° C; no growth at 45° C. Broth: Moderately turbid; no surface
Source: Isolated from soil by Conn and growth; cream-colored sediment.
Dimmick (Soil Sci., 65, 1948, 349). Cultures Potato: Growth moderate, raised, yellow-
of yellow forms were labelled Arthrobacter ish brown, dull, cheesy in consistency.
aurescens and were distributed to other Milk: Flaky, yellowish surface growth;
investigators under this name. clearing without coagulation; cream-colored
Habitat: Soil. sediment.
6. Arthrobacter ureafaciens (Krebs Hydrogen sulfide produced in cysteine
and Eggleston, 1939) Clark, 1955. (Culture media.
NC, Dubos and Miller, Jour. Biol. Chem., Sugar media: Little or no acidity; no gas.
121, 1937, 431; Krebs and Eggleston, En- Acetjdmethylcarbinol not produced.
zymologia, 7, 1939, 310; Corynebacterium Starch is not hydrolj^zed.
creatinovorans , name used by Dubos on Cul- Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
ture NC (ATCC No. 7562) as sent to Amer. Urea produced from creatine, creatinine
Type Culture Coll., December, 1941, and and uric acid.
used in the Catalogue of Cultures, 1949, and Urease not produced.
later in the literature by various authors Utilizes nitrates and ammonium salts as
such as Kalinsky, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol, and nitrogen sources.
Med., 7J^, 1950, 767, and Barron, Ardac and Catalase-positive.
Hearson, Arch. Biochem., 29, 1950, 130; Aerobic.
Clark, Internat. Bull, of Bact. Nomen. Temperature relations: Optimum, 32° C.
andTaxon.,5, 1955, HI; also see Bact. Rev., No growth at 10° or at 45° C. Good growth
19, 1955, 273.) between 25° and 37° C.
u.re.a.fa'ci.ens. Gr. noun urum urine; Source: Isolated from soil.
M.L. noun urea urea; L. v. jacio to make, Habitat: Soil.
produce; M.L. part. adj. ureafaciens urea-
producing. 7. Arthrobacter tumescens (Jensen,
Rods which vary in shape and size accord- 1934) Conn and Dimmick, 1947. {Corynebac-
ing to the nature of the culture medium: in terium tumescens Jensen, Proc. Linn. Soc.
young cultures, 0.5 by 1.0 to 3.0 microns on New So. Wales, 59, 1934, 45; Conn and Dim-
plain agar and 0.7 by 2.0 to 7.0 microns on 302.) mick, Jour. Bact., 54, 1947, 295, Fig. 3, and
richer media; the cells are irregular and
may be curved, bent or swollen. In older tu.mes'cens. L. part. adj. tumescens swell-
cultures the cells are cocci and coccoid rods, ing up.
measuring 0.6 by 0.8 micron. Non-motile. Rods, 0.5 to 0.8 by 2.0 to 6.0 microns, oc-
The rods and cocci are Gram-negative. curring in an angular arrangement and
611
showing pronounced cytomorphosis. The cit're.us. L. adj. citreus pertaining to the
cells are curved or swollen and often possess citrus tree; M.L. adj. citreus lemon-col-
rudimentary branches as well as deeply ored.
staining granules. Older cultures contain Rods, usually 0.8 by 2.0 to 5.0 microns,
many small cocci, 0.5 to 0.6 micron in di- which occur in V-shaped pairs as a result of
ameter, which arise from the fragmentation snapping division. The individual cells are
of the longer rods. After two to three days, irregular, curved or swollen and show a
many spherical cells (cystites), up to 3.0 slight tendency to branch. The rods rapidly
microns in diameter, occur from which one undergo fragmentation, usually within 24
to four rod forms may arise by germination. hours, to give rise to forms indistinguish-
Non-motile. Gram-negative with Gram- able from true cocci; these forms measure
positive granules; coccoid forms are Gram- 0.7 micron in diameter. Feebly motile.
negative to Gram-positive. Gram-variable.
Gelatin stab: Saccate liquefaction (4 to Gelatin stab: Slow, crateriform liquefac-
5 daj^s), becoming stratiform; cream-colored tion, becoming stratiform; moderate surface
surface growth and sediment; liquid finely growth; considerable yellowish sediment;
flocculent. liquid turbid.
Agar colonies : Punctiform, grayish cream- Agar colonies: Circular, entire, low con-
colored, flat, translucent. vex, lemon-yellow, glistening.
Agar slant: Growth scant, filiform, fiat, Agar slant: Growth abundant, filiform,
grayish cream-colored, translucent. fiat, lemon-yellow, smooth, glistening, soft.
Soil extract agar slant: Growth moderate, Soil extract agar slant: Growth moderate,
filiform, whitish, opaque, dull, soft. filiform, fiat, yellow, glistening, soft; sur-
Asparagine agar slant: Growth scant, face has a fine "ground glass" appearance.
filiform, thin, fiat, colorless. Asparagine agar: Growth scant, filiform,
Broth: Slightly turbid; no surface growth; thin, colorless.
slight sediment; faintly acid. Broth : Slightly turbid ; no surface growth ;
Potato: Growth abundant, pale brown, slight sediment; reaction unchanged.
glistening, membranous. Potato: Growth scant, slightly raised,
Milk: Soft coagulation (10 to 12 days) dull, yellow.
followed by slow digestion; no change in Milk: No change.
reaction. Indole not produced.
Indole not produced. Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. Little or no acid produced from carbo-
Slight or no acid produced in sugar broth;
hydrates.
no gas produced. Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced.
Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced. Starch not hydrolyzed.
Starch weakly hj'drolyzed. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Nitrites produced from nitrates. Urease not produced.
Urease not produced. Unable to utilize nitrates or ammonium
Unable to utilize nitrates or ammonium salts as nitrogen source, or citrates as sole
salts as nitrogen source, or citrates as sole carbon source.
carbon source.
Catalase-positive.
Catalase-negative. Aerobic.
Aerobic.
Optimum temperature, between 30° and 30° C.; grows well at 20° to 32° C.; fair
32° C.; poor growth at 20° and 37° C.; no growth at 10° but little or none at 37° C.
growth at 10° C. Source: Isolated from chicken feces.
Source: Isolated from Australian soils. Habitat: Soil.
Habitat: Soil.
9. Arthrobacter terrcgens Lochhead
8. Arthrobacter citreus Sacks, 1954. and Burton, 1953. (Can. Jour. Botany, SI,
(Jour. Bact., 67, 1954, 342.) 1953, 7.)
ter're.gens. L. noun terra soil; L. part. adj. diameter, entire, convex, yellowish brown,
egens requiring; M.L. part. adj. terregens glistening.
soil-requiring. Agar slant: Growth filiform, flat, pale
Rods, 0.6 to 0.8 by 1.0 to 5.0 microns, usu- brown, glistening.
all}^ occurring in V-shaped pairs as a result Soil extract agar slant: Growth filiform,
of snapping division. The cells vary in shape flat, yellowish brown, glistening, soft; sur-
from short, straight rods to irregular, curved face finely roughened.
or swollen forms; some of the longer rods Broth: Moderately turbid; no surface
show rudimentary budding. In older cul- growth; stringy, yellowish sediment.
tures (usually after 3 days), coccoid cells, Potato: Slight or no growth.
formed by the fragmentation of long rods, Milk: No change after 6 weeks.
predominate. The cocci vary in size accord- Indole not produced.
ing to the medium: on soil extract agar the Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
cells measure 0.6 to 0.7 micron, and on Slight acid from glucose and sucrose;
richer media containing yeast extract, they trace or no acid from other sugars; no gas
are 0.8 to 0.9 micron in diameter. When produced.
freshl}^ transferred, the larger coccoids
(cystites) may germinate rod forms, up to
three in number. Gram-negative; the coc- Urease not produced.
coid cells are Gram-variable, usually Gram- Unable to utilize nitrates or ammonium
negative. salts as nitrogen source, or citrates as sole
Requires a growth factor, 'terregens fac- carbon source, even in presence of growth
tor' (TF), present in soil extract or in cul- factor.
ture filtrates of Arthrobacter pascens. No
Catalase-positive.
growth in standard media; these may be Aerobic.
rendered suitable for growth by addition of
soil extract or culture filtrate of A . pascens. Optimum temperature, between 20° and
26° C.; grows from 15° to 35° C.; no growth
Gelatin stab: Yellowish growth, best at
at 10° or 37° C.
surface; no liquefaction. Source: Isolated from soil.
Agar colonies: Circular, 1.0 to 2.5 mm in Habitat: Soil.
FAMILY XIII. BACILLACEAE FISCHER, 1895.
(Jahrb. f. wiss. Bot., 21, 1895, 139.)
Ba.cil.la'ce.ae. M.L. noun Bacillus type genus of the family; -aceae ending to denote a
family; M.L. fem.pl.n. Bacillaceae the Bacillus family.
Rod-shaped cells capable of producing endospores which are cylindrical, ellipsoidal or
spherical, and which are located in the center of the cell, subterminally or terminally.
Sporangia do not differ from the vegetative cells except when bulged by spores larger than
the cell diameter; such sporangia are spindle-shaped when spores are central and wedge-
or drumstick-shaped when spores are terminal. Motile by means of peritrichous flagella or
non-motile. Usually Gram-positive. Pigment formation isjare. Gelatin is frequently hy-
drolyzed. Sugars are generally fermented, sometimes with the production of visible gas.
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic; anaerobic; or anaerobic, aerotolerant. Some species are
capable of growth at 55° C. Mostly saprophytes, commonly found in soil; a few are animal
or insect parasites or pathogens.
Key to the genera of family Bacillaceae.
I. Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic; catalase-positive.
Genus I. Bacillus, p. 613.
II. Anaerobic or aerotolerant; catalase not known to be produced.
Genus II. Clostridium, p. 634.
Gemis I. Bacillus Cohn, 1872.*

(Beitrage z. Biol. d. Pflanzen, 1, Heft 2, 1872, 146 and 175.)
Ba.cil'lus. L. dim. noun bacillum a small rod; M.L. noun Bacillus a rodlet.
Rod-shaped cells, sometimes in chains, capable of producing endospores. Sporangia do
not differ from the vegetative cells except when bulged by spores larger than the cell di-
ameter; such sporangia are spindle-shaped when the spores are central and wedge- or drum-
stick-shaped when the spores are terminal. Motile by means of peritrichous flagella or
non-motile. Gram-positive, some species being Gram-variable or Gram-negative. Some
species usually occur in the rough stage, forming a pellicle on broth, whereas other species
are smooth and the rough stage is rarely seen. Usually proteins are decomposed with the
production of ammonia. Carbohydrates are generallj^ fermented with the production of
more or less acidity; a few also produce visible gas. Catalase-positive. Aerobic or faculta-
tively anaerobic. Maximum temperatures for growth vary greatly, not only between spe-
cies but also between strains of the same species. Variations in other characters frequently
occur within a species. Mostly saprophytes, commonly found in soil; a few are animal,
especially insect, parasites or pathogens.
The type species is Bacillus subiilis Cohn emend. Prazmowski.
Key to the species of genus Bacillus.
I. Sporangia not definitelj^ swollen. f Spores ellipsoidal to cylindrical, central to termi-
nal. Spore walls thin and not easily stained. Gram-positive.
* Revised by Dr. Nathan R. Smith, St. Armands Key, Sarasota, Florida, and Dr. Ruth
E. Gordon, N. J. Agricultural Experiment Station, New Brunswick, N. J., September,
1954. The arrangement and the descriptions of the species, unless otherwise noted, have
been taken from the work of Smith, Gordon and Clark (Agricultural Monograph 16, U. S.
Department of Agriculture, 1952).
t Nearly 50 per cent of the strains of Bacillus coagulans studied by Smith, Gordon and
Clark (op. cit., 1952) had definitely swollen sporangia; the species was placed in group I
because of other characteristics.
613
A. Protoplasm of young cells grown on glucose agar vacuolated if lightly stained.

Diameter of vegetative rods is 0.9 micron or more.
1. Acid from mannitol with ammonium salts as source of nitrogen. Acetylmethyl-
carbinol not produced.
1. Bacillus megaterhtm.
2. No acid from mannitol with ammonium salts as source of nitrogen. Acetyl-
methylcarbinol produced.
a. Saprophytic, certain strains weakly pathogenic,
b. Growth on agar not rhizoid. Usually motile.
2. Bacillus cereus.
bb. Growth on agar rhizoid. Usually non-motile.
2a. Bacillus cereus var. mycoides.
aa. Pathogenic*
b. Causative agent of anthrax. Non-motile.
3. Bacillus anthracis.
bb. Cause of disease in certain insects. Usually motile.
4. Bacillus thuringiensis.
B. Protoplasm of young cells grown on glucose agar not vacuolated if lightly stained.
Diameter of vegetative rods is less than 0.9 micron.
1. Growth on glucose agar as good as or better than on agar. Good growth on
soybean agar,
a. Growth in 7 per cent NaCl broth. t
b. Starch hydrolyzed. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
c. Good growth under anaerobic conditions in glucose broth; pH
of cultures is 5.2 or below. Gas produced from nitrates under alka-
line, anaerobic conditions.
5. Bacillus licheniformis.
cc. Scant if any growth in glucose broth under anaerobic conditions;
pH of cultures is higher than 5.2. No gas produced from nitrates
under alkaline, anaerobic conditions.
6. Bacillus subti'lis.
d. Black pigment on carbohydrate media only.
6a. Bacilhis suhtilis var. aterrimus.
dd. Black pigment on tyrosine media only.
6b. Bacillus subtilis var. niger.
bb. Starch not hydrolyzed. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
7. Bacillus pumilus.
_ aa. No growth in 7 per cent NaCl broth.
'^ --- b. Glucose utilized. Weak, if any, hydrolysis of gelatin.
8. Bacillus coagulans.
* Smith et al. (loc. cit.) pointed out that pathogenicity is a variable character in these
two species and that academically they should be classified as variants of Bacillus cereus,
the stable parent form. From the practical standpoint and to avoid complications that
would arise as to priority, it has been thought best to retain these as separate species in
the Manual until more work has been done.
t Gordon and Smith (Jour. Bact., 58, 1949, 327) recommended the use of 5 per cent NaCl.
Ford et al. (Bact. Proc, 1952, 18), however, found that certain strains of Bacillus coagulans
would grow in 5 per cent broth, thus rendering this character useless as a means of separa-
ting Bacillus coagulans from Bacillus subtilis. Since then the writers have obtained growth
in 7 per cent NaCl broth by all strains of Bacillus licheniformis. Bacillus subtilis (one excep-
tion) and its varieties and Bacillus pumilus. The use of the higher percentage of NaCl is,
therefore, recommended to overcome the objection of Ford and his co-workers. (Also see
Smith, Gordon and Clark, op. cit., 1952.)
FAMILY XIII. BACILLACEAE 615
bb. Glucose not utilized. Strong hydrolysis of gelatin.

9. Bacillus badius.
2. Growth on glucose agar definitely not so good as on agar. Scant, if any, growth
on soybean agar,
a. Casein hydrolyzed. Urease not produced.
10. Bacillus firmus.
aa. Casein not hydrolyzed. Urease produced.
11. Bacillus lentus.
II. Sporangia definitely swollen. Spores ellipsoidal, rarely cylindrical, central to termi-
nal. Spore wall thick and easilj' stained. Remnants of sporangium sometimes adhering.
Gram- variable.
A. Gas from carbohydrates.
1. Acetylmethylcarbinol produced. Crystalline dextrins not produced from starch.
12. Bacillus polymyxa.
2. Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced. Crystalline de.xtrins produced from starch.
13. Bacillus macerans.
B. Gas not produced from carbohydrates.
1. Saprophytic. Grow on ordinary media.
a. Starch hydrolyzed.
b. Indole and acetylmethylcarbinol produced.
14. Bacillus alvei.
\bb. Indole and acetylmethylcarbinol not produced.
c. Grows at 65° C.
15. Bacillus stear other mophilus .
cc. Does not grow at 65° C.
16. Bacillus circulans.
aa. Starch not hydrolyzed.
b. pH of glucose broth cultures is less than 8.0. Grow in glucose broth
under anaerobic conditions.
c. Indole produced. Acid from glucose and mannitol with ammonium
salts as source of nitrogen.
17. Bacillus later os-por us.
cc. Indole not produced. Does not grow on carbohydrates with am-
monium salts as source of nitrogen.
18. Bacillus pulvifaciens .
bbV^H of glucose broth cultures is 8.0 or higher. Does not grow in glucose
/Broth under anaerobic conditions.
19. Bacillus brevis.
2. Parasitic. Do not grow on ordinary media.
a. Cause of American foulbrood of honey bees.
20. Bacillus larvae.
aa. Cause of the milky disease of Japanese beetles.
Type A. 21. Bacillus popilliae.
Type B. 22. Bacillus lentimorbus .
III. Sporangia definitely swollen. Spores spherical or nearly so. Gram-variable.
A. Grow on ordinary media at pH 6.0. Urea or alkaline conditions not necessary for
growth.
1. Starch hydrolyzed. Grows in 10 per cent NaCl broth.
2.3. Bacillus pantothenticus.
-2. Starch not hydrolyzed. Does not grow in 10 per cent NaCl broth.
24. Bacillus sphaericus.
B. Does not grow on ordinary media at pH 6.0. Urea or alkaline conditions necessary
for growth.
25. Bacillus pasteurii.
1. Bacillus megaleriuni de Bary, 1S84. Agar slants: Growth abundant, smooth,

(DeBary, Vergleichende Morph. und Biol, soft to butyrous, opaque, glistening, slightly
der Pilze, 1884, 499; Bacillus megatherium spreading, non-adherent, creamy white to
(sic) Schroeter, in Cohn, Kryptogamen- yellow. Some browning with pellucid dots
Flora V. Schlesien, 3, 1, 1886 (1889), 160.) on aging. Variations: Rough, slightly wrin-
me.ga.te'ri.um. Gr. adj. mega large; Gr. kled, tough, adherent, non-spreading.
noun teras, teratis monster, beast; M.L. Glucose agar slants: Growth usually more
noun megaterium big beast. The second abundant and softer (somewhat slimy) than
stem has been claimed to be a faulty trans- on agar. Variations : Gummy, coarsely wrin-
literation ofthe Gr. noun therium an animal. kled. Pellucid dots more distinct than on
The Judicial Commission of the Interna-
tional Committee on Bacteriological No- Glucose nitrate agar slants: Growth very
agar.
menclature has ruled, however, that the heavy, raised.
original spelling is to be preferred (Internat. Soybean agar slants: Growth abundant.
Bull. Bact. Nomen. and Taxon., 1, 1951, 35). Better sporulation and fewer shadow-forms
Rods, 1.2 to 1.5 by 2.0 to 4.0 microns, with than on agar.
rounded ends, occurring singly or in short Tyrosine agar slants: Deep black pigment
chains. When lightly stained, protoplasm b}^ few strains.
granular or foamy. Occasional shadow- or Broth: Turbidity medium to heavy, uni-
ghost-forms. Motile. Gram-positive. Vari- form, with or without abundant sediment.
ations: 0.9 to 2.2 by 1.0 to 5.0 microns, oc- No pellicle. Variations: Turbidity flocculent
curring in filaments or long and tangled or granular. Pellicle thin and friable. Broth
chains. Ends square. Protoplasm evenly clear with flocculent sediment.
stained. Many shadow-forms. Buds at Milk: Peptonized.
end or side of rods. Non-motile. Gram-var- Milk agar streak plate : Wide zone of hy-
iable. drolysis of the casein.
On glucose agar, rods are usually larger, Potato: Growth abundant, smooth, soft
longer and more vacuolated because of to slimy, glistening, spreading, creamy
numerous, large, fat globules, sometimes white, pale to lemon-yellow or pink. Vari-
irregular in shape with pointed ends or ations: Rough, wrinkled. Potato blackened
corkscrew-shaped (in wet mount) . or orange-colored. No growth.
Spores, 1.0 to 1.2 by 1.5 to 2.0 microns, Acid but no gas (with ammonium salts as
ellipsoidal, central to para-central. Thin- source of nitrogen) from glucose, sucrose
walled. Many formed in 48 hours. Varia- and mannitol. Acid usually produced from
tions: Diameters 0.8 to 1.4 microns. Shapes arabinose, xylose and glycerol. Acid pro-
are irregular, reniform, oviform, almost duction variable from lactose.
spherical and cylindrical. Lateral. Only a Starch hydrolyzed.
few are formed in 3 to 6 days. Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced.
Sporangia not distinctly swollen. Citrates utilized as sole source of carbon.
Gelatin stab: Slow liquefaction. Nitrites usually not produced from ni-
Gelatin agar streak plate: Wide zone of trates. No gas from nitrates under anaerobic
hydrolysis. conditions.
Agar colonies: Large, smooth, soft, glis- Growth factors not essential.*
tening, round, convex, entire, non-spread- Lecithinase not produced. f
ing, dense, creamy white to yellow. Varia- Aerobic. No growth in glucose broth under
tions: Rough, concentrically or radially anaerobic conditions.
ridged, thin edged. Temperature relations: Optimum, be-
* Information on the nutritional requirements of this as well as of the succeeding species

was supplied by Knight and Proom (Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 4, 1950, 508).
t The lecithinase reaction of this and succeeding species was reported by Colmer (Jour.
Bact., 55, 1948, 777), McGaughey and Chu (Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 2, 1948, 334) and Knight
and Proom {op. cit., 1950, 508).
617
FAMILY XIII. BACILLACEAE
tween 28° and 35° C. Maximum, usually Broth: Heav}'^, uniform turbidity with
between 40° and 45° C. soft, easily dispersed sediment, with or
Source: Isolated from cooked cabbage. without soft ring pellicle. Variations: Floc-
Habitat : Widely distributed in soil, water, culent growth. Firm pellicle.
dust and decomposing materials. Milk: Rapid peptonization, with or with-
out slight coagulation.
2. Bacillus cereus Frankland and Frank- Milk agar streak plate: Wide zone of hy-
land, 1887. (Philosoph. Trans. Roy. Soc. drolysis of the casein.
London, 178, B, 1887, 279.) Potato: Growth abundant, thick, spread-
ce're.us. L. adj. cereus wax-colored, ing, soft, creamy white, sometimes with
waxen. pinkish tinge. Variations: Growth re-
Rods, 1.0 to 1.2 by 3.0 to 5.0 microns, with stricted, thin, folded, dry or slimJ^ Potato
square ends, usually occurring in short to darkened or orange-colored.
long, tangled chains. When lightly stained, Acid but no gas (with ammonium salts as
protoplasm granular or foamy. No shadow- source of nitrogen*) from glucose; also
forms. Not encapsulated. Motile. Gram- usually from sucrose, glycerol and salicin.
positive. Variations: 0.8 to 1.3 by 2.0 to 6.0 No acid from arabinose, xylose or mannitol.
microns. Filaments. Ends rounded. Encap- Usually no acid from lactose.
sulated. Non-motile. Protoplasm stains uni- Starch hydrolyzed.
formly. Gram-variable. Acetylmethylcarbinol produced.
On glucose agar, rods are larger and more Citrates usually utilized as sole source of
vacuolated and contain many, large, fat carbon.
globules. Variation: Sometimes contain Nitrites usually produced from nitrates.
only a few, small, fat globules but always Gas usually produced from nitrates under
vacuolated when lightly stained. anaerobic conditions.
Spores, 1.0 to 1.5 microns, ellipsoidal, Amino acids necessary for growth.
central or para-central. Thin-walled. Many Lecithinase produced.
formed in 18 to 24 hours. Variations: 0.5 to Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. Growth
1.2 by 1.3 to 2.5 microns. Few or none at in glucose broth under anaerobic condi-
48 hours or longer. tions; pH usually below 5.2.
Sporangia not appreciably swollen. Temperature relations: Optimum about
Gelatin stab: Rapid liquefaction. 30° C. Maximum, between 37° and 48° C.
Gelatin agar streak plate: Wide zone of Pathogenicity: Large doses of 24-hour
hydrolysis. broth cultures fatal to guinea pigs (Clark,
Agar colonies: Large, rough, flat, irregular Jour. Bact., 33, 1937, 435).
with whip-like outgrowths. Whitish with Source: Isolated from dust.
characteristic mottled appearance by trans- Habitat: Widely distributed in soil, dust,
mitted light (resembling galvanized iron or milk and on plant surfaces.
moire silk). Variations: Thin and spreading,
rough and arborescent, smooth and dense. 2a. Bacillus cereus var. mycoides (Fliigge,
Agar slants: Growth abundant, rough, 1886) Smith et al., 1946. {Bacillus mycoides
opaque, whitish, non-adherent, spreading. Flugge, Die Mikroorganismen, 2 Aufl., 1886,
Edge irregular with whip-like outgrowths. 324; Smith, Gordon and Clark, U. S. Dept.
Variations: Relatively smooth. Very rough Agr. Misc. Pub. 559, 1946, 54.)
extending into the agar. Greenish yellow, my.co.i'des. Gr. noun myces fungus; Gr.
diffusing pigment. noun eidus form, shape; M.L. adj. mycoides
Glucose agar slants: Growth abundant, fungus-like.
heavier and softer than on agar. Bacillus cereus var. uiycoides is identical
Glucose nitrate agar slants: Scant, if any, in all respects with Bacillus cereus except
growth. in the following characters :
* A major portion of the investigations of carbohydrate utilization reported by Smith

et al. (op. cit., 1952) was made with crude agar. Later, when refined agar was used, 0.02
per cent yeast extract was incorporated in the ammonium salts medium.
Rods, usually slightly thinner, in long Gelatin stab: Arborescent in depth, in-
chains twisted together to form strands. verted pine tree. Liquefaction crateriform
Agar colonies: Grayish, thin, widely becoming stratiform.
Gelatin agar streak plate: Wide zone of
spreading by means of long, twisted chains
of cells, turning to the left or right (sinistral hydrolysis.
or dextral). The sinistral form occurs more Agar colonies: Large, dense, irregular,
often in soil (Gause, Mikrobiologia, 18, composed of parallel chains of cells giving
1949, 154). a curled or combed appearance; similar to
certain strains of Bacillus cereus.
Agar slants: Growth thin, rhizoid, gray-
Agar slants : Growth abundant, spreading,
ish, widely spreading, adhering to or grow- dense, grayish, with irregular borders.
ing into the agar. With aging, growth be- Blood hemolysis : Variable (Bekker, Zent.
comes thicker and softer.
Gordon (Jour. Bact., 39, 1940, 98) and f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., I47, 1941, 451; also
Smith, Gordon and Clark (op. cit., 1952) see ibid., 150, 1943, 326).
Broth: Little or no turbidity; thick pel-
showed that Bacillus mycoides lost its rhi- licle.
zoid character if grown from a small inocu-
lum in flasks containing 100 ml of broth and Milk: Coagulated, slightly acid, pep-
tonized.
plated on agar after 3 to 30 days. The result- Milk agar streak plate: Wide zone of hy-
ing non-rhizoid cultures could not be differ- drolysis ofthe casein.
entiated from Bacillus cereus. Dissociation
Potato: Growth abundant, spreading,
occurred under other conditions, but not so
white to creamy.
rapidly or completely. Reversion to the
rhizoid state was not observed, although Acid but no gas (with ammonium salts
the dissociants were grown under a variety as source of nitrogen) from glucose, fruc-
of conditions intended to induce such re- tose, sucrose, maltose, trehalose and dex-
version. trin. Late and slight acidity from glycerol
Source: Isolated from soil. and salicin by some strains. No acid from
Habitat: Widely distributed in soil. arabinose, rhamnose, mannose, galactose,
lactose, rafEnose, inulin, mannitol, dulcitol,
3. Bacillus anthracis Cohn, 1872, sorbitol, inositol or adonitol.
emend. Koch, 1876. (Les infusories de la Starch hydrolyzed.
maladie charbonneuse, Davaine, Compt.
Acetylmethylcarbinol produced.
rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, 69, 1864, 393; Cohn,
Beitrage z. Biol. d. Pflanzen, ^, Heft 2, 1872, Amino acids are necessary for growth.
177; Koch, ibid., 2, Heft 2, 1876, 279; Bac- Lecithinase produced.
teridie des charbon, Pasteur and Joubert,
Compt. rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, 84, 1877, Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
900.) Temperature relations: Optimum, about
an'thra.cis. Gr. noun anthrax charcoal, a 35° C. Maximum, about 43° C.
red precious stone, a carbuncle; M.L. noun Pathogenicity: Cause of anthrax in man,
anthrax the disease anthrax; M.L. gen.noun cattle, swine, sheep, rabbits, guinea pigs,
anthracis of anthrax. mice, etc. (Smith, Gordon and Clark {op.
Rods, 1.0 to 1.3 by 3.0 to 10.0 microns, cit., 1952) considered Bacillus anthracis as a
with square or concave ends, occurring in pathogenic variety of Bacillus cereus be-
long chains; resemble Bacillus cereus. When cause certain strains of the two were in close
lightly stained, protoplasm granular or agreement in all characters except patho-
foamy. Encapsulated. Non-motile. Gram- genicity. As strains of Bacillus anthracis
positive.
may become avirulent, and as certain strains
Spores ellipsoidal to cylindrical, 0.8 to 1.0 of Bacillus cereus may be lethal in massive
by 1.3 to 1.5 microns, central or para- dosages (Clark, Jour. Bact., 33, 1937, 435),
central, often in chains. Germination polar.
Sporangia ellipsoidal to cylindrical, not the relationship is closer than most investi-
definitely swollen, in chains. gators realize.)
FAMILY XIII. BACILLACEAE G19
Source: Isolated from the blood of in- central, thin-walled. Many formed in 48
fected animals. hours at 37° C. Variations: Slightly smaller
Habitat: Man and animals with anthrax. or larger. Only a few are formed in 2 or 3
weeks.
4. Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, 1915. Spore germination is equatorial without
(Ztschr. f. angew. Ent., Beihefte 2, 1915, 29.) splitting of the spore coat along transverse
thur.in.gi.en'sis. M.L. gen. noun thurin- a.xis (Lamanna, Jour. Bact., 44, 1942, 611;
giensis of Thuringia; named for Thuringia, Burdon and Wende, Bact. Proc, 1952, 46).
a German province. Sporangia not definitely swollen; fre-
Rods same as those of Bacillus cereus. quently resemble rods with bipolar staining.
Spore size and shape the same as in Gelatin stab: Rapid crateriform to strati-
Bacillus cereus. form liquefaction.
Sporangia not definitely swollen. Spores Gelatin agar streak plate: Wide zone of
tend to lie obliquely in the sporangium; hydrolysis.
after aging, a knob of protoplasm remains Agar colonies: Large, spreading; surface
at each end. These so-called crystalline rough or rugose; hairy outgrowths. Offwhite.
inclusion bodies are described in greater Variations: Smooth, entire or lobate.
detail by Steinhaus (Hilgardia, 23, 1954, 1) Agar slants: Growth abundant, rough,
and by Hannay (Nature, 172, 1953, 1004). opaque, adherent, spreading, with hairy
The significance of the crystals has not been outgrowths. Matt surface. Variations:
determined. Smooth, thin, non-adherent, rugose.
Other cultural and biochemical characters Glucose agar slants: Growth heavy,
are the same as for Bacillus cereus. rugose, often with extruded droplets or
As in the case of Bacillus antkracis, Smith mucoid vesicles on surface. Usually hairy
et al. considered Bacillus thuringiensis as a outgrowths from line of inoculation.
pathogenic variety of Bacillus cereus. From Sometimes gas produced at 37° C.
the practical standpoint, it seems best to Glucose nitrate agar slants: Growth slow,
retain it as a separate species in the Man- scant to abundant, with hairy outgrowths.
ual. Offwhite to brownish red. Sometimes gas
Pathogenicity: Cause of death of larvae is produced.
of certain insects. Soybean agar slants: Growth softer and
Source: Isolated from the larvae of the more abundant than on agar. Brownish to
flour moth (Ephestia kuehniella Zell). reddish, often purplish at the bottom. Drop-
Habitat: Diseased insects. lets extruded. Variations: Matt surface.
Folded growth.
5. Bacillus licheniforinis (Weigmann, Tyrosine agar slants: Same as agar slants.
1898) Chester, 1901, emend. Gibson, 1937. Broth: Clear with heavy, wrinkled, tough
{Clostridium licheniforme Weigmann, Cent, pellicle. Variations: Flocculent or uniform
f. Bakt., II Abt., 4, 1898, 820; Bacillus lichen- turbidity, with or without fragile pellicle.
iformis Chester, Man. Determ. Bact., 1901, NaCl broth: Good growth in 5 to 8 per
287; Gibson, Soc. Agr. Bact., Abs. Proc, cent NaCl, inhibition with higher concen-
1937; also see Jour. Dairy Res., 13, 1944, trations. In a few cases, growth in 12 per
248.) cent.
li.che.ni.for'mis. Gr. noun lichen a tree Milk agar streak plate: Usually narrow
moss, lichen; L. noun forma shape; M.L. zone of hydrolj^sis of the casein.
adj. licheniformis lichen-shaped. Potato: Growth heavy, spreading, wrin-
Rods, 0.6 to 0.8 by 1.5 to 3.0 microns, stain kled, warty, with extruded droplets. Pink.
uniformly, not in chains. Not encapsulated. Submerged portion of potato red to violet.
Motile. Gram-positive. Variations: Rods, Variations: Soft. Offwhite.
0.5 to 0.9 by 1.2 microns, to long filaments. Acid but no gas (with ammonium salts
Encapsulated. Shadow-forms. Non-motile. as source of nitrogen) from arabinose, xy-
Spores, 0.6 to 0.9 by 1.0 to 1.5 microns, lose, glucose, sucrose and mannitol. Acid
ellipsoidal to cylindrical, central or para- production variable from lactose.
Starch hydrolyzed. Bacteriological Nomenclature (Jour. Bact.,

Acetylmethylcarbinol produced (37° C. 33, 1937, 445).
better incubation temperature than 32° C). Rods, 0.7 to 0.8 by 2.0 to 3.0 microns, not
pH of glucose broth cultures is 5.2 to 8.2 in chains, uniformly stained. Not encap-
in 7 days. sulated. No shadow-forms. Motile. Gram-
Citrates utilized. positive. Variations: Rods, 0.6 to 1.0 by
Nitrites produced from nitrates. Gas 1.3 to 6.0 microns, or filaments. Long chains.
produced from nitrates under anaerobic Encapsulated. Shadow-forms. Budding from
conditions. end of cells. Occasionally non-motile. Rarely
Growth factors not essential. Gram-variable.
Lecithinase not produced. Spores, 0.6 to 0.9 by 1.0 to 1.5 microns,
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. Growth ellipsoidal to cjdindrical, central or para-
in glucose broth under anaerobic conditions ; central, thin-walled. Many are formed in
pH is 5.2 or lower at 14 days. Usually a small 48 hours. Variations: 0.5 to 1.0 by 1.0 to
amount of gas is produced. 2.0 microns. Few are formed in 15 to 21 days.
Temperature relations: Optimum, be- Sporulation poor on media made with
tween 32° and 45° C. Maximum, between highly refined agar; much better when crude
50° and 56° C. (in water bath). agar is used or when soil extract is added
Antibiotics obtained from cultures of to the refined agar (Smith and Gordon, un-
certain strains are bacitracin (Johnson, published data).
Anker and Meleney, Science, 102, 1945, 376) Spore germination is equatorial with
and licheniformin (Callow and Hart, Na- splitting of the spore coat along the trans-
ture, 157, 1946, 334). verse axis (Lamanna, Jour. Bact., 44, 1942,
Source: Isolated from cheese. 611; Burdon and Wende, Bact. Proc, 1952,
46).
Habitat: Widely distributed in soil and
food; also common as a laboratory con- Sporangia not definitely swollen; fre-
taminant. quently show bipolar staining.
Gelatin stab : Liquefaction crateriform to
6. Bacillus subtilis Cohn, 1872, emend. stratiform.
Prazmowski, 1880. (Cohn, Beitr. z. Biol. d. Gelatin agar streak plate: Wide zone of
Pflanzen, 1, Heft 2, 1872, 174; also see Heft hydrolysis.
3, 1875, 188; and 2, Heft 2, 1876, 249; Praz- Agar colonies: Rough, opaque, dull,
mowski, Untersuchungen iiber die Entwick- spreading, offwhite. Variations: Smooth to
lungsgeschichte und Fermentwirkung eini- slimy, soft, thin, translucent, dendroid.
gen Bakterien-Arten. Inaug. Diss., Leipzig, Yellow, orange or brown.
1880.) Agar slants: Growth abundant, rough,
sub'ti.lis. L. adj. stibtilis slender.
The identity of this species has been the opaque, dull, waxy, spreading. Cream-col-
ored to light brown. Variations: Smooth,
subject of considerable controversy owing slimy, thin, translucent, dendroid. Yellow
to the great variations in cultural charac- or orange (some strains show a greenish
ters exhibited by various strains, to the
distribution of mislabeled cultures and to yellow, diffusing pigment when incubated
at45°C.).
confusion with Bacillus cereus. In cases in
Glucose agar slants: Growth heavier and
which an organism is said to be "anthrax- softer than on agar, sometimes pink or
like" or "similar to the anthrax bacillus," brown.
it should be remembered that these terms
Glucose asparagine agar slants: Growth
apply to Bacillus cereus and not to Bacillus abundant. Variation: Scant growth.
subtilis. Conn (Jour. Inf. Dis., 46, 1930, 341)
concluded that the so-called Marburg strain Glucose nitrate agar: Usually abundant,
fitted the earliest recognizable descriptions cream-colored growth.
of this species. His interpretation was ac- Soybean agar slants: Growth more abun-
cepted by the International Committee on dant and softer than on agar.
621
Tyrosine agar slants: Growth same as on Source: Isolated from infusions of lentils,
agar. cheese, white beets and hay (Cohn).
Broth: Clear with heavy, wrinkled, waxy, Habitat: Widely distributed in soil and
tough pellicle. Variations: Flocculent or decomposing organic matter; also common
uniform turbidity with or without fragile as a laboratory contaminant.
pellicle.
NaCl broth: Good growth up to a con- 6a. Bacillus subtilis var. aterrimus (Leh-
centration of7 per cent NaCl; growth in a mann and Neumann, 1896) Smith et al.,
few cases in 10 or 12 per cent. 1946. (Potato bacillus, Biel, Cent. f. Bakt.,
Milk: Slowly peptonized, usually be- II Abt., 2, 1896, 137; Bacillus aterrimus
coming alkaline. Lehmann and Neumann, Bakt. Diag., 1
Milk agar streak plate : Usuallj^ there is a Aufl., £, 1896, 303; Smith, Gordon and Clark,
wide zone of hydrolysis of the casein. U. S. Dept. Agr. Misc. Pub. 559, 1946, 64.)
Potato: Growth heavy, wrinkled to a.ter'ri.mus. L. sup. adj. aterrimus very
coarsely folded, spreading. Offwhite, yellow, black.
pink or brown. Variations: Slimy, soft, The description of Bacillus subtilis will
thin, warty. serve for var. aterrimus with the additional
Acid but no gas (with ammonium salts as statement that a blue-black to black pig-
source of nitrogen) from arabinose, xylose, ment is formed on media containing a car-
glucose, sucrose and mannitol. Usually no bohydrate utilized by the organism. The
acid produced from lactose. ability to form black pigments, however,
Starch is hydrolyzed. may be lost and the cultures stabilized in
Acetylmethj'lcarbinol produced (37° C. the colorless condition (Smith et al., ibid.,
better incubation temperature than 32° C). 9; also see op. cit., 1952, 29); they are then
pH of glucose broth cultures is 5.0 to 8.6 indistinguishable from cultures of Bacillus
in 7 days. subtilis.
Citrates utilized. Source: Isolated from rye bread in a
Nitrites produced from nitrates. No gas moist chamber used for growing aspergilli
produced from nitrate broth under ana- (Biel).
erobic conditions. Habitat: Widely distributed in soil, air
Aerobic, certain strains facultatively and decomposing carbonaceous materials.
anaerobic. Growth scant, if any, in glucose
broth under anaerobic conditions; pH of 6b. Bacillus stibtilis var. niger (Migula,
14-day cultures is 5.5 or higher. 1900) Smith et al., 1946. (Bacillus laciis
Temperature relations: Optimum growth
niger Gorini, Gior. d. Reale Soc. Ital. d'Ig.,
temperatures lie between 28° and 40° C. 16, 1894, 9; also see Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt.,
The maximum temperature for growth is Orig., 20, 1896, 94; Bacillus niger IMigula,
usually 50° C, but some cultures find 40° System der Bakterien, 2, 1900, 636; Smith
66.)
too warm for growth while still others will et al., U. S. Dept. Agr. Misc. Pub. 559, 1946,
grow even up to 55° C.
Accessory growth factors not essential. ni'ger. L. adj. niger black.
Lecithinase not produced. The characterization of Bacillus subtilis
Antibiotics obtained from cultures of will serve for var. niger by adding the state-
certain strains are subtilin (Jansen and ment that media containing tyrosine are
Hirschmann, Arch. Biochem., 4, 1944, 297), blackened. The ability to form black pig-
bacillin (Foster and Woodruff, Jour. Bact., ment, however, may be lost and the cultures
51, 1945, 363), subtenolin (Hirschhorn, stabilized in the colorless condition; then
Bucca and Thayer, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol, and they cannot be distinguished from Bacillus
Med., 67, 1948, 429), bacillomycin (Landy, subtilis.
Warren, Rosenman and Colio, Proc. Soc. Source: Isolated from milk.
Exp. Biol, and Med., 67, 1948, 539) and oth- Habitat: Widely distributed in soil, dust
ers. and decomposing materials.
7. Bacillus pumilus Gottheil, 1901. spreading, moist to slimy, yellow to brown.

(Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 7, 1901, 681.) Potato darkened. Variations: Rough, dry,
pu'mi.lus. L. adj. -pumilus little, diminu- wrinkled, pink or red.
tive. Acid but no gas (with ammonium salts
Rods, 0.6 to 0.7 by 2.0 to 3.0 microns, not as source of nitrogen) from arabinose, xy-
in chains. Stain uniformly. Not encapsu- lose, glucose, sucrose and mannitol. Usually
lated. Motile. Gram-positive. Variations: no acid from lactose.
Chains and filaments. Encapsulated. Gram- Starch not hydrolyzed.
variable. Acetylmethylcarbinol is produced.
Spores, 0.5 by 1.0 micron, ellipsoidal to pH of glucose broth cultures is 5.0 to 8.4.
cylindrical, central or para-central, thin- Citrates utilized as sole source of carbon.
walled. Readily formed. Variations: 0.6 to Nitrites not produced from nitrates. No
0.8 by 0.8 to 1.5 microns. Sporulation slow gas produced in nitrate broth under ana-
(certain strains sporulate best on soybean erobic conditions.
agar). Biotin essential for growth.
Sporulation in certain strains poor on Lecithinase not produced.
media made with highly refined agar; much Aerobic, certain strains facultatively
better when crude agar is used or when soil anaerobic. Growth scant, if any, in glucose
extract is added to the refined agar (Smith broth under anaerobic conditions; pH is
and Gordon, unpublished data). 5.5 or higher at 14 days.
Sporangia not definitely swollen. Temperature relations: Optimum, be-
Gelatin stab: Slow liquefaction. tween 28° and 40° C. Maximum, between
Gelatin agar streak plate: Wide zone of 45° and 50° C.
hydrolysis. Source: Isolated from plants.
Agar colonies: Smooth, thin, flat, spread- Habitat: Widely distributed in soil, dust
ing, dendroid, translucent. Variations: and cheese; also common as a laboratory
Small to pinpoint, nonspreading, dense. contaminant.
Agar slants: Growth smooth, thin, glis-
tening, spreading, non-adherent. Fre- 8. Bacillus coagulans Hammer, 1915.
quently yellowish. Variations: Rough, dull, (Iowa Agr. Exp. Station, Research Bull.
tough or wrinkled. 19, 1915, 129; also see Sarles and Hammer,
Glucose agar slants: Growth usually the Jour. Bact., 23, 1932, 301.)
same as on agar, sometimes heavier or co.a'gu.lans. L. part. adj. coagulans curd-
scantier. ling, coagulating.
Glucose asparagine agar slants: Growth Rods, 0.6 to 1.0 by 2.5 to 5.0 microns, not
abundant. Variations: Scant or no growth. in chains. Stain uniformly. Motile. Gram-
Glucose nitrate agar slants: Growth positive. Variations: Rods, 0.5 to 1.2 by
usually scant. 2.0 to 6.0 microns, to filaments. Gram-varia-
Soybean agar slants: Growth more abun- ble.
dant than on agar, soft, yellow. Variations: Spores, 0.9 to 1.0 by 1.2 to 1.5 microns,
Rough, red or colorless. ellipsoidal, thin-walled, subterminal to
Tyrosine agar slants: Same as agar slants. terminal. Variations: 0.8 to 1.1 by 1.2 to
Broth: Turbidity uniform, with or with- 2.0 microns. Kidney-shaped or cylindrical.
out ring or fragile pellicle. Variations: Tur- Sporulation poor when highly refined agar
bidity flocculent. Broth clear with rough is used in the medium; much better with
pellicle. crude agar or when soil extract is added to
NaCl broth: Growth in 7 per cent NaCl; the refined agar (Smith and Gordon, unpub-
in a few cases growth in 10 per cent. lished data).
Milk: Peptonized, sometimes coagulated. Sporangia definitely swollen in some
Milk agar streak plate: Usually there is cases, not swollen in others.
a wide zone of hydrolysis of the casein. Gelatin agar streak plate: Zone of hy-
Potato: Growth smooth, thin, soft, drolysis small, if any.
623
Agar colonies: Usually small, round, Habitat: Widely distributed in spoiled

opaque, not distinctive. food, cream, cheese and silage.
Agar slants: Growth scant to moderate,
flat, smooth to rough, translucent to opaque. 9. Bacillus badius Batchelor, 1919,
Glucose agar slants: Growth soft, moist emend. Saghafi and Appleman, 1953. (Bat-
and usually more abundant than on agar. chelor, Jour. Bact., 4, 1919, 25; Saghafi and
Glucose asparagine agar slants: Growth Appleman, Jour. Bact., 65, 1953, 220.)
scant, if any. ba'di.us. L. adj. badius brown.
Proteose-peptone acid agar slants: Good Rods, 0.8 to 1.0 by 2.5 to 5.0 microns,
growth, better than on agar. occurring usually singly or in short chains;
Soybean agar slants : Growth usually more long chains on certain media. Stain uni-
abundant than on agar. formly. Motile. Gram -positive.
Stock culture agar slants : Growth as good Spores, 0.8 to 0.9 by 1.2 to 1.5 microns,
as or better than on agar. cylindrical or ellipsoidal, terminal to sub-
Broth: Moderate uniform turbidity fol- terminal. Thin-walled. Resemble those of
lowed by clearing and formation of sedi- Bacillus coagulans.
ment.
Sporangia usually not definitely swollen,
NaCl broth: No growth in 7 per cent in some cases slightly swollen.
NaCl.
Gelatin stab: Rapid crateriform lique-
Milk agar streak plate : Zone of hydrolysis faction.
of the casein narrow, if any. Gelatin agar streak plate: Wide zone of
Potato: Growth erratic, not distinctive. hydrolysis.
Acid but no gas (with peptone as source Agar colonies: Large, dense, rough,
of nitrogen) from glucose. Acid production opaque, with hairy outgrowths, resemble
variable from arabinose, xylose, lactose, those of Bacillus cereus.
sucrose, glycerol and mannitol. Agar slants: Abundant, grayish white
Starch is hydrol3^zed. (brown, Batchelor), with outgrowths. Fecal
Acetjdmethylcarbinol usually produced. odor.
pH of glucose broth is 5.0 or less in 7 days. Glucose agar slants: Same as on agar.
Citrates not utilized. Glucose nitrate agar slants: No growth.
Tomato j'east milk curdled in 1 to 3 days Soybean agar slants: Growth slow, be-
at 45° C. coming moderate. Edges hairy.
Nitrites usually not produced from ni- Broth: Uniform turbidity. Fecal odor.
trates. No gas in nitrate broth under ana- (Medium becomes very brown, Batchelor.)
erobic conditions. NaCl broth: No growth in 7 per cent
Amino acids, biotin and thiamine are NaCl.
essential for growth; perhaps also nicotinic
acid. Milk: No change (peptonization, Bat-
chelor).
Lecithinase not produced.
Milk agar streak plate : Moderate zone of
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. Growth
clearing of the casein.
in glucose broth under anaerobic condi-
Potato: Scant, soft, spreading, slightly
tions; pH is less than 5.2 in 7 days (some
brownish.
strains are inhibited by the alkalinity of
the medium as generally prepared; for this Indole not produced.
species, therefore, a neutral or slightly acid No acid or gas (with either ammonium
medium is recommended). salts, peptone or yeast extract as source of
Temperature relations: Optimum, be- nitrogen) from arabinose, .xylose, glucose,
lactose, sucrose and mannitol. Slight acid
tween 33° and 45° C. Ma.ximum, between
55° and 60° C. for the majority of the strains. production from glj^cerol with yeast extract
Poor growth, if any, at 28° C. (Smith and Gordon, unpublished data).
Source: Isolated from evaporated milk Starch not hydrolyzed.
and tomato juice. Acetj'lmethylcarbinol not produced.
624 ORDEK IV. EUBACTERIALES
pH of glucose broth is 7.6 to 8.0 in 10 days. Slight acid but no gas (with peptone as
Citrates not utilized. source of nitrogen) from glucose.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. No Starch hydrolyzed.
gas produced in nitrate broth under ana- Ammonium salts not utilized as source of
erobic conditions. nitrogen.
Urease not produced. Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced.
Aerobic. No growth in glucose broth under pH of glucose broth is not less than 6.2 in
anaerobic conditions. 7 days; very little growth.
Temperature relations: Optimum, be- Citrates not utilized.
tween 35° and 40° C. Maximum, 52° C. Nitrites produced from nitrates. No gas
Source: Isolated from an infant's stool produced in nitrate broth under anaerobic
(Batchelor), from macerated figs (Saghafi conditions.
and Appleman) and from the surface of an Urease not produced.
orange (Smith and Gordon, unpublished Accessory growth substances essential.
data). Lecithinase not produced.
Habitat: Uncertain. Probably associated Aerobic. No growth in glucose broth under
with decomposing materials. anaerobic conditions.
10. Bacillus firmus Werner, 1933. (Cent, tween 28° and 33° C. No growth at 50° C.
f. Bakt., II Abt., 87, 1933, 470.) Source: Isolated from soil.
fir'mus. L. adj. firmus strong, firm. Habitat: Soil and decomposing materials;
Rods, 0.6 to 0.9 by 1.5 to 4.0 microns, with also found as a laboratory contaminant.
ends poorly rounded, occurring singly or in
pairs. Stain uniformly. Motile. Gram-posi- 11. Bacillus lentus Gibson, 1935. (Zent.
tive. f. Bakt., II Abt., 92, 1935, 368.)
Spores, 0.7 to 0.9 by 1.0 to 1.4 microns, len'tus. L. adj. lentus slow.
ellipsoidal, central to subterminal. Usually Rods, 0.6 to 0.9 by 1.5 to 4.0 microns, with
form in 48 hours and more numerous on ends poorly rounded, occurring singly or in
agar without the beef extract. pairs. Stain uniformly. Motile. Gram-posi-
Sporangia only slightly swollen if at all. tive.
Gelatin stab: Slow crateriform liquefac- Spores, 0.7 to 0.9 by 1.0 to 1.4 microns,
tion. ellipsoidal, central to subterminal. Usually
Gelatin agar streak plate: Wide zone of form in 48 hours and are more numerous on
hydrolysis. agar without the beef extract.
Agar colonies: Small, round, smooth, Sporangia only slightly swollen if at all.
dense, whitish, rarely pink. Gelatin stab: No liquefaction.
Agar slants: Growth moderate, flat, Gelatin agar streak plate: No zone of
smooth, opaque, whitish, rarely pink. hydrolysis.
Glucose agar slants: Growth very scant, Agar colonies: Small, round, smooth,
inhibited b}^ the acid produced from the dense, whitish, not distinctive.
glucose. Agar slants: Growth slow, thin, trans-
Glucose nitrate agar slants: No growth. lucent becoming opaque, whitish.
Soybean agar slants: Scant, if any, Glucose agar slants: Growth scant, not
growth. so good as on agar because of the acid pro-
Broth: Turbidity light, uniform or floc- duced from the glucose.
culent. Glucose nitrate agar slants: No growth.
NaCl broth: Usually there is growth in Soybean agar slants: Very scant, if any,
5 per cent NaCl; no growth in 10 per cent.
Milk agar streak plate: Moderate to wide growth.
Broth: Faint, uniform turbidity; granular
zone of hydrolysis of the casein. sediment.
Potato: No growth. NaCl broth: Growth in 4 per cent, none
Indole not produced. in 5 per cent NaCl.
Milk: Unchanged. restricted or spreading, indistinct to whit-

Milk agar streak plate: Casein not hj-- ish.
drolyzed. Glucose agar slants: Growth usually much
Potato: No growth. thicker than on agar, raised, glistening,
Indole not produced. gummy, with production of gas. Variation:
Acid but no gas (with peptone as source Growth thin and not gummy.
of nitrogen) from arabinose, xylose and Glucose nitrate agar slants: Usually good
glucose. Ammonium salts not utilized as growth, gummy.
source of nitrogen. Proteose-peptone acid agar slants: Good
Starch is hydrolyzed. growth, usually no gas.
Acetj'lmethylcarbinol not produced. Soybean agar slants: Good growth, usu-
pH of glucose broth cultures is not less ally with the production of gas.
than 6.2. Stock culture agar slants: Slightly' heavier
Citrates not utilized. grow^th than on agar. No gas.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. No Broth: Turbidity uniform to granular.
gas produced in nitrate broth under anaer- Gummy sediment. Sometimes a pellicle is
obic conditions. formed.
Accessory growth factors essential. NaCl broth: No growth in 5 per cent
Lecithinase reaction doubtful. NaCl.
Urease produced. Milk: Usually coagulated with the pro-
Aerobic. No growth in glucose broth under duction of gas.
anaerobic conditions. Milk agar streak plate: Casein hydro-
lyzed.
Potato: Growth moderate to abundant,
tween 28° and 33° C. No growth at 45° C.
Source: Isolated from soil. slimy, whitish to light tan. Potato decom-
Habitat: Probably common in soil. posed with the production of gas. Growth
of rough strains thicker and heaped up.
12. Bacillus polymyxa (Prazmowski, Indole not produced.
1880) ^Migula, 1900. {Clostridium polymyxa Acid and usually gas and gum (with am-
Prazmowski, Inaug. Diss., Leipzig, 1880, monium salts as source of nitrogen) from
37; Migula, Syst. d. Bakt., 2, 1900, 638.) arabinose, xylose, rhamnose, glucose, lac-
po.ly.my'xa. Or. pref. poly- much, many; tose, mannitol and sorbitol (the production
Gr. noun myxa slime or mucus; M.L. poly- of gas can best be demonstrated by growing
myxa much slime. the cultures on one of the following media:
Rods, 0.6 to 1.0 by 2.0 to 7.0 microns, not agar plus 1 per cent potato starch, potato
in chains. Motile. Gram-variable. plugs or wheat mash as used for the produc-
Spores, 1.2 to 1.5 by 1.5 to 2.5 microns, tion of crystalline dextrins).
ellipsoidal, central to sub-terminal. Spore Starch hydrolyzed. Crystalline dextrins
wall usually thick and easily stained. Freely not produced from starch.
formed. Hemicellulose and pectin attacked (An-
Sporangia definitely bulged, spindle- kersmit, Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., J^0,
shaped or clavate. 1905, 100).
Gelatin stab: Slow liquefaction. Acetylmethylcarbinol is produced. Eth-
Gelatin agar streak plate: Usually there anol, butylene-glycol and small amounts
is a wide zone of hj^drolysis (in the case of of acetone and butanol are also produced.
widely spreading cultures, the zone of hy- pH of glucose broth cultures is 4.8 to 7.2.
drolysis sometimes extends only slightly Citrates usually not utilized.
beyond the limits of growth). Methylene blue reduced; not reoxidized
Agar colonies: Usually thin, translucent, in 21 daj'S.
spreading, lobate or fimbriate. Rough stage Nitrites produced from nitrates. No gas
small, round, whitish, sometimes adherent. produced in nitrate broth under anaerobic
Agar slants: Growth scant to moderate. conditions.
Biotin necessary for growth. erally better than on agar. Usually no gas
Lecithinase reaction variable. Broth: Turbidity light, uniform to gran-
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. Growth ular, with or without flocculent sediment.
with vigorous production of gas in glucose NaCl broth: No growth in 5 per cent
broth under anaerobic conditions. NaCl.
Temperature relations: Optimum, be- Milk: Acid and gas. No visible peptoniza-
tion.
tween 28° and 35° C. Maximum, for the
Milk agar streak plate: Very small, if
majority of the strains, 40° C. No growth at
45° C. any, zone of hydrolysis of the casein.
Antibiotic substance (polymyxin) ob- Potato: Inconspicuous or scant growth
tained from cultures of a certain strain with the production of much gas 'and de-
(Stansly, Shepherd and White, Bull. Johns composition ofthe potato.
Hopkins Hosp., 81, 1947, 43; also see Stansly Indole not produced.
and Schlosser, Jour. Bact., 54, 1947, 549). Acid and usually gas (with ammonium
Source: Isolated from grain, soil and pas- salts as source of nitrogen) from arabinose,
teurized milk. rhamnose, xylose, glucose, sucrose, lactose,
Habitat : Widely distributed in soil, water, mannitol and sorbitol (the production of
milk, feces and decaying vegetables. gas can best be demonstrated by growing
the cultures at 37° C. on the following me-
13. Bacillus macerans Schardinger, dia: agar plus 1 per cent potato starch, po-
1905. (Rottebazillus 1, Schardinger, Wien. tato plugs or wheat mash as used for the
Klin. Wochnschr., 17, 1904, 207; Schar- production of crj'stalline dextrins).
dinger, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., U, 1905, Starch hydrolyzed. Crystalline dextrins
772.) produced from starch.
ma'ce.rans. L. part. adj. macerans to Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced. Ace-
soften by steeping, to ret. tone and ethanol produced.
Rods, 0.5 to 0.7 by 2.5 to 5.0 microns, not pH of glucose broth cultures is 5.0 or
lower.
in chains. Motile. Gram-variable.
Citrates not utilized.
Spores, 1.0 to 1.5 by 1.2 to 2.5 microns,
ellipsoidal, subterminal to terminal. Spore Methylene blue reduced and then com-
wall thick and easily stained. pletely reoxidized.
Sporangia definitely swollen, clavate. Nitrites produced from nitrates. No gas
Gelatin stab: Liquefaction variable owing produced in nitrate broth under anaerobic
to the low temperature. conditions.
Biotin and thiamine are essential for
Gelatin agar streak plate: Fair to good
zone of hydrolysis.
growth.
Lecithinase reaction negative or faint.
Agar colonies: Thin, transparent to whit-
ish, spreading, irregular. Rough stage small Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. Usually
and compact. there is growth with the production of gas
Agar slants: Growth thin, spreading or in glucose broth under anaerobic conditions
restricted, inconspicuous to whitish. (neutral broth is better than the alkaline
Glucose agar slants: Growth heavier than broth generally prepared for this test).
on agar, usually with the production of gas. Temperature relations: Optimum, be-
Glucose nitrate agar slants: Very scant, tween 28° and 40° C. Maximum, usually
if any, growth. between 45° and 50° C.
Source: Isolated from vats in which flax
Proteose-peptone acid agar slants: No was retting.
growth.
Habitat: Widely distributed in soil, watei',
Soybean agar slants: Growth usually as decomposing starchy materials, retting
good as or better than on agar; sometimes flax, etc.
gas is produced.
Stock culture agar slants: Growth gen- 14. Bacillus alvei Cheshire and Cheyne,
1895. (Jour. Roy. Microscop. Soc, Ser. II, Acid but no gas (with ammonium salts
5, 1895, 592.) as source of nitrogen) from glucose; acid
al've.i. L. noun alveus a beehive; L. gen. usually produced from sucrose. Generally
noun alvei of a beehive. no acid from lactose or mannitol. No acid
Rods, 0.5 to 0.8 by 2.0 to 5.0 microns, from arabinose or xylose.
frequentl}- occurring side bj^ side in long Starch is hydrolyzed.
rows. Motile. Gram-variable. Variation: Acetylmethj'lcarbinol is produced.
Non-motile and with capsular material pH of glucose broth is usually 4.8 to 5.6.
(Clark, Jour. Bact., 38, 1939, 491). Citrates not utilized.
Spores, 0.8 to 1.0 by 1.2 to 2.0 microns, Methylene blue reduced; reoxidation
ellipsoidal, central to terminal. Spore wall variable.
thick and easily stained. Free spores fre- Nitrites not produced from nitrates. No
quently^ in parallel arrangement like that gas produced in nitrate broth under ana-
of the rods. erobic conditions.
Sporangia distinctly bulged, spindle- Urease not produced.
shaped to clavate. Thiamine is essential for growth.
Gelatin stab: Slow liquefaction. Lecithinase reaction negative or re-
Gelatin agar streak plate: Good zone of stricted.
hydrolysis. Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. Growth
Agar colonies: Thin, smooth, translucent, in glucose broth under anaerobic conditions,
quickly spreading as a thin layer over entire often with a few bubbles of gas.
plate. Variation: Round and rather gummy. Temperature relations: Optimum, about
Giant colonies: Motile, bullet-shaped, 30° C. Maximum, between 43° and 45° C.
micro-colonies moving in large arcs from Source: Isolated from the larvae of the
point of inoculation, usually covering the honey bee infected with European foul-
plate in 1 day (agar plates should stand a brood.
couple days in order to dry the surface some- Habitat: Widely distributed in soil and
what before using). bee-hives.
Agar slants: Growth thin, flat, spreading
over the surface. Migrating colonies on the 15. Bacillus stearotherniophilus Donk,
upper, drier part of the slant. Variation: 1920. (Jour. Bact., 5, 1920, 373.)
Growth thick and gummy. ste.a.ro.ther.mo'phi.lus. Gr. noun stear
Glucose agar slants: Growth thinner or fat; Gr. noun thermus heat; Gr. adj. phibis
thicker than on agar. loving; M.L. adj. stearotherniophilus (pre-
Glucose nitrate agar slants: Scant, if
loving. sumably intended to mean) heat- and fat-
any, growth.
Proteose-peptone acid agar slants: No Rods, 0.6 to 1.0 by 2.0 to 5.0 microns,
growth. sometimes occurring in filaments. Motile.
Soybean agar slants: Growth, if any, Gram- variable.
scant, thin and spreading. Variation: Abun- Spores, 1.0 to 1.2 by 1.5 to 2.2 microns,
dant, dense, wrinkled. characteristically variable in size, ellip-
Broth: Turbidity uniform, light to mod- soidal, terminal to subterminal. Spore wall
erate. thick and easily stained.
NaCl broth: No growth in 5 per cent Sporangia definitely swollen and racket-
shaped.
NaCl.'
Milk: Usually coagulated; little or no Gelatin stab: No liquefaction (tempera-
acid; peptonized. ture too low).
Milk agar streak plate: Wide zone of hy- Gelatin agar streak plate: Usually there
drolysis of the casein. is a wide zone of hydrolysis.
Potato: Growth, if any, inconspicuous Agar colonies: Not distinctive, pinpoint
to moderate, spreading, yellowish. to small, round to irregular, translucent to
Indole is produced. opaque, rough to smooth.
Agar slants: Growth variable, ranging Board of Health, Exp. Invest., pt. 2, 1890,
from thin, scant, rough and non -spreading 831; Ford, Jour. Bact., 1, 1916, 519.)
to good, opaque, smooth and spreading. cir'cu.lans. L. part. adj. circulans circling,
Glucose agar slants: Growth usually less making round.
than on agar. Rods, 0.5 to 0.7 by 2.0 to 5.0 microns, some
Glucose asparagine agar slants: Growth slightly bent, with ends rounded or pointed,
variable. usually not in chains. Usually actively
Proteose-peptone acid agar slants: No motile. Gram-negative. Variations: 0.4 to
growth. 0.9 by 1.5 to 5.0 microns. Contain metachro-
Soybean agar slants: Growth, if any, less matic granules. Encapsulated.
than on agar. Spores, 0.8 to 1.4 by 1.1 to 2.4 microns,
Stock culture agar slants : Growth usually ellipsoidal, terminal to sub-terminal. Spore
less than on agar. wall thick and easily stained. Variations:
Broth: Turbidity usually uniform. Kidney-shaped or cylindrical. Lateral or
NaCl broth: Scant, if any, growth in 3 per central. Thin-walled.
cent NaCl. Sporangia definitely swollen and clavate.
Milk agar streak plate: Hydrolysis of Gelatin stab: Slow, cone-shaped lique-
casein variable. faction, liquefied portion evaporating (Jor-
Tomato yeast milk: Not coagulated in .3 dan); no liquefaction (Ford).
days at 45° to 50° C. (Gordon and Smith, Gelatin agar streak plate : Usually a zone
Jour. Bact., 58, 1949, 327). Coagulated at of hydrolj'sis is visible.
65° C. (Stark and Tetrault, Sci. Agr., 32, Agar colonies: Thin, spreading, trans-
1952, 81). lucent to transparent, sometimes barely
Potato: Scant, if any, growth. visible or small to medium in size, opaque,
Indole not produced. entire.
Acid but no gas (with peptone as source Giant colonies: Sometimes there are mo-
of nitrogen) from glucose. Acid production tile micro-colonies which move from the
variable from arabinose and xylose. With point of inoculation in a rotating pattern,
ammonium salts as a source of nitrogen, eventually covering the entire plate (poured
acid production is variable from glucose. agar plates should be allowed to stand 2 or
Starch is hydrolyzed. 3 days at room temperature in order to dry
Acetjdmethylcarbinol not produced. the surface somewhat before using).
pH of glucose broth cultures is 4.5 to 6.6. Agar slants: Growth scant, thin, spread-
Citrates usually not utilized. ing, often indistinct. Variations: Growth
Nitrites usually produced from nitrates. moderate, entire, dense, coherent.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates (Donk). Beef extract agar slants (without pep-
Usually no gas produced in nitrate broth tone) :Sporulation usually better than on
under anaerobic conditions.
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. Usually agar.
Glucose agar slants : Growth usually heav-
ier than on agar. Variations: Very gummy,
there is growth in glucose broth under ana-
erobic conditions. opaque. Less growth than on agar.
Temperature relations: Optimum, be- Proteose-peptone acid agar slants: Usu-
ally no growth.
tween 50° and 65° C. Growth variable at Soybean agar slants: Growth, if any, less
70° C. and 37° C. No growth at 28° C. than on agar.
Source: Isolated from spoiled canned
Broth: Turbidity light to fair. Sediment
corn and string beans. flocculent to slimy. No growth by a few
Habitat: Widely distributed in soil and strains.
spoiled food products. NaCl broth: No growth by some strains
in 2 per cent NaCl. Growth by other strains
16. Bacillus circulans Jordan, 1890, in 5 per cent. No grow^th in 7 per cent.
emend. Ford, 1916. (Jordan, Mass. State Milk: Usually acid; slowly coagulated.
629
Milk agar streak plate: Usually scant, ture spore thicker on one side of the spore
if any, hydrolysis of the casein. than on the other.
Potato: Usually no visible growth. Vari- Sporangia definitely bulged and spindle-
ationsGrowth
: scant to abundant, yellowish shaped.
to brownish. GummJ^ Gelatin stab: Slow liquefaction. -
Indole not produced. Gelq,tin agar streak plate: Visible zone of
Acid but no gas (with ammonium salts hydrolysis.
as source of nitrogen) from glucose; acid Agar colonies: Thin, translucent, spread-
usually produced from arabinose, xylose ing, irregular. Variations: Small, round,
and sucrose. rough, opaque.
Starch is hydrolyzed. Crystalline dextrins Agar slants: Growth thin, flat, spreading,
produced from starch by some strains. translucent. Variations: Growth abundant
Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced. or restricted. Opaque.
pH of glucose broth cultures is usually Glucose agar slants: Growth heavier than
less than 5.5. on agar, dense and wrinkled.
Citrates usually not utilized. Soybean agar slants: Growth variable.
Methylene blue usuall}^ reduced; reox- \7 Broth: Turbidity uniform to granular.
idized in few days. NaCl broth: Usually there is growth in
Nitrites may or may not be produced 2 per cent NaCl; no growth in 5 per cent.
from nitrates. Usually no gas produced in ' Milk: Usually curdled, peptonized.
nitrate broth under anaerobic conditions. Milk agar streak plate: Usually there is
Urease usually not produced. a wide zone of hydrolysis of the casein.
Thiamine and biotin are essential for Potato: Growth scant to abundant,
growth. spreading, gray, pink or brown.
Lecithinase not produced. Indole usually produced.
Aerobic, usually facultatively anaerobic. n/ Acid but no gas (with ammonium salts
Usually there is growth in glucose broth as source of nitrogen) from glucose and
under anaerobic conditions, pH 4.8 to 6.0. mannitol; acid usually produced from su-
Temperature relations: Optimum, about qrose. No acid from arabinose or xylose.
30° C. Maximum, usually between 40° and J Starch not hydrolyzed.
45° C; with some strains, between 50° and Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced.
55° C. pH of glucose broth cultures is 6.0 to 7.4.
Source: Isolated from tap water. Citrates not utilized.
Habitat: Widely distributed in soil, water J Nitrites produced from nitrates. Usually
and dust; also found as a laboratory con- a few bubbles are produced in nitrate broth
taminant. under anaerobic conditions.
Urease not produced,
17. Bacillus laterosporus Laubach, s/ Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. Growth
1916. (Jour. Bact., 1, 1916, 511.) in glucose broth under anaerobic condi-
tions, pH 4.8 to 5.8.
la.te.ros'po.rus. L. noun latus, lateris
the side or flank; Gr. noun sjpora seed;M.L. ^ Temperature relations: Optimum, be-
noun spora a spore; M.L. adj. laterosporus tween 28° and 37° C. No growth at 45° C.
Source: Isolated from water.
with lateral spore.
Habitat: Widely distributed in soil, water
Rods, 0.5 to 0.8 by 2.0 to 5.0 microns, and dust.
sometimes slightly smaller or larger in
width, with ends poorly rounded or pointed. 18. Bacillus pulvifaciens Katznelson,
Motile. Gram- variable. 1950. (Jour. Bact., 59, 1950, 153.)
Spores, 1.0 to 1.3 by 1.2 to 1.5 microns, pul.vi.fa'ci.ens. L. noun pulvus dust;
ellipsoidal, central, formed at one side of L. V. facio to make; M.L. part. adj. pulvi-
the rod. Spore wall thick and easily stained. faciens dust-producing.
Remnants of sporangium adhering to ma- Rods, 0.3 to 0.6 by 1.5 to 3.0 microns,
with rounded ends, not in chains. Motile. Temperature relations: Optimum, about
Gram-positive. 37° C. Maximum, 45° C. No growth at 50° C.
Spores, 0.8 to 1.0 by 1.3 to 1.5 microns, Poor growth and less pigmentation at 28° C.
ellipsoidal, central to terminal; spore wall Pathogenicity: Possible cause of death
thick and easily stained (sporulation vari- of honej^ bee larvae.
able on most media; best on potato). Source : Isolated from dry, powdery, light-
Sporangia definitely swollen; spindle- brown scales of dead larvae of the honey bee.
shaped to clavate. Habitat: Probably same as the source.
Gelatin agar streak plate: Visible zone
of hydrolysis. 19. Bacillus brevis Migula, 1900, emend.
Glucose agar colonies: Small, round, Ford, 1916. (Bacillus No. I, Fliigge, Ztschr.
smooth, dense, orange to colorless. f. Hyg., 17, 1894, 294; Bacilhis lacHs No. I,
Agar slants: Growth scant to fair, fiat, Kruse, in Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen,
smooth, translucent to opaque, pink to 3 Aufl., 2, 1896, 208; Migula, Syst. d. Bakt.,
orange or brownish, rapidly dissociating to 2, 1900, 583; not Bacillus brevis Lustig, Diag-
the colorless stage. nostica dei batteri delle acque, Torino, 1890,
Glucose agar slants: Growth heavier than 52; Ford, Jour. Bact., 1, 1916, 522.)
on agar. Many needle-, boat- and bayonet- bre'vis. L. adj. brevis short.
shaped microcrystals are present in the Rods, 0.6 to 0.9 by 1.5 to 4.0 microns, with
growth after 6 days. ends poorly rounded or pointed, not in
Soybean agar slants: Growth scant to chains. Protoplasm finely granular. Motile.
fair, pink to orange, rapidly dissociating Gram- variable, usually Gram-negative.
to the colorless stage. Many microcrystals. Variations: Slightly smaller or larger in
Tyrosine agar slants: Same as on agar. diameter. Rarely encapsulated.
Broth: Poor to fair uniform turbidity. Spores, 1.0 to 1.3 by 1.3 to 2.0 microns,
NaCl broth: Growth in 5 per cent NaCl. ellipsoidal, central to sub-terminal. Spore
No growth in 8 per cent. wall usually thick and easily stained. Var-
Milk agar streak plate: Wide zone of hy- iation: Spores lateral in few cases, like those
drolysis ofthe casein. of Bacillus later os-porus.
Potato: Growth moderate, spreading, Sporulation in some strains poor on media
thin, orange (sporulation and pigment for- made with highly refined agar; much better
mation may be maintained by transferring when crude agar is used or when soil extract
every 2 months on potato plugs; incubation is added to the refined agar (Smith and
temperature, 37° C; storage at 28° C.). Gordon, unpublished data).
Indole not produced. Sporangia definitely bulged; spindle-
Acid but no gas (with agar as the base shaped to clavate.
medium) from glucose, glycerol and man- Gelatin stab: Slow, crateriform liquefac-
nitol. No acid (no growth) with ammonium tion.
salts as source of nitrogen. Gelatin agar streak plate: Wide zone of
Starch not hydrolyzed. hydrolysis.
Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced. Agar colonies: Thin, smooth, translucent,
pH of glucose broth cultures is 5.0 to 5.8. quickly spreading over entire plate. Varia-
Citrates not utilized. tions: Small, round, opaque, non-spreading.
Methylene blue usually reduced and re- Agar slants : Growth thin, smooth, spread-
oxidized. ing or non-spreading, translucent, becoming
Nitrites produced from nitrates. No gas opaque and creamy with age.
produced in nitrate broth under anaerobic Glucose agar slants: Growth usually more
conditions. abundant than on agar, wrinkled, spreading.
Urease not produced. Soybean agar slants: Growth usually
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. Growth abundant, dense, spreading.
in glucose broth under anaerobic conditions, Broth: Turbidity usually heavy, uniform,
pH 5.2 to 5.6. with or without fragile pellicle.
631
NaCl broth: Usually no growth in 2 per White, ibid., Rept. for 1904, 1905, 106; White,
cent NaCl. Thesis, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y., 1905;
Milk agar streak plate : Wide zone of hy- White, U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Entomol.,
drolysis of the casein. Tech. Ser. Bull. 14, 1906, 32; White, U. S.
Potato: Growth scant to moderate, flat, Dept. Agr. Bull. 809, 1920, 13.)
spreading, creamy, pink or brownish. Fre- lar'vae. L. noun larva a ghost, mask; M.L.
quently resembles growth of Bacillus pumi- noun larva a larva; M.L. gen. noun larvae
lus. of a larva.
Indole not produced. Description taken from Lochhead (Sci.
Acid but no gas (with ammonium salts as Agr., 5, 1928,84).
source of nitrogen) from glucose and su- Rods, 0.5 to 0.8 by 2.5 to 5.0 microns, oc-
crose; acid usually produced from man- curring singly and in chains. Motile. Gram-
nitol. No acid from arabinose, xylose or lac- variable.
tose. (A few strains are not able to use Spores ellipsoidal, central to subterminal.
ammonia. Organic nitrogen cannot be sub- Sporangia swollen and spindle-shaped.
stituted because of the strong proteolytic Gelatin stab: No growth.
activity of the organism.) Carrot gelatin: Slow liquefaction.
Starch not hydrolyzed. Yeast carrot agar colonies: Small, whit-
Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced. ish, somewhat transparent, smooth, slightly
pH of glucose broth cultures is 8.0 to 8.6. glistening.
Citrate utilization variable. Agar slants: No growth. With addition of
Methylene blue reduced and not reox- carrot extract, there is noticeable growth
idized in 21 days. along the line of inoculation. More abundant
Nitrites may or may not be produced growth with the further addition of yeast
from nitrates. A few strains produce gas extract.
in nitrate broth under anaerobic conditions. Yeast carrot broth: Fungoid in appear-
Urease not produced. ance, floating masses breaking up on shaking
Growth factors not essential. to produce uniform clouding.
Lecithinase not produced. Carrot milk: Acid wdth curdling. No pep-
Aerobic, rarely facultatively anaerobic. tonization.
No growth in glucose broth under anaerobic Potato: No growth.
conditions. Indole not produced (Stoilova, Zent. f.
Temperature relations: Optimum, be- Bakt., II Abt., 99, 1938, 124).
tween 28° and 40° C. Maximum, usually Acid but no gas (in yeast extract peptone
between 45° and 55° C. broth) from xylose, glucose, fructose, galac-
The antibiotics gramicidin and tyrocidin tose and salicin; slight acid produced by
are obtained from certain strains (Dubos
and Hotchkiss, Jour. Exp. Med., 7S, 1941, some strains
acid from from lactose
mannitol and sucrose. Nô
or dulcitol.
629; also see Hotchkiss and Dubos, Jour.
Starch not hydrolyzed (carrot starch
Biol. Chem., I4I, 1941, 155), while grami-
cidin Sis obtained from other strains (Gause agar) .
and Brazknikova, Lancet, 247, 1944, 715). Nitrites produced from nitrates (Loch-
Source: Isolated from milk (Fliigge) ; milk, head, Can. Jour. Research, C, 15, 1937, 79).
soil and dust (Ford). Purine bases are necessary for growth
Habitat: Widely distributed in soil, air, (Katznelson and Lochhead, Jour. Bact.,
dust, milk and cheese; also common as a 55, 1948, 763).
laboratory contaminant. Thiamine replaces the growth factor in
vegetable or yeast extract, etc. (Lochhead,
20. Bacillus larvae White, 1905. (Bac- Jour. Bact., 44, 1942, 185).
terium X, Moore and White, N. Y. State Growth, as well as spore-formation, in
Dept. Agr., 11th Ann. Rept. Comm. Agr. for complex organic media enhanced by treat-
1903, 1904, 111; Bacillus X, Moore and ment with activated charcoal or soluble
starch (Foster et al., Jour. Bact., 59, 1950, Bact., 54, 1947, 267; also see Steinkraus and
463). Tashiro, op. cit., 1955, 873).
Temperature relations: Optimum, about Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
37° C. Ma.ximum, about 45° C. Temperature relations: Optimum, about
Pathogenicity: Cause of American foul- 25° C. Maximum, about 30° C.
brood of honey bees. Pathogenicity: Cause of type B milky
Source: Isolated from scales of dead lar- disease of Japanese beetle {Popillia japon-
vae. ica Newm.).
Habitat: Diseased broods. Source: Isolated from infected beetles.
Habitat: Diseased larvae in soil.
21. Bacillus popilliae Dutky, 1940.
(Jour. Agr. Research, 61, 1940, 59.) 23. Bacillus pantothenticus Proom and
po.pil'li.ae. M.L. noun Popillia generic Knight, 1950. (Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 4,
name of the Japanese beetle; M.L. gen. noun 1950, 539.)
popilliae of Popillia. pan.to.then'ti.cus. M.L. adj. acidumpan-
Description taken from Dutky (loc. cit.). tothenicum pantothenic acid; M.L. adj.
Rods, unstained, 0.9 by 5.2 microns. pantothenticus (probably intended to mean)
Stained by crystal violet after fixing in related to pantothenic acid.
Schaudinn's solution, 0.3 by 3.5 microns. Rods, 0.4 to 0.7 by 1.2 to 3.5 microns, not
Non-motile. Gram-positive. in chains. Stain evenly. Motile. Gram-posi-
Spores, 0.9 by 1.8 microns, cylindrical, tive.
central. No free spores observed. Spores Spores, 0.8 to 1.0 by 0.8 to 1.3 microns,
formed on artificial media (Steinkraus and round to ellipsoidal, terminal. Spore wall
Tashiro, Science, 121, 1955, 873). thin and not easily stained. (Round spores
Sporangia swollen and spindle-shaped are smaller than the ellipsoidal.)
(contain a refractile body, about half the Sporangia definitely swollen; drumstick-
size of the spore, at the broader pole of the to racket-shaped.
cell; this body reacts similarly to spores Gelatin agar streak plate: Wide zone of
with respect to stains). hydrolysis.
Unheated egg yolk beef infusion agar Agar colonies: Small, round, translucent
slants: Small, discrete colonies. to dense, granular to moire, smooth to
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. rough. Embedded colonies lenticular or
Temperature relations: Optimum, about irregular and hairy.
30° C. Maximum, about 36° C. Agar slants: Growth moderate, thick,
Pathogenicity: Cause of type A milky not spreading, whitish.
disease of Japanese beetle (Popillia japon- Glucose agar slants: Growth scant, less
ica Newm.). than on agar.
Source: Isolated from infected larvae. Proteose-peptone acid agar slants: No
Habitat: Diseased larvae in soil.
growth.
Soybean agar slants: No growth.
22. Bacillus lentimorbus Dutky, 1940. Broth: Light to moderate uniform tur-
bidity.
(Jour. Agr. Research, 61, 1940, 65.)
NaCl broth: Growth in 10 per cent NaCl;
len.ti.mor'bus. L. adj. lentus slow; L.
noun morbus disease; M.L. noun lentimorbus marked stimulation by a 5 per cent concen-
the slow disease. tration.
Description taken from Dutky (loc. cit.). Milk agar streak plate: Wide zone of hy-
Rods, unstained, 1.0 by 5.0 microns. drolysis ofthe casein.
Stained by crystal violet after fixing in Potato: No growth.
Schaudinn's solution, 0.5 by 4.0 microns. Indole not produced.
Spores formed on artificial media (Stein- Acid but no gas (with ammonium salts as
kraus and Tashiro, Science, 121, 1955, 873). source of nitrogen) from glucose and su-
Grows on artificial media (Dutky, Jour. crose. Acid production variable from arabi-
633
nose. No acid from xylose or mannitol. With cro-colonies ofvarious shapes move in large
organic basal medium (Proom and Knight), arcs from the point of inoculation and cover
acid from arabinose and xylose. the plate in 1 day (the surface of poured
Starch hydrolyzed. Crystalline dextrins agar plates should be dried by holding at
not produced from starch. room temperature for 2 or 3 days before use) .
Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced. Agar slants: Growth thin, smooth, trans-
pH of glucose broth cultures is 5.8 to 6.0. lucent, spreading. Variations: Rough, re-
Citrate utilization variable. stricted, opaque, wrinkled.
Methylene blue reduction variable. Agar slants at pH 6.0: Growth same as at
Nitrites may or may not be produced from
nitrates. Usually no gas produced in nitrate pHGlucose
7.0. agar slants : Same as on agar.
broth under anaerobic conditions. Glucose nitrate agar slants: Scant, if any,
Urease not produced.
Pantothenic acid, biotin and thiamine growth.
Soybean agar slants: Growth heavier and
are essential for growth. sporulation much better than on agar.
Lecithinase reaction positive though re- Broth: Turbidity heavy, uniform to gran-
stricted. ular. Sometimes a fragile pellicle is formed.
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. Scant NaCl broth: Usually there is growth in
growth in glucose broth under anaerobic 4 per cent NaCl. No growth in higher con-
conditions, pH 5.4 to 6.4. centrations.
Temperature relations: Optimum, be- Milk: No change.
tween 33° and 40° C. Maximum, between Milk agar streak plate: Hydrolysis of the
45° and 50° C. Slow growth at 28° C. casein is variable.
Source: Isolated from soils of Southern Potato: Growth thin, soft, spreading,
England. gray, usually becoming brownish with age.
Habitat: Probably widely distributed in Îndole not produced.
soil. — No acid from carbohydrates.
^Starch not hydrolyzed.
24. Bacillus sphaericus Neide, 1904. Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced.
(Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 12, 1904, 350.) pH of glucose broth cultures is 7.8 to 8.2.
sphae'ri.cus. Gr. adj. sphaericus spherical. Citrates usually not utilized.
Rods, 0.6 to 1.0 by 1.0 to 7.0 microns, with Methylene blue reduced; not reoxidized
ends rounded or pointed, occurring singly in 21 days.
or in short chains. Motile. Gram-variable, Nitrites not produced from nitrates. No
often Gram-negative with Gram-positive gas produced in nitrate broth under ana-
granules. erobic conditions.
Spores, 0.7 to 1.2 microns in diameter, Urease production variable.
round, terminal to subterminal. Spore wall Usually thiamine and sometimes also
usually thick and easily stained. Remnants biotin are essential for growth.
of the sporangium often adhere making the Lecithinase not produced.
surface rough and spiny. Immature spores Aerobic. No growth in glucose broth under
sometimes ellipsoidal, becoming round. anaerobic conditions.
Sporulation variable, best on soybean agar. A Temperature relations: Optimum, be-
Sporangia, definitely swollen; usually tween 28° and 35° C. Maximum, between
drumstick-shaped. 40° and 45° C.
Gelatin stab: Growth scant; no liquefac- Not pathogenic for guinea pigs.
tion. Source: Isolated from mud from a pond;
Gelatin agar streak plate: Usually there also from rotting cypress and oak wood and
is a visible zone of hydrolysis. soil.
Agar colonies: Thin, smooth, translucent, Habitat: Widely distributed in nature.
rapidly spreading over entire plate. Varia-
tions: Small, round or irregular. 25. Bacillus pasteurii (Miquel, 1889)
Giant agar colonies: Usually motile mi- Migula, 1900. {Urobacilhis ■pasteurii Miquel,
Ann. de Micrographie, 1, 1889, 552; Migula, Urea soybean agar slants: Good growth,
heavier than on agar.
Syst. d. Bakt., 2, 1900, 726.)
Urea broth: Turbidity uniform, moderate
pas.teur'i.i. M.L. gen.noun pasteurii of to heavy.
Pasteur; named for Louis Pasteur, a French
NaCl urea broth: Growth in 10 per cent
chemist and bacteriologist.
NaCl.
Description taken from Lohnis and Urea milk agar streak plate: Hydrolysis
Kuntze (Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 20, 1908, of the casein is variable.
684), Gibson (Jour. Bact., 28, 1934, 295 and No acid from carbohydrates with agar
313; also see ibid., 29, 1935, 491) and Smith, plus urea as base medium.
Gordon and Clark (op. cit., 1952). Starch not hydrolyzed.
Rods, 0.6 to 0.9 by 1.5 to 3.5 microns (1.0 Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced (urea
to 1.5 by 4.0 to 5.0 microns, Lohnis and added) .
Kuntze), with rounded ends, usually not Nitrites produced from nitrates in urea
in chains. Motile. Gram-variable. nitrate broth. Gas production variable
Spores, 1.0 to 1.2 microns in diameter, under anaerobic conditions.
round, terminal to subterminal. Urease produced.
Sporangia usually bulged and clavate. Thiamine plus biotin or nicotinic acid are
essential for growth. Alkaline reaction and
Urea gelatin stab : Slow, crateriform lique- usually ammonia or urea are also essential.
faction.
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. Growth
Urea gelatin streak plate: Visible zone of
in urea glucose broth under anaerobic con-
hydrolysis. ditions.
Urea agar colonies: Small, round, not Temperature relations: Optimum, be-
distinctive.
Urea agar slants: Growth thin, restricted, 37° and 40° C.
translucent. Source: Isolated from decomposing urine.
Urea agar slants with pH 6.0 or less : No Habitat: Widely distributed in soil, ma-
growth. nure and sewage.
Genus II. Clostridium Prazmowski, 1880.*

(Untersuchungen iiber die Entwickelungsgeschichte und Fermentwirkung einiger
Bacterien-Arten, Inaug. Diss., Leipzig, 1880, 23.)
Clos.tri'di.um. Gr. noun closter a spindle; M.L. dim. noun Clostridium a small spindle.
Rods, often swollen at sporulation, producing clostridial, plectridial, clavate or navicular
forms. Motile by means of peritrichous flagella; occasionally non-motile. Generally Gram-
positive. Many species are saccharolytic and fermentative, producing various acids (gen-
erally butyric and acetic), gases (CO2 , H2 and, at times, CH4) and variable amounts of
neutral products, i.e. alcohols and acetone. Other species are proteolytic, some being ca-
pable of attacking native and coagulated proteins with putrefaction or more complete pro-
teolj'sis. Several species are active in the fi.xation of free nitrogen. Strictly anaerobic or
anaerobic, aerotolerant. Catalase is lacking except in small amounts in certain aerotolerant
forms. A few species are obligately thermophilic. Exotoxins are sometimes produced. Com-
monly found in soil and in the intestinal tracts of man and other animals.
The type species is Clostridium huiyricum Prazmowski.
* Revised by Prof. R. S. Spray, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgan-

town, West Virginia, May, 1942. Further revision by Prof. L. S. McClung, Department of
Bacteriology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, and Prof. Elizabeth McCoy,
Department of Bacteriology, College of Agriculture, University of Wisconsin, Madison,
Wisconsin, September, 1955.
Key to the species of genus Clostridium.

I. Strictly anaerobic*
A. Cellulose not t3-pically fermented.
1. Distinctive pigments not characteristically produced,
a. Central or eccentric to subterminal spores,
b. Ovoid spores.
c. Rods distinctly swollen at sporulation.
d. Motile.
e. Gelatin and/or glucose-gelatin may or may not be liquefied,
f. Gelatin and/or glucose-gelatin not liquefied,
g. Glucose fermented.
h. Coagulated albumin not liquefied,
i. Milk coagulated.
j. Stormy fermentation or at least active co-
agulation ofmilk,
k. Glycerol may or may not be fer-
mented.
1. Glycerol not fermented. Manuitol
fermented.
m. Starch, lactose and sucrose
fermented.
n. Starches of potato and of
maize mash are fermented.
1. Clostridium butyricum.
nn. Starch of potato mash
but not of maize mash is
fermented.
2. Clostridium butylicum.
mm. Starch not fermented. Lac-
tose and sucrose fermented.
3. Clostridium beijerinckii.
11. Glycerol fermented.
m. Hemolytic on blood agar.
4. Clostridium multifermentans .
mm. Non-hemolytic on blood agar.
5. Clostridium iodophilum.
kk. Action on glycerol not recorded. Col-
onies rubbery mucoid.
6. Clostridium gumviosum.
jj. Milk slowly coagulated, not stormily.
Glycerol and mannitol not fermented.
7. Clostridium fallax.
ii. Milk not coagulated.
j. Salicin fermented.
8. Clostridium difficile.
jj. Salicin not fermented.
k. Calcium lactate fermented.
* Those unfamiliar with anaerobic techniques should consult L. Ds. Smith, Introduction
to the Pathogenic Anaerobes, University of Chicago Press, 1955, 253 pp.
9. Clostridium tyrobutyricum.
kk. Calcium lactate not fermented.
10. Clostridium pasteurianum.
hh. Action on coagulated albumin not recorded,
i. Milk coagulated without gas production,
j. Digestion of milk not recorded. Milk acid-
coagulated.
11. Clostridium toanum.
jj. Digestion of milk slight, if at all. Milk
slowly acid-coagulated.
12. Clostridium amijlosaccharobutylpropylicum.
ii. Milk coagulated with gas production; no di-
gestion.
j. Hydrogen sulfide produced.
13. Clostridium madisonii.
jj. Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
14. Clostridium muelleri.
gg. Glucose not fermented,
h. Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
15. Clostridium amylolyticuvi.
hh. Hydrogen sulfide produced.
16. Clostridium nigrificans.
ii. Gelatin and/or glucose-gelatin liquefied,
g. Glucose fermented.
h. Coagulated albumin may or may not be liquefied.
i. Coagulated albumin not liquefied,
j. Milk not digested.
k. Milk slowly coagulated. Clot not di-
gested.
I. Glycerol and mannitol not fer-
mented.
m. Lactose fermented. Patho-
n. Sucrose not fermented.

genic,Salicin fermented.
17. Clostridium septicum.
nn. Sucrose fermented. Sali-
cin not fermented.
18. Clostridium chauvoei.
mm. Lactose not fermented. Non-
pathogenic.
19. Clostridium nauseum.
II. Glycerol fermented.
20. Clostridium haeynolyticum.
kk. Milk acidified but not coagulated.
Mannitol not fermented.
1. Lactose, sucrose and salicin not
fermented. Exotoxin (atoxic strains
possible) produced which is toxic
on injection but not on feeding.
Colonies on egg yolk agar produce
intense precipitate and luster zone
in regular circle.
FAMILY XIII, BACILLACEAE 637
m. Exotoxin is produced.
n. Produces hemolytic leci-
thinase (gamma).
21. Clostridium novyi (Type A).
nn. Produces hemolytic leci-
thinase (beta).
21a. Clostridium novyi (Type B).
mm. Non-toxic.
21b. Clostridium novyi (Type C).
11. Lactose, sucrose and salicin not
fermented. Exotoxin (atoxic strains
possible) produced which is toxic
on injection and feeding. Colonies
on egg yolk agar produce precipi-
tation zone in regular circle and
narrow luster zone following con-
tour of colony,
m. Adonitol fermented (TypeB).
22. Clostridium botulinum.
mm. Adonitol not fermented.
22a. Clostridium botulinum (Type C).
22b. Clostridium botulinum (Type D).
22c. Clostridium botulinum (Type E).
jj. Milk digested.
23. Clostridium limosum.
ii. Coagulated albumin slowly to rapidly lique-
fied.
j. Stormy fermentation or at least active
coagulation of milk; slow digestion,
k. Pectin not fermented. Inulin and man-
nitol fermented.
24. Clostridium acetobutylicum.
kk. Pectin fermented. Inulin and mannitol
not fermented.
25. Clostridium laniganii.
jj. Milk slowly and softly coagulated, not
stormily. Clot slowly to rapidly digested,
k. Glycerol may or may not be fer-
mented.
1. Glycerol and mannitol not fer-
mented. Action on starch not re-
corded,
m. Lactose fermented.
26. Clostridium aerofoetidum.
mm. Lactose not fermented.
27. Clostridium sporogenes.
11. Glycerol fermented. Mannitol not
fermented. Exotoxin produced
which is toxic on injection and on
feeding.
28. Clostridium -parabotulinum (Types A and

B).
kk. Action on glycerol not recorded. Man-

nitol not fermented.
29. Clostridium caproicum.
hh. Action on coagulated albumin not recorded.
30. Clostridium saccharoacetoperbutylicum.
gg. Glucose not fermented (carbohydrates not fer-
mentd).
h. Coagulated albumin not digested. Lab-coagula-
tion of milk; increasing alkalinity. Clot digested.
31. Clostridium hastiforme.
hh. Action on coagulated albumin not recorded.
Slow, mildly acid coagulation of milk. Clot di-
gested.
32. Clostridium subterrninale.
ee. Action on gelatin and glucose-gelatin not recorded,
f. Glucose fermented.
g. Raffinose, sorbitol and dulcitol fermented.
33. Clostridium lactoacetophilum .
gg. Raffinose, sorbitol and dulcitol not fermented.
34. Clostridium kanehoi.
ff. Glucose not fermented.
35. Clostridium, propionicum.
dd. Non-motile.
e. Gelatin and glucose-gelatin not liquefied. Glucose fermented.
36. Clostridium seliense.
ee. Gelatin liquefied.
f. Indole produced.
g. Milk coagulated and later digested.
37. Clostridium tale.
gg. Milk digested without coagulation.
38. Clostridium mangenotii.
ff. Indole not produced.
39. Clostridium lituseburense.
cc. Rods not swollen at sporulation.
d. Motile.
e. Gelatin and/or glucose-gelatin liquefied. Glucose fermented.
Coagulated albumin liquefied. Milk slowly coagulated. Clot
slowly digested. Some strains produce exotoxin.
40. Clostridium bifermentans.
ee. No growth on iron-gelatin (Spray).
41. Clostridium, cylindrosporum.
dd. Non-motile. Gelatin and/or glucose-gelatin liquefied. Glucose
fermented. Coagulated albumin not liquefied. Milk stormily fer-
mented. Clot not digested. Glycerol fermentation variable. Man-
nitol not fermented. Starch, lactose and sucrose fermented.
Salicin rarely fermented. Types identified by specific toxin-
antitoxin neutralization.
42. Clostridium perfringens (Types A, B, C,
D, E and F).
bb. Spherical spores.
c. Rods distinctly swollen at sporulation. Motile. Gelatin and/or glu-
cose-gelatin not liquefied. Glucose fermented. Coagulated albumin
not liquefied.
d. Milk acidified.
e. Milk slowly and softlj- coagulated, not stormily. Clot not
digested.
43. Closlridium sphcnoides.
ee. Milk not coagulated.
44. Clostridium innominalmn.
dd. Milk neither acidified nor coagulated.
45. Clostridium microsporum.
cc. Rods not swollen at sporulation. Non-motile. Gelatin and/or glu-
cose-gelatin not liquefied. Glucose fermented. Coagulated albumin
not liquefied. Milk acidified but not coagulated.
46. Clostridium filiforme.
aa. Terminal spores.
b. Distinctly ovoid to ellipsoid spores. Rods distinctly swollen at sporula-
tion.
c. Motile.
d. Gelatin and/or glucose-gelatin not liquefied.
e. Glucose fermented. Coagulated albumin not liquefied.
f. Milk slowly coagulated. Clot not digested. Glycerol not
fermented,
g. Mannitol fermented.
47. Clostridium sartagoformum..
gg. Mannitol not fermented.
48. Clostridium paraputrificum.
ff. Milk unchanged.
49. Clostridium indologenes.
ee. Glucose not fermented.
f. Coagulated albumin not liquefied. Milk unchanged.
50. Clostridium cochleariuvi .
ff. Action on coagulated albumin not recorded. No growth
on milk or on iron-milk (Spray). Carbohydrates not fer-
mented,
g. Ethyl alcohol fermented chiefly to caproic acid.
51. Clostridium kluyveri.
gg. Ethyl alcohol not fermented to caproic acid. Requires
uric acid or other purines as primary source of car-
bon and energy
52. Clostridium acidiurici.
dd. Gelatin and/or glucose-gelatin liquefied. Glucose fermented,
e. Coagulated albumin liquefied.
f . Milk often, but not always, coagulated. Clot, if produced,
not digested.
53. Clostridium capiiovale.
ff. Milk partially coagulated, later partially digested.
54. Clostridium cadaveris.
ee. Coagulated albumin not liquefied.
55. Clostridium saprogenes.
cc. Non-motile.
56. Clostridiwn perenne.
bb. Spores spherical, or nearly so.
c. Rods distinctly swollen at sporulation.
d. Motile.
e. Action on gelatin definitely established.
f. Gelatin and/or glucose-gelatin not liquefied.

g. Glucose fermented. Coagulated albumin not liquefied,
h. Action on milk recorded,
i. Milk not alkalinized.
j. Milk slowly coagulated, not stormily. Clot
not digested,
k. Indole not produced.
57. Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum.
kk. Indole produced.
58. Clostridium indolis.
jj. Milk not coagulated; unchanged.
59. Clostridium caloritolerans .
ii. Milk slowly alkalinized. Casein slowly sep-
arated.
60. Clostridium tetanoides.
hh. Action on milk not recorded.
61. Clostridium tartarivorwn.
gg. Glucose not fermented.
62. Clostridium sporosphaeroides.
ff. Gelatin and/or glucose-gelatin liquefied. Glucose not fer-
mented. Coagulated albumin slowly liquefied,
g. Milk may show soft lab-coagulation. Clot not defi-
nitely digested.
63. Clostridium tetani.
gg. Milk shows soft lab-coagulation. Clot slowly digested.
64. Clostridium lentoputrescens.
ee. Records on action on gelatin at variance. Glucose fermented.
Coagulated albumin not liquefied. Milk not coagulated; un-
changed.
65. Clostridium tetanomorphum .
dd. Non-motile. Gelatin and/or glucose-gelatin liquefied. Glucose
fermented. Coagulated albumin liquefied.
66. Clostridium putrefaciens .
cc. Rods slightly swollen at sporulation.
67. Clostridiuvi thermoaceticum.
2. Pigments of varied colors are characteristically produced. Rods distinctly swollen
at sporulation.
a. Central or eccentric to subterminal, ovoid spores. Motile,
b. Gelatin and/or glucose-gelatin not liquefied.
c. Violet pigment produced in potato mash. Indole produced.
68. Clostridium belfantii.
cc. Red pigment produced.
d. Milk coagulated.
69. Clostridium venturellii .
dd. Milk not coagulated.
70. Clostridium saturnirubrum.
bb. Gelatin and/or glucose-gelatin liquefied.
c. Reddish pigments produced.
d. Red to orange-red pigment produced, especially in starchy
media. Indole not produced.
e. Stormy fermentation of milk. Clot slowly softened.
71. Clostridium roseum.
ee. Milk not fermented stormily.

f. Slow, spongy coagulation of milk. Clot slowlj^ digested.
72. Clostridium chromogenes.
ff. Milk coagulated rapidly. Clot not digested.
73. Clostridium corallinum.
dd. Pink to orange-red pigment produced in maize mash. Nitrites
not produced from nitrates.
74. Clostridium aurantibutyricum.
cc. Yellowish pigments produced.
d. Yellow-orange pigment produced in various media. Indole not
produced. Milk actively coagulated but not stormily. Clot not
digested.
75. Clostridium Jelsineum.
dd. Canary-yellow pigment produced in various media.
76. Clostridium flavum.
aa. Terminal spores.
b. Ovoid spores.
c. Non-motile. Gelatin and/or glucose-gelatin not liquefied. Deep red
pigment produced on potato slants.
77. Clostridium carbonei.
cc. Motile.
78. Clostridium haumanii.
bb. Spherical spores. Produces a soluble, green pigment.
79. Clostridium virens.
B. Cellulose typically fermented. Terminal spores. Rods distinctly swollen at sporula-
tion.
1. Distinctive pigments not characteristically produced.
a. Distinctly ovoid to ellipsoid spores,
b. Motile.
c. A variety of carbohydrates, other than cellulose, are fermented after
prolonged incubation.
80. Clostridium spumarum.
cc. Carbohydrates, other than cellulose, not fermented.
81. Clostridium werneri.
bb. Non-motile.
82. Clostridium leptinotarsae.
aa. Spores spherical, or nearly so.
b. Non-motile. Glucose not fermented.
83. Clostridium cellulosolvens.
bb. Motile.
c. Glucose fermented.
84. Clostridium cellobioparum .
cc. Glucose not fermented.
85. Clostridium omelianskii.
2. Distinctive pigments characteristically produced in certain media.
a. Distinctlj^ ovoid to ellipsoid spores,
b. Non-motile.
86. Clostridium dissolvens.
bb. Motile.
87. Clostridium^ thermocellum.
aa. Spores spherical, or nearly so. Thermophilic. Glucose fermented.
88. Clostridium, thermocellulaseum.
II. Anaerobic, aerotolerant (grow customarily as anaerobes but are able to produce scant,
sometimes atj^pical, growth on aerobic agar slants). Cellulose not typically fermented.
Distinctive pigments not characteristically produced.
A. Central or eccentric to subterminal, ovoid spores. Rods distinctly swollen at sporu-
lation. Motile.
1. Gelatin and/or glucose gelatin not liquefied.
89. Clostridium carnis.
2. Gelatin and/or glucose-gelatin liquefied.
a. Carbohydrates not fermented.
90. Clostridium histolyticutn.
aa. Carbohydrates fermented.
91. Clostridiurn lacunarurri.
B. Terminal, distinctly ovoid to ellipsoid spores. Rods distinctly swollen at sporulation.
Motile.
1. Gelatin and/or glucose-gelatin not liquefied.
92. Clostridium tertium.
93. Clostridium peciinovorum.
1. Clostridium butyricum Prazmowski, Litmus milk: Acid and early coagulation.

1880. (Untersuchungen liber die Entwickel- Litmus is reduced. Stormy fermentation;
ungsgeschichte und Fermentwirkung einiger clot fragmented but not digested.
Bacterien-Arten, Inaug. Diss., Leipzig, Indole not produced.
1880, 23.) Acid and gas from xylose, glucose, lactose,
bu.ty'ri.cum. Gr. noun butyrum butter; sucrose, starch, salicin, esculin and manni-
M.L. adj. hutyricus relating to butter; M.L. tol. Amygdalin, pectin, cellulose, glycerol
noun acidum butyricum butyric acid. and Ca-lactate not fermented.
Original description supplemented by Fermentation products include butyl,
material taken from Adamson (Jour. Path, ethyl and iso-propjd alcohols, acetone, or-
and Bact., 22, 1919, 371) and from Hall ganic acids, H2 and CO 2 .
(Jour. Inf. Dis., SO, 1922, 467). Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Straight or slightly curved rods, 0.7 by Atmospheric nitrogen is fixed, though less
5.0 to 7.0 microns, with rounded ends, oc- actively than by Closlridixun pasteurianum
curring singly, in pairs, in short chains and Winogradsky (Rosenblum and Wilson,
occasionally in long filaments. Spores are Jour. Bact., 57, 1949, 413).
oval and eccentric to subterminal, swelling Coagulated albumin: No liquefaction.
the cells to clostridial forms. Motile. Gran- Blood agar: No hemolysis.
ulose-positive in the clostridial stage (blue Blood serum: No liquefaction.
color with iodine). Gram-positive, becom- Brain medium: No blackening or diges-
ing Gram-negative. tion.
Gelatin and glucose-gelatin: No lique- Anaerobic.
faction.
Grows well between 30° and 37° C.
Glucose agar surface colonies (anaerobic) : Not pathogenic for guinea pigs or rabbits.
Circular or slightly irregular, slightly Source: Originally isolated from cheese.
raised, moist, creamy white. Commonly encountered in naturally soured
Glucose agar deep colonies: Biconvex, milk, in naturally fermented starchy plant
dense, yellowish white, entire. Agar frag- substances and in soil.
mented early by abundant gas. Habitat: Probably rather widely dis-
Plain agar slant (anaerobic) : Little or no persed in soils rich in humus.
growth.
Plain broth: Little or no growth. 2. Clostridium butylicum (Beijerinck,
Glucose broth: Abundant, diffuse tur- 1893) Donker, 1926. {Granulobacter butylicum
bidity; much gas. Beijerinck, Verhandl. d. K. Akad. v. We-
tensch., Amsterdam, Tweedie Sectie, Dcel I, Glucose, fructose, lactose, galactose,

1893, 3; Donker, Thesis, Delft, 1926, 149; maltose, sucrose, xylose, mannitol, sorbitol,
also see Sjolander and McCoy, Zent. f. inositol, inulin, salicin and esculin are fer-
Bakt., II Abt., 97, 1937, 314.) mented. Glycerol, dextrin, glycogen, dulci-
bu.ty'Ii.cum. M.L. adj. butylicus per- tol, amygdalin, starch, pectin, cellulose
taining to the butyl radical. and Ca-lactate are not fermented.
Rods. Large, ovoid spores swelling the Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
cells. Clostridia freely formed. Motile. Atmospheric nitrogen fixed, though less
Granulose-positive in young cultures. actively than by Clostridium pasteuriarmm
Gram-positive. Winogradsky (Rosenblum and Wilson, Jour.
Gelatin: No liquefaction. Bact., 57, 1949, 413).
Glucose agar colonies: Moist, circular to Coagulated albumin: Action not recorded;
irregular, raised, creamy. assumed negative.
Milk: Stormy fermentation. Blood agar: No hemolj-sis.
Anaerobic.
Xj'lose, glucose, sucrose, lactose, man-
nitol, salicin, esculin and maize starch are Optimum temperature, 30° C.
fermented. Glycerol, amygdalin, pectin, Distinctive character: Starch not fer-
cellulose and Ca-lactate are not fermented. mented.
Products of glucose fermentation, in addi- Source: Isolated from soil and from fer-
tion to acetic and butyric acids, are iso- menting plant tissues.
propyl, butyl and ethyl alcohols and ace- Habitat: Apparently widely distributed
tone. in agricultural soils.
Ferments starch of potato mash; maize
mash stai'ch not fermented due to inade- 4. Clostridium multifermentans
quate growth. Bergey et al., 1923. {Bacillus multiferm.entans
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. ienalbus Stoddard, Lancet, 1, 1919, 12;
Atmospheric nitrogen fixed, though less Bergey et al.. Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 324.)
actively than by Clostridium pastcurinnum
Winogradsky (Rosenblum and Wilson, Jour. mul.ti.fer. men 'tans. L. adj.multus much,
many; L. part. adj. fermentans fermenting;
Bact., 57, 1949, 413).
M.L. part. adj. multifermentans many (sug-
Coagulated albumin: Action not recorded;
ars)-fermenting.
assumed negative.
Slender rods, with rounded ends, occur-
Blood agar: No hemolj^sis. ring singly or in short chains. Ovoid spores,
Anaerobic.
subterminal or central, are freely formed
Optimum temperature, 30° C. and swell the cells. Motile, though some-
Habitat: Soil. times non-motile forms occur in glucose
broth. Granulose-positive (Hill, Jour. Bact.,
3. Clostridium beijerinckii Donker, 10, 1925, 413). Gram-positive in very young
1926. (Donker, Thesis, Delft, 1926, 145; also cultures, quickly becoming Gram-negative.
see Sjolander and McCoy, Zent. f. Bakt., Gelatin: No liquefaction (Hill, loc. cit.).
II Abt., 97, 1937, 314.) Glucose agar surface colonies: Grayish,
bei.jer.inck'i.i. M.L. gen. noun beijer- opaque, 2 to 3 mm in diameter, raised, with
inckii of Beijerinck; named for Prof. M. W. sharp edges and irregular outline. Older
Beijerinck of Delft, Holland. colonies white and rubbery mucoid.
Large rods, sometimes occurring in chains. Glucose agar deep colonies: Lenticular,
Sporulation free, forming Clostridia; spores often with horn-like projections. Gas pro-
measure 1.5 by 2.0 microns. Motile by duction common.
means of peritrichous flagella. Granulose- Carbohydrate-free medium: No growth.
positive in young Clostridia. Gram-positive. Glucose broth: Heavy, fiocculent growth
Gelatin: No liquefaction. with extensive gas production.
Glucose agar colonies: Moist, circular to Milk: Gas and acid production with coag-
irregular, raised, white to creamy. ulation; no digestion.
Milk: Stormy fermentation. Indole not produced.
Glucose, lactose, sucrose, maltose, glyc- are not fermented. Fermentation variable
erol, raffinose and salicin fermented. No for inulin and mannitol.
action on dulcitol or mannitol. Action on Fermentation of glucose yields, in addi-
inulin variable. tion to acetic and butyric acids, butyl and
Starch agar: Strong diastatic action. ethyl alcohols and acetone but not iso-
Coagulated albumin: No digestion.
propyl alcohol.
Blood agar surface colonies; Similar to Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
those on glucose agar; definite hemolytic Coagulated albumin : Action not recorded;
zone (Stoddard, Lancet, 1, 1919, 12). assumed negative.
Chopped meat medium: Extensive gas Brain media: No blackening.
production without change in color or with- Anaerobic.
out digestion.
Anaerobic. Optimum temperature,
Source : Isolated from the37°feces
C. of man and
from fertile soil.
Apparently not pathogenic for rabbits Habitat : Found in the intestinal tract of
except in combination with Clostridium man .
sporogenes.
Source: Isolated from a human muscle 6. Clostridium gummosum Spray, 1947.
infected with gas gangrene (Stoddard, Lan- (Jour. Bact., 54, 1947, 15; also see ibid., 55,
cet, 1,1919, 12), from fermented olives (Gil- 1948, 841.)
illand and Vaughn, Jour. Bact., ^6, 1943, gum. mo 'sum. L. adj. gummosus full of
315) and from spoiled chocolate candy (Hill, gum, gummy.
op. cit., 1925, 413). Rods, 0.8 to 1.0 by 4.0 to 8.0 microns, oc-
Habitat: Unknown. curring singly and in pairs but not in chains.
Sporulation active at 24 to 48 hours; spores
5. Clostridium iodophilum Svartz, are eccentric to chiefly subterminal, large,
1935. {Clostridium butyricum iodophilum ovoid to elongate, markedly swelling the
Svartz, Jour. Inf. Dis., 47, 1930, 149; Svartz, cells. Moderately motile, increasing in ac-
Acta Med. Scand., Supp., 78, 1935, 434; also tivity up to 48 hours. Gram reaction not
see Sjolander and McCoy, Zent. f. Bakt., recorded; implied positive.
II Abt., 97, 1937, 314.) Gelatin (or iron-gelatin) : No liquefaction
i.o.do'phi.lum. Or. noun ium the violet; or blackening at 19 days.
M.L. noun iodinum iodine; Gr. adj. philus Agar surface colonies (anaerobic) : Large,
loving; M.L. adj. iodophihim iodine-loving. round, convex, entire, very glistening, mu-
Rods, 0.5 to 0.8 by 3.0 to 6.0 microns, with coid.
rounded ends. Ovoid spores, eccentric to Agar deep colonies: Large lenticular to
subterminal, swell the cells. Clostridia buckwheat. White to creamy; very viscid
measure 1.5 by 4.0 microns. Motile. Granu- to rubbery mucoid; entire colony dissected
lose-positive. Gram-positive. from the medium or dragged unbroken by
Gelatin: No liquefaction. needle through 2 per cent agar (subsurface
Glucose calcium carbonate agar colonies: colonies).
Lens- or star-shaped, white, small, gummy. Milk (with iron-strip) : Slow fermentation,
Glucose blood agar surface colonies: with a stream of fine gas bubbles; coagula-
Round or slightly angular, brown to grayish tion at 18 to 20 hours, with the coagulum
white, shiny. No hemolj^sis. torn and forced to the surface. No digestion
Agar slants: Sparse growth. or blackening even upon prolonged incuba-
Milk: Rapid curdling; stormy fermentation.
tion. Indole not produced.
Fructose, galactose, salicin, sucrose, lac- Hydrogen sulfide not produced in lead
tose, arabinose, glucose, glycerol, esculin, acetate agar or peptone iron agar.
maize starch and pectin are fermented. Dul- Acid and gas from glucose, maltose, galac-
citol, cellulose, amygdalin and Ca-lactate tose and mannitol. Lactose more slowly
645
fermented. Sucrose, salicin, dulcitol and Indole not produced (Duffett, Jour. Bact.,
inositol not attacked. 29, 1935, 576).
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Acid and gas from glucose, galactose,
Coagulated albumin: No liquefaction. fructose, maltose, lactose, sucrose, inulin,
Blood agar: No hemolysis. salicin and starch. Glycerol and mannitol
Blood serum: No liquefaction. not fermented. Records wM-y in regard to
Brain medium (Hibler) : No blackening or action on lactose, inulin and salicin.
digestion even in the presence of an iron Coagulated albumin: No liquefaction.
strip. Blood serum: No liquefaction.
Anaerobic. Brain medium: No blackening or diges-
Optimum temperature not determined. tion.
Grows well both at 37° C. and at room tem- Meat medium: Reddened; no blackening
perature. or digestion.
Not pathogenic for white mice, guinea Anaerobic.
pigs or rabbits. Optimum temperature, not recorded.
Distinctive character: Submerged colo- Grows well at 37° C.
nies extremely gummatous. A weak exotoxin is produced.
Source: Isolated once from gaseous gan- Pathogenicity for guinea pig variable
grene and twice from normal human feces and commonly lost in cultivation.
(adult and infant). Source: Isolated from war wounds, appen-
Habitat: Decomposing organic matter, dicitis and once from black-leg of sheep.
so far as known. Habitat: Presumably widely distributed.
7. Clostridium fallax (Weinberg and 8. Clostridium difficile (Hall and

Seguin, 1915) Bergey et al., 1923. (Bacille A, O'Toole, 1935) Prevot, 1938. {Bacillus diffi-
Weinberg and Seguin, Compt. rend. Soc. cilis Hall and O'Toole, Amer. Jour. Dis.
Biol., Paris, 78, 1915, 277; Bacillus fallax Child., 49, 1935, 390; Clostridium difficilis
Weinberg and Seguin, ibid., 686; Bergey et (sic) Prevot, Ann. Inst. Past., 61, 1938, 84.)
al., Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 325; Clostridium dif.fi'ci.le. L. adj. difficilis difficult.
pseudo-fallax Prevot and Loth, Ann. Inst. Heavily bodied rods. Spores elongated
Past., 67, 1941, 244.) and subterminal, slightly swelling the cells.
fal'lax. L. adj. fallax deceptive, false. Actively motile. Gram-positive.
Rods, 0.6 by 1.2 to 5.0 microns, occurring Gelatin: No liquefaction.
singly or rarely in pairs. Spores, rarely ob- Agar deep colonies: Minute, flat, opaque
served, are ovoid, eccentric to subterminal discs, becoming lobate.
and swell the cells. Encapsulated in body Egg yolk agar surface colonies: Irregular,
fluids. Motile by means of peritrichous fla- flattened, dry, roughened, somewhat gran-
gella. Gram-positive. ular, with little or no color. No precipitate
Gelatin: No liquefaction. in the agar nor luster on the colony.
Glucose agar surface colonies (anaerobic) : Milk: Poor growth. Gas produced in
Circular, flat; transparent, crenated margin. traces, but milk unchanged.
Glucose agar deep colonies: Lenticular, Acid and gas from glucose, fructose, man-
bean-shaped, irregular, smooth. nitol, salicin and xylose. Traces of gas but
Agar slant (anaerobic) : Grayish film. no acid from galactose, maltose, sucrose,
Broth: Poor growth; slight, diffuse tur- lactose, raffinose, inulin and glycerol.
bidity. Nitrites produced from nitrates (Reed,
Glucose broth: Abundant turbidity and Jour. Bact., 44, 1942, 425).
gas. Clearing by sedimentation. Coagulated albumin: No liquefaction.
Litmus milk: Acid; slowly coagulated. Blood agar surface colonies (anaerobic) :
Litmus reduced. Clot channeled by gas but Irregular, flat; no hemolysis.
not digested. Blood serum: No liquefaction.
Brain medium with iron: Moderately gradsky, 1895. (Winogradsky, Arch. Sci.
blackened. Digestion not recorded. Biol. (Russ.), 3, 1895, 330; Clostridium pas-
Anaerobic. torianum (sic) Winogradsky, Cent. f. Bakt.,
Grows well at 37° C. II Abt., 9, 1902, 43; also see McCoy, Fred,
Toxicity: Glucose broth culture filtrates Peterson and Hastings, Jour. Inf. Dis., 46,
kill guinea pigs and rabbits in 24 to 36 hours. 1930, 118.)
Pathogenic for guinea pigs and rabbits. pas.teu.ri.a'num. M.L. adj. pasteurianus
Subcutaneous inoculation induces marked pertaining to Pasteur; named for Louis
edema. Death may occur in from 1 to 9 days. Pasteur, French chemist and bacteriologist.
Source: Isolated from the feces of new- Large rods, 0.9 to 1.7 by 3.5 to 4.7 microns,
born infants. sometimes occurring in chains. Spores large,
Habitat: Presumably widely distributed. 1.5 by 2.0 microns, each retained in a char-
acteristic "capsule" (a portion of the clos-
9. Clostridium tyrobiityricuni van tridial cell). Motile by means of peritrichous
Beynum and Pette, 1935. (Zent. f. Bakt., II flagella. Granulose-positive. Gram-positive.
Abt., 93, 1935, 208; also see Bryant and Gelatin: No liquefaction.
Burkey, Jour. Bact., 71, 1955, 43). Beef -peptone -glucose agar surface colo-
ty.ro.bu.ty'ri.cum. Gr. noun tyrus nies: Round, slightly raised, moist, creamy
cheese; M.L. noun acidum hutyricum butyric yellow; granular structure; dense centers;
acid; M.L. adj. tyrobutyricus (probably in- entire edges.
tended to mean) the butyric acid-producing Beef-peptone-glucose agar deep colonies:
organism from cheese. Small, woolly, biconvex, dense.
Large rods, 0.8 to 1.2 by 2.0 to 15.0 mi- Milk: Little change.
crons. Subterminal, ovoid spores swelling Indole not produced.
the cells. Motile. Gram-positive. Hydrogen sulfide not produced in brain
Gelatin: No liquefaction. mash, with or without iron.
Tomato juice agar surface colonies: En- Glucose, fructose, maltose, sucrose, arabi-
tire, opaque, slightly convex, cream-colored. nose, xylose (possibly variable), galactose,
Tomato juice agar deep colonies: Lenticu- mannose, trehalose, raffinose, soluble starch,
lar. melezitose, inulin (possibly variable), al-
Milk; No change. pha-methyl-glucoside, glycerol, inositol,
Indole not produced. mannitol and sorbitol are fermented. Rham-
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. nose, lactose, maize starch, dextrin, glycogen,
Glucose, calcium lactate, fructose and amygdalin, salicin, esculin, erythritol, dul-
arabinose are fermented. Sucrose, maltose, citol, quercitol, pectin, cellulose and cal-
starch, inulin, raffinose, salicin, dextrin, cium lactate are not fermented.
mannose, dulcitol, sorbitol and rhamnose More tolerant of high concentrations of
are not fermented. Galactose, xylose, lactose, glucose and sucrose than are other butyric-
mannitol and glycerol are variably fer- acid-producing species (Spiegelberg, Food
mented. Research, 5, 1940, 115).
Nitrites may or may not he produced Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
from nitrates.
Atmospheric nitrogen is fixed.
Coagulated albumin : Action not recorded;
assumed negative. Coagulated egg albumin: No digestion.
Anaerobic. Blood agar: No hemolysis.
Distinctive character: Fermentation of Coagulated blood serum: No change in
lactate. color or texture.
Source: Isolated from silage and from Anaerobic.
cheese. Optimum temperature, 25° C.
Habitat: Decomposing organic matter, Distinctive characters: Prolonged reten-
so far as known. tion of the spore within a peculiar, brush-
like spore-capsule; starch and lactose not
10. Clostridium pasteurianum Wino- fermented. More active in the assimilation
of free atmospheric nitrogen than are other Nitrites produced from nitrates.
butyric-acid-producing species. Serum: Poor growth; liquefaction very
Source: Isolated from soil and from acid- weak.
canned fruit. Catalase-negative.
Habitat: Soil. Anaerobic.
11. Clostridium toaniim Baba, 1943. Optimum fermentation, between 35° C. and
(Jour. Agr. Chem. Soc. Japan, 19, 1943, 37° C.
207.) Chemical tolerance: Fermentation occurs
to.a'num. Etymology Japanese, meaning between pH 5.8 and 6.5. Growth occurs be-
unknown. tween pH 6.0 and 7.0, 6.2 affording the best
Large rods, 1.04 by 5.47 microns, occurring
growth.
Source: Not indicated.
singly or in short chains, becoming spindle-
shaped in 48 hours; average size then is Habitat: Unknown.
1.91 by 7.35 microns. Spores ovoid, 1.4 to
2.1 microns, central to subterminal. Encap- 12. Clostridium amylosaccharobutyl-
sulated. Actively motile in young cultures. propylicum Beesch and Legg, 1947. (Clos-
Granulose-positive. Gram-positive, becom- tridium amylo-saccharo-bidylpropylicum (sic)
ing Gram-negative. Beesch and Legg, U. S. Letters Pat.,
Gelatin: No liquefaction. 2,420,998, May 27, 1947.)
Glucose meat infusion agar slant (anaer- a . my . lo . sac . char . o . bu . t y 1 . pro . pyl ' i . -
obic, 35° C., 3 days): Fairly good growth. cum. L. noun amylum starch; Gr. noun sac-
Moist, glistening, irregular, milky white charum sugar; M.L. adj. hutylicus pertaining
colonies. Gas splits agar. to the butyl radical; M.L. adj. propijlicus
Glucose meat infusion agar stab: Growth pertaining to the propyl radical; M.L. adj.
good; sticky; gas is produced. amylosaccharobutylpropylicum (probably in-
Tryptone agar slant: Poor growth. tended to mean) the organism which fer-
Meat infusion: Poor growth. ments starch and sugar with the production
Glucose meat infusion: Good growth; vis- of butyl and propyl alcohols.
cous precipitate; butanol odor. Short and long rods, 0.6 to 2.8 by 2.5 to
Milk: Coagulated. 12.0 microns, with rounded ends, occurring
Potato slant (anaerobic, 35° C., 3 days): singly or in chains. Sporangia are spindle-
Colonies island-like, moist, dull glistening, shaped and clavate. Spores cylindrical to
milky white, bubbling. After 7 days, growth ovoid, measuring 0.5 to 2.0 by 0.8 to 2.8 mi-
heavier with strong butanol odor. crons, subterminal to terminal. Motile by
Potato or maize mash: Good growth; means of peritrichous flagella. Granulose-
"head" formation; clear fermentation liq- positive. Gram-positive, but variable after
uid. 24 hours.
Indole not produced. Gelatin stab: Growth best below surface
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. to bottom line of puncture. No liquefaction.
Glucose, 1-arabinose, fructose, mannose, Agar colonies: Circular with spreading
galactose, sucrose, maltose, trehalose, al- tendency, smooth, pearly luster to surface,
pha-methyl-glucoside, dextrin, soluble entire, convex. Colonies appear opalescent
starch and glycogen are vigorously fer- with dark centers, finely granular, light tan.
mented. Less vigorously fermented are rath- Agar slant : Growth abundant, spreading,
nose, salicin, mannitol and beta-cellobiose. glistening, light cream-colored to tan, viscid
Xylose, lactose, pectin and calcium lactate with a butylic odor.
are weakly fermented. Fermentation ques- Broth: No surface growth; slight cloud-
tionable for amygdalin. Adonitol, 1-rham- ing; no odor.
nose, inulin, glycerol, dulcitol, d-sorbitol, Litmus milk: Acid curd produced in 10
inositol and quercitol not attacked. days; slight, if any, peptonization at 15
Fermentation products are butanol, iso- days.
propanol, acetone, ethanol and butyric acid. Potato: Abundant, spreading, glistening.
viscid, light cream-colored to yellow growth tose, sucrose, maltose, lactose, trehalose,
with a butylic odor. Medium liquefied alpha-methyl -glucoside, mannitol, arabi-
slightly, if at all. nose, xylose, galactose, melezitose, soluble
Indole not produced. starch, maize starch, dextrin, inulin, glyco-
Hydrogen sulfide produced in trace gen, esculin, sorbitol, raffinose, salicin,
amounts, if at all, on lead acetate agar. amygdalin and inositol. Rhanmose, glj^c-
Acid and gas from esculin, trehalose, arab- erol, erythritol, quercitol, dulcitol and
inose, xylose, glucose, fructose, galactose, cellulose not attacked.
mannose, lactose, sucrose, maltose, maize Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
starch, soluble starch, inulin, dextrin, gly- Atmospheric nitrogen fixed, though not
cogen, salicin and alpha-methyl -glucoside. as actively as by Clostridium pasteurianum
Rhamnose, raffinose, melezitose, glycerol, Winogradsky (Rosenblum and Wilson, Jour.
erythritol, mannitol, sorbitol, dulcitol, ino- Bact., 57, 1949, 413).
sitol and melibiose not attacked. Blood agar (glucose agar plus 10 per cent
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. defibrinated horse blood): Good growth;
Anaerobic. no hemolysis, but some surrounding colonies
Optimum fermentation temperature, be- discolored by acid.
tween 29° and 32° C. Von Hibler brain (plain or with iron) :
Optimum pH, between 5.4 and 5.8. Growth with gas production and sporulation
Source: Isolated from soil. but no blackening or digestion.
Habitat: Soil. Temperature relations: Growth between
8° and 42° C. Optimum fermentation, be-
13. Clostridium inadisonii McCoy, tween 29° and 33° C.
1946. (U. S. Letters Pat., 2,398,837, April 23, Chemical tolerance: Growth between pH
1946.) 4.3 and 7.6; apparent optimum for fermenta-
mad.i.son'i.i. M.L. gen. noun inadisonii tion, between pH 5.0 and 6.0, preferably
of Madison. about 5.5.
Short to long rods, 0.5 to 1.0 by 3.0 to 5.8 Anaerobic.
microns, with rounded ends, occurring Source: Original strain isolated from field
singly or in short chains. Spores abundant, soil collected near Madison, Wisconsin.
cylindrical to ellipsoidal, 0.7 to 1.3 by 1.3 Habitat: Probably soil.
to 2.4 microns, subterminal to terminal.
Sporangia elongated, spindle-shaped. Ac- 14. Clostridium muelleri McClung and
tively motile in young cultures. Granulose- McCoy, comb. nov. {Clostridium granulo-
positive in young cells. Gram-positive, be- bacter acetobutylicum Miiller, U. S. Letters
coming negative in old cultures. Pat., 2,195,629, April 2, 1940.)
Gelatin: No liquefaction. muel'le.ri. M.L. gen. noun muelleri of
Molasses-glucose agar colonies: Dark Miiller; named for Miiller, the bacteriologist
cream, round, entire, viscid, raised to con- who first isolated this species.
vex. Short rods, 0.5 to 1.4 by 3.0 to 10.0 mi-
Molasses-glucose agar slant: Moderate, crons, the majority of the cells measuring
glistening, confluent growth. 1.0 by 5.0 microns, with rounded ends, oc-
Litmus milk: Reduced before curdling; curring inchains. Sporangia spindle-shaped,
moderate gas production; soft acid curd clavate, 1.0 to 2.3 by 6.0 to 10.0 microns, the
with turbid pink whey, white crystals de- majority measuring 1.5 by 8.0 microns;
velop in old cultures. No digestion of casein. spores terminal to subterminal. Motile.
Indole not produced. Gram-positive.
Hydrogen sulfide production is positive Gelatin: No liquefaction.
by strip test when thiosulfate brain mash, Agar surface colonies: Smooth surface,
sulfite brain mash or oatmeal (5 per cent) raised to convex, dull luster, round, granular
mash is used. Negative with other media internal structure; good growth.
tried. Agar + 2 per cent glucose slant: Moderate,
Acid and gas from glucose, mannose, fruc- slightly spreading, opaque growth with a
dull luster, a contoured surface, a butyrous Hydrogen sulfide not produced.

consistency and an odor of butyl alcohol. Spontaneously, only starch and lactose
Milk: Acid and gas; slight coagulation, are fermented; pectin not fermented. The
no peptonization. following carbohydrates are fermented
Litmus milk: Acid, gas, coagulation, re- (tested in filtered peptone solution) : glu-
duction in bottom of tube; no digestion. cose, fructose, galactose, maltose, sucrose
Potato slant: No visible growth, but a and mannitol.
butyl alcohol odor, as well as gas, is present Nitrites produced from nitrates in the
in the substended liquid. presence of starch.
Broth: No growth. Sulfites reduced slowly only in the pres-
Indole not produced. ence of starch.
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. Coagulated proteins not attacked.
Acid and gas from glucose, sucrose, lac- Anaerobic.
tose, maltose, inulin, starch, salicin, dex-
trin, mannitol and galactose. Glycerol is 37°Optimum
not fermented. Hemolysin not produced.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Toxin not produced.
Optimum temperature, between 28° and Not pathogenic for guinea pigs or mice.
33° C. Source: Isolated from soil.
Anaerobic. Habitat: Presumably soil.
Source: Isolated from an ear of sugar
maize. 16. Clostridium nigrificans Werkman
Habitat: Probably soil. and Weaver, 1927. (Werkman and Weaver,
Iowa State Coll. Jour. Sci., 2, 1927-28, 63;
15. Clostridium ainylolyticuin Prevot also see Werkman, Iowa State Coll. Re-
and Saissac, 1950. (Ann. Inst. Past., 79, search Bull. 117, 1929, 165.)
1950, 331.) nig. ri'fi. cans. L. part. adj. nigrificans
blackening.
a.my.lo.ly'ti.cum. Gr. noun amylum fine
meal, starch; Gr. adj. lyticus loosening, dis- Rods, 0.3 to 0.5 by 3.0 to 6.0 microns, with
solving; M.L. adj. amylolyticus starch-dis- rounded ends. Spores ovoid and subtermi-
solving. nal, slightly swelling the cells. Motile.
Straight rods, 0.8 to 1.0 by 4.0 to 5.0 mi- Gram-positive.
crons. Spores ovoid and subterminal, swell- Gelatin: No liquefaction.
ing the cells. Motile. Strongly Gram-posi- Agar deep colonies : Blackening of medium
tive. around colonies. Black increased by adding
Non-fetid gas and a pronounced butyric 0.1 per cent ferric chloride to medium.
odor are produced in culture media. Milk: Action not recorded.
Gelatin: No liquefaction. Indole not produced.
Bean or potato agar deep colonies: Small, Hydrogen sulfide produced from cystine.
woolly, irregular, white, opaque. Gas is Glucose and other carbohydrates not fer-
produced. mented.
Milk: Acid coagulation without retraction Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
or digestion of clot. Coagulated albumin: No liquefaction.
VF glucose (or without glucose) broth: Blood serum: No liquefaction.
No growth. Brain medium: Blackening but no diges-
Peptone solution (2 per cent) : No growth tion.
in autoclaved medium; in filtered broth, Anaerobic.
growth abundant. Temperature relations: Optimum, 55° C.
•Potato mash: Growth rapid, abundant, Thermophilic, growing between 65° and
very gaseous, acidified (pH 4.5 after 4 days 70° C.
of incubation). Very pronounced butyric Not pathogenic for man, guinea pig,
odor. Mash disintegrated, liquefied, ropy. mouse, rat or rabbit.
Indole not produced. Distinctive character: Black colonies in
agar media due to extensive hydrogen sul- Blood serum: No liquefaction.

fide production. Brain medium: No blackening or diges-
tion.
Source: Isolated from canned corn show-
ing sulfur stinker spoilage; also occasionally Meat medium: Reddened; no blackening
isolated from soil and manure. or digestion.
Habitat: Presumably soil, although de- Anaerobic.
tected with great difficulty. Optimum temperature, about 37° C.
An exotoxin is produced which is lethal
17. Clostridium septicum (Mac6, 1888) and hemolytic (van Heyningen, Bacterial
Ford, 1927. (Vibrion septique, Pasteur and Toxins, C. C Thomas, Springfield, 1950, 43).
Joubert, Compt. rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, Pathogenic for guinea pigs, rabbits, mice
and pigeons.
85, 1877, 113; also see Bull. Acad. Med., 2° Source: Originally isolated from animals
Ser., 6, 1877, 794; Vibrio pasteurii Trevisan,
Reale 1st. Lombardo d. Sci. e Lett., Rendi- inoculated with soil; later from malignant
conti, Ser. 2, 12, 1879, 147; Bacillus septicus edema of animals, from human war wounds
Mace, Traite Prat. d. Bact., 1st ed., 1888, and from cases of appendicitis.
455; Ford, Textbook of Bact., 1927, 726.) Habitat: Found in animal intestines and
in manured soils.
sep'ti.cum. Gr. adj. septicus putrefactive,
septic.
Description taken from Weinberg and 18. Clostridium chauvoei (Arloing et
S6guin (La Gang. Gaz., Paris, 1918, 79) and al., 1887) Holland, 1920. (Bacterium chauvoei
from Hall (Jour. Inf. Dis., 30, 1922, 486). Arloing, Cornevin and Thomas, Le charbon
Rods, 0.6 to 0.8 by 3.0 to 8.0 microns, with symptomatique du boeuf, Paris, 2nd ed.,
rounded ends, occurring singly, in pairs and 1887, 82; Clostridium chauvei (sic) Holland,
in short chains in cultures; long chains and Jour. Bact., 5, 1920, 217.)
filaments commonly predominate in body chau.voe'i. M.L. gen. noun chauvoei of
exudates. Spores ovoid, eccentric to sub- Chauveau; named for J. B. A. Chauveau, a
terminal, swelling the cells. Motile by means French scientist.
of peritrichous fiagella. Gram-positive. Rods, 1.0 by 3.0 to 8.0 microns, occurring
Gelatin: Liquefaction with gas bubbles. singly, in pairs and in short chains. Usually
Agar surface colonies (anaerobic) : Small, show a dark chromatic point near each end.
transparent, variable in shape. Spores ovoid, eccentric to subterminal,
Agar deep colonies: Variable; usually swelling the cells. Motile by means of pe-
finely filamentous, cottony, spherical. ritrichous fiagella. Gram-positive.
Egg yolk agar surface colonies : Irregular, Gelatin: Liquefaction with gas bubbles.
fiat, moist, somewhat roughened, colorless, Agar surface colonies (anaerobic): Small,
without precipitate or luster, often having grayish, semi-opaque, filamentous.
a tendency to spread. Agar slant (anaerobic) : Grayish, spread-
Broth: Slight, diffuse turbidity, with ing growth.
clearing. Egg yolk agar surface colonies: Circular
Litmus milk: Litmus reduced; slow coagu- to slightly irregular, moist, relatively
lation and moderate gas production. Clot smooth to somewhat roughened, colorless;
not digested. no precipitate or luster.
Indole not produced. Broth: Turbid; slightly peptolytic.
Acid and gas from glucose, fructose, galac- Litmus milk: Acid; slowly coagulated.
tose, maltose, lactose and salicin. Sucrose, Gas may be produced. Clot not digested.
inulin, mannitol and glycerol not fermented Indole not produced (early studies record
(Hall, ibid., 489). only a trace).
Nitrites produced from nitrates. Acid and gas from glucose, fructose, galac-
Coagulated albumin: No liquefaction. tose, maltose, lactose and sucrose. Inulin,
Blood agar surface colonies (anaerobic) : salicin, mannitol, glycerol and dextrin not
Delicate, flat, leaf-like, irregular. Hemol- fermented (Hall, Jour. Inf. Dis., 30, 1922,
ytic.
651
Coagulated albumin: No liquefaction. other aromatic, putrid, nitrogenous com-
Blood serum: No liquefaction. pounds not yet identified.
Brain medium: No blackening or diges- Lead acetate agar or peptone iron agar
tion. (Difco) : Blackened in 24 hours.
Egg-meat medium: Small gas bubbles in Acid and gas from glucose, fructose and
8 hours. Meat becomes pinkish and the maltose. Sucrose, lactose, inulin, mannitol,
liquid slightly turbid. No blackening or sorbitol, glycerol and inositol are not at-
digestion. tacked.
Anaerobic. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Optimum temperature, 37° C. Growth Coagulated albumin: No liquefaction.
occurs at 50° C. Blood agar: No hemolysis.
An exotoxin is produced. Blood serum: No liquefaction.
Pathogenic for guinea pigs, mice and Brain medium (Hibler) : Blackened but
rabbits. Also pathogenic for hamsters (Ryff not visibly digested.
and Lee, Science, 101, 1945, 361). Anaerobic.
Source : The cause of black leg, black quar- Optimum temperature not determined,
ter or sj'mptomatic anthrax in cattle and but grows well at both 37° C. and at room
other animals. temperature.
Habitat: Probably soil, especially where Not pathogenic for white mice, guinea
heavily manured. pigs or rabbits.
Distinctive character: Extremely nau-
19. Clostridium nauseum Spray, 1947. seous, fecal odor, due apparently to some
(Jour. Bact., 54, 1947, 15; also see ibid., 55, presently unidentified aromatic nitrogenous
1948, 839.) compound.
nau'se.um. Or. noun nausea sea sickness; Source: Isolated three times from soil.
M.L. adj. nauseus nauseous, sickening. Habitat: Presumably from soil.
Rods, 0.8 to 1.1 by 6.0 to 12.0 microns, with
rounded ends, occurring singly, in pairs and 20. Clostvitlium liaemolyticum (Hall,
in short chains of 4 to 6 cells. Spores ellip- 1929) Hauduroy et al., 1937. (Clostridium
soidal to elongate, subterminal, distinctly hemolylicus bovis (sic) Vawter and Records,
swelling the cells, often becoming appar- Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc, 68 (N.S. 21),
ently terminal at maturation. Actively 1925-26, 512; Bacillus hemolylicus (sic) Hall,
motile, especially in young cultures in semi- Jour. Inf. Dis., 45, 1929, 156; Clostridium
solid medium, by means of numerous pe- hemolyticum (sic) Hauduroy et al., Diet. d.
ritrichous flagella. Gram-positive in early Bact. Path., 1937, 125.)
vegetative stage, but Gram-negative at hae.mo.ly'ti.cum. Gr. noun haema blood;
sporulation. Gr. adj. lyticus dissolving; M.L. adj. haemo-
Gelatin (or iron-gelatin) : Very slow lique- lyticus blood-dissolving.
faction; softened at 14 days; complete lique- Rods, 1.0 to 1.3 by 3.0 to 5.6 microns, with
faction at 30 days; not blackened even in rounded ends, occurring singly, in pairs
the presence of an iron strip. and in short chains. Spores ovoid to elon-
Agar surface colonies (anaerobic) : Mi- gate, subterminal, swelling the cells. Motile
nute, transparent, flat, slightly lobate. by means of long, peritrichous flagella.
Agar deep colonies: Minute, lenticular, Gram-positive.
entire, whitish to creamy. Gelatin: Liquefaction.
Milk (with iron strip) : Solidly coagulated Agar deep colonies: At first lenticular,
at 4 to 5 days; clot shrinks slowly, but with- becoming densely woolly masses with short,
out gas, blackening or digestion. Evidently peripheral filaments. Little or no gas pro-
a rennet curdling, since the whe}^ reaction duced.
is neutral to litmus.
Egg 3'olk agar surface colonies: Puncti-
Indole production is questionable; if posi- form, surrounded by a wide area of precipi-
tive, itis obscured by an abundance of ska- tation (McClung and Toabe, Jour. Bact.,
tole. Mercaptan is produced together with 53, 1947, 139).
Broth plus liver: Luxuriant, diffuse tur- ligni No. II, Novy, Ztschr. f. Hyg., 17, 1894,
bidity followed by agglutinative clearing. 212; Bacillus oedematis thermo-philus Kruse,
Moderate gas production. in Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 3 Aufl.,
Milk: Acid; slow coagulation. Clot not 2, 1896, 242; Bacillus novyi Migula, Syst. d.
digested. Bakt., 2, 1900, 872; Bergey et al.. Manual,
Indole is produced (Records and Vawter, 1st ed., 1923, 326; Clostridium novyi Type A,
Nevada Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 173, 1945, 30). Scott, Turner and Vawter, Proc. 12th Inter-
Hydrogen sulfide is produced (Records nat. Vet. Cong., N. Y., 2, 1934, 175.)
and Vawter, loc. cit.). no'vy.i. M.L. gen. noun novyi of Novy;
Acid and gas from glucose, fructose, galac- named for F. G. Novy, the American bac-
tose and glycerol. Lactose, maltose, su- teriologist who first isolated this organism.
crose, raffinose, arabinose, xylose, inulin, The descriptions of this and the following
salicin, mannitol and dulcitol not fer- types were compiled from Keppie (A study
mented. Subsequent studies have shown of the Antigens and Toxins of Clostridium
that pure galactose is not fermented (Rec- oedematiens and C. gigas by in-vitro and
ords and Vawter, loc. cit.). in-vivo methods. Thesis, Cambridge, 1943),
Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced (Rec- McClung and Toabe (Jour. Bact., 53, 1947,
ords and Vawter, loc. cit.). 139), Oakley, Warrack and Clarke (Jour.
Methyl red test is negative (Records and Gen. Microbiol., 1, 1947, 91), Spray (in Man-
Vawter, loc. cit.). ual, 6th ed., 1948, 777) and Turner (Black
Nitrites not produced from nitrates (Rec- Disease (Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis) of
ords and Vawter, loc. cit.). Sheep in Australia. Counc. Sci. and Ind.
Coagulated albumin: No liquefaction. Res., Australia, Bull. 46, 1930).
Blood agar surface colonies (anaerobic) : Clostridium novyi Type A.
Light, diffuse growth. Blood hemolyzed. Rods, 0.8 to 0.9 by 2.5 to 5.0 microns, oc-
Blood serum: No liquefaction. curring singly and in pairs, not in chains.
Brain medium: No blackening or diges- Spores large, ovoid, usually subterminal,
tion. slightly swelling the cells. Motile by means
Meat medium: Reddened; no blackening of peritrichous flagella. Gram-positive.
or digestion. Iron gelatin (Spray): Liquefaction.
Anaerobic. Glucose blood agar surface colonies:
Grows well at 37° C. Large, 3.0 to 4.0 mm in diameter, compact,
Somatic antigen not common with that raised; finely granular surface; edges
of Clostridium novyi (Turner and Eales, coarsely indented; center raised and dense.
Austral. Jour. Exp. Biol, and Med. Sci., 21, Usually hemolytic.
1943, 79; also see Smith, Jour. Bact., 65, Egg yolk agar surface colonies: Smooth;
1953, 222). irregular edge; precipitation zone under
Pathogenic and toxic for guinea pigs and colony and around colony in a regular circle
rabbits. Effect due to an unstable, hemo- to a radial distance of about 4 mm. The in-
lytic, lethal toxin which is a lecithinase
tense zone of precipitation is sharply de-
(McClung and Toabe, op. cit., 1947, 255). fined. Characteristically, an iridescent
Toxin also contains (in common with the
luster area marked by radial linear stria-
toxin of Clostridiiim novyi Type B) lyso- tions covers the colony and extends beyond
lecithin (Bard and McClung, Indiana Acad.
Sci., Proc, 57, 1948, 43). the colony in a regular circular zone to a
Source: Isolated from the blood and from radial distance of about 2 mm, only par-
other tissues of cattle dying of icterohemo- tially covering the precipitation zone.
globinuria. Broth: Turbid; flocculent sediment.
Habitat: Not determined. Thus far iso- Litmus milk: Acid; no coagulation. Lit-
lated only from animals. mus reduced.
21. Clostridium novyi (Migula, 1900) Glucose and fructose are fermented. Ac-
Bergey et al., 1923. {Bacillus oedematis mation on glycerol and maltose variable. No
action on lactose, sucrose, mannitol or sali- the cells. Motile by means of peritrichous
cin. flagella. Gram-positive.
Nitrates rapidly reduced; nitrites absent Gelatin: Good growth. No liquefaction.
(Reed, Jour. Bact., 4-^, 1942, 425). Glucose-gelatin: Good growth. Liquefac-
Coagulated albumin: No liquefaction. tion after two weeks of incubation.
Blood serum: No liquefaction. Glucose blood agar surface colonies: Del-
Brain medium: No blackening or diges- icate, thin, fiat plaques of fine filaments,
tion. dull surface, scarcely raised above surface
Anaerobic, although less strict than Types of medium. Hemolysis variable.
B and C. Egg yolk surface colonies: Small, irregu-
Optimum temperature, between 35° and lar, transparent, producing a wide (8 mm in
38° C. diameter), regular, sharply defined circle
Produces an exotoxin which is toxic on of precipitation, without luster, under and
injection but not on feeding. Four antigenic beyond the colony.
components have been recognized in toxic Agar deep colonies: Lenticular or bicon-
filtrates (Oakley, Warrack and Clarke, vex disc, sometimes with outgrowths or
Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 1, 1947, 91; also see filamentous, woolly colonies with opaque
van Heyningen, Bacterial Toxins, C. C center or bursting-grenade colony type.
Thomas, Springfield, 1950, 42). These in- Glucose broth: Abundant growth with
clude: alpha, classical lethal toxin; gamma, gas; flocculent sediment.
hemolytic lecithinase; delta, oxygen-labile Meat infusion broth: Growth less abun-
hemolysin; and epsilon, probably pearly- dant than in glucose broth; little or no gas;
layer-agent in egg-agar. Production of sediment.
gamma toxin differentiates Type A from Cooked meat medium: Good growth; gas;
Types B and C. meat not blackened.
Produces a species-specific hemolysin for Milk: Reports variable; little action long
human red blood cells which is neutralized dela3êd, possibly late coagulation without
by selected antisera; differentiated from digestion.
Clostridium septicum on this character. Glucose, galactose and fructose are fer-
Pathogenic for guinea pigs, rabbits, mice, mented. Action on glycerol and maltose
rats and pigeons. variable. No action on lactose, sucrose,
Comment: Some authors regard Clostri- rhamnose, dulcitol, mannitol, inulin or sali-
dium hemolyticum Hauduroy et al., which cin.
produces a hemolytic lecithinase, as be- Coagulated egg albumin: No digestion.
longing to this species. Brain medium: No blackening unless iron-
Source: Isolated from a guinea pig inocu- nail added.
lated with peptonized casein; later from a Strictlj- anaerobic.
human case of gaseous gangrene. Also iso- Optimum temperature, apparently 37° C;
lated from human necrotic hepatitis (Mol- growth occurs between 24° and 43° C.
laret, Prevot and Gueniot, Ann. Inst. Past., An exotoxin is produced which is toxic on
75, 1948, 195). injection but not on feeding. Three antigenic
Habitat: Probably widely distributed in components have been recognized in toxic
manured soil. filtrates (Oakley, Warrack and Clarke, Jour.
21a. Clostridium novyi Type B, Scott et Gen. Microbiol., 1, 1947, 91). These include:
al., 1934. (Bacillus gigas Zeissler and Rass- alpha, classical lethal toxin; beta, hemolytic
feld. Arch. Wiss. u. Prakt. Tierheilk., 59, lecithinase; and zeta, oxj^gen-stable hemoly-
1929, 419; Scott, Turner and Vawter, Proc. sin. Production of beta to.xin differentiates
12th Internat. Vet. Cong., N. Y., 2, 1934, Type B from Types A and C.
175.) Pathogenic for sheep, cows, horses, pigs,
Large rods, 1.2 to 2.0 by 10.0 to 14.0 mi- fowls, rabbits, guinea pigs, rats and mice.
crons, occurring singh', in pairs or in chains Source: Isolated from black disease (in-
of 3 to 4 elements. Spores ovoid, most fre- fectious necrotic hepatitis) of sheep in Aus-
quently subterminal, onlj^ slightly swelling tralia. Also isolated from similar diseases
in New Zealand, France, Germany, Chile ovoid, central, subterminal, terminal at

and England. maturation, swelling the cells. Motile by
21b. Clostridium novyi Type C, Scott et means of peritrichous fiagella. Gram-posi-
tive.
al., 1934. (Non-pathogenic bacillus of osteo- Gelatin: Liquefaction.
myelitis of water buffalo, Kraneveld, Ne-
derl. Ind. Bl. Diergeneesk., A2, 1930, 564; Liver agar surface colonies (anaerobic) :
No perceptible growth.
Scott, Turner and Vawter, Proc. 12th Inter-
Liver agar deep colonies: Fluffy with
nat. Vet. Cong., N. Y., 2, 1934, 175; Clostri- dense center.
dium huhalorum Prevot, Ann. Inst. Past.,
61, 1938, 82; Bacillus osteomyelitis huhalorum Egg j'olk agar surface colonies: (Type B)
Prevot, Man. d. Class, et d. Determ. d. Flat, spreading, with irregular edges and a
Bact., 1940, 123). luster which extends in a regular circle
slightly beyond the colony edge. An area of
Large rods, 1.5 to 2.0 by 8.0 to 10.0 mi-
crons, occurring singly, in pairs and in precipitation lies under the colony and to
the edge of the luster zone. The reaction
chains. Spores ovoid, swelling the cells only
zones tend to be wider than those of Clostri-
slightly if at all. Motile by means of peri-
dium parabotulinum Types A and B.
trichous fiagella. Gram-positive. Broth: Scant growth, if at all.
Glucose blood agar surface colonies: No
growth without further enrichment with Liver broth: Luxuriantly turbid; con-
siderable gas.
30 per cent serum; thin delicate cords of
filaments, dull surface, scarcely raised above Milk: Slowly increasing acidity. No coag-
medium surface. ulation. No gas.
Strictly anaerobic. Acid and gas from glucose, fructose, malt-
Non -toxic. Lack of toxin differentiates ose, dextrin, glycerol, adonitol and inositol.
Galactose, sucrose, lactose, raffinose, inulin,
Type C from Types A and B.
Not pathogenic for experimental animals. dulcitol, mannitol, xylose, arabinose, rham-
nose and salicin not fermented (Bengtson,
Source: Isolated from bacillary osteo-
myelitis ofwater buffaloes in Java. op. cit., 1924, 22-25).
Habitat: Not determined other than this Coagulated albumin: No liquefaction.
Blood serum: No liquefaction.
single isolation.
Brain medium: No blackening or diges-
22. Clostridium botulimini (van Er- tion.
mengem, 1896) Holland, 1920. (Bacillus Strictly anaerobic.
botulinus van Ermengem, Cent. f. Bakt., Optimum temperature, between 20° and
I Abt., 19, 1896, 443; also see Ztschr. f. Hyg., 30° C. (van Ermengem, op. cit., 1897, 42);
£6, 1897, 48; Holland, Jour. Bact., 5, 1920, 30° C. (van Ermengem, Arch. d. Pharma-
217.) codyn., 3, 1897, 213 and 499; also see Wil-
bo.tu.li'num. L. noun hotulus a sausage; liams and Reed, Jour. Inf. Dis., 71, 1942,
M.L. adj. hotMlinus pertaining to sausage. 227). Growth usually earlier at 37° C. (Sta-
The original van Ermengem strain is not rin. Jour. Inf. Dis., 38, 1926, 103).
available, and the desci-iption by van Er- A powerful exotoxin is produced which is
mengem is inadequate for classification neurotoxic both on injection and on feeding.
purposes. Description taken from Bengtson Toxin is neutralized by Clostridium para-
(U. S. Public Health Serv., Hyg. Lab. Bull. botulinum Type B antitoxin. Toxin produc-
136, 1924, 33), who used Lister Institute tion probably best around 28° C.
Strain No. 94 (Brit. Med. Res. Counc, Spec. Pathogenic for animals.
Kept. Ser. No. 12, 1917, 29; and ibid., Spec. Comments: Clostridium botulinum Hol-
Rept., Ser. No. 39, 1919, 26) as a type cul- land comprises a number of toxic types,
ture. conveniently divided by Bengtson (op. cit.,
Clostridium botulinum Type B. 1924, 33), by Meyer and Gunnison (Jour.
Rods, 0.5 to 0.8 by 3.0 to 8.0 microns, with Inf. Dis., 45, 1929, 96 and 108) and by Gun-
rounded ends, occurring singlj^, in pairs and nison and Meyer (Jour. Inf. Dis., 4-5, 1929,
in short to occasionally^ long chains. Spores 130) into a non-ovolytic (Clostridium botu-
linum) and an ovolytic {Clostridium para- though Seddon-toxin is neutralized by Type

hotulinum) group. Authorities are not yet Ca antitoxin (Pfenninger, Jour. Inf. Dis.,
in agreement on fermentations and on var- 35, 1924, 347).
iant sub-types, and the present groupings Pathogenic for animals.
are only tentative and are subject to re- Comments: Clostridium botulinum Type C
vision. Meyer and Gunnison cite some 15 may be regarded as a variety of Clostridium
sub-types on the basis of toxicity, agglutina- botulinum as it has morphological and cul-
tion and fermentation. Many authors have tural characters very similar to those of the
ignored the Bengtson system of classifica- van Ermengem strain. Only divergent or
tion and thus have referred incorrectly to additional characters are recorded here.
Clostridium botulinum in reporting data for Source: Isolated from the larvae of the
the ovolytic types. blue-bottle fly (Lucilia caesar). Produces
Source: Unknown. Culture received limberneck in chickens.
through Reddish from Robertson as Bacillus Habitat: Not determined.
botulinus No. 94, Strain A, Institute of In-
fectious Diseases at Berlin. Similar strains 22b. Clostridium botulinum Type D,
have been isolated from canned foods. Meyer and Gunnison, 1928. (Clostridium
Habitat: Probably occurs in soil. parabotulimis bovis Theiler, Viljoen, Green,
Du Toit, Meier and Robinson, Union So.
22a. Clostridium botulinum Type C, Africa, Dept. Agr., 11th and 12th Repts. of
Spray, 1948. (Toxin-producing anaerobe, the Dir. Vet. Educ. and Res., Part II, 1927,
Bengtson, U. S. Public Health Repts., 37, 1202; Meyer and Gunnison, Proc. Soc. Exp.
1922, 164 and 2252; Bacillus botulinus Type Biol, and Med., 26, 1928-29, 88; not Clostri-
C, Bengtson, ibid., 38; also see U. S. Public dium botulinum Type D, Weinberg and
Health Serv., Hyg. Lab. Bull. 136, 1924, 7; Ginsbourg, Donnês Recentes sur les Mic-
Clostridium luciliae Bergey et al.. Manual, robes Anaer., Paris, 1927; not Clostridium
1st ed., 1923, 336; Spray, in Manual, 6th ed., botulinum Type D, Willems, Acta Biol.
1948, 779.) Belg., 1, 1941, 353; also see Meyer and Gun-
Rods, 0.5 to 0.8 by 3.0 to 6.0 microns, com- nison, Jour. Inf. Dis., J^B, 1929, 106; and
monly slightly curved. Eales and Turner, Austral. Jour. Exp. Biol,
Agar surface growth (anaerobic) : Very and Med. Sci., 30, 1952, 295.)
scant, thin. Straight rods, 0.9 to 2.0 by 3.0 to 9.0 mi-
Glucose agar deep colonies: Fluffy, with- crons, with rounded ends, sometimes pleo-
out central nucleus. Gas not produced. morphic with curved or bent forms mixed
Liver agar deep colonies: Lenticular, be- with large, thick, straight forms, occurring
coming loosely fluffy. Gas is produced. singly, in pairs or in short chains. Large,
Agar stab: Slight growth. No gas. ovoid, terminal or subterminal spores,
Broth: Scant growth. slightly distending the cells. Motile, proba-
Milk: Slowly increasing acidity; no coagu- bly by means of peritrichous flagella, in
lation; no digestion. young cultures examined anaerobically.
Acid and gas from glucose, fructose, galac- Gram-positive.
tose, maltose, glycerol and inositol. Dextrin
Iron-gelatin (Spray) or gelatin in peptic
is weakly fermented. Sucrose, lactose, rafii-
nose, inulin, adonitol, dulcitol, mannitol, digest broth: Liquefaction.
xylose, arabinose, rhamnose and salicin not Glucose rabbit blood agar surface colo-
fermented. nies: Round, slightly granular, lobulate,
Strictly anaerobic. faintly gray, glistening; possess blunt proc-
esses and fine outgrowths with thicker nodes
Grows well at 37° C.
A powerful exotoxin is produced which at intervals; no hemolysis.
is neurotoxic both on injection and feeding. Liver agar deep colonies: Large, fluffy
Toxin is neutralized by homologous (Type with dense centers.
Ca) antitoxin, but not by Bacillus para- Beef heart broth: Good growth with mod-
botulinus Seddon (Type C/3) antitoxin, al- erate gas production. Rapid sedimentation
of cells. Meat reddened but not softened. Gelatin: Liquefaction (probably slowly
Butyric odor. and not completely).
Milk (plain): Unchanged. Peptone beef infusion broth with ground
Iron milk (Spray) : Clotted and pepto- meat: Slightly turbid, clearing on continued
nized. incubation; gas production marked in young
Indole production slight, if at all. cultures; meat not digested.
Hydrogen sulfide produced in bismuth Milk : No change or slightly acid without
carbonate agar. action on casein.
Acid but no gas from glucose, fructose, Acid and gas from glucose, fructose, su-
maltose, inositol and galactose. Arabinose, crose, maltose, adonitol, sorbitol and inosi-
xjdose, rhamnose, trehalose, rafiinose, inu- tol. Lactose, raffinose, rhamnose, galactose,
lin, glycogen, erythritol, adonitol, mannitol, mannitol, inulin and dulcitol are not fer-
dulcitol, sorbitol, amygdalin and salicin mented. Reports vary on arabinose, xylose,
not fermented. Results with different base glycerol, salicin and dextrin.
media vary with lactose, sucrose and dex- Coagulated egg medium: No digestion.
trin. Coagulated serum: No digestion on origi-
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. nal isolation.
Coagulated serum: No clearing. Human or sheep blood agar surface colo-
Coagulated egg albumin: Cleared but not nies: Small, flat, translucent, faintly gray,
dissolved. with smooth or irregular edges. Sometimes
Brain medium with iron: No blackening. with slightly raised centers. Tendency to
Strictly anaerobic. form film on moist agar. Reports on hemoly-
sis vary.
Exotoxin produced in beef heart mash Brain medium: No blackening or diges-
which is toxic by injection or feeding. Toxin tion.
neutralized by type D antitoxin but not by Strictly anaerobic.
types A, B, C or E. Mice, guinea pigs and Optimum temperature, probably between
rabbits are susceptible to toxin on injection 25° and 30° C.
or feeding. Monkeys are susceptible on in- Produces an exotoxin potent by injection
jection but are resistant to feeding, Chick- or feeding. Toxin neutralized by type E anti-
ens not susceptible on injection. Non-toxic toxin but not by tj^pes A, B, C or D. Mice,
substrains are frequently encountered. guinea pigs, rabbits and kittens susceptible
Source: Isolated from South African on injection. Susceptibility of chickens
"Lamziekte" of cattle and from Australian varies with the strain.
soil. Source: Isolated from Russian sturgeon,
Habitat: Probably soil. German canned sprats. Nova Scotian
smoked salmon, canned California mush-
22c. Clostridium boiulinum Type E, Gun- rooms, Canadian canned salmon, canned
nison et al., 1936. (Gunnison, Cummings salmon eggs, Canadian pickled herring,
and Meyer, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol, and Med., canned chicken, soil contaminated with
chicken feces, mud and sand.
85, 1936, 278.)
Habitat: Not determined.
Description taken from Gunnison, Cum-
mings and Meyer (loc. cit.), Hazen (Proc. 23. Clostridium limosum Prevot, 1948.
Soc. Exp. Biol, and Med., 50, 1942, 112), (Ann. Inst. Past., 74, 1948, 165.)
Dolman and Kerr (Canad. Jour. Pub.
li.mo'sum. L. adj. litnosus full of mud or
Health, 38, 1947, 48) and Dolman, Chang, slime, slimy; (probably intended to mean)
Kerr and Shearer (Canad. Jour. Pub. from mud.
Health, 4/, 1950,215). Rods, 0.7 by 3.0 microns, with rounded
Rods, 4.0 to 6.0 microns in length, with ends, occurring singly, in pairs and occasion-
rounded ends, often vacuolated. Spores ally in short chains. Spores subterminal,
large, ovoid, subterminal, very slightly clostridial. Motile. Gram-positive.
swelling the cells. Motile. Gram-positive. Gelatin: Liquefaction.
657
Agar deep colonies: Lenticular, small. Potato: Creamy yellow growth. Potato
Milk: Digested in four days. digested to a yellow slime.
VF glucose broth: Abundantly turbid; Maize mash: Much gas with butj-lic odor.
sediment; weakly acid. Indole not produced.
Indole and skatole not produced. Hydrogen sulfide produced from thio-
Hydrogen sulfide produced in small sulfate or sulfite; generally negative from
amounts. proteinaceous sources.
Glucose and galactose weakly fermented. Acid and gas from arabinose, xylose,
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. rhamnose, glucose, galactose, mannose,
Coagulated proteins: Not attacked. fructose, sucrose, maltose, lactose, raffinose,
Strictly anaerobic. melezitose, starch, dextrin, inulin, glj-cogen,
Optimum temperature, 37° C. d-mannitol, alpha-methyl-glucoside and
Not pathogenic for guinea pigs. salicin. Esculin, amygdalin and trehalose
Source: Isolated from mud from an Afri- are weakly fermented. Melibiose, dulcitol,
can lagoon. d-arabitol, perseitol, lactositol, sorbitol,
Habitat: Presumably soil. erythritol, adonitol, inositol, quercitol,
glycerol, pectin and cellulose are not fer-
24. Clostridium acetobutylicuni ISIc- mented.
Coy et al., 1926. (McCoy, Fred, Peterson and Fermentation products include acetone,
Hastings, Jour. Inf. Dis., 39, 1926, 483; also butyl and ethyl alcohols, butyric and acetic
see ibid., 46, 1930, 118.) acids, H2 and CO2 .
a.ce.to.bu.ty'li.cum. L. noun acetum Acetylmethylcarbinol produced from
vinegar; Gr. noun hutyrum butter; M.L. many carbohydrates.
adj. butylicum butjdic, having the butyl Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Ni-
radical, as in butyl alcohol; M.L. adj. aceto- trites reduced to ammonia.
butylicus acetic acid and butyl alcohol (-pro- Atmospheric nitrogen is fixed, though less
ducing). actively than by Clostridium pasteurianum
Straight rods, with rounded ends, occur- Winogradsky (Rosenblum and Wilson, Jour.
ring singly and in pairs but not in chains. Bact., 57, 1949, 413).
The vegetative cells measure 0.6 to 0.72 by Coagulated albumin cubes: Softened and
2.6 to 4.7 microns, the Clostridia, 1.3 to 1.6 browned by slow digestion.
by 4.7 to 5.5 microns. Spores ovoid, eccentric Blood agar: No hemolysis.
to subterminal, swelling the cells to Clos- Blood serum: No liquefaction.
tridia. Not encapsulated. Motile by means Brain medium: No blackening or diges-
of peritrichous fiagella. Granulose-positive tion.
in clostridial stage. Gram-positive, becom- Anaerobic.
ing Gram-negative. Optimum temperature, probably about
Glucose-gelatin : Liquefaction. 37° C. Grows between 20° and 47° C.
Glucose agar surface colonies (anaerobic) : Not pathogenic for guinea pigs or rabbits.
Compact, raised, fairlj^ regular. Source: Isolated from maize, molasses,
Glucose agar deep colonies: Compact, potatoes and garden soil.
typically lenticular and smooth. Agar frag- Habitat: Widely, but apparently sparsely,
mented early by abundant gas. dispersed in agricultural soils.
Pigmentation: None. Colonies creamy
white, opaque. 25. Clostridium laniganii McClung and
Plain broth: No growth. McCoy, nom. nov. (Tj^pe II of retting Clos-
Glucose broth: Abundantly and uniformly tridia, Lanigan, Austral. Jour. Sci. Re-
turbid; much gas produced. search, Ser. B, Biol. Sci., 4, 1951, 474.)
Litmus milk: Acid and active, often la.ni.gan'i.i. M.L. gen. noun laniganii of
stormy, coagulation. Litmus reduced. Clot Lanigan; named for Lanigan, the first to
fragmented by gas but not visibly digested. isolate this species.
Proteolysis demonstrable, however, on Medium-sized rods with markedly incom-
milk agar. plete fission at 24 hours; by 48 hours the
chains and filaments disappear. Straight to Source: Isolated from Australian flax.
slightly curved rods, 0.6 to 0.8 by 2.0 to 7.0 Habitat: Presumably soil.
microns, with rounded ends. Elliptical, ter-
minal spores (arise subterminally), 1.1 by 26. Clostridium aerofoetidum (Wein
1.8 to 2.0 microns. Motile. Gram-positive in berg and Seguin, 1916) Bergey et al., 1923
young cultures. (Bacille D, Weinberg, Compt. rend. Soc
Glucose-gelatin: Liquefaction within Biol., Paris, 79, 1916, 117; Bacillus aero
seven to twenty-one days. foetidus Weinberg and Seguin, ibid., 1028
Agar slant: Little or no growth. Bergey et al., Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 327.)
Glucose jêast agar surface colonies : Irreg- a.e.ro.foe'ti.dum. Gr. noun aer air, gas
ular outline with woolly or myceloid margin. L. adj. foetidus with a bad odor, fetid; M.L.
On moist agar there is a marked tendency adj. aerofoetidus with bad-smelling gas.
to spread forming effuse, amoeboid projec- Rods, 0.4 to 0.6 by 3.0 to 5.0 microns, oc-
tions. Center of colony grayish white, curring singly, in pairs and in short chains.
opaque, low convex with an effuse trans- Spores rare, ovoid, subterminal, slightly
lucent marginal zone. swelling the cells. Motile by means of pe-
Glucose yeast agar deep colonies: Spher- ritrichous flagella. Gram-positive.
ical, woolly balls, 1.0 mm in diameter; me- Gelatin: Rapid liquefaction.
dium split by gas evolved. Agar surface colonies (anaerobic) : Circu-
Glucose yeast agar slant: Abundant lar, transparent, with faint, bluish tint,
growth; filiform on dry slants; spreading, fimbriate.
with finger-like projections on moist me- Agar deep colonies: Lenticular, becoming
dium. Slightly raised, smooth, glistening indented and lobate.
with butyrous center. Egg yolk agar surface colonies : Irregular,
Glucose yeast broth: Heavily turbid; flat, somewhat moist, slightly rough, color-
heavy, amorphous deposit; much gas. Dis- less, without precipitate or luster.
tinct odor of butanol. Glucose broth: Turbid; sediment.
Litmus milk: Acid; reduction; gas and Litmus milk: Acid; slow coagulation fol-
clot; frequently stormy coagulation; no lowed by slow peptonization. Gas is pro-
digestion. duced.
Potato mash: Active fermentation with Acid and gas from glucose, fructose, galac-
"head"; complete diastatic action. tose, mannose, maltose, lactose, xylose,
Indole not produced. amygdalin, salicin, esculin and glycogen.
Hydrogen sulfide produced in small to Sucrose, inulin, glycerol and mannitol not
moderate amounts in glucose yeast agar in fermented.
three to seven days. Nitrites produced from nitrates (Reed,
Acid and gas from glucose, galactose, Jour. Bact., 44, 1942, 425).
maltose, sucrose, lactose, starch and pectin. Coagulated albumin: Slow liquefaction.
Inulin, mannitol, glycerol and calcium lac- Blood agar: No hemolysis.
tate not attacked.
Blood serum: Liquefaction.
Active retting of flax sterilized in yeast Brain medium: Blackened and digested.
water.
Meat medium: Reddened, then blackened
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Ni- and slowly digested.
trites reduced, presumably to ammonia, in Anaerobic.
two to three days.
Coagulated egg albumin: No visible effect Optimum temperature, between 30° and
but, after several days, slight softening is 35° C.
usually detected by probing. Slightly pathogenic for guinea pigs.
Brain medium: Some gas; no blackening Source: Isolated from gaseous gangrene
or digestion. and from feces.
Anaerobic. Habitat: Not determined. Probably oc-
Grows well between 30° and 37° C. curs in soil.
FAMILY XIIT. BACILLACEAE
659
27. Clostridium sporogenes (Metch- and digested with foul odor. Gas is pro-
nikoff, 1908) Bergey et al., 1923. (Bacillus duced.
sporogenes var. A, Metchnikoff, Ann. Inst. Anaerobic.
Past., 22, 1908, 944; not Bacillus sporogenes Optimum temperature, 37° C. Growth
Migula, Syst. d. Bakt., 2, 1900, 560; Bergey occurs at 50° C.
et al.. Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 329; not Clostri- Filtrate is non-toxic on injection or on
feeding.
dium sporogenes Holland, Jour. Bact., 5,
1920, 220.) Not pathogenic for guinea pigs or rabbits
spo.ro'ge.nes. Gr. noun sporus seed; M.L. other than producing a slight, temporary,
noun spora a spore; Gr. v. gennaio to pro- local tumefaction.
duce; M.L. adj. sporogenes spore-producing. Source: Isolated from intestinal contents,
Rods, 0.6 to 0.8 by 3.0 to 7.0 microns, with gaseous gangrene and from soil.
rounded ends, occurring singly, in pairs or, Habitat : Common in soil , especially where
less frequently, in short to long chains and heavily manured.
filaments. Spores ovoid, eccentric to sub-
terminal, swelling the cells. Motile by means 28. Clostridium parabotulinum Bengt-
of peritrichous flagella. Gram-positive. son, 1924. (Bengtson, U. S. Public Health
Gelatin: Liquefaction and blackening. Serv., Hyg. Lab. Bull. 136, 1924, 32; Types
Agar surface colonies (anaerobic) : Small, A and B, Burke, Jour. Bact., 4, 1919, 556;
irregular, transparent, becoming opaque, Clostridium botulinum Types A and B, Ber-
yellowish white, fimbriate. gey et al.. Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 328.)
Agar deep colonies: Woolly balls with pa.ra.bo.tu.li'num. Gr. pref. para be-
dense, nodular centers. side, by; M.L. noun botulinum a specific
Egg yolk agar surface colonies : Irregular, epithet; M.L. adj. parabotulinus (Clostri-
roughened, dry, cream-colored, with pre- dium) botulinum-like .
cipitate under colony and rarely spreading Rods, 0.5 to 0.8 by 3.0 to 8.0 microns, with
beyond. A slight luster covers the colony rounded ends, occurring singly, in pairs and
but does not extend beyond. in short chains. Spores ovoid, subterminal,
Agar slant (anaerobic) : Grayish, opaque, distinctly swelling the cells. Motile by
spreading growth. means of peritrichous flagella. Gram-posi-
tive.
Broth: Turbid; gas is produced; putrid
odor. Gelatin: Liquefaction.
Litmus milk: Softly coagulated. Litmus Liver agar surface growth (anaerobic) :
reduced. Slow peptonization, leaving a dark, Profuse, moist.
amber-colored liquid. Liver agar deep colonies: Type A tend to
Indole not produced (Hall, Jour. Inf. be restricted to compact discs, with sharp
Dis., 30, 1922, 482). Skatole produced. outline and small, opaque nucleus at pe-
Acid and gas from glucose, fructose, galac- riphery. Type B tend rather to form loose,
tose and maltose. Lactose, sucrose, salicin, woolly colonies (indicative only).
glj^cerol, mannitol and inulin not fermented. Egg yolk agar surface colonies: (Types A
(Records vary on many sugars.) and B) Raised, irregularly edged, covered
Nitrates rapidly reduced; nitrites absent
with a luster which extends in a regular cir-
(Reed, Jour. Bact., U, 1942, 425).
cle slightly beyond the colony edge and
Atmospheric nitrogen not fixed (Rosen-
blum and Wilson, Jour. Bact., 57, 1949, 413). area of precipitation under the colony and
luster zone. Radial striations not so marked
Coagulated albumin: Liquefaction.
Blood agar: Hemolysis. as with Clostridium noviji Bergey et al.
Blood serum: Liquefied to a dark, putrid Broth: Fairly abundant, diffuse turbidity.
liquid. Many strains spontaneously agglutinate.
Brain medium: Blackened and digested. Liver broth: Luxuriantly turbid. Profuse
Foul odor.
Meat medium: Reddened, then blackened Milk: Slight acidity; slow, curdling pre-
gas.
cipitation with subsequent digestion and non-acid, canned goods, from soil and from
darkening. silage.
Acid and gas from glucose, fructose, malt- Habitat: Found rather widely dispersed
ose, dextrin, glycerol and salicin. Galactose, in soil.
sucrose, lactose, rhamnose, rafiinose, inulin,
adonitol, dulcitol, mannitol, xylose, arabi- 29. Clostridium caproicum Prevot,
nose and inositol not fermented (Bengtson, 1938. (Bacillus anaerobicus der Capronsaure-
op. cit., 1924, 22-25). Fermentation records gruppe, Rodella, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt.,
are variable. 16, 1906, 58; Pr6vot, Ann. Inst. Past., 61,
Coagulated albumin: Liquefaction. Ac- 1938, 84; Bacillus anaerobicus caproicus Pre-
tion of Type B usually more marked than vot, Man. d. Class, et d. D^term. d. Bact.
that of Type A. Anaerob., 1940, 140.)
Blood serum: Liquefaction. ca.pro'i.cum. M.L. noun acidum capro-
Brain medium: Blackened and digested icum caproic acid; M.L. adj. caproicus per-
with putrefactive odor. taining to caproic acid.
Meat medium: Blackened and digested. Straight rods, 3.0 to 8.0 microns, with
Putrefactive odor. Tyrosine crystals not square ends. Spores ovoid, clostridial. Mo-
observed. tile. Gram-positive.
Anaerobic. Gelatin: Liquefaction in 48 hours.
Optimum temperature, between 35° and Agar deep colonies: Woolly, arborescent.
37° C. Liquid media: Filamentous growth with
A powerful exotoxin is produced which is viscous sediment. Gas produced with a fetid
neurotoxic both on injection and on feeding odor.
and which is neutralized only by the homolo- Milk: Digested in two to three days.
gous type antitoxin. Toxin production best Indole produced in small amounts.
at about 28° C. Hydrogen sulfide produced.
Pathogenic for animals. Glucose, fructose, maltose and sorbitol
Distinctive characters: This group com- fermented. Lactose, galactose, sucrose,
prises the putrefactive (ovolytic) species, mannitol, inulin and starch not attacked.
including strains commonly referred to as Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Mem-phis and Canton (Type A), and Nevin Coagulated egg albunain : Slowly attacked
(Type B). Growth of these types is more but not completely digested.
easily obtained than with the Clostridium Fibrin incompletely digested.
botulinwn strains, and the reactions are Coagulated serum: Digested in three to
more obvious. Types are identified chiefly eight days.
by protection tests with known-type anti- Anaerobic.
toxin and, to a lesser extent, by agglutina- Distinctive characters: Produces caproic
tion. and acetic acids. Differs from Clostridium
Comments: Many authors have ignored kluyveri Barker and Taha, which does not
the Bengtson system of classification and grow in the usual media.
thus have referred incorrectly to Clostridium Source: Isolated from cheese.
botulinum (q.v., comments) in reporting Habitat: Mud (Prevot, Zimmes, Peyre
data for the ovolytic types. Gunnison and and Lanthiez, Ann. Inst. Past., 73, 1947,
222).
Meyer (Jour. Inf. Dis., 43, 1929, 130) pro-
pose an intermediate group between Clos-
tridium botulinum and Clostridium para- 30. Clostridium saccharoacetoperbu-
botulinum which they call Clostridium tylicum Beesch, 1948. (Clostridium sac-
metabotulinum. Such a group would pro- charo-acetoperbutylicum (sic) Beesch, U. S.
visionally include certain European Type B Letters Pat., 2,439,791, April 20, 1948.)
strains, the Australian Type C strain, cer- sac.char.o.a.ce.to.per.bu.tyl'i.cum. Gr.
tain American Type C strains and the South noun saccharum sugar; L. noun acidum aceti-
African Type D strain. cum acetic acid; L. pref. per much, exceed-
Source: Isolated chiefly from spoiled, ingly; L. adj. butylicus pertaining to the
661
butyl radical; M.L. adj. saccharoacetoperbu- ibid., 83, 1931, 11; MacLennan, Jour. Path,
tylicus (probably intended to mean) the and Bact., 49, 1939, 543.)
organism which ferments sugar with the has.ti.for'me. L. noun hasta a spear; L.
production of acetic acid and an abundance noun forma shape, form; M.L. adj. hasti-
of butjd alcohol. formis spear-shaped.
Short and long rods, 0.7 to 3.8 by 2.3 to Slender rods, 0.3 to 0.6 by 2.0 to 6.0 mi-
12.8 microns, the majority measuring 1.6 crons, with rounded ends, occurring singly,
by 5.3 microns, with rounded ends, occur- in pairs and rarely in short chains. Fila-
ring singly, in pairs or in chains. Sporangia ments not observed. Spores ellipsoidal, sub-
are spindle-shaped, clavate. Spores cylindri- terminal, swelling the cells. Polar-cap of
cal with rounded ends or ovoid, the majority protoplasm remains long attached to free
measuring 1.1 by 2.6 microns, subterminal spores. Motile by means of delicate, pe-
to terminal. Motile by means of peritrichous ritrichous flagella; motility persists even
flagella. Granulose-positive when stained after sporulation. Gram-positive.
with iodine. Gram-positive. Gelatin: Rapid liquefaction. Blackening
Gelatin: Liquefaction. not recorded.
Agar surface colonies : Circular to irregu- Plain agar surface colonies (anaerobic) :
lar, both rough and smooth, entire and Minute, translucent dots, becoming irregu-
lobar-lobulate edges, convex, translucent larly round, granular, grayish white, with
to opaque. opaque center and delicate, translucent
Agar slant: Growth abundant, scattered border.
to spreading, glistening, non-pigmented to Plain agar deep colonies: Small, irregu-
a light cream color; butylic odor; viscid larly round with coarsely filamentous bor-
consistency. der. A little gas is occasionally produced.
Broth: No growth. Broth: Transient, uniform turbidity,
Litmus milk: Acid reaction with an acid quickly settling as a heavy, white, flocculent
curd in 15 days. Slight peptonization. deposit. Culture assumes a cheesy odor.
Potato slant: Growth spreading, glisten- Milk: Abundant growth with lab-coagu-
ing, abundant, non-pigmented to light lation in 2 to 3 days. No increase in acidity,
cream color; butylic odor; viscid consis- becoming slightly alkaline. Clot completely
tency. digested in 10 to 14 days, leaving a white,
Indole not produced. semi-translucent fluid of cheesy odor.
Hydrogen sulfide produced in trace Indole not produced.
amounts, if at all. Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Acid and gas from arabinose, xylose, glu- Glucose and other carbohj^drates not fer-
cose, fructose, galactose, mannose, lactose, mented.
sucrose, maltose, raffinose, maize starch, Ammonia not produced.
soluble starch, inulin, glycogen, salicin, Egg medium: No digestion or other visible
alpha-methyl -glucoside, melibiose and dex- change.
trin. Trehalose, inositol, rhamnose, melezi- Coagulated albumin: No digestion or
tose, glycerol, erythritol, mannitol, sorbitol, blackening.
dulcitol and esculin not attacked. Blood agar surface colonies (anaerobic) :
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Same as on plain agar, but larger and more
Optimum temperature, between 29° and opaque. Old colonies show grayish pigmen-
31° C. tation. No hemolysis.
Optimum pH, between 5.5 and 6.3. Blood serum: No digestion or blackening.
Anaerobic. Meat medium: No digestion or blacken-
Source: Isolated from maize husk. ing, even in the presence of metallic iron.
Habitat: Probably soil. Meat particles slightly reddened.
Brain medium: No digestion or blacken-
ing.
31. Clostridium hastifornie MacLen-
nan, 1939. (A4, Cunningham, Zent. f. Bakt., Anaerobic.
II Abt., 82, 1930-31, 487; B4a, Cunningham, Grows well between 22° and 37° C.
Not pathogenic for guinea pigs on subcu- 33. Clostridium lactoacetophilum

taneous inoculation (Cunningham, op. cit., Bhat and Barker, 1947. (Jour. Bact., 54,
1931, 12). 1947, 384.)
Source: Originally isolated by Cunning- lac.to.a.ce.to'phi.lum. L. noun lactosum
ham as a dissociant from a culture of Bacil- lactose; L. noun acidum aceticum acetic acid;
lus saccharobutyricus von Klecki. Later iso- Gr. adj. philus loving; M.L. adj. lactoaceto-
lated by MacLennan, 1 strain from a culture philus loving a combination of lactate and
of Clostridium sporogenes and 2 strains from acetate.
street dust. Rods, 0.7 to 0.9 by 3.0 to 8.0 microns, oc-
Habitat: Not determined. curring singly, in pairs and occasionally
in short chains. Spores ovoid, 1.1 by 1.5 mi-
32. Clostridium subterminale (Hall crons, subterminal, swelling the cells. Not
and Whitehead, 1927) Spray, 1948. {Bacillus encapsulated. Motile by means of peritri-
subterminalis Hall and Whitehead, Jour. Inf. chous flagella. Gram-positive, becoming
Dis., 41, 1927, 66; Spray, in Manual, 6th ed., Gram-negative.
1948, 786.) Colonies: Generally compact, fluffy, dark
sub.ter.mi.na'le. L. pref. sub under; L. gray spheres composed of filamentous out-
adj. terminalis terminal; M.L. adj. subter- growths; coarsely lobed, rough-edged, even-
minalis near the end or tip, subterminal. tually reaching a diameter of 1 to 2 mm.
Rods occurring singly, in pairs and rarely Colonies rubbery mucoid.
in short chains. Spores ovoid, subterminal, Iron-milk: Slightly acidified without clot-
swelling the cells. Motile. Gram-positive. ting; little gas produced.
Gelatin: Slow liquefaction with slight Indole not produced.
turbidity and black sediment. Hydrogen sulfide produced in slight
Agar deep colonies: Opaque, compact, amounts.
biconvex or lobate discs. Glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose,
Agar slant (anaerobic) : No surface xylose, arabinose, rhamnose, lactose, su-
growth. crose, maltose, trehalose, raffinose, dextrin,
Glucose broth: Turbid; no acid or gas glycogen, starch, xylan, mannitol, inositol,
produced. inulin, sorbitol and dulcitol are readily fer-
Milk: Slowly coagulated (2 to 3 days), mented (yeast autolysate basal medium).
with mild acidity and gas. Slow but com- Glycerol and lactate not attacked in basal
plete digestion of casein (8 to 18 days). medium unless 0.8 per cent sodium acetate
Indole not produced. is added.
Glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose and Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
lactose not fermented. Atmospheric nitrogen fixed, though not
Blood agar surface colonies (anaerobic) : as actively as by Clostridium pasieurianum
Delicate. At first mildly, later actively, Winogradsky (Rosenblum and Wilson, Jour.
hemolytic. Bact., 57, 1949, 413).
Brain medium: Slightly turbid in super- Anaerobic.
natant fluid. Slight gas production and slow Optimum temperature, approximately
digestion. 39° C; growth range, 16° to 46° C.
Iron brain medium: Blackening in 2 to 3 Chemical tolerance: Optimum pH, be-
days. tween 6.2 and 7.4; pH range, 5.6 to 8.4.
Tyrosine crystals not observable. Distinctive character: Ferments lactate,
Anaerobic. producing butyric acid.
Grows well at 37° C. Source: Isolated from soil.
Not pathogenic for guinea pigs on sub- Habitat: Soil.
cutaneous injection.
Source: Isolated from an African arrow- 34. Clostridium kaneboi Nakahama
head. and Harada, 1949. (Jour. Agr. Chem. Soc.
Habitat: Not determined. Japan, 23, 1949, 178.)
663
ka.ne'bo.i. Etymology Japanese, mean- pionicum propionic acid; M.L. adj. propion-
ing unknown. icus pertaining to propionic acid.
Straight rods, 0.3 to 0.8 by 2.0 to 7.0 mi- Spindle-shaped rods, 0.8 by 3.0 microns,
crons, with rounded ends, occurring singly occurring singly or more commonly in pairs.
or in chains of two to four cells. Sporangia Spores ovoid, terminal or subterminal,
spindle-shaped, 1.2 to 1.5 bj' 5.0 to 7.0 mi- slightly swelling the cells; separate from
crons. Spores ovoid, 1.1 to 1.5 by 1.9 to 2.4 sporangium soon after being formed. Spores
microns, central to subterminal. Motile. do not form readily. Motile by means of
Gram-positive. peritrichous flagella. Gram-negative.
Sugar agar surface colonies: Circular, 2 to Complex nitrogenous or carbohydrate-
5 mm in diameter, raised, moist, smooth containing medium without added alanine:
edges, pale yellow-white, odor of solvents. No growth.
Subsurface colonies: Spherical, smooth, Alanine peptone yeast extract agar deep
gummy, splitting the agar. colonies: Lens-shaped with smooth edges.
Cane sugar broth: Good growth; turbid; Liquid medium: Uniformly turbid with
slight acidity; rich sporulation; abundant gradual clearing in three to four days.
slime; liquid is j-ellow-white, milky, semi- Glucose not attacked.
translucent with a fragrant odor. Alanine and other fermentations yield
Maize, cut yam, soybean mash: Good propionic acid.
growth; turbid, with slime. Catalase-negative.
Litmus milk : Good growth ; gas ; acid coag- Anaerobic.
ulation.
Potato slants (anaerobic, 5-day incuba- 37° C.
tion at 37° C): Colonies yellow-brown, 2 Optimum pH, between 7.0 and 7.4. Growth
mm in diameter, moist, irregular. range, pH 5.8 to 8.6.
Indole not produced. Source: Isolated from black mud from
Hydrogen sulfide is produced. San Francisco Bay.
Xylose, 1-arabinose, glucose, fructose, Habitat: Presumably mud.
mannose, galactose, sucrose, maltose, lac-
tose, alpha-methj'l-d-glucoside, starch, dex- 36. Clostridium setiense (Prevot and
trin, inulin, glycogen, mannitol and salicin Raynaud, 1944) McClung and McCoj-, comb.
are fermented. Trehalose and pectin weakly nov. {Inflabilis setiensis Prdvot and Ray-
fermented. Rhamnose, rafiinose, glycerol, naud, Ann. Inst. Past., 70, 1944, 51.)
dulcitol, calcium lactate, melibiose and se.ti.en'se. M.L. adj. setiensis (probably
sorbitol not attacked. intended to mean) pertaining to Setia, Italy.
Products of carbohydrate fermentation Rods, 0.7 by 1.5 to 2.0 microns. Spores
are acetone, butanol and ethanol. subterminal, clostridial. Non-motile. Gram-
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. positive.
Anaerobic. Gelatin: No liquefaction.
Agar deep colonies: Lenticular; gas.
Optimum temperature, 37° C; no growth Glucose broth: Turbid; non-fetid gas.
at 45° C. Peptone broth: Poor growth.
Optimum pH, between 5.6 and 6.7; growth Milk: Not coagulated.
range, pH 4.2 to 9.1. Indole not produced.
Source: Isolated from soil and from sugar Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
cane plant. Glucose, fructose, galactose, lactose,
Habitat: Probably soil. maltose, sucrose, .xylose, arabinose and
glycerol fermented.
35. Clostridium propionicum Cardon Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
and Barker, 1946. (Jour. Bact., 52, 1946, Coagulated proteins: Not attacked.
631.) Anaerobic.
pro.pi.o'ni.cum. M.L. noun acidum pro- Optimum pH, between 7.3 and 8.8.
Not pathogenic for guinea pigs. director of the Institut intercolonial d'Adio-
Source: Isolated from oysters.
podoum6.
In liquid media, short, very thick rods,
Habitat : Found in oysters so far as known.
1.6 to 1.8 by 3.0 to 4.0 microns, often ovoid,
37. Clostridium tale (Prevot at al., with rounded ends, occurring most often
1947) McClung and McCoy, comb. nov. (In- in chains. On agar the rods are longer, 6.0
flabilis talis Prevot, Digeon, Peyr6, Pan- to 8.0 microns, often occurring in chains or
taloon and Senez, Ann. Inst. Past., 73, 1947, filaments. Clostridial spores are formed.
416.) Non-motile. Gram-positive.
ta'le. L. adj. talis such, so great, so ex- Gelatin: Liquefaction in 24 hours.
cellent. Agar deep colonies : Irregular, with woolly
Straight rods, 0.7 to 0.8 by 3.0 to 5.0 mi- edges, sometimes arborescent; little gas.
crons. Spores subterminal, swelling the cells. Glucose broth: Abundant, flocculating
Not encapsulated. Non-motile. Gram-posi- growth depositing a viscous mass. Foul odor.
tive. Milk: Digested in 24 hours.
Gelatin: Liquefaction. Indole and a little skatole are produced.
Agar deep colonies: Lenticular with ten- Hydrogen sulfide abundantly produced.
dency to become irregular, evolving putrid Glucose and maltose are fermented. Lac-
gas. tose, galactose, arabinose and starch are
Peptone broth: Slightly turbid. not attacked.
VF glucose broth: Abundantly turbid; Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
much gas; marked putrid odor. Coagulated serum, fibrin and coagulated
Milk: Coagulated in one to several days, egg white are slowly attacked and become
then digested. transparent but are not liquefied.
Indole produced in trace amounts. Anaerobic.
Glucose, fructose, galactose, sucrose,
sorbitol and glycerol fermented with the Not pathogenic for guinea pigs.
production of gas. Source: Isolated from African soil.
Nitrites produced from nitrates (in pres- Habitat: Soil.
ence of maltose) by one strain.
Coagulated protein: Slowly and partially 39. Clostridium lituseburense (Pre-
attacked. vot, 1948) McClung and McCoy, comb. nov.
Anaerobic. {Inflabilis litus-eburense (sic) Prevot, Ann.
Pathogenicity variable. One strain is Inst. Past., 74, 1948, 167.)
pathogenic for guinea pigs without proli.tus.e.bu.ren'se. L. noun litus coast;
ducing local lesions but with hepatic degen- L. noun ebur ivory; M.L. adj. lituseburensis
eration and pulmonary congestion. Toxin, pertaining to the Ivory Coast.
on inti'avenous injection, kills mouse in Straight rods, 1.0 by 4.0 to 6.0 microns,
several seconds. with rounded ends, occurring in short
Agglutination: Sera are strain-specific. chains. Subterminal, clostridial spores.
Source: Isolated from an acute appendix Non-motile. Gram-positive.
and from canned fish. Gelatin: Complete liquefaction in 24
Habitat: From decomposing organic mat- hours.
ter, so far as known. Agar deep colonies: Woolly; gas is pro-
duced.
38. Clostridium mangenotii (PrOvot Peptone broth: Slightly turbid; gas.
and Zimmes-Chaverou, 1947) McClung and VF glucose broth: Abundantly turbid;
McCoy, comb. nov. {Inflabilis mangenoti gas; foul odor; non-coherent, slimy sedi-
(sic) Prevot and Zimmes-Chaverou, Ann. ment.
Inst. Past., 73, 1947, 603.) Milk: Coagulated with rapid digestion.
man . ge . no'ti . i. M.L. gen. noun mangenotii Indole and skatole not produced.
of Mangenot; named for Prof. Mangenot, Hydrogen sulfide produced.
Glucose, fructose, maltose, galactose and Broth: Turbid; gas produced. Thick,
sorbitol are fermented. mucoid sediment.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Liquid cultures (particularly those of
Coagulated serum: Partially digested. to.xic strains) often have a pronounced va-
Coagulated egg white: Not attacked. leric odor (Vawter, Amer. Jour. Vet. Re-
Fibrin: Digested. search, 3,1942, 382).
Anaerobic. Iron-milk (Spray) : Inactive, gaseous fer-
Optimum temperature, 37° C. mentation; more or less rapid digestion of
Not pathogenic for guinea pigs or mice. soft semi-coagulum; blackening.
Source : Isolated from soil and from humus Indole is produced.
from Africa. Hydrogen sulfide is produced.
Habitat: Soil. Acid and gas from glucose, fructose, man-
nose and maltose. Galactose, arabinose,
40. Clostridium biferinentans (Wein- xylose, lactose, sucrose, inulin and dulcitol
berg and Seguin, 1918) Bergey et al., 1923. not fermented. Records suggest variability
{Bacillus bifermentans sporogenes Tissier in glycerol and salicin fermentation.
and Martelly, Ann. Inst. Past., 16, 1902, Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
894; Bacillus biferinentans Weinberg and Coagulated albumin: Rapid liquefaction
and blackening.
Seguin, La Gangrene Gazeuse, Paris, 1918,
128; Bergey et al., Manual, 1st ed., 1923, Blood serum: Liquefaction and blacken-
ing.
323.)
Brain medium: Digestion and blackening.
bi.fer.men'tans. L. pref. bis twice; L.
part. adj. fermentans fermenting; M.L. adj. Egg-meat medium: Digestion and black-
bijermentans doubly fermenting. ening. Tyrosine crystals in 8 to 10 da3's.
Anaerobic.
Rods, 0.8 to 1.0 by 5.0 to 6.0 microns, oc-
curring singly, in pairs and in short chains. Optimum temperature, between 30° and
Spores ovoid, central to eccentric, not dis- 37° C. Growth occurs at 50° C.
tinctly swelling the cells. Motile in very Toxicity varies from acute to none.
young cultures only (less than 24 hours old). Pathogenicity varies with the strain : some
Gram-positive. kill rabbits in 24 hours, others produce only
Gelatin: Liquefaction. slight edema, while some show no effect.
Agar surface colonies (anaerobic) : Cir- Comment: Varying degrees of virulence
cular, crenated to amoeboid. and toxicity occur in this species. The more
Agar deep colonies: Biconvex to multi- toxic and virulent strains are commonly re-
planate discs. ferred to as Clostridium sordelli.
Blood agar surface colonies (anaerobic) : Source: Originally isolated from putrid
Small, transparent, becoming opaque, yel- meat; subsequently from gaseous gangrene.
lowish, spreading. Hemolysis. Habitat: Occurs commonly in feces, soil
Egg yolk agar surface colonies: Small to and sewage. Widely distributed in nature.
medium-sized, slightly raised, sometimes
shiny, edges rough or entire. Colony sur- 41. Clostridium cylindrosporum
rounded by wide zone of white precipitate, Barker and Beck, 1941. (Jour. Biol. Chem.,
but no luster is produced. Colony usually 141, 1941, 3.)
chalky white in contrast to colony of Clos- cy.lin.dro'spo.rum. Gr. noun cylindrus
tridium perfringens Holland which is creamy a cylinder; Gr. noun sporus a seed; M.L.
white. Differentiation between these two noun spora a spore; M.L. adj. cylindrosporus
species, which give similar characteristics cylinder-spored.
on egg yolk agar, is easily done on the basis Straight rods, 1.0 by 4.0 to 7.0 microns.
of iron milk, carbohydrate fermentations Spores elongate to cylindrical, 1.0 to 1.1 by
and indole production (McClung and To- 1.7 to 3.0 microns, central, subterminal to
abe, Jour. Bact., 53, 1947, 139). terminal, with little or no swelling of the
cells. Motile by means of peritrichous fla- Die Mikroorganismen, 3 Aufl., 2, 1896, 242:
gella. Gram-negative. Bacillus perfringens Veillon and Zuber,
Iron-gelatin (Spray) : No growth. Arch. M^d. Exp. et Anat. Path., 10, 1898,
Plain agar deep: No growth. 539; Holland, Jour. Bact., 5, 1920, 219; Clos-
Uric acid agar deep colonies: Whitish, tridium welchii Holland, ibid., 221; Bacillus
compact, lobate, 1 to 2 mm in diameter, welchii Type A, Wilsdon, Univ. Cambridge,
with irregular edges, surrounded by a zone Inst. Animal Path., 2nd Rept. of Dir., 1931,
of precipitated ammonium ureate which 72; Spray, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 789.)
gradually disappears. per. frin 'gens. L. part. adj. perfringens
Plain broth: No growth. breaking through.
Glucose broth: No growth. Short, thick rods, 1.0 to 1.5 by 4.0 to 8.0
Iron-milk (Spray): No growth. microns, occurring singly and in pairs, less
Indole production not recorded (probably frequently in short chains. Spores ovoid,
negative) . central to eccentric, not swelling the cells.
Glucose and other carbohydrates not Encapsulated. Non-motile. Gram-positive.
fermented. Gelatin: Liquefaction and blackening.
Cellulose not fermented. Agar surface colonies (anaerobic) : Circu-
Nitrite production not recorded (probably lar, moist, slightly raised, opaque center,
negative). entire.
Coagulated albumin: No liquefaction. Egg yolk agar surface colonies: Circular
Blood serum: No liquefaction. to somewhat irregular, smooth (rough var-
Brain medium: No digestion or blacken- iants excepted) , surrounded by a wide zone
ing. of opaque precipitate without luster over
Anaerobic. colony or zone. The reaction is given by all
Optimum temperature, about 35° C. colony types, although there is some varia-
Optimum reaction, about pH 7.5; lower tion in the size of the zone of precipitation.
limit for growth, pH 6.5. Broth: Turbid; peptolytic. Clearing with
Distinctive characters: Requires uric viscid sediment.
acid or certain other purines as a primary Litmus milk: Acid; coagulated. Clot torn
source of carbon and energy. The purines with profuse gas production but not di-
are converted into ammonia, CO 2 , acetic
acid and a little glycine. This organism is gested.
Potato: Thin, grayish white streak; gas
physiologically similar to Clostridium acidi- in subtended liquid.
urici but may be readily distinguished from Indole not produced.
the latter by its morphology. Acid and gas from glucose, fructose, galac-
Source: A single strain was isolated from tose, mannose, maltose, lactose, sucrose,
soil. xylose, trehalose, raffinose, starch, glycogen
Habitat: Probably soil, although only and inositol. Salicin rarely fermented. Man-
this single isolation is recorded. nitol not fermented. Action on glycerol and
inulin variable.
42. Clos iridium perfringeiis (Veillon Nitrites produced from nitrates.
and Zuber, 1898) Holland, 1920.* Clostridium Atmospheric nitrogen not fixed (Rosen-
perfringens Type A, Spray, 1948. (Bacillus blum and Wilson, Jour. Bact., 57, 1949, 413).
aerogenes cnpsulatus Welch and Nuttall, Coagulated albumin: No liquefaction.
Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull. 3, 1892, 81 ; Bacil- Blood serum: No liquefaction.
lus phlegmones emphysematosae Fraenkel, Brain medium: No blackening or diges-
Ueber Gasphlegmonen, Leipzig, 1893, 47; tion.
Bacillus emphysematosus Kruse, in Fliigge, Egg-meat medium: Profuse gas produc-
* Because of use of the specific epithet perfringens by the Permanent Standards Com-
mission of the Health Organization of the League of Nations (Report of the Permanent
Commission on Biological Standardization, London, June 23, 1931), the use of this epithet
has been continued, although it is antedated by a valid binomial (Bacillus emphysematosus
Kruse) .
667
tion in 8 hours. The meat is reddened, and cuneate. Spores spherical, subterminal, be-
the liquid becomes turbid. No digestion. coming terminal on maturation, swelling
Anaerobic. the cells. Motile. Gram-positive only in
Optimum temperature, between 35° and young cultures.
37° C. Growth occurs at 50° C. Gelatin: No liquefaction.
An exotoxin is produced for which an anti- Agar surface colonies (anaerobic) ; Circu-
toxin can be prepared. lar or slightly irregular, entire.
Pathogenic for guinea pigs, pigeons and Agar deep colonies: Minute, opaque,
mice. smooth discs.
Distinctive characters: Stormy fermenta- Egg yolk agar surface colonies: Irregular,
tion of milk; non-motile. moist, relatively smooth to somewhat
Comments: Within this species group roughened, colorless, without precipitate
there exist several types established pri- or luster.
marily on the basis of the variety and nature Blood agar surface colonies (anaerobic):
of the toxins shown to be present in culture Minute dew-drops, becoming whitish,
filtrates. Some variation is reported con- opaque. Hemolysis.
cerning the morphological and physiological Broth: Turbid.
characteristics of this species. For a review Litmus milk: Acid; slowly and softly
of the characteristics of toxins, see van Hey- coagulated. Clot not digested.
ningen (Bacterial Toxins., C. C Thomas, Indole not produced. Indole produced
Springfield, 1950, 133 pp.) and Smith (Intro- by Tholby strain (Stanley and Spray, Jour.
duction to the Pathogenic Anaerobes, Uni- Bact., 4i, 1941, 256).
versity of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1955, 253 Acid and gas from glucose, galactose,
pp.). For a method of routine typing, see maltose, lactose and salicin. Inulin, glycerol
Oakley and Warrack (Jour. Hyg., 51, 1953, and dulcitol not fermented. Strains are ap-
102). Type A is the classic human gas gan- parently variable on mannitol, sucrose,
grene organism; Type B, lamb dysentery; dextrin and starch fermentation.
Type C, "struck" of sheep; Type D, entero- Nitrates reduced slowly, if at all; nitrites
toxemia, or "pulpy kidney" in lambs and absent (Reed, Jour. Bact., U, 1942, 425).
grass sickness in horses; Type E, entero- Coagulated albumin: No liquefaction.
toxemia of animals; Type F, hemorrhagic Blood serum: No liquefaction.
enteritis and enteritis necroticans, or Brain medium: No blackening or diges-
tion.
"Darmbrand," of humans.
Source: Isolated from cases of gaseous Anaerobic.
gangrene and from feces, milk and soil. Optimum temperature not determined.
Habitat: Widely distributed in feces, sew- Grows well between 30° and 37° C.
age and soil. Not pathogenic for guinea pigs or rabbits.
Source: Isolated from gangrenous war
43. Clostridium sphenoides (Bulloch wounds.
et al., 1919) Bergey et al., 1923. (Bacillus Habitat: Not determined.
sphenoides Bulloch, Bullock, Douglas,
Henry, Mcintosh, O'Brien, Robertson and 44. Clostridium innominatum Prevot,
Wolf, Med. Res. Counc, Spec. Rept. Ser.
1938. (Bacillus E, Adamson, Jour. Path, and
No. 39, 1919, 43; Bergey et al.. Manual, 1st
ed., 1923, 331.) Bact., 22, 1918-19, 391; Pr6vot, Ann. Inst.
Past., 61, 1938, 85.)
sphe.no.i'des. Or. adj. sphenoides wedge-
shaped. in.no.mi.na'tum. L. adj. innominatus
Original description supplemented by unnamed.
material taken from Hall (Jour. Inf. Dis., Very small, thick rods, tapering at one or
30, 1922, 502). both ends, occurring singly, in pairs, in
Small, fusiform rods in the vegetative chains and in filaments. Involution forms
state, occurring singly, in pairs and occa- abundant on glucose agar. Spores small,
sionally in short chains. Sporulating cells spherical, subterminal, swelling the cells.
Motile. Gram-positive, quickly becoming colonies, very slightly raised, with entire
Gram-negative. edges; visible only after some 48 hours' incu-
Gelatin: No liquefaction. bation.
Plain agar surface colonies (anaerobic) : Agar deep colonies: Tiny, 0.5 to 1.0 mm;
Small, circular, entire, whitish translucent, lenticular with smooth, entire edges; whit-
becoming yellowish opaque with age. ish translucent (smaller and less opaque
Glucose agar surface colonies (anaerobic) : than those of Clostridium tertium Bergey et
Two forms are produced: a) circular, entire, al.). Growth perceptible only after some
opaque; b) diffuse, spreading, irregular and 72 hours' incubation.
translucent. Milk (with iron strip) : Fine and constant
Plain broth: Moderately turbid; clears by evolution of gas bubbles for many days, but
sedimentation in 3 to 4 days. no coagulation after 22 days' incubation.
Glucose broth: Abundantly turbid; slight Medium slowly grajêd but not blackened.
gas production. Indole not produced.
Milk: Slowly acidified but not clotted. No Lead acetate agar or peptone iron agar:
further change. No blackening.
Acid and gas from glucose, maltose, lac- Acid and gas from glucose, maltose and
tose and mannitol. Sucrose not fermented. galactose. Lactose, trehalose, rhamnose,
Coagulated albumin: No digestion or raffinose, dulcitol and inositol are not at-
blackening. tacked.
Blood serum: No digestion or blackening. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Meat medium: No digestion or blacken- Coagulated albumin: No liquefaction.
ing. Blood agar: No hemolysis.
Brain medium: No digestion or blacken- Blood serum: No liquefaction.
ing. Brain medium (Hibler) : No blackening
Anaerobic. or digestion, even in the presence of an iron
strip.
Grows well at 37° C.
Not pathogenic (Prevot, loc. cit.). Anaerobic.
Source: Isolated from septic and gan- Optimum temperature not determined.
grenous war wounds. Growth better at 37° C. than at room tem-
perature.
Not pathogenic for white mice, guinea
45. Clostridium inicrosporum Spray, pigs or rabbits.
1947. (Jour. Bact., 5^, 1947, 15; also see ihid., Distinctive characters: Minute size and
55, 1948, 840.) navicular pointed form of the cells, and the
mic.ro'spo.rum. Gr. adj. micrus small; tiny, spherical, central to eccentric spores.
Gr. noun sporus seed; M.L. noun spora a Source: Isolated only once from the ab-
spore; M.L. adj. microsporus small-spored. dominal contents of a fatal case of peritoni-
Rods, 0.8 by 2.0 to 4.0 microns, occurring tis.
singly and in pairs but not in long chains, Habitat: From human sources, so far as
occasionally long, pleomorphic filaments, known.
distinctly vacuolate, especially in old cul-
tures. Organisms navicular and sharply 46. Clostridium filiforme Bergey et al.,
pointed at both ends. Spores tiny, spherical, 1923. {Bacillus regularis filiformis Debono,
central to slightly eccentric, slightly swell- Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 62, 1912, 234;
ing the cells. Actively motile, particularly Bergey et al.. Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 331.)
by means of a spinning movement with fi.li.for'me. L. adj. filiformis thread-like.
little progressive motion. Presence, number Slender rods, 0.5 to 0.8 by 3.0 to 5.0 mi-
and position of flagella not detected. crons, occurring singly, in pairs, in chains
Gelatin (or iron-gelatin) : No liquefaction and in filaments. Spores very small, spher-
or blackening. ical, subterminal or occasionally terminal,
Agar surface colonies (anaerobic) : Tiny, not swelling the cells. Non-motile. Gram-
almost imperceptible, transparent dew-drop
positive.
FAMILY XIII. BACILLACEAE C69
Gelatin: No liquefaction. Brain medium: No blackening or diges-

Gelatin deep colonies: Small, gray, fila- tion. Some gas is produced.
mentous. Anaerobic.
Agar deep colonies: Irregular, gray, trans- Optimum temperature, 37° C.
lucent, filamentous. Distinctive character: Ferments sulfite-
Broth: Uniformly turbid. waste liquor in 40 per cent concentration,
Litmus milk: Acid, but no further change. producing butyric and acetic acids, H2 and
Potato: Gray, filamentous growth; sub- CO2.
stance not digested. Source: Isolated from garden soil and
Acid and gas from glucose and lactose. from stream and lake mud.
Acid but no gas from sucrose and dulcitol. Habitat: Presumably soil.
Starch not fermented.
Coagulated albumin: No liquefaction. 48. Clostridium paraputrificum (Bien-
Anaerobic. stock, 1906) Snyder, 1936. (Art V, Bienstock,
Growth occurs at 22° C. in gelatin. Fortschr. d. Med., 1, 1883, 612; Bacillus
Source: Isolated from human feces. diaphthirus Trevisan, I generi e le specie delle
Habitat: Not determined. Batteriacee, 1889, 15; Bacillus paraputrificus
Bienstock, Ann. Inst. Past., 20, 1906, 413;
47. Clostridium sartagoformum Par- also see Strassburger Med. Zeit., 3, 1906, 111 ;
tansky and Henry, 1935. (Jour. Bact., 30, Snyder, Jour. Bact., 32, 1936, 401.)
1935, 570.) pa.ra.pu.tri'fi.cum. Gr. pref. para beside,
sar.ta.go.for'mum. L. noun sartago, -inis by; M.L. noun putrijicum a specific epithet;
a frying pan; L. noun forma shape; L. adj. M.L. adj. parapw^rz^cws resembling (Clostri-
formus warm; M.L. adj. sartagoformum diuvi) putrificum.
(probably intended to mean) shaped like a Description taken from Hall and Synder
frying pan. (Jour. Bact., 28, 1934, 181).
Slender, curved rods, 0.3 to 0.5 by 3.5 to Straight or slightly curved rods, 0.3 to
6.0 microns, with rounded ends, occurring 0.5 by 2.0 to 6.0 microns, with rounded ends,
singly. Spores ovoid, terminal, swelling the occurring singly, in pairs or in short chains.
cells. Motile. Gram-positive. Spores ovoid, terminal, swelling the cells.
Gelatin: No liquefaction. Motile by means of peritrichous flagella.
Agar surface colonies (anaerobic) : Con- Gram-positive.
vex, discrete, circular, transparent to white Gelatin : No liquefaction. Gas is produced.
and opaque. Surface moist and smooth. Agar deep colonies: Small, irregular,
Agar deep colonies: Regular, lenticular, opaque, dense, cottony masses. Gas is pro-
smooth. duced.
Broth: No growth. Clear. Blood agar surface colonies (anaerobic) :
Glucose broth: Turbid; gas bubbles. Delicate, irregular, round- topped dew-
Litmus milk: Acid; slowly coagulated drops. No hemolysis.
withsome gasproduction. Clot not digested. Broth: Diffuse turbidity.
Potato: Very scant growth. No gas in sur- Milk: Usually coagulated in from 6 to 10
rounding liquid. days. Abundant gas, but no peptonization.
Acid and gas from xylose, glucose, fruc- Acid and gas from glucose, fructose, galac-
tose, galactose, sucrose, lactose, maltose, tose, maltose, lactose, sucrose, raffinose,
raffinose, inulin, salicin, mannitol, acetate dextrin, soluble starch, amygdalin and
and butyrate. Starch, ethanol, glycerol and salicin. Xylose, inulin, mannitol and glyc-
dulcitol not fermented. erol not fermented.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Nitrates reduced (Reed, Jour. Bact., 44 1
Coagulated albumin: No liquefaction. 1942,425).
Blood agar: No hemolysis. Coagulated albumin: No liquefaction.
Blood serum: No liquefaction. Scant Blood serum: No liquefaction or dis-
growth. coloration.
Brain medium: No blackening or diges- No. 39, 1919, 40; Bergey et al., Manual, 1st
tion. Non-proteolytic. ed., 1923, 333.)
Anaerobic. coch.le.a'ri.um. L. noun coclear (cochlear)
Grows well at 37° C. a spoon; M.L. adj. cochlearius spoon-like.
Not pathogenic for guinea pigs or rabbits. Straight, slender rods, occurring chiefly
Source: Isolated from feces and gaseous singly and infrequently in pairs or short
gangrene and from post-mortem fluid and chains. Spores ovoid, terminal, swelling the
tissue cultures. cells. Motile by means of peritrichous
Habitat : Presumably occurs commonly in flagella. Weakly Gram-positive.
the intestinal canals of human beings. Gelatin: No liquefaction.
Agar surface colonies (anaerobic) : Circu-
49. Clostridium indologenes (Prevot, lar, clear, entire or crenated.
1948) McClung and McCoy, comb. nov. Agar deep colonies: Lenticular, entire.
(Pleciridium indologenes Prevot, Ann. Inst. Broth: Turbid.
Past., 74, 1948, 165.) Litmus milk: Unchanged.
in.do.lo'ge.nes. M.L. neut.n. indolum Glucose and other carbohydrates not
indole; Gr. v. gennaio to produce; M.L. adj. fermented.
indologenes indole-producing. Coagulated albumin: No liquefaction.
Straight rods, 0.6 by 3.0 to 4.0 microns, Blood serum: No liquefaction.
occurring singly or in pairs. Spores rare, Brain medium: No blackening or diges-
ovoid, large-sized and distinctly terminal. tion.
Motile in very young cultures. Gram-posi- Meat medium: Slightly reddened. No
tive. blackening or digestion. Little gas produced
Gelatin: No liquefaction. of non-putrefactive odor.
Agar deep colonies: Lenticular with sec- Anaerobic.
ondary off-shoots; little gas produced, if
any. 35°Optimum
Peptone broth: Turbid. Not pathogenic.
Glucose broth: Abundantly turbid; vis- Source : Isolated from human war wounds
cous sediment; putrid odor. and septic infections.
Milk: No change. Habitat: Not determined. Probably oc-
Indole produced. curs in soil.
Glucose, lactose and galactose are fer- 51. Clostridium kluyveri Barker and
mentd. Taha, 1942. {Clostridium kluyverii (sic)
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. 347.)
Barker and Taha, Jour. Bact., 43, 1942,
Coagulated proteins: Not attacked.
Anaerobic.
kluy've.ri. M.L. gen. noun kluyveri of
Optimum temperature, 37° C. Kluyver; named for Prof. A. J. Kluyver of
Optimum pH, 7.8. Delft, Holland, in whose laboratory this
Not pathogenic for guinea pigs. organism was discovered.
Source: Isolated from a sample of "poto- Straight to slightly curved rods, 0.9 to
poto" in Africa. 1.1 by 3.0 to 11.0 microns, usually occurring
Habitat: Not determined. singly and in pairs, occasionally in long
chains. Spores ovoid, 1.3 by 1.8 microns,
50. Clostridium cochlearium (Bulloch terminal, swelling the cells. Motile by means
et al., 1919) Bergey et al., 1923. {Bacillus of peritrichous flagella. Generally Gram-
Type IIIc, Mcintosh, Med. Res. Counc, negative; some strains are weakly Gram-
Spec. Rept. Ser. No. 12, 1917, 20; Bacillus positive when young.
cochlearius Bulloch, Bullock, Douglas, Iron-gelatin (Spray) : No growth.
Henry, Mcintosh, O'Brien, Robertson and Agar surface colonies (anaerobic) : Growth
Wolf, Med. Res. Counc, Spec. Rept. Ser. slow and restricted by residual traces of
671
oxygen. Rough and smooth colonies are pro- a.ci.di.u'ri.ci. L. adj. acidus sour; M. L.
duced. noun acidum acid; Gr. noun urum urine;
Agar deep colonies (yeast autolysate and M.L. adj. uricus pertaining to urine; M.L.
C2H5OH) : Small, 1 to 3 mm in diameter after acidum uricum uric acid; M.L. gen. noun
2 to 3 days ; two types are formed : a) fluffy acidiurici of uric acid.
spheres with dense nuclear centers and fila- Straight rods, 0.5 to 0.7 by 2.5 to 4.0 mi-
mentous peripheries; b) compact, lenticular crons. Spores ovoid, 0.9 by 1.1 microns,
colonies. Little gas is produced. terminal, swelling the cells. Motile by means
Plain broth: Xo growth. of peritrichous flagella. Most strains are
Glucose broth: Xo growth. Gram-negative; a few strains are weakly
Milk or iron-milk (Spray) : Xo growth. Gram-positive, quickly becoming Gram-
Indole production not recorded (probably negative.
negative). Iron-gelatin (Spray): No growth.
Ethanol is converted to caproic acid. Plain deep agar: No growth.
Glucose and other carbohydrates not fer- Uric acid agar surface colonies (anaero-
mented. bic) Variable
: with the strain and with the
Cellulose not fermented. moisture of the medium. Colonies, 1 to 2 mm
X'itrite production not recorded (probably in diameter, opaque, white, raised, round,
negative) . smooth edged, with concentric surface
Atmospheric nitrogen fixed, though less markings and of rubbery consistency. Other
actively than by Clostridium -pasteurianum colonies may be very thin, soft, transparent,
Winogradsky (Rosenblum and Wilson, Jour. with fimbriate projections, spreading to
Bact.,57, 1949,413). cover almost the entire plate. Intermediate
Coagulated albumin: No liquefaction. colony tj^pes also observed.
Blood serum: X"o liquefaction. Uric acid agar deep colonies: Whitish,
Brain medium: No digestion or blacken- compact, lobate, 1 to 2 mm in diameter, with
ing. irregular edge; surrounded by a temporary
Anaerobic. zone of precipitated ammonium ureate
Optimum temperature, about 34° C. which gradually disappears.
Grows between 19° and 37° C. Yeast autolysate tryptone glucose semi-
Chemical tolerance: Optimum pH, about solid agar: No growth (Barker and Beck,
6.8. Range for growth, pH 6.0 to 7.5. Jour. Bact.,4S, 1942,291).
Probably not pathogenic. Plain broth: No growth.
Distinctive characters: Large size of cells Glucose broth: No growth.
and slow growth, accompanied by non- Iron-milk (Spray) : Nô growth.
putrefactive odor of caproic acid and of Indole production not recorded (prob-
higher alcohols. Growth is exceptionally ably negative).
favored by synergistic association with Glucose and other carbohydrates not
Methanohacterium omelianskii Barker. In fermented.
pure culture a high concentration of yeast Cellulose not fermented.
autolysate is required. Caproic acid is pro- Nitrite production not recorded (prob-
duced from ethanol. ably negative).
Source: Isolated from black mud of fresh
Atmospheric nitrogen not fixed (Rosen-
water and of marine origin. blum and Wilson, Jour. Bact., 57, 1949, 413).
Habitat: Not determined. Presumably Coagulated albumin: No liquefaction.
widely dispersed in nature. Blood serum: No liquefaction.
ing.
52. Clostridium acidiurici (Liebert,
1909) Barker, 1938. {Bacillus acidi urici Anaerobic.
Liebert, Koninkl. Akad. v. Wetensch., Proc.
Optimum temperature, about 35° C.
Sect. Sci., Amsterdam, 12, 1909, 55; Barker, Optimum reaction, about pH 7.5; lower
Jour. Bact.,3e, 1938,323.) limit for growth, about pH 6.5.
Probably not pathogenic. Coagulated albumin: Liquefaction.

Distinctive characters : Requires uric acid Blood serum: Slowly softened and par-
or certain other purines as a primary source tially liquefied. No blackening. Mildly
of carbon and energy. The purines are con- proteolytic.
verted mainly into ammonia, CO2 and acetic Brain medium: Blackening; slightly soft-
acid. During growth the medium tends to ened but not conspicuously liquefied.
become alkaline (pH 8.0 to 8.5) ; there is no Anaerobic.
visible evolution of gas.
Source: Isolated from soils and muds of Grows at 37° C.
Pathogenic for guinea pigs, which may
diverse origin. show slight, subcutaneous edema; usually
Habitat: Evidently widely dispersed in no effect. Not pathogenic for rabbits.
soils. Present in fecal material of the yellow- Source: Isolated from human feces, cases
shafted flicker (Colaptes auratus) . of gaseous gangrene and septicemia.
53. Clostridium capitovale (Snyder
and Hall, 1935) Snyder, 1936. {Bacillus 54. Clostridium cadaveris (Klein, 1899)
capitovalis Snyder and Hall, Zent. f. Bakt., McClung and McCoy, comb. nov. {Bacillus
I Abt., Orig., 135, 1935, 290; Clostridium cadaveris sporogenes {anaerohicus) Klein,
capitovalis (sic) Snyder, Jour. Bact., 32, Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., 25, 1899, 279; Bacillus
1936, 401.) cadaveris Klein, ibid., 280; not Bacillus
ca.pi.to.va'le. L. noun caput, capitis cadaveris Sternberg, Researches relating to
head; M.L. adj. ovalis oval; M.L. adj. capi- the etiology and prevention of yellow fever,
tovalis with an oval head. Washington, 1891, 212; Bacillus cadaveris
Slender, commonly curved rods, 0.5 to sporogenes Klein, op. cit., 1899, 282; Plec-
0.8 by 2.0 to 2.5 microns, with rounded ends, tridium cadaveris Pr^vot, Ann. Inst. Past.,
ocurring singly, in pairs and rarely in short 61, 1938, 88; also see Saissac and Andre,
chains. Spores ovoid, terminal, swelling the Ann. Inst. Past., 73, 1947, 936.)
cells. Motile by means of long, peritrichous ca.dav'er.is. L. noun cadaver the dead
flagella. Gram-positive. body of man or other animals, cadaver; L.
Gelatin: Liquefaction. gen. noun cadaveris of a cadaver.
Agar deep colonies: Small, opaque, len- Straight or curved rods, 0.4 to 0.5 by 4.0
ticular to heart-shaped. to 5.0 microns, generally occurring singly.
Egg yolk agar surface colonies : Vary from Spores terminal and ovoid, swelling the
circular to somewhat irregular, moist to cells. Motile. Gram-positive.
only slightly so, smooth to somewhat Gelatin : Liquefaction in 4 days.
roughened, somewhat flattened with no Agar deep colonies: Lenticular, later
precipitate or luster. woolly, centers becoming brownish. Abund-
Blood agar surface colonies (anaerobic): ant gas is produced.
Tiny, transparent, round or irregular dew- Peptone broth: Turbid; black deposit.
drops, becoming opaque. No hemolysis. Glucose broth: Turbid; non-viscous sedi-
Tryptone broth: Turbid. Gas is produced. ment; fetid odor, with hydrogen sulfide.
Milk: Often but not invariably clotted. Milk: Partially coagulated, later partially
Acid is produced. Clot, when formed, is not
digested. digested.
Indole produced; skatole not produced.
Glucose actively fermented. Fructose and
Acid and gas from glucose, fructose and
sucrose slightly fermented. Arabinose,
galactose. Maltose, lactose, sucrose, raffi-
nose, xylose, inulin, dextrin, starch, cellu- galactose, lactose, maltose, mannitol, glyc-
lose, amygdalin, salicin, mannitol and erol and starch not attacked.
glycerol not fermented. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Coagulated serum, egg, fibrin, liver and
Nitrates reduced (Reed, Jour. Bact., 44, brain: Digestion begins in four to five days.
1942, 425). Anaerobic.
Optimum temperature, 37° C. Grows well microns for non-sporulating cells and 0.5
at room temperature. by 3.0 to 5.0 microns for sporulating cells,
Neither toxin nor hemolysin produced. with rounded ends, occurring in pairs or in
Not pathogenic for guinea pigs or rabbits. chains of 3 to 16 cells. Spores ovoid, termi-
Source: Isolated from a human cadaver nal, measuring 0.6 by 1.0 micron. Non-
and from the peritoneum of a rabbit. motile. Gram-positive.
Habitat: Not determined. Gelatin: No liquefaction.
Agar deep colonies: Lenticular, whitish,
55. Clostridium saprogenes (Salus, 1 to 2 mm in diameter. Agar is split by gas.
1904) McClung and McCoy, comb. nov. Glucose broth: Abundantly turbid; gas
(Bacillus saprogenes carnis Salus, Arch. f. liberated has a slight, but not disagreeable,
Hyg., 51, 1904, 114; Bacillus saprogenes odor of volatile acids.
Salus, ibid., 115; Plectridium saprogenes Peptone broth: Abundantly turbid; no
Prevot, Ann. Inst. Past., 61, 1938, 87; also
see Prevot and Weislitz, Ann. Inst. Past., Milk: Rapidly acidified, then coagulated
72, 1946, 444.) with
gas. liberation of gas and retraction of clot.
sap.ro'ge.nes. Gr. adj. saprus rotten; Gr. Indole not produced.
V. gennaio to produce; M.L. part. adj. Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
saprogenes rot-producing. Glucose, fructose, maltose, galactose,
Rods, 1.5 by 8.0 microns, curved, in chains sucrose, arabinose and lactose are strongly
and filaments. Spores ovoid, terminal. Mo- fermented.
tile. Gram-positive. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Gelatin: Slow liquefaction. Anaerobic.
Agar deep colonies: Lenticular or spheri-
cal; gas is produced. 37°Optimum
Liquid media: Gas production; disagree- Optimum pH, about 7.0.
able odor. Not pathogenic for guinea pigs, mice or
Glucose broth: Turbid; sediment; pene- rabbits.
trating, putrid odor due in part to hydrogen Source: Isolated from a case of chronic
sulfide.
Milk: Coagulated with a disagreeable appendicitis.
odor.
Glucose, fructose, maltose, galactose, su- 57. Clostridium thermosaccharolyti-
crose, lactose, arabinose, xylose, sorbitol, cum McClung, 1935. (Jour. Bact., 29,
dulcitol, inulin and starch are fermented. 1935, 200.)
Glycerol and mannitol are slightly attacked. ther.mo.sac.cha.ro.ly'ti.cum. Gr. adj.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. thermus hot; Gr. noun saccharum sugar; Gr.
Coagulated egg, serum, fibrin and brain: adj. lyticus dissolving; M.L. adj. thermo-
Not attacked. saccharolyticus (presumably intended to
Anaerobic. mean) thermophilic and sugar-fermenting.
Optimum temperature, 37° C. Slender, granulated rods, 0.4 to 0.7 by 3.5
Not pathogenic. to 7.5 microns, occurring singly and in pairs,
Source: Isolated from spoiled meat and not in chains. Spores spherical, terminal,
from an industrial fermentation sample. swelling the cells. Motile by means of peri-
Habitat: Probably soil. trichous flagella. Gram-negative.
56. Clostridium perenne (Prevot, 1940) Pea-infusion agar surface colonies (anae-
McClung and McCoy, comb. nov. (Acuformis robic) : Granular, grayish white, raised
perennis Prevot, Compt. rend. Soc. Biol., center, feathery edges.
Paris, 133, 1940, 576.) Glucose-tryptone agar deep colonies:
per.en'ne. L. adj. perennis lasting through Small, lenticular, smooth.
the year or through many years, perennial. Liver-infusion broth over liver meat:
Straight rods, 0.3 to 0.4 by 1.6 to 3.0 Turbid; gas produced.
Litmus milk: Litmus reduced. Acid and tion, 2 mm in diameter, moist, grayish,
slow but firm coagulation; coagulum split round, irregular; there is also a spreading
with gas. Clot not digested. tendency.
Indole not produced. Glucose broth: Uniformly turbid.
Acid and gas from arabinose, fructose, Milk: Acid and coagulated in 2 days; gas.
galactose, glucose, mannose, xylose, cello- Indole is produced.
biose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, trehalose, Hydrogen sulfide is produced.
dextrin, glycogen, maize starch, amygdalin, Acid and gas from glucose, sucrose,
esculin, alpha-methyl-glucoside and salicin. maltose and lactose. Mannitol not fer-
Raffinose weakly fermented. Rhamnose, mented.
inulin, pectin, erythritol, inositol, mannitol, Coagulated proteins: Not attacked.
Anaerobic.
glycerol, quercitol and Ca-lactate not fer-
mented. Sorbitol and dulcitol not fermented Grows well at 37° C. but not at ordinary
(Mercer and Vaughn, Jour. Bact., 6£, 1951,
temperatures nor at 46° C.
27). Pathogenicity: Mice injected peritoneally
Cellulose not fermented.
show no efi'ects.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Source: Isolated from a patient operated
Coagulated albumin: No liquefaction. on for cancer of the large intestine.
Blood serum: No liquefaction. Habitat: Probably the human intestine.
tion. 59. Clostridium caloritolerans Meyer
Meat medium: No blackening or diges- 321.)
and Lang, 1926. (Jour. Inf. Dis., 39, 1926,
tion.
Anaerobic. ca.lo.ri.to'le.rans. L. noun calor heat;
Optimum temperature, between 55° and L. part. adj. tolerans tolerating; M.L.
62° C. Thermophilic. caloritolerans heat-tolerating.
Not pathogenic on feeding to white rats Rods, 0.5 to 0.8 by 8.0 to 10.0 microns,
or on injection to rabbits. with rounded ends, occurring singly, in
Distinctive character: Differentiated pairs, in chains and in curved filaments.
from Clostridium tariarivorum Mercer and Spores spherical or pear-shaped, terminal,
Vaughn by not fermenting tartrate. swelling the cells. Motile by means of peri-
Source: Isolated from hard-swell of trichous flagella. Gram-positive.
canned goods and from soil. Gelatin: No liquefaction.
Habitat: Not determined. Liver agar deep colonies: Small, flat,
transparent discs with large, polar tufts.
58. Clostridium indolis McClung and Some colonies become fluffy.
McCoy, nom. nov* {Terminosporus indolo- Glucose blood agar surface colonies
genes Bezjak, Ann. Inst. Past., 82, 1952, (anaerobic): Small, flat, grayish, rhizoidal.
101.) No hemolysis.
in'do.lis. M.L. neut.n. indolum indole; Broth: Slightly turbid.
M.L. gen. noun indolis of indole. Glucose broth: Abundantly turbid; clear-
Straight to slightly curved rods, 0.6 by ing by sedimentation; gas is produced.
3.0 to 4.0 microns. Spores terminal, round, Brom cresol purple milk: No change.
measuring 1.0 to 1.5 microns. Motile. Gram- Indole not produced.
negative. Acid and gas from glucose, galactose and
Gelatin: No growth. maltose. Fructose feebly fermented. Lac-
Veillon agar colonies: Small, lenticular; tose, sucrose, raffinose, inulin, salicin,
no gas. mannitol, inositol and glycerol not fer-
Blood agar colonies : After 3 days incuba- mented.
*The specific epithet indolis is used here in lieu of indologenes because the latter is pre-
occupied in the genus Clostridium for an earlier-described organism (see species number 49,
Clostridium indologenes McClung and McCoy).
675
Coagulated albumin: No liquefaction. Plain broth: Early, slight turbidity;

Blood serum: No liquefaction. clearing and mucoid sedimentation.
Brain medium: No blackening or diges- Glucose broth: Abundantly turbid; pro-
tion. fuse, mucoid sediment.
Beef-heart mash medium: Reddened; no Milk: Slight and slowly increasing alka-
blackening or digestion. linity; slow separation of casein. No further
Anaerobic. change.
Optimum temperature not determined. Indole produced in trace amounts in
Grows at 37° C. broth.
Not pathogenic for mice, guinea pigs or Acid but no gas from glucose and maltose.
rabbits. Lactose, sucrose, mannitol, starch and
Source: Isolated from an old culture of cellulose not fermented.
Clostridium parabotulinujn Type A. Coagulated albumin: No digestion or
Habitat: Not determined. blackening.
Blood serum: No digestion or blackening.
60. Clostridium tetanoides (Adamson, Meat medium: No digestion or blacken-
ing.
1918) Hauduroy et al., 1937. (Unnamed ana-
erobe, Adamson and Cutler, Lancet, /, ing.
1917, 688; Bacillus tetanoides (A) Adamson,
Jour. Path, and Bact., £2, 1918-19, 382; Anaerobic.
Hauduroy et al., Diet. d. Bact. Path., 1937, Optimum temperature not recorded.
140.) Grows well at 37° C.
te.ta.no.i'des. M.L. noun tetani a specific Not pathogenic for guinea pigs or rabbits.
epithet; Gr. noun eidus shape, form; M.L. Source: Isolated from war wounds, from
adj. tetanoides {Clostridium) tetani-\i\iQ. postmortem blood cultures and from garden
Rods, 1.0 to 2.0 by 4.0 to 12.0 microns soil.
(averaging 1.0 to 1.5 by 6.0 to 7.0 microns), Habitat: Not determined.
with rounded to slightly tapered ends,
occurring singly, in pairs and in chains of 3 36.)61. Clostridium tartarivorum Mercer
to 5 cells but not in filaments. Spores large, and Vaughn, 1951. (Jour. Bact., 62, 1951,
spherical, terminal, swelling the cells.
Motile only in young cultures. Gram- tar.ta.ri'vo.rum. M.L. noun acidum
positive in young cultures, soon becoming tartaricum tartaric acid; L. v. voro to de-
Gram-negative. vour; M.L. adj. tartarivorus tartrate-
Gelatin: No liquefaction. destroying.
Plain agar surface colonies (anaerobic) : Long, uniformly slender, granulated rods;
Confluent, becoming an opaque film. Iso- older cells are slightly curved. Cells, usu-
lated colonies are circular to slightly irregu- ally measuring 0.4 to 0.6 by 5.0 to 6.8 mi-
lar. Dendritic branching and mucoid crons, vary in size depending on the growth
tendency less evident than on glucose agar. medium. Occur singly or in pairs. Spores
Glucose agar surface colonies (anaerobic) : large (0.7 to 2.0 microns), ellipsoidal to
Circular, regular, opaque, bluish gray, spherical and generally terminal. Sluggishly
moist, shining, thick, raised. Surface flat, motile by means of peritrichous flagella.
becoming conical in center with age. On Gram-negative.
moist medium, shows radiating dendritic Gelatin: No liquefaction.
branching. Growth becomes tenacious- Green pea agar surface colonies: Large
mucoid. (10.5 to 12.0 mm in diameter), grayish cream
Glucose agar stab: Thick growth along in color. Colonies on tartrate agar are
stab, starting 0.5 cm below surface. No gas smaller.
or splitting of medium. Indole not produced.
Neutral-red glucose agar: Reduced to Hydrogen sulfide not produced from
orange by transmitted, and to greenish tryptone (peptone); production variable
fluorescent by reflected light. from sodium thiosulfate.
L-arabinose, d-xylose, glucose, fructose, gas is produced. After several days a very
galactose, mannose, maltose, lactose, su- scant sediment forms, and there is fairly
crose, trehalose, cellobiose, alpha-methyl- good sporulation.
glucoside, esculin, amygdalin, salicin, Heart broth: Good growth with good
mannitol, sorbitol, dextrin, glycogen and sporulation and good production of gas. In
potato starch are fermented. RafEnose, several days the medium turns viscous.
melibiose, adonitol, erythritol, glycerol, Liver broth: Good growth but little
inositol, cellulose and pectin not fermented. sporulation.
Rhamnose and dulcitol may or may not be Indole not produced.
fermented. Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Glucose, fructose, arabinose, .xylose,
Sodium sulfate and sulfite not reduced. galactose, mannose, rhamnose, sucrose,
Egg albumin: No growth. maltose, lactose, glycerol, mannitol, dul-
Beef heart infusion: No growth. citol, salicin, inulin, dextrin and starch
Brain medium: Slow growth; slight gas not fermented.
production; no blackening nor digestion. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Blood agar: No growth. Coagulated egg albumin: Not attacked.
Anaerobic. Brain medium: Good growth with good
Temperature relations: Optimum, be- production of gas. In brain medium with
tween 55° and 60° C. Grows between 37° and iron filings added, there is no blackening.
67° C. Von Hibler's medium: Good growth, but
Optimum pH, between 6.2 and 7.2. the culture medium is not blackened.
Distinctive character: Differentiated Anaerobic.
from Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum Mc- Not pathogenic upon inoculation into a
Clung by the fermentation of tartrate. small rat.
Source: Isolated from crude tartrates, Source: Isolated from a tin of spoiled
grape pomace and other industrial samples sardines.
containing crude tartrate; also isolated Habitat: Not determined.
from vineyard soils.
Habitat: Found in soil and in natural 63. Clostridium tetani (Fliigge, 1886)
substances containing tartrate. Holland, 1920. (Tetanusbacillen and Teta-
nuserreger, Nicolaier, Deutsch. med.
62. Clostridium sporosphaeroides So- Wochnschr., 10, 1884, 843; Bacillus tetani
riano and Soriano, 1948. (Rev. Asoc. Ar- Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 2 Aufl., 1886,
gentina Dietol., 6, 1948, 36.) 274; Holland, Jour. Bact., 5, 1920, 220.)
spo.ro. sphae.ro 'i.des. Gr. noun sporus te'ta.ni. Gr. noun tetanus tetanus; M.L.
seed; M.L. noun spora spore; Gr. adj. gen. noun tetani of tetanus.
sphaeroides globular; M.L. adj. sporosphae- Rods, 0.4 to 0.6 by 4.0 to 8.0 microns, with
roides spheroidal-spored. rounded ends, occurring singly, in pairs
Rods, 0.6 to 0.7 by 5.0 to 8.0 microns. and often in long chains and filaments.
Sporulation after 48 hours, forming plec- Spores spherical, terminal, swelling the
tridia with a terminal spore that is spherical
and about 0.7 to 0.9 micron in diameter. cells. Motile by means of peritrichous
Motile. flagella. Gram-positive.
Gelatin: No liquefaction. ing.Gelatin: Slow liquefaction and blacken-
Yeast autolysate glucose agar colonies:
Lenticular with smooth edges. Agar deep colonies: Fluffy, cottony
Milk: At the beginning there is very little spheres, usually without visible, central
production of gas with no apparent change nucleus.
in the medium. After one week, partial Egg 3'olk agar surface colonies : Irregular,
coagulation commences, forming then a soft somewhat drj', somewhat roughened, with-
clot with a small amount of gas. out precipitate or luster.
Meat broth with meat: Slightly turbid; Serum agar surface colonies (anaerobic) :
Small, transparent; villous to fimbriate Egg yolk agar surface colonies : Irregular,
margin. somewhat dry, slightly roughened, colorless,
Broth: Slightly turbid. Gas is produced. no precipitate or luster.
Some strains clear quickly by sedimenta- Litmus milk: Slow, soft coagulation or
tion. flocculent precipitation. Casein is slowly
Litmus milk: Slow precipitation of casein digested.
or soft clotting. Clot slowly softened but Indole is produced (Hall, Jour. Inf. Dis.,
not definitely digested. Little gas is pro- 30, 1922, 141). Indole not produced (Hartsell
duced. and Rettger, op. cit., 1934, 509).
Indole not produced (Reed, Jour. Bact., Hydrogen sulfide produced in egg-meat
U, 1942, 425). medium.
Glucose and other carbohydrates not Carbohydrates not fermented. Glucose
fermented. slightly attacked without distinct acid pro-
Nitrates rapidly reduced; nitrites absent duction (Hartsell and Rettger, ibid., 508)
(Reed, loc. cit.). Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Coagulated albumin: Slow liquefaction. Coagulated albumin: Slow liquefaction
Blood agar: Hemolysis. and blackening.
Blood serum: Slowly softened; feeble di- Blood agar: Hemolysis.
gestion. Blood serum: Liquefaction. Gas is pro-
Brain medium: Blackening and slow di- duced.
gestion. Not activel}^ proteolytic. Brain medium: Slow blackening and di-
Strictly anaerobic.
gestion.
Egg-meat medium: Slightly turbid liquid.
A potent exotoxin is produced for which Meat reddened in 7 to 10 days, then digested
an antitoxin is prepared. Toxin intensely with a foul odor.
toxic on injection but not on feeding. Anaerobic.
Pathogenic and toxic. Grows well at 37° C.
Source: Originallj^ isolated from animals ing.
Filtrate is non-toxic on injection or feed-
inoculated with garden-soil extract. Iso-
lated from wounds in human tetanus. Not pathogenic for white mice, guinea
Habitat: Common in soils and in human pigs or rabbits.
and horse intestines and feces. Source: Isolated from putrefying meat.
Habitat: Found in the intestinal canals
of humans. Widely dispersed in soil.
64. Clostridium lentoputrescens Hart-
sell and Rettger, 1934. (Jour. Bact., 27,
1934, 39 and 497.) 65. Clostridium tetanomorphum (Bul-
loch et al., 1919) Bergey et al., 1923. (Bacil-
len.to.pu.tres'cens. L. adj. lentus slow;
L. part. adj. putrescens decaying; M.L. lus pseudo-tetanus, Type No. IX, — Tetanus-
like Bacillus (Pseudotetanus Bacillus),
adj. lentoputrescens slow-rotting.
Rods, 0.4 to 0.6 by 7.0 to 9.0 microns, with Mcintosh and Fildes, Med. Res. Counc,
rounded ends, occurring singly, in pairs and Spec. Rept. Ser. No. 12, 1917, 11 and 32;
Bacillus tetanomorphus Bulloch, Bullock,
in chains. Spores spherical, ternainal, swell-
ing the cells. Motile by means of peri- Douglas, Henry, Mcintosh, O'Brien, Rob-
ertson and Wolf, Med. Res. Counc, Spec.
trichous flagella. Weakly Gram-positive, Rept. Ser. No. 39, 1919, 41; Bergey et al..
becoming Gram-negative. Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 330.)
te.ta.no.mor'phum. Gr. noun tetanus
Agar surface colonies (anaerobic) : Small, tetanus; Gr. noun morplie shape; M.L. adj.
circular, flat; edge crenated to filamentous tetanomorphus (presumably intended to
spreading. Develop a ground-glass appear- mean) {Clostridium) êianf -shaped.
ance.
Slender rods, with rounded ends, occur-
Agar deep colonies: Fluffy spheres with ring singly and in pairs, not in chains.
fibrils radiating from central nuclei. Spores spherical, or nearly so, terminal.
swelling the cells. Motile by means of peri- Agar surface colonies (anaerobic) : Small,
trichous flagella. Gram-positive. filamentous.
Gelatin: No liquefaction. Gelatin is Agar slant (anaerobic) : Scanty, white,
liquefied (Hall, Jour. Inf. Dis., 30, 1922, beaded, glistening growth.
501). Broth: Moderately turbid; heavy, floccu-
Agar surface colonies (anaerobic): Small, lent sediment.
flat, irregularly circular, translucent, cre- Litmus milk: Rennet coagulation; pep-
nated. tonized. Litmus reduced.
Agar deep colonies: Small, opaque, irregu- Indole not produced.
lar; not woolly or branched. Hydrogen sulfide produced in slight
Agar slant (anaerobic) : Grayish, translu- amounts.
cent growth. Acid and gas from glucose. Lactose, su-
Broth: Turbid. crose, maltose and starch not fermented.
Litmus milk: Unchanged or occasionally Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
slight reduction of litmus. Coagulated albumin: Liquefaction.
Indole not produced. Blood serum: Liquefaction.
Acid and gas from glucose and maltose. Brain medium: Blackening and slow di-
Fructose, galactose, lactose, sucrose, sali-
cin, inulin, mannitol and glycerol not fer- gestion.
Minced pork medium: Slight disintegra-
mented. tion; sour, putrefactive odor.
Nitrates rapidly reduced; nitrites absent Anaerobic.
(Reed, Jour. Bact., U, 1942, 425). Temperature relations: Optimum, be-
Atmospheric nitrogen is fi.xed, though not tween 20° and 25° C. Slow growth at 0° C;
as actively as by Clostridium pasteurianum no visible growth at 37° C.
Winogradsky (Rosenblum and Wilson, Jour. Not pathogenic.
Bact., 57, 1949, 413). Source: Isolated from muscle tissues of
Coagulated albumin: No liquefaction. hogs at slaughter.
Blood serum: No liquefaction. Habitat: Not determined.
tion. 67. Clostridium thermoaceticum Fon-
Egg-meat medium: Slight gas production taine et al., 1942. (Fontaine, Peterson,
in 48 hours. White crystals are deposited. McCoy, Johnson and Ritter, Jour. Bact.,
Anaerobic. 43, 1942, 705.)
Grows at 30° and at 37° C. ther.mo.a.ce'ti.cum. Gr. adj. thermus
Not pathogenic for guinea pigs or rabbits. hot; M.L. noun acidurn aceticum acetic acid;
Source: Isolated from war wounds and M.L. adj. thermoaceticus (probably intended
from soil. to mean) producing acetic acid under ther-
Habitat: Not determined. Probably mophilic conditions.
rather common in soil. Rods, 0.4 by 2.8 microns. Spores terminal,
very nearly round, slightly swelling the cell.
66. Clostridium putrefaciens (Mc- Gram-positive.
Bryde, 1911) Sturges and Drake, 1927. Gelatin: No liquefaction.
(Bacillus putrefaciens McBryde, U.S.D.A., Agar colonies: Circular, smooth, opaque.
Bur. An. Ind., Bull. 132, 1911, 6; Sturges and Litmus milk: Slight reduction of litmus.
Drake, Jour. Bact., U, 1927, 175.) Glucose, fructose and xylose are readily
pu.tre.fa'ci.ens. L. part. adj. putrefaciens fermented. Lesser fermentation of galac-
putrefying. tose, mannose, d-arabinose, d-lactic acid,
Rods, 0.5 to 0.7 by 3.0 to 15.0 microns, with gluconic acid and esculin.
rounded ends, occurring singly, in pairs and Nitrites produced from nitrates.
in chains and filaments. Spores spherical, Coagulated egg albumin: Not attacked.
terminal, swelling the cells. Non-motile. Brain medium: Not attacked.
Gram-positive. Anaerobic.
Gelatin: Liquefaction. Temperature relations: Optimum, be-
679
tween 55° and 60° C. Minimum, about 45° C. Specifically agglutinated only by homolo-
Maximum, about 65° C. gous antiserum.
Distinctive characters: No gas produced Source: Isolated from retting beds and
in carbohydrate fermentation; acetic acid is from air.
the principal fermentation product. Habitat: Not determined.
Source: Isolated from horse manure.
Habitat: Found in fecal matter. 69. Clostridium venturellii (de Tomasi,
1925) Spray, 1939. (Bacillus venturelli (sic)
68. Clostridium belfantii (Carbone and de Tomasi, Boll. 1st. Sieroter. Milan., 4,
Venturelli, 1925) Spray, 1939. (Bacillus 769.)
1925, 203; Spray, in Manual, 5th ed., 1939,
belfantii Carbone and Venturelli, Boll. 1st.
Sieroter., Milan, 4, 1925, 59; Spray, in Man- ven.tu.rel'li.i. M.L. gen. noun venturellii
ual, 5th ed., 1939, 759.) of Venturelli; named for Venturelli, an
bel.fan'ti.i. M.L. gen. noun belfantii of Italian bacteriologist.
Belfant; named for Belfant, an Italian Pleomorphic, fusiform to straight or
bacteriologist. slightly curved rods, 0.5 to 0.8 by 2.5 to 8.0
Thick, straight rods, 0.4 to 0.6 by 1.5 to and up to 20.0 microns, the size varying with
7.0 microns, occurring singly, in pairs and the medium, with rounded ends, occurring
in short chains. Spores large, ovoid, central singly, in pairs, in chains or frequently in
to subterminal, swelling the cells. Motile. parallel groupings. Spores ovoid, central to
Granulose-negative. Usually Gram-nega- eccentric, swelling the cells. Encapsulated.
tive, occasional cells are Gram-positive. Motile. Granulose-positive, showing violet
Gelatin: No liquefaction. granules with iodine. Gram-negative.
Plain agar surface colonies (anaerobic) : Gelatin: No growth. No liquefaction.
Large, round, opaque, with filamentous Glucose agar surface colonies (anaerobic) :
edge. Round, becoming rose-colored.
Agar deep colonies: Arborescent along Plain agar slant (anaerobic) : No growth.
the stab. Gas is produced. Maltose agar stab: Colonies lenticular,
Plain broth: Diffuse turbidity, clearing yellowish, turning rose. Odor of acetone.
by precipitation. No pigmentation. Gas is Plain broth: No growth.
produced. Milk with CaCOs : Coagulated, becoming
Potato mash: Forms a foam which be- 3'ellow, then pale rose. Amylic odor.
comes violet in 24 to 48 hours and which Potato slant (anaerobic) : Becomes mu-
persists 3 to 6 days, disappearing on ex- cilaginous. Bubbles of gas of amylic odor.
posure to air. Potato mash: Very abundant growth;
Potato slant: Grayish pellicle, becoming rose-colored with red spots.
violet in 24 to 48 hours. Gas of alcoholic Acid and gas from glucose, maltose, su-
odor is produced. No acetone. crose, fructose, lactose, inositol, dextrin and
Glycerinated potato: Thin, grayish pel- starch. Arabinose, glycerol, mannitol and
licle, not becoming violet. inulin not fermented (Weinberg et al., Les
Milk: Coagulated in 24 to 48 hours. Clot Microb. Ana6rob., 1937, 800).
broken by gas. Fermentation products include especially
Milk agar: Abundant growth. Gas of bu- acetone and amyl alcohol with smaller
tyric odor is liberated. amounts of propyl, butyl and iso-butyl alco-
Indole is produced. hols and acetic acid.
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. Coagulated albumin: No digestion.
Acid and gas from glucose, fructose, Blood serum: No liquefaction; produces a
maltose, sucrose, lactose and mannitol. small amount of yellowish liquid.
Starch and inulin weakly fermented. Anaerobic.
Coagulated albumin: No liquefaction. Optimum temperature, between 18° and
Blood serum: No liquefaction. 20° C. Inhibition of growth and pigmenta-
Anaerobic.
tion above 25° C.
Grows well at 37° C. Distinctive character: Produces a rose-
colored pigment which is soluble in alcohol clostridial stage. Gram-positive, becoming

but not in water, ether or chloroform. Gram-negative.
Source: Isolated from potato. Glucose gelatin: Liquefaction.
Habitat: Not determined. Plain agar slant (anaerobic) : Surface
growth scant, scarcely perceptible.
70. Clostridium saturnirubrum Pre- Glucose agar surface colonies (anaerobic) :
vot, 1946. (Clostridium saturni-rubrum (sic) Raised, smooth, edges slightly irregular.
Prevot, Compt. rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, Pink to orange pigment.
2£3, 1946, 1037.) Glucose agar deep colonies: Compact,
sa.tur.ni.rub'rum. L. noun Saturnus the lenticular, pink to red-orange.
planet Saturn; L. adj. ruber red; M.L. adj. Pigmentation (anaerobic) : Colonies red-
saturniruber Saturn-red, a color in the uni- orange, becoming purplish black on aera-
versal color code. tion.
Straight rods, 0.8 by 4.0 to 5.0 microns, Plain broth: No growth.
with rounded ends, occurring singly, in pairs Glucose broth: Abundant, uniform tur-
or in chains. Spores very rare, subterminal, bidity; much gas.
ovoid, clostridial. Weakly motile. Granu- Litmus milk: Stormy coagulation. Litmus
lose-positive. Gram-positive. reduced but obscured by pink pigment. Clot
Gelatin: No liquefaction. slowly softened. Proteolysis demonstrable
on milk agar.
VF glucose agar deep colonies (26° C.) :
Irregular with woolly outline, rapidly be- Potato: Rapid digestion to a clear, yellow
coming yellow then turning red (Saturn- fluid and bluish sediment. Much gas with
red according to the universal color code) ; butylic odor.
abundant gas production splitting the agar. Maize mash: Resembling the reaction of
No pigment produced at 37° C., and strains Clostridium acetobutylicum McCoy et aL,
cultivated at this temperature lose their but with flesh-orange pigment becoming
chromogenic power. slowly purple at surface on ageing.
Milk: Not coagulated. Indole not produced.
Peptone water: Poor growth; slight gas. Hydrogen sulfide produced from thiosul-
VF glucose broth: Rapidly turbid; abun- fate and sulfite.
dant gas; red-lead-colored sediment. Acid and gas from xylose, arabinose, glu-
Indole and skatole not produced. cose, mannose, fructose, galactose, lactose,
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. maltose, sucrose, raffinose, starch, dextrin,
Glucose, fructose, maltose, galactose, lac- glycogen, inulin, pectin and salicin. Esculin
tose, sucrose, arabinose, mannitol and and amygdalin weakly fermented. Mannitol,
starch are energetically fermented. erythritol, glycerol, alpha-methyl-gluco-
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. side, Ca-lactate and cellulose not fermented.
Coagulated proteins: Not attacked. Ammonia produced from nitrates and
Anaerobic. from nitrites.
Optimum temperature, 26° C. Coagulated albumin cubes: Softened and
Probably not pathogenic. yellowed by slow digestion.
Source: Isolated from African soils. Blood agar: No hemolysis.
Habitat: Presumably soil. Blood serum: No liquefaction.
71. Clostridium roseum McCoy and tion.
McClung, 1935. (Arch. f. Mikrobiol., 6, 1935, Anaerobic.
237.)
Optimum temperature, about 37° C.
ro'se.um. L. adj. roseus rosy. Growth occurs from 8° to 62° C.
Rods, 0.7 to 0.9 by 3.2 to 4.3 microns, oc- Not pathogenic for guinea pigs or rabbits.
curring singly, in pairs and in short chains. Distinctive characters: Differentiated
Spores ovoid, subterminal, swelling the from Clostridium acetobutylicum McCoy et
cells to Clostridia. Motile by means of pe- al. by the fermentation of pectin and by
ritrichous flagella. Granulose-positive in pigment production. Differs from Clos-
681
Iridium felsineuni Bergey et al. in that it times fails. At best, moderate turbidity and
oxidizes pigment to purplish brown. sediment. No gas.
Source: Isolated from German maize. Synthetic fluid media (Uschinskj% etc.):
Habitat: Probably occurs in soil. No growth (unless peptone is added). Growth
is proportionate to added peptone.
72. Clostridium chroniogenes Prevot, Milk: Spongy coagulation after 3 to 4
1938. (Chromogenic anaerobe, Ghon and days. Abundant gas. Turbid, yellowish whey
Mucha, Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 4^, is expressed. Casein clot gradually digested
1906, 406; Bacillus anaerobius chromogenes in 4 to 5 weeks. Fecal odor.
LeBlaye and Guggenheim, Man. Prat. d. Potato slant (anaerobic) : Growth deli-
Diag. Bact., 1914, 321; Prevot, Ann. Inst. cate, shining, grayish yellow. Fecal odor.
Past., 61, 1938, 85.) Indole not produced.
chro.mo'ge.nes. Gr. noun chroma color; Hydrogen sulfide abundantly produced.
Gr. V. gennaio to produce; M.L. adj. chromo- Acid and gas from sucrose, lactose, fruc-
genes color-producing. tose, maltose, galactose and mannitol (Pre-
Straight to slightly curved, coccoid to vot, Man. d. Class, et d. Determ. d. Bact.
elongated rods, moderately sized, with Ana6r. 1948, 191).
rounded to slightly pointed ends, occurring Coagulated albumin, hydrocoele and as-
singly, in pairs, in short chains and in long, citic-fluids: Digestion and blackening, with
curved to coiled filaments. Spores abun- moderate gas production with fecal odor.
dant, ovoid, central, subterminal, appar- When covered with agar, the agar plug
ently terminal at maturation, swelling the shows diffuse, red pigmentation.
cells to clubs and Clostridia. Encapsulated, Anaerobic.
especially in serum media. Motile by means Grows well at 21° and at 37° C.
of many peritrichous flagella. Granulose- Weakly pathogenic for white mice and
negative with iodine solution. Gram-posi- guinea pigs. Produces hemorrhagic serous
tive. peritonitis after intraperitoneal inocula-
Gelatin: Liquefaction in 48 hours. Diffuse tion. Death due apparently to a weak toxin.
turbidity; clearing with abundant, whitish Virulence increased by animal passage.
gray sediment which later becomes red to Distinctive character: Produces a red
violet-red. Upper (1 cm) layer shows diffuse, pigmentation which is increased on addi-
red pigment. tion of chlorine- or of bromine-water. Al-
Plain agar (without peptone) : Deep though produced by an anaerobe, the pig-
growth is sparse. Pigment not produced in ment appears only in the aerated zone and
absence of peptone.
depends on the peptone content of the me-
Glucose agar surface colonies (anaerobic) : dium.
Same as for blood agar. Growth slightly less Source : Isolated from the pus of a human
profuse.
perinephritic abscess.
Glucose agar deep colonies: Grayish Habitat: Not determined.
white, multi-lobate; dense centers and den-
dritic, tufted edges. Growth begins about 73. Clostridium corallinum Prevot
1 cm below surface. Gas abundantly pro- and Raynaud, 1944. (Ann. Inst. Past., 70,
duced. Diffuse, red pigment appears in 1944, 184.)
superficial layers after 4 to 5 days.
Blood agar surface colonies (anaerobic) : co.ral.li'num. L. adj. corallinus coral-red.
Grayish, moist, shining, flat; edges lobate Long rods, 0.8 by 3.0 to 4.0 microns, with
rounded ends, occurring singly, in pairs or
with finely dendritic-tufted edges. Hemoly-
sis. in short chains. Subterminal spores, 1.0 by
Glucose meat-infusion broth: Abundant, 1.5 to 2.0 microns, swelling the cells. Motile
diffuse turbidity with much gas. Gradual, by means of peritrichous flagella. Gram-
profuse sedimentation, but with prolonged
turbidity. positive.
Gelatin: Liquefaction in 48 hours.
Peptone water: Growth variable; some- Glucose agar deep colonies: Woolly or
G82 ORDER IV. EUBACTERIALES
arborescent, with coral-red pigment. Colo- rantium the orange; M.L. noun acidum hu-
nies near aerobic layer are more pigmented. tyricum butyric acid; M.L. adj. aurantibu-
Agar slants (in vacuum) : Round colonies tyricus (probably intended to mean) the
with irregular edges, non-pigmented. Colo- golden organism producing butyric acid.
nies become coral-colored if air is intro- Straight rods, 0.5 by 4.7 microns at 30°
duced into the tube.
to 0.5 by 9.4 microns at 37° C. Spores sub-
Peptone broth: Slightly turbid; colorless terminal and ovoid (0.9 by 2.1 microns),
sediment; pigment develops on addition of swelling the cells. Spore-bearing cells are
glucose. motile and mostly spindle-shaped. Motile
Glucose broth: Abundantly turbid; gas by means of peritrichous flagella. Clostridia
liberated; no pigment produced under ana- are granulose-positive. Gram-positive.
erobic conditions. Gelatin: Liquefaction.
Milk: Coagulated in 24 hours, clot not Glucose yeast agar surface colonies:
digested (Prevot and Raynaud, ihid., 183); Slightly granular with orange-red pigment;
coagulation with digestion (Prevot and sometimes pink, deepening to pale orange
Sansonnens, Ann. Inst. Past., 73, 1947, 1044). on continued anaerobic incubation.
Indole and skatole not produced. Potato slant: Not disintegrated.
Hydrogen sulfide produced. Carrot slant : Softening and rotting within
Glucose, fructose, maltose, galactose, su- 48 hours.
crose, lactose, arabinose, xylose, mannitol, Maize mash: Active gas production with
sorbitol, dulcitol, glycerol, starch and inulin distinct pink coloration; good but incom-
are fermented. plete diastatic action.
Pectin not attacked (Prevot and Ray- Acid and gas from xylose, galactose, glu-
naud, op. cit., 1944, 183); pectin attacked cose, sucrose, lactose, maltose, pectin and
(Prevot and Raynaud, Compt. rend. Acad. starch. Cellulose, inulin, mannitol, glycerol
Sci., Paris, 222, 1946, 1531). and sorbitol not fermented.
Produces butyric and formic acids; lactic Products of maize (starch) and glucose
acid not produced (Prevot and Raynaud, fermentation : Main products are acetic and
op. cit., 1944, 183); fermentation type: for- butyric acids. Acetone, butanol, ethanol,
mic-butyric-lactic with alcohol and acetone acetone and iso-propanol are formed in
or acetic-isobutyric-lactic with acetone lesser amounts. Lactic and formic acids and
(Prevot and Sansonnens, op. cit., 1947, acetylmethylcarbinol produced only in
1044); acetic, butyric and formic acids, slight or negligible amounts.
ethyl and butyl alcohols and acetone (Pre- Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
vot and Raynaud, op. cit., 1946, 1531). Anaerobic.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Distinctive characters (differentiation
Coagulated serum: Not attacked. from Clostridium felsmeum Bergey et al. and
Anaerobic. C. roseum McCoy and McClung) : Partial
Not pathogenic for mice or guinea pigs. diastatic action in maize mash; lower yield
Source: Isolated from the serum from a of neutral fermentation products from car-
mouse inoculated with Paris street dust bohydrates; inability to ferment inulin;
(Pr6vot and Raynaud, op. cit., 1944, 182) failure to digest potato tissue; inability to
and from African soil (Prevot and Sanson- reduce nitrates; optimum temperature,
nens, op. cit., 1947, 1044). 30° C.
Habitat: Soil. Source: Isolated from stems of South
African hibiscus and from English flax.
74. Clostridium aurantibutyricum Habitat: Soil.
Hellinger, 1944. (Commemorative Vol. to
Dr. Ch. Weizmann's 70th Birthday, Nov., 75. Clostridium felsineum (Carbone
1944, 46; also see Jour. Gen. Microbiol., /, and Tombolato, 1917) Bergey et al., 1930.
1947, 203.) {Bacillus felsineus Carbone and Tombolato,
au.ran.ti.bu.ty'ri.cum. M.L. noun au- Le Staz. Sper. Agrar., Ital., 50, 1917, 563;
G83
Clostridium felsinus (sic) Bergey et al., Atmospheric nitrogen fixed (Rosenblum

Manual, 3rd ed., 1930, 453.) and Wilson, Jour, Bact., 57, 1949, 413).
fel.si'ne.um. L. noun Felsinea the Latin Coagulated albumin cubes: Softened and
name for Bologna, Italy; M.L. adj . felsineus yellowed by slow digestion.
pertaining to Felsinea. Blood agar: No hemolysis.
Description taken from Ruschmann and Blood serum: No liquefaction.
Bavendamm (Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 64, Brain medium: No blackening or diges-
1925, 340) , from the Kluy ver strain used by tion.
van der Lek (Thesis, Delft, 1930) and from Anaerobic.
McCoy and McClung (Arch. f. MikrobioL, Grows at 37° C.
6, 1935, 230). Not pathogenic for guinea pigs or rabbits.
Rods, 0.3 to 0.4 by 3.0 to 5.0 microns, oc- Source: Isolated from retting flax; also
curring singly, in pairs and in short chains. found in soil in Italy, in Argentina and in
Spores ovoid, subterminal, swelling the the United States.
cells to Clostridia. Motile by means of pe- Habitat: Not determined.
ritrichous flagella. Granulose-positive in
the clostridial stage. Gram-positive, becom- 76. Clostridium flavum McClung and
ing Gram-negative. McCoy, nom. nov. (Type IV of retting Clos-
Glucose-gelatin: Liquefaction. tridia, Lanigan, Austral. Jour. Sci. Re-
Glucose agar surface colonies (anaerobic) : search, Ser. B, Biol. Sci., 4, 1951, 475.)
Raised, smooth, slightly irregular, yellow- fla'vum. L. adj. flavus yellow.
orange. Slender, straight to slightly curved rods,
Glucose agar deep colonies: Compact, 0.4 by 2.0 to 7.0 microns, with rounded ends,
lenticular, opaque, yellow. occurring singly, in pairs, end to end and
Plain agar slant (anaerobic): Surface in small clusters with some palisade forma-
growth scant, scarcely perceptible. tion; short filaments occasionally occur.
Pigmentation (anaerobic) : Yellow- Subterminal spores, elliptical or bean-
orange, ageing to brownish. No change on shaped, 0.8 by 2.5 to 2.7 microns. Sporula-
aeration. tion occurs early and freely. Cell distended
Plain broth: No growth. at sporulation by an elongated, subterminal
Glucose broth: Abundant, uniform tur- spore with pronounced terminal "cap".
bidity; much gas. Yellow, slimy sediment. Motile. Gram-positive in young cultures.
Litmus milk: Acid and coagulation. Lit- Glucose -gelatin: Liquefaction in 7 to 11
mus reduced. Clot torn and yellowed. No days.
visible digestion. Nutrient agar: No growth.
Potato: Digested to a yellow slime. Much Glucose yeast agar surface colonies: Cir-
gas with butylic odor. cular, 1.0 to 1.5 mm in diameter, entire,
Maize mash: Resembling reaction of Clos- low-convex or umbilicate, smooth and glis-
tridium acetohutylicum McCoy et al., but tening, opaque, canary-yellow by reflected
light, viscid consistency.
with flesh-colored to orange pigment.
Indole not produced. Glucose yeast agar deep colonies: Bicon-
vex discs, 1 mm in diameter, canary -yellow
Acid and gas from arabinose, xylose, glu- in color; medium disrupted by gas.
cose, mannose, fructose, galactose, lactose,
Glucose yeast agar slant: Good, filiform
maltose, sucrose, rafhnose, starch, dextrin, growth; smooth and glistening surface;
inulin, glycogen, pectin and salicin. Man- canary -yellow, non-diffusible pigment; soft
nitol, erythritol, glycerol, Ca-lactate and butyrous to viscid consistency.
cellulose not fermented.
Glucose jêast peptone broth: Heavy, uni-
Fermentation products include butyl and form turbidity; much gas; pale yellow viscid
ethyl alcohols, acetone, organic acids (prob- deposit. Marked odor of butanol.
ably butyric and acetic), H2 and CO2 . Litmus milk: Acid and gas; reduction;
Ammonia produced from nitrates and coagulation; usually a stormy clot within
nitrites. two to four days. No digestion of curd.
Indole not produced. Glucose broth: Very slight turbidity.

Hydrogen sulfide produced in trace Maltose broth: Intensely turbid; profuse,
amounts on glucose yeast agar. reddish yellow sediment.
Potato mash: Active fermentation with Tarozzi broth: Slight, diffuse turbidity.
"head"; pale canary-yellow pigment; com- Coagulated egg-yolk broth: Slightly tur-
plete diastatic action. bid; no digestion.
Acid and gas from glucose, galactose, Coagulated egg-albumin broth: Slightly
maltose, sucrose, lactose, starch and pectin. turbid; no digestion.
Inulin, mannitol, glycerol and calcium lac- Milk: Soft coagulation; slight, fine, red-
tate not fermented. dish flocculence. Whey turbid and colorless.
Flax sterilized in yeast infusion: Active Reaction acid. Clot not digested.
retting. Digest-milk (optimum medium) : Very
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Ni- abundantly turbid; bright red, flocculent
trites reduced, presumably to ammonia. sediment, diffusing uniformly on shaking.
Coagulated egg albumin: No visible Roux-potato slant (anaerobic) : Puncti-
change, but after several days softening can form, raised, opaque, deep red colonies,
be detected by probing. becoming almost violet.
Brain medium: Slight gas; no blackening Indole not produced.
or digestion. Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
Anaerobic. Glucose, maltose, sucrose, galactose, fruc-
Grows well at 37° and well but more slowly tose and raffinose are weakly fermented.
at 30° C. Lactose is slowly and partially fermented
Distinctive characters: Non-diffusible, (only in acidified medium). Starch slightly
canary-yellow pigment; active retting of fermented.
flax. Cellulose not attacked. Hemp is not
Source: Isolated from Australian flax. retted.
Habitat: Presumably soil. Fermentation products include H2 , CO2 ,
CH4 , butyric acid and traces of ethjd alco-
hol.
77. Clostridium carbonei Arnaudi, 1936.
(Soc. Intern. Microbiol., Boll. Sez. Ital., 8, Coagulated serum (Loeffler, anaerobic) :
1936, 251 ; also see Boll. 1st. Sieroter, Milano, Poor growth; flat, red surface colonies. No
16, 1937, 650.) digestion.
Brain medium: Action not recorded.
car.bo'ne.i. M.L. gen. noun carbonei of
Carbone; named for Carbone, an Italian Anaerobic.
bacteriologist. Temperature relations: Optimum, 37° C.
Rods, 0.8 to 1.0 by 3.5 to 4.5 microns, with Grows slowly between 25° and 30° C. Growth
ends slightly tapered. Spores ovoid, 0.8 to ceases at 40° C.
1.0 by 1.0 to 1.75 microns, terminal, swelling Chemical tolerance: Optimum pH, be-
the cells. Non-motile. Strongly granulose- tween 7.0 and 7.2. Minimum pH, 6.0. Max-
positive with iodine solution. Gram-posi- imum pH, 8.0.
tive. Not pathogenic for sheep, rabbits, guinea
Gelatin: No growth. pigs or white mice.
Glucose- and lactose-gelatin: No growth. Distinctive character: Production of a
Plain agar surface colonies (anaerobic) : brilliant red pigment which is soluble in
Flat, shining, colorless, with irregular edges. amjd alcohol, petrol-ether, xylol and aniline
Malt agar surface colonies (anaerobic) : oil and partly soluble in ether, chloroform
Creamy to slightly reddish; irregular edges. and acetone; pigment very stable in light.
Plain agar stab: Only traces of growth Source : Isolated from raw potato infusion.
along stab. Habitat: Not recorded.
Glucose and maltose agar stab: No
growth. 78. Clostridium haumaiiii (Soriano,
Plain broth: Very slight, colorless, dif- 1930) Prevot, 1938. (Unnamed plectridium,
fuse turbidity. Sordelli and Soriano, Compt. rend. Soc.
Biol., Paris, 99, 1928, 1517; Plectridio ama- Straight rods, 0.6 to 0.8 by 3.0 to 4.0 mi-
rillo, Soriano, Tomo commemorativo del crons. Terminal, spherical spores, 1 micron
XXV aniversario de la fundacion de la Fa- in diameter. Gram-positive in young cul-
cultad de Agronomia y Veterinaria, Buenos tures.
Aires, 1929 (?) ; Bacillus haumani (sic) Sori- Gelatin: No growth.
ano, Rev. Inst. Bact., Buenos Aires, 5, 1930, Glucose agar deep colonies: Colonies ap-
743; Plectridium amarillum Stampa, Ann. pear slowly in 5 to 8 days; transparent,
Brass, et Distill., 29, 1930-31, (253, 271 and large, woolly colonies with green, fluorescent
302?); Clostridium haumanni (sic) Prdvot, coloration. Sometimes colonies are smaller,
Ann. Inst. Past., 61, 1938, 81; Clostridium opaque, irregular-edged and green-pig-
felsineum var. haumanni (sic) Heyn, Ver- mented. Pigment is soluble and diffuses
hand. d. k. Akad. v. Wetensch., Anasterdam, completely into the agar but stops at the
Tweedie Reeks, 48, 1951, 29.) level of the aerobic zone.
hau.man'i.i. M.L. gen. noun haumanii of VF glucose broth: Slow growth at 26° C.
Hauman; named for Prof. Lucien Hauman, in 8 to 10 days; after 15 days the broth is
Microbiologist of the University of Buenos colored green; no gas.
Aires. Milk: No growth.
Rods, averaging 0.7 to 0.8 by 4.0 to 10.0 Indole not produced.
microns, occurring singly or in short chains. Potato mash: Strongly colored green in
Terminal, ovoid spores, 1.6 by 3.0 microns, 2 days; marked production of gas.
with spore cap. Actively motile. Granulose- Lactose and galactose are strongly fer-
negative. Gram-positive, becoming Gram- mented. Fructose is more weakly fermented,
negative. while glucose, maltose, sucrose, sorbitol,
Gelatin: No liquefaction. mannitol and starch are not fermented.
Carrot agar deep colonies : Lenticular with Cellulose is not attacked (Prevot, Man. d.
smooth edges. Gas production disrupts agar. Class, et d. D^term. d. Bact. Anaerob.,
Intense canary-yellow pigment diffuses in 2« ed., 1948, 210).
medium. Propionic and formic acids are produced.
Carrot juice: Uniformly turbid. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Potato mash : Produces good growth with Coagulated egg white: No growth.
slow gas and with yellow pigment produc- Liver, brain and fibrin: No growth.
tion. No head formation as with Clostridium Anaerobic.
jelsinexim Bergey et al.
Acid and gas from amygdalin, salicin, Temperature relations: Optimum, 26° C.
Weak growth at 18° and no growth above
mannitol, arabinose, xylose, glucose, fruc- 30° C. Inhibition of pigment production in
tose, mannose, galactose, sucrose, maltose,
lactose, pectin and rhamnose. Arabitol, second-generation cultures at 30° C.
Not pathogenic for experimental animals.
dulcitol, sorbitol, inositol, raffinose, inulin Source: Isolated from pond and river
and starch not fermented. muds.
Retting action: Positive in three days.
Anaerobic. Habitat: Presumably mud.
Optimum temperature, 37° C. 80. Clostridium spumarum (Prevot

Source: Isolated from retting liquid from
Argentina. and Pochon, 1939) Spray, 1948. {Plectridium
Habitat: Found in decomposing plant spumarum Prevot and Pochon, Compt. rend.
materials. Soc. Biol., Paris, 130, 1939, 966; Spray, in
Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 808.)
79. Clostridium virens (Prevot, 1946) spu.ma'rum. L. noun spumn foam, froth;
McClung and McCoy, comh. nov. {Plec- L. gen.pl. noun spuviarum of foams.
tridium virens Prevot, Ann. Inst. Past., 72, Rods, 0.5 by 4.0 microns. Spores are ovoid
1946, 665.) and terminal, swelling the cells. Motile.
vi'rens. L. v. vireo to be green; L. part, Gram-positive.
adj. virens becoming green. Gelatin: Liquefaction in 15 days.
Agar deep colonies: Small, cottony; a Hydrogen sulfide is produced in the

few gas bubbles are produced. Omelianski medium, presumably from the
Peptone water: Turbid; slight sediment. (NH4)2S04 and MgS04 .
Milk: Coagulated in 5 days, but clot is Glucose and carbohydrates other than
not digested. cellulose not fermented.
Indole is produced. Anaerobic.
Hydrogen sulfide is produced (medium Optimum temperature, between 33° and
not stated). 37° C.
Glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, Not pathogenic for mice.
arabinose, xylose, sucrose, mannitol and Relationship to other species: Probably
starch slowly fermented after 1 month of closely related to Clostridium omelianskii
cultivation. Inulin not fermented. Carbo- Spray.
hydrates not attacked immediately after Source: Isolated from the larvae of the
isolation. rose-leaf beetle (Potosia cuprea).
Cellulose (in synthetic medium) is fer- Habitat : Found in soil and in the feces of
mented chiefly to acetic and butyric acids herbivorous animals.
together with inflammable gas and traces
of ethyl alcohol. 82. Clostridium leptinotarsae Sartory
Coagulated albumin: Not attacked. and Meyer, 1941. (Compt. rend. Acad. Sci.,
Brain medium: No blackening. Paris, 212, 1941, 819.)
Anaerobic. lep. ti.no. tar 'sae. M.L. noun Leptinotarsa
Optimum temperature, around 37° C. Not a genus of insects; M.L. gen. noun leptino-
thermophilic. tarsae of Leptinotarsa.
Distinctive characters: Does not produce Straight or curved rods, 0.5 to 0.7 by 1.5
pigment; ferments a variety of carbohy- to 4.0 microns, frequently occurring in pairs.
drates. Terminal, ovoid spores, 0.6 to 0.7 by 1.0 to
Source : Isolated from the scum of sugar- 1.8 microns. Non-motile. Gram-negative
refining vats. (Prevot, Man. d. Class, et Determ. d. Bact.
Habitat: Not determined. Ana6rob., 2" ed., 1948, 201).
81. Clostridium werneri Bergey et al., Peptone broth: Turbid.
1930. (Bacillus cellulosam fermentans Werner, Milk: Coagulated then digested.
Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 67, 1926, 297; Bergey Indole is produced.
et al., Manual, 3rd ed., 1930, 452.) Celulose readily attacked. Glucose, galac-
wer'ne.ri. M.L. gen. noun werneri of Wer- tose, mannitol, maltose, sucrose and lactose
ner; named for Erich Werner, the German are fermented; fructose is only moderately
bacteriologist who first isolated this organ- fermented.
ism. Lactic and butyric acids, carbon dioxide
Rods, 0.5 to 0.7 by 1.5 to 7.0 microns, oc- and hydrogen are produced.
curring singly and in pairs but not in chains. Nitrites not produced from nitrates (Pre-
Spores ovoid, terminal, swelling the cells. vot, loc. cit.).
Motile by means of peritrichous flagella. Anaerobic.
Gram-negative. Optimum temperature, between 27° and
Agar slant (anaerobic) : No growth. 37° C.
Cellulose agar slant (anaerobic) : Growth Source: Isolated from the intestines of
only in contact with cellulose. Growth gray- a potato beetle.
ish black; agar is darkened. Gas is produced. Habitat: Decomposing organic matter.
Broth: No growth.
Broth with filter paper: Poor growth; 83. Clostridium cellulosolvens Cowles
cellulose weakly attacked. and Rettger, 1931. (Jour. Bact., î, 1931, 167.)
Omelianski solution with filter paper: cel.lu.lo.sol'vens. M.L. noun cellulosum
Abundant growth; cellulose digested with cellulose; L. part. adj. solvens dissolving;
the production of Ho and CO2 . M.L. adj. cellulosolvens cellulose-dissolving.
687
Rods, 0.5 by 2.0 to 6.0 microns, commonly lactose, raffinose, mannitol and dextrin less
curved, occurring singly and in pairs, not readily fermented. Melezitose, trehalose,
in chains. Spores spherical, terminal, swell- salicin, inulin, soluble starch, glycerol and
ing the cells. Non-motile. Gram stain un- rhamnose not fermented.
certain; usually Gram-negative. Fermentation products are acetic, formic
Grows in routine media only when cellu- and lactic acids, ethyl alcohol, carbon diox-
lose or a certain few carbohydrates are ide, hydrogen and other products not identi-
added. fied. Cellobiose is the chief product of di-
Surface colonies on de.xtrin-cysteine meat gestion ofcellulose; no glucose is produced.
infusion agar (anaerobic) : Tiny, round, Ferrous sulfate not reduced.
transparent dew-drops; finely granular; Biotin and carbohydrates are required in
smooth edge. inorganic media.
Acid and gas from cellulose, dextrin, arab- Strictly anaerobic.
inose, xj-lose and soluble starch. Glucose, Temperature relations: Optimum, 38° C.
fructose, mannose, lactose, maltose, su- Growth is slow at 25° C. Growth inhibited
cro.se, melezitose, raffinose, inulin, saticin, at 18° and at 45° C.
amygdalin, adonitol, dulcitol, erythritol, Distinctive characters: Distinguished
glycerol, inositol, mannitol, sorbitol and from Clostridium cellulosolvens Cowles and
gum arable not fermented. Rettger by the fermentation of glucose,
Cellulose decomposed to H. , CO2 and fructose, mannose and maltose, from C.
organic acids. dissolvens Bergey et al. by spore shape and
Anaerobic. fermentation of mono- and di-saccharides
Grows at 37° C. and from C. werneri Bergey et al. by spore
Source: Isolated from horse feces. shape and fermentation of glucose (Hun-
Habitat: Probably widely dispersed in gate, Jour. Bact., 48, 1944, 499).
manured soils. Source: Isolated from the rumina of cat-
tle.
84. Clostridium cellobioparum Hun- Habitat: Found in the rumina of rumi-
gate, 1944. {Clostridium ceUobioparus (sic) nants, so far as known.
Hungate, Jour. Bact., 48, 1944, 503.)
cel.lo.bi-o'pa.rum. M.L. noun cellobio- 85. Clostridium omelianskii (Henne-
sum cellobiose; L. v. pario to bear, produce; berg, 1922, emend. Clausen, 1931) Spray,
L. verb. adj .suffix parus producing; M.L. 1948. (Bacillus hydrogenique, Omeliansky,
adj. ceUobioparus cellobiose-producing. Arch. Sci.Biol. (Russ.), 9, 1902-03, 263l(Was-
Slightly curved rods, 0.3 to 0.4 by 3.0 to serstoffbacillus, Omeliansky, Cent. f. Bakt.,
5.0 microns, occurring singly or as two cells II Abt., 8, 1902, 262), and Bacille formen-
attached. Spores are terminal and spher- ique, Omeliansky, op. cit., 1902-03, 263
ical, 0.9 micron in diameter, swelling the (Methanbacillus, Omeliansky, Cent. f.
cells; spores rarely remain attached to the Bakt., II Abt., 11, 1903-04, 370); Bacillus
cells. Motile by means of 1 to 4 peritrichous omelianskii Henneberg, Cent. f. Bakt., II
flagella. Gram-negative. Abt., 55, 1922, 276; Clausen, Cent. f. Bakt.,
Glucose agar deep colonies: Disc-shaped II Abt., 84, 1931, 40 and 54; Spray, in Man-
and compact, older colonies become more ual, 6th ed., 1948, 809.)
complex in shape, often by growth of daugh- o.me.li.an'ski.i. M.L. gen. noun omelian-
ter discs at right angles to the original one; skii of Omeliansky; named for Prof. W.
pigmentation not reported, presumed nega- Omeliansky, the Russian bacteriologist who
tive. was the first to observe this organism.
Cellulose agar deep colonies: Irregular in Straight to slightly curved rods, 0.5 to
shape, even when small. 0.7 by 5.0 to 15.0 microns, the length varying
Acid and gas readily produced from glu- with the medium, occurring chiefly singly,
cose, fructose, xylose, arabinose, mannose, occasionally in pairs, frequently parallel in
cellobiose, melibiose, maltose and a hemi- groups, never in chains or filaments. Spores,
cellulose from birch. Galactose, sucrose, 1.0 to 1.5 microns in diameter, the size vary-
ing with the medium, spherical, terminal, Spores resist heating at 100° C. for 90 min-
swelling the cells. Young cells are motile, utes.
the motility disappearing with sporulation; Comments: This species was apparently
flagella not demonstrable. Young vegetative first isolated and studied in pure culture by
cells are colored wine-red with iodine solu- Clausen {op. cit., 1931, 40 and 54). From his
tion. Gram-positive, becoming Gram-labile studies he concluded that Omeliansky's
on sporulation. Wasserstoffbacillus and Methanbacillus are
Gelatin (plus asparagine) : Liquefaction but a single species and that the gaseous
in 6 to 10 days. Medium remains perfectly fermentation products are H2 and CO2 , not
clear. methane; the production of methane ob-
Asparagine agar deep colonies: Grayish served by Omeliansky was effected by the
white, delicate, cottony, with fine radial symbiotic forms or other contaminants al-
outgrowths. ways present in Omeliansky's cultures.
Asparagine agar surface colonies (ana- Clausen's evidence is quite convincing, and
erobic): Poor, delicate, translucent, filmy, the organism is presented here from his de-
scarcely discernible growth. scription.
Cellulose-liver broth: Solution remains Source: Isolated from human, cow and
visibly clear and does not darken with age. horse excreta, from the stomach contents of
Occasionally, large gas bubbles arise. cows, from cheese and from soil.
Milk: Soft coagulation in 24 hours. Amor- Habitat: Found in the intestinal canals
phous clot shrinks and settles, forming a of animals and presumably thence widely
yellowish red to orange sediment with tur- disseminated in soil.
bid supernatant whey.
Indole not produced. 86. Clostridium dissolvens Bergey et
Hydrogen sulfide produced in trace al., 1925. (Bacillus cellulosae dissolvens
amounts in inorganic solutions. Khouvine, Ann. Inst. Past., 87, 1923, 711;
Maltose, mannitol, lactose, glucose, su- Bergey et al.. Manual, 2nd ed., 1925, 344.)
crose, galactose, fructose, starch, salicin, dis.sol'vens. L. part. adj. dissolvens dis-
solving.
glycerol and inulin not attacked.
Cellulose, apparently the primary carbon Slender rods, ranging from 2.5 to 12.5 mi-
source, is only weakly attacked by pure cul- crons in length, occurring singly and oc-
tures with the production of hydrogen and casional y inpairs, but not in chains. Spores
carbon dioxide. Yellow pigment not ob- ovoid, terminal, swelling the cells. Non-
served in the presence of cellulose (see Clos- motile. Gram-negative.
tridium dissolvens) . Cellulose is digested by the formation of
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. an endocellulase which acts only when the
Ammonia not produced. bacteria are attached to the cellulose. Sac-
charides and CO2 , Ho , ethyl alcohol and
ing. No visible evidence of growth. acetic, lactic and butyric acids are pro-
duced from cellulose.
Non -pathogenic for mice; effect on other
animals not recorded. A yellow pigment is produced in the pres-
ence of cellulose.
Anaerobic. Grows at 25 to 30 mm mercury
Glucose and carbohydrates other than
pressure. cellulose not fermented.
Optimum temperature, between 37° and Anaerobic.
42° C.
Grows between 35° and 51° C. without a
Optimum reaction, between pH 7.0 and definite optimum. For the thermophilic
7.4. Grows between pH 6.0 and 8.4. strain of Khouvine, see Clostridium thermo-
Distinctive characters: Ability to liquefy cellum Viljoen et al.
gelatin (with asparagine added), to coagu- Not pathogenic for guinea pigs.
late milk, producing an orange sediment, Distinctive character: Grows only in me-
and to grow in media containing asparagine dia containing cellulose, in the presence of
without requiring the presence of cellulose. which it produces a yellow pigment.
Source: Isolated from human feces. formic, acetic, lactic and succinic acids and
Habitat: Intestinal canal of man. ethyl alcohol.
87. Clostridium therniocellmn Viljoen Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
et al., 1926. (Viljoen, Fred and Peterson, Anaerobic.
Jour. Agr. Sci. (London), 16, 1926, 7; Ter- Optimum temperature, about 60° C.
minosporus thermocellus Prevot, Ann. Inst. Grows between 50° and 68° C.
Past., 61, 1938, 86; Plectridium snieszkoi Comment : A thermophilic strain of Bacil-
Prevot, Man. d. Class, et Determ. d. Bact. lus cellulosae dissolve?is Khouvine is re-
Anaerob., 1940, 154; also see McBee, Jour. garded as identical with this species.
Bact., 67, 1954, 505; and Bact. Rev., 14, 1950, Source: Isolated from horse manure, hu-
51.) man feces, soil and marine mud.
ther.mo'cel.lum. Gr. adj. thermus hot; Habitat: Probably widely dispersed in
M.L. noun cellulosum cellulose; M.L. adj. soils.
thermocellus (probably intended to mean) a
thermophilic organism that digests cellu- 88. Clostridium thermocellulaseum
lose. 653.)
Enebo, 1951. (Physiol. Plantarum, 4, 1951,
Vegetative cells are straight or slightl.y
curved rods, 0.6 to 0.7 by 2.5 to 3.5 microns, ther.mo.cel.lu.la'se.um. Gr. adj. ther-
usually occurring as individuals but oc- 7110S hot; M.L. noun cellulosum cellulose;
casionally forming long chains in liquid M.L. adj. thermocelhilasexis (probabl}' in-
media. Terminal, ovoid spores, about 1.2 by tended to mean) a thermophilic organism
1.6 microns, swelling the cells. Motile by that digests cellulose.
means of peritrichous flagella. Gram-nega- Slender rods, 0.35 to 0.45 by 2.0 to 4.8 mi-
tive. crons, with rounded ends, occurring singly
Cellulose-gelatin: Cellulose digested, but or in pairs. Terminal spores, about 1.0 to
gelatin not liquefied. 1.25 microns in size, soon separate from the
Cellobiose agar surface colonies (anaero- sporangia, which are rapidly dissolved.
bic) :Watery, slightly convex, translucent Often times a small amount of the vegeta-
with a bluish fluorescence. tive cell remains attached to the spore. Mo-
Cellulose agar surface colonies (anaero- tile by means of very few peritrichous fla-
bic)As
: above but with an insoluble, yellow- gella. Gram-negative.
ish orange pigment frequently produced. Gelatin: No liquefaction at 55° C.
Cellulose digested in an area surrounding Cellulose agar colonies: Minute, colorless,
the colony. translucent, convex surface colonies; sub-
Cellulose agar deep colonies: Lenticular, surface colonies are minute, faintly yellow
becoming lobate in old cultures. Colonies and lens-shaped. Colonies are surrounded
may be white or produce a yellowish orange by clear, circular, decomposition zones.
pigment which is more intense in some Nutrient and starch agar: No growth
strains than in others. Cellulose surrounding (Enebo, Studies on Cellulose Decomposition
the colony is digested. by an Anaerobic Thermophilic Bacterium
Nutrient broth (anaerobic): No growth. and Two Associated Non-cellulolytic Spe-
Glucose broth (anaerobic): No growth. cies, Stockholm, 1954).
Indole not produced. Litmus milk: Not coagulated; acid not
produced.
Acid and gas from cellulose, cellobiose, Indole not produced.
.xylose and hemicelluloses. Glucose, fruc- Acid and gas from glucose, fructose, man-
tose, mannose, galactose, arabinose, su- nose (weakly), maltose (weakly), cellobiose,
crose, lactose, maltose, melibiose, trehalose, arabinose and xylose. Galactose, rhamnose,
inulin, salicin, dextrin, soluble starch, inosi- sucrose, lactose, melibiose, trehalose, rafh-
tol, sorbitol, dulcitol, mannitol, glycerol, nose, glycerol, mannitol, dulcitol, sorbitol
pectin and gum arable not fermented. and starch not fermented.
Fermentation products include CO2 , H2 , Cellulose is hydrolyzed to low-molecular
carbohydrates, especially cellobiose and Agar deep colonies : Lenticular, becoming

glucose. Higher saccharides are also formed. nodular to arborescent.
Decomposition of cellulose is immediately Milk: Abundant gas, but no coagulation
followed by the appearance of reducing or other change.
sugars and cellulase in the medium. Indole not produced.
Products of hydrolysis are partly fer- Acid and gas from glucose, galactose,
mented with the production of ethanol, fructose, maltose, lactose, sucrose, amyg-
formic, acetic, lactic and succinic acids, dalin, salicin and dextrin. Trehalose, raffi-
carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Methane is nose, xylose, arabinose, starch, inulin, man-
not produced. Acetaldehyde (traces), malic nitol, dulcitol, sorbitol, glycerol and inositol
and fumaric acids and glycerol are also pro- not fermented.
duced^(Enebo, op. cit., 1954). Nitrites produced from nitrates (Som-
Neither nitrites nor ammonia produced polinsky, Ann. Inst. Past., 79, 1950, 204).
from nitrates. Coagulated albumin: No liquefaction.
Catalase-negative. Blood serum: No liquefaction.
Strictly anaerobic. Brain medium: No blackening or diges-
Temperature relations: Optimum, be- tion.
tween 55° and 60'' C. Slow growth at 37° C. Anaerobic, aerotolerant, growing deli-
No growth below 30° or above 65° C. cately on aerobic agar slants.
Optimum initial pH for fermentation, Grows well at both 37° C. and at room
about 8.0. temperature.
Not pathogenic for mice or guinea pigs. An exotoxin of moderate intensity is pro-
Source: Isolated from decaying grass and duced which causes edema, necrosis and
leaves. death on sufficient dosage.
Habitat: Found in decomposing plant Pathogenic for guinea pigs, white rats
materials. and rabbits.
Source: Originally isolated from a rabbit
89. Clostridium carnis (Klein, 1904) inoculated with garden soil (von Hibler);
Spray, 1939. (Art V, von Hibler, Cent. f. isolated from contaminated beef infusion
Bakt., I Abt., 25, 1899, 515; Bacillus carnis (Klein).
Klein, Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 35, 1904, Habitat: Probably occurs in soil.
459; also see Trans. Path. Soc, London, 55,
1904, 74; Art VI, von Hibler, Untersuch. ii. 90. Clostridium histolyticum (Wein-
d. Path. Anaer., 1908, 3 and 406; Spray, in berg and Seguin, 1916) Bergey et al., 1923.
Manual, 5th ed., 1939, 750.) (Bacillus histolyiicus Weinberg and S6guin,
car'nis. L. noun caro flesh; L. gen. noun Compt. rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, 163, 1916,
carnis of flesh. 328.)
449; Bergey et al.. Manual, 1st ed., 1923,
Description taken from Hall and Duffett
(Jour. Bact., 29, 1935, 269). his.to.ly'ti.cum. M.L. noun histus tis-
Rods, 0.5 to 0.7 by 1.5 to 4.5 microns, oc- sue; Gr. adj. lyticus dissolving; M.L. adj.
curring singly and in pairs, rarely in chains histolyiicus tissue-dissolving.
of 3 to 4 cells. Spores ovoid to elongate, sub- Rods, 0.5 to 0.7 by 3.0 to 5.0 microns, oc-
terminal, slightly swelling the cells. Motile curring singly and in pairs. Spores ovoid,
by means of peritrichous flagella. Gram- subterminal, swelling the cells. Motile by
positive. means of peritrichous flagella. Gram-posi-
Gelatin: No liquefaction or blackening. tive.
Agar surface colonies (aerobic) : Minute, Gelatin: Complete liquefaction in 24
transparent dew-drops, becoming flat and hours.
lobate. Agar deep colonies : Varj^ from lenticular,
Blood agar surface colonies (aerobic) : lobate to fluffy, according to the agar con-
Similar to those on plain agar. Slight hemol- centration.
ysis. Agar slant (aerobic) : Grows aerobically
in a barely perceptible film or in tiny, Straight or curved rods, 0.9 by 4.0 mi-
smooth, discrete colonies. crons, with rounded ends, occurring singly,
Egg yolk agar surface colonies: Small, in pairs or in short chains. Subterminal,
circular to slightly irregular, moist, smooth, ovoid, clostridial spores, 1.5 by 2.0 microns.
creamy white, without precipitate or luster. Encapsulated. Weakly motile. Gram-posi-
Blood agar surface colonies (aerobic) : tive.
Minute, round dew-drops. Hemolysis. Gelatin: Liquefaction.
Broth: Turbid; slight precipitate. Agar deep colonies: Lenticular; gas is
Litmus milk: Softly coagulated, then
produced.
slowly digested. Little gas is produced. Peptone broth: Slightly turbid.
Indole not produced. VF glucose broth: Abundantly turbid;
Carbohydrates not fermented. abundant sediment.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Milk: Not coagulated; not changed.
Coagulated albumin: Slow liquefaction. Indole and skatole not produced.
Blood serum: Slow liquefaction with dark- Hydrogen sulfide produced.
ened, putrid fluid. Glucose, fructose, maltose, lactose, galac-
Brain medium: Blackening and digestion; tose and sucrose are strongly fermented.
putrefactive odor. Mannitol weaklj^ fermented.
Egg-meat medium: Little gas is produced. Nitrites produced from nitrates in the
Meat first reddened then darkened in 3 days. presence of mannitol.
Digestion apparent in about 24 hours. Nau- Coagulated proteins: Not attacked.
seous odor. Tyrosine crystals are abundant Anaerobic, aerotolerant.
after about a week.
Anaerobic, aerotolerant, growing feebly Not pathogenic for guinea pigs.
on aerobic agar slant. Source : Isolated from mud from an Afri-
Grows well at 37° C. can lagoon.
A cjtolytic exotoxin is produced which Habitat: Presumably mud.
causes extensive local necrosis and sloughing
on injection. Not toxic on feeding. 92. Clostridium tertium (Henry, 1916)
Produces at least three antigenic com- Bergey et al., 1923. (Bacillus teriius Henry,
ponents in toxic culture filtrates: (1) alpha, Jour. Path, and Bact., 21, 1916, 347; Bergey
lethal and necrotizing toxin, (2) beta, col- et al.. Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 332.)
lagenase, and (3) cysteine-activated pro- ter'ti.um. L. adj. tertius third.
teinase which attacks altered collagen (hide- Rods, 0.4 to 0.6 by 3.0 to 6.0 microns, oc-
powder or azocoll) but not native collagen curring singly and in pairs, not in chains.
(Oakley and Warrack, Jour. Gen. Micro- Spores ovoid, terminal, swelling the cells.
biol., 4, 1950, 365). Produces an oxygen- Motile. Gram-positive.
labile hemolysin (Howard, Brit. Jour. Exp. Gelatin: No liquefaction.
Path., 34, 1953, 564). Agar surface colonies (aerobic) : Circular
Pathogenic for small laboratory animals. with opalescent, crenated margin.
Source: Originally isolated from war Agar deep colonies: Small, lenticular,
wounds, where it induces active necrosis of regular, smooth.
tissue. Found occasionally in feces and soil. Agar slant (aerobic) : Grayish, filmy,
Habitat: Not determined. Apparently opalescent growth.
widely but sparsely dispersed in soil. Broth: Turbid; sediment.
Litmus milk: Acid; coagulated; some gas
91. Clostridium lacunarum Pr^vot, is produced. Clot not digested.
1948. (Ann. Inst. Past., 74, 1948, 166.) Indole not produced.
la.cu.na'rum. L. fem.n. lacuna a ditch, Acid and gas from glucose, fructose, galac-
pit or hole, especially one in which water is tose, mannose, lactose, maltose, sucrose,
apt to collect, a lagoon; L. fem.gen.pl.n. arabinose, xylose, trehalose, melezitose,
lacunarum of lagoons. soluble starch, esculin, mannitol, inositol
and salicin. Inulin and glycerol not fer- Glucose-gelatin: Liquefaction (active
mented. growth of sporulating cultures necessary).
Nitrites produced from nitrates. Agar slant (aerobic) : Minute, translucent
Coagulated albumin: No liquefaction. colonies, containing long rods and thread-
Blood agar: Hemolysis. like forms without spores.
Blood serum: No liquefaction. Glucose yeast agar surface colonies : Large,
Brain medium: No blackening or diges- 1 to 5 mm in diameter, rounded or irregular,
tion. raised, smooth or crested, often star-shaped,
Meat medium: Reddened; acid and gas somewhat hard, compact, glutinous, wax-
produced. Meat neither blackened nor di- like. Whole colonj^ removed intact when
gested. Non-putrefactive. fished with needle.
Anaerobic, aerotolerant, growing feebly Milk: Stormy fermentation with some
on aerobic agar slant. peptonization.
Optimum temperature, between 30° and Hydrogen sulfide produced in yeast glu-
35° C. Growth occurs at 50° C. cose agar tested with lead acetate paper.
Not pathogenic for guinea pigs or rabbits. Negative in brain media with or without
Source : Isolated from gangrenous wounds iron.
and from feces. Maize or potato mash: Rapid fermenta-
Habitat: Widely distributed in soil, feces tion with abundant gas production and par-
and sewage. tial diastatic action. Butyric odor. Head
collapses on continued incubation leaving
93. Clostridium pectinovorum (Stor- clear supernatant above coarse sediment.
mer, 1903) Donker, 1926. (Plectridium pec- Glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose,
tinovorum Stormer, Mitteil. d. deutsch. mannose, soluble starch, maize starch, dex-
Landwirts. Gesellsch., 18, 1903, 195; not trin, glycogen, salicin and mannitol are
Granulobacter pectinovorum Beijerinck and fermented. Glj^cerol, pectin, rhamnose,
van Delden, Arch, neerl. d. Sci. Exact, et. raffinose, melezitose and alpha-methyl-
Nat., Ser. II, 9, 1904, 423; Donker, Thesis, glucoside are slightly attacked, if at all.
Delft, 1926, 149.) Reports variable on arabinose, lactose, su-
pec.ti.no'vo.rum. Gr. adj. pecticus con- crose, xylose and inulin. Trehalose, amyg-
gealing or hardening; M.L. noun pectinum dalin, esculin, erythritol, sorbitol, dulcitol,
pectin; L. v. voro to devour; M.L. adj. pec- quercitol and cellulose not fermented.
tinovorus pectin-destroying. Products of glucose fermentation, in addi-
For additional descriptive characters see tion to butyric, acetic and lactic acids and
Stormer (Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 13, 1904, ethyl alcohol, include negligible yields of
35), McCoy, Fred, Peterson and Hastings acetone and butyl and iso-propyl alcohols.
(Jour. Inf. Dis., i6, 1930, 118), Weizmann Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
and Hellinger (Jour. Bact., 40, 1940, 665), Atmospheric nitrogen fixed, though not
Weizmann and Hellinger (Palestine Jour. as actively as by Clostridium pasteurianum
Bot., Rehovot Ser., J^, 1944, 51), Hellinger Winogradsky (Rosenblum and Wilson,
(Bui. Research Council Israel, 2, 1952, 225) Jour. Bact., 57, 1949, 413).
and Hellinger (Jour. Applied Bact., 17, 1954,
Egg albumin: Digestion.
6). Brain medium: No blackening.
Long and short rods, slender, 0.5 to 0.6 by
Blood agar: No hemolysis.
3.8 to 4.2 microns, somewhat curved with
rounded ends, occurring singly or in short Blood serum: No liquefaction.
chains. Large, ovoid, terminal spores, swell- Catalase-negative reaction obtained on
ing the cells; plectridial sporangia, spatulate anaerobic cultures on glucose yeast agar;
results on aerobic cultures not recorded.
to capitate. Spores, 1.4 by 2.3 microns; plec-
tridia, 0.7 to 1.4 by 6.0 to 10.0 microns. Mo- Anaerobic, aerotolerant.
tile by means of peritrichous flagella. Gran- Temperature relations (for fermentation) :
ulose-positive in young plectridial stage. Optimum, 27° C. Range, 20° to 45° C.
Gram-positive. Source : Isolated from soil, hemp and jute.
693
Habitat: Found in soil and in naturally 1936, 437), this organism was later found to
retting plant materials. form spores of low heat resistance which
are spherical and terminal and which swell
the cells (Barker, op. cit., 1940, 207). Ini-
Nolc: Species incerlae sedis. The relation-
ships of Melhanohaclerium soehngenii Barker tiall}^ reported as non-motile (Barker, op.
and Methanobacterium omelianskii Barker to cit., 1936, 437) but later observed to be oc-
casionally and feebly motile, the type of
other species of bacteria are not entirely- flagellation not determined (Barker, op.
clear. M. soehngenii, a non-motile, non-
sporeforming, Gram-negative species, has cit., 1940, 207). At first described as Gram-
negative (Barker, op. cit., 1936, 437), the
tentatively been placed in the family Spiril-
laceae. While M. omelianskii was described cells were later reported to be Gram-var-
iable (Barker, op. cit., 1940, 208).
for some time as being non-motile and non-
Primary alcohols, including ethanol, pro-
sporeforming, it was later found to be defi-
nitely motile at times, to form spores and panol, n-butanol and n-amyl alcohol, are
oxidized to the corresponding fatty acids.
to be Gram- variable. As an anaerobe, it
should be placed in the genus Clostridium. Secondary alcohols, including isopropanol
If, however, it were placed in the genus and sec-butanol, are oxidized to the corre-
Clostridium, it could not bear the specific sponding ketones. Hj-drogen is oxidized.
Ethanol is utilized the best of all organic
epithet omelianskii, as this epithet is pre-
empted by the cellulose-fermenting Clos- compounds.
Carbon dioxide is utilized and converted
tridium omelianskii (Henneberg, emend.
to methane. Growth and alcohol oxidation
Clausen) Spraj', a different organism. While
awaiting a better determination of the rela- are directly proportional to the carbon diox-
tionships of Methanobacterium omelianskii, ide supply, at low concentrations.
this organism has been placed here. Fatty and hydroxy acids, glucose and
other polyhydroxy alcohols and amino acids
are not attacked.
1. Methanobacterium omelianskii Ammonia is utilized as a nitrogen source.
Barker, 1936. (Bacille de la decomposition Nitrate, sulfate and oxygen cannot be
methanique de I'alcohol ethylique, Omelian- used as oxidizing agents.
sky, Ann. Inst. Past., 30, 1916, 56; Barker, Obligate anaerobe.
Arch. f. Mikrobiol., 7, 1936, 436; also see
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 6, 1940, 201; and 40° C. Maximum, between 46° and 48° C.
Jour. Biol. Chem., 137, 1941, 153.) Growth limits, pH 6.5 and 8.1.
o.me.li.an'ski.i. M.L. gen. noun omelian- Source: Isolated from soil, fresh-water
skii of Omeliansky; named for Prof. W. and marine muds, rabbit feces and sewage.
Omeliansky, the Russian bacteriologist who Pure cultures were isolated from fresh-water
was the first to observe this organism. and marine muds (Barker, op. cit., 1940,
201).
usually 3.0 to 6.0 microns in length. Origi- Habitat: Found wherever organic matter
nally described as non-sporeforming (Omel- is decomposing in an anaerobic, approxi-
iansky, op. cit., 1916, 60; Barker, op. cit.. mately neutral environment.
ORDER V. ACTINOMYCETALES BUCHANAN, 1917.
(Jour. Bact., 2, 1917, 162.)
Ac.ti.no.my.ce.ta'les. M.L. mas.n. Actinomyces type genus of the order; -ales ending to
denote an order; M.L. pl.f.n. Actinomycetales the Actinomyces order.
Organisms forming elongated cells which have a definite tendency to branch. These hy-
phae do not exceed 1.5 microns and are mostly about 1.0 micron or less in diameter. In some
species the cells are acid-fast. In the Mycobacteriaceae the mycelium is rudimentary or ab-
sent; no spores are formed. The Actinomycetaceae, Streptomycetaceae and Actinoplanaceae
usually produce a characteristic branching mycelium and multiply by means of special
spores (oidiospores, conidia or sporangiospores) or combinations of these spores. Special
spores are formed by fragmentation of the plasma within straight or spiral-shaped, spore-
bearing hyphae; the oidiospores are formed by segmentation or by transverse division of
hyphae, similar to the formation of oidia among the true fungi; the conidia are produced
singly, at the end of simple or branching conidiophores; the sporangiospores are borne in
spherical or variously shaped sporangia. A few species in Nocardia are reported to be motile.
In Actinoplanes the sporangiospores have polar fiagella and swim; in Streptosporangium
the spores are non-motile. The cell structure is like that of the bacteria proper. The cell
wall substance is neither chitin nor cellulose (Avery and Blank, Can. Jour. Microbiol., 1,
1954, 140). Thus it differs from the cell wall substance of the true fungi, another indication
of a closer relationship with the bacteria than with the fungi. Only a few species are patho-
genic. The majoritj' are found in soil or less commonly in fresh water.
Among the recent systems of classification of this order it is sufficient to mention the
following: Baldacci (Mycopath., 2, 1939, 84; and ibid., 4, 1947, 60) divided the order Actino-
mycetales into two families: (a) Mycobacteriaceae Chester with two subfamilies, Leptotrichioi-
deae Baldacci and Proactinomycoideae Baldacci, each with five genera, and (b) Actinomy-
cetaceae Buchanan, with two genera, Micromonospora and Actinomyces. Krassilnikov (Ray
fungi and related organisms, Izd. Akad. Nauk, Moskau, 1938) divided the order into (a)
Actinomycetaceae, with four genera, Actinomyces, Proactinomyces, Mycobacterium and My-
cococcus, and (b) Micromonosporaceae, with one genus, Micromonospora. Waksman (Jour.
Bact., 89, 1940, 549) divided the order into four families: Mycobacteriaceae, Proactinomyceta-
ceae, Actinomycetaceae and Micromonosporaceae . Later, Waksman and Henrici (Jour. Bact.,
48, 1943, 339) arranged these organisms into three families: Mycobacteriaceae, Actinomyceta-
ceae and Streptomycetaceae. This was the arrangement used in the Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 875.
Later Couch (Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., /&, 1954, 315) added the family of water-inhabit-
ing species {Actinoplanaceae) to this grouping.
Key to the families of order Actinomycetales.

I. Mycelium rudimentary or absent; no spores formed.
Family I. Mycobacteriaceae , p. 695.
II. A true mycelium produced.
* The general arrangement of the families in this Order follows that developed by Prof.
S. A. Waksman, New Jersey Experiment Station, New Brunswick, New Jersey, and Prof.
A. T. Henrici, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, as supplemented more
recently by the work of Prof. J. N. Couch, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill,
North Carolina, May, 1955.
FAMILY I. MYCOBACTERIACEAE 695
A. Spores formed, but not in sporangia.

1. Spores formed by fragmentation of the mycelium.
Family II. Actinomycetaceae, p. 713.
2. Vegetative mj'celium normally remains undivided.
Family III. Streptomycetaceae , p. 744.
B. Spores formed in sporangia.
Family IV. Actinoplanaceae, p. 825.
FAMILY I. MYCOBACTERIACEAE CHESTER, 1901.

(Chester, Man. Determ. Bact., 1901, 349; Proactinomycetaceae Lehmann and Haag, in
Lehmann and Neumann, Bakt. Diag., 7 Aufl., 2, 1927, 674.)
My.co.bac.te.ri.a'ce.ae. M.L. neut.n. Mycobacterium type genus of the family; -aceae
ending to denote a family; M.L. pl.f.n. Mycobacteriaceae the Mycobacterium family.
Cells spherical to rod-shaped; branching not evident on ordinary media. No conidia.
Aerobic. Mesophilic. Gram-positive. Found in soil, dairy products and as parasites on ani-
mals, including man.
Key to the genera of family Mycobacteriaceae.

I. Cells usually acid-fast. Rod-shaped cells that do not branch under ordinary cultural
conditions.
Genus I. Mycobacterium, p. 695.
II. Non acid-fast cells so far as observed. Cells generally spherical, occurring singly, in
short chains or in clumps.
Genus II. Mycococcus, p. 707.
Genus I. Mycobacterium Lehmann and Neumann, 1896 *

(Coccothrix Lutz,t Zur Morphologic des Mikroorganismus der Lepra. Dermatologische
Studien, Heft 1, 1886, 22; Sclerothrix Metchnikoff , Arch. f. path. Anat. u. Physiol., 113, 1888,
70; not Sclerothrix Kuetzing, Species Algarum, 1849, 319; Lehmann and Neumann, Bakt.
Diag., 1 Aufl., 2, 1896, 108.)
My.co.bac.te'ri.um. Gr. noun myces a fungus; Gr. neut.dim.n. bacterium a small rod;
M.L. neut.n. Mycobacterium a fungus rodlet.
Acid-fast, slender rods, straight or slightly curved, occasionally slender filaments, but
branched forms rarely occur. No conidia. Non-motile. Aerobic. Two species are obligate
parasites and have not been cultivated apart from living cells; other species grow slowly on
all media, species pathogenic for higher animals requiring two to several weeks, other spe-
cies requiring two to several days. Saprophytic species are not so strongly acid-fast as are
the parasitic species. Nearly all acid-fast bacteria treated with carbol-auramin and decol-
orized with NaCl-HCl-ethyl alcohol fluoresce when they are irradiated by long wavelength
* Completely revised by Dr. Ruth Gordon (saprophytic species and those affecting cold-
blooded animals). Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New
Jersey, Dr. G. B. Reed (species affecting warm-blooded animals except those causing lep-
rosy). Queens University. Kingston, Ontario, Canada, and Dr. John H. Hanks (species
causing leprosy). Harvard Medical School, Brookline, Massachusetts, July, 1953.
t The name Coccothrix has priority over Mycobacterium as the name for this genus but it
has never come into general use. A recommendation has been made to the Judicial Com-
mission that the name Coccothrix be placed in the list of rejected generic names. Until an
Opinion has been issued, the Manual will continue to recognize Mycobacterium.
696 ORDER V. ACTINOMYCETALES
ultraviolet light (Richards, Chapter on Fluorescent Microscopy, in Analytical Cytology,

ed. by R. C. Mellors, New York, 1953).
The members of this genus are arranged as a natural spectrum, starting with the sapro-
phytes (some of which may be potentially parasitic) and proceeding through the tubercle
bacilli to the highly host-dependent leprosy bacilli.
The tj-pe species is Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Zopf) Lehmann and Neumann.
Key to the species of genus Mycobacterium.
I. Saprophytes, including potential parasites; grow rapidly on most media at 28° C.
Strains recovered from tuberculosis of cold-blooded animals and from ulcers, skin le-
sions and other infections in mammals tend, after artificial cultivation, to be indistin-
guishable from the saprophytes found in soil, water, plants, etc. Cells acid-fast when
grown under proper conditions.
A. Growth at 45° C*
1. Growth at 52° C; no acid from rhamnose or inositol.
1. Mycobacterium phlei.
2. No growth at 52° C; acid from rhamnose and inositol.
2. Mycobacterium smegmatis.
B, No growth at 45° C.
3. Mycobacterium fortuitum,.
4. Mycobacterium, marinum.
5. Mycobacterium thamnopheos.
6. Mycobacterium platypoecilus .
II. Parasites on warm-blooded animals. Cells usually acid-fast.
A. Growth on ordinary or special media.
1. No growth at temperatures above 33° C; not pathogenic for guinea pigs or rab-
bits, experimentally produces cutaneous lesions in rats and mice; causes ulcerous
lesions on the lower extremities of man.
7. Mycobacterium ulccrans.
2. Growth at 37° C.
a. Slow growth on all media.
b. Experimentally produces generalized tuberculosis in guinea pigs.
c. Experimentally does not produce generalized tuberculosis in rabbits
or fowls. Growth enhanced by the addition of glycerol to most me-
dia. Generally pale yellow to orange pigmentation, especially on
media containing serum.
8. Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
cc. Experimentally produces generalized tuberculosis in rabbits but not
in fowls. Growth not enhanced by the addition of glycerol to media.
Not pigmented.
9. Mycobacterium bovis.
bb. Experimentally does not produce generalized tuberculosis in guinea pigs,
c. Experimentally produces generalized tuberculosis in voles, but not
in rabbits or fowls.
10. Mycobacterium microti.
cc. Experimentally produces generalized tuberculosis in fowls.
11. Mycobacterixim avium.
aa. Growth in primary cultures only when heat-killed, acid-fast bacteria or ex-
tracts of acid-fast bacteria are added to the media. Experimentally fails to
infect guinea pigs or fowls.
12. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis .
* All temperatures above 37° C. are water-bath temperatures.

697
FAMILY I. MYCOBACTERIACEAE
B. Have not been grown on non-living culture media.

1. Occurs in man. Has not been transmitted experimentally to any other species of
animal.
13. Mycobacterium leprae.
2. Occurs in wild rats and mice. Experimentally transmissible to rats, mice and
hamsters.
14. Mycobacterium lepraemurium.
1. Mycobacterium phlei Lehmann and Citrate, succinate and malate usually

Neumann, 1899, pro parte. (Timotheebacil- used as sole sources of carbon.
lus or Grasbacillus I, Moeller, Thera- Tyrosine not decomposed (Gordon and
peutischen Monatsch., 12, 1898, 607; Moel- Smith, Jour. Bact., 69, 1955, 503).
ler, Deutsch. med. Wochnschr., 24, 1898, 376; Benzoate not utilized (Gordon and Smith,
Lehmann and Neumann, Bakt. Diag., 2 loc. cit.).
Aufl., 2, 1899, 411.) Nitrites produced from nitrates.
phle'i. Gr. noun phleus a flowering reed; Temperature relations: Growth at 28° to
M.L. neut.n. Phleum a grass genus, tim- 52° C. inclusive; variable at 55° and 15° C.;
othy; M.L. gen. noun phlei of timothy. negative at 10° C. Survives 60° C. for 4
Description taken from Gordon and Smith hours.
(Jour. Bad., 66, 1953,43). Optimum pH, 6.0; range, 5.5 to 8.8 (Penso
Rods, 1.0 to 2.0 microns in length after et al., op. cit., 1951, 855).
cultivation for 48 hours on glycerol agar at Salt tolerance: Scant, if any, growth in
37° C., coccoid forms to short rods; those glycerol broth containing 5 per cent NaCl.
of a few cultures longer, averaging 2.5 to 3.0 Pathogenicity: Not pathogenic for mouse,
microns. Non-motile. Some with irregularly rat, guinea pig, rabbit, chicken, frog or carp
and some with uniformly staining proto- (Penso et al., loc. cit.).
plasm. Filaments and branching rarely, if Source: Originally isolated from hay and
ever, seen. Acid-fastness after incubation
for 5 days at 28° C. from 5 to 100 per cent. Habitat: Widely distributed in soil, dust
grass.
Gelatin: Variable, limited hydrolysis by and on plants.
Frazier method.
Bennett's and soil extract agar colonies: 2. Mycobacterium smegmatis (Trevi-
Dense with smooth edges, dense with fringe san, 1889) Lehmann and Neumann, 1899.
of filaments, or filamentous. Filaments frag- (Smegma bacillus, Alvarez and Tavel, Arch,
menting into short rods. phys. norm, et path., ^y, (ser. 3, 6), 1885, 303;
Glycerol agar slants : Growth at 2 to 4 days Bacillus smegmatis Trevisan, I generi e le
usually rough, thin, dry, spreading, pale specie delle Batteriacee, 1889, 14; Lehmann
yellow; at 10 to 14 days, thick, waxy, and Neumann, Bakt. Diag., 2 Aufl., 2, 1899,
coarsely wrinkled, deep yellow to orange. 403; Mycobacterium lacticola Lehmann and
Growth of a few cultures smooth, soft, Neumann, ibid., 408.)
spreading, butyrous, deep yellow to orange.
Milk agar plate: No hydrolysis of casein. smeg'ma.tis. Gr. neut.n. smegma an un-
gent or ointment, a detergent, in Modern
Indole not produced (Penso, Ortali, Gau-
diano, Princivalle, Vella and Zampieri, Latin sebaceous humor; M.L. gen.n. smeg-
matis of smegma.
Rend. dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanita, 14, Description taken from Gordon and Smith
1951, 855).
Acid from glucose, mannitol and sorbitol (Jour. Bact., 66, 1953, 45).
(with ammoniacal nitrogen) ; usually from Rods, 3.0 to 5.0 microns in length after
mannose and arabinose. Variable reaction 48-hours cultivation on glycerol agar at
on xylose, trehalose, maltose and galactose. 37° C., slender, of varying lengths, often
No acid from rhamnose, inositol, dulcitol, filamentous, sometimes branched, curved
lactose or raffinose. and beaded, occasionally swollen with
Starch is hydrolyzed. ovoid, deeper staining bodies. Acid-fastness
after incubation for 5 days at 28° C. on 1938. (Strains of Mycobacterium from cows
glycerol agar from 10 to 80 per cent. 18, 19, 70 and 75, Minett, Jour. Comp. Path,
Gelatin: Usually no hydrolysis by Fra- and Ther., 45, 1932, 317; Cruz, Acta Med.
zier method. Rio de Janeiro, 1, 1938, 298; Mycobacterium
Bennett's and soil extract agar colonies: giae Darzins, Arquiv. Inst. Brasil. Invest.
Dense with smooth edges, dense with fringe Tuberc, 9, 1950, 29; Mycobacterium minetti
of filaments, or filamentous. Filaments Penso, Castelnuovo, Gaudiano, Princivalle,
fragmenting into short rods. Vella and Zampieri, Rend. dell'Istituto
Glycerol agar slants: Growth at 2 to 3 Superiore di Sanita, 15, 1952, 491.)
days usually, rough, good, spreading, finely for. tu'i. turn. L. adj. fortuitus casual, ac-
wrinkled, creamy white; at 14 days, abun- cidental.
dant, spreading, finely wrinkled, waxy, Description taken from Cruz (op. cit.,
cream-j'ellow to orange. Growth of cultures 1938, 298), Penso et al. (op. cit., 1952, 491)
in smooth stage abundant, glistening, and Gordon and Smith (Jour. Bact., 69,
butyrous and sometimes nodular. 1955, 502).
Milk agar plate: No hydrolysis of casein. Rods, 1.0 to 3.0 microns in length after
Acid from glucose, rhamnose, xylose, cultivation for 72 hours on glycerol agar at
arabinose, sorbitol, inositol, mannose, man- 28° C, the largest number from 2.0 to 2.2
nitol, trehalose and galactose (with am- microns in length. Coccoid and short forms,
moniacal nitrogen); usually from dulcitol. to long, slender rods, occasionally beaded or
No acid from lactose and usually none from swollen with an ovoid, non-acid-fast body
raffinose. Acid not produced from maltose at one end. In pus, long and filamentous
by a majority of the cultures. forms with definite branching (Penso et
Starch is hydrolyzed. al.). Acid-fastness after incubation for 5
Citrate, succinate and malate used as sole days at 28° C. on glycerol agar 10 to 100 per
sources of carbon. cent. In the majority of cultures, 70 to 100
Tyrosine not decomposed (Gordon and per cent of cells were acid-fast. Non-motile.
Smith, Jour. Bact., 69, 1955, 504). Gram-positive.
Benzoate utilized (Gordon and Smith, Gelatin: No hydrolysis by Frazier method
loc. cit.). (Gordon and Smith).
Oxalate is decomposed by strains isolated Gelatin stab: Heavy growth on surface
from the intestines of earthworms (Kham- and along stab. No liquefaction.
bata and Bhat, Jour. Bact., 69, 1955, 227). Agar colonies : After 3 or 4 days of incuba-
Khambata and Bhat identified their strains tion, dense colonies with smooth edges,
as Mycobacterium lacticola Lehmann and dense colonies fringed with short filaments
Neumann; however, an earlier study by and/or filamentous colonies. On further
Gordon and Smith (op. cit.., 1953, 44) has incubation the filaments usually fragment
shown that M. lacticola is identical with M. into short rods (Gordon and Smith).
smegmatis Lehmann and Neumann, the Glycerol agar: Growth at 2 to 3 days at
latter name having priority.
Nitrites usually produced from nitrates. 28° C. scant to fair, soft and butyrous or
waxy and nodular, off-white to cream-
Temperature relations: Growth at 28° to colored; at 14 days, abundant, spreading,
45° C. inclusive; scant, if any, at 50° C.; butyrous and glistening or dull, rough and
none at 52° C. Does not survive 60° C. for 4
hours. waxy, often very nodular, off-white to cream
Salt tolerance: Usually growth in glycerol to beige in color (Gordon and Smith).
broth containing 5 per cent NaCl; usually Yeast extract agar: Growth moderate to
none in 7 per cent. heavy, spreading, butyrous or dry and
Source: Isolated from smegma. waxy, usually nodular, sometimes finely
Habitat: Widely distributed in soil, dust wrinkled, off-white to cream to beige (Gor-
and water. don and Smith).
Glucose asparagine agar : At 2 weeks, mod-
3. Mycobacterium fortuitum Cruz, erate, spreading, soft, and glistening or dull
and waxy, off-white to cream-colored clumps, while long, thin, beaded or barred
(Gordon and Smith). rods are scattered more discretely. In cul-
Glycerol potato: Poor growth. tures the organisms have the same appear-
Broth: Thin ring pellicle; broth clear. ance. Non-motile. Acid-fast and acid-al-
Milk not coagulated. cohol-fast. Gram-positive.
Milk agar plate: No hydrolysis of casein Gelatin: No liquefaction.
(Gordon and Smith). Agar slant (slightly acid) : In five to seven
Indole not produced. days, moist, glistening, elevated colonies,
Hydrogen sulfide not produced (Penso becoming lemon-yellow.
et al.). Hydrogen sulfide production vari- Agar colonies: In 5 to 7 days, smooth,
able (Gordon and Smith, unpublished data). moist, slimy, lemon-yellow, later orange-
Acid from glucose, mannose, trehalose colored.
and occasionally mannitol. No acid from Glycerol agar colonies: In 14 to 18 days,
rhamnose, xylose, arabinose, galactose, sor- grayish white, moist, elevated with irregular
bitol, inositol, dulcitol, lactose or raffinose. margins. Old growths lemon-yellow and still
Maltose hydrolyzed by only one culture later orange-colored.
(Gordon and Smith). Dorset's and Petroff's egg media: Similar
Starch is hydrolyzed (Gordon and Smith). to growth on glycerol agar but more
Succinate and malate used as sole sources luxuriant.
of carbon; citrate used by all but one culture Broth and glycerol broth: Growth is dif-
(Gordon and Smith). fuse; no pellicle formed.
Tyrosine not decomposed (Gordon and Litmus milk: Acidified and coagulated.
Smith). Indole not produced.
Benzoate not utilized (Gordon and Arabinose and fructose are utilized; sor-
Smith). bitol and galactose are not utilized (Gordon,
Nitrites usuallj^ produced from nitrates. Jour. Bact., 34, 1937, 617)
Temperature relations: Growth at 28° to Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
35° C.; variable at 10° C.; most cultures Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
grow at 40° C.; growth, if any, scant at Optimum temperature, between 18 and
45° C. Does not survive 60° C. for 4 hours 20° C. Fails to survive 60° C. for 1 hour;
(Gordon and Smith). fails to grow at 45° C. (Gordon, Jour. Bact.,
Salt tolerance: Usually growth in broth 34, 1937, 617).
containing 5 per cent NaCl; usually none Pathogenicity: Experimentally infects
in 7 per cent (Gordon and Smith). salt-water fish, goldfish, frogs, mice and
Pathogenicity: Guinea pigs, rabbits and pigeons but not rabbits or guinea pigs.
mice resistant to massive doses of jôung Source: Isolated from areas of focal ne-
cultures (Cruz). Local lesions produced in crosis of the liver of sergeant majors (Abri-
lymph glands and kidneys of mice, guinea defduf mauritii), croakers {Micropogon
pigs, rabbits, monkeys and calves (Penso undulatus) and sea bass (Centropristes
et al.). striatus) .
Source : Several strains were isolated from Habitat: Causes spontaneous tuberculo-
lymph glands of cattle by F. D. Minett, from sis in salt-water fish.
human abscesses by Cruz, from a systemic,
nodular infection of Gia by Darzins. 5. Mycobacterium thamnopheos Aron-
Habitat: Found in soil and infections of son, 1929. (Jour. Inf. Dis., 44, 1929, 215.)
humans, cattle and cold-blooded animals. tham.no'phe.os. Gr. noun thamnus a
bush; Gr. noun ophis, opheos a snake; M.L.
4. Mycobacterium niarinum Aronson, mas.n. Thamnophis bush snake, a genus of
1926. (Jour. Inf. Dis., 39, 1926, 315.) snakes; M.L. gen. noun thamnopheos of the
ma.ri'num. L. adj. marinus of the sea, bush snake.
marine. Original description supplemented by ma-
In lesions, short, thick, uniformly staining terial taken from Bynoe (Thesis, McGill
organisms are seen frequently occurring in University, Montreal, 1931).
Slender rods, 0.5 by 4 to 7 microns, fre- garter snake and possibly other cold-
quently slightly curved, beaded and barred blooded vertebrates.
forms often occur. Non-motile. Acid-fast in
cultures of 4 days or older, in younger cul- 6. Mycobacterium platypoecilus Baker
248.)
tures some organisms are not acid-fast. Not and Hagan, 1942. (Jour. Inf. Dis., 70, 1942,
alcohol-fast. Gram-positive.
Gelatin stab: Growth occurs along the pla.ty.poe'ci.lus. M.L. mas.n. Platy-
line of inoculation. No liquefaction. poecilus a genus of platyfishes.
Agar colonies: 0.5 to 1 mm in diameter, Rods resembling those of the tubercle
irregular, raised, moist and glistening. bacillus; not usually pleomorphic. Strongly
Glycerol agar: Spreading, raised, dry, acid-fast.
pale pink to buff growth. Glycerol egg medium: Primary growth on
Glycerol broth : A thin pellicle appears in this medium only after 3 weeks of incuba-
5 to 6 days, gradually becomes thicker and tion at 25° C. Smooth, moist colonies be-
falls as a sediment. coming dry, wrinkled, grayish white and
Dorset's egg medium: Raised, moist, waxy with age. Cultures grown in the
pinkish growth after 10 days, later becom- presence of light are deep orange in color.
ing salmon-colored. Glycerol phosphate agar: Growth of sub-
Loeffler's serum: Small, raised, convex, cultures slow. Appearance same as on
dry growth. glycerol egg medium.
Litmus milk: Alkaline. Sohngen's medium: No growth.
Glycerol potato: Raised, hemispherical, Temperature relations: Optimum, 25° C.
dry and granular growth.
Indole not produced. Source: Isolated from the organs of a
Fructose, mannitol and trehalose are small, tropical platyfish, Platypoecilus ma-
utilized; arabinose, sucrose, galactose and culatus.
sorbitol not utilized (Gordon, Jour. Bact., Habitat: Found in skin ulcers, liver,
54, 1937, 617). spleen, gills and kidneys of diseased platy-
Nitrates reduced by 1 strain but not by 2 fish.
strains tested (Aronson). Nitrates slightly
reduced (Gordon). Nitrates not reduced 7. Mycobacterium ulcerans MacCal-
(Bynoe). lum, 1950. (A new mycobacterial infection
Temperature relations: Fails to survive of man, MacCallum, Tolhurst, Buckle and
60° C. for 1 hour, fails to grow at 45° C. Sissons, Jour. Path, and Bact., 60, 1948, 93;
(Gordon) ; good growth at 25° C., no growth MacCallum, in Fenner, Med. Jour. Austral.,
at 37° C. (Aronson); optimum for growth, 2, 1950, 817; also see Fenner and Leach,
25° C., range, 10° to 35° C. (Bynoe). Austral. Jour. Exp. Biol, and Med. Sci., 30,
Range of pH, 6.6 to 7.8 (Aronson); opti- 1952, 1; and Fenner, ibid., 11.)
mum, between 7.3 and 8.0, range 5.0 to 11.0 ul'ce.rans. L. part. adj. ulcerans making
(Bynoe). sore, causing to ulcerate.
Pathogenicity: Experimentally produces Description taken from MacCallum et
generalized tuberculosis in snakes, frogs, al. {op. cit., 1948, 93).
lizards and fish but not pathogenic for Rods, 0.2 by 1.5 to 3.0 microns from cul-
guinea pigs, rabbits or fowls. tures, somewhat longer from tissues. Acid-
Variation: According to Bynoe and fast and acid-alcohol-fast, frequently
Wyckoff (Amer. Rev. Tub., 29, 1934, 389), beaded.
S and R forms may be distinguished by Egg yolk agar colonies: Primary cultures
colony structure and individual cell ar- after 9 weeks are 2 to 3 mm in diameter,
rangement. round, smooth, low convex, opaque white to
Source: Isolated from the lungs and livers pale cream-colored. Subcultures appear in
of garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis). 2 to 3 weeks, the colonies similar to those of
Habitat: Present as a parasite in the the primary culture.
701
Petragnani's medium: Primaiy growth Source: Isolated from ulcerative skin
visible in 4 weeks as minute, transparent, infections in man.
dome-shaped colonies; in older cultures Habitat : The apparent cause of skin ulcers
colonies are low convex to flat with irregular in man. Transmissible to rats and mice.
outline and rough surface, lemon to mus-
tard-yellow. 8. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Zopf,
Dorset's egg medium: Scanty growth, the 1883) Lehmann and Neumann, 1896.
colonies resembling those on Petragnani's (Tuberkelbacillen, Koch, Berl. klin. Wochn-
medium, but there is little or no pigment. schr., 19, 1882, 225; Bacterium tuberculosis
Glycerol broth: Growth onh' when colony Zopf, Die Spaltpilze, 1 Aufl., 1883, 67; Tu-
fragments are used as the inoculum, form- berkelbacillen, Koch, Mitteil. a. d. kaiserl.
ing white, irregular, floating balls; no pellicle Gesundheitsamte, 2, 1884, 6; Bacillus tuber-
formed. culosis Schroeter, in Cohn, Kryptogamen-
Glycerol: Low concentrations in most Flora V. Schlesien, 3, 1886, 164; Human
media enhance growth, especially in the tubercle bacilli, Th. Smith, Trans. Assoc.
later stages of growth. Am. Phys., 11, 1896, 75; Lehmann and Neu-
Optimum temperature, between 30° and mann, Bakt. Diag., 1 Aufl., 2, 1896, 363;
33° C. Very limited growth at 25° and 37°, Mycobacteritim txibercxdosis tj^pus humanus
and no growth at 41° C. Lehmann and Neumann, ibid., 4 Aufl., 2,
Pathogenicity: Causes skin ulcers in man 1907, 550; Mycobacterium tuberculosis var.
which are characterized by indolent exten- hominis Bergey et al.. Manual, 4th ed.,
sion from areas of inconspicuous induration 1934, 536.)
to involve large areas. Rats and mice are tu.ber.cu.lo'sis. L. dim. noun tuberculum
infected experimental!}' ; guinea pigs, rab- a small swelling, tubercle; Gr. suffix -osis
bits, fowls and lizards are resistant. E.xperi- characterized by; M.L. fern. gen. n. tubercu-
mentally inoculated rats develop hemorrha- losis of tuberculosis.
gic necrotic lesions surrounded bj' zones of Common name: Human tubercle bacillus.
cellular accumulations consisting of leuco- Original description supplemented by
cytes, lymphocytes and macrophages. There material taken from Topley and Wilson
are no giant cells. The necrotic and cellular (Princip. of Bact. and Immun., London,
zones show large clumps of acid-fast bacilli 2nded., 1936,315).
in the extra-cellular spaces and in macro- Rods, ranging in size from 0.3 to 0.6 by
phages. 0.5 to 4.0 microns, straight or slightly
Antigenic structure: In complement fixa- curved, occurring singly and in occasional
tion tests with sera of rabbits immunized threads. Sometimes swollen, clavate or even
with human, bovine and murine types of branched. Stain uniformly or irregularly,
tubercle bacilli, Mycobacterium ranae and showing banded or beaded forms. Acid-fast
M. phlei, the heat-killed, washed bacilli and acid -alcohol -fast. Gram-positive.
serving as antigens, M. ulcerans was found to Growth in all media is slow, requiring
be antigenicallj' distinct from the other several weeks for development.
pathogenic species of Mycobacterium tested. This bacterium contains mycolic acid
This conclusion was supported by skin sen- (Stodola, Lesuk and Anderson, Jour. Biol.
sitivity reactions in guinea pigs (Fenner Chem., 1S6, 1938, 505). The acid-fast mycolic
and Leach, op. cit., 30, 1952, 1; and Fenner, acid combines more firmly with carbol-
op. cit., 30, 1952, 11). auramin than with carbol-fuchsin, and this
Distinctive characters: Acid-fast bacilli; apparently accounts for the increased sensi-
grows at 33° but not at 37° C; produces tivity of fluorescence microscopy for this
necrotic and ulcerative lesions in man, rats bacterium (Richards, Science, 93, 1941, 190;
and mice without giant-cell formation; Richards, Kline and Leach, Amer. Rev.
antigenically distinct from the other Tuberc, U, 1941, 255).
pathogenic species of Mycobacterium. Glycerol agar colonies: Raised, thick.
'02
ORDER V. ACTINOMYCETALES
cream-colored, with a nodular or wrinkled pigs but not for rabbits, cats, goats, oxen or
surface and irregular thin margin. domestic fowls.
Nutrient broth without glycerol: No Antigenic structure: By agglutination,
growth. absorption of agglutinins and complement
Dorset's egg, Lowenstein, Petragnani, fixation, a distinction may be made between
Woolsey colonies: Similar to those on glyc- the human and bovine species and Mycobac-
erol agar, but growth is more rapid and terium avium, but it has been impossible to
luxuriant. distinguish by these means between the two
Variation in colony structure of the hu- mammalian species (Tullock et al.. Tuber-
man and the bovine species has been de- cle, 6, Oct. -Dec, 1924, 18, 57 and 105;
scribed by several authors, e.g. Petroff et Wilson, Jour. Path, and Bact., 28, 1925, 69;
al. (Jour. E.xp. Med., 60, 1934, 515), Birk- Griffith, Tubercle, 6, May, 1925, 417; Rice
haug (Ann. Inst. Past., 57, 1933, 428), Kahn and Reed, Jour. Immunol., 23, 1932, 385;
et al. (Jour. Bact., 25, 1933, 157), Uhlenhuth Kauffman, Ztschr. f. Hyg., 114, 1932, 121).
and Sieffert (Zeit. Immun., 59, 1930, 187), Tuberculins prepared from the human and
Reed and Rice (Canad. Jour. Res., 5, 1931, the bovine species are ordinarily indistin-
HI), Smithburn, (Jour. Exp. Med., 63, 1936, guishable in their action, but Lewis and
95) and Shaffer (Jour. Path, and Bact., 40, Seibert (Jour. Immunol., 20, 1931, 201)
1935, 107). Several of these authors have detected a difference by cross anaphylactic
found associated variation in cell structure reactions.
and in virulence, though Boquet (Compt. Distinctive characters: Mycobacterium
rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, 103, 1930, 290), tuberculosis produces generalized tuberculo-
Birkhaug (Ann. Inst. Past., 49, 1932, 630) sis in experimentally inoculated guinea pigs
and others have failed to find differences in but not in rabbits, voles or fowls. Mycobac-
virulence. Reed and Rice (Jour. Immunol., terium bovis produces generalized tuberculo-
23, 1932, 385) found the S form to contain an sis in guinea pigs, rabbits and voles but not
antigenic substance lacking in the R form. in fowls. Mycobacterium microti produces
Glycerol broth: After 6 to 8 weeks, thick generalized tuberculosis in voles but not in
white to cream-yellow, wrinkled pellicle guinea pigs, rabbits or fowls. Mycobacterium
extending up the sides of the flask; no tur- avium produces generalized tuberculosis in
bidity; granular or scaly deposit. fowls but not in guinea pigs or voles. Growth
Dubos' tween-albumin broth: Diffuse of the human form is enhanced by the addi-
growth visible in a few days and extensive tion of glycerol to most media. Growth of
in 7 to 10 days. In undisturbed cultures the bovine and murine forms is not enhanced
growth tends to settle but is readily dis- by glycerol. The human form generally
persed. Virulent strains tend to grow in develops a creamy to yellow or faint red pig-
serpentine, cord-like forms in which the ment especially on media containing serum;
bacilli show a parallel orientation. Avirulent the bovine and murine forms are not pig-
forms show a more uniformly diffuse growth mented.
(Dubos and Middlebrook, Amer. Rev. Tu- Comments: Griffith (Lancet, 1, 1916-17,
herc, 56, 1947,334). 721; Jour. Path, and Bact., 21, 1924, 54) has
Glucose, fructose, arabinose and galactose found aberrant mammalian types, particu-
are utilized; sucrose and lactose are not larly in skin lesions of both man and ox,
utilized (Merrill, Jour. Bact., W, 1930, 235, which are, in certain characteristics, inter-
based on the examination of one strain). mediate between the human and the bovine
Optimum temperature, 37° C. species. He finds no evidence, however, that
Optimum pH, between 7.4 and 8.0 (Ishi- the one species may change into the other.
mori, Ztschr. f. Hyg., 102, 1924, 329); be- Source : Isolated from tuberculous lesions
tween pH 6.0 and 6.5 (Dernby and Naslund, in man.
Biochem. Zeit., 132, 1922, 392). Habitat: The cause of tuberculosis in
Pathogenicity: Produces tuberculosis in man.
man, monkey, dog and parrot. Experi-
mental y, itis highly pathogenic for guinea 9. Mycobacterium bovis Bergey et al.,
703
1934. (Bovine tubercle bacilli, Th. Smith, animals. More highly pathogenic for ani-
Trans. Assoc. Am. Phys., 11, 1896, 75; also mals than is the human species.
see ibid., IS, 1898, 417; and Jour. Exp. Med.,
3, 1898, 451; Mycobacterium tuberculosis ty- 10. Mycobacterium microti Reed, nom.
pus bovinus Lehmann and Neumann, Bakt. nov. (Vole bacillus. Wells, Lancet, 1, 1937,
Diag., 4 Aufl., 2, 1907, 550; Mycobacterium 1221 ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. muris
tuberculosis var. bovis Berge}' et al., Manual, Brooke, Amer. Rev. Tuberculosis, 43, 1941,
4th ed., 1934,537.) 806; Vole tubercle bacillus, Griffith, Jour.
bo'vis. L. noun bos the ox; L. gen. noun Hyg., 4^, 1942, 527; Mycobacterium muris
bovis of an ox.
Smith et al., in Zinsser's Textb. of Bact.,
Common name: Bovine tubercle bacillus. 9th ed., 1948, 483; not Mycobacterium muris
Original description supplemented by ma- Simmons, Jour. Inf. Dis., 41, 1927, 13.)
terial taken from Topley and Wilson (Prin- mic.ro'ti. M.L. mas.n. Microtus a genus
cip. of Bact. and Immun., London, 2nd ed., that includes the vole; M.L. gen.noun
1936, 315). microti of Microtus.
Rods which are shorter and plumper than Common name: Vole bacillus.
those of the human species. Range in size Description taken from Brooke {op. cit.,
from 1.0 to 1.5 microns. Very short forms are 1941, 806).
frequently intermixed with somewhat larger Rods in cultures average 0.4 by 2.5 mi-
forms. Stain regularly or irregularly. Acid- crons and in tissues, 0.4 by 3.6 microns.
fast and acid-alcohol-fast. Gram-positive. Ovoid to spherical forms occasionally occur
Less easily cultivated than is the human among the rods. In infected lymph nodes,
species. rods 8 to 10 microns long are occasionally
seen. Therefore resembles other mammalian
Glj'cerol agar colonies: Small, irregular,
with granular surface; no pigment. acid-fast species, but in general longer and
Dorset's egg, Lowenstein, Petragnani, thinner. Irregular shapes are frequently
Woolsey colonies: -Similar to those on glyc- found in tissues: S-shaped, hook-shaped,
erol agar, but growth is more rapid and colo- semicircular or circular. Acid-fast and acid-
nies are somewhat larger. alcohol-fast.
For variation in colony structure, see Growth in all media is slow; requires 4 to
Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 5 weeks on favorable media before colonies
Glycerol broth: After 8 weeks, thin, gray- are visible to the naked eye.
white film, slightly nodular; no turbidity; Whole egg medium colonies: After 4 to 6
slight, granular deposit. weeks, small, granular, with irregular mar-
Dubos' tween-albumin broth: Growth gins; on further growth the colonies become
similar to that of M. tuberculosis. larger and more irregular. On moist media
Optimum temperature, 37° C. the consistency is creamj' and on dry media,
Optimum pH, between 5.8 and 6.9 (Ishi- butyrous to friable.
mori, Ztschr. f. Hyg., 102, 1924, 329); be- Egg yolk-saline medium (3:1) : Growth on
tween 6.0 and 6.5 (Dernby and Naslund, this medium is superior to that on Lowen-
Biochem. Ztschr., 132, 1922, 392). stein's, Dorset's egg or Dorset's egg plus
Pathogenicity: Produces tuberculosis in extract of M. phlei. Growth is enhanced by
the addition of 10 per cent CO2 to the at-
ox, man, monkey, goat, sheep, pig, cat, par-
mosphere.
rot, cockatoo and possibl}^ some birds of
Nutrient broth without glycerol: Film-
pre^^ Experimentally it is highly patho- like colonies on the surface: fine deposit.
genic for rabbits and guinea pigs, slightly Glycerol : Primary growth does not occur
pathogenic for dogs, horses, rats and mice;
on any media containing glycerol. On sub-
not pathogenic for fowls. culture, growth occurs but is not enhanced
Antigenic structure: See M. tuberculosis. by the presence of glycerol.
Source: Isolated from tubercles in cattle. Distinctive characters: Slow growth,
Habitat: The cause of tuberculosis in slower than that of the human or bovine
cattle. Transmissible to man and domestic forms; growth in nutrient broth without
glycerol; experimentally produces general- These also differ in chemical and physical
ized tuberculosis in voles but not in guinea properties. The smooth form exhibited the
pigs or rabbits. greatest degree of virulence, the flat smooth
Source : Isolated from naturally occurring a lower virulence, while the chromogenic
tuberculosis in the field vole, Microtus agres- smooth and the rough were relatively be-
tis, and the bank vole, Clethrionomys glareo- nign. Some authors have failed to demon-
lus. strate this difference in virulence. The
Habitat: The cause of generalized tuber- above description applies primarily to the
culosis in voles; transmissible to guinea smooth form.
pigs, rabbits and calves, causing localized Broth: After 4 weeks, very slight viscous
infections. to granular bottom growth; no pellicle, no
turbidity.
11. Mycobacterium avium Chester, Glycerol broth : After 4 weeks, diffuse, tur-
1901. (Tuberculose des oiseaux, Strauss and bid growth with a viscous to granular de-
Gamaleia, Arch. Med. exp. et Anat. path.,
1891; Bacillus der Hiihnertuberculose, Maf- Coagulated beef serum: After 4 weeks,
posit.
fucci, Ztschr. f. Hyg., 11, 1892, 449; Bacillus thin, effuse, grayish yellow growth with
tuberculosis gallinarum Sternberg, Man. of smooth surface.
Bact., 1893, 392; Mycobacterium tuberculosis Glycerol beef serum: After 4 weeks, lux-
aviiim Lehmann and Neumann, Bakt. Diag., uriant, raised, confluent, yellow to orange-
1 Aufl., 1, 1896, 370; Chester, Man. Determ. yellow or occasionally pale pink growth
Bact., 1901, 357; Mycobacterium tuberculosis with a smooth glistening surface.
typus gallinaceus Lehmann and Neumann, Glycerol potato: After 4 weeks, luxu-
Bakt. Diag., 4 Aufl., 3, 1907, 553.) riant, raised, confluent growth with smooth
to nodular surface.
a'vi.um. L. noun avis a bird; L. gen.pl.
noun avium of birds. Litmus milk: Growth, but no change in
Common name: Avian tubercle bacillus. the milk.
Original description supplemented by Fructose, arabinose and sucrose are uti-
material from Topley and Wilson (Princip. lized; glucose is slightly utilized; galactose
of Bact. and Immun., London, 2nd ed., 1936, and lactose are not utilized (Merrill, Jour.
315). Bact., £0, 1930, 235, based on the examina-
Rods resembling those of the bovine type tion of one strain).
of tubercle organism.
Optimum temperature, 40° C; range 30°
Agar: After 4 weeks, slight, effuse, trans- to 44° C. (Bynoe, Thesis, McGill Univer-
lucent growth with fine, granular surface. sity, Montreal, 1931).
Glycerol agar colonies : After 3 to 4 weeks, Optimum pH, between 6.8 and 7.3 (By-
raised, regular, hemispherical, creamy or noe, loc. cit.).
white colonies. Pathogenicity: Produces tuberculosis in
Dorset's egg slants: After 4 weeks, con- domestic fowls and other birds. In pigs it
fluent, slightljr raised growth with smooth, produces localized and sometimes dissemi-
regular surface. nated disease. Experimentally in the rabbit,
Glycerol egg slants : After 4 weeks, luxuri- guinea pig, rat and mouse it may proliferate
ant, raised, confluent, creamy to yellow without producing macroscopic tubercles —
growth with perfectly smooth surface. tuberculosis of the Yersin type. Man, ox,
Winn and Petroff (Jour. Exp. Med., 57, goat, cat, horse, dog and monkey are not in-
1933, 239), Kahn and Schwartzkopf (Jour. fected.
Bact., £5, 1933, 157), Birkhaug (Ann. Inst. Antigenic structure: By agglutination,
Past., 54, 1935, 19), Reed and Rice (Canad. absorption of agglutinins and complement
Jour. Res., 5, 1931, HI) and others have fixation, Mycobacterium avium maj' be dis-
shown variation to follow the course de- tinguished from other members of the genus
scribed for many species. Winn and Petroff (Tullock et al.. Tubercle, 6, 1924, 18, 57 and
have separated four colonial types: smooth, 105; Wilson, Jour. Path, and Bact., ^8,
flat smooth, rough, deep jêllow smooth. 1925, 69; Mudd, Proc. Soc. E.xp. Biol, and
Med., 23, 1925, 569; and others). Furth cilli or other dead acid-fast bacteria (Bo-
(Jour. Immunol., 12, 1926, 273) and Shaffer quet, Ann. Inst. Past., 37, 1928, 495). In a
(Jour. Path, and Bact., 40, 1935, 107) on this few instances cultures have been acclima-
basi.s divided Mycobacterium avium into 1 or tized to a synthetic medium free from added
2 subgroups. dead bacteria (Dunkin, Jour. Comp. Path,
Distinctive characters: Tubercle bacilli and Therap., ^6, 1933, 159; Watson, Canad.
pathogenic for fowls but not for guinea pigs Pub. Health Jour., 26, 1935, 268).
or rabbits; culturally distinguished from Colonies on glycerol agar containing heat-
the mammalian types by the absence of killed Mycobacterium phlei: After 4 to 6
pellicle formation in fluid media and the weeks, just distinguishable, dull-white,
habit of growth on most solid media; anti- raised, circular.
genically distinguished from other species. Colonies on Dorset's glycerol egg medium
Source: Isolated from tubercles in fowls; containing heat-killed M. phlei: After 4 to 6
widely distributed as the causal agent of weeks, minute, dull-white, raised, circular,
tuberculosis in t>irds and less frequently in with a thin, slightly irregular margin. Older
pigs- colonies become more raised, radially
Habitat: The cause of tuberculosis in striated or irregularly folded and dull
chickens. Transmissible to pigeons, other yellowish white.
birds, mice, rabbits and pigs. Dorset's glycerol egg medium containing
sheep's brain and heat-killed M. phlei:
12. Mycobacterium paratuberculo-sis Growth slightly more luxuriant than that
Bergey et al., 1923. (Darmtuberculose bacil- described immediately above.
len, Johne and Frothingham, Deutsch. Glycerol broth containing heat-killed M.
Ztschr. f. Tiermed., 21, 1895, 438; Pseudo- phlei: Thin surface pellicle which later be-
tuberkulose bacillen. Bang, Berl. tierarztl. comes thickened and folded.
Wochschr., 22, 1906, 759; Bacillus of Johne's Dorset's synthetic fluid containing heat-
Disease, M'Fadyean, Jour. Comp. Path., killed M. phlei: Growth as in glycerol broth
20, 1907, 48; also see Twort, Proc. Roy. with Mycobacterium phlei.
Soc, B, 83, 1910, 156; Bergey et al.. Manual, Pathogenicity: Produces Johne's disease,
1st ed., 1923, 374; Mycobacterium enteritidis chronic diarrhoea, in cattle and sheep. Ex-
Lehmann and Neumann, Bakt. Diag., 7 perimentally produces a similar disease in
Aufi., 2, 1927, 755; Bacterium paratuberculo- bovine animals, sheep and goats. Guinea
sis Meissner and Berge, in Kolle and Wasser- pigs, rabbits, rats and mice are not affected.
man, Handbuch d. path. Mikroorganismen, Very large doses in laboratory animals pro-
3 Aufl., 6, 1927-29, 788; Mycobacterium duce slight nodular lesions comparable with
johnei Francis, Jour. Comp. Path., 53, 1943, those pi'oduced by M. phlei.
140.) Antigenic structure: Johnin, prepared as
pa.ra.tu.ber.cu.lo'sis. Gr. pref. para is tuberculin, gives positive reactions in
beside, related; M.L. noun tuberculosis cattle with Johne's disease. According to
tuberculosis; M.L. fem.n. paratuberculosis M'Fadyean et al. (Jour. Comp. Path, and
tuberculosis-like, paratuberculosis. Therap., 29, 1916, 62), tuberculous animals
Common name: Johne's bacillus. may also give a reaction. Plumb (Den Kong.
Description taken from M'Fadyean (op. Vet. Landboh0jskole Arssk., 1925, 63) has
cit., 1907, 48) and Twort and Ingram (A shown that a reaction may be produced in
Monograph on Johne's Disease, London, animals sensitized to avian tuberculin and
1913). that avian tuberculin causes a reaction in
Plump rods, 1 to 2 microns in length, some animals infected with Johne's bacillus.
staining uniformly, but occasionally the Distinctive characters: Small acid-fast
longer forms show alternately stained and bacilli which produce characteristic lesions
unstained segments. Non-motile. Acid-fast. in cattle; grow only in the presence of dead
This organism is difficult to cultivate, acid-fast bacilli.
and, in primary cultures, it has been grown Comment: The organism isolated from a
only in media containing dead tubercle ba- similar disease in sheep is probably identi-
TOG ORDER V. ACTINOMYCETALES
cal with this species, although it is more rosy, 9, 1941, 275) found that acid-fast
difficult to cultivate (Dunkin and Balfour- cultures of this type were recoverable only
Jones, Jour. Comp. Path., 48, 1935, 236). from lesions located proximally with respect
Source: Isolated from the intestinal mu- to open ulcers in the skin.
cous membrane of cattle suffering from Description of organisms seen in leprosy
chronic diarrhoea. Apparently an obligate tissue from Hansen {op. cit., 1874, 1) and
parasite. Topley and Wilson (Princip. Bact. and Im-
Habitat: The cause of Johne's disease, a mun.. London, 2nd ed., 1936, 316).
chronic diarrhea in cattle. Found in the in- Rods, 0.3 to 0.5 by 1.0 to 8.0 microns,
testinal mucosa. with parallel sides and rounded ends, stain-
ing evenly or at times beaded. When numer^
13. Mycobacterium leprae (Hansen, ous, as from lepromatous cases, they are
1874) Lehmann and Neumann, 1896. (Bacil- generally arranged in clumps, rounded
lus leprae Hansen, Norsk. Mag. Laegevi- masses or in groups of bacilli side by side.
densk., 9, 1874, 1; also see Arch. f. path. Strongly acid-fast. Gram-positive.
Anat. u. Physiol., 79, 1879, 32; Nord. Med. Pathogenicity: The communicability of
Ark., 12, 1880, 1; and Quart. Jour. Micro. leprosy from man to man is accepted
Sci., £0, 1880, 92; Lehmann and Neumann, (Rogers and Muir, Leprosy, 2nd ed., Balti-
Bakt. Diag., 1 Aufl., 2, 1896, 372). more, 1940, 260 pp.). Experimental trans-
lep'rae. Gr. noun lepi-a leprosy; M.L. mission to humans or to animals has not
gen. noun leprae of leprosy. been successful.
Common name: Leprosy bacillus or Han- Source: Found in human leprous lesions.
sen's bacillus. In the lepromatous form of the disease,
Though not yet cultivated in vitro, these bacilli are so abundant as to produce
bacilli were the first to be recognized as a stuffed-cell granulomas; in the tuberculoid
cause of human disease (Hansen, op. cit., and neural lesions they are rare.
1874). The bacilli occur in enormous num- Habitat: Obligate parasite in man. Con-
bers in lepromatous (nodular) cases of fined largely to the skin (especially to
leprosy (Hansen's disease) and very convex and exposed surfaces) , testes and to
sparsely in the tuberculoid or neural forms. peripheral nerves. Probably do not grow in
Bacteriological identification depends on: the internal organs.
(a) acid-fast staining and (b) failure of the
organism to multiply in bacteriological 14. Mycobacterium lepraemurium
media or in laboratory animals. Heated sus- Marchoux and Sorel, 1912. (Bacillus der
pensions of the bacilli (obtained from Rattenlepra, Stefansky, Cent. f. Bakt., I
nodules) produce a positive lepromin reac- Abt., Orig., 33, 1903, 481; Mycobacterium
tion in 75 to 97 per cent of normal persons leprae murium (sic) Marchoux and Sorel,
and of tuberculoid cases of leprosy but Ann. Inst. Past., 26, 1912, 700.)
usually produce no reaction in lepromatous lep.rae.mu'ri.um. Gr. noun lepra leprosy;
individuals (Mitsuda: See Hayashi, Int. L. noun mus the mouse; L. gen. noun muris
Jour. Leprosy, 1, 1933, 31-38). The failure of of the mouse; M.L. noun lepramuris leprosy
lepromatous persons to respond to injected of the mouse; M.L. gen. pi. noun lepraemu-
leprosy bacilli constitutes a criterion for rium of leprosy of mice.
testing the validity of the acid-fast micro- Common name: Rat leprosy bacillus.
organisms which can at times be recovered Rods, 3 to 5 microns in length, with
from leprous tissues by inoculation of bac- slightly rounded ends. When stained, the
teriological media. cells often show an irregular appearance.
Many organisms have been isolated from Strongly acid-fast. Gram-positive.
leprous tissues, some of which are acid-fast Like the human leprosy bacillus, this or-
and which have been styled Mycobacterium ganism has not been cultivated in vitro, but
leprae. The strains which have been ade- it can be passed experimentally through
quately studied have proven to fall into the rats, mice and hamsters.
saprophytic groups. Hanks (Int. Jour. Lep- Distinctive characters: The heat-killed
cells produce lepromin reactions in lepro- leprosy-like acid-fast bacilli that have not
matous humans. The bacilli from lesions are yet been cultivated on artificial media,
not bound together in clumps, rounded Source: An endemic disease of rats in
masses and palisades as in human lesions. various parts of the world, having been
For further details, see review by Lowe found in Odessa, Berlin, London, New
(Internat. Jour. Leprosy, 5, 1937, 310 and South Wales, Hawaii, San Francisco and
463). elsewhere.
Comment: Nodular diseases of the skin Habitat: The natural disease occurs
of other animals have been described, e.g. a chiefly in the skin and lymph nodes, caus-
disease of the buffalo in India and of the ing induration, alopecia (loss of hair) and
frog in South America, which are caused by eventually ulceration.
Genus II. Mycococcus Krassilnikov, 1938*

(Krassilnikov, Microbiologia (Russian), 7, Part 1, 1938, 335; also see Ray Fungi and Related
Organisms, Izd. Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Moskau, 1938, 121, Guide to the Actinomycetes,
Izd. Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Moskau, 1941, 122, and Guide to the Bacteria and
Actinomycetes, Izd. Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Moskau, 1949, 198; not Mycococcus
Bokor, Arch. f. Mikrobiol., /, 1930, 1.)
My'co. coccus. Gr. noun myces a fungus; Gr. noun coccus a berry, a sphere; M.L. mas.n.
Mycococcus coccus-shaped fungus.
Cells generally spherical, occurring singly, in short chains or in clumps; rod-shaped cells
also occur, particularly in potato and liquid media. The spherical cells are quite variable
in size and shape, the smaller cocci measuring 0.2 to 0.5 micron in diameter, and the larger
cells (involution forms) measuring 0.7 to 1.0 micron in diameter; occasional cells are angu-
lar or ameboid in shape. The length of the rod-shaped cells ordinarily does not exceed twice
the width. Multiplication is by fission, constriction or bud formation. Resting cells, which
are produced from vegetative, coccus-like cells, germinate in a manner analogous to that
of the spores of the Actinomycetes, forming one to three germ tubes on their surface. Not
acid-fast. Gram-positive. Grow well on ordinary culture media. Gross appearance of colo-
nies similar to those of the genus Mycobacterium; red, yellow-green or orange pigments are
produced. Aerobic. Found widely distributed in soils.
The type species is Mycococcus albus Krassilnikov.
Key to the species of genus Mycococcus.f
I. Non-chromogenic.
A. Proteolytic property strong. Milk coagulated and peptonized.
1. Mycococcus albus.
B. Proteolytic property weak.
1. Milk slowly coagulated, becoming slightly alkaline; weakly peptonized.
la. Mycococcus albus subsp. albidus.
2. Milk rapidly coagulated, becoming slightly acid; not peptonized.
lb. Mycococcus albus subsp. lactis.
II. Chromogenic.
A. Chromogenesis red, orange or rust.
1. Colonies with dough-like consistency.
a. Cells occur singly, in pairs or in chains 3 to 4 microns in length.
2. Mycococcus ruber.
* Prepared by Miss Lois Nellis, Hobart College, Geneva, New York, from a translation
made by Prof. S. A. Waksman, Rutgers University, New Bnmswick, New Jersey, Decem-
ber, 1954.
t Key based on a table by Krassilnikov, Guide to the Actinomycetes, Izd. Akad. Nauk,
U.S.S.R., Moskau, 1941, 123.
aa. Cells frequently united into groups of four

2a. Mxjcococcu uber subsp. ietragenus.
2. Colonies mucoid and spreading.
a. Cells occur singly or in short chains; surrounded by a thick limy capsule.
3. Mycococcus capsulatus.
aa. Cells occur in groups of four; surrounded by a thin, slimy capsule.
3a. Mycococcus capsulatus subsp. mucosus.
B. Chromogenesis yellow.
1. Colonies bright yellow or brownish yellow.
a. Colonies bright yellow; fermentative capacity weak.
4. Mycococcus luteus.
aa. Colonies brownish yellow; fermentative capacity strong.
5. Mycococcus flavus.
2. Colonies yellow-green or lemon -yellow.
6 Mycococcus citreus.
1. Mycococcus albus Krassilnikov, 1938. nizes two subspecies: Mycococcus albus

(Microbiologia (Russian), 7, Part I, 1938, subsp. albidus, distinctive because of its
350.) weak ability to attack substances, and
al'bus. L. adj . albus white. Mycococcus albus subsp. lactis, distinctive
Original description supplemented by because of the way in which it coagulates
material from Krassilnikov (Guide to the milk.
Actinomycetes, Izd. Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Source: Isolated from soil at Yershovo
Moskau, 1941, 124). Station, Russia.
Cells round or slightly ovoid, 0.7 to 1.0 Habitat: Infrequently found in soil.
micron in diameter. On some media, such as
la. Mycococcus albus subsp. albidus Kras-
salt agar, are found rod-shaped cells, 0.7 silnikov, 1941. (Guide to the Actinomycetes,
by 1.0 to 1.2 microns, with wide branches. 124.)
In 2- to 5-day-old cultures there are found
large, spherical and lemon-shaped cells up al'bi.dus. L. adj. albidus white.
to 1.5 microns in diameter; these frequently Cells rounded or slightly angular, usually
form on the surface of the medium when the 0.6 to 0.7 micron in diameter, occurring
culture has been seeded upon a fresh sub- singly or in short chains of 3 to 5 cells. Rod-
strate. There are marked differences be- shaped forms and enlarged forms have not
tween the daughter and mother cells. In been observed. Resting forms, 0.8 micron
old cultures many cells are changed into in diameter, are found in old cultures.
resting forms. Not acid-fast. Gram-positive. Gelatin: Weak liquefaction.
Gelatin: Rapid liquefaction. Colonies on solid nutrient media poorly
Colonies: Well developed on all media; developed; they are white and are smaller,
large, moist and shiny. flatter, smoother, more shiny and of a more
Malt agar: Excellent growth; colonies
compact consistency than those of Myco-
pasty. coccus albus.
Synthetic agar with sucrose: Excellent Protein media: Good growth.
growth. Synthetic agar with sucrose: Good
Glycerol agar: Excellent growth.
Potato: Good growth by some strains. growth.
Milk: Slow coagulation; weak peptoniza-
Milk: Coagulated and peptonized. tion; slightly alkaline.
Acetic acid and citric acid media: Good No acid from glucose, sucrose or lactose.
growth. Starch : Hydrolysis slow, forming a narrow
Sucrose is inverted. zone of not more than 2 mm around the
Acid from glucose and fructose. colony.
Starch: Good growth; hydrolysis. Nitrites rapidly produced from nitrates.
No growth on paraffin. Proteolytic action weak.
Comment: Krassilnikov (loc. cil.) recog- Comment: One culture (No. 25), after a
month's cultivation, dissociated into a Comment : Krassilnikov regards as closely

stable mycobacterial culture which was dis- related to this species a culture described by
tinct from the original culture in structure Lieberman (1935) under the name Strepto-
coccus lactis.
and size of cells. After one day's growth,
cells were rod-shaped, 0.6 to 0.7 by 2.0 to Source: Isolated from soil.
3.5 microns; they curved slightly and had Habitat: Infrequently found in soil.
irregular contours; on salt agar and es-
pecially inliquid media and peptone broth, 2. Mycococcus ruber Krassilnikov, 1938.
cells up to 5 microns were found, often ex- 349.)
(Microbiologia (Russian), 7, Part I, 1938,
hibiting branching. Krassilnikov regarded
the history of the development of this ru'ber. L. adj. ruber red.
strain to be the same as that of typical my- Original description supplemented by
cobacteria, since these rods became shorter material from Krassilnikov (Guide to the
and changed into a coccus-like stage. Rest- Actinomycetes, Izd. Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R.,
ing forms then developed, completing the Moskau, 1941, 125).
cycle. Cultural and physiological properties Cells spherical, irregularly rounded,
were not different from those of the original slightly compressed, somewhat angular, 0.5
culture. In view of the morphological char- to 0.9 micron in diameter. In liquid cultures
acteristics and the cycle of development, there are occasionally found short rods, 0.7
this culture was referred to as Mijcobac- by 0.8 to 1.0 micron, with branches; en-
terium albns Krassilnikov (1916) under the larged cells of different shapes are also
name Micrococcus candicans; this organism found. In old cultures are found resting cells
formed rod-shaped cells with side branches which germinate in a mannei similar to that
under certain conditions (Lohnis and of the spores of actinomycetes.
Smith, Jour. Agr. Res., 6, 1916, 675-702). Not acid-fast. Gram-positive.
Spassky (Zent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 128, Gelatin: No liquefaction.
1933, 245) described a streptococcus which Colonies: Dough-like consistency;
gave rise to a mycobacterial strain in the smooth; weak shine. Colonies dark brown,
process of dissociation. Krassilnikov sug- rose, red-orange or, frequently, orange. A
gests that the original culture of both these culture may show different pigmentation on
organisms belonged to the genus Myco- different media. Pigment not soluble.
coccus. Milk: No coagulation or peptonization.
Source: Isolated from soil. Sucrose not inverted.
Habitat: Infrequently found in soil. Sucrose and organic acids (acetic and
citric) are utilized as sources of carbon.
lb. IMycococcus albus subsp. lactis Krassil- Starch : No hydrolysis or weak hydrolysis
nikov, 1941. (Guide to the Actinomycetes, with a clear zone only under the colonies.
Izd. Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Moskau, 1941, Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
125.)
Nitrates and ammonium salts are readily
lac'tis. L. noun lac milk; L. gen. noun utilized as sources of nitrogen.
lactis of milk.
Some strains produce good growth on
Morphological and cultural characteris-
tics are the same as those of Mycococcus paraffin.
albidus. Some strains grow well in high concentra-
tions of salts, such as 10 per cent NaCl and
Gelatin: No liquefaction (two months).
10 to 20 per cent sodium sulfate.
Milk: Acid; rapid coagulation. No pep- Resistant to desiccation.
tonization within 30 days. Coagulation ap- Comments: Krassilnikov isolated several
parently takes place through the production
of acid in a manner similar to that of the strains which could be distinguished on the
lactic acid bacteria. basis of shades of pigmentation of the colony
Sucrose is inverted. and by the size of the cells. Strains Nos. 3
Acid from glucose and lactose; slight acid and 5 were blood-red on all media; cells 0.6
from sucrose. to 0.9 micron, frequently 1.0 micron, in
Starch weakly hydrolyzed. diameter. Strain No. 45 was rose-red, red or
orange, depending on the medium; cells 0.3 cap.su.la'tus. L. noun capsula a small
to 0.9 micron in diameter. chest; M.L. adj. capsulatus encapsulated.
After one jêar of cultivation in peptone Original description supplemented bj^
broth, strains Nos. 43 and 45 dissociated to material from Krassilnikov (Guide to the
form mycobacterial strains which were Actinomycetes, Izd. Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R.,
closely related to each other. Cells were rod- Moskau, 1941, 127).
shaped, 0.8 by 0.5 to 2.5 microns, curving Cells rounded, irregular in size, 0.7 to 1.0
and branching, changing to cocci in 3 to 5 micron in diameter, frequently occurring in
days. Enlarged cells were formed on cer- short chains of 3 to 7 cells. Cells surrounded
tain media. These showed no differences in by a thick, slimy capsule. Chains sometimes
fermentative capacity as compared with the form side branches. Not acid-fast. Gram-
original culture. Krassilnikov regards these
positive.
organisms as closely related to Mycobac- Colonies : Rose or pale rose, slimy, spread-
terium brevicale on the basis of appearance of ing. No soluble pigment.
cells, pigmentation of colonies and physio- Physiological properties and fermentative
logical properties. Krassilnikov (loc. cit.) capacity are not different from those of
recognizes as a subspecies Mycococcus tetra- Mycococcus ruber.
genus. Comment : One of the two strains isolated,
Source: Isolated from soil at Yershovo No. 53, dissociated into strains with smooth
Station, Russia. colonies and rod-shaped cells, 0.7 by 1.5
Habitat: Infrequently found in soil. to 5.5 microns, without a slimy capsule.
Fermentative capacity no different from
2a. Mycococcus ruber subsp. tetragenus that of the original culture. Krassilnikov
Krassilnikov, 1938. (Ray Fungi and Related regards this strain as closely related to
Organisms, Izd. Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Mycobacterium planum on the basis of its
Moskau, 1938, 121.) cultural, morphological and physiological
tet.ra'ge.nus. Gr. pref. tetra four; Gr. v. properties.
gennaio to produce; M.L. adj. tetragenus Krassilnikov (loc. cit.) regards this or-
produced in fours. ganism as a subspecies of Mycococcus muco-
sus.
material from Krassilnikov (Guide to the Source: Isolated from soil.
Actinomycetes, Izd. Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Habitat: Infrequently found in soil.
Moskau, 1941, 126).
3a. Mycococcus capsulatus subsp. niucosus
Cells coccoid, occurring in tetrads formed
Krassilnikov, 1938. (Ray Fungi and Related
by the multiplication of two different
Organisms, Izd. Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R.,
branches; occasionally combined into Moskau, 1938, 349.)
parallel chains. Both types are consistently
found on synthetic agar. mu.co'sus. L. adj. mucosas slimy, mu-
cous.
Colonies: Red; slightly enlarged; weak
shine. Original description supplemented by
material from Krassilnikov (Guide to the
Physiological and cultural characteristics
Actinomycetes, Izd. Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R.,
are, in general, not different from those of Moskau, 1941, 127).
Mycococcus ruber.
Cells occur in tetrads in one plane, occa-
Comment: Krassilnikov regards this or- sionally forming short, parallel chains and
ganism as a form of Mycococcus ruber. Two
strains have been isolated. joining chains, surrounded by a thin, slimy
Source: Isolated from soil. capsule. There are also cells which form
individual cases of branching rods. Resting
Habitat: Infrequently found in soil. cells are found.
Cultural and physiological characters are
3. Mycococcus capsulatus Krassilni- not different from those of Mycococcus cap-
kov, 1938. (Microbiologia (Russian), 7, Part sulatus.
1, 1938, 349.) Comment: Krassilnikov regards this or-
i<AMILY I. MYCOBACTERIACEAE
711
ganism as a member of the genus Mycococcus Milk: Coagulation and peptonization.
on the basis of the resting cells and branch- Acid from glucose.
ing rods; it resembles a tetracoccus on the Starch: No hydrolysis.
basis of the characteristic cell groupings. Citric and acetic acids are utilized as
It differs from Mycococcus capsulatus in sources of carbon.
that the capsules form on practically all Source: Isolated from soil of Zabolgia,
media. Russia.
Source: Isolated from soil of the Quy- Habitat: Infrequently found in soil.
bishev Agricultural Institute.
Habitat: Infrequently found in soil. 6. Mycococcus citreus Krassilnikov,
1938. (Microbiologia (Russian), 7, Part I,
4. Mycococcus luteus Krassilnikov, 1938, 349.)
1938. (Microbiologia (Russian), 7, Part I, cit're.us. L. adj. citreus of the citrus tree;
1938, 349.) M.L. adj. citreus lemon-yellow.
lu'te.us. L. adj. luteus yellow. Original description supplemented by ma-
Original description supplemented by terial from Krassilnikov (Guide to the Ac-
material from Krassilnikov (Guide to the tinomycetes, Izd. Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R.,
Actinomycetes, Izd. Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Moskau, 1941, 127).
Moskau, 1941, 217). Cells extremely variable in size: in the
Cells coccoid, ovoid or irregular, 0.5 to same culture are found cells from 0.2 mi-
0.8 micron in diameter, united somewhat cron and smaller up to 1.0 micron in
into short rods. After 5 to 7 days there are diameter. Cells are frequently round, single
found enlarged, lemon-shaped, spherical or united into short chains of two or three
cells up to 1.5 microns in diameter; they are cells. Protoplasm is light and uniform. Rod
later destroyed and disappear. In old cul- forms up to 1.5 microns in length are occa-
tures there are resting cells with thicker sionally seen in liquid media; branched
protoplasm; they reproduce like the spores forms are observed in hanging drop prepa-
of an actinomycete. In liquid media, some rations. Resting forms are found in old
strains form individual short rods, 0.7 by cultures.
1.0 micron, which branch infrequently. Gelatin: Rapid liquefaction.
Gelatin: No liquefaction by two strains, Colonies: Yellow-green and lemon-
weak liquefaction by one. colored; smooth; waxy.
Colonies: Bright yellow, sometimes Milk: Peptonization and coagulation.
golden or brown. No soluble pigment. Sucrose is inverted.
Milk: No coagulation; no peptonization. Acid from glucose, fructose and sucrose.
Sucrose is weakly inverted. Nitrites produced from nitrates by most
Acid from glucose and fructose; no acid strains.
from sucrose. Starch: Active hj^drolysis.
Citric and acetic acids are not utilized as No growth on organic acids.
sources of carbon.
No growth on paraffin.
No growth on paraffin. Comment: Ten cultures were isolated, all
of which differed from each other in in-
Habitat: Infrequently found in soil.
tensity of pigment and in certain physio-
logical properties. Krassilnikov regards
5. Mycococcus flavus Krassilnikov, 1941.
these differences as insufficient to separate
(Guide to the Actinomycetes, Izd. Akad.
them into distinct species or even strains.
Nauk, U.S.S.R., Moskau, 1941, 127.)
One culture, isolated in the Institute of
fla'vus. L. adj. flavus yellow.
Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences
Morpholog}^ same as that of Mycococcus
luteus. under the name Micrococcus, was found to
Gelatin: Rapid liquefaction. be Mycococcus citreus.
Colonies: Brownish yellow; no soluble Source: Isolated from soil.
pigment. Habitat: Found in soil rather frequently.
Note: Krassilnikov (Guide to the Bac- Starch not hydrolyzed.

teria and Actinomycetes, Izd. Akad. Nauk, Nitrites produced from nitrates.
U.S.S.R., Moskau, 1949, 123) states that Does not utilize NH4H2PO4 as a source
probably a considerable number of previ- of nitrogen.
ously described species placed in the genus Aerobic.
Micrococcus really belong in the genus My- Optimum temperature, 25° C.
cococcus as he has described it. Inasmuch as Saprophytic.
Hucker (personal communication, 1955) has Source: Found as contamination of cul-
always felt that the two species of red micro- tures.
cocci recognized by him (Hucker, N. Y. Habitat: Usually found as a dust con-
State Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. 135, 1938, 33 pp.) tamination.
as Micrococcus cinnabar eus Fliigge and as M.
rhodochrous Migula were not typical micro- 2. Micrococcus rhodochrous (Zopf,
cocci, further studies of cultures of these 1891) Migula, 1900. (Rhodococcus rhodochrous
coral-red to cinnabar-red species have been Zopf, Berichte d. deutsch. bot. Gesellsch.,
made by Dr. Ruth Gordon and by Dr. A. G. 162.)
9, 1891, 22; Migula, Syst. d. Bakt., 2, 1900,
Lochhead. These investigators are in agree-
ment that these species may well be myco- rho.do'chro.us. Gr. noun rhodum the
cocci or nocardias. For this reason the rose; Gr. noun chroa color, complexion;
descriptions of the two species under consid- M.L. adj. rhodochrous rose-colored.
eration have been removed from the section Spheres, 0.5 to 1.0 micron in diameter,
in which micrococci are described and are occurring singly. Non-motile. Gram-vari-
given in this note. It is of interest in this able.
connection that Hucker (N. Y. State Exp. Gelatin colonies: Small, circular, glisten-
Sta. Tech. Bull. 102, 1924, 26) lists nearly a ing, raised, entire, dark, reddish brown.
dozen named and described (sometimes very Gelatin stab: Dark, carmine-red, dry sur-
poorly) species of red micrococci that may face growth. Slight growth in stab. No liq-
be identical with one or the other of the two uefaction.
species described below. Agar slant: Carmine-red streak, becom-
ing brick-red in color.
1. Micrococcus cinnabareus Fliigge, Broth: Thick, rose-red pellicle with red,
1886. (Die Mikroorganismen, 2 Aufl., 1886, flocculent sediment.
174.) Litmus milk: Slightl}^ alkaline.
cin.na.ba're.us. Gr. noun cinnahari cin- Potato: Carmine-red streak.
nabar, vermilion; M.L. adj. cinnabareus of Acid from glucose. No acid from lactose,
the color of vermilion. sucrose, glycerol or mannitol (Hucker,
Spheres, 1.0 micron in diameter, occur- 1923, retest of original culture).
ring singly and in pairs. Non-motile. Nitrites produced from nitrates (Hucker,
Gram-variable. 1923, retest of original culture).
Gelatin colonies: Small, circular, bright Aerobic.
red, becoming cinnabar-red. Optimum temperature, 25° C.
Gelatin stab: Thick, raised, rose- to cin- Saprophytic.
nabar-red growth on surface. No liquefac- Comments: In the description of this or-
tion. White colonies along stab. ganism given by Migula, which is taken from
Agar slant: A carmine-red streak. Slow Zopf's original description, emphasis is laid
growth. on the arrangement of the cells in tetrads or
Broth: Turbid. occasionallj' as diplococci. Mention is made
Litmus milk: Slightly alkaline to slightly of short chains, but again emphasis is laid
acid. on the fact that these are not formed by
Potato: Slowl}^ developing vermilion- division in planes parallel with each other,
red streak. as are the chains of streptococci, but rather
Indole not produced. by an accidental rearrangement of tetrads,
Small amount of acid from sugars. the cells dividing in two planes perpendicu-
FAMILY I. MYCOBACTEKIACEAE 713
lar to each other. It is noteworthy that two man and Henrici. This culture was secured
of the red chromogenic species of Mj/cococcws by Breed from the Krdl collection in 1923
described above show a tetrad arrangement and differs from a culture (No. 2682) carried
of cells. for a time in the Nat. Coll. Type Cultures
Gordon (personal communication, 195-4) in London that came from the Amer. Mus.
reports that she finds an apparently authen- Nat. Hist. Coll. (Culture 184), origin un-
tie culture of Rhodococcus rhodochrous Zopf known,
to be identical with Nocardia corallina Waks- Habitat : Water.
FAMILY II. ACTINOMYCETACEAE BUCHANAN, 1918.*

(Jour. Bact., 3, 1918, 403.)
Ac.ti.no.my.ce.ta'ce.ae. M.L. mas.n. Actinomyces type genus of the family; -aceae end-
ing to denote a family; M.L. pi. noun Actinomycetaceae the Actinomyces family.
Mycelium is non-septate during the early stages of growth but later may become septate
and break up into short segments, rod-shaped or spherical in shape, or the mycelium may
remain non-septate and produce spores on aerial hyphae. The organisms in culture media
are either colorless or produce various pigments. Some species are partially acid-fast. This
family is distinguished from the previous one by the formation of a true mycelium. As com-
pared with the next family, it is characterized by the manner of .spore formation.
Key to the genera of family Actinomycetaceae.

I. Obligately aerobic. The colonies are bacteria-like in nature, smooth, rough or folded,
of a soft to a dough-like consistency, sometimes compact and leathery in young stages.
Most forms do not produce any aerial mycelium; a few produce a limited mycelium, the
branches of which also break up into oidiospores or segmentation spores. Some species
are partially acid-fast.
Genus I. Nocardia, p. 713.
II. Anaerobic or microaerophilic; parasitic; non-acid-fast, non-proteolytic and non-dia-
static.
Genus II. Actinomyces, p. 742.
Genus I. Nocardia Trevisan, 1889.

(Trevisan, I generi e le specie delle Batteriacee, 1889, 9; Proactinomyces Jensen, Proc.
Linn. Soc. New So. Wales, 56, 1931, 345; Asteroides Puntoni and Leonardi, Boll. e. Atti d.
R. Accad. Med., 61, 1935, 90.)
No.car'di.a. M.L. fem.n. Nocardia named for Prof. Edmund Nocard, who first des-
cribed the type species of this genus.
Slender filaments or rods, frequently swollen and occasionally branched, forming a my-
celium which, after reaching a certain size, assumes the appearance of bacterium-like
growths. Shorter rods and coccoid forms are found in older cultures. Conidia not formed.
Stain readily, occasionally showing a slight degree of acid-fastness. Non-motile. f No endo-
* Completely revised by Prof. S. A. Waksman, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New-

Jersey, March, 1953.
t H. L. Jensen (Symposium on Actinomycetales, VI Internat. Cong. Microbiol., Rome,
1953, Istituto Superiore di Sanita) comments on motility in nocardias as follows (unimpor-
tant editorial changes have been made in the text, such as the use of the term "nocardias"
for "proactinomycetes") :
"Motility in the nocardias seems first to have been alleged in Nocardia asteroides by Ep-
spores. Aerobic. Gram-positive. The colonies are similar in gross appearance to those of
the genus Mycobacterium. Paraffin, phenol and m-cresol are frequently utilized as a source
of energy.
In their early stages of growth on culture media (liquid or solid), the structure of no-
cardias is similar to that of actinomycetes in that they form a typical mycelium; hyphae
branch abundantly, the branching being true. The diameters of the hyphae vary between
0.5 and 1 micron, usually 0.7 to 0.8 micron, according to the species. The mycelium is not
septate. However, the further development of nocardias differs sharply from that of ac-
tinomycetesthe
: filaments soon form transverse walls and the whole mycelium breaks up
into regularly cylindrical short cells, then into coccoid cells. On fresh culture media, the
coccoid cells germinate into mycelia. The whole cycle in the development of nocardias con-
tinues for 2 to 7 days. Most frequently the coccoid cells are formed on the third to fifth day,
but in certain species (e.g., Nocardia rubra) they can be found on the second day.
Numerous chlamydospores may be found in older cultures of nocardias. They are formed
in the same way as the chlamydospores in true fungi: the plasma inside the filaments of
pinger (Beitr. Path. Anat. u. AUg. Path., 9, 1891, 287-328) whose observation has not been
corroborated. Nocardia-like motile organisms were later mentioned by Rullman (quoted
by von Magnus, Undersgelser over en Gruppe Actinomyceter isolerede fra Mennskets Sva-
elg., Thesis, 1936, Univ. Copenhagen), Schurmayer (Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 37, 1900,
49-61, 101-106), Luginger (Montash. f. Prakt. Tierheilk., 15, 1904, 289-336) and Hunte-
miiller (Beitr. Path. Anat. u. Allg. Path., 69, 1921, 110-121). Luginger's observation is par-
ticularly interesting because it refers to a microaerophilic organism. In no case was the
presence of flagella demonstrated, and the statements seem to have attracted little atten-
tion. Colien (Jour. Bact., SO, 1935, 301-322) saw a stage of cocci motile by a single flagellum
in what appears to have been a non-acid-fast Nocardia, and Topping (Zent. f . Bakt., II Abt.,
97, 1937, 289-304) and 0rskov (Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 98, 1938, 344-357) found instances of
motility among nocardias as well as coryneform bacteria from soil. The forty strains stud-
ied by Topping included acid-fast as well as non-acid-fast forms and showed both granular
and turbid growth in liquid media. Stained preparations showed the presence of flagella:
polar or short and lateral on longer branched cells.
One of 0rskov's motile strains was examined by Jensen and was found to agree essentially
with Nocardia citrea (Krassilnikov) Waksman and Henrici. It produced a soft, lemon-yellow
growth on nutrient agar and a diffuse turbidity in broth. The cells were Gram-positive but
not acid-fast (fully decolorized by 5 per cent sulfuric acid in 10 seconds). Nitrate was re-
duced to nitrite, starch was hydrolj^zed, gelatin was slowly liquefied and casein was very
slowly digested. Direct microscopic examination showed well developed initial mycelia
with mere traces of aerial hyphae. The mycelial structure persisted for a considerable time
below the agar surface, but after 24 to 40 hours some of the surface hyphae began to divide
into rod-shaped cells that were very actively motile ; this was best seen when a drop of wa-
ter and a coverslip were placed on top of the agar colonies. In broth cultures the motility
was much less obvious. Staining of the motile cells showed one to four (or more) stout fla-
gella. Single flagella were often attached to the corner of the cell. Rods with both polar and
lateral flagella were sometimes seen, but not branched flagellated filaments as pictured by
Topping.
Motility may not be common among the nocardias (it was not observed in the numerous
strains studied by von Magnus (op. cit., 1936), Krassilnikov (Proaktinomitseti., Bull. Acad.
Sci., U.S.S.R., S6r. Biol. No. 1, 1938, 138-182), Erikson (Ann. Rev. Microbiol., 3, 1948, 23-54)
or previously by the present writer), but its existence, at least in Nocardia, is indisputable
and this really is not surprising in view of the numerous observations on motility in the •
closely related coryneform bacteria (Jensen, Ann. Rev. Microbiol., 6, 1952, 77-90). The
species in the order Actinomycetales cannot any longer be regarded as constantly non-mo-
tile."
FAMILY II. ACTINOMYCETACEAE 715
the mycelium condenses into elongated portions. In older cultures of nocardias many coc-
coid cells are changed into resistant cells. The latter are larger than the vegetative coccoid
cells; the plasma of these cells is thicker than the plasma of vegetative cells; on fresh media
they germinate like the spores of actinomycetes; they form 2 to 3 germ tubes. Besides the
cells mentioned, numerous involution forms can often be found in older cultures of nocar-
dias; the cells are thin, regularly cylindrical or coccoid and are often transformed into a
series of spherical or elliptical ampules and a club-like form (2 to 3 microns and more).
The multiplication of nocardias proceeds by fission and budding; occasionally they form
special spores. Budding occurs often. The buds are formed on the lateral surface of the
cells; when they have reached a certain size, they fall off and develop into rod-shaped cells
or filaments. The spores are formed by the breaking up of the cell plasm into separate por-
tions usually forming 3 to 5 spores; every portion becomes rounded, covered with a mem-
brane and is transformed into a spore; the membrane of the mother cell dissolves and dis-
appears. The spores germinate in the same way as those of actinomyces. They form germ
tubes which develop into a mycelium.
The colonies of nocardias have a paste-like or mealy consistency and can easily be taken
up with a platinum loop; they spread on glass and occasionally render the broth turbid.
The surface colonies are smooth, folded or wrinkled. Typical nocardias never form an aerial
mycelium, but there are cultures whose colonies are covered with a thin coating of short
aerial hyphae which break up into cylindrical oidiospores.
Examination by fluorescent microscopy after treatment with carbol-auramin and decolor-
izing with NaCl-HCl-ethyl alcohol can reveal acid-fast species or their e.xudates (Richards,
Stain Technol., 18, 1943, 91).
Many species of nocardias form pigments; their colonies are of a blue, violet, red, yellow
or green color; more often the cultures are colorless. The color of the culture serves as a
stable character.
Krassilnikov (Ray fungi and related organisms, Izd. Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Moskau,
1938) divides the genus into two groups: 1) Well developed aerial mycelium; substrate my-
celium seldom produces cross-walls; the threads break up into long, thread-like rods;
branches of the aerial mycelium produce segmentation spores and oidiospores; the latter
are cylindrical with sharp ends; no spirals or fruiting branches. This group is the same as
group B of Jensen (op. cit., 1931, 345). 2) Typical forms; mycelium develops only at early
stages of growth, then breaks up into rod-shaped and coccoid bodies; smooth and rough
colonies, dough-like consistency; never form an aerial mycelium; similar to bacterial colo-
nies; aerial mj^celium may form around colonies. This genus can also be divided, on the
basis of acid-fastness, into two groups: Group 1) Partially acid-fast organisms which are
non-proteolj^tic, non-diastatic and utilize paraffin; usuallj^ yellow, pink, or orange-red in
color. Group 2) Non-acid-fast organisms which are diastatic, largely proteolytic and do
not utilize parafiin; yellow, orange to black in color.
The type species is Nocardia farcinica Trevisan.
Key to the species of genus Nocardia.
I. Partially acid-fast* organisms with strongly refractive cells; non-proteolytic and gen-
erally non-diastatic; constantly capable of utilizing paraffin.
A. Initial mj^celium fully developed, well branching, dividing into rods and generally
into cocci.
1. Vegetative mycelium soft, without macroscopically visible aerial mycelium.
a. Vegetative mycelium yellow, orange or red.
b. Pathogenic.
* Acid-fastness is not marked in cultures, is apparent in infected tissues and is pronounced

in sputum or other exudates.
c. Vegetative mycelium white, buff or pale yellow.

1. Nocardia farcinica.
cc. Vegetative mycelium yellow to red.
2. Nocardia asteroides.
bb. Not pathogenic.
3. Nocardia polychromogenes .
aa. Vegetative mycelium white to pink.
b. Gelatin not liquefied.
c. Growth on nutrient agar opaque, cream-colored; coccoid forms
in broth.
4. Nocardia opaca.
cc. Growth on nutrient agar watery; no coccoid forms in broth.
5. Nocardia erythropolis.
ccc. Growth on nutrient agar pink.
d. Aerial mycelium on milk white.
6. Nocardia leishmanii.
dd. Pellicle on milk pink.
7. Nocardia caprae.
ddd. Pellicle on milk yellow.
8. Nocardia pretoriana.
dddd. Causes galls on blueberry plants.
9. Nocardia vaccinii.
bb. Gelatin liquefied.
10. Nocardia pulmonalis.
2. Vegetative mycelium hard, yellow, with white, aerial mycelium; hyphae divide
into chains of acid-fast cocci.
11. Nocardia paraffinae.
B. Initial mycelium very short, rapidly dividing into rods and cocci.
1. Slowly growing organisms; cells 0.5 to 0.7 micron in diameter.
12. Nocardia minima.
2. Rapidly growing organisms; cells 1.0 to 1.2 microns in diameter.
a. Growth pink.
b. No cystites (swollen cells) formed,
c. No indigotin from indole.
13. Nocardia coralUna.
cc. Indigotin from indole.
14. Nocardia globerula.
bb. Cystites formed.
15. Nocardia salmonicolor .
aa. Growth coral-red.
16. Nocardia rubropertincta.
aaa. Growth dark red.
17. Nocardia rubra.
aaaa. Growth white.
b. No aerial mycelium.
18. Nocardia coeliaca.
bb. Aerial mycelium.
19. Nocardia transvalensis.
II. Non-acid-fast organisms with weakly refractive cells; diastatic.
A. Parasitic or soil forms. Not known to digest agar.
1. Not proteolytic.
a. Growth on agar pale cream.
20. Nocardia mesenterica.
b. Growth on agar whitish.

21. Nocardia albicans.
c. Growth on agar yellow.
22. Nocardia jlava.
d. Growth on agar green.
23. Nocardia viridis.
e. Growth on agar yellow-green.
24. Nocardia citrea.
f. Growth on agar pink to crimson.
25. Nocardia madurae.
g. Growth on agar dark brown and even black.
26. Nocardia nigra.
h. Growth consistency soft; aerial mycelium sparse.
27. Nocardia lutea.
i. Growth consistency medium; aerial mycelium profuse.
28. Nocardia hlackwellii.
j. Good action on milk; growth consistency firm; aerial mycelium liiieral.
29. Nocardia cunicidi.
k. Pigment on protein media deep brown.
30. Nocardia rangoonensis.
1. Pigment on protein media light brown.
31. Nocardia caviae.
2. Proteolytic.
a. Growth on nutrient agar with rapid formation of unbranched, diphtheroid-
like rods; no typical cystites; broth turbid.
32. Nocardia actinornorpha.
b. Growth white, shiny or pale; dough-like consistency; breaks up into short
rods.
33. Nocardia alba.
c. Growth on nutrient agar with extensive mycelium; simple unbranched rods
not formed; cystites present. Broth clear.
34. Nocardia flavescens.
d. Growth cream-colored.
35. Nocardia gibsonii.
e. Growth rose-colored to bright red or red-orange.
36. Nocardia fructif era.
f. Growth pink.
37. Nocardia africana.
aa. Gelatin liquefied, at first slowly, then completely.
38. Nocardia pelletieri.
g. Colonies orange-yellow to orange-red, which may change to black.
39. Nocardia maculata.
h. Pigment on protein media light brown.
40. Nocardia rhodnii.
i. Pigment on protein media green to greenish brown.
41. Nocardia gardneri.
j. Growth yellowish to golden brown.
42. Nocardia fordii.
k. Growth yellow to reddish brown; soluble pigment brown to red.
43. Nocardia kuroishi.
B. Marine species. Digest agar.
1. Growth on agar lemon-yellow.

44. Nocardia marina.
2. Growth on agar orange-yellow.
45. Nocardia atlantica.
1. Nocardia farcinica Trevisan, 1889. pinger, Beitr. z. path. Anat., 9, 1891, 287;
(Bacille du farcin, Nocard, Ann. Inst. Blanchard, in Bouchard, Traite Path. Gen.,
Past., 3, 1888, 293; Trevisan, I generi e le 3, 1895, 811.)
specie delle Batteriacee, Milan, 1889, 9.) as.ter.o.i'des. Gr. adj. asteroides star-
like.
far.ci'ni.ca. L. v. farcio to stuff; L. noun
farciminum a disease of horses; Fr. farcin Straight, fine mycelium, 0.2 micron in
farcy or glanders; M.L. adj. farcinicus re- diameter, which breaks up into small,
lating to farcy. coccoid conidia. Acid-fast.
This description is based on a study of a Gelatin stab: Yellowish surface growth.
culture believed to be Prof. Nocard's origi- No growth in stab. No liquefaction.
nal culture (American Type Culture Collec- Synthetic agar: Thin, spreading, orange
tion No. 3318). This culture agrees in its growth. No aerial mycelium.
characteristics with those of a second cul- Starch agar: Restricted, scant, orange
ture isolated and identified by Dr. C. P.
Fitch at the New York State Veterinary growth.
Plain agar: Much folded, light yellow
College, Ithaca, New York (ATCC No. growth, becoming deej) yellow to yellow-
3399). ish red.
Branched filaments, 0.25 micron in di- Glucose broth: Thin, yellowish pellicle.
ameter. Markedly acid-fast. Litmus milk: Orange-colored ring. No
Gelatin colonies: Small, circular, trans- coagulation. No peptonization.
parent, glistening. Potato: Growth much wrinkled, whitish
Gelatin stab: No liquefaction. becoming yellow to almost brick-red.
Agar colonies: Yellowish white, irregular, No soluble pigment formed.
refractive, filamentous. Proteolytic action doubtful.
Agar slant: Grayish to yellowish white Starch not hydrolj^zed.
growth, surface roughened. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Broth: Clear; granular sediment, often Aerobic.
with gray pellicle.
Litmus milk: Unchanged. Transmissible to rabbits and guinea pigs
Potato: Abundant, dull, crumpled, whit- but not to mice.
ish yellow growth. Comment: A number of strains of acid-
No soluble pigment formed. fast actinomycetes isolated from human
Proteolytic action absent. lesions have deviated in certain particulars
Starch not hydrolyzed. from the description of Nocardia asteroides,
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. but not sufficiently to warrant separation as
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. species. Baldacci, e.g., recognizes and
Optimum temperature, 37° C. names three varieties of this species (Myco-
Source: Isolated from cases of bovine pathologia, 1, 1938, 68).
farcy. Source: Isolated from a cerebral abscess
Habitat: Associated with a disease in in man.
cattle resembling chronic tuberculosis. Habitat: Also found in conditions re-
Transmissible to guinea pigs, cattle and sembling pulmonary tuberculosis.
sheep but not to rabbits, dogs, horses or
monkeys. 3. Nocardia polychroiiiogenes (Vallee,
1903) Waksman and Henrici, 1948. (Strepto-
2. Nocardia asteroides (Eppinger, 1891) thrix polychromogenes Vallee, Ann. Inst.
Blanchard, 1895. (Cladothrix asteroides Ep- Past., 17, 1903, 288; Proactinomyces poly-
chmmogenes Jensen, Proc. Linnean Soc. New Bynoe (Thesis, McGill University, Mon-
So. Wales, 56, 1931, 79 and 363; Waksman treal, 1931), Jensen (op. cit., 1932, 369) and
and Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 897.) Erikson (Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 3, 1949,
363).
po.ly.chrom.o'ge.nes. Gr. adj. pobj
many; Gr. noun chromus color; Gr.v. gen- Long, curved, irregular and branching
naeo to produce; M.L.adj. polychromogenes filaments or rods, 0.8 to 1.0 by 2 to 16 mi-
producing many colors. crons, or occasionally longer. Few chains or
Description taken from Jensen (op. cit., clumps are formed. In older cultures shorter
1931). rods or cocci are generally formed. Readily
Long, wavy filaments, 0.4 to 0.5 by 70 to stained. Not acid-fast. Acid-fast cell ele-
100 microns, extensively branched but with- ments predominate during periods of maxi-
out septa. Older cultures consist entirely of mum growth and free air supply (Erikson).
rods 4 to 10 microns in length, frequently in Gram-positive.
V, Y or smaller forms. Still older cultures Gelatin colonies: Round, convex, whitish,
consist of shorter rods and coccoid forms. smooth, shining, edges slightly arborescent.
Gram-positive, frequently showing bands Deep colonies: Burrs, with slightly irreg-
and granules. ular processes.
Gelatin stab: Thin, yellowish growth Gelatin stab: Convex, whitish, smooth,
along the stab with thin, radiating fila- resinous, filiform, erose.
ments. Surface growth flat, wrinkled, red. Nutrient agar: Soft cream to pink growth
No liquefaction. (Erikson).
Nutrient agar: Scant, orange-red growth. Synthetic agar: Growth colorless and
Glucose agar: After 3 to 4 days, raised, thin, producing an initial mycelium, the
flat, glistening, rose-colored growth. After hyphae dividing rapidly into short rods;
1 to 3 weeks, becoming folded and coral-red. addition of 0.01 per cent MnS04 stimulates
Glucose broth: After 3 to 4 days, turbid; production of pale pink pigment (Erikson).
after 2 to 3 weeks an orange, flaky, sediment. Broth: Turbid with broken white scum
No surface growth. or clear with granular suspension.
Milk: Growth starts as small orange- Dorset's egg medium: Spreading, smooth,
colored surface granules. After 1 to 2 weeks moist, salmon-colored growth.
a thick, soft, orange-colored sediment Loefiler's medium: Scant, smooth, moist,
forms. light buff-colored growth.
Optimum temperature, between 22° and Glycerol potato: Dry, rough, crumpled,
25° C. pink to buff -colored growth.
Distinctive characters: Differs from No- Litmus milk: Grayish pellicle; slightly
cardia corallina in the formation of very long alkaline.
filaments and in filiform growth in gelatin No acid from sucrose, lactose, maltose or
stabs.
Source : Isolated from the blood of a horse glucose.
Phenol and naphthalene are utilized as
and from soil in France and Australia. sources of energy.
Habitat: Soil.
4. Nocardia opaca (den Dooren de Optimum temperature, 30° C.
Jong, 1927) Waksman and Henrici, 1948. Optimum pH, between 6.8 and 7.3.
(Mycobacterium opacum den Dooren de Distinctive characters: Differs from No-
Jong, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 71, 1927, 216; cardia corallina and Nocardia polychromo-
Proactinomyces opacus Jensen, Proc. Linn. genes in that the cells are much longer than
Soc. New So. Wales, 57, 1932, 369; Waksman those of the former and much shorter than
and Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 897.) those of the latter. Grows in smooth convex
o.pa'ca. L.adj. opacus shaded, dark. surface colonies and burr-like deep colonies.
Description taken from Gray and Thorn- Source: Twenty-four strains were isolated
ton (Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 73, 1928, 86), from soils in Great Britain.
Habitat: Probably sparingly distributed Source : Six strains were isolated from soils
in soils. in Great Britain.
Habitat: Presumably soil.
5. Nocardia erythropolis (Gray and
Thornton, 1928) Waksman and Henrici, 6. Nocardia leishmanii Chalmers and
1948. {Mycobacterium erythropolis Gray and Christopherson, 1916. (A new acid-fast
Thornton, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 73, 1928, streptothrix, Birt and Leishman, Jour.
87; Proactinomyces erythropolis Jensen, Hyg., £, 1902, 120; Chalmers and Christo-
Proc. Linn. Soc. New So. Wales, 57, 1932, pherson, Ann. Trop. Med. and Parasit., 10,
371; Waksman and Henrici, in Manual, 1916, 255.)
6th ed., 1948, 898.) leish.ma'ni.i. M.L. gen. noun leishmanii
e.ry.thro'po.lis. Gr. adj. erythrus red; of Leishman; named for W. B. Leishman,
Gr.noun polis a city; M.L.noun erythropolis one of the two who first isolated this or-
red city.
Original description supplemented by ma- ganism.
Description taken from Erikson (Med.
terial taken from Bynoe (Thesis, McGill Res. Council Spec. Rept. Ser. 203, 1935, 27).
University, Montreal, 1931). Initial cells frequently swollen, large and
Long, uneven-sided rods and filaments, irregular, aggregated in short chains and
curved and branching, 0.8 by up to 11.0 then branching out into regular, narrow
microns. Coccoid forms not formed. Stains filaments; at margin of colony on synthetic
readily. Not acid-fast. Gram-positive. glj'cerol agar may be seen comparativelj'
Gelatin colonies: After 12 days, round, long, thick segments with accompanying
flat, white, shining; edge entire. Deep fringe of normal hyphae; later, entire
colonies: Round, smooth. colonies asteroid in appearance, very fine
Gelatin stab: After 8 to 14 daj's, growth and close, angular branching, with aerial
convex, white, smooth, shining; radiate hyphae situated singly; aerial mycelium
from center; borders cleft. Line of puncture generally abundant with irregularly cylin-
filiform, erose. drical conidia. Slightly acid-fast. The
Agar colonies: Round, 2 to 3 mm in diam- latter property must have been attenuated
eter, convex, watery white; edge entire. during artificial cultivation, for the or-
Deep colonies: Lens-shaped. ganism is reported as markedly acid-fast
Agar slant: Filiform, flat, watery growth; by the original isolators.
edge undulate. Gelatin: Small, pink colonies in depths of
Broth: Growth slight; turbid. stab. No liquefaction.
Dorset's egg medium: After 2 weeks, Glucose agar: Rounded, elevated colo-
growth raised, moist, finely granular, flesh- nies with paler frosting of aerial mycelium;
colored; irregular margin. growth becoming piled up; aerial mycelium
LoefBer's medium: After 7 days growth
sparse.
Glycerol agar: Small, round, pink colo-
as on Dorset's egg medium, but pink.
Glycerol potato: After 7 days, flat, dry, nies, tending to be umbilicated and piled
rough, orange-colored. up; stiff, white aerial spikes.
Litmus milk: Pale pink pellicle. Coon's agar: Small, round, colorless colo-
No acid from glucose, lactose, sucrose or nies; stiff white aerial spikes; later a pink
glycerol. tinge.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Potato agar: Minute, colorless, round
Phenol is utilized. colonies; small raised patches of white aerial
Optimum temperature, 25° C. mycelium.
Optimum pH, between 6.8 and 8.0. Dorset's egg medium: Colorless, confluent
Distinctive characters: Differs from growth studded with little wart-like projec-
Nocardia coeliaca and Nocardia actino- tions bearing stiff aerial spikes; growth be-
morpha in the filiform growth and absence comes pinkish with a white aerial my-
of liquefaction of gelatin. Long rods and celium; later, growth drab gray; medium
filaments. discolored.
FAMILY II. ACTINOMYCETACEAE
721
Serum agar: Minute, round, colorless round pink colonies partly covered with
colonies with pinkish tinge in confluent, white aerial mycelium.
raised patch. Potato agar: Extensive, thin growth, pink
Inspissated serum: Small, round, pale in raised patches, covered by white, aerial
pink colonies; umbilicated and raised up. mycelium; later aerial mycelium also be-
Broth: Liberal growth, white flocculent comes pink.
colonies; later pink surface colonies. Starch agar: Minute, colorless colonies
Sj^nthetic sucrose solution: Colorless, covered by white, aerial mycelium.
flocculent sediment; thin, colorless pellicle. Blood agar: Minute, round, colorless
Milk: Surface growth; white aerial my- colonies aggregated in broad, pink zones;
celium; solid coagulum; later partly pep- paler aerial mycelium. No hemolysis.
tonized with pink aerial mj'^celium. Dorset's egg medium: Few, colorless
Litmus milk: Pink surface growth; colonies, some pink; white aerial mycelium;
aerial mj'celium; milky opaque after 40 later, growth becoming dull pink, irregular,
days. with scant white aerial mj^celium.
Carrot plug: Small, irregularly round, Ca-agar: Minute, colorless colonies; white
raised colonies, colorless, covered with stiff aerial mycelium; later a pinkish tinge.
aerial spikes; later buff-colored, convo- Serum agar: Small, round, pink colonies
luted and ribbed growth with small patches frosted over with thin, white, aerial my-
of white, aerial mycelium; aerial mycelium celium.
pink in two months. Inspissated serum: No growth.
Source: Isolated from a fatal case of lung Broth: Superficial pellicle composed of
disease and pericarditis in man. pink colonies with white aerial mycelium;
Habitat: Human infections so far as moderate, flocculent sediment.
known. Glucose broth: Small sediment of fine
flocculi; later pellicle composed of small
7. Nocardia caprae (Silberschmidt, 1899) pink colonies; superficial skin entire and
Waksman and Henrici, 1948. (Streptothrix salmon-colored in 16 days.
caprae Silberschmidt, Ann. Inst. Past., 13, Synthetic glycerol solution: Round, pink,
1899, 841 ; Waksman and Henrici, in Manual, disc-like colonies on surface and tenuous,
6th ed., 1948, 899.) white, wispy growth in suspension and sedi-
cap'rae. L. noun capra a she-goat; L. ment; after 20 days, surface colonies bearing
gen. noun caprae of a she-goat. white aerial mycelium extending 2 cm up
Description taken from Erikson (Med. tube.
Res. Council Spec. Rept. Ser. 203, 1935, 26). Synthetic sucrose solution: Minute, white
Initial cells only slightly enlarged; early colonies in suspension and sediment in 3
development of aerial hyphae while sub- days; thin, dust-like pellicle in 10 days;
stratum threads are still short; frequent some surface colonies with white aerial
slipping of branches; aerial mycelium abun- mycelium in 17 days.
dant on all media with tendency to form co- Milk: Red surface skin; solid coagulum.
herent spikes; mycelium not very polymor- Litmus milk: Red surface growth; no
phous, but occasional, thicker segments change in liquid; after 4 weeks, liquid de-
appear. Slightly acid-fast. colorized, opaque.
Gelatin: Extensive dull growth with Potato plug: Abundant growth; small
small, raised patches of pink, aerial myce- colonies, mostly confluent, entirely covered
lium; later ribbon-like, depressed. No lique- with pale pink aerial mycelium; growth be-
faction. comes membranous, considerably buckled;
Glucose agar: Irregular, bright pink later superficial colonies with pink aerial
growth tending to be heaped up; later abun- mycelium on liquid at base of tube; bottom
dant masses frosted over with thin, white, growth of round white colonies.
aerial mycelium. Starch not hydrolyzed.
Glycerol agar: Abundant growth; small Source: Isolated from lesions in goats.
•22
Habitat: Found in infections of goats so and zonate at top of slant, white aerial
far as known. mycelium, surface and bottom growth on
liquid.
8. Nocardia pretoriana Pijper and Pul- Source : Isolated from a case of mycetoma
linger, 1927. (Jour. Trop. Med. and Hyg., of the chest wall in a South African native.
30, 1927, 153.) Habitat: Found in human infections so
far as known.
pre.to.ri.a'na. M.L. adj. pretorianus
pertaining to Pretoria; named for Pretoria,
South Africa. 9. Nocardia vaccinii Demaree and
Description taken from Erikson (Med. Smith, 1952. {Actinomyces sp. Demaree,
Res. Council Spec. Rept. Ser. 203, 1935, Phytopath., 37, 1947, 438; Demaree and
30). Smith, Phytopath., 4^, 1952, 249.)
Minute, fiat colonies are formed consisting vac.cin'i.i. M.L. noun Vaccinium generic
of angularly branched filaments and bearing name of the blueberry; M.L. gen. noun
a few short, straight aerial hyphae; later the vaccinii of Vaccinium.
growth becomes spreading and extensive, Rods and filaments, 0.4 to 0.8 micron in
the slipping of the branches is well marked diameter, granular when stained, eventually
and the aerial hyphae are divided into breaking up into bacillary forms. A few cells
cylindrical conidia. Slightly acid-fast. are acid-fast. Presence of fat was demon-
Gelatin: A few, colorless flakes. No lique- strated bystaining with Sudan black B.
faction. Gelatin: Dry, ribbon growth; no hydroly-
Glucose agar: Pale buff, umbilicated and sis.
piled up colonies. Agar: Poor, slow, granular, gray growth
Glycerol agar: Piled up pink mass; very which is sometimes pinkish in old cultures.
scant, white aerial mycelium at margin. Synthetic agar: Scant, gray growth.
Ca-agar: Yellowish, wrinkled, coherent Starch agar: Dry, ribbon, pinkish to
growth with white aerial mycelium on apices orange growth.
and at margin. Potato-yeast-mannitol agar: Abundant,
Coon's agar: Colorless, mostly submerged fluffy, gray to orange growth.
growth; scant white aerial mycelium. Milk: Dry, raised, gray growth with
Dorset's egg medium: A few, round, color- orange spots. Casein not hydrolyzed.
less colonies in 3 days; after 3 weeks, irregu- Potato: Slow, spreading, raised, gray
lar, raised, pink mass; warted appearance;
moderate degree of liquefaction. growth.
On a basal agar with ammonia as a source
Serum agar: Raised, convoluted, slightly of nitrogen, acid was produced from glu-
pinkish growth. cose, sucrose, glycerol and mannitol; reac-
Inspissated serum: No growth. tions variable with arabinose and xylose;
Broth: Moderate quantity of flakes and no growth on lactose or sorbitol.
dust-like surface growth. Starch is hydrolyzed.
Synthetic sucrose solution: A few color- Citrates utilized to a limited extent.
less flakes on the surface; lesser bottom Paraffin is utilized.
growth. Nitrites slowly produced from nitrates.
Milk: Yellowish surface growth; solid Optimum temperature, between 25° and
coagulum in one month; later, partly di- 28° C; inhibited at 32° C; no growth or
gested, pale pink growth up the wall of the
tube. very scant growth at 37° C.
Antagonistic properties : None.
Litmus milk: Colorless surface growth; Distinctive characters: Resembles No-
liquid blue; becomes hydrolyzed and de- cardia 7ninima but diff'ers from it in the
colorized. following respects: utilizes glycerol and
Potato plug: Small, raised, pale pink mannitol and sometimes arabinose and
colonies with white aerial mycelium; after xylose; reduces nitrates to nitrites; utilizes
2 months, plug and liquid discolored, growth citrates and causes formation of bud-pro-
dull buff, dry and convoluted at base, round liferating galls on blueberry plants.
Source: Original isolate, BG 19, came from an extensive mycelium of long, richly-
a bud-proliferating gall on a blueberry branching hyphae, 0.4 to 0.5 micron in
plant. diameter. After 5 to 6 days at room tempera-
Habitat: Found on blueberry plants so ture, numerous end-branches swell to about
far as known. double thickness, become more refractive,
exhibit fine incisions along their external
10. Nocardia piilnionalis (Burnett, contours and divide into ovoid, spore-like
1910) Waksman and Henrici, 1948. {Actino- elements, 0.8 to 1.0 by 1.2 to 1.5 microns.
myces pulmonalis Burnett, Ann. Rept. N.Y This process of division starts at the tips
State Vet. Coll., 1909-1910, 167; Waksman of the swollen branches and proceeds basi-
and Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 901.) petally until most of the hyphae appear di-
pul.mo.na'lis. L. noun pulmo the lung; vided. Primary septa have not been seen in
L. gen. noun pulmonis of the lung; M.L. adj. the hyphae. A similar process of division
pulmonalis pertaining to the lung. takes place in liquid media, where also the
Gram-positive mycelium breaking up filaments often fall into fragments of vari-
readily into oval-shaped conidia. Acid-fast, able length. The spore-like elements, but
especially in early stages of growth. not the undivided filaments, are markedly
Gelatin: Small, whitish, spherical col- acid-fast. Acid-fastness is observed in cer-
onies, edges of colony becoming chalky tain stages, notably in the early stages of
white. Limited liquefaction. growth and in the coccus forms (Erikson,
Agar: Moist, raised growth in the form of loc. cit.). The aerial mycelium consists of
small, spherical colonies. rather short, straight, not very much
Glucose agar: Dull, whitish, convoluted branched hyphae, 0.4 to 0.6 micron in di-
growth. ameter, which never show any differentia-
Broth: Delicate, translucent film on sur- tion into spores.
face, becoming corrugated with some whit- Gelatin: No liquefaction.
ish, spherical colonies in medium. Sucrose agar: Very scant growth. Thin,
Milk: Colonies on the surface of the me- colorless veil, sometimes with a trace of
dium; milk is coagulated in a few days, later white aerial mycelium.
digested. Glucose agar: Fair growth. Vegetative
Potato: Luxuriant growth in the form of mycelium flat, growing into medium; pale
small, translucent, round colonies which ochre-yellow to orange, w'ith raised out-
become lemon-yellow; later, growth be- growths on the surface. Growth of a crumbly
comes convoluted or folded with chalky consistency. Scant, white, aerial mycelium.
white aerial mycelium, color of plug brown- Nutrient agar: Slow but good growth.
ish. Vegetative mycelium superficial, somewhat
Non-pathogenic for rabbits or guinea raised, ochre-yellow, hard, but with a loose,
pigs. smeary surface. Aerial mycelium scant,
Aerobic. small white tufts. No pigment.
Source: Isolated from the lungs of a cow. Liquid media (milk, broth, synthetic solu-
Habitat: Found in bovine infections so far tions) :Small, round granules of various
as known. yellow to orange colors, firm, but can be
crushed into a homogeneous smear. In old
11. Nocardia paraffinae (Jensen, 1931) broth cultures a thick, hard, orange to
Waksman and Henrici, 1948. {Proactino- brownish surface pellicle is formed.
myces paraffinae Jensen, Proc. Linn. Soc. Milk: No coagulation or digestion.
New So. Wales, 66, 1931, 362; Waksman and Potato: Fair growth. Vegetative myce-
Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 901; also lium granulated, first pale-yellow, later
see Erikson, Jour. Gen. Microbiol., S, 1949, deep ochre-yellow to orange. Scant, white,
366.) aerial mycelium. No diffusible pigment.
Sucrose not inverted.
pa. raf.fi 'nae. M.L. noun paraffina paraf-
fin; M.L. gen. noun paraffinae of paraffin. Starch not hydrolyzed.
In agar media the organism initially forms Cellulose not decomposed.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. co.ral.li'na. L. adj. corallinus coral-red.

Final reaction in glucose NH4CI solution, Description taken from Gray and Thorn-
between pH 4.6 and 4.4. ton (op. cit., 1928, 84), Jensen (op. cit.,
All strains show a marked power of uti- 1931, 345) and Bynoe (Thesis, McGill Uni-
lizing paraffin wax as a source of energy. versity, Montreal, 1931).
Source : Isolated from a soil from Rotham- Branching rods, generally curved, 1.0 to
sted, England. 1.5 by 3.0 to 10.0 microns. In older cultures
Habitat: Soil. generally shorter rods and cocci. Non-
motile. Not acid-fast. Gram-positive.
12. Nocardia minima (Jensen, 1931) Gelatin colonies: Round, convex, smooth,
Waksman and Henrici, 1948. {Proactino- pink, shining; edge filamentous. Deep col-
myces minimus Jensen, Proc. Linn. Soc. onies: Burrs.
New So. Wales, 56, 1931, 365; Waksman and Gelatin stab: Nailhead; line of stab ar-
Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 902.) borescent. No liquefaction.
mi'ni.ma. L. sup. adj. minimus least, very Agar colonies: Round, convex or um-
small. bonate, smooth, pink, shining or matte;
Filaments and rods, 0.4 to 0.6 by 2.0 to border lighter; edge filamentous or with
10.0 microns. In older cultures mostly short arborescent projections. Deep colonies:
rods, frequently V, Y, swollen forms or Burrs or lens-shaped, with arborescent
cocci. Irregularly stained with ordinary projections. In their very early stages,
dyes, generally show bars and bands. Gen- colonies consist of branching, filamentous
erally afew cells from cultures are acid- rods. As the colony grows, the cells in the
fast, most are not acid-fast. Gram-positive. interior break up into short rods and cocci
Gelatin stab : Filiform, granulated, cream- which eventually form the mass of the
colored growth. No liquefaction. colony. Cells on the outside remain fila-
Agar: Slow growth, raised, folded, with mentous, giving the colony a burr-like
finely myeloid margins. At first colorless, appearance and often forming long arbores-
after 6 to 8 weeks flesh-pink or coral-pink. cent processes.
Potato: Growth slow, after 6 to 8 weeks Agar slant: Filiform, convex, smooth,
abundant, spreading, much raised, finely pink, shining or matte growth; arborescent
wrinkled, coral-pink. or with projections from undulate border.
Paraffin is utilized. Litmus milk: Alkaline. Reddish pellicle.
Optimum temperature, between 22° and Glycerol potato: Filiform, raised, dry,
25° C. wrinkled, yellowish brown to coral-red.
Distinctive characters: Closely resembles Broth: Usually turbid. Pink scum.
Nocardia corallina but differs in the much Dorset's egg medium: Filiform, raised,
slower growth and the smaller size of the dry, wrinkled, orange growth.
cells. Loeffler's medium: Similar to growth on
Source: Isolated from soil in Australia. Dorset's egg medium, but pink.
Habitat: Soil. Acid from glycerol and glucose by some
strains. No acid or gas from sucrose, malt-
13. Nocardia corallina (Bergey et al., ose or lactose.
1923) Waksman and Henrici, 1948. (Bacillus Phenol and m-cresol are utilized. Some
mycoides corallinus Hefferan, Cent. f. Bakt., strains utilize naphthalene (Gray and
II Abt., U, 1904, 459; Serratia corallina Thornton). Some strains utilize phenol or
Bergey et al., Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 93; m-cresol (Jensen).
Mycobacterium agreste Gray and Thornton, Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 73, 1928, 84; Pro-
actinomyces agrestis Jensen, Proc. Linn. Soc. 25°Optimum
New So. Wales, 56, 1931, 345; Proactino- Optimum pH, between 6.8 and 8.0.
myc.es corallinus Jensen, ibid., 57, 1932, 364; Distinctive characters: Soil organism
Waksman and Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., forming Mycobacterium-like colonies after
1948, 902.) 2 to 4 days on simple media; pale pink
chromogenesis; nailhead growth in gelatin No acid from glucose, lactose, maltose,

stab; branching rods and short filaments. sucrose or glycerol.
Source : Seventy-four strains were isolated Phenol is utilized.
from soils in Great Britain and Australia. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Habitat: Soil.
28°Optimum
14. Nocardia globerula (Gray, 1928) Optimum pH, between 6.8 and 7.6.
Waksman and Henrici, 1948. {Mycobacterium Distinctive characters: This organism re-
globendum Gray, Proc. Roy. Soc. London, sembles most closely Nocardia coralUna. It
B, 102, 1928, 265; Proactinomijces globerulus is distinguished by producing a more watery
Reed, in Manual, 5th ed., 1939, 838; Waks- type of surface growth, more nearly entire
man and Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, deep colonies and more particularly by the
903.) production of indigotin from indole.
Source: Isolated from soil in Great
glo.be'ru.la. L. noun globus a globe; M.L. Britain.
dim. adj. globerulus globular.
Habitat: Presumably soil.
material taken from Bynoe (Thesis, McGill
University, Montreal, 1931). 15. Nocardia salmonicolor (den Dooren
Curved rods and filaments, 1 by 2 to 9 de Jong, 1927) Waksman and Henrici, 1948.
{Mycobacterium salmonicolor den Dooren de
microns, with many coccoid cells, especially
in old cultures. Rods and filaments are fre- Jong, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 71, 1927, 216;
quently irregularly swollen. Capsules may Proactinomyces salmonicolor Jensen, Proc.
Linn. Soc. New So. Wales, 57, 1932, 368;
be present. Not acid-fast. Gram-positive.
Gelatin: After 19 days, surface colonies Waksman and Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed.,
irregularly round, 1 to 2 mm in diameter, 1948, 904; also see Erikson, Jour. Gen.
Microbiol., S, 1949, 364.)
conve.x, light buff, smooth, shining; edge
entire. Deep colonies: Round, with entire sal.mo.ni'co.lor. L. noun salmo salmon;
edge. L. gen. noun salmonis of a salmon; M.L. adj.
salmonicolor salmon-colored.
Gelatin stab: After 8 days, nailhead, ir-
regularly round, convex, pinkish white, On glucose-asparagine-agar after 18 to 24
smooth, shining growth; line of stab erose. hrs., long branching rods are formed, 1.0 to
Agar: After 4 days surface colonies irregu- 1.3 microns in diameter, with small refrac-
larly round, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, convex, tive granules of aerial mycelium, sometimes
white, smooth, shining; edge undulate, stretching into quite long filaments; after
2 to 3 days small definite mycelia are pres-
erose. After 7 daj^s, more convex and of a
watery appearance. Deep colonies: After 4 ent, and after 5 to 6 days these have largely
divided into short rods and cocci; the col-
days, lens-shaped.
Agar slant: After 3 days, filiform, flat, onies have the same burr-like appearance as
watery; edge irregular. those of Nocardia corallina. Many cells at
the edge of the colonies show, after 3 to 4
Dorset's egg medium: After 2 weeks, days, club- or pear-shaped swellings, up to
spreading, raised, moist, orange-colored
2.5 to 3.0 microns in diameter; after 5 to 6
growth.
days, many of these swollen cells are seen to
Loefller's medium: Growth as on Dorset's germinate with the formation of two more
egg medium, but salmon-colored. slender sprouts. On some media a few short,
Nutrient and peptone broth: Turbid with undivided aerial hyphae appear which may
viscous suspension. actually form a thin white frosting over the
Litmus milk: Alkaline.
pink growth. Acid-fastness is found among
Glycerol potato: After 24 hours, filiform, the earlier stages of growth in some of the
moist, smooth, pale pink growth. strains on some media.
Indole not produced. Gelatin: At 20° to 22° C, scant, arbores-
Indole agar: Blue crystals of indigotin cent growth in stab; small, wrinkled orange,
formed. surface colony. No liquefaction.
I2Q ORDER V. ACTINOMYCETALES
Glucose-asparagine-agar: Good growth, Manual, 5th ed., 1939, 835; Waksman and
restricted, rather flat; edges lobate; surface Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 904.)
warty, glistening, at first pale orange, later rub.ro. per. tinc'ta. L. adj. ruber red; L.
ochre-yellow; consistency crumbly. After 5 prefix per very; L. part. adj. tinctus dyed,
to 6 weeks the growth is paler with many colored; M.L. adj. rubropertinctus heavily
small, round, raised, yellow, secondary dyed red.
colonies. Original description supplemented by ma-
Agar: Rich, salmon-pink to yellow, soft terial taken from Hefferan (op. cit., 1904,
growth. 460) and from Jensen (Proc. Linn. Soc. New
Glucose-nutrient agar: Excellent growth, So. Wales, 49, 1934, 32).
spreading, flat, dense; edges lobate; surface Small rods, 0.3 to 0.9 by 1.5 to 3.0 microns.
folded, glistening, yellow, gradually chang- Cells in 18- to 24-hour agar culture in beauti-
ing to deep orange-red. ful angular arrangement, after 2 to 3 days
Nutrient broth: Fair growth; thin pel- nearly coccoid, 0.6 by 0.8 micron. Ten-
licle; granular sediment, at first cream- dency for branching on glycerol agar after
colored, later red; broth clear at first, 2 to 3 days, but branching does not occur
slightly turbid after 3 weeks. commonly though granules of aerial myce-
Milk: Good growth; pellicle of small, lium are sometimes seen (Jensen). Non-
cream-colored granules after 2 days ; later a motile. Not acid-fast (Grassberger).
thick orange sediment. Not coagulated but Acid-fast (Hefferan). Variable (Jensen).
appears slightly cleared after 5 weeks, the Gram-positive.
reaction becoming alkaline. Gelatin colonies: Irregular with crenate
Potato. Good growth, raised, warty, margin and folded surface. Coral-red.
crumbly, glistening, at first buff, changing Gelatin stab: Surface growth like the
to orange and finally to almost blood-red. colonies. Growth in stab at first thin, then
Indole not produced. granular to arborescent with chromogene
No acid from glucose or glycerol. sis. No liquefaction.
Sucrose not inverted, although it is read- Agar colonies: Small, granular, becoming
ily utilized with sodium nitrate as a source pink to red depending on composition of
of nitrogen.
Starch not hydrolyzed. agar.
Agar slant: Dry, lustreless (R) to glisten-
Paraffin readily utilized as a source of ing (S), pink to vermilion-red.
carbon. Broth: Faint, uniform turbidity with
Phenol not utilized. salmon-pink pellicle (in scales) which is re-
Nitrites produced from nitrates. newed on surface as it settles to form a red
Nitrate, ammonium salts, asparagine and sediment (Hefferan, Jensen).
peptone are utilized almost equally well Litmus milk: Thick, fragile, dull coral-red
with glucose as source of carbon, although surface scales and sediment. Unchanged
the growth is most rapid with peptone. (Hefferan) to alkaline and somewhat viscid
No growth in oxygen-free atmosphere. after 3 to 4 weeks (Jensen).
Relationships to other species: Closely Potato: Slow but excellent intensive red
related to Nocardia corallina. growth becoming dull orange (Jensen).
Source: Isolated from soil from Rotham- Benzine, petroleum, paraffin oil and par-
sted, England, by means of an ethylamine- affin are utilized as sources of energy; no
enriched medium, at 37° C. action on manganese dioxide (Sohngen,
Habitat: Probably soil. Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 40, 1914, 554).
Nitrites not produced from nitrates; ni-
16. Nocardia rubropertincta (Hefferan, trates, ammonia and asparagine are almost
1904) Waksman and Henrici, 1948. (Butter- as good sources of nitrogen as peptone
bacillus, Grassberger, Miinch. med. Wochn- (Jensen).
schr., 46, 1899, 343; Bacillus rubropertinctus Aerobic to facultatively anaerobic.
Hefferan, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 11, 1904, sen).
Grows well between 20° and 37° C. (Jen-
460; Proactinomyces rubropertinctus Reed, in
Optimum pH, between 6.8 and 7.2. Growth Milk: No change.

stops at pH 4.9. Potato: Good, typical growth.
Distinctive characters: Mycobacterium- Sucrose not inverted.
like colonies with coral to vermilion-red Starch not hydrolyzed.
chromogenesis on asparagine agar, potato, Cellulose not attacked.
gelatin and other media; short rods, seldom Readily assimilates fats, paraffin and, to a
forms filaments; generally not acid-fast. less extent, wax.
Comments: Gordon (personal communi- Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
cation, 1954) reports that she finds that a Distinctive characters: Grows well in
culture isolated and identified by Ford high salt concentrations (5 to 10 per cent
NaCl).
(Textb. of Bact., 1927, 255) as this species is
identical with Nocardia corallina Waksman Various strains of this organism may vary
and Henrici. considerably from the type strain.
Source: Six cultures were isolated from Source: Isolated from soil.
butter (Grassberger). Several cultures were Habitat: Soil.
isolated from soil in Holland (Sohngen)
and Australia (Jensen). Two cultures were 18. Nocardia coeliaca (Gray and Thorn-
isolated as contaminants in tuberculin ton, 1928) Waksman and Henrici, 1948.
flasks (Hagan and Breed, personal com- {Mycobacterium coeliacum Gray and Thorn-
munications). ton, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 73, 1928, 88;
Habitat: Probably widely distributed in Proactinomyces coeliacus Reed, in Manual,
soil. 5th ed., 1939, 836; Waksman and Henrici,
in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 906.)
coe.li'a.ca. Gr. adj. coeliacus suffering
17. Nocardia rubra (Krassilnikov, 1938) in the bowels; L. adj. coeliacus relating to
Waksman and Henrici, 1948. {Proactino- the bowels.
myces ruber Krassilnikov, Bull. Acad. Sci., Original description supplemented by
U.S.S.R., No. ], 1938, 139; also see Krassil- material taken from Jensen (Proc. Linn.
nikov, Guide to the Actinomycetes, Izd. Soc. New So. Wales, 56, 1931, 201).
Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Moskau, 1941, 81; Short, curved, uneven-sided rods, 0.8 by
Waksman and Henrici, in Manual 6th, ed., 5 microns with occasional filaments up to
1948, 905.) 10 to 12 microns long, frequently beaded,
rub'ra. L. adj. ruber red. occasionally swollen or branched. Coccoid
Threads at first filamentous, developing forms 0.8 to 1.2 microns in diameter are
into a unicellular mycelium; after a few common, especially in older cultures. Stain
days, frequent septa are produced and the readily. Not acid-fast or occasionally
mycelium breaks up into short, rod-shaped, slightly acid-fast. Gram-positive.
and later coccoid elements. These grow into Gelatin colonies: After 12 days, irregular,
a mycelium on a fresh substrate. No aerial raised, white, rugose, dull, entire. Deep
mycelium produced in nutrient media. Not colonies: Irregular, smooth or slightly
acid-fast. Gram-positive. broken.
Gelatin: No liquefaction. Gelatin stab: Convoluted, buff-white to
Colonies usually rough; some are smooth, yellowish, dull; below surface the growth
dry, powdery or of dough-like consistency. forms many irregular hollow lobes, giving a
Part of mycelium grows into substrate. glistening appearance, to a depth of 3 to 4
Colonies bright red. Pigment not dissolved mm.
into medium; weakly soluble in ether, alco- Agar colonies: After 11 days, less than 1
hol and acetic acid; well soluble in chloro- mm in diameter, round or irregular, raised,
form; belongs to the carotenoids. white, resinous, irregular, burred. Deep
Agar: Poor growth. colonies: Irregularly round or ovoid; edge
Synthetic agar: Good, typical growth. slightly broken.
Broth: Sediment and surface ring; me- Agar slant: Filiform, convex, white, ru-
dium clear. gose, resinous, undulate growth.
Dorset's egg medium: Raised, smooth, Glycerol agar: Small, pink, coiled masses
moist, verrucose, buff -colored growth. with thin, white, aerial mycelium.
Loeffler's medium: After 10 daj^s, slight Potato agar: No growth.
growth, dry, granular, pale buff-colored. Coon's agar: Colorless growth with
Broth: Turbid. liberal, white, aerial mycelium.
Litmus milk: Slightly alkaline after 5 to 7 Dorset's egg medium: Small, irregularly
days. raised and coiled dull pink mass.
Glycerol potato: After 2 days, dry, Serum agar: Very poor growth.
crumpled, orange, becoming brown after Inspissated serum: Scant, colorless, flaky
about 10 da3^s. growth; later a minute tuft of pale pink,
No acid from glucose, lactose, sucrose or aerial mycelium.
glycerol. Broth: Moderate, flaky growth.
Phenol is utilized. Synthetic sucrose solution : Poor growth, a
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. few flakes on the surface and a few at the
bottom.
25° C. Milk: No change.
Optimum pH, between 7.6 and 8.0. Potato plug: Dry, raised, convoluted,
Distinctive characters: Differs from the pink growth with white aerial mycelium in
previously described members of the genus one month; dull, pink, brittle surface
in the absence of chromogenesis. Forms colonies with paler aerial mycelium float-
hollow lobes in deep gelatin cultures. Cells ing coherently on liquid at base in 2 months.
are rods, seldom filaments. Starch not hydrolyzed.
Source : Isolated from soil in Great Britain Source: Isolated from a case of mj^ce-
and Australia. toma of the foot in South Africa.
Habitat: Presumably soil. Habitat: Found in human infections so
far as known.
19. Nocardia transvalensis Pijper and
Pullinger, 1927. (Jour. Trop. Med. Hyg., 20. Nocardia mesenterica (Orla-Jen-
30, 1927, 153.) sen, 1919) Waksman and Henrici, 1948.
trans. va.len'sis. M.L. adj. transvalensis (Microbacterium mesentericum Orla-Jensen,
pertaining to the Transvaal; named for The Lactic Acid Bacteria, 1919, 181; Pro-
Transvaal, South Africa. actinormjces mesentericus Jensen, Proc. Lin-
Description taken from Erikson (Med. nean Soc. New So. Wales, 57, 1932, 373;
Res. Council Spec. Rept. Ser. 203, 1935, 28). Waksman and Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed.,
1948, 907.)
Initial mycelium unicellular, but with
the central branch frequently broader and me.sen.te'ri.ca. Gr.noun mesenterium
showing dense, granular refractile contents; the mesentery; M.L. adj. mesentericus per-
small colonies quickly covered with aerial taining to the mesentery.
Extensive mycelium composed of richly
mycelium, the straight aerial hyphae in
some cases becoming clustered into irregular branching hyphae of a somewhat variable
diameter, 0.4 to 0.8 micron; no aerial
spikes; colorless drops are exuded and a pink
hyphae are seen. With increasing age the
coloration produced in the densest part of
hyphae divide into fragments of varjang
the growth on synthetic glycerol agar. size and shape, partly diphtheroid rods,
Angular branching with division of the sub- but no real cocci. There is, particularly in
stratum filaments can be seen, the aerial richer media, a tendency to form large,
hyphae also being irregularly segmented. swollen, fusiform to almost spherical cells,
Acid-fast. up to 3.5 microns in diameter. These may
Gelatin: Poor growth; there are a few stain intensely with carbol fuchsin; when
irregular colorless flakes. No liquefaction. transferred to fresh media, they germinate
Agar: No growth. and produce a new mycelium.
Glucose agar: Raised, granular, pink Gelatin: Good growth; finely arborescent,
colonies with white aerial mycelium. cream-colored growth in the stab; raised,
729
folded, pale-yellow, surface colony. No al'bi.cans. L. part. adj. albicans white-
making.
liquefaction.
Glucose-asparagine-agar: Fair growth, On solid media the hj'phae break up into
narrow, raised, granular, very pale j-ellow, rod-shaped cells 0.6 to 0.7 by 12 to 25, some-
glistening; condensation water clear, with times up to 50, microns. Cells straight or
small granules. At 30° C. there is only scant slightly curved and branching. No aerial
growth consisting of small, irregular, white mycelium observed except surface layer of
granules growing deeply down into the agar. sporophores, which produce a velvety ap-
Glucose-nutrient-agar: Good growth, re- pearance. Multiplication is by fission, seldom
stricted, with undulate edges, surface with by budding. Gram-positive.
high transverse folds, cream-colored; the Gelatin: No liquefaction.
consistency^ is firm and cartilaginous after 2 Agar colonies: Smooth, shiny; good
days, later looser and more brittle. Growth
growth.
Broth: Poor growth; faintly turbid;
at 28° to 30° C. rather scant; smooth, soft,
glistening, cream-colored smear. settles on bottom and leaves a surface ring.
Sabouraud's agar: Excellent growth, No true mycelium produced. Cells rod-
spreading, at first flat and smooth, pale shaped, 5 to 10, seldom 15 to 20, microns.
straw-yellow, perfectly hard and cartilagi- Milk: No change.
nous, later raised and strongly folded, of a Sucrose inverted.
loose, curd-like consistency, bright lemon- Starch hydrolyzed.
yellow. Growth at 28° to 30° C. only fair, No growth on cellulose.
restricted, folded, cream-colored, soon be- Utilizes glycerol well but not paraffin.
coming soft and smeary. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Broth: Good growth; voluminous, flaky, Nitrate utilized as a source of nitrogen.
whitish sediment; broth clear. Source: Isolated from soil.
Potato: Scant growth; restricted, soft, Habitat: Soil.
cream-colored smear.
Milk: At 28° to 30° C., small cream- 22. Nocardia flava (Krassilnikov, 1938)
colored granules along the tube; the milk Waksman and Henrici, 1948. (Proactino-
undergoes no visible changes within 4 myces flavus Krassilnikov, Bull. Acad. Sci.
weeks. No proteolytic action. U.S.S.R., No. 1, 1938, 139; Waksman and
Indole not produced. Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 908.)
Sucrose is inverted. fla'va. L. adj. flavus yellow.
Starch is hydrolyzed. Cells at first filamentous, 0.7 to 0.8 mi-
Cellulose not decomposed. cron in diameter; after 2 to 3 days, cells
Nitrites produced from nitrates. broken into long rods and then into cocci
No growth in oxygen-free atmosphere. 0.7 micron in diameter. No spores, although
Nitrogen is utilized as sodium nitrate, some strains form chlamydospores. Cell
ammonium phosphate and asparagine, al- multiplication is by fission, cross-wall for-
though these are inferior to peptone as mation and rarely by budding. Not acid-
sources of nitrogen. fast. Gram -positive.
Source: Isolated from fermented beets. Gelatin: No liquefaction.
Habitat: Found in fermented vegetable Agar colonies : Pigment bright yellow or
materials. gold-colored on synthetic media, dirty
yellow on meat peptone media. Pigment
not soluble in medium. Surface of colony
21. Nocardia albicans (Krassilnikov, somewhat shiny or rough and folded, of a
1941) Waksman, 1953. {Proactinomyces albi- dough-like consistency.
cans Krassilnikov, Guide to the Actino- Synthetic agar colonies: Bright yellow
mycetes, Izd. Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R., or gold.
Moskau, 1941, 71; Waksman, in Waksman Meat peptone media: Dirty j-ellow pig-
and Lechevalier, Actinomycetes and Their mentation.
Antibiotics, Baltimore, 1953, 146.) Milk: No peptonization or coagulation.
'30 ORDER V. ACTINOMYCETALES
Sucrose weakly inverted. Sucrose is inverted.

Starch is hydrolyzed. Starch is hydrolyzed.
Does not grow on paraffin or wax but Weak growth on fat. No growth on par-
produces weak growth on fat. affin or wax.
Source: Isolated from soil. Source: Isolated from soil and water.
Habitat: Soil: not common. Habitat: Soil.
23. Nocardia viridis (Krassilnikov, 1938) 25. Nocardia madurae (Vincent, 1894)
Waksman and Henrici, 1948. {Proactino- Blanchard, 1896. (Streptothrix madurae Vin-
myces viridis Krassilnikov, Bull. Acad. Sci. cent, Ann. Inst. Past., 8, 1894, 129; Blanch-
U.S.S.R., No. 1, 1938, 139; Waksman and ard, in Bouchard, Traite Path. G6n., 3,
Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 908.) 1896, 868.)
vi'ri.dis. L. adj. viridis green. ma'du.rae. M.L. gen.noun madurae of
Mycelial cells often branching, 0.7 to 0.8 Madura; named for Madura, India.
micron in diameter with cross-wall; after In tissues, growth in form of granules
5 to 7 days the cells break up into rods 5 to consisting of radiating actinomycosis. In
15 microns long. Cocci not observed. Cells cultures, initial branched mycelium frag-
multiply by fission, seldom by budding. menting into rod-shaped and coccoid bodies.
Spores not formed. Not acid-fast. Cells No aerial mycelium or spores. Not acid-
Gram-positive. fast.
Gelatin: No liquefaction. Gelatin: Growth scant, whitish; no lique-
Colonies colored dark green. Pigment not faction.
soluble in medium, in water or in organic Gelatin colonies: Round, glistening, at
solvents. Surface of colony somewhat shiny. first white, then buff to rose or crimson.
On potato, rough, much folded, broken up Pigment production is irregular and un-
into small colonies. predictable. Occasionally a red, soluble
Milk: No peptonization or coagulation. pigment is produced. Growth eventually
Sucrose readily inverted. wrinkled. No aerial mycelium.
Starch weakly hydrolyzed. Broth: Growth occurs as a floccular sedi-
Grows well on fats and paraffin and less ment.
on wax. Milk: No change or slight, slow peptoni-
Source : Isolated from soil. zation.
Habitat: Soil. Potato: Wrinkled, friable growth; buff-
colored, sometimes red.
24. Nocardia citrea (Krassilnikov, 1938) Diastatic action questionable.
Waksman and Henrici, 1948. (Proactino- Not pathogenic for the usual laboratory
myces citreus Krassilnikov, Bull. Acad. Sci. animals; pathogenic for monkeys (Mus-
U.S.S.R., No. 1, 1938, 139; Waksman and grave and Clegg, Philippine Jour. Sci.,
Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 908.) Ser. B., Med. Sci., S, 1908, 470).
cit're.a. L. adj. citreus of or pertaining to Source : Isolated from a case of Madura
the citrus tree; M.L. adj. citreus lemon- foot.
yellow. Habitat: Cause of some cases of Madura
Mycelium in young cultures consists of foot.
very fine threads, 0.3 to 0.5 micron in di-
ameter. After several days the cells break 26. Nocardia nigra (Krassilnikov, 1941)
up into short rods, 0.5 by 1.5 to 5.0 microns, Waksman, 1953. (Proactinomyces niger Kras-
and into cocci, 0.3 to 0.5 micron in diame- silnikov. Guide to the Actinomycetes, Izd.
ter. Multiplies by fission and bud formation; Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Moskau, 1941, 89;
spores not formed. Not acid-fast. Waksman, in Waksman and Lechevalier,
Gelatin: Liquefaction. Actinomycetes and Their Antibiotics,
Colonies: Yellow-green, usually rough and Baltimore, 1953, 149; not Nocardia nigra
folded. Castellani and Chalmers, Man. Trop. Med.,
Milk: Coagulation and peptonization. 3rd ed., 1919, 1062.)
731
nig'ra. L. adj. niger black. growth, centrally embedded with small,
Colonies rough, folded, shiny, of dough- round, discrete colonies at margin.
like consistency. Growth at first colorless or Dorset's egg medium: Poor growth, dull
brownish, gradually beconiing darker and, pink, spreading.
after 10 to 15 days, dark brown and even Serum agar: Confluent, granular, pink
black. Pigment, similar to melanin, not membrane.
soluble in the medium. Hyphae are thread- Broth: Pink flakes and surface growth.
like, breaking up into rods, 0.7 by 2.0 to Inspissated serum: Raised, convoluted,
10.0 microns, and cocci, 0.6 to 0.8 micron. pink mass; becoming orange and much
Aerial mycelium not formed. wrinkled with a scalloped margin.
Gelatin: No growth or liquefaction. Synthetic sucrose solution: Red granules
Agar: Poor growth. and abundant, minute, colorless colonies at
Synthetic agar: Poor growth. Many cells bottom; in 2 weeks a colorless, dust-like
are swollen to 3.0 microns in diameter. surface pellicle.
Broth; Small sediment produced. Medium Glucose broth: Abundant, pinkish, flaky
clear. surface growth, breaking up easily and sink-
Milk: No change. ing to bottom.
Potato: Good growth. Potato plug: Carrot-red, moist, thick,
Cellulose: No growth. granular growth in bands, partly raised,
Source : Isolated from soil. and with discrete round colonies; sparse,
Habitat: Soil. Rarely found. Growth colorless, very thin aerial mycelium at top
rapidly disappears on continued cultivation. of slant in 2 months.
Litmus milk: Orange-red surface and
27. Nocardia lutea Christopherson and bottom growth; liquid blue.
Archibald, 1918. (Lancet, 2, 1918, 847). Source: Isolated from actinomycosis of
lu'te.a. L. adj. luteus yellow. the lachrymal gland.
Description taken from Erikson (Med. Habitat: Unknown,
Res. Council Spec. Rept. Ser. 203, 1935, 30).
Initial elements swollen and segmented, 28. Nocardia blackwellii (Erikson, 1935)
giving rise to irregular, spreading, polymor- Waksman and Henrici, 1948. {Actinomyces
phous colonies composed of cells of all blackwellii Erikson, Med. Res. Council
shapes and sizes with markedly granular Spec. Rept. Ser. 203, 1935, 37; Waksman and
contents; later more monomorphous, the Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 910.)
filaments being arranged in angular apposi- black. wel'li.i. M.L. gen. noun blackwellii
tion. Sometimes (e.g., on synthetic glycerol of Blackwell; named for Blackwell.
agar) the segments are so granular as to ap- Description taken from Erikson (op. cit.,
pear banded. On potato agar, small, fila- 1935, 32).
mentous colonies are formed with irregular, Initial elements short and rod-like, grow-
angular branching, and which bear a few ing out into sparsely branching longer
isolated short straight aerial hyphae. forms; small, radiating colonies are pro-
Gelatin: Pale pink wrinkled growth on duced with short, straight aerial mycelia;
wall of tube; colorless, punctiform colonies frequently large, round or ovoid cells are
and stellate colonies are in the medium; no interposed in the irregularly segmented
liquefaction. chains of cells, being sometimes isolated
Agar: Abundant, coherent, moist, pink, in company with 2 or 3 short filaments and
membranous growth with round, discrete sometimes terminal.
colonies at margin; after 3 weeks, colorless, Gelatin: Few, colorless, minute colonies
fringed margin, round confluent portion. along line of inoculation; after 30 days
Glucose agar: Scant, reddish, smeary abundant, colorless colonies to 10 mm be-
growth. low surface, larger pink-yellow surface
Glycerol agar: Yellowish pink, wrinkled colonies with white aerial mycelium; no
membrane. liquefaction.
Potato agar: Coherent, pink, moist Agar: Confluent, wrinkled growth with
small, round, pinkish, discrete colonies at comes more monomorphous, and short,
margin. straight aerial hyphae are borne which pres-
Glucose agar: Abundant, pale pink ently exhibit irregular segmentation.
growth; small conical colonies, piled up, Gelatin: Few flakes. No liquefaction.
convoluted. Agar: Small, round, elevated, cream -
Glycerol agar: Extensive, granular, ir- colored colonies, umbilicated and radially
regular, thin, pinkish growth; after 40 wrinkled.
days, a few discrete colonies with de- Glucose agar: Minute, colorless colonies;
pressed margins, center piled up, pink. becoming dull pink, partly confluent and
Serum agar: Smooth, cream, umbilicated piled up; few stiff pink aerial spikes.
colonies with submerged growth extending Glycerol agar: Small, round, elevated,
into medium in scallops 5 to 8 mm deep; a cream-colored colonies; margins depressed;
pale pink mass in 2 weeks. becoming smooth, discrete, yellowish.
Potato agar: Small, round, colorless Dorset's egg medium: Scant, pinkish,
colonies covered with white aerial my- smeary growth.
celium; after 2 weeks colonies dull pink; Serum agar: Small, raised, cream-colored
submerged margins; few aerial spikes; colonies, becoming confluent and piled up.
moderate aerial mycelium at top of slant. Inspissated serum: Thick, colorless,
Broth: Flakes, later innumerable, minute ribbed membrane; no liquefaction.
colonies, some adhering to wall just above Broth: Small and larger cream-colored,
liquid level. scale-like surface colonies; abundant,
Synthetic sucrose solution: Delicate, flocculent bottom growth.
round, white colonies; later abundant Synthetic sucrose solution: Thin surface
minute colonies in suspension; thick cream pellicle; small colorless flakes; minute par-
pellicle on surface and pink grains in sedi- ticles at bottom; scant growth.
ment. Milk: Heavy yellow growth attached to
Milk: Heavy, convoluted, bright yellow walls; solid coagulum in 1 month.
surface pellicle; no coagulation. Litmus milk: Yellow surface growth;
Litmus milk: Yellow surface growth; liquid unchanged.
milky sediment; liquid unchanged. Potato plug: Coral -pink, dry, granular
Carrot plug: Small, round, smooth, growth covered to a considerable extent
cream-colored, elevated colonies in 10 days; with white aerial mycelium, piled up in
sparse, stiff, colorless aerial spikes in 16 center, discrete colonies at margin, pink
days; abundantly piled up, convoluted, surface pellicle on liquid and colorless
ochreous growth in 25 days. colonies at base.
Source: Isolated from the hock joint of a Source: Isolated from infected rabbits.
foal. Habitat: Unknown.
Habitat: Unknown.
30. Nocardia rangoonensis (Erikson,
29. Nocardia cuniculi Snijders, 1924.
1935) Waksman and Henrici, 1948. (Actino-
(Geneesk. Tijdsch. Ned. Ind., 6^, 1924, 47
and 75.) myces rangoon Erikson, Med. Res. Council
Spec. Rept. Ser. 203, 1935, 37; Waksman
cu.ni'cu.li. L. noun cuniculus a rabbit; and Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 911.)
L. gen. noun cuniculi of a rabbit.
Description taken from Erikson (Med. ran. goo. nen 'sis. M.L. adj. rangoonensis
Res. Council Spec. Rept. Ser. 203, 1935, 31). pertaining to Rangoon; named for Rangoon,
Burma.
Large, swollen cells giving rise to ramify-
ing filaments or to small chains of short, Swollen, round initial cells, giving rise
thick segments which branch out into to branching hyphae which segment and
more regular hyphae; sometimes the ir- present slipping and angular arrangement;
regular elements are beset with spiny proc- few short straight aerial hyphae, which later
esses before giving rise to typical long develop into a profusely branching, long
branching filaments; later the picture be- waving aerial mycelium. Non-acid-fast.
Gelatin: Abundant, minute colonies in Habitat: Unknown.

depths and larger cream-colored ones on
surface with white aerial mycelium; brown 31. Nocardia caviae Snijders, 1924.
pigment surrounding growth. No liquefac- (Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 6^, 1924, 47
tion. and 75.)
Agar colones: Round, lobate, umbili- ca'vi.ae. M.L. noun Cavia generic name
cated, raised up, cream-colored to pale of the cavy, or guinea pig.
pink; later, medium discolored dark brown, Description taken from Erikson (Med.
colonies colorless. Res. Council Spec. Rept. Ser. 203, 1935, 32).
Glucose agar: Convoluted, coherent, Initial segmentation, producing elements
cream-colored growth; medium discolored. of approximately even diameter arranged
After 23 days, wrinkled, biscuit-colored in angular apposition, and later long pro-
growth; colorless margin; border white fusely ramifying threads with strongly re-
aerial mycelium; medium dark brown. fractile protoplasm. Aerial mycelium
Glycerol agar: Dull, mealy, pink, straight and branching, the aerial hyphae
wrinkled growth; scant white aerial myce- with occasional coiled tips divided into
lium at top; medium slightly discolored. cylindrical conidia.
Coon's agar: Minute, colorless colonies in Gelatin: A few colorless flakes. No lique-
streaks. faction.
Potato agar: Small, round, lemon-colored Glucose agar: Piled up, convoluted,
colonies, partly confluent, with white aerial cream-colored to pale pink growth; white
mycelium; later medium discolored light aerial mycelium.
brown; submerged growth greenish. Glycerol agar: Scant growth.
Dorset's egg medium: Extensive, color- Coon's agar: Colorless, scant growth,
less growth, pale pink aerial mycelium in partly submerged, white aerial mycelium.
center; later covered with a powdery, pink- Potato agar: Colorless, spreading growth
ish white aerial mycelium. with dense white aerial mycelium.
Serum agar colonies: Irregular, small, Dorset's egg medium: Heavily corru-
elevated, cream-colored, frequently um- gated pale pink growth with submerged
bilicated. margin and dense white aerial mycelium
Inspissated serum: Poor growth; small in center; after 3 weeks, colorless, transpired
piled up pink mass. drops.
Broth: Abundant colorless growth; floc- Serum agar: Pale pink, wrinkled growth,
culent mass at bottom and pellicle at sur- partly submerged; after 4 weeks, piled up
face; medium slightly discolored.
with scant white aerial mycelium; medium
Synthetic sucrose solution: Small, white discolored reddish brown.
colonies with pinkish tinge on surface;
Inspissated serum: Pale pink, raised
lesser bottom growth.
Milk: Coagulation; yellow surface ring; growth; coiled, white aerial mycelium.
becoming partly peptonized; liquid dis- Broth: Cream-colored, wrinkled surface
colored dark brown; brownish growth up pellicle extending up wall and breaking
side of tube. easily; moderate bottom growth, flaky;
medium discolored.
Litmus milk: Colorless growth; liquid
partly decolorized; coagulation; later partly Synthetic sucrose solution: Round, white
digested. colonies in suspension and attached to one
Carrot plug: Small, round, colorless colo- side of tube; pink surface colonies with
nies; velvety white aerial mycelium; in 2 white aerial mycelium.
months, piled up, pink, granular mass Milk: Colorless surface growth; white
with warted prominences; marginal zone aerial mycelium; coagulation.
white aerial mycelium and thin all-over Litmus milk: Liquid blue, surface growth;
central aerial mycelium. after 1 month, white aerial mycelium, color-
Source : Isolated from a human pulmonary less sediment, liquid still blue.
case of streptothricosis. Potato plug: Small, colorless colonies;
white powdery aerial mycelium; later Glycerol potato: After 2 days, dry,
abundant, raised, pale pink, confluent wrinkled, pink to orange growth.
growth, discolored plug; after 2 months, No acid from glucose, lactose, sucrose
raised, buckled, pink colonies with white or glycerol.
aerial mycelium floating on liquid at base. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Source: Isolated from infected guinea pigs Phenol and naphthalene are utilized.
in Sumatra.
Habitat: Unknown. 30°Optimum
Optimum pH, between 7.8 and 8.5.

32. Nocardia actinomorpha (Gray and Distinctive characters: Differs from No-
Thornton, 1928) Waksman and Henrici, cardia coeliaca in saccate liquefaction of
1948. {Mycobacterium actinomorphum Gray gelatin. Long rods and filaments.
Source: A few strains have been isolated
and Thornton, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 73,
from soil in Great Britain and Australia.
1928, 88; Proactinomyces actinomorphus
Jensen, Proc. Linn. Soc. New So. Wales, 56, Habitat: Presumably soil.
1931, 363; Waksman and Henrici, in Manual,
33. Nocardia alba (Krassilnikov, 1938)
6th ed., 1948, 912.)
ac.ti.no.mor'pha. Gr. noun actis, actinis Waksman, silnikov,
1953. {Proactinomyces
Bull. Acad. albus No.
Sci., U.S.S.R., 'Kras-1,
a ray; Gr. noun morphe shape; M.L. adj.
1938, 139; Waksman, in Waksman and
actinomorphus ray-shaped.
Lechevalier, Actinomycetes and Their Anti-
Original description supplemented by ma- biotics, Baltimore, 1953, 153.)
terial taken from Jensen {op. cit., 1931, 363)
al'ba. L. adj. albus white.
and Bynoe (Thesis, McGill University, Colonies white, never pigmented, of
Montreal, 1931).
dough-like consistency; smooth or folded
Long branching filaments and rods, 0.5
growth; shiny or pale. True substrate my-
to 0.8 by up to 10 microns. In older cultures celium produced at first, then breaking up
rods 2 to 3 microns long generally predomi- into short rods, 0.7 to 0.8 by 2.7 microns,
nate. On some media, extensively branch- later changing into a mass of coccus-like
ing hyphae occur. Readily stained. Not cells, 0.7 to 1.0 micron in diameter. Many
acid-fast. Gram-positive. cells are swollen, others form side buds. No
Gelatin colonies: After 12 daj^s, round, aerial mycelium produced on nutrient
saucer-like, white, raised rim, edges burred. media. Not acid-fast. Gram-positive.
Deep colonies: Burrs. Liquefaction. Gelatin: Liquefaction.
Gelatin stab: After 8 to 14 days, saccate Agar: Good growth.
liquefaction, 5 to 8 mm. Synthetic agar: Inorganic sources of
Agar colonies: After 11 days, round, 1 nitrogen are used, and sugar, starch or or-
mm in diameter, convex, white, granular ganic acids serve as sources of carbon.
Milk: Coagulated and peptonized.
or resinous; long, arborescent processes
Sucrose inverted.
from the edge. Deep colonies: Arborescent
Starch rapidly hydrolyzed.
burrs; processes about equal to diameter of
Cellulose: No growth.
colony.
Agar slant: Filiform, raised to convex, Comment: Krassilnikov {op. cit., 1941,
white, rugose, dull growth; edge undulate,
73) recognizes several subspecies.
with strong tufted projections below sur- Source: Isolated from soil.
face. Habitat: Soil.
Broth: Turbid or clear with white scum.
Dorset's egg medium: After 2 weeks, 34. Nocardia flavescens (Jensen, 1931)
raised, dry, smooth, salmon-buff growth. Waksman and Henrici, 1948. {Proactino-
Loeffler's medium: After 2 days, smooth, myces flavescens Jensen, Proc. Linn. Soc.
moist, warty, salmon-colored growth. New So. Wales, 56, 1931, 361; Waksman
Litmus milk: Alkaline after 5 to 7 days. and Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 913.)
fla.ves'cens. L. part. adj. flavescens be- soft and smeary. No aerial mycelium; no
coming gold-colored.
On media where a firm growth is produced, Sucrose is inverted.
pigment.
the vegetative mycelium appears as long, Starch is hydrolyzed.
branched, non-septate hyphae, 0.4 to 0.6 Cellulose not decomposed.
micron in diameter. In other media, as on Nitrates are reduced slightly or not at
nutrient agar and potato, septa are formed, all with various sources of energy.
and the mycelium appears in preparations Final reaction in glucose-NH4Cl solution,
as fragments of very variable size, partly pH 3.9 to 3.6.
resembling highly branched mycobacteria. No growth under anaerobic conditions.
In several cases — for instance on nutrient Source: Isolated from soil.
Habitat: Soil.
agar at 28° to 30° C, in 5 to 6 weeks-old
cultures in glucose broth and in glucose
NH4CI solution — short elements assume 35. Nocardia gibsonii (Erikson, 1935)
swollen, fusiform to lemon -shaped forms. Waksman, 1953. {Ac.tinornijces gibsonii Erik-
The aerial mycelium consists of fairly long son, Med. Res. Council Spec. Rept. Ser. 203,
hyphae of the same diameter as the vegeta- 1935, 36; Streptomijces gibsonii Waksman
tive hyphae, not very much branched, and Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 963;
without spirals, often clinging together in Waksman, in Waksman and Lechevalier,
wisps. A differentiation into spores is never Actinomycetes and Their Antibiotics, Balti-
visible b.y direct microscopic e.xamination. more, 1953, 155.)
Neither is this the case in stained prepara- gib.so'ni.i. M.L. gen. noun gibsonii of
tions: here the aerial hyphae break up into Gibson; named for Prof. Gibson of Oxford.
fragments of quite variable length, from Young, growing mycelium branches pro-
1.2 to 1.5 up to 10 to 12 microns, showing fusely at short intervals; later grows out
an irregular, granulated staining. into long, frequently wavy filaments;
Gelatin: Slow liquefaction. twisted hyphae also seen on water agar.
Sucrose agar: Good growth. Vegetative Power of producing aerial mycelium ap-
mycelium superficially spreading, much parently lost.
raised and wrinkled, cracking, white to Gelatin: Dull white flakes sinking as the
cream-colored, of a dry, but loose and medium liquefies; liquefaction complete in
crumbly, consistency. Aerial mycelium 12 days.
scant, thin, white. Faint yellow, soluble Agar: Small, cream-colored, depressed,
pigment after 2 to 3 weeks. partly confluent colonies, becoming an ex-
Glucose agar: Good growth. Vegetative tensive, wrinkled, cream-colored skin.
mycelium superficial, wrinkled, honey-yel- Glucose agar: Cream-colored, wrinkled,
low, of a hard and cartilaginous consistency. membranous growth.
Aerial mycelium thin, smooth, white. Yel- Potato agar: Wrinkled, glistening, mem-
low, soluble pigment. branous growth.
Nutrient agar: Good growth. Vegetative
Serum agar: Small, moist, cream-colored
mycelium raised and much wrinkled, first
colonies growing into medium.
dirty cream-colored, later dark yellowish
Dorset's egg medium: Small, round,
gray, of a soft, moist, curd-like consistency. smooth, colorless colonies with conically
No aerial mycelium. No pigment. elevated centers.
Glucose broth: Rather scant growth.
Granulated, yellowish sediment; no sur- Inspissated serum: Innumerable color-
face growth. Broth clear. No pigment. No less, pinpoint colonies with scant white
acidity. aerial mycelium at top; after 8 days, a
Milk: Coagulated and slowly redissolved coherent wrinkled skin with brownish red
with acid reaction. discoloration at reverse, medium becoming
Potato: Good to excellent growth. Vege- transparent; completely liquefied, pig-
tative mycelium much raised and wrinkled, mented brown in 15 days.
first cream-colored, later yellowish brown, Blood agar: Yellowish, confluent bands.
irregularly wrinkled, with small discrete 37. Nocardia africana Pijper and Pul-
colonies; clear hemolytic zone. linger, 1927. (Pijper and Pullinger, Jour.
Broth: Sediment of flocculi; some round Trop. Med. and Hyg., 30, 1927, 153; Strep-
and fan-shaped colonies. tomyces africanus Waksman and Henrici, in
Synthetic sucrose solution: Very delicate, Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 959.)
white flocculi. af.ri.ca'na. L. adj. africanus pertaining
Milk: Coagulated; partly peptonized. to Africa.
Potato plug : No growth. Description taken from Erikson (Med.
Starch not hydrolyzed. Res. Council Spec. Rept. Ser. 203, 1935, 18).
Tyrosine agar: Negative reaction. Unicellular, branching mycelium forming
Source : Isolated from the spleen in a case small, dense, pink colonies with short,
of acholuric jaundice. Injected into a straight, sparse, white aerial mycelium.
monkey from which it was then reisolated. Gelatin: Irregular pink flakes. No lique-
Habitat: Found in human infections so faction.
far as known. Agar: A few, flat, pink, discoid colonies.
Glucose agar: Minute, red, discrete, round
36. Nocardia fructifera (Krassilnikov, colonies and piled up, paler pink mass with
1941) Waksman, 1953. (Proactinomyces fruc- thin white aerial mycelium.
tiferi (sic) Krassilnikov, Guide to the Acti- Glycerol agar: After 2 weeks, small,
nomycetes, Izd. Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R., heaped-up, colorless masses with pink tinge
Moskau, 1941, 78; Waksman, in Waksman around the colorless colonies; margin de-
and Lechevalier, Actinomycetes and Their pressed; after 3 weeks, abundant, piled up,
Antibiotics, Baltimore, 1953, 155.) pale pink growth.
fruc.ti'fe.ra. L. part. adj. fructifenis Ca-agar: After 1 week, small, round,
fruit-bearing. colorless colonies with red centers ; margins
Mycelium septate, hyphae breaking up submerged; after 2 weeks, growth bright
into rods and in some cultures into cocci. cherry-red, confluent, with colorless margin.
Aerial mycelium well developed, whitish Dorset's egg medium: Small, colorless
to rose-colored. Sporophores long. Straight blister colonies, partly confluent; become
or weakly wavy, but not spiral-shaped. wrinkled and depressed into medium; slight
Oidiospores cylindrical, elongated, 0.7 by liquefaction.
1.5 microns. Not acid-fast. Gram-positive. Serum agar: Irregularly round, raised,
Colonies not compact, mostly dough-like wrinkled, colorless colonies; becoming dry,
in consistency, smooth or rough. pink and flaky; later piled up, brownish,
Gelatin: Slow liquefaction. friable.
Agar: Aerial mycelium weakly developed Inspissated serum: After one week,
or entirely absent. smooth, round, colorless colonies with sub-
Synthetic agar: Rose-colored to bright merged margin, in confluent patches pink
red and even red-orange growth. Pigment and pitted into medium; after 2 weeks, me-
not soluble in medium.
dium broken up, slight liquefaction; after 3
Milk: Coagulated and weakly peptonized. weeks, liquid dried up, colonies umbilicated,
Sucrose is inverted.
raised, dry and friable.
Starch weakly hydrolyzed.
Broth: Small pink colonies embedded in
Cellulose: Poor growth.
coherent flocculent mass.
Fats: Good growth.
Comment: This species is considered as a Synthetic sucrose solution: Small pink
granules in sediment after 1 week; colonies
typical transition point between Strepto-
of medium size, coherent, after 3 weeks.
myces ruber and Nocardia rubra (Krassilni-
kov, op. cit., 1941, 78). Potato agar: Bright red growth, small
Source: One strain was obtained as a mu- round colonies with colorless submerged
tant of Nocardia rubra. Another strain was
margins and piled up patches with stiff',
changed, after 8 months of cultivation, into sparse, white aerial mycelium.
a typical Streptomyces. Litmus milk: Bright red surface growth;
Habitat: Unknown. liquid unchanged after one month; liquid
opaque reddish purple after 2 months; hy- onies dense, button-shaped, with narrow
drolyzed, clear wine-red after 3 months. fringed margin.
Antagonistic properties: Positive. Broth: Small, minute, pink, clustered
Source : Isolated from a case of mycetoma colonies.
of a foot in South Africa. Synthetic sucrose solution: Small, pink
Habitat: Unknown. colonies in sediment; later minute colonies
adhering to side of tube.
38. Nocardia pelletieri (Laveran, 1906) Milk: Soft curd; half -digested; peptoniza-
tion complete in 20 days.
Pinoy, 1912. (Micrococcus pelleiieri Lixvemn,
Compt. rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, 61, 1906, 340; Litmus milk: Pink surface growth, semi-
Oospora pelletieri Thirou.x and Pelletier, solid, no color change; after 20 days, coagu-
lum cleared, liquid purple.
Bull. Soc. path, exot., 5, 1912, 588; Pinoy,
Potato plug: After one month growth
in Thiroux and Pelletier, ibid., 589; Strep-
tomyces pelletieri Waksman and Henrici, in sparse, yellowish pink, irregularly piled up,
Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 960.) portions with scant white aerial mycelium;
after 6 months abundant, highly piled-up,
pel.le.ti.e'ri. M.L. gen. noun pelletieri of small, rounded pink masses; scant white
Pelletier; named for M. Pelletier, the first to
isolate this species. aerial mycelium persistent.
Description taken from Erikson (Med. Relationships to other species: Thiroux
Res. Council Spec. Rept. Ser. 203, 1935, 21). and Pelletier (Bull. Soc. path, exot., 5, 1912,
Mycelium composed of slender, straight 585) considered that their cultures resem-
and not very long filaments, forming small, bled Nocardia madtirae, but they grew the
dense, pink colonies with a few short, organism only on Sabouraud's gelatin, on
straight, isolated aerial branches. which it appeared in a constantly red, easily
Gelatin: Slight liquefaction; few pink detachable form. Nocardia indica was re-
flakes; later almost completely liquefied. garded as identical by Pinoy, although in
Agar: Minute, colorless colonies and the original description by Laveran the
organism was called Micrococcus pelletieri,
piled-up, pale pink masses.
Glucose agar: Poor growth; a few minute owing to the fact that no mycelium was
pink colonies. seen, merely coccoid bodies. Nocardia
genesii Froes (Bull. Inst. Past., 29, 1931,
Glj^cerol agar: Poor growth; a few moist
pink colonies. 1158) is described as closely allied, the dis-
tinction being founded upon the fact that
Ca-agar: Colorless, small colonies; after
the red grains were smaller in size and much
1 week, confluent skin, pink, buckled; me-
dium discolored later. more numerous, but no cultural details are
Coon's agar: Poor growth, cream-colored given.
Source: Isolated from a case of crimson-
with pink center, mostly submerged.
Potato agar: Colorless blister colonies; grained mycetoma in Nigeria (E. C. Smith,
Trans.
157). R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 22, 1928,
after 3 weeks, colonies larger, showing con-
centric zones, submerged margins and oc-
casional zone or tuft of white aerial my- Habitat: L^nkiiown.
celium, pinkish coloration.
Dorset's egg medium: Abundant, wrin- 39. Nocardia niaculata (Millard and
kled, pink skin with small discrete colonies Burr, 1926) Waksman and Henrici, 1948.
at margin in six days; later surface rough, {Actinomyces maculatus Millard and Burr,
mealy; considerable liquefaction in 17 days. Ann. Appl. Biol., 13, 1936, 580; Proactino-
Serum agar: Moist, cream-colored growth myces maculatus Umbreit, Jour. Bact., 38,
tending to be heaped up; discrete colonies 1939, 84; Waksman and Henrici, in Manual,
at margin; becoming umbilicated. 6th ed., 1948, 913.)
Inspissated serum: Round, moist, color- ma.cu.Ia'ta. L. i)art.adj. tnaculatus
less colonies.
spotted.
Blood agar: At first a few pinhead, cream- Filamentous organisms possessing a
colored colonies, no hemolysis; later col- ough, shiny colony which is cartilaginous.
rarely producing an aerial mycelium, though regularly coiled larger mass; no liquefac-
in certain strains it may occur frequently. tion.
Retains the mycelium form for long periods. Broth: Salmon-pink flakes in sediment
Not acid-fast. and colonies on surface; after 2 weeks,
Gelatin: Liquefaction. abundant growth and discoloration of
In the young colony an orange-yellow to medium.
orange-red, intercellular pigment is pro- Glucose broth: Thin, pink, superflcial
duced on all media, which may or may not pellicle, easily breaking up, and small flakes
change to black as the culture ages. in sediment; after 2 weeks abundant growth
Milk: No digestion. extending up tube.
Starch is hydrolyzed. Synthetic sucrose solution: Colorless to
Paraffin not utilized. pink colonies in superficial pellicle and
Source: Isolated from soil. minute, round, white colonies coherent in
Habitat: Soil. loosely branching mass in sediment.
Milk: Bright orange growth; medium un-
40. Nocardia rhodnii (Erikson, 1935) changed.
Waksman and Henrici, 1948. (Actinomyces Potato agar: Abundant, pink growth,
rhodnii Erikson, Med. Res. Council Spec. piled up; scant stiff white aerial mycelium
Rept. Ser. 203, 1935, 37; Waksman and Hen- at top of slant.
rici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 914.) Source: Isolated from the reduvid bug,
rhod'ni.i. M.L. mas.n. Rhodnius generic Rhodnius prolixus.
name of an insect; M.L. gen.noun rhodnii of Habitat: Presumably insects.
Rhodnius.
In early stages, the minute colonies are 41. Nocardia gardneri (Waksman, 1942)
composed of hyphal segments arranged in Waksman and Henrici, 1948. (Actinomycete,
angular apposition, the aerial mycelium Gardner and Chain, Brit. Jour. Exp. Path.,
being short and straight. Later the growth £3, 1942, 123; Proactinomyces gardneri Waks-
becomes extensive and spreading, made up man, in Waksman, Horning, Welsch and
partly of long, genuinely branching fila- Woodruff, Soil Sci., 54, 1942, 289; Waksman
ments and partly of short segments exhibit- and Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 914.)
ing slipping branching, each giving rise to gard'ne.ri. M.L. gen.noun gardneri of
aerial hyphae. After 2 weeks the angular Gardner; named for Prof. A. D. Gardner,
branching is very marked, delicate spread- one of the two who first isolated this or-
ing herring-bone patterns being formed.
Gelatin: Rapid liquefaction; pale pink ganism.
Branching mycelium. Gram-positive.
colonies in superficial pellicle and sediment. Gelatin: Cream-colored surface ring.
Coon's agar: Colorless, pinpoint colonies. Rapid liquefaction. Green to greenish brown
Czapek's agar: Minute, colorless, round soluble pigment gradually diffuses through
colonies. the liquefied portion.
Glucose agar: Abundant, coral -pink, con- Nutrient agar: Cream-colored, elevated,
voluted, piled-up growth. lichenoid growth, soft, not leathery; no
Glycerol agar: Extensive growth, dull aerial mycelium; very faint brownish pig-
pink colonies round and umbilicated, be- ment.
coming piled-up and deeper coral; later Glucose agar: Brownish, lichenoid
partly submerged. growth, with wide, cream-colored edge;
Dorset's egg medium: Salmon-pink, white to grayish aerial mycelium gradually
granular membrane; later piled up. covering surface. Reverse of growth yellow-
Serum agar: Extensive, reddish, confluent ish; no soluble pigment.
mass, granular, tending to be piled up; the Glucose-asparagine agar: Aerial mycelium
medium around the growth shows reddish develops slowly.
coloration in 2 weeks. Tr3'ptone broth: Growth occurs as small
Inspissated serum: Smooth, round, pale pellets at the base of the flask; later, a thin
pink colonies, centrally depressed and ir- surface pellicle appears which consists of a
739
branching mycelium. Black pigment slowly Synthetic glycerol solution: Light white
produced. fluffy colonies, minute and in clusters.
Litmus milk: Unchanged. Inspissated serum: Innumerable, color-
Potato: Barnacle-like, brownish, spread- less, pinpoint colonies; scant white aerial
ing growth; no aerial mycelium. Medium mycelium; after 15 d&ys colonies large,
brownish around growth. hollow on reverse side; margin depressed;
Indole not produced. no liquefaction.
No acid from glucose, lactose, maltose, Dorset's egg medium: Minute, cream-
mannitol, sucrose or dulcitol. colored, elevated colonies, becoming golden
Good growth at 25° C. Slow growth at brown, raised, convoluted.
37° C. Milk: Coagulated; brownish surface ring.
Distinctive character: Produces an anti- Litmus milk: No change in reaction.
biotic substance (proactinomycin) upon Potato plug: Yellowish growth in thin
synthetic and organic media which is pri- line, terminal portion tending to be piled
marily active against various Gram-positive up; scant white aerial mycelium at top of
bacteria. slant; after 12 days, growth abundant,
Source: Isolated as an air contaminant at golden brown, confluent, partly honey-
Oxford, England. combed, partly piled up.
Habitat: Unknown. Starch not hydrolyzed.
Tyrosine agar: Reaction negative.
42. Nocardia fordii (Erikson, 1935) Source: Isolated from a human spleen in a
Waksman, 1953. (Actinomyces fordii Erik- case of acholuric jaundice.
son, Med. Res. Council Spec. Rept. Ser. 203, Habitat: Unknown.
1935, 15 and 36 ; Streptomyces fordii Waksman
and Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 958; 43. Nocardia kuroishi Uesaka, 1952.
Waksman, in Waksman and Lechevalier, (Jour. Antibiotics (Japanese), 5, 1952, 75.)
Actinomycetes and Their Antibiotics, Bal- ku.ro. i'shi. Etymology Japanese, mean-
timore, 1953, 159.) ing uncertain.
for'di.i. M.L. gen. noun fordii of Ford; Mycelium gives a weak acid-fast reaction,
presumably named for the surgeon who first but the separated cells, 0.8 by 1.3 microns,
secured the culture. are not acid-fast.
Filaments of medium length, no spirals or Aerial mycelium: Abundant, branching
markedly wavy branches. Short, straight, hyphae slightly curved at first, later turning
sparse aerial mycelium. Small ovoid conidia around each other; cells refractive. Gran-
on potato agar and starch agar. ules soon become visible.
Gelatin : No visible growth, slight soften- Gelatin: Yellowish brown growth sinking
ing in 20 daj^s; half-liquefied after 40 days. into medium. No aerial mycelium. Yellowish
Agar: Small, creamy golden, ring-shaped brown, soluble pigment. No liquefaction.
colonies and heaped-up patches, becoming
golden brown in color and convoluted. Synthetic glycerol agar: Thin, pale yellow
Glycerol agar: Extensive, golden brown, growth, partly covered with punctiform,
convoluted, thin layer. white aerial mycelia. Yellow pigment.
Serum agar: Golden brown, ring-shaped Agar: Wrinkled, grayish yellow colonies.
and coiled smooth colonies; no liquefaction. No aerial mycelium. Faint, grayish brown,
Ca-agar: Yellow, scale-like, closely ad- soluble pigment.
herent colonies; scattered white aerial my- Glucose agar: Abundant growth, at first
celium. yellowish brown then reddish brown. Scant
Blood agar: Innumerable, small, yellow- white aerial mycelium at margin of colonies.
ish, ring-shaped colonies; no hemolysis. Red to wine-colored, soluble pigment.
Broth: Few flakes at first; later abundant, Synthetic solution: White, minute
coherent, puffball growth. colonies on surface. Medium becomes
Synthetic sucrose solution: Moderate brown.
sediment of minute round white colonies. Glucose broth: Red colonies, forming a
'40
pellicle. Abundant, flocculent sediment. pleasant, fruity odor characteristically pro-

Dark brown, soluble pigment. duced.
Milk: No coagulation; slow liquefaction. Agar slant: Filiform, flattened, lemon-
Brown pigment. yellow streak with undulate margin which
Potato: Moderate growth, at first red or usually spreads slowly just beneath the agar
brownish red, later dark brown. Aerial my- surface.
celium grayish white. Dark brown pigment. Broth: Turbid; no pellicle. Yellow ring
Lactose is an excellent source of carbon. sometimes formed. Broth may remain clear
Starch is hydrol.yzed. with yellow granular growth adherent to
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. sides of tube.
Antagonistic properties: Produces an Milk: Alkaline after a week or more. Pep-
antibiotic substance, neonocardin. tonization; no coagulation.
Source: Isolated from soil. Indole not produced but slowly utilized.
Habitat: Soil. Indigotin not produced from indole.
Hydrogen sulfide produced very slowly.
44. Nocardia marina (Krassilnikov, Acid from arabinose, rhamnose, xylose,
1949) Waksman, nom. nov. (Proactinoiuyces galactose, glucose, fructose, mannose, cello-
flavus Humm and Shepard, Duke Univ. biose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, salicin,
Marine Sta. Bull., 3, 1946, 76; not Proactino- glycerol, mannitol and gum arable. No acid
myces flavus Krassilnikov, Bull. Acad. Sci., from inulin, dulcitol, inositol, sorbitol,
U.S.S.R., No. 1, 1938, 139; Proactinomyces ethyl alcohol or ethylene glycol.
citreus subsp. marinae (sic) Krassilnikov, Acetic, butyric and lactic acids are uti-
Guide to the Bacteria and Actinomycetes, lized. Citric, gluconic, malic, malonic,
Izd. Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Moskau, 1949, maleic, oxalic, propionic, succinic, tartaric
141.) and iso-valeric acids are not utilized.
ma.ri'na. L. adj. marinus of the sea, d-Arginine utilized as a source of both
marine. nitrogen and carbon. Aspartic acid, cystine,
Vegetative growth: Young colonies com- glycine, glutamic acid, 1-leucine and tyro-
posed of slender rods and filaments of vari- sine utilized only as nitrogen sources.
ous lengths up to 5.0 microns or more, some dl-Alanine, creatine and dl-/3-phenylala-
of which are branched. Filaments 0.5 to 0.8 nine not utilized.
micron in diameter. Older colonies com- Acetjdmethylcarbinol not produced.
posed of coccoid elements only, about 0.6 Starch is hydrolyzed.
micron in diameter, occurring singly or Cellulose, chitin and alginic acid are
variously grouped. Non-motile. Not acid- attacked.
fast. Gram-positive. Seaweed gels: Agar slowly digested.
Gelatin: Liquefaction crateriform or napi- Colonies on agar containing added nitrate
form at first, becoming infundibuliform and, usually form a slight, narrow depression.
after ten days or more, stratiform. Usually On nutrient agar, agar digestion is not visi-
ble except with iodine test. Gelase field
complete after three or four weeks at 20° to narrow, fading margin. Acid and reducing
23° C.
sugar produced from agar and from Irish
Agar colonies: Bright lemon-yellow, flat moss gel. Gels from Agardhiella and Hypnea
or slightly raised, the margin growing out- slowly utilized.
ward just beneath the surface of the agar Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
with center somewhat raised. Margin undu- Nitrite or ammonia utilized as nitrogen
late or crenate. Older colonies exhibit char- source. Ammonia produced from nitrite,
acteristic division into segments. Thickly nitrate, urea, asparagine and peptone
seeded colonies apparently antagonistic (sparingly). Urea used as nitrogen source.
toward each other; their margins never Catalase-positive.
grow together. Surface smooth, usually Aerobic.
rather dull. Consistency thick-butyrous.
No soluble pigments. Pungent, rather 30°Optimum
741
Good growth in media prepared with dis- Milk: Rapid coagulation, acid; slow pep-
tilled water and in all salinities through 6 tonization.
per cent (sea salt), but slightly less vigorous Indole not produced. Indigotin not pro-
in concentrations above 5 per cent. Pigmen- duced from indole.
tation and morphological characteristics ap- Hydrogen sulfide not produced.
parently the same at all salinities. Acid from arabinose, xylose, rhamnose,
Source: Isolated frequently from inter- raffinose, fructose, galactose, glucose, man-
tidal marine sediments and beach sand in nose, cellobiose, maltose, sucrose, salicin,
North Carolina and Florida. gum arable and Karaya gum. No acid from
Habitat: Found in marine sediments of lactose, dulcitol, mannitol or sorbitol.
the South Atlantic coast of the United Sorbitol slowly utilized without acid pro-
States. duction.
Gluconic, lactic and malonic acids uti-
45. Nocardia atlantica (Humm and lized. Acetic, butyric, citric, malic, maleic,
Shepard, 1946) Waksman, comb. nov. (Pro- oxalic, propionic and iso-valeric acids not
actinomyces atlanticus Humm and Shepard, utilized.
Duke Univ. Marine Sta. Bull., 3, 1946, 78.) d-Arginine and glutamic acid utilized as
at.lan'ti.ca. M.L. adj. atlanticus pertain- sources of both nitrogen and carbon, dl-
ing to the Atlantic Ocean. Alanine, aspartic acid, cystine, glycine,
Vegetative growth: Young colonies com- 1-leucine, dl-|8-phenylalanine (slowly),
posed of slender filaments of various 1-proline and tyrosine utilized only as
lengths, occasionally branched. Diameter of nitrogen source. Creatine not utilized.
filaments 0.4 to 0.6 micron. Older colonies Glucosamine-HCl utilized with acid produc-
composed entirely of coccoid cells 0.5 to 0.7 tion.
micron in diameter, occurring singly or Acetjdmethylcarbinol not produced.
variously grouped. Non-motile. Not acid- Starch is hydrolyzed.
fast. Gram-positive. Cellulose, chitin and alginic acid are
Gelatin: Liquefaction crateriform at first, attacked.
becoming stratiform after about one week at Seaweed gels: Agar slowly digested;
20° to 23° C. softened, not liquefied, evident only by
Agar colonies: Orange-yellow on all means of the iodine test. Gelase field narrow,
media. No variant colonies observed on margin fading. Irish moss gel also slowly
poured or streaked plates. Colonies flat attacked.
with slightly raised center, the margin un- Nitrites vigorously produced from ni-
trates.
dulate or crenate and growing slowly out-
ward just beneath the surface of the agar. Ammonia, nitrite or nitrate slowly uti-
Older colonies become characteristically lized as nitrogen sources. Ammonia pro-
divided into sectors. Thickly seeded colonies duced slowly from nitrite, nitrate, aspara-
exhibit a mutual antagonism so that their gine and peptone. Urea utilized as a nitrogen
margins do not grow together. No soluble source, but ammonia does not accumulate.
pigments. Catalase-positive.
Aerobic.
Agar slant: Orange-yellow, filiform
streak, margin slowly spreading just be- 30°Optimum
neath surface of agar. Surface of growth
Good growth in media prepared with dis-
rather dull, consistency butyrous. Old tilled water and in all salinities through 6
slants may develop sectored appearance. per cent (sea salt). Pigmentation and mor-
Broth: Usually clear with yellow, granu- phological characteristics apparently the
lar growth adherent to sides of tube. Heavy same at all salinities.
growth ring may develop at surface, floccu- Source: Isolated from seaweed.
lent sediment. Pellicle usually lacking, Habitat: Probably marine algae and ma-
though thin, fragile, surface film may de- rine sediments of the South Atlantic coast of
velop. the United States.
Genus II. Actinomyces Harz, 1877.

(Harz, in Bollinger, Cent. f. med. Wissensch., 15, 1877, 485; also see Jahresber. d. Munch.
Thierarzeneischule fiir 1877-78, 1879, 125; not Actinomyce Meyen, Linnaea, £, 1827, 442;
Cohnistreptothrix Pinoy (in part), 1911, see Pinoy, Bull. Inst. Past., 11, 1913, 929.)
Ac.ti.no.my'ces. Gr. noun actis, actinis ray; Gr. noun myces fungus; M.L. mas.n. Ac-
tinomyces ray-fungus.
True mycelium produced. The vegetative mycelium fragments into elements of irregular
sizes and may exhibit angular branching. No conidia produced. Not acid-fast. Anaerobic
to microaerophilic. Pathogenic for man and other animals.
The type species is Actinomyces hovis Harz.
Key to the species of genus Actinomyces.

I. Colonies soft, smooth, uniform, not adherent to medium. No aerial hyphae.
1. Actinomyces hovis.
II. Colonies tough in texture and warted in appearance, adherent to medium. Scant aerial
growth of hyphae.
A. Hyphae in pus granules stain with acid stains.
2. Actinomyces israelii.
B. Hyphae in pus granules stain with basic stains.
3. Actinomyces baudetii.
1. Actinomyces bovis Harz, 1877. (Harz, on protein media. No insoluble pigments

in Bollinger, Cent. f. med. Wissensch., 15, produced by growth.
1877, 485; also see Jahresber. d. Mlinch. Egg or serum media: No proteolytic ac-
Thierarzeneischule fiir 1877-78, 1879, 781.) tion.
bo'vis. L. noun 60s the ox; L. gen. noun Litmus milk: Becomes acid but usually
bovis of the ox. no coagulation, no peptonization. Some-
Description taken from Erikson (Med. times no growth.
Res. Council, London, Spec. Rept. Ser. No hemolysis in blood broth or blood agar.
240, 1940, 63 pp.). Anaerobic to microaerophilic. Bovine
No aerial hyphae. Radiate, sulfur-colored strains are more oxygen-tolerant on egg
granules occur in the pus found in cases of or serum media than strains of human origin
actinomycosis. Large club-shaped hyphae belonging to the following species.
are seen in morbid tissues. Mycelium under- Optimum temperature, 37° C.
goes fragmentation very rapidly, extensive Serology: No cross agglutination between
branching being rare. Hyphae less than 1 five bovine strains and human strains of
micron in diameter. Non-motile. Not acid- Actinomyces israelii. No cross reactions
fast. Gram-positive. with representative aerobic strains.
Colonies: Smoother and softer in con- Comments: As pointed out by Lignieres
sistency and more uniform than those of and Spitz (Bull. Soc. cent. M6d. vet., 20,
the following species. The colonies are not 1902, 487 and 546) and others, distinction
adherent to the medium, and growth is should be made between the infections pro-
scantier. duced by Actinomyces bovis and those pro-
Semi-solid media: Excellent growth, duced by the Gram-negative Actinobacillus
especially with paraffin seal. now known as Actinobacillus lignieresii.
Gelatin: Occasionally scant, flaky growth. These infections frequently occur in mixed
No liquefaction. form and are also frequently complicated
Liquid media: Occasionally turbid with a by the presence of pj'ogenic cocci (Magnus-
light, flocculent growth. sen, Acta path. Microbiol. Scand., 5, 1928,
Acid from glucose, sucrose and maltose. 170; and others).
No acid from salicin or mannitol. Relationships to other species: This and
Pigments: No soluble pigments produced the following species are sometimes re-
garded as being identical (see Emmons, (Jour. Bact., 43, 1941, 193-209), acid from
Public Health Repts., U.S.P.H.S., S3, 1935, glucose, maltose, mannitol, sucrose and
1967; Rosebury, Bact. Rev., 8, 1944, 190; lactose; according to Negroni and Bon-
and others). figlioli (Physics, 15, 1939, 159), acid from
Source: Originally found in lumpy jaw of glucose, galactose, lactose, fructose, malt-
cattle. ose, raffinose, sucrose and xylose.
Habitat: Frequently found in and about Pigments: No soluble pigments on pro-
the mouths of cattle and probably other tein media. No insoluble pigments pro-
animals. Lesions may also be produced in duced by growth.
the livers, udders or other organs of cattle Egg or serum media: No proteolytic ac-
and hogs. Possibly also found in human tion.
mouths (Naeslund, Acta path. Microbiol. Litmus milk: Becomes acid but usually
Scand., ^, 1925, 110). does not clot. No peptonization. Frequently
no growth.
2. Actinomyces israelii (Kruse, 1896) No hemolysis.
Lachner-Sandoval, 1898. (Strahlenpilz, Anaerobic to microaerophilic.
Wolff and Israel, Arch. f. path. Anat., 126,
1891, 11; Streptothrix Israeli (sic) Kruse, in Serology: No cross agglutination between
Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 3 Aufl., 2, 12 human strains and bovine strains of
1896, 56; Actinomyces israeli (sic) Lachner- Actinomyces. No cross reactions with repre-
Sandoval, Inaug. Diss., Strassburg, 1898, sentative aerobic strains.
64.) Source: Isolated from two cases of hu-
is.ra.e'li.i. M.L. gen. noun israelii of man actinomycosis: 1) a retromaxillary
Israel; named for Prof. James Israel, one tumor, 2) actinomycosis of lung and breast
of the original isolators of this organism. (Wolff and Israel).
Description taken from Erikson (Med. Habitat: From human sources (mouth,
Res. Council, London, Spec. Rept. Ser. 240, tonsillar crypts, etc.).
1940, 63 pp.).
Erect aerial hyphae are produced in an 3. Actinomyces baudetii Brion, 1942.
atmosphere of reduced oxygen tension. {Actinomyces du chien et du chat, Brion,
These hyphae are occasionally septate, but Rev. de Med. Veter., March, 1939; Actino-
no definite spores are formed. One micron myces baudeti (sic) Brion, Rev. de Med.
or more in diameter. The hyphae stain with Veter., 91, 1942, 157; Actinohacterium bau-
acid stains. Large club-shaped forms, deti Prevot, Goret, Joubert, Tardieux and
greater than 5 microns in diameter, are seen Aladame, Ann. Inst. Past., 81, 1951, 85.)
in morbid tissues. Substrate mycelium is
bau.de'ti.i. M.L. gen. noun baudetii of
initially unicellular, and the branches may Baudet; named for Dr. E. Baudet, an early
e.xtend into the medium in long filaments or student of this organism.
may, more or less quickly, exhibit fragmen- Description taken from Brion, Goret
tation and characteristic angular branch- and Joubert (Proc. VI Congress Interna-
ing. The latter resembles the similar phe- cional de Patol. Comp., Madrid, 4-11 Mayo,
nomenon found in Corynebacteriiim. 1952, i. 48).
Non-motile. Not acid-fast. Gram-positive. Granules from histological preparations
Colonies: These exhibit a considerable
degree of polymorphism, but no stable appear as tangled, radiating hyphae; the
variants have been established. Tougher ends of the hyphae are rounded and ovoid,
in texture than those of Actinomyces hovis. forming a crown. These club-shaped ends
are not more than 5 microns in diameter.
Old colonies warted in appearance. Ad-
herent to the medium. The hyphae take basic stains. Mycelia
Gelatin: Occasionally scant, flaky growth. possess slender hyphae (0.2 to 0.4 micron)
No liquefaction. with irregular diameters. Non-septate. The
Liquid media: Usually clear. ends are swollen and rounded. Copious
Acid from sugars: According to Slack branching. In artificial media the hyphae
are frequently short, rarely exceeding 20 rabbits and guinea pigs where it forms sub-
microns in length. Gram-positive. cutaneous abscesses.
Best growth is obtained in an atmosphere Distinctive characters: For some jêars
of low oxygen tension. this organism was regarded as identical with
Gelatin: No liquefaction. Actinomyces israelii. However, recent work
Agar colonies: Dull, whitish granules by Brion et al. (loc. cit.), Brion (op. cit., 91,
adhering slightly to the medium. 1942, 157), Prevot et al. {op. cit., 81, 1951,
Liquid media: A sediment of white gran- 85) and Guyard (Thesis, Fac. de Med. et de
ules is produced. Pharm. de Lyon, No. 34, Annee Scolaire
LoefBer's blood serum: In 4 to 5 days the 1951-1952) has shown that these two or-
surface is covered with white granules which ganisms can be differentiated as follows:
are the size of a pin head. A. israelii is pathogenic for man and cattle,
Serum media: No proteolytic action. and the club-shaped bodies at the ends of
Brain extract favors growth in some the hyphae in the pus granules stain with
media. acid stains while those found in A. baudetii
Indole production slight. absorb basic stains.
Acid from glucose, sucrose and starch. Source: Isolated from various types of
Anaerobic to microaerophilic. lesions in cats and dogs.
Optimum temperature, 37° C. Habitat: Cause of actinomycosis in cats
Pathogenic when inoculated into dogs, and dogs.
FAMILY III. STREPTOMYCETACEAE WAKSMAN AND HENRICI, 1943.*

(Jour. Bact., 46, 1943, 339.)
Strep.to.my.ce.ta'ce.ae. M.L. mas.n. Streptomyces type genus of the family; -aceae

ending to denote a family; M.L. fem.pl.n. Streptmnycetaceae the Streptomyces family.
Vegetative mycelium does not fragment into bacillarj^ or coccoid forms. Conidia borne on
sporophores. Primarilj^ soil forms, sometimes thermophilic in rotting manure. A few species
are parasitic.
Key to the genera of family Streptomycetaceae.

I. Conidia produced in aerial hyphae in chains.
Genus I. Streptomyces, p. 744.
II. Conidia produced terminally and singly on short conidiophores.
A. No growth between 50° and 65°C.
Genus II. Micromonospora, p. 822.
B. Growth occurs between 50° and 65°C.
Genus III. Thermoactinomyces, p. 824.
Genus I. Streptomyces Waksman and Henrici, 1943.

(Streptothrix Cohn, Beitr. zur Biol, der Pflanzen, I, Heft 3, 1875, 186; not Streptothrix Corda,
Prachtflora Europaescher Schimmelbildung, 1839; Waksman and Henrici,
Jour. Bact., 46, 1943, 339.)
Strep. to. my 'ces. Gr. adj. streptus pliant, bent; Gr. noun myces fungus; M.L. mas.n.
Streptomyces pliant fungus.
Grow in the form of a much-branched mycelium with a typical aerial mycelium. Conidio-
* Completely revised by Prof. S. A. Waksman, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New

Jersey, March, 1953.
FAMILY III. STREPTOMYCETACEAE 745
spores are formed in chains. Aerobic. Saprophytic soil forms, less commonly parasitic on
plants or animals.
This genus can be divided, on the basis of the structure of the sporulating hyphae, into
five groups:
Group 1. Straight, sporulating hyphae, monopodial branching, never producing regular
spirals.
Group 2. Spore-bearing hyphae arranged in clusters.
Group 3. Spiral formation in aerial mycelium; long, open spirals.
Group 4. Spiral formation in aerial mycelium; short, compact spirals.
Group 5. Spore-bearing hyphae arranged on mycelium in whorls or tufts.
The type species is Streptornyces albiis (Rossi-Doria emend. Krainsky) Waksman and
Henrici.
Key to the species of genus Streptornyces.

I. Saprophytes; psychrophilic to mesophilic.
A. Soluble pigment on organic media absent or faint brown, pink, purple, golden yel-
low or blue.
1. Pigment absent, or only faint brown pigment produced in protein media.
a'. Aerial mycelium abundant, white.
b'. Spirals formed; spores spherical to ellipsoidal.
1. Streptornyces albus
h^. Long, open spirals; spores cylindrical.
2. Streptornyces longisporus .
b'. Straight sporophores, forming broom-shaped clusters;
spores spherical to ellipsoidal.
3. Streptornyces glohisporus.
a^. Aerial mycelium whitish to light graj', in concentric zones.
4. Streptornyces anulatus.
a^ Aerial mycelium on synthetic sucrose agar sandy lavender of
dark gray.
5. Streptornyces rochei.
2. Aerial mycelium gray to blue-gray; soluble pigment blue.
a^ Strongly proteolytic,
b^ Spirals formed.
c'. Pigment at first red, changing to blue.
6. Streptornyces coelicolor.
c^. Pigment at first yellow-red, changing to blue or
bluish green.
7. Streptornyces pluricolor.
c^ Pigment unchanged with acidity.
8. Streptornyces cyaneus.
b^. No spirals formed.
9. Streptornyces vinaceus.
a^. Weakly proteolytic; aerial mycelium poorly developed.
10. Streptornyces violaceus.
3. Pigment at first green, becoming brown.
a^ Aerial mycelium usually absent.
11. Streptornyces verne.
a^. Aerial mycelium dark gray, olive-colored or gray-green.
12. Streptornyces viridans.
4. Growth pink on sj-nthetic media, yellowish on organic media; no soluble pig-
ment.
13. Streptornyces calijornicus .
5. Growth yellow to greenish or orange-colored; soluble pigment yellow to golden

yellow.
ai. Growth yellow to green; pigment insoluble.
14. Streptomyces vir gains.
a^. Growth sulfur-yellow; soluble pigment yellow,
bi. Conidia ellipsoidal.
c^ Aerial mycelium white.
15. Streptomyces flaveolus.
c". Aerial mycelium light yellow.
16. Streptomyces parvus.
0^ Aerial mycelium white to gray to reddish gray.
17. Streptomyces xanthophaeus .
b^. Conidia spherical; cellulose decomposed.
18. Streptomyces cellulosae.
a^ Growth reddish brown to orange-colored to cinnamon-drab,
covered with white to gray aerial mycelium; soluble pigment
on synthetic media yellowish.
b'. Soluble pigment yellow. No liquefaction of gelatin.
19. Streptomyces rimosus.
b^. Faint yellowish coloration of liquefied gelatin. IVIilk
rapidly peptonized.
20. Streptomyces griseoflavus.
b^ Soluble pigment golden yellow.
21. Streptomyces aureofaciens.
a^. Growth cream-colored to brown; aerial mycelium white to yel-
lowish,
b^. Soluble pigment yellow to yellow-orange.
22. Streptomyces alhidoflavus.
b^. Soluble pigment yellowish to yellow-green.
c^ Aerial mycelium white to yellow.
23. Streptomyces lieskei.
c^. Aerial mycelium gray.
d^ Growth on synthetic agar yellowish green.
24. Streptomyces flavovirens.
d^. Growth on synthetic agar jêllow; produces
soluble yellow pigment on Ca-malate-glycerol
25. Streptomyces celluloflavus .

agar.
d^. Growth on glucose-asparagine agar yellow,
becoming black.
26. Streptomyces limosus.
6. Growth cream-colored; soluble pigment yellowish brown to reddish brown.
27. Streptomyces griseoluteus .
7. Growth coral-red; aerial mycelium scant, white; soluble pigment brown.
a'. Gelatin rapidly liquefied.
28. Streptomyces hohiliae.
a^. Gelatin slowly liquefied.
29. Streptomyces aurantiacus.
8. Growth on synthetic media mouse-gray; aerial mycelium white to gray.
a^ Sporophores straight.
30. Streptomyces griseolus.
a^. Sporophores broom-shaped.
31. Streptomyces fasciculus.
9. Growth cream-colored to yellowish to red; aerial mycelium white to gray,

a^ Growth becoming red; aerial mycelium white.
32. Sirepiomyces erythraeus .
a^. Growth yellow; aerial mycelium mouse-gray to drab.
33. Stre-ptomyces fiavogriseus .
10. Soluble pigment on potato plug brown to brownish red to reddish purple,
a^ Growth on potato greenish-colored; spirals formed.
34. Streptomyces diastaticus.
a^. Growth on potato gray; no spirals formed.
35. Streptomyces canescens.
a'. Growth on potato yellowish-colored.
b'. Greenish tinge produced.
36. Streptomyces fimicarius.
h^. Pigment reddish brown.
37. Streptomyces felleus.
b'. Soluble brown pigment on synthetic agar.
38. Streptomyces achromogenes .
a^. Growth on potato pink to reddish purple; spirals produced.
39. Streptomyces noursei.
B. Soluble pigment on organic media brown.
1. Pigment deep brown (chromogenic types).
a^ Aerial mycelium thin, rose-colored,
bi. Spirals produced.
40. Streptomyces roseochromogenes .
b^. No spirals formed.
41. Streptomyces cinnamonensis .
a?. Aerial mycelium gray to brown to reddish.
bi. Growth on organic media greenish to black.
42. Streptomyces olivochromogenes.
h^. Growth dark brown.
43. Streptomyces resistomycificus .
a^. Aerial mycelium cottony, dark brown; rapid liquefaction of
gelatin.
44. Streptomyces diastatochromogenes.
&*. Colonies yellow; aerial mycelium white to gray.
45. Streptomyces flavochromogenes .
a^. Growth white to gray; aerial mycelium white to gray.
46. Streptomyces hikiniensis.
a^ Growth white, fluffy; sporulating hyphae straight.
47. Streptomyces mirahilis.
aJ. Growth cream-colored to brown; aerial mycelium gray; sporo-
phores in clusters.
48. Streptomyces antihioticus .
a^. Aerial mycelium white, turning light pink on certain media;
sporophores straight, no spirals.
49. Streptomyces griseocarneus.
a^ Aerial mycelium greenish yellow, turning gray; sporophores
produced in tufts or whorls.
50. Streptomyces viridoflavus .
2. Growth on synthetic agar dark brown.
a^ Aerial mycelium dark gray; spores globose.
51. Streptomyces globosus.
a*. Aerial mycelium white; spores cylindrical.

52. Strept077iyces cylindrosporus.
3. Growth on synthetic agar dark green; aerial mycelium white to light green.
53. Streptomyces viridochromogenes.
4. Pigments on synthetic agar deep brown to black.
a^ Growth on potato orange to orange-red; growth on synthetic
agar brown to purplish; no aerial mycelium.
54. Streptomyces purpureochromogenes .
a^. Growth on potato brown to black.
b^ Aerial mycelium on synthetic agar white to brownish.
55. Streptomyces phaeochromogenes .
b^. Growth on synthetic media colorless to light orange; aerial
mycelium gray to cinnamon -drab.
56. Streptomyces aureus.
5. Growth on synthetic agar grayish yellow; light yellow soluble pigment.
57. Streptomyces tanashiensis .
6. Soluble pigment on synthetic media red to rose-red.
a'. Soluble pigment on potato black.
58. Streptomyces erythrochromogenes.
a^. No soluble pigment on potato.
59. Streptomyces collinus.
7. Aerial mycelium lavender to light tan or pink.
a>. Aerial mycelium cottony white, lavender to vinaceous-lavender
colored.
60. Streptomyces lavendulae.
a^. Aerial mycelium light tan to pink.
61. Streptoviyces venezuelae.
Si^. Aerial mycelium grayish pink to lavender.
62. Streptomyces virginiae.
8. Aerial mycelium forms whorls.
a^ Growth gray-colored to brownish,
b^ Spores spherical.
63. Streptomyces reticuli.
h^. Spores cylindrical.
64. Streptomyces netropsis.
a^. Growth dark gray to gray-green; spores cylindrical.
65. Streptomyces verticillatus .
a^. Spores produced in spirals; spores cylindrical, weakly proteo-
lytic.
66. Streptomyces circulatus.
a"*. Whorls in secondary branches; growth yellowish red to pink.
67. Streptomyces ruhrireticuli.
9. Growth on potato greenish to black.
a^. Growth on synthetic agar yellow to sulfur-yellow.
68. Streptomyces flavus.
a^. Growth on synthetic agar red to orange.
69. Streptomyces ruber.
a^. Growth on synthetic agar black.
70. Streptomyces niger.
a'*. Growth on synthetic agar white.
71. Streptomyces alhoniger.
10. Growth on synthetic and organic media yellow; sporophores straight.
72. Streptomyces abikoensis.
11. Soluble brown pigment only occasionall}^ produced; growth usually colorless;
odor very strong.
73. Streptomyces odorifer.
C. No soluble pigment produced in organic media.
1. Proteolytic action strong.
a'. Growth yellowish to orange-brown.
b^ Aerial mycelium white to rose-colored.
74. Streptomyces roseoflavus.
h^. Growth only on potato and serum yellowish; aerial my-
celium white.
75. Streptomyces putrificus.
a*. Growth yellowish green to citron-yellow; aerial mycelium white
to yellow to pinkish.
76. Streptomyces citreus.
a'. Growth golden yellow to orange-colored; soluble pigment yel-
low to orange; growth may also be red-brown and pigment
orange.
77. Streptomyces fulvissimus.
a*. Growth colorless to cream-colored; aerial mycelium scant,
white.
78. Streptomyces chrysomallus.
bi. Pigment on nutrient agar faint yellowish.
79. Streptomyces gougerotii.
h^. No soluble pigment; forms oidiospores.
80. Streptomyces farinosus.
b^ Pigment on synthetic media yellowish.
81. Streptomyces albidus.
a*. Growth white to cream-colored; aerial mycelium flesh-colored
to light cinnamon-colored.
82. Streptomyces cinnamoneus.
a*. Growth on synthetic media dark to black to almost bluish
black; aerial mycelium white to gray.
b^ Soluble pigment produced on autolysis.
83. Streptomyces violaceoniger.
b^. No soluble pigment.
84. Streptomyces gedanensis.
aJ. Growth colorless to yellowish to olive-buff; aerial mycelium
water-green.
85. Streptomyces griseus.
a^. Growth bright orange to golden red; aerial mycelium white to
yelow. 86. Streptomyces longissimus.
a^. Growth yellow to olive-ocher; aerial mycelium mouse-gray.
87. Streptomyces olivaceus.
a^". Growth yellow; aerial mycelium scant or rose-jêllow.
88. Streptomyces microfiavus.
a". Growth yellowish to brown to reddish brown. Aerial mj^celium
white to mouse-gray.
89. Streptomyces cacaoi.
a^2. Aerial mycelium white; conidia gray to dark gray.
90. Streptomyces marinus.
2. Proteolytic action limited.
a'. Soluble pigment produced on synthetic agar.
b'. Pigment purple.

91. Streptoryiyces novaecaesareae.
b^. Pigment brown to black.
c'. Growth on potato gray to brown.
92. Streptomyces exfoliatiis.
c^. Growth on potato greenish to black.
93. Streptomyces gelaticus.
c'. Aerial mycelium pigmented green.
94. Streptomyces glaucns.
a*. No soluble pigment on synthetic agar.
b^ Growth dark brown to almost black; aerial mycelium
white to gray.
c^ Abundant spirals in aerial mycelium,
d^. Conidia spherical to ellipsoidal.
95. Streptomyces rutgersensis .
d"^. Conidia ellipsoidal to cylindrical.
96. Streptomyces halstedii.
c^. No spirals produced on synthetic agar.
d^. Spores cylindrical; growth on synthetic agar
dark brown.
97. Streptomyces fumosus.
d^. Spores ellipsoidal. Growth on synthetic agar
light brown.
98. Streptomyces lipmanii.
b^. Growth cream-colored to yellow or yellow-orange.
0^ Aerial mycelium on certain media white, moist
with dark, glistening patches; spores ellipsoidal.
99. Streptomyces hygroscopiciis.
c^. Aerial mycelium white-yellow to brownish yel-
low; spores cylindrical.
100. Streptomyces longisporoflavus .
c". Aerial mycelium w^hite; spores cylindrical.
101. Streptomyces candidus.
c^. Aerial mycelium powdery white with yellow tinge.
102. Streptomyces alboflavus.
c*. Growth cream-colored; aerial mj'celium cottony
white; pigment in milk and on potato rose to yel-
lowish.
103. Streptomyces flocculus.
c". Aerial mycelium gray; slight darkening of potato
plug.
104. Streptomyces antimycoticus.
b^. Growth orange or red.
ci. Growth yellowish to orange; aerial mycelium sea-
shell-pink.
105. Streptomyces fradiae.
c^. Growth rose to red; aerial mycelium white.
di. Growth on gelatin j-ellow to red; slow lique-
faction.
106. Streptomyces albosporeus.
d^. Growth light brown; rapid liquefaction.
107. Streptomyces purpurascens.
c^ Growth light rose to purple-red; aerial mycelium
FAMILY III. STKEPTOMYCETACEAE 751
whitish to rose-white; pigment dissolves in fat-

containing media.
108. Streptomyces longispororuber.
c*. Growth pale rose to red; aerial mycelium weakly
developed, velvety, rose-white.
109. Streptomyces oidiosporus.
c^ Growth red; aerial mycelium black.
110. Streptomyces melanocyclus.
3. Proteolytic action very weak.
a'. Growth colorless; aerial mycelium whitish; acid-resistant.
111. Streptomyces acidophilus.
a^. Growth becoming salmon-pink; acid-sensitive.
112. Streptomyces rubescens.
a'. Growth green to dark green; aerial mycelium whitish to gray-
ish; no .soluble pigment.
113. Streptomyces viridis.
II. Saprophytes; thermophilic.
A. Growth on potato yellowish; diastatic.
1. No aerial mycelium.
114. Streptomyces therinophilus .
2. Aerial mycelium light gray.
115. Streptomyces thermodiastaticus .
B. Growth on potato abundant, dark colored; non-diastatic.
116. Streptomyces thermojuscus.
C. Thermotolerant cultures.
117. Streptomyces casei.
III. Plant parasites or cultures isolated from diseased plants or from soil in which diseased
plants were grown (after Millard and Burr) .
A. Isolated from potato scab or from soil in which scabb}' potatoes were grown.
1. Star-like colonies in glycerol synthetic solution.
a'. Deep pigment produced in nearly all media; tyrosinase-positive.
118. Streptomyces clavifer.
a''. Deep pigment produced in protein media only; tyrosinase-
positive.
119. Streptomyces jimhriatus.
a^. Pale pigment produced in nearly all media; tyrosinase-negative.
120. Streptomyces carnosus.
a". No soluble pigment (or only trace) produced; minute craters
produced on sucrose and glucose media.
121. Streptomyces craterifer.
2. Surface growth heavy on glycerol synthetic solution with abundant aerial
m3'celium.
ai. Aerial mycelium on nutrient potato agar limited, pale gray.
122. Streptomyces gracilis.
a^. Aerial m3^celium on nutrient potato agar abundant, white;
gelatin liquefaction stratiform; no soluble pigment.
123. Streptomyces praecox.
a^. Gelatin liquefaction stratiform; soluble pigment produced.
124. Streptomyces setonii.
EL*. Abundant aerial mycelium on nearly all media; pigment on
Camalate-glycerol agar carnelian red.
125. Streptomyces praefecundus .
3. Surface growth fair on glycerol synthetic solution with some aerial mycelium.
a'. Soluble pigment (often green) produced on all solid media.
126. Sireptomyces viridogenes .
a^. Soluble pigment (yellow) produced on all synthetic media.
127. Streptomyces loidensis.
a^. Soluble pigment none or only poor; decided clot produced in
milk.
128. Streptomyces wedmorensis.
4. Surface growth scant or none, but some bottom growth on glycerol synthetic
solution.
a'. Color changes produced in brom-cresol milk.
b^ Tyrosinase-positive; no aerial mycelium on nutrient po-
tato agar.
129. Streptomyces scabies.
b^. Tyrosinase-negative; aerial mycelium produced on all
solid media.
c^. Aerial mycelium on synthetic sucrose agar abun-
dant,
d^ Growth good on egg-albumen agar with
abundant aerial mycelium.
130. Streptomyces tenuis.
d^. Growth poor on egg-albumen agar with scant
aerial mycelium.
131. Streptomyces marginatus.
c^. Aerial mycelium on synthetic sucrose agar scant;
no true aerial mycelium produced on any medium;
colonies often show dark centers.
132. Streptomyces salmonicolor.
a*. No color changes produced in brom-cresol milk.
bi. Facultatively anaerobic; no true aerial mycelium, or only
trace, produced on any medium; colonies frequently show
dark centers.
133. Streptomyces maculatus.
b^. Obligately aerobic; aerial mycelium arises centripetally
on the colonies.
134. Streptomyces coroniformis.
5. No growth on glycerol synthetic solution; starch not hydrolyzed. Growth in
brom-cresol milk good; characteristic color changes.
135. Streptomyces spiralis.
6. Other organism isolated from potato scab.
136. Streptoviyces sampsonii.
B. Grow on or isolated from sweet potatoes.
137. Streptomyces intermedins.
1. Growth on synthetic agar olive-yellow; no aerial mycelium; no soluble pigment
on potato.
138. Streptomyces ipomoeae.
2. Growth on synthetic agar cream-colored; growth on potato reddish brown with
soluble pigment purple; aerial mycelium white.
139. Streptomyces poolensis.
C. Attack or isolated from scab of mangels and sugar beets.
140. Streptomyces tumuli.
IV. Isolated from animal tissues; in the animal body, hyphae often show clavate enlarge-
ments at the ends.
A. Limited proteolytic action in gelatin, milk, coagulated egg-albumin or fibrin.

1. Vegetative growth white.
a'. No soluble pigment in organic media.
141. Streptomyces listen.
a^. Soluble pigment in organic media brown to brown-red.
142. Streptomyces galtieri.
2. Vegetative growth cream-colored; aerial mycelium scant, white.
143. Streptomyces upcotlii.
3. Growth very limited on various media, e.xcept on potato plug; no liquefaction
of gelatin.
144. Streptomyces hortonensis.
B. Strong proteol^^tic action in gelatin and milk.
1. Growth on potato plug moist, membranous.
a^ Pigment deep brown.
145. Streptomyces beddardii.
a^. Pigment faint brown.
146. Streptomyces kimberi.
2. Growth on potato plug abiuidant, becoming black; aerial mycelium white-gray;
plug discolored.
147. Streptomyces somaliensis.
3. Growth on some media pink.
148. Streptomyces panjae.
4. Aerial mj-celium on most media profuse, white; spiral formation.
149. Streptomyces willmorei.
V. No aerial mycelium.
150. Sterile (non-conidia-forming) species.
1. Streptomyces albus (Rossi-Doria, chains on lateral branches of the aeria

1891, emend. Krainsky, 1914) Waksman and hyphae.
Henrici, 1943. {Streptotrix (sic) alba Rossi- Gelatin: Rapid liquefaction. Gray colo-
Doria, Ann. d'Ist. d'Ig. sper. d. Univ. di nies. No soluble pigment.
Roma, 1, 1891, 399; Actinomyces albus Agar: No aerial mycelium, but a chalky
Krainsky, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 41, 1914, white deposit forms on old colonies.
662; Waksman and Henrici, Jour. Bact., 46, Ca-malate agar: Colonies of medium size;
1943, 339.) the center only is covered with a white
al'bus. L. adj. albus white. aerial mycelium.
The description of this species by Rossi- Starch agar: White aerial mycelium cover-
Doria is incomplete. The characters given ing the whole surface.
below are taken from Krainsky (op. cit., Glucose agar: Gray aerial mycelium be-
1914, 662) with some supplementary infor- coming brownish.
mation from later authors. Other descrip- Broth: Flaky growth on bottom with
tions which may vary from this in certain ^"'^''^^ P^"'"^^ ^" °^^ cultures. White aerial
details are given bj^ Waksman and Curtis mycelium.
(Soil Sci., /, 1916, 117), Bergey et al. (Man- ,. ^'^^J Rapidly peptonized after coagula-
ual, 1st ed., 1923, 367), Duch6 (Les actino- ^^^^^ ^"T ',' T"'" Z ■^^''"^^^■
mycesdugroupe albus, Paris, 1934, 257) and ^êHum ' """' ' ''"
Baldacci (Mycopatho
Vegetative logia,
growth: 2, 1940,
Hyphae 156).
branched, 1
Totlt^' White aerial mycelium. Growth
folded, cream-colored.
micron in diameter. Carrots and other vegetables: E.xcellent
Aerial mycelium: Abundant, white. growth (Duch6).
Hyphae 1.3 to 1.7 microns in diameter with No hydrolysis of starch in some cultures;
ellipsoidal spores (1 micron long) in coiled rapid hydrolysis in others.
No growth on cellulose. Moskau, 1941, 48; Waksman, in Waksman

Actively proteolytic. and Lechevalier, Actinomycetes and Their
Nitrites produced from nitrates. Antibiotics, Baltimore, 1953, 39.)
Odor: Earthy or musty. glo.bi'spo.rus. L. mas.n. globus a round
Aerobic. body; Gr. fem.n. spora seed; M.L. noun
Antagonistic properties: Usually none. spora a spore; M.L. adj. globisporus round-
Some strains produce actinomycetin. Some
produce thiolutin or endomycin. spored.
Vegetative growth: Flat, colorless col-
Comment: Because of the wide distribu- onies. No diffusible pigment.
tion of this species and the ease of its super- Aerial mycelium: Well developed, pow-
ficial identification, numerous strains with dery, white. Sporophores straight, fre-
varying physiological properties have been quently forming brooms. Spores ellipsoidal
reported. and spherical, 0.8 micron in diameter.
Source: Isolated from air and soil (Rossi- Gelatin: Rapid liquefaction.
Doria); from garden soil (Krainsky). Agar: Grayish, smooth or lichenoid colo-
Habitat: Dust, soil, grains and straw. nies. Aerial mycelium poorly developed.
Widely distributed. Synthetic agar: Abundant growth, giving
flat, colorless colonies, not coloring medium.
2. Streptomyces longisporus (Krassil- Aerial mycelium well developed, powdery,
nikov, 1941) Waksman, 1953. {Actinomyces white with trace of yellow.
longisporus Krassilnikov, Guide to the Ac- Milk: Rapidly peptonized; not coagu-
tinomycetes, Izd. Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R., lated.
Moskau, 1941, 47; Waksman, in Waksman Potato : No aerial mycelium or trace ; faint
and Lechevalier, Actinomycetes and Their brown color of plug.
Antibiotics, Baltimore, 1953, 39.) Sucrose not inverted.
lon.gi'spo.rus. L. adj. longus long; Gr. Starch hydrolyzed slowly.
fem.n. spora a seed; M.L. noun spora a Good growth on cellulose.
spore; M.L. adj. longisporus long-spored. Antagonistic properties: None or weak.
Vegetative growth: Colorless colonies. Distinctive characters: Waksman {loc.
Some strains produce a brown substance in cit.) regards this species as distinct from
protein media. Streptomyces griseus (No. 85) on the basis of
Aerial mycelium: White. Long sporo- a white aerial mycelium, lack of ability to
phores with many curls, weak spirals, occa- coagulate milk and slow hydrolysis of
sionally forming small brooms. Spores cylin- starch. Further studies have indicated that
drical, with sharply cut ends, 0.6 to 0.8 by these variations may not be sufficient to
1.0 to 1.7 microns; later spores may become justify the separation into two species. (Also
ellipsoidal, 0.5 to 0.8 by 0.9 to 1.0 micron. see comment following description of S.
Gelatin: Rapid liquefaction. griseus.)
Milk: Rapidly coagulated and peptonized. Comment: Krassilnikov distinguishes
Starch is actively hydrolyzed. this species from S. griseus primarily upon
Fair to good growth on cellulose. the fact that the sporophores of the latter
Nitrate reduction variable. species, as originally described by Krainsky
Antagonistic properties: None. (1914), exhibited spiral formation. The
Distinctive characters: Distinguished streptomycin-producing culture, isolated
from Streptomyces albus in that its spores are by Waksman et al. (1943) and identified as
never spherical. Streptomyces griseus, exhibited no spiral
Source: Isolated from soil. formation and is therefore regarded by
Habitat: Soil. Krassilnikov (Izd. Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R.,
Moskau, 1949, 100) as a subspecies of Ac-
3. Streptomyces globisporus (Krassil- tinomyces globisporus named Actinomyces
nikov, 1941) Waksman, 1953. {Actinomyces globisporus streptomycini . Krassilnikov rec-
globisporus Krassilnikov, Guide to the Ac- ognizes several substrains of the species
tinomycetes, Izd. Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Streptomyces globisporus on the basis of
milk coagulation, proteolysis and pigmenta- diameter, with short branches on synthetic
tion of aerial mycelium. (calcium malate) and non-synthetic (pep-
Source: Isolated from soil. tone-tomato paste) agars.
Habitat: Soil. Aerial mycelium: Sporogenous hyphae
1.5 microns in diameter, often spirally
4. Streptoniyces anulatus (Beijerinck, twisted; spirals usually short and loose with
1912, emend. Krassilnikov, 1941) Waksman, rarely more than 2 to 3 coils. Spores ellip-
1953. (Streptothrix annulatus (sic) Beijerinck, soidal, sometimes spherical, 0.8 to 1.5 by
Folia Microbiologica, 1, 1912, 4; Actinomyces 1.3 to 2.8 microns.
annulatus (sic) Krassilnikov, Guide to the Gelatin: Cream-colored surface ring,
Actinomycetes, Izd. Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R., covered with white aerial mycelium. Rapid
Moskau, 1941, 40; Waksman, in Waksman liquefaction. Faint yellow soluble pigment.
and Lechevalier, Actinomycetes and Their Agar: Cream-colored growth. White aerial
Antibiotics, Baltimore, 1953, 40.) mycelium. No soluble pigment.
a.nu.la'tus. L. adj. anulatus furnished Synthetic agar: Thin, colorless growth,
with a ring. covered with sandy lavender to dark gray
Aerial mycelium: Whitish or light gray. aerial mycelium. Reverse light gray, later
Sphorophores produce spirals with 3 to 7 becoming grayish yellow. No soluble pig-
turns (sinistrorse) ; spores spherical, 0.7 ment.
micron in diameter. Ca-malate-glycerol agar: Abundant
Gelatin: Slow liquefaction. growth, raised in center. Gray aerial myce-
Agar: White aerial mycelium, concentric lium, buff around the edges, having a fuzzy
rings less marked than those on synthetic appearance. Medium is cleared directly
agar. under the growth.
Synthetic agar: Colorless, flat growth, Starch agar: Brownish growth. Mouse-
penetrating deep into agar. White, velvety gray aerial mycelium. Reverse shows slight
aerial mycelium growing in the form of purple pigmentation in four days.
concentric rings. Glucose agar: Smooth, yellowish growth,
Milk: Coagulated, slowly peptonized. covered with white to gray aerial mycelium.
Sucrose is inverted. Yellowish soluble pigment.
Starch is hj^drolyzed. Ca-citrate-glycerol broth: Growth at
Good growth on cellulose. surface forming a thin mat of partially
Odor: Strong, earthy. sporulated, discrete, grayish white colonies.
Antagonistic properties: Highly antago- From the mat, soft, round, fuzzy, gray colo-
nistic against mycobacteria and Gram- nies drop into the medium.
positive bacteria; some strains are active Milk: Ring at the surface cream-colored
against fungi. to brownish. Coagulated; rapidly pepto-
Source: Isolated from soil. nized.
Habitat: Soil. Potato: Abundant, lichenoid, cream-col-
ored growth. Abundant, cottony, white to
5. Streptoniyces rochei Waksman, 1953. gray aerial mycelium. Color of plug becomes
{Streptoniyces rochei Berger, Jampolsky and reddish tan.
Goldberg (nomen nudum), Arch, of Bio- Strong diastatic action.
chem., 22, 1949, 477; Waksman, in Waksman Antagonistic properties: On certain com-
and Lechevalier, Actinomycetes and Their plex nitrogenous media such as those con-
Antibiotics, Baltimore, 1953, 40.) taining soybean flour or distillers' dried
ro'che.i. M.L. gen. noun rochei of Roche. solubles, the organism produces a wide
Description prepared by Julius Berger for range of antimicrobial activity. Part of
use in Waksman and Lechevalier, Actino- this is attributable to a specific antibiotic
mycetes and Their Antibiotics, Baltimore, known as borrelidin.
1953.
Comment": Morphologically the culture
Vegetative growth: Vegetative mycelium resembles some species in the Streptomyces
characteristically fine, 0.8 to 1.5 microns in albus group, such as Streptomyces alhido-
'56
flavus, Streptomyces californicus and Strep- acid production from glucose is pronounced;
tomyces lipmanii, but it is not believed to be pyruvic and succinic acids have been iden-
identical with any of them. tified (Cochrane and Dimmick, Jour. Bact.,
Source: Isolated from soil. 58, 1949, 723).
Habitat: Soil. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Pigment : The most striking characteristic
6. Streptomyces coelicolor (Miiller, of this organism is a litmus-like pigment,
1908) Waksman and Henrici, 1948. {Strep- usually produced on potato or synthetic
tothrix coelicolor Miiller, Cent. f. Bakt., I media, which is deep blue and water-soluble
Abt., Orig., 46, 1908, 197; Waksman and at alkaline reactions (beyond pH 8.0), violet
Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 935.) around neutrality, and red (insoluble in
coe.li'co.lor. L. noun coelurn heaven, sky; water) at about pH 6.0. Conn points out
L. noun colo7- color; M.L. adj. coelicolor that the primary pigment has a spectro-
sky-colored. photometric curve almost identical with
Description by Miiller except as noted. that of azolitmin but that there are un-
Morphology of Streptomyces coelicolor has doubtedly other pigments produced, es-
not been fully described. According to pecially in the case of the strains believed
Waksman and Curtis, who described .4c- to be typical of Actinoynyces violaceus -ruber
tinomyces violaceus -ruber, this is as follows; (as previously pointed out by Waksman and
Curtis).
straight filaments with open, dextrorse
spirals. Conidia ellipsoidal or rod-shaped, Aerobic.
0.7 to 1.0 by 0.8 to 1.5 microns. Good growth at room temperature and at
Gelatin: Good growth. No pigment for- 37° C.
mation. Liquefaction fairly rapid, begin- Antagonistic properties: Some strains
ning in 4 to 7 days. produce coelicolorin and mycetin.
Agar: Good growth. Pigment lacking or Distinctive character: Litmus-like pig-
faint blue (J. E. Conn, Jour. Bact., 46, 1943, ment.
133). Comments: Because of the numerous
Synthetic agar: Thin, spreading, colorless colors and shades shown by the pigment ac-
at first, becoming red, then blue. Aerial cording to final H-ion concentration and
mycelium thin, white, powdery, becoming other less understood factors, this species
mouse-gray. may have been described under various
Asparagine agar: With glycerol as source names. On the other hand, it is entirely
of carbon, good growth, violet to deep blue, possible, as pointed out by J. E. Conn (op.
with pigment diffusing through medium; cit., 1943, 133), that careful study of the
final H-ion concentration, about pH 7.0 to pigments may show that more than one
8.0. With glucose as source of carbon, poorer species is actually involved.
growth, red, no diffusion of pigment; final Relationships to other species: Regarded
H-ion concentration, about pH 6.0 to 5.0 by Waksman and Henrici (in Manual, 6th
(Conn). ed., 1948, 935) as the same as Actinomyces
Broth: Good growth. Cretaceous layer violaceus Waksman and Curtis, Soil Science,
around edge. 1, 1916, 110 (Actinomyces violaceus -ruber
Milk: No change at 25° C. (Conn). At Waksman and Curtis, ibid., 127) and Ac-
37° C, coagulation. Peptonization begin- tinomyces tricolor Wollenweber, Arbeiten d.
ning in 3 to 5 days. Forschungsinstitut fiir Kartoffelbau, 1920,
Potato : Strong pigment production, some- 13. It is however, pointed out by Conn {op.
times greenish blue or violet, but usually cit., 1943, 133) that certain differences be-
sky-blue, diffusing through medium and tween the descriptions of Waksman and
coloring water at base of tube. Curtis and that of Muller may correspond
Blood agar: Hemolysis showing on 4th to actual chemical differences in the pig-
day. ments produced and that the organism of
Miiller reports no acid from carbohydrates Waksman and Curtis may be a separate
on organic media. In synthetic liquid media,
species.
757
FAMILY III. STREPTOMYCETACEAE
Source: Dust contamination on a potato open spirals (sinistrorse) with 2 to 3 turns

slant. in each. Spores ellipsoidal, seldom spherical,
Habitat: Soil and plant surfaces. Very 0.6 by 0.6 to 0.8 micron.
abundant. Gelatin: Rapid liquefaction, completed in
5 to 6 days.
7. Streptoniyces pluricolor (Berest- Synthetic agar: Colonies at first smooth,
new, 1897, emend. Krassilnikov, 1941) Waks- becoming lumpy, leathery-compact and
man, 1953. {Actinomyces -pluricolor diffun- covered with well developed blue-gray aerial
dens Berestnew, Inaug. Diss., Moskow, mycelium.
1897; see Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., 24, 1898, Milk: Peptonized after coagulation.
708; Actinomyces pluricolor Krassilnikov, Sucrose not inverted.
Guide to the Actinomj^cetes, Izd. Akad. Starch is weakly hydrolyzed.
Nauk, U.S.S.R., Moskau, 1941, 17; not No growth on cellulose.
Actinomyces pluricolor Terni, quoted from Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Gasperini, Cent. f. Bakt., 15, 1894, 684; Antagonistic properties: Weak.
Waksman, in Waksman and Lechevalier, Source: Isolated from soil.
Actinomj^cetes and Their Antibiotics, Bal- Habitat: Soil.
timore, 1953, 42.)
plu.ri'co.lor. L. comp.adj. plus, pluris 9. Streptomyces vinaceus Mayer et al.,
more, many; L. mas.n. color color; M.L. 1951. (Mayer, Crane, DeBoer, Konopka,
adj. pluricolor many-colored, variegated. Marsh and Eisman, Xllth Intern. Congr.
Aerial mycelium: Well-developed, white- Pure and Appl. Chem., 1951, 283.)
gray. Sporophores produce numerous spirals vi.na'ce.us. L. adj. vinaceus of or belong-
with 3 to 5 turns (sinistrorse). Spores ellip- ing to wine or the grape.
soidal, 0.7 by 0.9 micron. Aerial mycelium: No spirals. Spores
Gelatin: Rapid liquefaction. nearly spherical, 1.0 to 1.5 microns.
Synthetic agar: At first red-yellow Gelatin: Sparse, tan-white growth. No
growth, changing to blue or blue-green. The soluble pigment. Ready liquefaction.
blue pigment dissolves into medium. Agar: Rough, dry, off-white growth with
Broth: Green, fluorescent pigment pro- reverse blue-red. No soluble pigment. Sev-
duced. eral strains produce concentric growth
Milk: Peptonized without coagulation. rings.
Potato: Sharp blue growth and soluble Synthetic agar: Rough, off-white growth
pigment. with reverse purple-red. Soluble, blue-red
Sucrose is inverted. pigment upon extended incubation.
Starch is hydrolyzed. Starch agar: Rough, dry, elevated,
No growth on cellulose. spreading, off-white growth.
Antagonistic properties: None. Glucose agar: Rough, dry, off-white
Source: Isolated from air. growth with reverse dark red-blue. Soluble
Habitat: Unknown. red-blue pigment only on extended incuba-
tion.
8. Streptoniyces cyaneus (Krassilnikov Potato: Rough, slightly moist, off-white
1941) Waksman, 1953. {Actinomyces cyaneus growth. No soluble pigment.
Krassilnikov, Guide to the Actinomycetes, Starch is hydrol3'zed.
28°Optimum
14; Waksman, in Waksman and Lechevalier,
Actinomycetes and Their Antibiotics, Bal- Antagonistic properties: Produces vinac-
timore, 1953, 42.) tin, an antibiotic similar in many respects to
cy.an'e.us. Gr. adj. cyaneus dark blue. viomycin.
Vegetative growth: Blue, diffusible pig- Distinctive character: Soluble red-blue
ment, remaining blue at both acid and alka- pigment produced in certain media, particu-
line reactions. larly in glucose-peptone broth by shake
Aerial mycelium: Sporophores produce culture.
Source: Presumably soil. hyphae. Capacity to produce aerial myce-

Habitat: Soil. lium lost on cultivation.
Gelatin stab: Small, cream-colored col-
10. Streptomyces violaceus (Rossi- onies. Rapid liquefaction.
Doria, 1891, emend. Krassilnikov, 1941) Agar: Small, grayish colonies with de-
Waksman, 1953. {Streptotrix (sic) violacea pressed center, becoming wrinkled.
Rossi-Doria, Ann. d. Inst. d'Ig. sper. d. Synthetic agar: Abundant, spreading,
Univ. di Roma, /, 1891, 411; Actinomyces wrinkled, elevated, glossy, yellowish
violaceus Gasperini, Cent. f. Bakt., 15, 1894, growth, becoming brownish, lichenoid mar-
684; Krassilnikov, Guide to the Actinomyce-
tes, Izd. Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Moskau, Starch agar: Scant, brownish, restricted
1941, 15; Waksman, in Waksman and Leche- gin.
growth.
Glucose agar: Abundant, much folded
valier, Actinomycetes and Their Antibi-
otics, Baltimore, 1953, 43.) growth, center raised, gray with purplish
vi.o.la'ce.us. L. adj. violaceus violet- tinge, entire.
colored. Glucose broth: Slightly flaky sediment.
Vegetative growth: Well developed, non- Litmus milk: Pinkish brown ring; coagu-
septated; readily breaks up in old cultures. lated; peptonized, with alkaline reaction.
Lichenoid colonies at first red, then becoming Potato: Cream-colored growth, becoming
dark blue and finally purple-violet. Some gray, wrinkled.
cultures produce fat droplets in the colony, Soluble brown pigment formed. Soluble
pigmented red or purple. green pigment produced when freshly iso-
Aerial mycelium: Produced only poorly or lated.
not at all; some substrates, such as cellu- Starch is hydrolyzed.
lose, paraffin or fats, favor its formation. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Aerial hyphae long, straight, seldom branch- Aerobic.
ing and also short-branched. Sporophores Optimum temperature, 37° C.
forming open spirals, sinistrorse curvatures. Antagonistic properties: Limited activity
Spores spherical and ellipsoidal. against some bacteria.
Gelatin: Slow liquefaction. Source: Isolated once from upland Cali-
Synthetic agar: Diffusible pigments fornia soil.
which become purple-violet to dark violet. Habitat: Soil.
Milk: Not coagulated; slowly peptonized.
Sucrose rapidly inverted. 12. Streptomyces viridans (Krassilni-
Starch is weakly hydrol.yzed. kov, 1941) Waksman, 1953. (Actinomyces
Poor or no growth on cellulose. viridans Krassilnikov, Guide to the Actino-
No evidence of nitrate reduction by most mycetes, Izd. Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Mos-
strains; a few strains give a positive nitrite kau, 1941, 33; Waksman, in Waksman and
reaction. Lechevalier, Actinomj'cetes and Their Anti-
biotics, Baltimore, 1953, 44.)
30° C. vi'ri.dans. L. part. adj. viridans green-
making.
Antagonistic properties: Exerts strong
antagonistic effect upon various bacteria. Vegetative growth: Green to brown-green
Source: Isolated from air and water. colonies.
Habitat: Unknown. Aerial mycelium: Dark gray, olive-colored
or gray-green, velvety, covering the whole
11. Streptomyces verne (Waksman and colony. Sporophores long, spiral-shaped.
Curtis, 1916) Waksman and Henrici, 1948. Spores cylindrical.
{Actino7nyces verne Waksman and Curtis, Gelatin: Rapid liquefaction.
Soil Sci., 1, 1916, 120; Waksman and Hen- Agar: Brown-green growth. Soluble
rici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 936.) brown substance produced.
ver'ne. Etymology uncertain. Synthetic agar: Green colonies. Soluble
Filaments with close branching of the green pigment produced.
Milk: Coagulated and rapidly peptonized. virgatus Krassilnikov, Guide to the Actino-
Sucrose rapidly inverted. mycetes, Izd. Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Mos-
Starch is rapidly hydrolyzed. kau, 1941, 32; Waksman, in Waksman and
Poor growth on cellulose. Lechevalier, Actinomycetes and Their Anti-
Nitrites actively produced from nitrates. biotics, Baltimore, 1953, 45.)
Antagonistic properties: None; some vir.ga'tus. L. adj. virgatus of twigs, rod-
strains are weakly active. shaped.
Source: Isolated from soil. Vegetative growth: Yellow-green to cit-
Habitat: Soil. ron-yellow or pure yellow colonies; pale
green on some media. Pigment insoluble in
13. Streptomyces californicus (Waks- substrate. Some strains produce brown sub-
man and Curtis, 1916) Waksman and stance in protein media.
Henrici, 1948. (Actinomyces californicus Aerial mycelium: Weakly developed,
Waksman and Curtis, Soil Sci., /, 1916, 122; white or pale yellow. Sporophores produced
Waksman and Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., in form of tufts. Oidiospores cylindrical,
1948, 936.) elongated; in some strains round-ellipsoidal.
ca.li.for'ni.cus. M.L. adj. californicus Gelatin: Rapid liquefaction.
pertaining to California; named for Cali- Milk : Rapidly coagulated and peptonized.
fornia, U.S.A. Starch is rapidly hydrolyzed.
Aerial mycelium: Filaments with long, No growth on cellulose.
narrow, open spirals. Spherical to ellipsoidal Nitrites actively produced from nitrates.
conidia. Antagonistic properties: None.
Gelatin stab: Gray, moist, abundant sur- Source: Isolated from soil.
face growth. Liquefaction in 30 days. No Habitat: Soil.
soluble pigment.
Agar: Thin, restricted, yellowish to 15. Streptomyces flaveolus (Waksman,
cream-colored growth. 1923) Waksman and Henrici, 1948. (Actino-
Sj'nthetic agar: Spreading, vinaceous- myces 168, Waksman, Soil Sci., 8, 1919, 134;
colored growth. Aerial mj-celium powder}', Acfinotnyces flaveolus Waksman, in Manual,
thin, light neutral gray. No soluble pigment. 1st ed., 1923, 368; Waksman and Henrici, in
Starch agar: Growth spreading, pink Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 936.)
center with colorless to gray margin. fla.ve'o.lus. L. adj. flavus golden yellow;
Glucose agar: Restricted, much folded, M.L. dim. adj. flaveohis somewhat yellow.
cream-colored growth with sulfur-yellow Aerial mycelium: Numerous closed and
tinge. open spirals on all media. Conidia ellip-
Glucose broth: Solid, cream-colored mass soidal.
on surface, with pink tinge. Gelatin stab: Liquefied; abundant, yel-
Litmus milk: Faint, brownish surface lowish, spreading pellicle.
growth; coagulated; peptonized in 40 days. Agar: White, glistening, wrinkled growth.
Potato: Glossy, yellow to red growth, Synthetic agar: Growth light sulfur-yel-
turning red-brown. low turning to cadmium-yellow, penetrating
Starch is hydrolyzed. deep into medium. Aerial mycelium white
Nitrites produced from nitrates. to ash-gray patches.
Aerobic. Starch agar: White, spreading growth.
Optimum temperature, 37° C. Glucose agar: Restricted growth, surface
Antagonistic properties: Limited. Some folded, raised.
strains produce viomycin. Glucose broth: Thin, yellow pellicle.
Source: Isolated once from California Litmus milk: Sulfur-yellow ring; coagu-
sandy loam. lated; peptonized, with faintly alkaline
Habitat: Soil. reaction.
Potato: Abundant, wrinkled, cream-
14. Streptomyces virgatus (Krassilni- colored growth.
kov, 1'941) Waksman, 1953. {Actinomyces
Soluble empire-yellow pigment formed. with light brown reverse. Aerial mycelium
Nitrites produced from nitrates. powdery ash-gray to white. Yellow to yel-
Aerobic. low-brown soluble pigment.
Optimum temperature, 25° C. Synthetic agar: Abundant, crumb-like,
Antagonistic properties: Some strains smooth, brownish growth. Aerial mycelium
produce actinomycin. cottony white, later grayish or even reddish
Source: Isolated from soil. gray. Soluble light brown pigment, later
Habitat: Soil.
yellow-brown.
Glucose asparagine agar: Abundant, dif-
16. Streptomyces parvus (Krainsky, fuse, colorless growth with light yellow
1914) Waksman and Henrici, 1948. (Actino- reverse. Aerial mycelium powdery white.
myces parvus Krainsky, Cent. f. Bakt., II Soluble light yellow pigment.
Abt., 41, 1914, 622; Waksman and Henrici, Ca-malate agar: Abundant, crumb-like
in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 939.) growth with yellowish red reverse. Aerial
par'vus. L. adj. parvus small. mycelium velvety, white-gray or reddish
Vegetative growth: Golden yellow to gray. Soluble dark red-yellow pigment.
brick-red, depending on composition of Starch agar: Abundant, lichenoid growth.
medium. Aerial mycelium velvety, violet-gray. Solu-
Aerial mycelium: Poorly developed, rose- ble dark brown pigment.
white. Sporophores produce spirals. Spores Glucose agar: Abundant, diffuse, color-
spherical to ellipsoidal, 0.9 to 1.3 by 1.2 to less growth with light yellow reverse. Aerial
1.8 microns. mycelium abundant, powdery, seldom vel-
Gelatin: Yellow colonies. Slow liquefac- vety, light brown. Soluble yellow pigment.
tion. Glucose broth: Very good, colorless sur-
Ca-malate agar: Small, j'ellow colonies face growth, later producing heavy sedi-
with light yellow aerial mycelium ment. Abundant flocculent particles. Aerial
Starch agar: Same as on Ca-malate agar. mycelium cottony, grayish white, tending
Glucose agar: Same as on Ca-malate agar. later to disappear. Soluble light yellow pig-
Glucose broth: Hemispherical colonies in ment, becoming orange-yellow.
bottom of tube. Milk: Abundant, lichenoid growth. Aerial
Litmus milk : Rapidly coagulated and pep- mycelium gray to violet. Soluble dark brown
tonized. pigment. Actively peptonized.
Diastatic action good. Potato: Abundant, lichenoid growth.
Good growth on cellulose. Aerial mycelium powdery gray. No soluble
Nitrites weakly produced from nitrates.
Aerobic. Starch is rapidly hydrolyzed.
pigment.
Optimum temperature, 25° C. No growth on cellulose.
Antagonistic properties: Produces actino- Antagonistic properties: Produces anti-
mycin. biotics.
Source: Isolated from garden soil. Source: Isolated from soil.
Habitat: Soil. Habitat: Soil.
17. Streptomyces xanthophaeus Lin- 18. Streptomyces cellulosae (Krainsky,

denbein, 1952. (Arch. f. Mikrobiol., 17, 1914) Waksman and Henrici, 1948. (Actino-
1952, 378.) myces cellulosae Krainsky, Cent. f. Bakt.,
xan.tho.phae'us. Gr. adj. xanthophaes II Abt., 41, 1914, 662; Waksman and Hen-
golden, gleaming; M.L. adj. xanthophaeus rici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 938.)
shining like gold. cel.lu.lo'sae. M.L. noun cellulosa cellu-
Gelatin: Leathery, brown, abundant lose; M.L. gen. noun cellulosae of cellulose.
growth. Aerial mycelium velvety, ash-gray. Vegetative growth: Yellow, producing
Soluble yellow-brown pigment. Rapid soluble yellow pigment. No soluble brown
liquefaction.
Agar: Abundant, diffuse, smooth growth pigment.
Aerial mycelium: Well developed, gray to
761
white-gray. Spores almost spherical, 1.3 surface; aerial mycelium mouse-gray; yel-
microns in diameter, often arranged in lowish brown pigment.
chains. Milk: Thick pellicle, aerial mycelium
Gelatin colonies: Circular, yellowish. grayish white; not peptonized; no change in
Gelatin stab: Liquefaction.
Agar: White aerial mj-celium. Potato: Moderate, wrinkled growth;
Ca-malate agar: Yellowish colonies; gray aerial mycelium white to dark; yellowish
aerial mycelium. Soluble j'ellow pigment ph: pigment.
brown
formed. Starch is weakly hj^drolyzed.
Starch agar: Abundant growth; graj' Cellulose not decomposed.
aerial mycelium. Soluble yellow pigment. Nitrites actively produced from nitrates.
Glucose agar: Same as for starch agar. Odor: Earthy.
Glucose broth: Coarse, flaky growth. Antagonistic properties : Produces oxytet-
Yellow pigment. racycline, an amphoteric substance active
Litmus milk: Rapidly coagulated and against various bacteria, rickettsiae and the
peptonized. larger viruses; also produces rimocidin, an
Potato: Colorless growth; aerial mycelium antifungal agent.
gray. Source: Isolated from soil. Cultural char-
Strong diastatic action. acteristics described are those of isolate No.
Esculin is hydrolyzed. S3279. A culture has been deposited with the
Cellulose is decomposed. Fermentation Division of the Northern Re-
Nitrates show slight reduction. gional Research Laboratory, Peoria, Il-
Aerobic. linois, permanent collection number NRRL-
2234.
35° C. Habitat: Soil.
Antagonistic properties: Positive.
Source: Isolated from soil. 20. Streptoniyces griseoflavus (Krain-
Habitat: Soil. sky, 1914) Waksman and Henrici, 1948.
{Actinomyces griseoflavus Krainsky, Cent. f.
19. Slreptoniyces rimosus Sobin et al., Bakt., II Abt., U, 1914, 662; Waksman and
1950. (Sobin, Finlay and Kane, U. S. Pat. Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 948.)
2,516,080, July 18, 1950.) gri.se. o.fla'vus. M.L. adj. yriseus gray;
ri.mo'sus. L. adj. rimosus full of cracks. L. adj. flavus yellow; M.L. adj. griseoflavus
Vegetative growth: Flat, smooth colonies grayish yellow.
with irregular edge; yellow pigment. Vegetative growth: Thin, cream-colored,
Aerial mycelium: Limited, ocher-colored later becoming much folded or lichenoid.
in center, colonial-buff at edge; spirals nu- Aerial mycelium: Powdery, white, appear-
merous; conidia 0.6 to 0.7 by 0.8 to 1.4 mi- ing first on drier edges of growth. Sporo-
crons, cylindrical. phores straight, abundantly branched; no
Gelatin: Aerial mycelium white. No curvatures and no spirals produced.
soluble yellow pigment. No liquefaction. Gelatin: Cream-colored to brownish
Agar: Poor growth, no aerial mycelium; growth, covered with white aerial mycelium.
faint yellowish pigment. Slow liquefaction, with faint yellowish
Czapek's synthetic agar: Produces very coloration of the liquefied zone.
limited growth which is colorless and sub- Agar: Cream-colored growth, covered
merged. No aerial mycelium and no soluble with white aerial mycelium; no soluble pig-
pigment. ment.
Asparagine agar: Aerial mj-celium white Synthetic agar: Reddish brown to orange
to pallid quaker-drab; faint yellow soluble growth, covered with white aerial mycelium;
pigment. faint yellowish soluble pigment.
Starch agar: Poor, thin growth; aerial Ca-malate agar: Large colonies covered
mycelium limited; cinnamon-drab colonies. with yellow to greenish gray aerial my-
Glucose agar: Growth with dry, cracked celium.
Starch agar: Cream-colored growth with Antagonistic properties: Produces chlor-

brownish center; no aerial mycelium. tetracycline, an amphoteric compound
Glucose agar: White aerial mycelium is containing both nitrogen and non-ionic
slowly formed. chlorine, active against various bacteria,
Yeast-glucose agar: Lichenoid, cream- rickettsiae and the larger viruses.
colored to brownish growth; white to gray- Comments: The numerous natural and
ish aerial mycelium; soluble yellowish pig- induced variants of S. aureofaciens display
ment. wide variations in color of vegetative growth
Glucose broth: Flaky growth. ranging from pale yellow to reddish brown
Milk: Cream-colored to yellowish growth; and even occasionally greenish depending
aerial mycelium thin, white. Rapidly pep- upon the composition of the nutrient sub-
tonized without previous coagulation. strates and environmental conditions. The
Potato: Lichenoid, cream-colored to color of aerial mycelia is influenced by
brownish growth, later becoming reddish sporulation. Yellowish, soluble pigment
brown; aerial mycelium powdery white to often not discernible. Loose spirals are in-
gray; no soluble pigment. frequently encountered.
Starch is weakly hydrolyzed. Source: Isolated from soil.
Esculin is attacked. Habitat: Presumably soil.
Good growth on cellulose.
Nitrites produced from nitrates. 22. Streptomyces albidoflavus (Rossi-
Aerobic. Doria, 1891) Waksman and Henrici, 1948.
Optimum temperature, 35° C. {Streptotrix (sic) albido-flava Rossi-Doria,
Antagonistic properties: Strongly antag- Ann. d. 1st. d'Ig. sper. d. Univ. di Roma, 1,
onistic. 1891, 407; Waksman and Henrici, in Manual,
Source: Isolated from soil. 6th ed., 1948, 949.)
Habitat: Soil. al.bi.do.fla'vus. L. adj. albidus white;
L. adj. flavus yellow; M.L. adj. albidoflavus
21. Streptomyces aureofaciens Duggar, whitish yellow.
1948. (Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 51, 1948, 177; Description taken from Duche (Encyclo-
U. S. Patent 2,482,055, Sept. 13, 1949.) pMie Mycologique, Paris, 6, 1934, 294).
au.re.o.fa'ci.ens. L. neut.n. aurum gold; Gelatin: Punctiform colonies with white
L. part. adj. faciens producing; M.L. part, aerial mycelium on surface of liquid; no
adj. aureofaciens golden-making. soluble pigment; rapid liquefaction.
Vegetative growth: Mycelium hyaline, Agar: Cream-colored growth covered with
becoming yellow in 2 to 3 days, later golden fine white aerial mycelium; yellow soluble
tan to tawny.
Aerial mycelium: White, becoming brown- pigment.
Synthetic asparagine agar: Growth be-
ish gray to dark, drab-gray in 5 to 10 days. comes rapidly covered with white aerial
Sporophores straight, flexuous; no spirals. mycelium, later becoming whitish yellow;
Spores spherical to ellipsoidal, longest di- brown on reverse side; yellowish soluble pig-
ameter 1.5 microns. ment.
Gelatin: No liquefaction. Tyrosine agar: Fine growth with orange-
Agar: Good, light brownish growth. No yellow on reverse side; medium becomes
aerial mycelium. No soluble pigment. colored yellowish to yellowish rose.
Asparagine-meat extract glucose agar: Synthetic asparagine solution: Long
Hyaline growth changing to orange-yellow. branching filaments, 0.6 micron in diame-
Aerial mycelium abundant, white, changing ter. Thicker aerial mycelium producing
to deep gray or dark gray with tawny re- irregular spores; flaky growth dropping to
verse. Faint yellowish soluble pigment. bottom of tube. Surface growth becomes
Milk: Limited, yellow-brown growth. No covered with yellowish white aerial myce-
coagulation or peptonization. lium; brownish on reverse side; soluble pig-
Potato: Wrinkled, orange-yellow growth. ment yellowish.
Color of plug unchanged. Peptone solution: Rapid, much folded
growth, partly covered with white mycelium Tyrosine medium: Rapid growth on sur-
on surface of medium; soluble yellow-ochre face with whitish yellow aerial mycelium;
pigment. yellowish to orange-yellow soluble pigment.
Milk: Rapid growth becoming covered Milk: Cream-colored growth; colorless on
with whitish aerial mycelium; never fully reverse side; no aerial mycelium. Peptoniza-
covering the surface; no coagulation; pep- tion without coagulation. After 20 days the
tonization begins slowly and is completed whole milk becomes a clear yellowish liquid.
in 13 days, liquid becoming colored yellow- Coagulated serum: Clear-colored growth.
ish orange. Rapid liquefaction.
Coagulated serum: Cream-colored growth Relationship to other species: Culture
of surface becoming covered with white related to Streptomyces alboflavus and Strep-
aerial mj-celium; rapid liquefaction of tomyces albidoflavus .
serum. Source: Culture secured from the collec-
Starch medium: Cream-colored growth tion of Prof. R. Lieske.
rapidly colored with yellow aerial myce- Habitat: Unknown.
lium; after 20 days growth becomes much
folded; greenish on reverse side; slightly 24. Streptomyces flavovirens (Waks-
amber-colored in medium. man, 1923) Waksman and Henrici, 1948.
Antagonistic properties: Positive. (Actinomyces 128, Waksman, Soil Sci., 8,
Comments: This species is closely related 1919, 117; Actinomyces flavovirens Waksman,
to Streptomyces albus. Develops poorly on in Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 352; Waksman and
synthetic media without asparagine. Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 940.)
Source: Isolated from dust. fla.vo.vi'rens. L. adj. flavus yellow; L.
Habitat: Unknown. p. adj. virens being green; M.L. adj. flavo-
virens being yellow-green.
23. Streptomyces lieskei (Duche, 1934) Aerial mycelium: Large masses of minute
Waksman and Henrici, 1948. {Actinomyces tufts; the hyphae coarse, straight, short,
lieskei Duch6, Encyclop^die Mycologique, relatively unbranched, beaded; open spirals
Paris, 6, 1934, 289; Waksman and Henrici, may be produced in certain substances.
in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 950.) Conidia spherical, ellipsoidal to rod-shaped,
lies'ke.i. M.L. gen. noun lieskei of Lieske; 0.75 to 1.0 by 1.0 to 1.5 microns.
named for Prof. Rudolf Lieske of Leipzig. Gelatin stab: Yellowish green surface
Gelatin: Cream-colored growth becoming pellicle, consisting of a mass of small colo-
covered with white aerial mycelium; no nies, on the liquefied medium.
soluble pigment. Rapid liquefaction. Agar: Yellowish growth; the reverse dark
Agar: Cream-colored growth becoming in center with yellowish zone and outer
covered with white aerial mycelium; yel- white zone.
lowish soluble pigment. Synthetic agar: Growth spreading deep
Synthetic agar: Cream-colored growth into the substratum, yellowish with green-
with delayed white aerial mycelium grow- ish tinge. Aerial mycelium gray, powdery.
ing from the edge toward the center; my- Starch agar: Greenish yellow, spreading
celium later jêllowish. Reverse of growth growth, developing deep into the medium.
yellowish to green. Dirty yellow to yellow- Glucose agar: Restricted growth, de-
green soluble pigment. veloping only to a very small extent into
Synthetic solution: Long branching fila- the medium, yellow, turning black, edge
ments 0.7 micron in diameter. Yellowish entire.
white aerial mycelium does not readily Glucose broth: Thick, sulfur-yellow pel-
produce spores; flakes drop to the bottom licle or ring.
of the tube. Litmus milk: Cream-colored to brownish
Peptone solution: Cream-colored coloring; coagulated; peptonized, becoming
nies on surface with flakes in the liquid faintly alkaline.
dropping to the bottom of the tube. Liquid Potato: Sulfur-yellow, wrinkled growth.
becomes yellowish in color. Starch is hydrolyzed.
^64 ORDER V. ACTINOMYCETALES
Greenish yellow soluble pigment formed. Antagonistic properties: Produces thiolu-

Only a trace of nitrite is produced from tin.
nitrates. Source: Isolated from soil.
Aerobic. Habitat: Soil.
Antagonistic properties: Active against 26. Streptoniyces limosus Lindenbein,
fungi. 1952. (Arch. f. Mikrobiol., 17, 1952, 379.)
Source: Isolated from soil. li.mo'sus. L. adj. limosus full of slime,
slimy.
Habitat: Soil.
Vegetative growth: Crumb-like, yellow-
25. Streptoniyces celluloflavus Nishi- ish, later becoming gray to coal-black;
mura et al., 1953. (Nishimura, Kimura and greenish yellow reverse.
Kuroya, Jour. Antibiotics (Japanese), 6, Aerial mycelium: Powdery snow-white to
1953, 57.) gray, or completely lacking. Soluble green-
cel.lu.lo.fla'vus. L. dim.n. cellula a small ish yellow to citron-yellow pigment.
room; M.L. n. cellulosutn cellulose; L. adj. Gelatin: Yellow-brown growth. No aerial
flavus yellow; M.L. adj. celluloflavus cellu- mycelium. Soluble, dark brown pigment.
lose-yellow (probably intended to mean Complete liquefaction.
turning cellulose yellow). Agar: Diffuse, colorless growth with light
Aerial mycelium: A few imperfect spirals. brown reverse. No aerial mycelium. Soluble
Almost spherical spores, 0.9 by 1.0 micron. pigment around bottom.
Gelatin: Ivory-j-ellow to olive-buff colo- Synthetic agar: Diffuse, colorless growth,
nies on surface of liquefied portion. No later becoming crumb-like, light yellow. No
aerial mycelium. Faint brownish pigment. aerial mycelium. Soluble citron-yellow pig-
Rapid to medium liquefaction. ment.
Agar: Olive-buff growth turning colorless. Glucose asparagine agar: Crumb-like, |
Scant, cottony, white to grayish aerial light yellow growth, later becoming black
mycelium. Soluble yellow pigment with with citron-yellow reverse. Aerial mycelium
tinge of green to old gold. white, later ash-gray. Soluble citron-yellow
Synthetic agar: Glossy growth, develop-
ing deep into medium, later becoming mar- pigment.
Ca-malate agar: Crumb-like growth with
guerite-yellow. Faint sulfur-yellow soluble dark yellow reverse. Aerial mycelium pow-
pigment. dery to velvety, white, later ash-gray. Solu-
Ca-malate glycerol agar: Primrose-yellow ble golden yellow pigment.
growth, later turning white to pale olive- Starch agar: Small, yellowish colonies
buff, with blackish center. Cottony aerial with brownish reverse. Aerial mj'celium
mycelium white with grayish patches, later velvety, gray-white. Soluble light gray pig-
ment.
turning olive-buff. Soluble citron-j-ellow
pigment. Glucose agar: Good growth with yellow-
Glucose agar: Cream-colored to yellow brown reverse. Aerial mycelium velvet}',
growth. Scant cottony white to gray aerial white-gray to ash-gray. Soluble yellow-
m3^celium. Soluble sulfur-yellow pigment. brown pigment.
Milk: Yellow to dark olive-buff growth. Glucose broth: Growth in the form of
White aerial mycelium. Soluble reddish sediment, white, later light yellow. No
brown pigment. Coagulated and rapidly aerial mycelium. Soluble citron-yellow pig-
peptonized. ment.
Potato: Wrinkled, spreading, deep olive- Milk: Lichenoid, light yellow growth.
buff growth. Aerial mycelium white to olive- Aerial mycelium powder}', gray-white.
buff. Soluble deep olive-buff pigment. Soluble light brown pigment. Actively pep-
Poor growth on cellulose with soluble, tonized.
yellow pigment. Potato: Moderate, brownish yellow to
Tyrosine medium: Ivory-yellow to cream- light brown growth. Aerial mycelium pow-
buff growth. None to scant white aerial dery, gray-white. Soluble citron-yellow to
mycelium. Soluble greenish yellow pigment. sulfur-yellow pigment.
765
Starch is rapidly hydrolyzed. bo.bi'li.ae. M.L. gen. noun bobiliae of
No growth on cellulose. Bobili; named for Bobili, a person's nick-
Source: Isolated from mud from the edge name.
of a river. Aerial mycelium: Few close spirals of a
Habitat: Unknown. de.xtrorse type.
Gelatin: Dense, cream-colored to brown-
27. Streptomyces griseoluteus Ume- ish surface growth. Rapid liquefaction.
zawa et al., 1951. (Umezawa, Hayano,
Agar: Restricted, glossy, gray growth be-
Maeda, Ogata and Okami, Jour. Antibiotics coming brownish.
(Japanese), 4, 1951, 34; also see Okami, Jour.
Synthetic agar: Abundant, glossy wrin-
Antibiotics (Japanese), 5, 1952, 478.)
kled, elevated, coral-red growth becoming
gri.se.o.lu'te.us. M.L. adj. griseus gray; deep red. Aerial mycelium scant, white.
luteus golden yellow; M.L. adj. griseoluteus Starch agar: Restricted, finely wrinkled,
grayish yellow. coral-red growth with hyaline margin.
Aerial mycelium: Hyphae branch mono- Glucose broth: Round colonies in fluid;
podially and irregularly; conidia ellipsoidal flaky sediment.
to cylindrical, 1.0 to 1.2 by 1.8 to 2.2 mi- Milk: Dark brown ring; not coagulated;
crons.
Gelatin : No growth. peptonized.
Potato: Thin, yellowish growth becoming
Agar: Wrinkled, transparent growth.
red, dry and wrinkled.
Aerial mj'celium thin, white, powdery. No Starch is hydrolyzed.
soluble pigment or a j'ellowish brown pig- Nitrites produced from nitrates.
ment.
Soluble brown pigment formed.
Synthetic agar: Thin, colorless to cream- Aerobic.
colored growth. Margin plumose, penetrat-
ing into medium. Aerial mycelium powdery, Optimum temperature, 37° C.
Antagonistic properties: Positive.
grayish white to light drab. No soluble pig- Source: Isolated once from adobe and
ment or a yellowish brown pigment. from garden soils.
Glucose agar: Wrinkled, cream-colored Habitat: Soil.
growth. Aerial mycelium thin, white. Red-
dish brown pigment.
Glucose broth: Cream-colored to brown 29. Streptomyces aiirantiacus (Rossi-
Doria, 1891, emend. Krassilnikov, 1941)
surface ring. Aerial mycelium powdery,
white. Soluble reddish brown pigment Waksman, 1953. (Streptotrix (sic) aurantiaca
weakly produced. Rossi-Doria, Ann. Inst. d'Ig. sper. d. Univ.
Milk: Cream-colored ring; white surface di Roma, 1, 1891, 417; Actinomyces aurantia-
patches. cus Gasperini, Ann. Inst. d'Ig. sper. d. Univ.
di Roma, 2, 1892, 222; Krassilnikov, Guide
Potato: Abundant, wrinkled, cream-
colored growth. Aerial mycelium dusty to the Actinomycetes, Izd. Akad. Nauk,
U.S.S.R., Moskau, 1941, 36; Waksman, in
white, thin; plug becoming slightly brown-
ish. Waksman and Lechevalier, Actinomj'^cetes
Starch is hydrolyzed. and Their Antibiotics, Baltimore, 1953, 53.)
Nitrites produced from nitrates. au.ran.ti'a.cus. L. neut.n. aurum gold;
M.L. neut.n. Aurantium generic name of
Antagonistic properties: Produces griseo-
lutein, a yellow antibiotic active against the orange; M.L. adj. mirantiacus orange-
colored.
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Source: Isolated from the soil of a potato Vegetative growth: Lichenoid, dry, com-
field in Tokyo. pact, bright orange or golden color which
Habitat: Soil. does not change on continued incubation.
Pigment insoluble in medium but soluble in
28. Streptomyces bobiliae (Waksman organic solvents. Produces an abundance of
and Curtis, 1916) Waksman and Henrici, chlamydospores.
1948. (Actinomyces bobili Waksman and Cur- Aerial mycelium: Poorly developed or
tis, Soil Sci., /, 1916, 121; Waksman and completely absent on many media; non-
Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 937.) septate. Sporophores form spirals with 3 to
'66
OEDER V. ACTINOMYCETALES
5 turns. Spores spherical to ellipsoidal, 0.6 Potato: Cream-colored growth, becoming

to 0.8 by 0.7 to 0.9 micron. black, spreading.
Gelatin: Slow liquefaction after 20 to 30 Starch is hydrolj^zed.
days' incubation. Faint brownish soluble pigment formed.
Milk: Weakly peptonized, usually with- Nitrites produced from nitrates.
out previous coagulation. Aerobic.
Potato: Soluble brown pigment.
Sucrose not inverted. Optimum temperature, 25° C.
Antagonistic properties: Considerable ac-
Starch is slowly hydrolyzed. tivity against various bacteria; some of the
No growth on cellulose. strains show negative activity.
Fats rapidly hydrolyzed and utilized. Source: Isolated from soil.
Paraffin: Good growth with spiral-form- Habitat: Soil.
ing sporophores and spherical spores.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. 31. Streptomyces fasciculus (Krassil-
Antagonistic properties: Strongly an- nikov, 1941) Waksman, 1953. (Actinomyces
tagonistic. fasciculus Krassilnikov, Guide to the Ac-
Comment: This species represents a tinomycetes, Izd. Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R.,
widely distributed group of organisms in- Moskau, 1941, 51; Waksman, in Waksman
cluding such forms as Actinomyces parvus and Lechevalier, Actinomj^cetes and Their
of Krainsky and others. Antibiotics, Baltimore, 1953, 54.)
Source: Isolated from soil. fas.ci'cu.lus. L. mas. dim. n. fasciculus a
Habitat: Soil. small bundle.
Vegetative growth: Good growth, lich-
30. Streptomyces griseolus (Waksman, enoid, colorless, covered with dark gray,
1923) Waksman and Henrici, 1948. (Actino- powdery or velvety aerial mycelium.
myces 96, Waksman, Soil Sci., 8, 1919, 121; Aerial mycelium: Sporophores straight,
Actinomyces griseolus Waksman, in Manual, short, arranged in broom-shaped bodies or
1st ed., 1923, 369; Waksman and Henrici, in fascicles. Spores oblong, 0.7 by 1.0 to 1.5
Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 938.) microns.
gri.se 'o.lus. Old French adj. gris gray; Gelatin: Liquefaction.
Med.L. adj. griseus gray; M.L. dim. adj. Agar: Aerial mycelium poorly developed,
griseolus somewhat gray.
Aerial mycelium: No spirals observed. gray.
Synthetic agar: Typical vegetative
Conidia spherical or ellipsoidal.
Gelatin stab: Liquefied with yellowish, growth.
Milk: Readily coagulated and peptonized.
flaky pellicle and sediment. Potato: Heavy, folded growth with well
Agar: Brownish growth with smooth sur- developed, dark gray aerial mycelium.
face. Soluble brown pigment. Sporophores and
Synthetic agar: Colorless, thin, spreading spores same as on synthetic agar.
growth, chiefly in the medium; surface Sucrose is readily inverted.
growth limited almost entirely to the aerial Starch is rapidly hydrolyzed.
mycelium. Aerial mycelium at first gray, Good growth on cellulose.
later becoming pallid, neutral gray. Nitrites weakly produced from nitrates.
Starch agar: Grayish brown growth with Antagonistic properties : Strongly antago-
dark ring. nistic.
Glucose agar: Spreading growth, both on Relationship to other species : Related to
the surface and into the medium; center Streptomyces candidus.
raised, cream-colored, turning dark. Source: Isolated from soil.
Glucose broth: Thick, brown ring. Habitat: Soil.
Litmus milk: Abundant growth, pink
pellicle; coagulated; peptonized, becoming 32. Streptomyces erythraeus (Waksman,
alkaline. 1923) Waksman and Henrici, 1948. (Actino-
myces 161, Waksman, Soil Sci., 8, 1919, 112; griseus Duch6, Encyclop^die Mycologique,
Actinomyces erythreus (sic) Waksman, in Paris, 6, 1934, 341; Waksman, in Waksman
Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 370; Streptomyces and Lechevalier, Actinomycetes and Their
erythreus (sic) Waksman and Henrici, in Antibiotics, Baltimore, 1953, 55.)
Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 938.) fla.vo.gri'se.us. L. adj. flamis yellow;
e.ryth'rae.us. Gr. adj. erythraeus red. M.L. adj. griseus gray ; M.L. iidj. flavogriseus
Vegetative growth: Growth spreading, yellowish gray.
with irregular margin, developing deep into Aerial mvcelium: Long, straight hj'phae
the medium. Color at first white, later turn- producing a few curling tips. Spores spher-
ing yellowish, agar around growth has a ical.
white, milky surface. Gelatin: Plocculent growth throughout
Aerial mycelium: Fine, branching; nu- medium. No soluble pigment. Slow liquefac-
merous open spirals formed as side branches tion.
of the main hyphae. Agar: Thin, cream-colored growth. Aerial
Gelatin stab: Abundant, dense, gray mycelium thin, white. No soluble pigment.
growth with pinkish tinge, chiefly on surface Synthetic agar: Limited, yellowish growth
of liquefied medium. with reverse turning black. Aerial mycelium
Agar: Cream-colored growth. thin, gray to mouse-gray.
Synthetic agar: Spreading growth with Glucose peptone agar: Yellow surface
irregular margin, developing deep into the growth with reverse tending to turn dark.
medium; color at first white, later turning Aerial mycelium abundant, mouse-gray to
yellowish; agar around growth has a white, drab. No soluble pigment.
milky surface. Aerial mycelium thick, solid, Starch agar: Very limited growth. Similar
white. to that on sj'nthetic agar.
Starch agar: Cream-colored, circular Broth: Cream-colored surface growth in
colonies, with faint greenish tinge. clumps. Aerial mycelium gray.
Glucose agar: Abundant, spreading, Milk: Cream-colored ring. No aerial
cream-colored growth, later turning brown mycelium. Very rapid peptonization.
chiefly on surface; center raised, lobate Potato: Abundant, lichenoid growth.
margin. Abundant aerial mycelium, mouse-gray to
Glucose broth: Abundant, cream-colored drab with white edge. No soluble pigment.
surface growth. Starch is hydrolyzed.
Litmus milk: Yellowish surface zone; co- Source: Isolated from volcanic soils in
agulated; peptonized, becoming alkaline. Martinique.
Potato: Wrinkled, cream-colored growth, Habitat: Presumabl}' soil.
becoming yellowish.
Starch is hydrolyzed. 34. Streptomyces diastaticus (Krain-
Soluble purple pigment formed. sky, 1914) Waksman and Henrici, 1948.
Nitrites produced from nitrates. (Actinomyces diastaticus Krainsky, Cent. f.
Aerobic. Bakt., II Abt., 4i, 1914, 662; also see Waks-
Optimum temperature, 25° C. man and Curtis, Soil Sci., i, 1916, 116; Waks-
Antagonistic properties: Marked. Pro- 939.) man and Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948,
duces erythromycin.
Distinctive character: Similar to Strep- di.a.sta'ti.cus. Gr. adj. diastaticus sep-
tomyces erythrochromogenes except that no arative; M.L. n. diastasum the enzyme di-
brown soluble pigment is formed. astase, hence M.L. adj. diastaticus diastatic,
Source: Isolated from Californian and starch-digesting.
Hawaiian soils. Aerial mycelium: Filaments may show
Habitat: Soil. fine, long, narrow spirals. Conidia ellip-
soidal, 1.0 to 1.2 by 1.1 to 1.5 microns.
33. Streptomyces flavogriseus (Duche, Gelatin stab: Liquefaction with small,
1934) Waksman, 1953. (Actinomyces flavo- cream-colored flakes in liquid.
Agar: Cream-colored growth. Thin aerial days' incubation; small amount of white
mycelium. sporulation observed in 14 days. Soluble
Sj^nthetic agar: Thin, gray, spreading brown pigment. After 21 days, odor of hy-
growth. Aerial mycelium white, becoming drogen sulfide detected. Liquefaction after
drab gray. 28 days.
Starch agar: Thin, colorless, spreading Ca-malate agar: Gray to rose-gray my-
growth. Aerial mycelium gray. celium with yellow to tan reverse. Diges-
Glucose agar: Yellowish, spreading tion of calcium malate slight at edge of
growth. No aerial mycelium. colony. No soluble pigment.
Glucose broth: Gray ring with grayish Glucose, arabinose, trehalose, xylose, su-
colonies in bottom of tube. crose, maltose, galactose, dextrin, soluble
Litmus milk: Brownish ring; coagulated; starch, mannitol, glycerol and salicin are
peptonized in 25 to 30 days, becoming used as sole sources of carbon. No growth
faintly alkaline. observed with sorbose, melezitose, dulcitol,
Potato: Abundant, wrinkled, cream- rhamnose, sorbitol, melibiose, phenol,
colored growth with greenish tinge. raffinose or lactose.
Starch is hydrolyzed. Milk: At 36° C, becomes alkaline (pH
Brown to dark brown soluble pigment 8.4). Soft, rennet curd, formed after 48
formed. hours, is completely peptonized in 12 days.
Nitrites produced from nitrates. Potato: Light gray, spreading, wrinkled
Aerobic. growth. Deep brown pigment diffused
throughout.
Antagonistic properties: Limited. Starch is actively hydrolyzed.
Source: Isolated from soil. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Habitat: Soil. Optimum temperature, I C.
Antagonistic properties Produces
35. Streptomyces canescens Hickey et cosin.
al., 1952. {Streptomijces canescus (sic) Source : Isolated from a contaminated
Hickey, Corum, Hidy, Cohen, Nager and fungus plate.
Kropp, Antibiotics and Chemotherapy, 2, Habitat: Unknown.
1952, 472.)
ca.nes'cens. L. part. adj. canescens be- 36. Streptomyces finiicarius (Duch^,
coming white, or hoary. 1934) Waksman and Henrici, 1948. {Actino-
Aerial mycelium: At first white, becom- myces fimicarius Duche, Encyclop^die My-
ing, on sporulation, gray-white to gray. cologique, Paris, 6, 1934, 346; Waksman and
Conidiophores straight or curved, not form- Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 940.)
ing any spirals, richly septate. Spores fi.mi.ca'ri.us. L. noun fim us dung, ma-
globose, 1.0 to 1.3 by 1.3 to 2.6 microns. nure; L. adj. cams dear, loving; M.L. adj.
Gelatin: Rapid liquefaction. fimicarius dung-loving.
Gelatin: Punctiform colonies with whitish
Sabouraud's agar: Growth first white,
dull-shiny, spreading, translucent with tan aerial mycelium; reddish soluble pigment.
reverse. After 7 days' incubation, growth Liquefaction.
beaded, slightly wrinkled at base of the Agar: Cream-colored growth with white
slant, grayish white; reverse tan to amber. aerial mycelium; reverse side, yellowish.
Amber pigment diffused throughout me- Asparagine agar: Cream-colored growth
dium. After 14 days aerial mycelium faintly with whitish aerial mycelium; reverse side
greenish. cream-colored to slight ochre.
Bennett's agar: Circular colonies, effuse Synthetic agar: Yellowish masses of
to conve.x, edge filamentous; powdery; vary- growth with jêllowish white aerial my-
ing from gray-white to gray. Reverse brown. celium; reverse side orange-colored; faint
No soluble pigment. yellowish soluble pigment.
Egg medium: Tan, very wrinkled surface Asparagine solution: Vegetative filaments
growth. No sporulation observed after 10 0.5 to 0.6 micron long; branching aerial
mycelium, 0.8 to 1.0 micron, forming nu- Ca-malate agar: Crumb-like, colorless to
merous conidia; flaky growth produced on yellowish growth. Aerial mycelium pow-
bottom; surface growth becomes covered dery gray-white. Soluble 3'ellowish brown
with a white aerial mycelium; reverse side,
brownish red. pigment.
Glucose asparagine agar: Thin, colorless
Synthetic solution: Cream-colored, punc- growth with j'ellowish reverse. Aerial my-
tiform growth with yellowish aerial myce- celium powdery gray-white. Soluble brown-
lium; no soluble pigment. ish pigment.
Peptone solution: Whitish growth that Starch agar: Lichenoid, colorless growth.
flakes throughout liquid; yellowish pigment. Aerial mycelium powdery white. No solu-
TjTOsine medium: White growth with l)le pigment.
yellowish reverse; yellowish soluble pig- Glucose agar: Effused, crumb-like, j-el-
ment. lowish brown growth. Aerial mycelium
Milk: Colorless growth becoming covered powdery graj'-white. Soluble light brown
with whitish aerial mycelium; slow pep-
tonization of milk which becomes rose- pigment.
Glucose broth: Fine sediment with some
colored, finally changing to brownish red. flakes; later a colorless ring on surface. No
Potato: Cream-colored to j-ellowish aerial mycelium and no soluble pigment.
growth with whitish aerial mycelium; red- Milk: Brownish to orange growth. Aerial
dish brown pigmentation of plug. mycelium velvety gray-white. Peptonized.
Coagulated serum: Cream-colored growth Potato: Heavy, brownish yellow growth.
with whitish aerial mycelium; rapid lique- Aerial mycelium powdery. Faint reddish
faction of serum. pigment around growth.
Distinctive characters : Abundant growth Starch is actively hydrolyzed.
upon neutral and acid media; whitish aerial No growth on cellulose.
mycelium; marked odor; soluble brownish Odor: Typical earthy.
red pigment. Antagonistic properties: Produces picro-
Relationships to other species : This spe- mycin.
cies seems to form the transition type be- Source: Isolated from soil.
tween the Streptomyces albus group and the Habitat: Soil.
Streptomyces chrotnogenes group.
Source: Isolated from manure. 38. Streptomyces achromogenes Ok-
Habitat: Found abundantly in manure. ami and Umezawa, 1953. (Okami and Ume-
zawa, in Umezawa, Takeuchi, Okami and
37. Streptomyces felleus Lindenbein, Tazaki, Jap. Jour, of Med. Sci. and Biol.,
1952. (Streptomyces felleus Brockmann and 6, 1953, 266.)
Henkel {nornen nudum), Chem. Ber., 84, a.chro.mo'ge.nes. Gr. adj. achromus
1951, 284; Lindenbein, Arch. f. Mikrobiol., colorless; Gr. v. gennaio to produce; M.L.
17, 1952, 374.) adj . achromogenes producing no color.
fel'le.us. L. adj. felleus of gall, like gall. Aerial mj'celium: Fine branching aerial
Aerial mycelium: Hyphae long, straight, hj'phae, no spirals. Spores cylindrical.
branching. Spores spherical. Gelatin: Yellowish brown, restricted
Gelatin: Colorless growth. No aerial my- growth. No aerial mycelium. Soluble,
celium. No soluble pigment. No liquefac- slightly brown pigment. Yevy weak lique-
tion. faction.
Agar: Colorless diffuse growth with Agar: Wrinkled, elevated, colorless to
brownish yellow reverse. No aerial myce- brownish growth. No aerial mycelium. No
lium. Soluble light brownish yellow pig- soluble pigment.
ment. Glucose asparagine agar: Yellowish
Synthetic agar: Effused, smooth growth brown, restricted growth with brown re-
with yellow-brown reverse. Aerial mj^celium verse. Scant yellowish white aerial myce-
velvety gray -white. Soluble yellowish brown lium. Slightly brown soluble pigment may
pigment. be weakly produced.
Synthetic glycerol agar: Colorless to to brown, much folded on various organic

brownish, restricted growth. Scant white and certain synthetic media. Soluble pink
to dark grayish colored aerial mj^celium. to purple pigment frequently produced.
Soluble brown pigment. Aerial mycelium: Well developed, white
Egg media: Reddish brown, wrinkled to shell-pink. Straight, curved and spiral-
growth. No aerial mycelium. No soluble forming sporulating hyphae. Round to el-
pigment. lipsoidal spores.
Loeffler's blood serum: Elevated, Gelatin: Rapid liquefaction.
wrinkled, colorless to brownish growth. No Synthetic agar: Scant, colorless, flat
aerial mycelium. No soluble pigment. No growth. No aerial mj^celium.
liquefaction. Glucose asparagine agar: Wrinkled, tan
Blood agar: Brownish, wrinkled, poor growth with gray and white knob-like pro-
growth. No aerial mycelium. No soluble jections. Dark gray reverse. At 35° to 36°C.,
pigment. No hemolysis. scant, shell-pink aerial mycelium; limited,
Milk: Poor surface growth. No aerial shell-pink soluble pigment.
mycelium. No soluble pigment. Coagulated Starch agar: Good growth in form of dis-
and slowly peptonized. crete colonies with white aerial mycelium
Potato plug: Yellowish brown to brown- in center and periphery colorless and em-
ish, fine, wrinkled growth. White, powdery bedded.
aerial mycelium. No soluble pigment at Glucose agar: Good, folded growth.
first, later reddish brown. White aerial mycelium, turning gray. Re-
Nitrites produced from nitrates. verse of growth brown, medium often be-
Antagonistic properties: Produces an coming darkened throughout. Occasionally
antiviral agent, achromoviromycin. pomegranate-purple soluble pigment is
Distinctive characters: This species re- formed.
sembles Sfreptomyces diastaticus and Strep- Blood agar: Good growth, consisting of
tomyces fimicarius. This species differs from convex, lobate colonies with central perfora-
the former in spiral formation, hemolysis, tion. Aerial mycelium heavy, chalky white.
liquefaction of gelatin and proteolj^tic ac- No hemolysis, but darkening of blood.
tion of milk. It differs from the latter in Honey broth: Heavy white ring on sur-
the liquefaction of coagulated serum. This face; flocculent sediment. Broth clear.
species is characterized by the brown pig- Milk: Coagulated then peptonized.
mentation on synthetic agar only. Potato: Good, folded growth with chalky
Source: Isolated from garden soil at white aerial mycelium. At 35° to 36° C, a
Suginami-ku, Tokyo. reddish purple pigment is formed.
Habitat: Soil. Starch is hydrolyzed.
Poor growth on cellulose.
39. Streptoniyces noursei Brown et Nitrites weakly produced from nitrates.
al., 1953. (A soil actinomycete, Hazen and Antagonistic properties: Produces an
Brown, Science, 112, 1950, 423; Streptoniyces antifungal agent, nystatin, which is active
sp. No. 48240, Hazen and Brown, Proc. against various yeast-like and filamentous
Soc. Exp. Biol, and Med., 76, 1951, 93; fungi, and an antibacterial agent, phala-
Brown, Hazen and Mason, Science, 117,
1953, 609.) mycin.
Source: Isolated from soil from Fauquier
nour'se.i. M.L. gen. noun noursei of County, Virginia.
Nourse; named for the owner of the farm Habitat: Soil.
where the soil sample was obtained from
which this organism was isolated. 40. Streptoniyces roseochromogenes
Description prepared by Hazen and (Jensen, 1931) Waksman and Henrici, 1948.
Brown for use in Waksman and Lechevalier, (Actinomyces roseus Krainsky, Cent. f.
Actinomycetes and Their Antibiotics, Bakt., II Abt., 41, 1914, 662; also see Waks-
Baltimore, 1953. man and Curtis, Soil Sci., 1, 1916, 125; and
Vegetative growth: Good growth, gray Waksman, Soil Sci., 8, 1919, 148; not Acti-
771
nomyces roseus Namyslowski, Cent, f . Bakt., mum cinnamon; M.L. adj. cinnamonensis
I Abt., Orig., 62, 1912, 567; Actinomyces relating to cinnamon.
roseochrotnogenus (sic) Jensen, Proc. Lin- Vegetative growth: Fine branching my-
nean Soc. New So. Wales, 56, 1931, 359; celium.
Sirepiomyces roseochromogenus (sic) Waks- Aerial mycelium: 0.8 to 1.2 microns in
man and Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, diameter; long filamentous mycelium; no
937.) spirals. Spores ellipsoidal.
ro.se. o.chro.mo'ge.nes. L. adj. roseus Gelatin: Colorless to dark brownish
rosy; Gr. noun chroma color; Gr. v. suffix growth. Aerial mycelium in form of white
-genes producing; M.L. adj. roseochromo- patches. Soluble brown pigment. No lique-
genes producing a red color. faction or very slow liquefaction.
Vegetative growth: Red to rose-colored Agar: Colorless to dark growth. No aerial
pigment; produces dark brown soluble sub- mycelium. Soluble, slightly brown pigment
stance. may be produced.
Aerial mycelium: Well developed. Sporo- Glucose asparagine agar: Colorless to
phores produce numerous open and closed light cream-colored growth. White to white-
spirals. Spores 1.0 to 1.2 by 1.5 to 3.0 mi- pinkish-cinnamon aerial mycelium with
crons. light brownish-vinaceous tinge. No soluble
Gelatin stab: Liquefaction, with small,
cream-colored colonies in bottom of liquid. pigment.
Synthetic glycerol agar: Colorless,
Agar: White growth, becoming yellowish. spreading growth. Scant, white aerial my-
Synthetic agar: Thin, spreading, color- celium or white with pale cinnamon-pinkish
less growth. Aerial mycelium thin, pale, to light brownish-vinaceous tinge. No solu-
brownish. ble pigment.
Starch agar: Colorless, spreading growth. Starch agar: Colorless, spreading growth.
Glucose agar: Growth extensive, spread- Aerial mycelium white with pinkish tinge.
ing, colorless, entire. No soluble pigment.
Glucose broth: Cream-colored ring; flaky Loeffler's blood serum: Colorless to dark
sediment. colored growth. No aerial mycelium. Soluble
Litmus milk: Brownish ring. Coagula- brown pigment. No liquefaction.
tion limited. Peptonized in 10 to 15 days, Blood agar: Dark to brownish growth.
becoming strongly alkaline. No aerial mycelium. Soluble brown pig-
Potato : Much wrinkled, brownish growth. ment. No hemolysis.
Purple pigment on egg media; brown on Milk: Cream-colored to brownish surface
gelatin. ring. No aerial mycelium or scant, white.
Starch is hydrolyzed. No soluble pigment or slightly brown. Not
Nitrites produced from nitrates. coagulated; may be very slowly peptonized.
Aerobic. Potato plug: Light cream- to dark-colored
Optimum temperature, 37° C. growth. No aerial mycelium. No soluble
Antagonistic properties: Active against pigment, later black pigment produced
various bacteria; produces an antibiotic, around growth.
roseomycin. Starch is actively hydrolyzed.
Source: Isolated from soil. Cellulose not decomposed.
Habitat: Soil. Sucrose, mannose, dextrin, galactose,
glycerol, fructose, glucose, maltose, manni-
41. Streptomyces cinnamonensis Ok- tol, xylose and sodium succinate are utilized
ami, 1952. (Okami, in Maeda, Okami, as carbon sources. Arabinose, esculin,
Kosaka, Taya and Umezawa, Jour. Anti- rhamnose, dulcitol, sodium acetate, inulin
biotics (Japanese), 5, 1952, 572; also see and lactose are not utilized as carbon
Okami, Maeda, Kosaka, Taya and Ume- sources. Salicin and raffinose are negative.
zawa, Jap. Jour. Med. Sci. and Biol., 6, Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
1953, 87.) Antagonistic properties: Produces an
cin.na.mo.nen'sis. Gr. neut.n. cinna- antibiotic which is active against myco-
bacteria and which is identical with acti- 43. Streptomyces resistomycificus Lin-
thiazic acid or thiozolidone. denbein, 1952. {Streptomyces resistomycificus
Relationships to other species: Resembles Brockmann and Schmidt-Kastner {nomen
Streptomyces roseochromogenes in the color nudum), Naturwiss., 38, 1951, 479; Linden-
of the growth and in the slow or no lique- bein, Arch. f. Mikrobiol., 17, 1952, 376.)
faction of coagulated serum or gelatin. S. re.sis.to.my.ci'fi.cus. L. v resisto to
roseochromogenes differs from this species resist; Gr. mas.n. myces fungus; L. v. facio
in that it forms numerous open spirals and to make; L. comb. adj .ending -ficxis pro-
produces nitrite. ducing; M.L. adj. resistomycificus making re-
Source: Isolated as strain No. 154 T-3 sistant to a fungus; producing resistomycin.
from soil at Kanegasaki, Iwate Prefecture. Aerial mj-celium: Hyphae long with curl-
Habitat: Soil. ing tips. Spores short, ellipsoidal. Pigment
of mycelium becomes pink to pink-gray.
42. Streptomyces olivochromogenes Gelatin: Dark brown growth. Aerial
(Bergey et al., 1925) Waksman and Henrici, mycelium powdery, white-gray. Soluble
1948. {Actinomyces chromogenus 205, Waks- chestnut-brown pigment. Liquefaction.
man, Soil Sci., 8, 1919, 106; Actinomyces Agar: Crumb-like growth. Aerial myce-
olivochromogenus (sic) Bergey et al.. Man- lium powdery blue-gray. Soluble dark brown
ual, 2nd ed., 1925, 368; Streptomyces olivo-
chromogenus (sic) Waksman and Henrici, pigment.
Synthetic agar: Crumb-like, dark brown
in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 941.) growth. Aerial mycelium velvety chalk-
o.li.vo.chro.mo'ge.nes. L. noun oliva an white, later ash-gray. Soluble red-brown
olive; Gr. noun chroma color; Gr. v. suffix
-genes producing; M.L. adj. olivochromo- pigment.
Glucose asparagine agar: Crumb-like
genes producing an olive color. growth with light brown reverse. Aerial
Aerial mycelium: Filaments with numer- mycelium velvety ash-gray. Soluble yellow-
ous close spirals. Conidia ellipsoidal. brown pigment.
Gelatin stab: Cream-colored, spreading Ca-malate agar: Strong, crumb-like
surface growth. Rapid liquefaction. growth with dark brown reverse. Aerial
Agar: Wrinkled, brown growth, becom- mycelium velvety ash-gray. Soluble ash-
ing gray-green.
Synthetic agar: White, spreading growth. gray pigment.
Starch agar: Lichenoid growth with red-
Aerial mycelium ash-gray with brownish dish brown reverse. Aerial mycelium vel-
tinge. vety gray-white, later becoming red-gray.
Starch agar: Transparent, spreading Soluble pigment lacking or uniformly red-
growth. dish brown.
Glucose agar: Abundant, natal-brown to Glucose agar: Crumb-like growth with
almost black growth, entire margin. dark brown reverse. Aerial mycelium vel-
Glucose broth: Thin, brown growth; flaky vety chalk-white. Soluble reddish to dark
sediment. brown pigment.
Litmus milk: Dark brown ring; coagu- Glucose broth: Floating, large, light yel-
lated; peptonized, becoming alkaline. low colonies. Aerial mycelium cottony
Potato: Small, wrinkled, black colonies. white to red. Soluble light yellow pigment.
Soluble brown pigment formed. Milk : Lichenoid growth with dark brown
Starch is hydrolyzed. reverse. Aerial mycelium velvety chalk-
Nitrites produced in trace amounts from white, later yellowish red. Soluble dark
nitrates. brown pigment. Sometimes weakly pep-
Aerobic. tonized.
Optimum temperature, 37° C. Potato: Brownish black growth. Aerial
Antagonistic properties : Positive. mycelium powdery, reddish white. Soluble
Source: Isolated from soil. dark brown pigment.
Habitat: Soil. Starch is actively hydrolyzed.
No growth on cellulose. low; Gr. noun chroma color; Gr. v.suffix

Antagonistic properties : Produces resisto- -genes producing; M.L. ad] . flavochromogenes
mycin, which is present in the mycelium producing jêllow color.
and which is active against Gram-positive Aerial mycelium: Conidia ellipsoidal, 1.7
bacteria. microns.
Source: Isolated from soil. Gelatin colonies: Yellowish.
Habitat: Soil. Gelatin stab: Slight liquefaction.
Agar: Aerial mycelium formed late, at
44. Streptoniyces diastatochronio- first white, later gray. Gray soluble pigment
genes (Krainsky, 1914) Waksman and Hen- formed.
rici, 1948. {Actinomyces diastaiochromo- Ca-malate agar: Colonies yellow with
genes Krainsky, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 4^, white aerial mycelium forming late.
1914, 662; Waksman and Henrici, in Manual, Glucose agar: Brown soluble pigment
6th ed., 1948, 941.) formed.
di.a.sta.to.chro.mo'ge.nes. Gr. adj. dia- Starch agar: Yellow colonies, with white
status split, divided; M.L. adj. diastatus aerial mycelium.
diastatic; Gr. noun chroma color; Gr. v. Glucose broth: Fine flakes, with small
suffix -genes producing; M.L. adj. diastaio- spherical colonies adherent to glass. Me-
chromogenes producing diastatic color (pre- dium colored brown.
sumably intended to mean producing dias- Potato: Yellow colonies with white aerial
tase and color). mycelium.
Aerial mycelium: Conidia spherical or Weakly diastatic.
ellipsoidal, about 1.2 microns. Esculin is attacked.
Gelatin colonies: Light gray-colored. Slow growth on cellulose.
Soluble brown pigment formed. Tyrosinase formed.
Gelatin stab : Liquefaction. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Agar: Medium-sized colonies, colorless, Aerobic.
with white to gray aerial mycelium.
OptimumIsolated
Source: temperature,
from soil.35° C.
Ca-malate agar: Medium-sized colonies,
colorless, with gray aerial mycelium. Habitat: Soil.
Glucose agar: Same as on Ca-malate agar.
Starch agar: Same as on Ca-malate agar. 46. Streptomyces bikiniensis John-
Glucose broth: Flaky colonies in depth stone and Waksman, 1948. (Jour. Bact., 55,
at first, later also over surface. 1948, 317.)
Potato: Light gray colonies; gray aerial
bi.ki.ni.en'sis. M.L. adj. bikiniensis per-
mycelium; medium colored black. taining to the Bikini Islands.
Weakly diastatic. Aerial mycelium: Hyphae straight,
No growth on cellulose. branched heterogeneously. No spirals.
Tyrosinase produced. Conidia ellipsoidal.
Aerobic.
Gelatin: Slight liquefaction.
Optimum temperature, 35° C. Agar: Luxuriant growth with a moderate
Antagonistic properties: Very strong.
Source: Isolated from soil. amount of white aerial mycelium. Deep
Habitat: Soil. brown soluble pigment.
Synthetic agar: White growth becoming
45. Streptomyces flavochromogenes pallid neutral gray with white tinge. Aerial
(Krainsky, 1914) Waksman and Henrici, mycelium abundant. Light brown soluble
1948. (Actinomyces flavochromogenes Krain- pigment. Amber-colored superficial drop-
sky, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 41, 1914, 662; lets.
Waksman and Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., Glucose-asparagine agar: Luxuriant
1948, 941.) growth. Aerial mycelium white to mouse-
fla.vo.chro.mo'ge.nes. L. adj. âi;ws yel- gray. Soluble light amber pigment.
Starch agar: Abundant growth. Aerial Antagonistic properties: Produces mira-

mycelium white, becoming gray. mycin. Antagonistic effect strongest in
Glucose agar: Aerial mj^celium gray. freshly isolated cultures. Property lost on
Soluble deep brown pigment. cultivation; activity upon Gram-positive
Broth: Abundant, white surface pellicle. bacteria is lost first, then upon Gram-nega-
Soluble deep brown pigment. tive rods; cocci remain most sensitive.
Milk: Patchy, white surface growth. Distinctive characters: Highly proteo-
Aerial mycelium gray. Gradual hydrolysis. lytic and lipolytic. Grows best on complex
Potato: Wrinkled, raised, pale ocherous organic media. Grows best at slightly acid
buff growth. Soluble pigment brown to reaction or pH 6.0 to 6.6.
black. Source: Presumably isolated from soil.
Starch is weakly hydrolyzed. Habitat: Soil.
Antagonistic properties: Strongly antago-
nistic. Produces streptomycin. 48. Streptoniyces antibioticus (Waks-
Source: Isolated from soil from Bikini man and Woodruff, 1941) Waksman and
atoll. Henrici, 1948. {Actinomyces antibioticus
Habitat: Soil. Waksman and Woodruff, Jour. Bact., 4^,
1941, 232 and 246; Waksman and Henrici,
47. Streptoniyces niirabilis Rusch- in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 942.)
mann, 1952. (Die Pharmazie, 7, 1952, 542.) an.ti.bi.o'ti.cus. Gr. pref. anti against;
mi.ra'bi.lis. L. adj. mirahilis miracu- Gr. noun bins life; M.L. adj. antibioticus
lous, extraordinary. against life, antibiotic.
Aerial mycelium: White fluff}- layer con- Aerial mj'celium: Spore-bearing hyphae
sisting of abundant aerial mycelium and produced in the form of straight aerial
spores. Hyphae straight, without spirals or hyphae. The conidiophores are arranged in
curvature; sporulation takes place after 6 clusters; no spirals formed. The conidia are
to 7 days. nearly spherical to somewhat ellipsoidal.
Gelatin: Good, flaky growth. Liquefac- Gelatin: Dark brown growth on surface
tion rapid. Soluble dark brown to black pig- with patches of gray aerial mycelium. Dark
ment. pigment produced which gradually diffuses
Agar: Poor growth with slimy surface, into the unliquefied part of the gelatin.
resembling that of bacteria. No sporulation. Liquefaction at first very slow, later be-
Glucose agar: Grayish brown, slimy coming rapid.
growth. No aerial mycelium even after 14 Agar: Production of dark pigment at
days. Soluble brown pigment. early stage of growth is very characteristic.
Carrot juice agar: Good growth in form Growth brownish, thin, with a yellowish
of round colonies covered with white aerial gray to yellowish green aerial mycelium.
mj^celium. Each colony produces 3 to 5 Synthetic agar: Thin, whitish growth.
cracks or holes in center. Thin, gray aerial mycelium.
Czapek's solution: Limited growth in the Litmus milk: Thick, brownish ring on
form of a few surface colonies, sinking rap- surface of milk. Mouse-gray aerial mycelium
idly to the bottom. with greenish tinge; growth becomes brown,
Milk: Surface growth with white, fluffy especially in drier portions adhering to
aerial mycelium. Milk coagulated and pep- glass. No reaction change, no coagulation
tonized. Liquefied portion colored black. of milk, no clearing; whitish sediment at
Reaction of medium unchanged. bottom of tube. Old cultures: heavy growth
Potato: Good, lichenoid growth. Soluble ring on surface of milk, heavy precipitation
dark brown to black pigment. on bottom; liquid brownish to black in
Fats are readily utilized.
upper portion.
Oxygen requirement: Quite considerable. Potato plug: Folded, brown-colored
Optimum temperature, 29° C. No growth growth with a thin black ring on plug, fad-
at 37° C. ing into a bluish tinge. No aerial mycelium.
Carrot plug: Cream-colored to faint agar to which 0.2 per cent glycine or aspara-
brownish growth. No aerial mycelium. No gine is added. The spores are coccoid to
pigment. ellipsoidal, 0.7 to 1.1 bj' 1.1 to 1.6 microns.
Odor: Very characteristic soil odor. Gelatin: Cream-colored to brown growth.
Antagonistic properties: Has a marked Rapid liquefaction. Soluble dark brown
antagonistic effect on Gram-positive and
Gram-negative bacteria, much more on pigment.
Agar: Moderate, cream-colored growth.
the former than on the latter, as well as on No aerial mycelium. Soluble light yellow-
actinomj'cetes. It is also active against brown pigment.
fungi, which vary in degree of sensitivity. Synthetic agar: Sparse, white growth.
Produces actinomycin, a specific bacterio- Aerial mycelium white. No soluble pigment.
static and bactericidal substance (Waks- No sporulation.
man and Woodruff, Jour. Bact., J^0, 1940, Glucose asparagine agar: Moderate
581). growth. Aerial mycelium powdery white.
Source: Isolated from soil on Escherichia No pigment. No sporulation.
coZi-washed-agar plate, using living cells of Ca-malate agar: Moderate, white growth.
E. coli as the only source of available nu- Aerial mycelium white. No soluble pigment.
trients. No sporulation.
Habitat: Soil. Oatmeal agar: Luxuriant, brown growth.
Aerial mycelium abundant, fluffy, white.
49. Streptomyces griseocarneus Bene- No soluble pigment. No sporulation.
dict et al., 1950. (Streptomyces griseo-carneus Milk: Dark brown to black growth. Solu-
(sic) Benedict, Stodola, Shotwell, Borud ble brown pigment. Not coagulated; rapidly
and Lindenfelser, Science, 112, 1950, 77;
peptonized.
also see Benedict, Lindenfelser, Stodola Potato: Lu.xuriant, spreading, cream-
and Traufler, Jour. Bact., 62, 1951, 487; and colored growth. Aerial mycelium gray.
Grund}', Whitman, Hanes and Sylvester, Soluble light brown pigment turning dark
Antibiotics and Chemotherapj', 1, 1951, brown after 30 days' incubation.
309.) Starch is hydrolyzed.
gri..se.o.car'ne.us. M.L. adj. griseus Glucose, dextrin, starch, glycerol, cal-
gray; L. adj. carneus pertaining to flesh, cium malate and sodium succinate are
flesh-colored; M.L. adj. griseocarneus gray- rapidly utilized as carbon sources. Mannose,
ish flesh-colored. maltose, inositol and sodium acetate are
Vegetative growth: Good, with mono- assimilated slowly. Xylose, galactose, sor-
podial branching. bose, sucrose, cellobiose, melibiose, lac-
Aerial mj-celium: Two types: On some tose, mannitol, sorbitol, sodium citrate and
media, powdery, suggestive of sporulation, potassium sodium tartrate are not utilized.
but no spores are produced; this type of (NH4)2HP04 , urea, asparagine, glycine
mycelium usually becomes gray with con- and arginine are nitrogen sources which
tinued incubation. On other media, the support moderate to rapid growth. Sodium
aerial mycelium forms a rather fluffy, white
nitrate supports slow growth. Tryptophane,
mat; it turns slightly pink when sporulation
occurs. No spirals have been observed. None tyrosine and methionine are not satisfac-
of the common media will induce sporula- tory nitrogen sources.
tion. It occurs best after 10 to 14 days'
incubation on a carbon-free salt agar to Antagonistic properties: Produces hy-
which 0.5 per cent soluble starch has been droxystreptomycin .
added. Inositol and mannose will also sup- Source: Simultaneously isolated from
port sporulation, but they are not as satis- Japanese soil by Benedict and from soil
factory carbon sources for this purpose as from one of the gardens of Abbott Labs.,
starch. The only other medium on which North Chicago, Illinois.
spores are found is nitrogen-free synthetic Habitat: Soil.
50. Streptoniyces viridoflavus Waks- yellow, becoming gray with age. Soluble
man and Taber, 1953. (Waksman and Taber, grown pigment.
in Waksman and Lechevalier, Actinomy- Glucose-nutrient agar: Heavy lichenoid
cetes and Their Antibiotics, Baltimore, growth, yellowish brown to olive-brown.
1953, 66.) Yellowish to gray aerial hyphae are abund-
vi.ri.do.fla'vus. L. adj. viridis green; L. ant and appear later, covering the whole
adj. flavus yellow; M.L. adj. viridoflavus surface of growth with a mat. May produce
greenish yellow. a soluble brownish pigment.
Vegetative growth: Abundant, lichenoid Broth: Colorless clumps of growth on
growth on most media, jêllow-green, turn- bottom of container. Soluble brown pig-
ing olive-green to almost brown. Soluble ment; ability to produce pigment may be
pigment variable. Hyphae on surface of lost on cultivation.
agar 0.7 micron in diameter; in shake flasks, Milk: Light yellow to brown surface
0.7 to 0.8 micron; some submerged hyphae ring. Not coagulated, gradually peptonized.
thicker, reaching 1.6 microns in diameter. Potato: Lichenoid, brownish to greenish
Single spores formed at end of submerged yellow to dark olive-green growth. Aerial
sporulating lateral branches. Spores form hyphae absent or formed as thin, yellowish
early, germinate readily, even while ap- layer on drier portions of growth. May pro-
parently attached to hyphae. duce a soluble dark brown pigment.
Aerial mycelium: Hyphae formed in fas- Starch is actively hydrolyzed.
cicles, greenish yellow, turning gray. Tends Limited growth on cellulose; cellulose
to lose ability to produce aerial mycelium. not decomposed.
Tufts of hyphae with some curling of tips Carbon sources: With yeast extract-min-
produced on certain media (glucose-aspara- eral agar there was no growth over con-
gine agar). On glucose-asparagine agar, trol on sucrose, lactose or rhamnose; good
spores produced in chains in whorls. Spores growth on mannose and glucose.
not formed on nutrient or glucose-nutrient Antagonistic properties: Produces anti-
agar. biotic substances, one of which is candi-
Gelatin: Limited growth in form of sur- cidin-like material.
face ring, canary-yellow. No pellicle. Solu- Comments : Several strains of this organ-
ble brown to dark brown pigment; ability nism have been isolated. They differ in their
to produce pigment may be lost on cultiva- pigmentation on gelatin and in the relative
tion. Slight liquefaction. abundance of aerial mycelium.
Agar: Thin, moist, gray to light green, Source: Isolated from soil.
isolated colonies with green to almost bluish Habitat: Soil.
tinge at bottom of slant where colonies are
confluent. White to gray, non-sporulating 51. Streptoniyces globosus (Krassilni-
aerial mycelium appearing much later. No kov, 1941) Waksman, 1953. (Actinomyces
soluble pigment. globosus Krassilnikov, Guide to the Acti-
Synthetic agar: Limited, cream-colored nomycetes, Izd. Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R.,
to yellowish green growth. Generally no Moskau, 1941, 58; Waksman, in Waksman
aerial mycelium. Hyphae penetrate deep and Lechevalier, Actinomycetes and Their
into agar. No soluble pigment. Antibiotics, Baltimore, 1953, 68.)
Glucose asparagine agar: Moist, flat, yel- glo.bo'sus. L. adj. globosus round, spheri-
low to yellow-green colonies growing deep cal.
into medium. Aerial hyphae frequently Vegetative growth: Dark brown colonies
abundant, grayish yellow to sulfur-yellow, producing brown pigment which diffuses
later overgrown by white sporulating hy- into medium.
phae. May produce a soluble, faint yellow Aerial mj'celium: Dark gray, fine velvety.
pigment. Sporophores straight, short. Spores spheri-
Yeast-glucose agar: Heavy lichenoid cal.
growth, dark brown to olive-green. Aerial Gelatin: Weak liquefaction.
hyphae pale to grayish yellow to greenish Milk: Peptonized.
FAMILY III. STEEPTOMYCETACEAE 777
Sucrose not inverted. ous open spirals, 3 to 5 microns in diameter,

Starch is hydrolyzed. occurring as side branches; spores short,
Antagonistic properties: No activity ellipsoidal or spherical, 1.25 to 1.50 microns.
against mycobacteria. Gelatin: Cream-colored surface growth,
Source: Isolated from soil. becoming greenish. Slow liquefaction.
Habitat: Soil, food products and pota- Agar: Abundant, restricted, gray growth
toes. with greenish tinge.
Synthetic agar: Spreading growth, cream-
52. Streptoniyces cyliiidrosporus colored with dark center, becoming dark
(Krassilnikov, 1941) Waksman, 1953. {Acti- green; reverse yellowish to light cadmium.
nomyces cylindrosporus Krassilnikov, Guide Aerial mycelium abundant, spreading,
to the Actinom3'cetes, Izd. Akad. Nauk, white, becoming light green.
U.S.S.R., Moskau, 1941, 57; Waksman, in Starch agar: Circular, spreading, yellow-
Waksman and Lechevalier, Actinomycetes ish colonies.
and Their Antibiotics, Baltimore, 1953, 68.) Glucose agar: Abundant, spreading,
cy.lin.dro'spo.rus. Gr. mas.n. cylindrus wrinkled, gray growth, becoming black.
a cylinder; Gr. fem.n. spora a seed; M.L. Glucose broth: Dense, solid ring, brown-
noun spora a spore; M.L. adj . cylindrosporus ish, becoming dark green.
cylinder-spored. Litmus milk : Dark brown surface growth ;
Vegetative growth: Cultures readily lose coagulated; peptonized, with faintly alka-
capacity to produce spores. line reaction.
Aerial mycelium: Well developed, cot- Potato: Abundant, gray-brown growth.
tony or velvety, grayish white. Sporo- Soluble brown pigment formed.
phores straight; spores cylindrical, 0.7 by Starch is hydrolyzed.
1.0 to 1.7. microns. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Gelatin: Liquefaction. Aerobic.
Agar: Dark brown growth with white Optimum temperature, 37° C.
aerial mycelium. Antagonistic properties: Active upon
fungi.
Synthetic agar: Velvety, dark brown or
chocolate colonies. White-gray aerial myce- Source: Isolated from soil.
lium. Habitat: Soil.
Milk: Slightly coagulated, weakly pep-
tonized with milk becoming brown to almost 54. Streptoniyces piirpureochromo-
black. genes (Waksman and Curtis, 1916) Waks-
Sucrose not inverted. man and Henrici, 1948. {Actinomyces purpeo-
Starch is weakly hydrolyzed. chromogenus (sic) Waksman and Curtis,
No growth on cellulose. Soil Sci., /, 1916, 113; Streptomyces purpeo-
Nitrites produced from nitrates. chromogenus (sic) Waksman and Henrici,
Antagonistic properties: None. in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 943.)
pur.pur.e.o.chro.mo'ge.nus. L. adj. pur-
Habitat: Soil. pureus purple-colored; Gr. noun chroma
color; Gr. v. suffix -genes producing; M.L.
53. Streptomyces viridochromogenes adj. purpureochromogenes producing purple
(Krainsky, 1914) Waksman and Henrici, color.
1948. (Actinomyces viridochromogenes Krain- Aerial mj'celium: Branching mycelium
sky, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 4I , 1914, 662; and hyphae with few imperfect spirals.
Waksman and Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., Conidia spherical, 0.75 to 1.0 micron in di-
1948, 942.) ameter.
vi.ri.do.chro.mo'ge.nes. L. adj. viridis Gelatin stab: Slow, brownish surface
green; Gr. noun chroma color; Gr. v. suffix growth. Slow liquefaction.
-genes producing; M.L. adj. viridochromo- Agar: Gray to brownish growth, becom-
genes producing green color. ing dark brown, almost black.
Aerial mycelium: Hyphae with numer- Synthetic agar: Slow, restricted, smooth,
gray growth, becoming brown with purplish Starch is hydrolyzed.

tinge; center raised. Margin yellow. Soluble brown pigment formed.
Starch agar: Small, dark brown colonies. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Glucose agar: Abundant, restricted, gray Aerobic.
growth, becoming brown to dark brown. Optimum temperature, 25° C.
Glucose broth: Slight, flaky sediment. Antagonistic properties: Strong.
Litmus milk: Dark brown ring; coagu- Comment: One strain produces an anti-
lated; slowly peptonized, with faintly alka- biotic, moldin (Maeda, Okami, Taya and
line reaction. Umezawa, Jap. Jour. Med. Sci. and Biol., 6,
Potato: Restricted, orange to orange- red 1952, 327).
growth. Source: Isolated from soil.
Starch shows slight hydrolysis. Habitat: Soil.
Soluble dark brown pigment formed.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. 56. Streptomyces aureus (Waksman
Aerobic. and Curtis, 1916) Waksman and Henrici,
Optimum temperature, 25° C. 1948. {Actinomyces aureus Waksman and
Antagonistic properties: Active against Curtis, Soil Sci., 1, 1916, 124; Waksman
various bacteria. and Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 943.)
Source: Isolated once from Californian au're.us. L. adj. aureus golden.
adobe soil. Aerial mycelium: Shows numerous spirals.
Habitat: Soil. Conidia spherical to ellipsoidal, 0.6 to 1.0
by 0.8 to 1.4 microns.
55. Streptomyces phaeochromogenes Gelatin stab : Fair, cream-colored sui-face
(Conn, 1917) Waksman and Henrici, 1948. growth, becoming brown, spreading. Lique-
(Actinomyces pheochromogenus (sic) Conn, faction.
N. Y. State Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. No. Agar: Restricted, gray growth.
60, 1917, 16; Streptomyces phaeochromogenus Synthetic agar: Thin, spreading, color-
(sic) Waksman and Henrici, in Manual, less growth. Aerial mycelium thin, gray,
6th ed., 1948, 943.) powdery, becoming cinnamon-drab.
phae.o.chro.mo'ge.nes. Gr. adj. phaeus Starch agar: Thin, transparent, spreading
brown; Gr. noun chroma color; Gr. v. suffix
growth.
Glucose agar: Spreading, light orange
-genes producing; M.L. adj. phaeochromo-
genes producing brown color. growth; raised center; hyaline margin.
Aerial mycelium: Branching filaments Glucose broth: Thin, brownish ring; flaky
and hyphae, spirals narrow, open, elon- sediment.
gated, sinistrorse. Litmus milk: Black ring. No coagulation.
Gelatin stab: Abundant, spreading, Peptonization doubtful.
cream-colored surface growth, becoming Potato: Abundant, wrinkled, brown
brown. Slow liquefaction. growth, becoming black.
Agar: Thin, cream-colored growth, be- Starch is hydrolyzed.
coming gray. Soluble brown pigment formed.
Synthetic agar: Colorless growth, be- Nitrites produced from nitrates.
coming brown to almost black. Aerial my- Aerobic.
celium abundant, white with brownish shade.
Starch agar: Spreading, brownish growth, Antagonistic properties: Produces fungi-
becoming brown. cidin, a substance active against various
Glucose agar: Restricted, much folded, fungi. Some strains produce luteomycin.
brown growth. Source: Isolated many times from a
Glucose broth: Dense, wrinkled pellicle. variety of soils.
Litmus milk: Dark, almost black ring; Habitat: Soil.
coagulated, with slow peptonization ; faintly
alkaline reaction. 67. Streptomyces tanashiensis Hata
Potato: Brown to almost black growth. et al., 1952. (Hata, Ohki and Higuchi,
Jour. Antibiotics (Japanese), 5, 1952, 529 Ca-malate agar: Colonies circular, with
and 313.) grayish white margined aerial mycelium.
ta.na.shi.en'sis. M.L. adj. tanashiensis Glucose agar: Red pigment formed.
pertaining to Tanash; named for Tanash, Starch agar: A soluble rose pigment on
a place near Cairo, Egypt. old cultures.
Aerial mycelium: Hyphae almost straight; Glucose broth: Abundant growth. Float-
lightly open spirals. Spores spherical to ing colonies, later a pellicle is formed.
ellipsoidal, 1.0 by 1.2 microns. Brown soluble pigment.
Gelatin: Brown pigment. Rapid lique- Potato: Gray aerial mycelium. Medium
faction. colored black.
Synthetic agar: Grayish yellow growth. Weakly diastatic.
Aerial mjcelium white-gray turning brown- No growth in cellulose.
ish gray. Soluble, light yellow pigment. No proteolytic enzyme formed.
Milk: Yellowish surface ring. Coagulated Nitrates show slight reduction.
and peptonized. Aerobic.
Potato: Brown growth. Aerial mycelium Optimum temperature, 30° C.
dark gray to whitish gray. Soluble dark Antagonistic properties: Active against
brown pigment. various bacteria.
Starch is hydrolyzed. Source : Isolated from soil and from roots
Carbon sources: Starch most suitable, of Alnus (alder).
followed by glycerol. Habitat: Soil.
Nitrogen sources: Peptone and meat ex-
tract best. 59. Streptomyces collinus Lindenbein,
Tyrosinase reaction: Positive. 1952. (Arch. f. MikrobioL, 17, 1952, 380.)
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. col.li'nus. L. adj. collinus hilly, mounded.
Optimum pH, between 5.8 and 6.5. Aerial mycelium: Produces spirals. Abun-
Antagonistic properties: Produces luteo- dant sedimentation producing ellipsoidal
mycin.
Relationships to other species : Resembles spores.
Gelatin: Dark brown growth. No aerial
Streptomyces mireus and Streptomyces anti- mycelium. Soluble dark brown pigment.
bioticus. Rapid liquefaction.
Source: Isolated from soil. Agar: Crumb-like, dark brown growth.
Habitat: Soil. Aerial mycelium powdery gray-white. Solu-
ble dark brown pigment.
58. Streptomyces erythroehromo- Synthetic agar: Crumb-like growth with
genes (Krainsky, 1914) Waksman and Hen- light brown to red-brown reverse. Aerial
rici, 1948. {Actinomyces erythrochro?nogenes mycelium chalk-white. Soluble yellow-
Krainsky, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 41, 1914, brown pigment, later becoming reddish
662; also see Waksman and Curtis, Soil brown.
Sci., 1, 1916, 112; Waksman and Henrici, in Glucose asparagine agar: Crumb-like
Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 944.) growth with reverse irregularly brown-
e.ry.thro.chro.mo'ge.nes. Gr. adj. cry- purple to brown-yellow. Aerial mycelium
thrus red; Gr. noun chromus color; Gr. v. chalk-white, later becoming ash-gray. Solu-
sufHx -genes producing; M.L. adj. erythro- ble carmine-red pigment, later brown-red.
chromogenes producing red color. Ca-malate agar: Crumb-like growth with
Aerial mycelium: Conidia ellipsoidal, yellow-brown to red reverse. Aerial myce-
about 2.0 microns long. lium velvety chalk-white. Soluble yellow-
Gelatin colonies: Slow growth. brown pigment.
Gelatin stab: Liquefied. A soluble brown Starch agar: Large, reddish colonies with
pigment formed. reddish yellow reverse. Aerial mycelium
Agar: Brown soluble pigment. White velvety chalk-white.
aerial mycelium. Glucose agar: Good growth with yellow-
brown and red reverse. Aerial mycelium such antibiotic, designated as streptothri-
velvety chalk-white. Soluble chestnut- cin, is active both in vitro and in vivo against
brown pigment. various Gram-positive and Gram-negative
Glucose broth: Sedimentary light yellow bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes. Certain
growth. No aerial mycelium. Soluble brown- other strains produce an antiviral agent,
ish yellow pigment. ehrlichin.
Milk: Good growth with dark brown re- Source: Isolated once from orchard soil.
verse. Aerial mycelium chalk-white, later Habitat: Soil.
ash-gray. Soluble dark brown pigment. Not
peptonized. 61. Streptomyces venezuelae Ehrlich
Potato: Good growth. Aerial mycelium et al., 1948. (Streptomyces No. 844, Prid-
chalk-white. No soluble pigment. ham and Gottlieb, Jour. Bact., 56, 1948,
Starch is hydrolyzed. 107; Ehrlich, Gottlieb, Burkholder, Ander-
467.) son and Pridham, Jour. Bact., 56, 1948,
Habitat: Soil. ve.ne.zu.e'lae. M.L. noun Venezuela
Venezuela; M.L. gen. noun venezuelae of
60. Streptoniyces lavendulae (Waks- Venezuela.
man and Curtis, 1916) Waksman and Hen- Vegetative growth: Hj-phae colorless,
rici, 1948. (Actinomyces lavendulae Waks- monopodial branches, 0.9 to 1.8 microns in
man and Curtis, Soil Sci., 1, 1916, 126; diameter.
Waksman and Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., Aerial mycelium: Straight or slightly
1948, 944.) and irregularly curved, 1.0 to 1.8 microns
la.ven'du.lae. Med.L. noun lavendula in diameter, lavender under microscope,
lavender; Med.L. gen. noun lavendulae of gray to light tan or pink without magnifica-
lavender color. tion. Spores ellipsoidal to oblong, 0.4 to
Aerial mycelium: Hyphae coarse, branch- 0.8 by 0.7 to 1.6 microns.
ing. Spirals close, 5 to 8 microns in diame- Gelatin: Rapid liquefaction. Soluble dark
ter. Conidia ellipsoidal, 1.0 to 1.2 by 1.6 to
2.0 microns. pigment.
Synthetic agar: Light lavender-colored
Gelatin stab: Creamy to brownish surface
growth. Liquefaction. growth.
Starch agar: White to lavender growth.
Agar : Gray, wrinkled growth. Glucose agar: Soluble dark pigment.
Synthetic agar: Thin, spreading, color- Dorset's egg medium: White to gray
less growth. Aerial mycelium cottony,
growth.
white, becoming vinous-lavender. Loeffler's serum: Dark brown growth.
Starch agar: Restricted, glistening, trans- Tyrosine agar: Reaction positive.
parent growth. Xylose, arabinose, rhamnose, d-glucose,
Glucose broth: Abundant, flaky sedi- d-mannose, d-fructose, d-galactose, cello-
ment. biose, starch, dextrin, glycerol, acetate,
Litmus milk: Cream-colored ring. No citrate, succinate and salicin support good
coagulation; peptonized, with strong al- growth. Slight or no growth with d-ribose,
kaline reaction. sucrose, raffinose, inulin, erythritol, dulci-
Potato: Thin, wrinkled, cream-colored to tol, mannitol, sorbitol, inositol and malate.
yellowish growth. No growth with formate, oxalate, tartrate,
Starch is hydrolyzed. salicylate, phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol or p-
Soluble brown pigment formed. cresol.
Nitrites produced from nitrates. Milk: Peptonized. Soluble dark pigment.
Aerobic. Potato: Abundant, gray growth.
Optimum temperature, 37° C. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Antagonistic properties: Certain strains Antagonistic properties: Produces chlor-
of this organism produce antibiotics. One amphenicol, a neutral compound active
781
against various Gram-positive and Gram- Ca-malate agar : Abundant, cream-colored
negative bacteria, rickettsiae and the larger growth. White aerial mycelium becoming
viruses. tinged with grayish lavender. No soluble
Comment : The type culture of this species
was found in the culture bureau of Parke, pigment.
Starch agar: Thin colorless growth with
Davis and Company, Detroit, No. 04745. A aerial mycelium rose- to lavender-colored.
culture of this organism described by Oatmeal agar: Abundant, cream-colored
Umezawa and Maeda as a variety of Strep- growth, turning golden brown. Abundant
tomyces phaeochromogenes is regarded by light rose aerial mycelium, turning lavender
Waksman as identical with this species. and gray. Soluble pale j-ellow pigment,
(See Waksman, in Waksman and Leche- turning light brown.
valier, Actinomycetes and Their Anti- Broth: Thin, cream-colored surface ring;
biotics, Baltimore, 1953, 73.) a few flakes on bottom. Soluble brownish
Source: Isolated from soil in mulched field
near Caracas, Venezuela. pigment.
Milk: Brown growth. Milk becomes dark
Habitat: Soil. gray-brown or black. Not coagulated;
slowly peptonized.
62. Streptomyces virgiiiiae Grundy et Potato: Abundant, spreading, brownish
al., 1952. (Grundy, Whitman, Rdzok, Hanes growth. Aerial mycelium grayish lavender.
and Sylvester, Antibiotics and Chemo- Browning of potato.
therapy, 2,1952, 399.) Starch is hydrolyzed.
vir.gi'ni.ae. M.L. noun Virginia Virginia; Glucose, mannose, galactose, maltose,
M.L. gen. noun virginiae of Virginia. starch, glycerol, sodium acetate and so-
Vegetative growth: Cream-colored to dium citrate are utilized. Xylose, lactose,
light brown on complex media; soluble, sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol and potassium
light brown, diffusible pigment. On syn- sodium tartrate are not utilized.
thetic media white to cream-colored growth Nitrites weakly produced, if at all, from
with pink or grayish lavender aerial myce- nitrates.
lium. Undulating mycelium about 1 micron
in diameter with short, thinner side 30°Optimum
branches. Antagonistic properties: Produces acti-
Aerial mycelium: Long, grayish pink or thiazic acid.
lavender aerial hj-phae. Most of the sporu- Source: Isolated from soil near Roanoke,
lating hyphae straight, occasionally a spiral Virginia.
is observed at or near the tip of the hypha. Habitat: Soil.
Spirals vary from tightly closed knots to
loose, open spirals. Spores cylindrical, 0.75 63. Streptomyces reticuli (Waksman
to 1.0 by 1.1 to 1.5 microns. and Curtis, 1916) Waksman and Henrici,
Gelatin: Gray to brownish surface pel- 1948. (Actinomyces reticuli Waksman and
licle. Aerial mycelium thin, white. Soluble
Curtis, Soil Sci., 1, 1916, 118; Waksman and
brown pigment extending as far as liquefied
Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 944.)
zone. Slow liquefaction.
Agar: Sparse, white growth, turning re.ti'cu.li. L. dim. noun reticulum a small
net; L. gen. noun reticuli of a small net.
cream-colored. White aerial mycelium,
Aerial mycelium: Whorls; spirals formed
turning light grayish lavender when sporu-
lation occurs. No soluble pigment. on glucose agar are sinistrorse. Conidia
Synthetic glucose agar: Sparse, cream- spherical, 1.0 to 1.4 microns in diameter.
colored growth. Aerial mycelium light Gelatin stab: Liquefaction, with small,
grayish lavender. No soluble pigment. brown flakes.
Glucose asparagine agar: Sparse, cream- Agar: Gray, wrinkled growth, becoming
colored growth. No aerial mycelium. No brownish.
sporulation. No pigmentation. Synthetic agar: Colorless growth, with
■82
yellowish tinge, becoming brownish, spread- Glucose agar: Good, dark brown growth.
ing. Aerial mycelium thin, white, cottony. White aerial mycelium. Soluble brown pig-
Starch agar: Brownish gray growth. ment.
Glucose agar: Restricted, brownish Milk: Poor growth. Not peptonized.
growth; center raised. Potato: Poor, waxy, wrinkled, brown
Glucose broth: Sediment consisting of growth. No aerial mycelium. Dark brown
large colonies.
Litmus milk: Reaction unchanged; co- pigment.
Starch is actively hydrolyzed.
agulated; peptonized. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Potato: Gray growth with black center. Antagonistic properties : Produces a basic
Starch is hydrolyzed. antibiotic, netropsin.
Dark brown pigment formed. Source: Isolated from soil near Hudson,
Nitrites produced from nitrates. New York. Cultural characteristics de-
Aerobic. scribed are those of isolate No. 2937-6. A
Optimum temperature, 25° C. culture has been deposited with the Fer-
Antagonistic properties: Some strains mentation Division of the Northern
produce neomycin or a neomycin-like sub- Regional Research Laboratory, Peoria, Illi-
stance.
2268. nois, permanent collection number NRRL-
Source: Isolated from upland and adobe
soils in California. Habitat: Soil.
Habitat: Soil.
65. Streptomyces verticillatus (Kriss,
64. Streptomyces netropsis Finlay and 1938) Waksman, 1953. {Actinomyces verti-
Sobin, 1952. (U. S. Pat. 2,586,762, Feb. 19, cillatus Kriss, Microbiologia, 7, 1938, 111;
1952.) Waksman, in Waksman and Lechevalier,
ne.trop'sis. Gr. neut.n. netruni spindle; Actinomycetes and Their Antibiotics, Balti-
Gr. fem.n. opsis appearance of something; more, 1953, 75.)
M.L. adj. netropsis spindle-like. ver.ti.cil.la'tus. L. mas.n. verticillus a
Vegetative growth : Slightly elevated with whorl; M.L. adj. verticillatus whorled.
rough surface and smooth edge and with Vegetative growth: Colorless or slightly
brown reverse. brownish, smooth or rough colonies.
Aerial mycelium: White. Sporophores on Aerial mycelium: Characteristic primary
tips of short hyphae in form of whorls or whorl; formation of straight sporophores.
terminal clusters of short hyphae. Conidia Spores cylindrical, oblong, 0.8 by 1.0 to 1.9
short, cylindrical, 0.7 by 1.3 microns. microns.
Gelatin: Moderate surface growth. White Gelatin: Rapid liquefaction.
aerial mycelium. Soluble dark brown pig- Agar: Brown growth with no aerial my-
ment. No liquefaction. celium. Soluble brown pigment.
Agar: Moderate to good light brown Synthetic agar: Well developed, velvety
growth. White aerial mycelium. Soluble aerial mycelium, at first white, later dark
light brown pigment. gray or gray-green.
Synthetic agar: Thin, pale olive-buff Milk: Coagulated and peptonized.
growth. Aerial mycelium pale vinaceous Potato: Soluble brown pigment.
fawn. No soluble pigment. Sucrose is inverted.
Glucose asparagine agar: Moderate, Starch is hydrolyzed.
wrinkled growth. White aerial mycelium. No growth on cellulose.
Soluble brown pigment. Nitrites rapidly produced from nitrates.
Ca-malate agar: Moderate, cream to Antagonistic properties: Weak.
buff growth. White aerial mycelium. No Relationships to other species: Strepto-
soluble pigment. myces verticillatus viridans is described as a
Starch agar: Moderate thin growth with substrain.
pale olive-buff reverse. White aerial myce- Source: Isolated from rhizosphere of
lium. No soluble pigment. wheat, Transvolga region, U.S.S.R.
Habitat: Found in wheat soil so far as Glucose agar: Abundant, spreading,

known. rose -red, entire growth.
Glucose broth: Thin, flaky sediment.
66. Streptoniyces circulatus (Krassil- Litmus milk: Abundant, red pellicle;
nikov, 1941) Waksman, 1953. {Actinomyces coagulated; peptonized. Reaction un-
circulatus Krassilnikov, Guide to the Acti- changed.
nomycetes, Izd. Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Potato: Cream-colored growth, later pink
Moskau, 1941, 60; Waksman, in Waksman to dark red.
and Lechevalier, Actinomycetes and Their Soluble dark brown pigment formed.
Antibiotics, Baltimore, 1953, 76.) Starch is hydrolyzed.
cir.cu.la'tus. L. part. adj. circulatus Good growth on cellulose.
curled. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Vegetative growth: Better on synthetic Aerobic.
media than on organic media. Optimum temperature, 37° C.
Aerial mycelium: Spiral-producing sporo- Antagonistic properties: Certain strains
phores formed in whorls. Spores cylindrical, of this organism produce an antibiotic,
oblong, 0.7 by 1.5 microns, some rounding designated as streptin.
up as culture ages. Source: Isolated from a New Jersey
Gelatin: Weak liquefaction. orchard and from California upland soils.
Agar: Poor growth. No aerial mycelium. Habitat: Soil.
Synthetic agar: Good growth, producing
abundant, white aerial mycelium. 68. Streptomyces flavus (Krainsky,
Milk: Not coagulated; slowly peptonized. 1914) Waksman and Henrici, 1948. {Actino-
Sucrose not inverted. myces flavus Krainsky, Cent. f. Bakt., II
Starch is weakly hydrolyzed. Abt., 41, 1914, 662; also see Waksman and
No growth on cellulose. Curtis, Soil Sci., 1, 1916, 118; not Actino-
Nitrites weaklj^ produced from nitrates. myces flavus Sanfelice, Cent. f. Bakt., I
Antagonistic properties : Limited. Abt., Orig., 36, 1905, 359; Waksman and
Source: Isolated from soil. Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 945.)
Habitat: Soil. fla'vus. L. a,d]. flavus yellow.
Aerial mycelium: Coarse filaments with
67. Streptomyces rubrireticuli Waks- branching hyphae. Conidia formed by bud-
man and Henrici, 1948. {Actinomyces reticu- ding and breaking up of hyphae into ellip-
lus-ruber Waksman, Soil Sci., 8, 1919, 146; soidal forms.
Actinomyces reticulus Bergey et al.. Manual, Gelatin stab: Small, yellowish masses on
2nd ed., 1925, 373; Waksman and Henrici, surface of liquefied medium.
in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 945.) Agar: Gray, spreading, folded growth.
ru.bri.re.ti'cu.li. L. adj. ruber red; L. Synthetic agar: Circular, yellow or sulfur-
noun reticulum a small net; M.L. gen. noun yellow colonies. Aerial mycelium straw-
rubrireticxdi of a small red net.
Aerial mycelium: Branching filaments yellow.
Starch agar: Spreading, cream-colored
growth, with pink tinge.
with both primary and secondary whorl
Glucose agar: Restricted, raised, folded,
formation. Spirals formed on glucose agar.
Conidia ellipsoidal. sulfur-yellow growth, center shading to
brown.
Gelatin stab: Surface growth yellowish Glucose broth: Small, white colonies in
red to dragon -pink. Liquefaction. bottom of tube.
Agar: Red growth, with yellowish margin Litmus milk: Coagulated; peptonized,
becoming red. becoming distinctly alkaline.
Synthetic agar: Abundant, spreading Potato: Elevated, much wrinkled, green-
growth, usually pink. Aerial mycelium ish olive growth.
thin, rose to pink. Soluble brown pigment formed.
Starch agar: White growth with red tinge. Starch is hydrolyzed.
Nitrites produced in trace amounts from Ann. d. 1st. d'Ig. sper. d. Univ. di Roma,
nitrates. 1, 1891, 419; Actinomyces niger Krassilnikov,
Aerobic. Guide to the Actinomycetes, Izd. Akad.
Optimum temperature, 25° C. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Moskau, 1941, 53; Waks-
Antagonistic properties: Weakly antago- man, in Waksman and Lechevalier, Actino-
nistic. Some strains produce actinomycin. mycetes and Their Antibiotics, Baltimore,
Comment: Represents a large group of 1953, 78.)
closely related forms. ni'ger. L. adj. niger black.
Source: Isolated from soil. Vegetative growth: Not compact, of soft
Habitat: Soil. consistency, lumpy, dark colored. In old
cultures, the mycelium is readily disinte-
69. Streptomyces ruber (Krainsky, grated into fine particles that can serve for
1914) Waksman and Henrici, 1948. (Actino- reproduction.
myces ruber Krainsky, Cent. f. Bakt., II Aerial mycelium : Produced only on potato
Abt., 41, 1914, 662; also see Waksman, and synthetic agar. Sporophores produced
Soil Sci., 8, 1919, 149; not Actinomyces ruber only seldom; form open spiral with 3 to 5
Sanfelice, Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., turns. Spores ellipsoidal.
36, 1904, 355; Waksman and Henrici, in Gelatin: No liquefaction in 30 days.
Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 946.) Agar: Black growth. Soluble brown pig-
ment.
ru'ber. L. adj. ruber red.
Aerial mycelium: Straight, branching, Synthetic agar: Black growth. Aerial
radiating. A few spirals may be formed. mycelium dark gray. No soluble pigment.
Gelatin stab: Liquefaction, with yellow Starch agar: No growth.
flakes. Sucrose not inverted.
Agar: Restricted, elevated, wrinkled, Milk: No change.
olive-green growth. No growth on cellulose.
Synthetic agar: Abundant, spreading, Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
red growth. Aerial mycelium abundant,
cottony, chrome-orange. 30°Optimum
Starch agar: Abundant, spreading, red Antagonistic properties: None.
growth. Comment : This is a very unstable species
Glucose agar: Restricted, abundant, and rapidly dies out. It easily mutates, giv-
entire, coral-red growth. ing rise to colorless cultures, producing no
Glucose broth: Red ring, with spongy aerial mj'celium.
colonies on the surface. Source: Isolated from soil.
Litmus milk: Dark ring with red tinge; Habitat: Soil.
coagulated; peptonized, with alkaline re-
action. 71. Streptomyces alboniger Hesseltine
Potato: Elevated, wrinkled, greenish et al., 1953. (Hesseltine, Porter, Deduck,
growth. Hauk, Bohonos and Williams, Mycologia,
Soluble brown pigment formed. 1953; quoted from Waksman, in Waksman
Starch is hydrolyzed. and Lechevalier, Actinomycetes and Their
Nitrites produced from nitrates. Antibiotics, Baltimore, 1953, 78.)
Aerobic. al.bo'ni.ger. L. adj. albus white; L. adj.
Optimum temperature, 37° C. niger black; M.L. adj . alboniger white-black.
Antagonistic properties: Strongly effec- Description prepared bj^ Hesseltine et al.
tive against various bacteria. for use in Waksman and Lechevalier, Ac-
Source: Isolated from soil. tinomycetes and Their Antibiotics, Balti-
Habitat: Soil. more, 1953.
Vegetative growth: Moist, colorless to
70. Streptomyces niger (Rossi-Doria, yellowish, to dark brown or black.
1891, emend. Krassilnikov, 1941) Waksman, Aerial mycelium: White to pale olive-buff.
1953. {Streptotrix (sic) nigra Rossi-Doria, Irregularly branched sporophores, erect to
flexuous. Spores catenulate, ellipsoidal, 0.8 Blood agar: Dark cream-yellow growth.
by 1.25 microns. Hemolysis strong.
Gelatin: Fair growth. White aerial my- Glucose, maltose and glj'cerol are utilized.
celium. Soluble light yellow pigment. Lique- Arabinose, xylose, rhamnose, fructose,
faction. galactose, mannitol, sorbitol, lactose, su-
Agar: Poor, moist, smooth, colorless crose, raffinose and inulin are not utilized.
growth. No aerial mycelium. Milk: Slight, brown growth. Aerial
Synthetic agar: Poor, white growth. mycelium white: Soluble yellowish brown
White aerial mycelium. No soluble pigment. pigment. Peptonized.
Starch agar: Good growth. White to pale Carrot: Slight, wrinkled, brownish cream
olive-buff aerial mycelium. Soluble black growth. Aerial mycelium j-ellowish white.
pigment. Brown pigment.
Glucose agar: Blackish gray growth. Egg: Greenish yellow growth, without
White aerial mycelium. Soluble, blackish aerial mycelium and with spreading reddish
gray pigment. violet pigment.
Milk: White surface ring with yellow- Starch is hj^drolyzed.
green to light yellow-brown l)elow surface. Tyrosinase not produced.
White aerial mycelium. Slowly peptonized. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Potato plug: Moist yellow growth. White Antagonistic properties: Produces an
aerial mycelium. Soluble, dark, greenish antiviral agent, abikoviromycin.
black pigment. Source: Strain Z-1-6 was isolated from
Starch is actively hydrolyzed. garden soil from Abiko, Chiba Prefecture.
No growth on cellulose. Habitat: Found in garden soils.
Antagonistic properties: Produces puro-
mycin, an antibiotic active against certain 73. Streptomyces odorifer (Rullmann,
protozoa and certain Gram-positive bac- 1895, emend. Lachner-Sandoval, 1898) Waks-
teria. man, 1953. {Cladoihrix odorifera Rullmann,
Source: Isolated from soil. Inaug. Diss., Munich, 1895; see Cent. f.
Habitat: Soil. Bakt., I Abt., 17, 1895, 884; and Cent. f.
Bakt., II Abt., 2, 1896, 116; Actinomyces
72. Streptoniyces abikoensis Umezawa odorifer Lachner-Sandoval, Ueber Strahlen-
et al., 1951. (Streptomtjccs abikoensum (sic) pilze, 1898, 65; Waksman, in Waksman and
Umezawa, Tazaki and Fukuyama, Jap. Lechevalier, Actinomycetes and Their
Med. Jour., 4, 1951, 331; also see Okami, Antibiotics. Baltimore, 1953, 79.)
Jour. Antibiotics (Japanese), 5, 1952, 479.) o.do'ri.fer. L. adj odorifer fragrant.
a.bi.ko.en'sis. M.L. adj. abikoensis per- Vegetative growth: Colorless, folded.
taining to Abiko; named for Abiko, Japan. Aerial mycelium: Well developed, white
Vegetative growth: In separate colonies or light gray. Sporophores long, straight,
with very thin yellow aerial mycelium. Sub- branching. Spirals formed according to
merged mycelium yellow or yellowish original report (none observed by Waksman,
brown. Soluble yellowish brown pigment. loc. cit.). Spores spherical.
Aerial mycelium: Microscopically short, Gelatin: Cream-colored surface ring.
unbranched, bearing a straight conidia Aerial mycelium thin, white. No soluble
chain. pigment. Slow liquefaction.
Gelatin: Cream or brown growth. Soluble Agar: Folded, brown growth. Aerial my-
brown pigment. Crateriform liquefaction. celium white around edge. Faint soluble
Agar: Isolated colonies; growth cream, brown pigment.
with triangular hole in the center. No aerial Synthetic agar: Cream-colored growth
mycelium. Soluble brown pigment. with trace of brown. Aerial mycelium heavy,
Loeffler's coagulated serum: Cream cream-colored.
growth. No aerial mycelium. No hydrolysis. Starch agar: Cream-colored to brown
Brown pigment. growth. Aerial m3'celium abundant, cream-
colored to straw-colored. No soluble pig- idly coagulated and peptonized, the medium
ment. becoming strongly alkaline.
Glucose agar: Cream-colored to brownish Potato: Yellow mass without aerial my-
growth. Aerial mycelium abundant, cream- celium. No soluble pigment.
colored. Faint soluble brownish pigment. Fair growth on cellulose paper; cellulose is
Broth: Colorless surface film. Aerial my- decomposed.
celium heavy, cream-colored. No soluble Nitrites produced from nitrates.
pigment. Antagonistic properties : Produces a basic
Milk: Colorless to brownish surface ring. antibiotic, flavomycin, similar to neomycin.
No aerial mycelium. Not coagulated; pep- Comment: Culture similar to that of
tonized. Streptomyces microflavus.
Potato: Folded, brownish growth. Aerial Source: Isolated from garden soil from
mj^celium cream-colored. Faint, soluble Chiba and Hiroshima.
pigment. Habitat: Soil.
Starch is actively hydrol.yzed. 75. Streptomyces putrificus (Nicolai-
Good growth on cellulose. eva, 1915) Waksman, 1953. [Actinomyces
Paraffin and fats support good growth. puirificus Nicolaieva, Arch. Biol. Nauk, 18,
Nitrites produced from nitrates. 1915, 240; Streptomyces putrificans (sic)
Odor: Strong, characteristic of soil. Waksman, in Waksman and Lechevalier,
Antagonistic properties: Some strains Actinomj^cetes and Their Antibiotics, Bal-
give positive effects, others are negative. timore, 1953, 81.)
Source : Isolated from sputum in a case of pu.tri'fi.cus. L. V. putrefacio to make
chronic bronchitis. rotten; M.L. adj. putrificus making rotten.
Habitat: Unknown. Vegetative growth: Colorless.
Aerial mycelium: White.
74. Strep tomyces roseoflavus Arai, Agar: Grayish growth covered with white
1951. (Jour. Antibiotics (Japanese), 4, 1951, aerial mycelium. No soluble pigment.
215; see Biol. Abst., 21, 1953, No. 1867.) LoefHer's serum: Yellow growth. No aerial
ro.se. o.fia'vus. L. fem.n. rosa a rose; L. mycelium. Serum liquefied and colored
adj . jlavus yellow; M.L. adj . roseoflavus rose- j'ellowish brown.
yellow. Glucose broth: Yellow soluble pigment.
Vegetative growth: Large, flat colonies; Milk: Heavy pellicle, covered with white
vegetative mycelium limited to medium. aerial mycelium. Gradually peptonized
Aerial mycelium: White to rose-colored, without previous coagulation.
producing numerous spirals. Spores ellip- Potato: Folded, sulfur-j-ellow growth.
soidal to oblong, 0.8 to 1.0 by 1.0 to 1.8 Aerial mycelium chalk-white. No soluble
microns.
Gelatin: Strong liquefaction. Orange- pigment.
Proteins energetically decomposed with
brown colonies at bottom of liquefied zone. the production of bad-smelling products,
No soluble pigment. hydrogen sulfide and ammonia.
Agar: Much-folded, white-gray to golden Odor: Strong, putrefactive.
jêllow growth. White to rose-colored aerial Relationships to other species : Similar to
mycelium, limited to center of colonies. Actinomyces albus Krainsky but differs
Sjmthetic agar: Colorless to j-ellowish from it in that it putrefies proteins with
growth, penetrating deep into medium. the production of gases.
Powdery, white to .yellow-rose aerial my- Source : Isolated from surface water near
celium. St. Petersburg.
Starch agar: Golden yellow growth with Habitat: Unknown.
whitish aerial mycelium.
Glucose agar: Colorless to yellowish white 76. Streptomyces citreus (Krainsky,
growth with rose-colored aerial mj^celium. 1914) Waksman and Henrici, 1948. (Actino-
Milk: Cream-colored surface ring. Rap- myces citreus Krainsky, Cent. f. Bakt., II
Abt., 41, 1914, 662; also see Waksman and smooth, yellowish brown to red-brown;
Curtis, Soil Sci., 1, 1916, 99; not Actinomyces no aerial mycelium; no pigment; gelatin
citreus Gasperini, Cent. f. Bakt., 15, 1894, completely liquefied in 10 to 12 days.
684; Waksman and Henrici, in Manual, 6th Agar: Good growth; vegetative mycelium
ed., 1948, 946.) raised, finely wrinkled, deep red-brown; no
cit're.us. L. adj. citreus of the citrus tree; aerial mycelium; brownish yellow pigment.
M.L. adj. citreus lemon-yellow. Synthetic agar: Good growth (one strain
Aerial mycelium: Filaments with long, very scant), vegetative mycelium flat,
narrow open spirals. Conidia spherical to narrow, first light golden, later deep orange
ellipsoidal, 1.2 to 1.5 by 1.2 to 1.8 microns. to red-brown; aerial mycelium scant, some-
Gelatin stab: Yellowish, restricted sur- times almost absent, first white, later light
face growth. Liquefaction in 35 days. grayish brown; pigment very characteristic,
Agar: Restricted, cream-colored growth. bright golden to orange.
Synthetic agar: Abundant, spreading, Glycerol agar: Good growth; vegetative
raised, wrinkled, citron-yellow growth. mycelium narrow, raised, smooth, golden
Aerial mycelium covering surface, citron- to dark bronze; aerial mycelium scant, in
yellow. patches, white to light cinnamon-brown;
Starch agar: Abundant, yellowish green pigment intensely golden to orange.
growth. Starch-casein agar: Good growth; vegeta-
Glucose agar: Extensive, glossy, olive- tive mycelium spreading, folded, yellowish
yellow, entire growth; center elevated. brown; aerial mycelium abundant, smooth,
Glucose broth: Thin, wide, yellow ring; lead-gray; pigment dull yellow to orange.
flaky sediment. Potato: Good growth; vegetative my-
Litmus milk: Cream-colored surface celium raised, much wrinkled, rust-brown;
growth; coagulated; peptonized, becoming aerial mycelium absent or traces of white;
alkaline. pigment gray to faint lemon-yellow.
Potato: Yellowish growth, aerial my- LoefBer's blood serum: Vegetative my-
celium white. celium red-brown; no aerial mycelium;
The pigment formed is not soluble. yellowish pigment; no liquefaction.
Starch is hydrolyzed. Distinctive characters: The characteristic
Nitrites produced in trace amounts from golden pigment is formed in nearly all media
nitrates. in which the organism grows, but it becomes
Aerobic. most typical and attains its greatest bright-
Optimum temperature, 37° C. ness in synthetic agar media; it has indi-
Antagonistic properties: Negative. cator properties, turning red in strongly
Source: Isolated from soil. acid solutions. The species is easily recog-
Habitat: Soil. nized on agar plates by its bronze-colored
colonies surrounded by haloes of bright
77. Streptoinyces fulvissimus (Jensen, yellow pigment.
1930) Waksman and Henrici, 1948. (Ac- Source: Very common in Danish soils.
tinomyces fulvissitnus Jensen, Soil Sci., SO, Habitat: Soil.
6th ed., 1948, 946.) 78. Streptomyces chrysomallus Lind-
ful.vis'si.mus. L. sup. adj. Jxdvissimus enbein, 1952. {Streptomyces chrysomallus
very yellow. Brockmann, Grubhofer, Kass and Kalbe
Vegetative growth: Mycelium without (nomen nudum), Chem. Ber., 84, 1951, 260;
any special characteristics. 369.)
Lindenbein, Arch. f. Mikrobiol., 17, 1952,
Aerial mycelium: Hyphae short, straight,
often trifurcated, 1.0 to 1.2 microns broad; chry.so'mal.lus. Gr. adj. chrysomallus
no spiral formation; branches of hyphae with golden wool.
break up into conidia, 1.0 to 1.2 by 1.2 to Vegetative growth: Soft on all media.
1.5 microns. Long, branched hyphae with numerous
Gelatin: Vegetative mycelium narrow. staining granules.
Aerial mycelium: Hj^phae long, sporulat- from whom the original culture was ob-
ing, producing no spirals, Spores ellipsoidal tained.
or spherical. Aerial mycelium: Hyphae short, gnarled.
Gelatin: Heavy, light to dark yellow sur- Spores ellipsoidal.
face growth. Aerial mycelium powdery, Gelatin: Heavy surface growth. Cream-
white. Soluble yellow-brown to deep brown colored colonies developing slowly with
pigment in liquefied portion. Strong lique- faint aerial mycelium; no pigment; lique-
faction. faction rapid.
Agar: Poor, shiny, golden yellow growth. Agar: Cream-colored growth forming
Aerial mycelium thin, powdery. Soluble concentric rings with age, with brownish
golden yellow pigment. reverse; faint yellow soluble pigment. Aerial
Synthetic agar: Crumb-like, light yellow mycelium thin, white.
growth. Aerial mycelium powdery, white. Synthetic agar: Slow growth as puncti-
Soluble golden yellow pigment. form colonies; cream-colored with smooth
Glucose asparagine agar: Smooth, almost edge; no aerial mycelium; no soluble pig-
ment.
colorless to jêllowish growth. Aerial my-
celium powdery, white. Soluble faint yellow Glucose agar: Colorless to yellowish
pigment. growth. Aerial mycelium thin, white. No
Ca-malate agar: Thin, smooth, colorless soluble pigment.
to faintly yellowish growth. Aerial my- Peptone broth: Cream-colored ring on
celium powdery, grayish white. surface of medium with flakes throughout
Starch agar: Thin, colorless growth. the medium; no soluble pigment. Aerial
Aerial mycelium powdery, white. No soluble mycelium white.
pigment. Synthetic solution: Submerged mycelium
Glucose agar: Yellowish growth with tinge in the form of flakes, later forming a surface
of orange. Aerial mycelium powdery, gray- pellicle; no soluble pigment.
ish white. Soluble light yellow to golden Tyrosine medium: Good growth with
yellow pigment. white aerial mycelium; no soluble pigment.
Glucose broth: Heavy yellowish surface Coagulated serum: Cream-colored growth
growth; submerged flakes yellowish. Soluble covered with white aerial mycelium; rapid
golden yellow pigment. liquefaction of serum.
Milk: Abundant, colorless growth with Milk: Cream-colored surface growth.
light yellow reverse. Aerial mycelium Aerial mycelium white, thin. Rapidly pep-
cottony, snow-white becoming yellowish. tonized.
Actively peptonized. Slight acidity. Potato: Slow growth of a greenish tinge;
Potato: Heavy, yellow growth becoming Aerial mycelium thin, white. No soluble
brownish yellow or orange. Aerial mycelium
cottony white to yellowish white. pigment.
Starch is rapidly hydrolyzed.
Starch is actively hydrolyzed. Nitrates not reduced.
Poor growth on cellulose. Antagonistic properties: Active against
Antagonistic properties: Produces actino- fungi.
mycin C (actinochrj^sin). Relationships to other species: Inter-
Source: Isolated from soil. mediate between Streptomyces albus with its
Habitat: Soil. abundant aerial mycelium and Actinomyces
almquistii with its very scant aerial my-
79. Streptomyces gougerotii (Duche, celium.
1934) Waksman and Henrici, 1948. {Actino- Source: Culture obtained from the col-
myces gougeroti (sic) Duche, Encyclopedie lection of Prof. Gougerot.
Mycologique, Paris, 6, 1934, 272; Strep- Habitat: Unknown.
tomyces gougeroti (sic) Waksman and Hen-
rici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 947.) 80. Streptomyces farinosus (Krassilni-
gou.ge.ro'ti.i. M.L. gen. noun gougerotii kov, 1941) Waksman, 1953. {Actinomyces
of Gougerot; named for Prof. Gougerot, farinosus Krassilnikov, Guide to the Ac-
tinomycetes, Izd. Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Potato: Flat, colorless growth. Aerial
Moskau, 1941, 51; Waksman, in Waksmari mycelium white. No soluble pigment.
and Lechevalier, Actinomycetes and Their Starch is actively hydrolj'zed.
Antibiotics, Baltimore, 1953, 84.) Good growth on cellulose.
fa.ri.no'sus. L. adj. /amiosws mealy. Nitrites slowly produced from nitrates.
Vegetative growth: Colorless, smooth or Odor: Strong, earthy.
rough colonies. Antagonistic properties: Strong.
Aerial mycelium: Powdery white on some Relationships to other species: Closely
media. Sporophores straight or wavy, singly related to Streptomyces albus but differs
or in clumps, forming no spirals. Organism from it by its more delicate growth and by
produces segmented spores or oidiospores, its reverse that is often yellowish brown.
cylindrical, 0.6 to 0.8 by 1.2 to 1.7 microns. Also related to Streptomyces microflavus
Some form ellipsoidal or even spherical Krainsky but differs from Krainsky's or-
spores produced by swelling of cylindrical ganism in that its growth is never rose-yel-
forms. low and by its abundant growth on potato.
Gelatin: Liquefaction. Source: The original culture was obtained
Synthetic agar: Aerial mycelium poorly under the name of Actinomyces microflavus
developed and spotty. (not Actinomyces microflavus Krainsky)
Milk: Coagulated and rapidly peptonized. from the Baarn Culture Collection.
Potato: Colorless growth. Aerial my- Habitat: Unknown.
celium poorly developed.
Sucrose readily inverted by most strains. 82. Streptomyces cinnamoneus Bene-
Starch is actively hydrolyzed. dict, 1953. {Streptomyces cinnamoneus Bene-
Some strains grow on cellulose. dict, Dvonch, Shotwell, Pridham and Lin-
Nitrites weakly produced from nitrates. denfelser {nomen nudum), Antibiotics and
Antagonistic properties: None or verj' Chemotherapy, 2, 1952, 591; Benedict, in
weak. Waksman and Lechevalier, Actinomycetes
Source: Isolated from soil. and Their Antibiotics, Baltimore, 1953, 85.)
Habitat: Soil. cin.na.mo'ne.us. Gr. neut.n. cinnamon
cinnamon; M.L. adj. cinnamoneus pertain-
81. Streptomyces albidus (Duche, 1934) ing to cinnamon.
Waksman, 1953. {Actinomyces albidus Description prepared by R. G. Benedict
Duche, Encyclop^die Mycologique, Paris, for use in Waksman and Lechevalier, Ac-
6, 1934, 266; Waksman, in Waksman and Le- tinomycetes and Their Antibiotics, Balti-
chevalier, Actinomycetes and Their Anti- more, 1953.
biotics, Baltimore, 1953, 84.) Vegetative growth: Large colonies with
al'bi.dus. L. adj. albidus white. irregular margins.
Aerial mycelium: Whitish but not snow- Aerial mycelium: White, graduallj- chang-
white. Sporophores long, open spirals. ing to flesh color. No spirals. Spores globose,
Spherical to ellipsoidal spores. Soluble pig- 0.6 micron in diameter.
ment produced in synthetic and other Gelatin: White flocculent growth. No
media. aerial mycelium. No soluble pigment. Rapid
Gelatin: Cream-colored growth. No sol- liquefaction.
uble pigment. Rapid liquefaction. Agar: Cream to light lemon-jêllow
Agar: Colorless growth with slightly growth. No aerial mycelium.
greenish reverse. Aerial mj^celium white. Synthetic agar: Colorless to white to
Soluble yellowish pigment. cream-colored growth. Aerial mycelium
Synthetic agar: Colorless growth; some white to light cinnamon.
drops of colorless guttation. Aerial my- Starch: Colorless to brownish growth.
celium white. Yellowish pigment. Aerial mycelium white.
Milk: Cream-colored growth. Weakly co- Glucose agar: Colorless growth with light
agulated, rapidlj' peptonized. Cheesy odor. greenish yellow to dull yellowish orange
'90
reverse. Aerial mycelium white to cinna- dium, turning almost black. Odor fairly
mon. strong. Microscopically, two types of my-
Oatmeal agar: Tough, leathery, yellow- celium are found: the thin, branching fila-
ish green to cream-yellow growth. Aerial ments of the substratum, and the thick
mycelium floccose, pale violet to faint filaments of the aerial mycelium. The aerial
cinnamon. Tan to white exudate. mycelium does not fragment very rapidly,
Glucose broth: White to lime-green ring. producing a few conidia, spherical and
No aerial mj'celium. ellipsoidal, 1.2 to 1.5 by 1.2 to 2.3 microns.
Milk: Light brown ring. Limited, white These often occur in chains.
aerial mycelium. Rapidly peptonized with Synthetic solution: Colonies large, 2 to 3
alkaline reaction. mm in diameter, appearing at the bottom
Potato : Grayish white to yellow-green to and surface of the solution, but none
light brown growth. Aerial mycelium light throughout the medium. Colonies bluish in
gray to gray. No soluble pigment. color, w'ith a regular margin. Medium not
Carrot: White to cream-colored growth. colored.
Aerial mycelium cretaceous. No soluble Potato plug: Growth at first very slight,
pigment. but after 48 hours develops into a yellowish
Xjdose, fructose, inositol, starch, de.xtrin, gray continuous thick smear which later
galactose and maltose are utilized. Arabi- turns brown, with a white aerial mycelium
nose, rhamnose, dulcitol and salicin not covering the growth. Medium not colored.
utilized. Antagonistic properties: None; certain
Starch is hydrolyzed. strains show activity.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Source: Isolated once from the upland
California soil.
37° C. Habitat: Soil.
Antagonistic properties: Produces cin-
namj'cin, a polypeptide antibiotic. 84. Streptomyces gedanensis (Lohlein,
Relationships to other species : Resembles 1909) Miiller, 1950. {Streptothrix gedanensis
Streptomyces griseocarneus. I, Scheele and Petruschsky, Verhandl. d.
Source: Isolated from Japanese soil. Kongr. f. innere Med., 1897, 550; Strepto-
Habitat: Soil. thrix gedanensis Lohlein, Ztschr. f. Hyg., 63,
1909, 11; Miiller, Medizinische Mikro-
83. Streptomyces violaceoniger (Waks- biologie, 4 Aufl., 1950, 294.)
man and Curtis, 1916) Waksman and Hen- ge.da.nen'sis. M.L. neut.n. Gedanum the
rici, 1948. (Actinomyces violaceus-niger city of Danzig (Gdan'sk) on the Baltic Sea;
Waksman and Curtis, Soil Sci., 1, 1916, 111; M.L. adj. gedanensis pertaining to Danzig.
Waksman and Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., Aerial mycelium: Short, gnarled hyphae;
1948, 947.) spores short, ellipsoidal to spherical.
vi.o.la.ce.o'ni.ger. L. adj. violaceus Gelatin: Thin, flaky growth. No soluble
violet; L. adj. niger black; M.L. adj. viola- pigment. Rapid liquefaction.
ceoniger violet-black. Agar: Thin, colorless growth. No aerial
Gelatin: Gray growth, with no produc- mycelium. No soluble pigment.
tion of aerial mycelium. Gelatin around Synthetic agar: Dark to almost black
colony rapidly liquefied, but without any growth with dark reverse. Aerial mycelium
change in color. abundant, mouse-gray. No soluble pigment.
Synthetic agar: Colony at first dark Starch agar: Yellowish to cream-colored
gray, turning almost black, 2 to 4 mm in growth. Aerial mycelium light gray.
diameter. Surface glossy, much folded with a Glucose agar: Cream-colored growth be-
very thin gray margin. A white to gray coming black with light margin. Aerial
aerial mycelium is produced after the colony mycelium abundant, mouse-gray.
has developed well. A bluish black pigment Broth: Flaky growth on bottom of tube.
is produced at a later stage of its growth. Milk: Cream-colored surface ring. Not
The pigment slowly dissolves in the me-
peptonized.
791
Potato: Lichenoid, cream-colored to streptomycin, is active against a large num-
brownish growth. No aerial mycelium. No ber of bacteria and actinomycetes but not
soluble pigment. against fungi and viruses. Some strains pro-
Starch is actively hydrolyzed. duce grisein. Others form candicidin.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Distinctive characters: This species is dis-
Source: Isolated from the sputum of a tinguished byWaksman from Streptomyces
patient with chronic lung disease. globisporus (No. 3) primarily on the basis
Habitat: Unknown. of the yellow-green to gray color of the
aerial mycelium on most media, and on the
85. Streptoinyces griseus (Krainsky, ability to coagulate milk and to hydroh'ze
1914) Waksman and Henrici, 1948. {Actino- starch rapidly.
myces griseus Krainsky, Cent. f. Bakt., II Comments: The original de.scription of
Abt., 41, 1914, 662; Waksman and Henrici, this organism by Krainsky (op. cit., 1914,
in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 948; also see Waks- 662) mentions spiral formation in the sporo-
man, Reilly and Harris, Jour. Bact., 56, phores; the cultures subsequently isolated
1948, 259.) and described by Waksman and Curtis
gri'se.us. M.L. adj. griseus gray. {op. cit., 1916, 119) and Waksman, Reilly and
Vegetative growth: Colonies smooth or Harris {op. cit., 1948, 259) were not shown to
folded, colorless, later turning olive-buff. exhibit spiral forms. In other characteri.stics
Aerial mycelium: Abundant, powderj^, these cultures resembled the original
water-green. Sporophores produced in description. The description of Streptomyces
tufts. Spores spherical to ellipsoidal, 0.8 by griseus presented here is based largely on the
0.8 to 1.7 microns. description of the culture isolated by Waks-
Agar: Abundant, cream-colored, almost man and Curtis. Waksman does not feel that
transparent growth. Aerial mycelium pow- the differences among these various isolates
dery, white to light gray. No soluble pig- are sufficient to justify separation into more
ment. than one species.
Gelatin stab: Greenish yellow or cream- Krassilnikov (Guide to the Bacteria and
colored surface growth with brownish tinge. Actinomj'cetes, Izd. Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R.,
Rapid liquefaction. Moskau, 1949, 93 and 98) regards the organ-
Synthetic agar: Thin, colorless, spread- ism isolated and described by Krainsky as
ing growth, becoming olive-buff. Aerial different from the organisms isolated later
mycelium thick, powdery, water-green. by Waksman et al., the distinction being
Starch agar: Thin, spreading, transparent made on the appearance of the sporophores.
growth. Krassilnikov regards the organisms exhibit-
Glucose agar: Growth elevated in center, ing spiral formation as Actinomyces griseus
radiate, cream-colored to orange, erose Krainsky; those without spiral formation
margin. as Actinomyces globisporus Krassilnikov.
Glucose broth: Abundant, 3-ellowish pel- The streptomycin-producing strain is re-
licle with greenish tinge, much folded. garded as a subspecies of the latter species
Litmus milk: Cream-colored ring; coagu- rather than of the former.
lated with rapid peptonization, becoming Source: Isolated from garden soil; later
alkaline. from soils, river muds and the throat of a
Potato: Yellowish, wrinkled growth cov- chicken.
ered with white, powderj^ aerial mycelium. Habitat: Presumably soil.
The pigment formed is not soluble.
Starch is hydrolyzed. 86. Streptomyces longissimus (Kras-
Nitrites produced from nitrates. silnikov, 1941) Waksman, 1953. {Actinomyces
Aerobic. longissimus Krassilnikov, Guide to the
Optimum temperature, 37° C. Actinomycetes, Izd. Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R.,
Antagonistic properties: Strongly antago- Moskau, 1941, 38; Waksman, in Waksman
nistic. DifYerent strains of this organism and Lechevalier, Actinomj^cetes and Their
produce different antibiotics. One of these, Antibiotics, Baltimore, 1953, 87.)
'92 ORDER V. ACTINOMYCETALES
lon.gis'si.mus. L. sup. adj. longissimus The pigment formed is not soluble.

longest, very long. Starch is hydrolyzed.
Vegetative growth: Bright orange or gol- Nitrites produced from nitrates.
den red colonies. No diffusible pigment. Aerobic.
Aerial mycelium: Weakly developed; ab- Optimum temperature, 25° C.
sent on some media. Sporophores straight, Antagonistic properties: Positive.
short, single or branched. Spores elongated, Source: Isolated from soil.
0.7 by 1.0 to 1.3 microns, cylindrical. Habitat: Soil.
Gelatin: Rapid liquefaction.
Synthetic agar: Well developed, velvety, 88. Streptomyces microflavus (Krain-
white-yellow aerial mycelium. sky, 1914) Waksman and Henrici, 1948.
Potato: Well developed aerial mycelium (Actinomyces microflavus Krainsky, Cent. f.
of characteristic color. Bakt., II Abt., 41, 1914, 662; Waksman and
Starch is actively hydrolyzed. Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 950.)
Good growth on cellulose. micro. fla'vus. Gr. adj. micrus small;
Paraffin and waxes support good growth. L. adj. flavus yellow; M. L. adj. microflaviis
Antagonistic properties: Weakly antago- somewhat yellow.
nistic. Aerial mycelium: Well developed, cot-
Relationships to other species: Similar to tony, white. Spores spherical to rod-shaped,
Strepiomyces fradiae. often in pairs or chains, 2.0 by 2.0 to 5.0
Source: Isolated from soil. microns.
Habitat: Soil. Gelatin colonies: Small, yellow.
Gelatin stab: Rapid liquefaction.
87. Streptomyces olivaceus (Waks- Agar: Yellow colonies with rose-yellow
man, 1923) Waksman and Henrici, 1948. aerial mycelium in 3 to 4 weeks.
(Actinomyces 206, Waksman, Soil Sci., 7, Ca-malate agar: Minute yellow colonies.
1919, 117; Actinomyces olivaceus Waksman, No aerial mycelium.
in Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 354; Waksman and Glucose agar: A rose-yellow aerial my-
Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 950.) celium develops in about 12 days.
o.li.va'ce.us. L.noun oliva the olive; Starch agar: Same as on glucose agar.
M.L. adj. olivaceus olive-colored. Glucose broth: Small spherical colonies in
Aerial mycelium: Clumps small, with depth.
straight and branching hyphae. No spirals Litmus milk : Rapidly coagulated and pep-
on most media. Conidia spherical and tonized.
ellipsoidal, 0.9 to 1.1 by 0.9 to 2.0 microns. Potato: Yellow growth. No aerial my-
Gelatin stab: Liquefaction with cream- celium.
colored, flaky, yellow sediment. Diastatic action strong.
Agar: White, glistening growth. Scant growth on cellulose.
Synthetic agar: Growth abundant, Nitrites produced from nitrates.
spreading, developing deep into medium, Aerobic.
yellow to olive -ochre, reverse yellow to Optimum temperature, 25° C.
almost black. Aerial mycelium mouse-gray Antagonistic properties: Positive.
to light drab. Source: Isolated from soil.
Starch agar: Thin, yellowish green, Habitat: Soil.
spreading growth.
Glucose agar: Growth abundant, restric- 89. Streptomyces cacaoi (Waksman,
ted, entire, center raised. 1932) Waksman and Henrici, 1948. (Actino-
Glucose broth: Sulfur-yellow ring. myces cacaoi Waksman, in Bunting, Ann.
Litmus milk: Faint, pinkish growth; co- Appl. Biol., 19, 1932, 515; Waksman and
agulated; peptonized, becoming alkaline. Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 951.)
Potato: Growth abundant, much wrin- ca.ca'o.i. Mexican Spanish cacao the ca-
kled, elevated, gray, turning sulfur-yellow cao tree; M.L. gen. noun cacaoi of cacao.
on edge. Aerial mycelium: Long with considerable
spiral formation; spirals long and open, not liquefaction, beginning after about ten days
compact. at 20° to 23° C.
Gelatin: P^locculent growth. No aerial Broth: Strong white pellicle. White tufts
mycelium. Rapid liquefaction. No pigment may develop at sides of tube beneath sur-
production. face of liquid.
Agar: Brown-colored growth covered with Milk: Alkaline within one week; com-
tiny patches of ivorj^-colored aerial mj^ce- pletely peptonized, usually within one
lium.
month at 25° to 30° C.
Synthetic agar: Same as on glucose agar. Indole not produced. Indigotin not pro-
Potato: Abundant brownish growth with duced from indole.
white to mouse-gray aerial mycelium. Hydrogen sulfide vigorously produced.
Glucose agar: Thin yellowish growth, Acid from galactose, glucose, fructose,
later turning reddish brown; no soluble pig- mannose, cellobiose, lactose, maltose, su-
ment; light gray to mouse-gray mj'celium crose and glycerol. Arabinose, xylose, rham-
with white edge. Tj'pical odor of strepto- nose and sorbitol utilized without acid
myces . production. No growth in raffinose, salicin,
Strong proteolytic enzymes acting on inulin, dulcitol, inositol, ethyl alcohol or
casein and gelatin. ethylene glycol.
Strong diastatic action; no sugar or dex- Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced.
trin left in 1 per cent starch solution after a Starch vigorously hydrolyzed.
few days. Cellulo.se not hydrolyzed.
Limited reduction of nitrate. Chitin and alginic acid are attacked.
Antagonistic properties: Certain strains Seaweed gells: Agar slowly digested;
produce an antibiotic designated as cacao- softened, not liquefied. Growth on agar in
mycetin. culture dish surrounded by rather wide,
Source: Three strains were isolated from gently sloping depression. Gelase field rela-
cacao beans in Nigeria. There were slight tively wide with distinct margin. Irish moss
differences among the three strains; the and Hypnea gels also slowly digested.
above description is of Strain I. Acetic, citric, lactic, propionic, succinic
Habitat: The cacao bean so far as known. and iso-valeric acids utilized. Butyric,
gluconic, maleic, malonic and oxalic acids
90. Streptomyces marinus (Humm and not utilized.
Shepard, 1946) Waksman, comb. nov. (Acti- Aspartic acid, cystine, glutamic acid,
nomyces marinus Humm and Shepard, glycine, 1-leucine and tyrosine utilized as
Duke Univ. Marine Sta. Bull., 3, 1946, 77.) sources of both nitrogen and carbon, dl-
ma.ri'nus. L. adj. marinus marine, of the Alanine and d-arginine utilized only as
sea. nitrogen sources. Creatine and dl-/3-phenyl-
Vegetative growth: Mycelium sparingly alanine not utilized. Glucosamine-HCl
branched, dense, entangled. Growth on agar utilized as source of nitrogen and carbon.
moderately rapid, reaching a diameter of Ammonia, nitrite or nitrate utilized as
one cm or more after about ten days. My- nitrogen sources. Ammonia produced from
celium frequently forms concentric rings in nitrate, asparagine, peptone and glutamic
response to alternate periods of light and acid. Urea used as nitrogen source with
darkness. No soluble pigments. production of small amounts of ammonia.
Aerial mycelium: White; conidia medium Nitrites usually not produced from ni-
gray to dark gray. Aerial hyphae somewhat trates. In some media, slight nitrite is pro-
irregular in diameter, 0.8 to 1.4 microns. duced after ten days' incubation, especially
Conidia spherical to ellipsoidal, 0.8 to 1.2 if glucose is present.
microns in diameter, in chains, sometimes Catalase-positive.
forming loose spirals. Conidia typically Aerobic.
appear after three days as a dark gray area
in center of each colony. 30°Optimum
Gelatin: Growth arborescent. Stratiform Good growth in media prepared with dis-
tilled water and in all salinities through 6 Aerial mycelium: Slightly wavy filaments
per cent (sea salt) ; optimum apparently with tendency to form spirals. Conidia
about 3 per cent. Greater salinities inhibit ellipsoidal, 1.0 to 1.5 by 1.2 to 1.8 microns.
development of aerial hyphae. Gelatin stab: Cream-colored surface
Source: Isolated from blackish sand from growth. Liquefaction.
the intertidal zone of a beach in North Agar: Grows only in depth of medium.
Carolina. Synthetic agar: Colorless growth, be-
Habitat: Found in marine sediments. coming brown, smooth, glossy. Aerial my-
celium in white patches over surface.
91. Streptomyces novaecaesareae Waks- Starch agar: Restricted, gray growth,
man and Henrici, 1948. (Actinomyces becoming brown.
violaceus-caeseri Waksman and Curtis, Soil Glucose broth: Small, grayish colonies in
Sci., 1, 1916, 111; Waksman and Henrici, in depth.
Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 951.) Litmus milk: Cream-colored ring, soft
no.vae.cae.sa're.ae. M.L. noun Nova coagulum in 12 days; slow peptonization,
Caesarea (the State of) New Jersey; M.L. becoming strongly alkaline.
gen. noun novaecaesareae of New Jersey. Potato : Growth somewhat wrinkled, gray,
Aerial mycelium: Filaments with both becoming brown.
straight and spiral aerial hyphae; spirals Brown, soluble pigment formed.
dextrorse. Conidia ellipsoidal to elongate. Starch is hydrolj^zed.
Gelatin stab: Small, cream-colored sur- Nitrites produced from nitrates.
face colonies with slow liquefaction. Aerobic.
Agar: Thin, cream-colored growth. Optimum temperature, 37° C.
Synthetic agar: Gray growth, becoming Antagonistic properties: Positive.
bluish, glossy, much wrinkled. Aerial Source: Isolated several times from adobe
mycelium appears late; white. and upland soils in California.
Starch agar: Restricted, circular, bluish Habitat: Soil.
violet colonies.
Glucose agar: Restricted, gray growth, 93. Streptomyces gelaticus (Waksman,
becoming red. 1923) Waksman and Henrici, 1948. (Actino-
Glucose broth: Fine, colorless, flaky sedi- myces 104, Waksman, Soil Sci., 8, 1919, 165;
ment. Actinomyces gelaticus Waksman, in Manual,
Litmus milk: Gray ring; coagulated; slow 1st ed., 1923, 356; Waksman and Henrici, in
peptonization, becoming faintly alkaline. Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 952.)
Potato: Growth cream-colored, wrinkled, ge.la'ti.cus. L. part. adj. gelatus frozen,
turning yellowish. congealed, jellied; M.L. adj. gelaticus re-
Soluble purple pigment formed. sembling hardened gelatin.
Starch is hydrolyzed. Aerial mycelium: Branching, with open
Aerobic. spirals.
Gelatin stab: Liquefied with cream-
Optimum temperature, 37° C. colored flaky sediment.
Antagonistic properties: Negative.
Source: Isolated once from upland Agar: Wrinkled, cream-colored growth
California soil. only on the surface.
Habitat: Soil. Synthetic agar: Colorless, spreading
growth chiefly deep into the medium. Aerial
mycelium thin, white, turning grayish.
92. Streptomyces exfoliatus (Waks-
man and Curtis, 1916) Waksman and Hen- Starch agar: Thin, spreading, cream-
rici, 1948. (Actinomyces exfoliatus Waksman colored growth.
and Curtis, Soil Sci., 1, 1916, 116; Waksman Glucose agar: Abundant, spreading, white
and Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 951.)
growth.
Glucose broth: Thin, cream-colored pel-
ex.fo.li.a'tus. L. part. adj. exfoliatus
stripped of leaves. licle; slight flaky sediment.
795
Litmus milk: Pinkish ring; coagulated; man and Curtis, 1916) Waksman and Hen-
peptonized with distinctly alkaline reaction. rici, 1948. {Actinomyces rutgersensis Waks-
Potato: Abundant growth, much wrin- man and Curtis, Soil Sci., 1, 1916, 123;
kled, greenish, becoming black with yellow- Waksman and Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed.,
ish margin. 1948, 952.)
Soluble brown pigment formed. rut.ger.sen'sis. M.L. adj. rutgersensis
Starch is hydrolyzed. pertaining to Rutgers; named for Rutgers
Nitrites produced in slight amounts from University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
nitrates. Aerial mycelium: Branching filaments
Aerobic. with abundant open and closed spirals;
Optimum temperature, 25° C. hyphae fine, long, branching. Conidia
Antagonistic properties: Positive; some spherical and ellipsoidal, 1.0 to 1.2 microns,
strains show no activity. with tendency to bipolar staining.
Source: Isolated from soil. Gelatin stab: Cream-colored, spreading
Habitat: Soil. surface growth. Liquefied.
Agar: Thin, wrinkled, cream-colored
94. Streptoniyces glaucus (Lehmann
and Schutze, 1912, emend. Krassilnikov, growth.
Synthetic agar: Growth thin, colorless,
1941) Waksman, 1953. {Actinomyces glaucus spreading, becoming brownish to almost
Lehmann and Schutze, in Lehmann and black. Aerial mycelium thin, white, becom-
Neumann, Bakt. Diag., 5 Aufl., 2, 1912, 641; ing dull gray.
Krassilnikov, Guide to the Actinomycetes, Starch agar: Gray, spreading growth.
Izd. Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Moskau, 1941, Glucose agar: Abundant, brown myce-
46; Waksman, in Waksman and Lechevalier, lium, becoming black with cream-colored
Actinomycetes and Their Antibiotics, Balti- margin.
more, 1953, 9L) Litmus milk: Cream-colored ring; coagu-
glau'cus. Gr. adj. glaucus bright bluish lated; slow peptonization, becoming alka-
green or gray. line.
Aerial mycelium: Well developed, cot- Potato: Abundant, white-gray, much
tony, at first white then turning green, simi- folded growth.
lar to green Penicillia. Sporophores form The pigment formed is not soluble.
compact spirals with 3 to 5 turns. Spores Starch is hydrolyzed.
ellipsoidal to spherical, 1.0 by 0.8 microns. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Gelatin: Slow liquefaction. Aerobic.
Agar: Heavy growth covered with green
aerial mycelium. Optimum temperature, 37° C.
Antagonistic properties: Limited.
Synthetic agar: Colorless growth. Soluble Source: Isolated many times from a
brown pigment. variety of soils.
Milk: Slowly peptonized, with prior co- Habitat: Common in soil,
agulation bysome strains.
Potato: Heavy growth, covered with vel- 96. Streptoniyces halstedii (Waksman
vety, green aerial mycelium.
and Curtis, 1916) Waksman and Henrici,
Sucrose weakly inverted.
Starch is actively hydrolyzed. 1948. {Actinomyces halstedii Waksman and
Good growth on cellulose. Curtis, Soil Sci., 1, 1916, 124; Waksman and
Paraffin: Good growth. Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 953.)
Nitrites produced from nitrates. hal.ste'di.i. M.L. gen. noun halstedii of
Antagonistic properties: All strains Halsted; named after Prof. Halsted of Rut-
strongly antagonistic. gers University.
Source: Isolated from soil. Aerial mycelium: Branching mycelium;
Habitat: Soil. hyphae with close spirals. Conidia ellip-
soidal or rod-shaped, 1.0 to 1.2 by 1.2 to 1.8
95. Streptoniyces rutgersensis (Waks- microns.
Gelatin stab: Liquefaction, with small with production of a dark brown to almost
cream-colored masses in bottom of tube. black pigment.
Agar: Restricted, wrinkled, cream-coloi-ed Potato: No growth, or only faint dark
growth. gray aerial mycelium.
Synthetic agar: Growth abundant, heavy, Sucrose weakly inverted.
spreading, raised, light, becoming dark, Starch is actively hydrolyzed.
almost black. Aerial mycelium white, turn- No growth on cellulose.
ing dull gray. Antagonistic properties: None.
Starch agar: Abundant, brownish, glossy Source: Isolated from soil.
growth. Habitat: Soil.
Glucose agar: Growth spreading, color-
less, wrinkled, center elevated, edge lich- 98. Streptoniyces lipmanii (Waksman
enoid, becoming brown. and Curtis, 1916) Waksman and Henrici,
Glucose broth: Small, colorless colonies 1948. {Actinomyces li-pmanii Waksman and
in bottom of tube. Curtis, Soil Sci., 7, 1916, 123; Waksman and
Litmus milk: Cream-colored ring; coagu- Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 952.)
lated; peptonized, becoming alkaline. lip.ma'ni.i. M.L. gen. noun lipmanii of
Potato: Growth abundant, moist, wrin- Lipman; named for Prof. J. G. Lipman of
kled, cream-colored with green tinge. the New Jersey Agr. Exp. Station.
The pigment formed is not soluble. Aerial mycelium: Straight, branching
Starch is hydrolyzed. mycelium and hyphae. Conidia ellipsoidal,
Nitrites produced from nitrates. 0.8 to 1.1 by 1.0 to 1.5 microns.
Aerobic. Gelatin stab: Liquefaction, with cream-
Optimum temperature, 37° C. colored, flaky sediment.
Antagonistic properties: Strongly an- Agar: Yellow, glossy, radiately wrinkled
tagonistic; some strains show only anti-
fungal activity; some strains produce growth.
Synthetic agar: Growth abundant, raised,
magnamycin. colorless, becoming light brown and wrin-
Source: Lsolated many times from the kled. Aerial mycelium white, turning gray.
deeper soil layers. Starch agar: Transparent growth, be-
Habitat: Common in subsoil. coming dark with age.
Glucose agar: Light yellow, irregular,
97. Streptoniyces funiosus (Krassilni- spreading growth.
kov, 1941) Waksman, 1953. (Actinomyces Glucose broth: White ring, with abun-
fumosus Krassilnikov, Guide to the Actino- dant, colorless flaky sediment.
mycetes, Izd. Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Litmus milk: Cream-colored ring; coagu-
Moskau, 1941, 58; Waksman, in Waksman lated; peptonization with alkaline reaction.
and Lechevalier, Actinomycetes and Their Potato: Abundant, cream-colored, wrin-
Antibiotics, Baltimore, 1953, 92.) kled growth.
fu.mo'sus. L. adj. fumosus full of smoke, Starch is hydrolyzed.
smoky.
Aerial mycelium: Sporophores straight;
Aerobic.
spores cylindrical, 0.7 by 1.5 to 2.0 microns,
later round. Optimum temperature, 25° C.
Antagonistic properties: Good, though
Gelatin: Liquefaction. some strains show no activity.
Agar: Dark brown growth; aerial my- Source : Isolated many times from a vari-
celium white. Medium brown-colored.
ety of soils.
Synthetic agar: Dark brown growth. Pig- Habitat: Common in soil.
ment not soluble. Aerial mycelium well
developed, cottony, dusty colored, occa- 99. Streptoniyces hygroscopicus (Jen-
sionally gray-white. sen, 1931) Waksman and Henrici, 1948.
Milk: Not coagulated; slowly liquefied {Actinomyces hygroscopicus Jensen, Proc.
FAMILY ni. STREPTOMYCETACEAE
797
Linn. Soc. New So. Wales, 56, 1931, 257; Distinctive character: In this species, the
Waksman and Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., aerial mycelium (which in other actinomy-
1948, 953.) cetes is strikingly hydrophobic) on certain
hy.gro.scop'i.cus. Gr. adj. fiyynis moist; media (glucose or glycerol asparagine agar)
Gr. noun scopiis watcher; M.L. adj. hygro- becomes moistened and exhibits dark, glis-
scopicus detecting moisture or covered with tening patches. These patches, when
moisture. touched with a needle, prove to be a moist,
Vegetative growth: Hyphae 0.6 to 0.8 mi- smeary mass of spores. This characteristic
cron in diameter. feature is not equally distinct in all strains.
Aerial mycelium: Hyphae long, tangled, Source: Seven strains were isolated from
branched, 0.8 to 1.0 micron in diameter. soils.
Spirals numerous, sinistrorse, narrow, usu- Habitat: Soil.
allj^ short, only 1 or 2 turns, closed, typically
situated as dense clusters on the main stems 100. Streptomyces longisporoflavus
of the aerial hyphae. Spores ellipsoidal, (Krassilnikov, 1941) Waksman, 1953. (Ac-
0.8 to 1.0 by 1.0 to 1.2 microns. tinomyces longisporus flavus Krassilnikov,
Gelatin: Slow liquefaction. No pigment Guide to the Actinomycetes, Izd. Akad.
produced. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Moskau, 1941, 30; Waks-
Agar: Good growth; raised, wrinkled, man, in Waksman and Lechevalier, Actino-
glossy, cream-colored; later yellowish gray mycetes and Their Antibiotics, Baltimore,
with yellowish brown reverse. Occasionally 1953, 94.)
a scant white aerial mj^celium. lon.gi.spo.ro.fla'vus. L. adj. longus long;
Sucrose agar: Good to abundant growth. Gr. noun spora a seed; M.L. fem.n. spora a
Vegetative mycelium heavy, superficially spore; L. adj. flavus 3'ellow; M.L. adj.
spreading, folded, glossy surface, white to longisporoflavus long-spored, yellow.
cream-colored, later sulfur-yellow to yellow- Vegetative growth: Yellow, lemon-yellow
ish gray, with golden to light orange reverse. or dirty yellow, seldom golden yellow
Soluble pigment of the same color. Aerial colonies. Pigment not soluble. Some strains
mycelium scant, thin, white or absent. have a greenish tinge, depending on the
Glucose agar: Good growth; granulated, composition of the medium.
cream-colored to straw-yellow, later dull Aerial mycelium: Well developed, velvety,
chrome-yellow to brownish orange. Aerial whitish yellow to brownish yellow. Sporo-
mycelium thin, smooth, dusty, white to pale phores produce long, open spirals. Spores
yellowish gray, after 1 or 2 weeks more or cylindrical or elongated, 1.0 to 1.5 by 0.7
less abundantly interspersed with small, microns; some with rounded ends and swol-
moist, dark violet-gray to brownish patches len in center.
which gradually spread over the whole sur- Gelatin: Liquefaction in 10 to 15 days.
face. Light yellow soluble pigment. Milk: Coagulated; slowly peptonized.
Potato: Fair growth. Vegetative my- Sucrose not inverted.
celium raised, wrinkled, cream-colored, Starch is weakly hj'drolyzed.
later yellowish gray to dull brownish. No growth on cellulose.
Aerial mycelium absent or trace of white. Nitrites actively produced from nitrates.
Milk: Completely digested in 3 to 4 weeks Antagonistic properties: Weakly antago-
nistic.
at 30° C. without any previous coagulation.
The reaction becomes faintly acid (pH 6.0 Source: Isolated from soil.
or less). Habitat: Soil.
Starch is hydrolj^zed. 101. Streptomyces candidus (Krassil-
Cellulose is decomposed readily by some nikov, 1941) Waksman, 1953. (Actinomyces
strains. candidus Krassilnikov, Guide to the Actino-
Nitrates not reduced with sucrose as mycetes, Izd. Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Mos-
source of energy. kau, 1941, 49; Waksman, in Waksman and
Antagonistic properties: Positive. Lechevalier, Actinomycetes and Their
■98
Antibiotics, Baltimore, 1953, 94; not Litmus milk: Pinkish ring. No coagula-
Streptothrix Candida Petruschky, Verhandl. tion. Peptonized, becoming alkaline.
d. Kongr. f. innere Med., 1898.) Potato: Moist, cream-colored, wrinkled
can'di.dus. L. adj. candidus very white.
growth.
Vegetative growth; Organism grows well
on various media. Starch is hydrolyzed.
Aerial mycelium: Sporophores long, Nitrites produced from nitrates.
straight or wavy, but never forming spirals. Aerobic.
Spores cylindrical, elongated, 0.7 by 1.5 to Optimum temperature, 37° C.
2.0 microns; on maturing, some become Antagonistic properties: Positive.
more rounded. Source: Isolated once from orchard soil.
Gelatin: Slow liquefaction. Habitat: Soil.
Agar: Lichenoid or smooth growth. Aerial
mycelium whitish. 103. Streptomyces flocculus (Duche,
Synthetic agar: Well developed, colorless 1934) Waksman and Henrici, 1948. {Acti-
colonies. No soluble pigment. Aerial mycel- nomyces flocculus Duche, Encyclopedie My-
ium cottony white. cologique, Paris, 6, 1934, 300; Waksman
Milk: Weakly coagulated and pep- and Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 955.)
tonized. floc'cu.lus. L. noun ôccMS a flock of wool;
Sucrose is inverted. M.L. dim. adj. flocculus somewhat like a
Starch is rapidly hydrolyzed. flock of wool.
Good growth on cellulose. Vegetative growth: Velvety surface with
Nitrites produced from nitrates. cottony or floccose edge.
Antagonistic properties: Weak. Gelatin: Very limited growth. Slow lique-
Source: Isolated from soil. faction.
Habitat: Soil. Agar: Cream-colored growth, later
covered with white aerial mycelium; no
102. Streptomyces alboflavus (Waks- soluble pigment.
man and Curtis, 1916) Waksman and Hen- Glucose asparagine agar: Weak growth;
rici, 1948. {Actinomyces alboflavus Waksman limited cream-colored colonies hardly
and Curtis, Soil Sci., 1, 1916, 120; Waks- raised above the surface of the medium;
man and Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, occasionally abundant growth is produced
954.) with white aerial mycelium and colorless on
al.bo.fla'vus. L. adj. albus white; L. reverse side.
adj. flavus yellow; M.L. adj. alboflavus Synthetic agar: Cream-colored growth,
whitish yellow. later covered with white aerial mycelium;
Aerial mycelium: Straight, branching no soluble pigment.
mycelium, with very little tendency to form Glucose asparagine solution: Branching,
spirals. Very few ellipsoidal conidia formed. immersed filaments, 0.8 micron in diam-
Gelatin stab: Abundant, colorless surface eter aerial
; mycelium 1 .0 by 1 .2 microns with
growth. Liquefaction occurs in 35 days. numerous conidia; flakes settle to the bot-
Agar: Restricted, cream-colored growth. tom of the tube.
Synthetic agar: Growth glossy, colorless, Peptone solution: Pointed colonies;
spreading, becoming yellowish. Aerial cream-colored on surface of medium.
mycelium white, powdery, with yellow- Tyrosine medium: Whitish growth with-
tinge.
Starch agar: Thin, yellowish, spreading out any pigment.
growth. Milk: Rose-colored growth; slow pep-
tonization.
Glucose agar: Growth restricted, much-
Potato : Punctiform growth covered with
folded, creamy with sulfur-yellow surface.
Glucose broth: White, cylindrical colonies white aerial mycelium; faint yellowish
on surface, later flaky mass in bottom of
tube. pigment.
Coagulated serum: Cream-colored
growth; fine white aerial mycelium; slow tral gray aerial mycelium. No soluble pig-
liquefaction of serum. ment.
Source: Culture obtained from Mr. Glucose broth: Surface colonies coalesc-
Malengon, an inspector in Morocco. ing, white, powdery. Liquid clear, not
Habitat: Unknown. pigmented. Small amount of flaky sediment
104. Streptoniyces aiiliniycoticus present.

Milk: Cream-colored ring. Coagulated;
Waksman, nom. nov. {Streptoniyces sp., peptonized in 15 to 30 days, becoming
Leben, Stessel and Keitt, M^-cologia, 44, slightly alkaline. Yellowish orange serum,
1952, 159.) slightly turbid.
an.ti.mj'.co'ti.cus. Gr. pref. anti against; Potato: Finely wrinkled, cream-colored
Gr. noun myces fungus; M.L. adj. anti- growth with sparse, white aerial mycelium.
mycoticus against -fungus. Plug darkened slightly.
Vegetative growth: On most media early Diastatic action weak to moderate.
growth at first white and later gray; the Nitrites weakly produced from nitrates.
color change appears to be associated with Antagonistic properties: Produces an
the development of dense masses of spores. antifungal agent, helixin.
Aerial mycelium: Spirals situated typi- Source: Isolate A 158 from compost soil.
cally in dense groups along the main por- Habitat: Soil.
tions of aerial hyphae, especially toward the
center of the colony. In early formation of 105. Streptomyces fradiae (Waksman
sporing hyphae, spirals tend to be open; and Curtis, 1916) Waksman and Henrici,
they become closed and compact, however, 1948. {Actinomyces fradii (sic) Waksman
prior to the formation of spores. In late and Curtis, Soil Sci., 1, 1916, 125; Waksman
stages these fruiting structures tend to and Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 954.)
appear ball-like rather than spiral. Spores fra'di.ae. M.L. gen. noun fradiae of
ellipsoidal, hyaline and 0.6 to 1.3 by 0.7 Fradia; named for a person, Fradia.
to 2.0 microns; diameter of spore spirals, Aerial mycelium: Straight, branching
4 to 8 microns. filaments and hyphae. No spirals. Conidia
Gelatin: Vegetative mycelium translu- rod-shaped or ellipsoidal, 0.5 by 0.7 to 1.25
cent, cream-colored; sparse, white aerial microns.
mycelium. Liquefaction slight at 15 days, Gelatin stab: Cream-colored to brownish,
moderate at 30 days. No soluble pigment. dense growth on liquid medium.
Agar: Shiny, cream-colored vegetative Agar: Yellowish growth, becoming or-
mycelium; moderate, pebbly, white aerial ange-yellow, restricted. No soluble pig-
mycelium. No soluble pigment. ment.
Synthetic agar: Abundant, pebbly, light Synthetic agar: Smooth, spreading, color-
neutral gray aerial mycelium. No soluble less growth. Aerial mycelium thick, cottony
pigment. mass covering surface, sea-shell pink.
Glucose asparagine agar: Same as on Starch agar: Spreading, colorless growth.
Glucose agar: Growth restricted, glossy,
synthetic agar.
buff-colored, lichenoid margin.
Glucose peptone agar: Same as on syn-
thetic agar. Glucose broth: Dense, narrow, orange-
colored ring; abundant, flaky, colorless
Ca-malate-glycerol agar: Abundant, peb- sediment.
bly, light neutral gray aerial mj'celium. Litmus milk: Faint, cream-colored ring;
Faint green soluble pigment. coagulated; peptonized, becoming alkaline.
Potato glucose agar: Abundant, pebbly, Potato: Restricted, orange-colored
light neutral gray aerial mycelium. Faint
brown soluble pigment. growth.
Yeast extract agar: Same as on synthetic Starch is hydrolyzed.
agar. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Starch: Abundant, pebblj', white to neu- Aerobic.
Optimum temperature, 25° C. nudum), Chem. Ber., 84, 1951, 700; Linden-
Antagonistic properties: Highly antago- bein. Arch. f. Mikrobiol., 17, 1952, 371.)
nistic. Produces an antibacterial agent, pur.pur.as'cens. L. part. adj. purpuras-
neomycin, and an antifungal agent, fradicin. cens making purple.
Source: Isolated once from adobe soil Vegetative growth: Usually heavy, red
in California. to carmine-red to almost purple.
Habitat: Soil. Aerial mj'celium: Cottony, white. Spirals
observed in 6 days, but they may be lacking
106. Streptomyces albosporeus (Krain- altogether.
sky, 1914) Waksman and Henrici, Gelatin: Heavy, light brown surface
1948. {Actinomyces albosporeus Krainsky, growth. Aerial mycelium cottony, white.
Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 41, 1914, 649; also Soluble red-brown pigment. Rapid lique-
see Waksman and Curtis, Soil Sci., 1, 1916, faction.
99; Waksman and Henrici, in Manual, 6th Agar: Light brown growth with dark
ed., 1948, 954.) brown reverse. Aerial mycelium velvety,
al.bo.spo're.us. L. adj. alhus white; gray.
Or. noun spora a seed; M.L. noun spora a Synthetic agar: Tj'pical carmine-red
spore; M.L. adj. albosporeus white-spored. growth. Aerial mycelium cottony, chalk-
Aerial mycelium: Hyphae straight, white. Soluble brown-red pigment.
branching, with occasional spirals. Spores Glucose asparagine agar: Carmine-red
spherical or ellipsoidal, 0.8 to 1.2 by 1.0 to growth. Aerial mycelium cottony, white.
1.8 microns. Soluble orange pigment.
Gelatin stab: Yellow growth, changing Ca-malate agar: Carmine-red growth.
to red, wuth hyaline margin. Liquefaction Aerial mycelium chalk-white. Soluble brick-
in 35 days. red pigment.
Agar: Minute, cream-colored colonies. Starch agar: Lichenoid, light carmine-
Synthetic agar: Spreading growth, color- colored growth. Aerial mycelium white. No
less with pink center, becoming brownish. soluble pigment.
Aerial mycelium white, covering the whole Glucose agar: Lichenoid, red to red-brown
surface. No soluble pigment. growth. Aerial mycelium cottony, chalk-
Starch agar: Growth thin, spreading, white. Soluble light brown pigment.
transparent, with red tinge. Glucose broth: Heavy pellicle with
Glucose agar: Growth spreading, red, limited bottom growth, carmine-red, later
wrinkled, radiate, entire. copper-red. Aerial mycelium powdery,
Glucose broth: Pinkish surface ring. chalk-white. Soluble carmine-red pigment.
Litmus milk: Scant, pink ring. Not coagu- Milk: Lichenoid, red to dark brown
lated, not peptonized. growth. Aerial mycelium velvety to cottony,
Potato: Growth thin, spreading, wrin- white. No proteolysis.
kled, gray, becoming brown with greenish Potato: Very good, brownish to reddish
tinge. growth. Aerial mycelium velvet}^ white.
The pigment formed is not soluble. No soluble pigment.
Starch is hydrolyzed. Starch is actively hydrolyzed.
Nitrites produced from nitrates. Very good, white to red growth on cel-
lulose.
Aerobic.
Antagonistic properties: Produces rhodo-
Antagonistic properties: Positive. mycin.
Source: Isolated from soil. Comment: On continued growth on syn-
Habitat: Soil. thetic media, the culture may lose the prop-
erty to produce the typical pigment; it can
be regained, however, by growing on organic
media.
107. Streptomyces purpurascens Lin-
denbein, 1952. {Streptomyces purpurascens Source: Isolated from soil.
Brockmann, Bauer and Borchers (nomen Habitat: Soil.
FAMILY III. STKEPTOMYCETACEAE
801
108. Streptomyces longispororuber M.L. neut.dim.n. oidium a small egg, a type
(Krassilnikov, 1941) Waksman, 1953. (Ac- of fungus spore; Gr. noun spora a seed;
tinomyces longisporus ruber Krassilnikov, M.L. noun spora a spore; M.L. adj. oidio-
Guide to the Actinomj'^cetes, Izd. Akad. sporus oidium-spored.
Nauk, U.S.S.R., Moskaii, 1941, 22; Waks- Vegetative growth: Red or rose to pale
man, in Waksman and Lechevalier, Actino- rose colonies. Pigment not soluble.
mycetes and Their Antibiotics, Baltimore, Aerial mycelium: Poorly developed,
1953, 99.) covering medium with velvety rose-white
lon.gi.spo.ro.ru'ber. L. adj. longus long; color. Sporophores straight or wavy, never
Gr. noun spora a seed; M.L. noun spora a forming spirals; they are short or long,
spore; L. adj. ruber red; M.L. adj. lon- frequently forming broom-shaped struc-
(jispororuber long-spored, red. tures. Oidiospores produced by segmenta-
Vegetative growth: Dark red to purple- tion of sporophores. Spores 1.0 by 1.0 to 1.8
red to light rose colonies. Little pigment microns, frequently appearing as double
diffuses into media except those containing cocci.
fat. Certain strains secrete a soluble brown Gelatin: Weakly developed aerial myce-
substance in protein-containing media. lium, frequently lacking. Hyphae short,
Aerial mycelium: Weakly developed, covering colony like a rose-white velvet;
whitish to rose-white. Sporophores in some frequently occurs in spots or is absent.
strains well developed, velvety, long, Weak liquefaction.
straight, seldom forming open spirals. Milk: Not coagulated; peptonized.
Spores cylindrical to elongated, 0.7 by Starch is actively hydrolyzed.
1.0 to 1.5 microns, with sharply cut ends; a No growth on cellulose.
few are slightly swollen, becoming ellip- Nitrites produced from nitrates.
soidal or spherical, 1 micron in diameter. Antagonistic properties: None.
Gelatin: Liquefaction. Relationships to other species: Resembles
Sj'nthetic agar: Light red to pale rose Streptomyces ruber and Streptomyces lon-
growth. Pigment not soluble.
gispororuber.
Milk: Weakly coagulated; peptonized. Source: Some strains were obtained as
Starch is hydrolyzed, sometimes slowly. variants of Nocardia rubra.
No growth on cellulose by some strains; Habitat: Presumably soil.
others grow weaklj'.
Nitrites produced from nitrates by some 110. Streptomyces melanocyclus (Mer-
strains. ker, 1911) Waksman and Henrici, 1948.
Antagonistic properties: Strongly antago- {Micrococcus melanocyclus Merker, Cent. f.
nistic to a number of bacteria. Bakt., II Abt., 31, 1911, 589; Waksman and
Comment: This organism is very varia- Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 956.)
ble, especially regarding the production of me.la.no.cy'clus. Gr. adj. melas, melanis
aerial mj-celium. black; Gr. noun cyclus a circle; M.L. noun
Relationships to other species : Related to melanocyclus the black circle.
Streptomyces ruber, except for the cylindrical Vegetative growth: Much-folded.
spores. Aerial mycelium: Dark brown. Spores
Source: Isolated from soil. spherical, 0.9 micron in diameter. Produces
Habitat: Soil.
red pigment as well as soluble brown sub-
stance, as a result of which culture and
109. Streptomyces oidiosporus (Kras- substrate become red-brown to almost black
silnikov, 1941) Waksman, 1953. {Actinomyces with a shade of red.
oidiosporus Krassilnikov, Guide to the Gelatin colonies: Growth poor.
Actinomycetes, Izd. Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Gelatin stab: Rapid liquefaction.
Moskau, 1941, 23; Waksman, in Waksman Ca-malate agar: Colonies small, flat,
and Lechevalier, Actinomycetes and Their orange-red. Aerial mycelium black, occur-
Antibiotics, Baltimore, 1953, 99.) ring along the edges.
o.i.di.o'spo.rus. Gr. neut.n. oum egg; Glucose agar: Same as on Ca-malate agar.
Starch agar: Same as on Ca-malate agar. Weakly proteolytic.

Glucose broth: Colorless, spherical Nitrites not produced from nitrates
colonies. except a trace in two strains.
Litmus milk: Peptonized. Antagonistic properties: Strongly posi-
Sucrose is inverted. tive.
Starch is actively hydrolyzed. Distinctive character: Ability to live in
Cellulose is decomposed. acid media only.
Nitrites produced from nitrates. Source: Four strains were isolated from
Aerobic. three acid humus soils.
Habitat: Found in acid humus soils.
Antagonistic properties: Strong effect
upon various bacteria; some strains show no 112. Streptomyces rubesceiis (Jarach,
activity. 1931) Waksman and Henrici, 1948. (Strepto-
Source: Isolated from soil. thrix rubescens Jarach, Boll. Sez. Ital. Soc.
Habitat: Soil. Intern. Microb., 3, 1931, 43; Waksman and
Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 956.)
111. Streptomyces acidophilus (Jen- ru.bes'cens. L. part. adj. rubescens be-
sen, 1928) Waksman and Henrici, 1948. coming red.
(Actinomyces acidophilus Jensen, Soil Sci., Original description supplemented by
25, 1928, 226; Waksman and Henrici, in material taken from Umezawa, Tazaki and
Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 956.) Fukuyama (Jour. Antibiotics (Japanese),
a.ci.do'phi.lus. L. adj. acidus sour; M.L. 5, 1952,469).
noun acidum an acid; Gr. adj. philus loving; Aerial mycelium: Powdery, white. Micro-
M.L. adj. acidophilus acid-loving. scopically, aerial mycelium short, curved,
Vegetative growth: Mycelium profusely well branched, bearing spherical or ellipsoi-
branched, hyphae 0.6 to 0.8 micron in dal conidia in chains. No spirals.
diameter with homogeneous protoplasm and Gelatin: Coral -pink surface growth. No
no visible septa. liquefaction and no pigmentation of me-
Aerial mycelium: Hyphae 1.0 to 1.2 mi- dium.
crons in diameter, somewhat branched, Agar: Submerged mycelium at first white,
forming either very few or very numerous changing to salmon -pink after about 10
sinistrorse spirals. Ellipsoidal conidia 1.0 days' incubation. No soluble pigment. Re-
to 1.2 by 1.2 to 1.5 microns. verse of growth changes to salmon-pink.
Gelatin: After 10 days, growth very Synthetic agar: Same as on plain agar.
scant, thin, colorless, semi-transparent. Glucose agar: Large number of small
Slow liquefaction. round colonies raised in the center and
Agar: No growth. growing together as well as deep into the
Synthetic agar: No growth. medium; whitish opalescent color.
Glucose agar: Good growth at 25° C. Milk agar medium: Rose-coral-colored,
Substratum mycelium raised, somewhat thin growth with edge entire.
wrinkled, colorless in young cultures. Loeffler's coagulated serum: Same as on
Aerial mycelium thin, white at first, later plain agar. No hydrolysis.
gray or yellowish brown. Blood agar: After 10 daj^s' incubation,
Starch agar: Good growth at 25° C. mycelium becomes salmon-pink and bears
Substratum mycelium flat, smooth, color- powdery white aerial mycelium. No soluble
less. Aerial mycelium abundant, smooth, pigment. No hemolysis.
white. Broth: Minute flakes, the liquid later be-
Broth: No growth. coming reddish colored.
Milk: No growth. Glucose broth: Surface growth with white
Potato: Growth good, raised, folded. powdery aerial mycelium becomes salmon-
No discoloration. pink or coral-pink. The liquid later becomes
Sucrose not inverted. coral-red.
Diastatic. Milk; Coral -pink growth; aerial mycelium
powdery and white. No coagulation and no also listed as a strain that lost the capacity
digestion. Sometimes slightly reddish solu- to produce aerial mycelia.
ble pigment. Source: Isolated from soil.
Potato: Coral-pink growth; aerial myce- Habitat: Soil.
lium powdery, white. Plug changes slightly
to brown. No soluble pigment. 114. Streptomyces thermophilus (Gil-
Carrot: Dark reddish orange growth; bert, 1904) Waksman and Henrici, 1948.
aerial mycelium powdery, white. Plug (Actinomyces thermophilus Gilbert, Ztschr.
changes very slightly to dark color. f. Hyg., 47, 1904, 383; not Actinomyces
Egg: Colorless growth, changing to coral- thermophilus Berestnew, Inaug. Diss.,
pink. Aerial mycelium powdery, white. Moskow, 1897; Waksman and Henrici, in
Glycerol and glucose, but not other car- Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 956.)
bohydrates, are utilized. ther.mo'phi.lus. Gr. noun therme heat;
Tyrosinase not produced. Gr. adj. philus loving; M.L. adj. thermo-
Starch is not hydrolyzed. philus heat-loving.
Nitrates not reduced. Description taken from Waksman, Um-
Antagonistic properties: Produces an an- breit and Cordon (Soil Sci., 47, 1939, 49).
tiviral agent, abikoviromycin. Aerial mycelium: Hyphae straight, co-
Source: Isolated from soil. nidia formed.
Habitat: Soil. Gelatin: Liquefaction. No pigment.
Agar: No pigment formed.
113. Streptomyces viridis (Lombardo- Synthetic agar: At 28° C, deep colorless
Pellegrino, 1903, emend. Krassilnikov, 1941) growth, thin white aerial mycelium; no
Waksman, 1953. {Streptothrix viridis Lom- soluble pigment.
bardo-Pellegrino, Riforma Med., 19, 1903, Starch agar: Yellowish growth with
1065; also see Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Ref., white-gray, powdery aerial mycelium.
35, 1904, 761; Actinomyces viridis Sanfelice, Milk: Proteolysis.
Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 36, 1904, 355; Potato plug: Yellowish growth with no
Krassilnikov, Guide to the Actinomycetes, aerial mycelium, the plug usuallj' being
Izd. Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Moskau, 1941, colored brown.
34; Waksman, in Waksman and Lechevalier, Starch is hydrolyzed.
Actinomycetes and Their Antibiotics, Aerobic.
Baltimore, 1953, 101.) Temperature relations: Optimum, 50° C.
vi'ri.dis. L. adj. viridis green. Good growth at 28° C. Usually no growth
Vegetative growth: Green to dark green at 60° C. Some strains are incapable of
on all media. No soluble pigment. growing at 28° whereas others seem to grow
Aerial mycelium: Well developed on all well even at 65° C.
media, cottony, whitish to grayish. Sporo- Antagonistic properties: Some strains
phores long or short, straight, forming no produce the antibiotic thermomycin.
spirals but frequently producing broom- Source: Unknown.
shaped clumps. Spores cylindrical, 0.7 to Habitat: Found in soil, hay and composts.
0.8 by 1.0 to 1.5 microns.
Gelatin: No liquefaction in 13 to 15 days. 115. Streptomyces thermiodiastaticus
Milk: Not coagulated; not peptonized. (Bergey et al., 1923) Waksman, 1953.
Starch is not hydrolyzed. (Var. a, Bergey, Jour. Bact., 4, 1919, 301;
No growth on cellulose. Actinomyces thermodiastaticus Bergey et al..
Nitrites weakly produced from nitrates. Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 370; Waksman, in
Antagonistic properties: None; certain Waksman and Lechevalier, Actinomycetes
strains give positive activity. and Their Antibiotics, Baltimore, 1953, 102.)
Comments: According to Krassilnikov ther.mo.di.a.sta'ti.cus. Gr. fem.n.
(op. cit., 1941, 34), Streptomyces lipmanii therme heat; Gr. adj. diastaticus diastatic;
and Streptomyces verne represent strains of M.L. adj. thermodiastaticus (probably in-
this species; Streptomyces viridis sterilis is tended to mean) thermophilic and diastatic.
Aerial mycelium: Well developed, white. Source: Unknown.

Sporophores produce spirals; spores spheri- Habitat: Found in soils and composts.
cal to ellipsoidal.
Gelatin: Slow liquefaction.
Synthetic agar: Colorless growth. Aerial 117. Streptomyces casei (Bernstein and
mycelium well developed, white. Morton, 1934) Waksman, 1953. (Actino-
myces casei Bernstein and Morton, Jour.
Milk: Not coagulated; not peptonized.
Bact., 27, 1934, 625; Waksman, in Waksman
Potato: Brownish growth. Aerial myce- and Lechevalier, Actinomycetes and Their
lium light gray.
Sucrose is inverted. Antibiotics, Baltimore, 1953, 103.)
Starch is actively hydrolyzed. ca'se.i. L. mas. n. caseus cheese; L. gen.
noun casei of cheese.
Nitrites produced from nitrates. Vegetative growth: Colorless to white.
Aerial mycelium: White, 0.5 to 0.7 mi-
Optimum temperature, 65° C. cron; no spirals.
Source: Isolated from the stomach con-
tents of a rabbit. Gelatin: Complete liquefaction.
Habitat: Unknown. Milk: Coagulated and peptonized.
Starch is not hydrolyzed.
116. Streptomyces thermofuscus Nitrates not produced from nitrates.
(Waksman et al., 1939) Waksman and Hen- Optimum temperature, between 40° and
rici, 1948. (Actinomyces thermojxiscus Waks- 60° C. Highly resistant to higher tempera-
tures and to disinfectants. Thermal death
man, Umbreit and Cordon, Soil Sci., 47,
6th ed., 1948, 957.) point, 100°C.
Relationships to other species: Krassil-
nikov places this organism in the same group
ther.mo.fus'cus. Gr. noun therme heat; with Actinomyces invulnerabilis Acosta and
L. adj. fuscus dark, dusky; M.L. adj. ther-
mofuscus (probably intended to mean) Rossi (Cent. f. Bakt., 14, 1893, 14), the lat-
thermophilic and dusky. ter being even more resistant to high tem-
peratures and to disinfectants.
Aerial mycelium: Hyphae spiral-shaped; Source: Isolated from pasteurized cheese.
conidia produced.
Habitat: Found in cheese so far as known.
Gelatin: Liquefaction. At 50° C. a gray-
ish ring is produced and soluble pigment is
formed. At 28° C. growth, with no soluble 118. Streptomyces clavifer (Millard
pigment. and Burr, 1926) Waksman, 1953. (Actino-
Synthetic agar: Poor growth at 28° C, myces clavifer Millard and Burr, Ann. Appl.
deep gray, with but little aerial mycelium. Biol., 13, 1926, 601; Waksman, in Waksman
At 50° C, growth dark to violet, with gray and Lechevalier, Actinomycetes and Their
to lavender aerial mycelium and soluble Antibiotics, Baltimore, 1953, 103.)
brown pigment. cla'vi.fer. L. adj. clavifer club-bearing.
Milk: Proteolysis. Vegetative growth: Yellow to yellow-
Potato: Abundant, dark colored growth, orange. Soluble yellow-brown pigment.
no aerial mycelium, or few white patches, Aerial mycelium: Sporophores long,
dark soluble pigment. straight, some terminating in club-shaped
Starch is hydrolyzed. structures. Spores cylindrical, 1.0 by 1.5
Temperature relations: Good growth microns.
at 50° and 60° C. Will grow at 65° C. Faint Gelatin: Gray to buff growth. White
growth at 28° C. aerial mycelium. Soluble, yellow to reddish
Aerobic. yellow pigment. Liquefaction.
Distinctive characters: This species is Synthetic sucrose agar: Gray to brick-
distinguished from Streptomyces thermo- red growth. Aerial mycelium white,
philus by the brown-colored aerial mycelium sprinkled with light cinnamon-drab. Yel-
on synthetic media, spiral-shaped hyphae lowish to brown soluble pigment.
and ability to grow readily at 65° C. Synthetic glucose agar: Gray to brown
growth. Aerial mycelium white to drab. throughout medium; aerial mycelium scant,
Soluble, cinnamon-buff to brown pigment. white.
Nutrient potato agar: Wrinkled, gray to Glucose broth: Flocculated growth,
grayish-olive growth. Trace of aerial myce- mostly at bottom. No aerial mycelium.
lium. Soluble, deep golden brown pigment. Soluble golden brown pigment.
Glycerol synthetic solution: Growth in Milk: Good growth. Not coagulated and
form of compact colonies at bottom and not hydrolyzed.
along sides of tube with some on surface, Potato: Mouse-gray growth. Aerial my-
colored salmon to brown. Scant drab aerial celium on dried portions of growth scant,
mycelium. Soluble, buff to golden pigment. white to mouse-gray. Black pigment around
Glucose broth: Sponge-like growth at
bottom of tube. Soluble deep, golden brown growth.
pigment. Tyrosinase reaction: Strongly positive.
Potato: Wrinkled, gray to orange to Nitrites produced from nitrates.
brown growth. Aerial mj'celium gray to Source: Isolated from a small, partly
olive-buff. Plug gray to brown. ruptured potato scab.
Starch is hydrolyzed. Habitat: Found in potatoes so far as
Tyrosinase reaction: Positive. known.
Fair growth at 37.5° C. 120. Streptomyces carnosus (Millard
Source : Isolated from limed soil and from and Burr, 1926) Waksman, 1953. (Actino-
the common scab of a potato. myces carnosus Millard and Burr, Ann. Appl.
Habitat: Soil and potatoes so far as Biol., 13, 1926, 601; Waksman, in Waksman
known. and Lechevalier, Actinomycetes and Their
Antibiotics, Baltimore, 1953, 105.)
119. Streptomyces fimbriatus (Millard car.no'sus. L. adj. carnosus pertaining to
and Burr, 1926) Waksman, 1953. (Actino- flesh.
myces fimbriatus Millard and Burr, Ann. Vegetative growth: Good, wrinkled
Appl. Biol., 13, 1926, 601; Waksman, in growth on synthetic and organic media.
Waksman and Lechevalier, Actinomycetes Aerial mycelium: White to gray. Spores
and Their Antibiotics, Baltimore, 1953, 104.) cylindrical, 0.75 by 1.0 micron.
fim.bri.a'tus. L. adj. fimbriatus fibrous, Gelatin: Growth covered with aerial
fringed. mycelium, white in center, gray in margin.
Vegetative growth: Chocolate-colored. Rapid liquefaction.
Aerial mycelium: Mouse-gray. Sporo- Synthetic sucrose agar: Pale smoke-gray
phores form spirals with 3 or more turns. growth, covered with abundant, gray aerial
Spores cylindrical to ellipsoidal, 0.9 by 0.9 mycelium. Colorless guttation drops appear
to 1.2 microns. over the whole surface.
Gelatin: Good growth with white aerial Synthetic glucose agar: Pale olive-gray
mycelium. Soluble reddish pigment. Slow- growth, covered with abundant, white to
liquefaction. gray aerial mycelium. Soluble, ivory-yellow
Synthetic sucrose agar: Gray growth. to cartridge -buff pigment.
Aerial mycelium abundant, white to gray, Nutrient potato agar: Heavy, lichenoid,
with a few specks of white. Soluble, cream- gray-colored growth. Aerial mycelium
colored pigment. scant, white to gray; property lost on culti-
Synthetic glucose agar: Very good growth. vation. Light golden to brown pigment.
Aerial mycelium white to mouse-gray. Glycerol synthetic solution: Whitish to
Nutrient potato agar: Gray to blackish, gray, discrete colonies, clinging to side or
flat colonies with raised center; a few specks bottom of tube. Aerial mycelium scant,
of white aerial mycelium. Soluble, golden pale gray.
l)rown pigment. Glucose broth: Whitish, sponge-like
Glycerol synthetic solution: Numerous masses, sinking to bottom of tube.
colonies covering surface of medium and Milk: Good surface growth. No aerial
mycelium. Coagulated, followed by lique- Source: Isolated from a large, raised,

faction. smooth potato scab.
Potato: Good, lichenoid growth, covered Habitat: Found in potatoes so far as
with gray to brownish aerial mycelium known.
with white spots. The plug becomes covered
gray to black. 122. Streptoniyces gracilis (Millard
Starch is hj'droh'zed. and Burr, 1926) Waksman, 1953. (Actino-
Tyrosinase reaction: Negative. myces gracilis Millard and Burr, Ann. Appl.
Nitrites produced from nitrates. Biol., 13, 1926, 601; Waksman, In Waksman
Source: Isolated from a small, unruptured and Lechevalier, Actinomycetes and Their
potato scab. Antibiotics, Baltimore, 1953, 106.)
Habitat : Found in potatoes so far as
known. gra'ci.lis. L. adj. gracilis slender.
Vegetative growth: On synthetic media,
dark brown, producing a soluble brown
121. Streptoniyces craterifer (Millard substance.
and Burr, 1926) Waksman, 1953. {Actino- Aerial mycelium: Dark olive. Spiral-
myces craterifer Millard and Burr, Ann. forming sporophores. Spores ellipsoidal or
Appl. Biol., 13, 1926, 601; Waksman, in spherical, 0.8 by 0.8 to 0.9 micron.
Waksman and Lechevalier, Actinomycetes Gelatin: Gray growth, covered with white
and Their Antibiotics, Baltimore, 1953, aerial mycelium. Soluble, pink to dark
105.) golden brown pigment. Rapid liquefaction.
cra.te'ri.fer. Gr. mas.n. crater a cup- Synthetic sucrose agar: Fern-like, pale
shaped hollow; L. V. fero to bear; M.L. adj. gray growth covered with scant, gray to
craterifer cup (crater) -bearing. buff aerial mycelium. Soluble cream-colored
Aerial mycelium: Much branched; termi-
nal branches dichotomously forked. Spores pigment.
Synthetic glucose agar: Smooth, pale
rectangular, 0.8 to 1.0 bj' 0.9 to 1.3 microns. olive-gray grow^th. Aerial mycelium abun-
Gelatin: Wrinkled surface growth. Aerial dant, white, smooth. Soluble cream-colored
mycelium white. No soluble pigment. Rapid
liquefaction. pigment.
Nutrient potato agar: Vinaceous, buff to
Agar: Colorless growth; scant, white dark brown or almost black growth. Aerial
aerial mycelium. No soluble pigment. mycelium gra}^ Soluble light golden brown
Synthetic agar: Lichenoid, abundant,
colorless growth. Aerial mj'celium mouse- pigment.
Glycerol synthetic solution: Good growth
gray. Numerous guttation drops, which on surface and throughout medium. Abun-
leave blackish craters behind.
dant aerial mycelium, white to olive-buff.
Starch: Spreading, thin, colorless growth. Glucose broth: Good growth on surface
No aerial mycelium. and on bottom. Aerial mycelium abundant,
Glycerol synthetic solution : Good growth
olive-buff. Soluble, light golden brown pig-
on surface of medium; numerous star-like ment.
colonies throughout medium. Aerial mj^-
Milk: Good surface growth. Aerial my-
celium scant, white to mouse-gray. celium white in the form of a ring and specks
Glucose broth: Limited growth. Aerial
mycelium white to gray. on surface. Slowly coagulated, followed b}^
Milk: Cream-colored surface growth. Not rapid peptonization.
coagulated; rapidly peptonized. Potato: Good, echinate growth covered
Potato: Good, cream-colored growth. with abundant olive-gray to buff aerial
Aerial m3'celium white to mouse-gray. Color mycelium. Plug light brown.
of plug unchanged. Starch is hydrolyzed.
Starch is hydroh'zed. TjTOsinase reaction: Negative.
Tyrosinase reaction: Negative. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Good growth at 37.5° C.
Only slight growth at 37.5° C. Comment: According to Krassilnikov,
Streptomyces poolensis and Streptoinyces Odor: Very strong.

tiunuli belong to this group. Grows well at 37.5° C.
Source: Isolated from a small, unruptured Antagonistic properties: Represses
potato scab. growth of Streptomyces scabies.
Habitat: Found in potatoes so far as Relationship to other species: Krassil-
known. nikov regards this species as being related
to Streptomyces griseus Krainsky.
123. Streptomyces praecox (Millard Source: Isolated from a large, knob-like,
and Burr, 1926) Waksman, 1953. (Actino- unruptured potato scab.
myces praecox Millard and Burr, Ann. App. Habitat: Found in potatoes so far as
Biol., 13, 1926, 601; Waksman, in Waksman known.
and Lechevalier, Actinomj-cetes and Their
Antibiotics, Baltimore, 1953, 107.) 124. Streptomyces setonii (Millard and
prae'cox. L. adj. praecox premature, pre- Burr, 1926) Waksman, 1953. (Actinomyces
cocious. setonii Millard and Burr, Ann. Appl. Biol.,
Vegetative growth: Raised, colorless. 18, 1926, 601; Waksman, in Waksman and
Aerial mycelium: Well developed, gray Lechevalier, Actinomycetes and Their
with greenish tinge. Sporophores produce Antibiotics, Baltimore, 1953, 107.)
open spirals. Spores spherical or ellipsoidal, .se.to'ni.i. M.L. gen. noun setonii of Seton;
0.8 micron in diameter. named for a person, Seton.
Gelatin: Good growth. Abundant, white Vegetative growth: Golden yellow on
aerial mycelium. Liquefaction. synthetic media.
Agar: Thin, colorless growth. Aerial Aerial mycelium: Well developed, cot-
mycelium thin, white. tony, dark gray to dark olive. Sporophores
Sjmthetic agar: Thin, powdery growth. straight, forming few spirals. Spores ellip-
Aerial mycelium white to olive-buff. soidal, 0.6 to 0.8 by 0.85 micron.
Synthetic glucose agar: Flat growth with Gelatin: Gray surface growth covered
radiating margins. Aerial mycelium white with white aerial mycelium. Soluble brown-
to olive-colored. On cultivation, aerial ish pigment. Rapid liquefaction.
mycelium is only white. Agar: Good, colorless growth covered
Starch agar: Thin, cream-colored growth. with white, smooth aerial mycelium. Soluble
Aerial mycelium abundant, white with brownish pigment.
greenish tinge. Sjmthetic agar: Abundant, smooth
Broth: Cream-colored surface pellicle. growth. Aerial mycelium covering the whole
Aerial mycelium thin, white. No soluble surface, gray to olive-buff. Soluble, faint
pigment. yellowish pigment.
Glycerol synthetic solution: Heavy sur- Starch agar: Cream-colored growth.
face growth. Aerial mycelium abundant, Aerial mycelium patch}', white.
powder}', white. Pale yellow soluble pig- Glucose agar: Good, lichenoid, gray to
ment. brown growth. Aerial mycelium abundant,
Glucose broth: Flocculated growth at white to olive-buff. Soluble, golden brown
bottom and heavy, wrinkled growth at sur-
face. Aerial mycelium abundant, white. pigment.
Glycerol synthetic solution: Flak}', white
Milk: Cream-colored surface growth in growth. Aerial mycelium abundant, olive-
form of a ring. Aerial mycelium white. Ac- buff. Soluble greenish pigment.
tively coagulated; rapidly peptonized. Glucose broth: Growth on surface and in
Potato: Good, cream-colored to light liquid good. Aerial mycelium abundant,
brown growth. Aerial mycelium white to olive-buff. Soluble, light golden brown pig-
olive-buff. Plug olive-buff to drab. On culti- ment.
vation, no soluble pigment produced. Milk: Good surface growth covered with
Starch is hydrolyzed. ring of white aerial mycelium. Coagulated,
Tyrosinase reaction: Negative. followed by rapid digestion.
Nitrate reduction variable. Potato: Heavy, wrinkled growth covered
with abundant, white to green to olive-buff Potato: Good, wrinkled growth covered
aerial mj'celium. Soluble, brownish to black with abundant, white to yellowish to olive -
pigment. buff aerial mycelium. Soluble, gray to
Nitrites produced from nitrates. brown pigment.
Starch is hydrolyzed. Starch is hydrolyzed.
Grows well at 37.5° C. Tyrosinase reaction: Negative.
Comment: According to Krassilnikov, Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Streptomyces flavus, Streptomyces margina- Grows well at 37.5° C.
tus, Streptomyces praefecundus , Streptomyces Source: Isolated from a large, ruptured
tenuis and Streptomyces loidensis represent potato scab.
merely strains of this species. Habitat: Found in potatoes and soil so
Source: Isolated from a small, unruptured far as known.
potato scab.
Habitat: Found in potatoes so far as 126. Streptomyces viridogenes Waks-
known. man, 1953. (Actinomyces viridis Millard and
Burr, Ann. Appl. Biol., IS, 1926, 601; not
125. Streptomyces praefecundus (Mil- Actinomyces viridis Sanfelice, Cent. f. Bakt.,
lard and Burr, 1926) Waksman, 1953. (Ac- I Abt., Grig., 36, 1904, 355; Waksman, in
tinomyces praefecundus Millard and Burr, Waksman and Lechevalier, Actinomycetes
Ann. Appl. Biol., 13, 1926, 601; Waksman, and Their Antibiotics, Baltimore, 1953, 109.)
in Waksman and Lechevalier, Actinomy- vi.ri.do'ge.nes. L. adj. viridis green;
cetes and Their Antibiotics, Baltimore, Gr. v.suffix -genes producing; M.L. adj. viri-
1953, 108.) dogenes green-producing.
prae.fe.cun'dus. L. adj. praefecundus very Aerial mycelium: Long, straight fila-
fruitful. ments. Spores spherical, 0.9 micron.
Aerial mycelium: Spores ellipsoidal, 0.8 Gelatin: Grayish growth with scant, white
by 0.85 micron. to gray, aerial mycelium. Soluble light
Gelatin: Good surface growth covered golden brown pigment. Rapid liquefaction.
with aerial mycelium. Light pink to dark Agar: Lichenoid, cream-colored growth.
golden brown soluble pigment. Rapid lique- No aerial mycelium. No soluble pigment.
faction. Sj^nthetic sucrose agar: Abundant growth
Synthetic sucrose agar: Good, cream- covered with olive-grayish aerial mycelium.
colored growth covered with abundant, Soluble greenish yellow to blackish green
cottony, olive-buff aerial mycelium. Soluble
cream-colored pigment. pigment
Synthetic . glucose agar: Smooth, raised,
Synthetic glucose agar: Pale olive-gray olive-buff growth. Abundant aerial myce-
growth covered with abundant, smooth, lium, light gray to deep mouse-gray. Solu-
olive-buff aerial mycelium. Soluble, light ble yellowish to greenish yellow pigment.
golden to buff pigment. Glucose agar: Gray to black growth.
Potato agar: Lichenoid, gray growth. Aerial mj'celium gray. Soluble dark brown
Aerial mycelium smooth, white to yellowish.
Soluble golden brown pigment. pigment.
Starch agar: Gray to brown growth.
Glycerol synthetic solution: Heavy sur- Aerial mycelium thin, white.
face growth covered with white to olive-buff Broth: Thin surface growth and flaky,
aerial mycelium. Soluble pigment none or cream-colored growth in bottom. No solu-
very slightly green. ble pigment.
Glucose broth: Masses throughout me- Glycerol synthetic solution: Flaky, white
dium flaky, whitish. Aerial mycelium abun- to vinaceous growth in medium and on
dant, pale olive-buff. Soluble, light golden surface. Aerial mycelium gray.
brown pigment. Glucose broth: Growth on surface and at
Milk: Good surface growth covered with base good, flakj'. Aerial mycelium gray to
scant, white aerial mycelium. Coagulation mouse-gray. Soluble vinaceous to cinnamon-
followed by peptonization. colored pigment.
Milk: Good surface growth; growth in Source: Isolated from a medium-sized

medium cloudj'. Aerial mj'celium scant, ruptured potato scab.
white. Rapidly coagulated and gradually Habitat: Found in potatoes so far as
peptonized. known.
Potato: Gray to olive-graj' growth. Aerial
mj'celium either absent or white, turning 128. Slreptomyces wedmorensis (Mil-
gray. Soluble brown pigment. lard and Burr, 1926) Waksman, 1953. (.4c-
Starch is hydrolj-zed. tinomyces wedmorensis Millard and Burr,
Tyrosinase reaction: Negative. Ann. Appl. Biol., 13, 1926, 601; Waksman,
Nitrites usually produced from nitrates. in Waksman and Lechevalier, Actinomy-
cetes and Their Antibiotics, Baltimore,
Optimum temperature 37.5° C. 1953, 110.)
Source: Isolated from ruptured, pitted
type potato scab. wed.mo.ren'sis. M.L. adj. wedmorensis
Habitat: Soil. pertaining to Wedmore; named for Wed-
more, a city in England.
127. Streptoniyces loidensis (Millard Aerial mycelium: Sporophores simple,
and Burr, 1926) Waksman, 1953. {Actinomy- straight, branched, closely septated. Spores
ces loidensis Millard and Burr, Ann. Appl. ellipsoidal to cylindrical, 0.6 to 0.8 by 0.8
Biol., 13, 1926, 601; Waksman, in Waksman to 0.9 micron.
and Lechevalier, Actinomycetes and Their Gelatin : Fair growth. No aerial mycelium.
Antibiotics, Baltimore, 1953, 110.) Liquefaction.
lo.i.den'sis. M.L. adj. loidensis pertaining Synthetic sucrose agar: Flat, thin, gray-
to Loidy; named for Loidy, a place in ish growth covered with white to gray aerial
Siberia.
mycelium.
Aerial mycelium: Spores cylindrical to Synthetic glucose agar: Good, grayish
spherical, 0.9 to 0.95 by 0.9 to 1.0 micron. growth with crater-like dark spots. Mod-
Gelatin: Gray growth with scant, white erate amount of gray aerial mycelium.
aerial mycelium. Soluble yellow pigment. Potato agar: Wrinkled, good, grayish
Rapid liquefaction. growth. No aerial mycelium.
Synthetic sucrose agar: Thin, flat, gray to Glycerol synthetic solution: Good growth
3'ellowish olive growth. Aerial mycelium in form of spongy masses at bottom and
scant, olive-colored. Soluble yellow pig- numerous colonies throughout medium;
ment. surface growth granular. Aerial mycelium
Synthetic glucose agar: Thin, graj'ish gray, flecked with white.
olive growth. Aerial mycelium olive-buff. Glucose broth: Small flakes and minute
Soluble, light golden to yellowish pigment. colonies at bottom and at surface.
Potato agar: Good, gray growth. Aerial Milk: Greenish surface growth. Coagu-
mycelium olive-buff. Soluble, golden brown lated; slowly peptonized.
pigment. Potato: Wrinkled, grayish growth covered
Glycerol synthetic solution : Flaky growth, with white aerial mycelium. Plug pigmented
mostly at bottom. Aerial mycelium scant, drab.
buff-colored. Starch is hydrolyzed.
Glucose broth: Growth on surface and at Tyrosinase reaction: Negative.
bottom good, gray to golden brown. Aerial Nitrites produced from nitrates.
mycelium olive-buff. Soluble, golden brown Grows well at 37.5° C.
pigment. Source: Isolated from peat soil.
Milk: Excellent surface growth covered Habitat: Soil.
with white aerial mj'celium. Coagulated;
rapidly peptonized. 129. Slreptomyces scabies (Thaxter,
Starch is hydrolyzed. 1891) Waksman and Henrici, 1948. (Oospora
Tyrosinase reaction: Negative. scabies Thaxter, Ann. Rept. Conn. Agr.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Exp. Sta., 1891, 153; Waksman and Henrici,
Grows well at 37.5° C. in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 957.)
sca'bi.es. L. noun scabies scab. Source: Isolated from potato scab le-
Vegetative growth: Folded, compact sions.
yellowish to yellow-brown; soluble, brown Habitat: Cause of potato scab; found in
pigment. soil.
Aerial mycelium: White, cottony or vel-
vety; wavy or slightly curved hyphae show 130. Streptoinyces tenuis (Millard and
a few spirals. Spores cylindrical, 0.8 to 1.0 Burr, 1926) Waksman, 1953. {Actinomyces
by 1.2 to 1.5 microns. tenuis Millard and Burr, Ann. Appl. Biol.,
Gelatin stab: Cream-colored surface 18, 1926, 601; Waksman, in Waksman and
growth, becoming brown. Slow liquefac- Lechevalier, Actinomycetes and Their
tion. Yellowish soluble pigment. Antibiotics, Baltimore, 1953, HI.)
Agar: Circular, entire colonies, smooth, te'nu.is. L. adj. tenuis slender.
becoming raised, lichenoid, wrinkled, white Aerial mycelium: Irregularly branched.
to straw-colored, opalescent to opaque. Spores cylindrical, 0.82 by 0.87 micron.
No aerial mycelium. Deep golden brown Gelatin: Pale gray growth covered with
soluble pigment. scant, white aerial mycelium. Soluble yel-
Synthetic agar : Abundant, cream-colored, low pigment. Rapid liquefaction.
wrinkled, raised growth. Aerial mycelium Synthetic sucrose agar: Growth pene-
white, scarce. trates deep into substratum. Thin, fiat,
Starch agar: Thin, transparent, spreading yellowish drab surface growth. Aerial my-
growth. celium deep olive-buff. Soluble, pale orange-
Glucose agar: Restricted, folded, cream- yellow pigment.
colored, entire growth. Synthetic glucose agar: Thin, flat growth
Glucose broth: Ring in form of small covered by olive-buff aerial mycelium. Sol-
colonies, settling to the bottom. uble green pigment.
Litmus milk: Brown ring with greenish Potato agar: Wrinkled, grayish grow^th.
tinge; coagulated; peptonized with alka- Aerial mycelium white to vinaceous-fawn-
line reaction. colored. Soluble, golden brown pigment.
Potato: Gray, opalescent growth, be- Glycerol synthetic solution: White, flak}-
coming black, wrinkled. Brown plug. growth mostly at bottom. Aerial mycelium
Brown soluble pigment formed. scant, olive-buff.
Starch is hydrolyzed. Glucose broth: Whitish surface and bot-
Strong tyrosinase reaction. tom growth. Aerial mycelium abundant,
Nitrites produced from nitrates. w^rinkled, olive-buff. Soluble, golden brown
Aerobic.
Optimum temperature, 37° C. Milk: Good growth covered with white
pigment.
Antagonistic properties: Certain strains aerial mycelium. Coagulated, followed by
give positive effects, others negative. incomplete peptonization.
Comments: The potato scab organism, Potato: Good growth covered with deep
like other acid-fast organisms, can be se- olive-buff aerial mycelium. Soluble, gray to
lectively impregnated with carbol-auramin olive to black pigment.
and when exposed to ultraviolet radiation Starch is hydrolyzed.
fluoresces bright yellow. This technic con- Tyrosinase reaction: Negative.
firms Lutman's conclusion that the hyphae Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
are intercellular and grow within the mid- Source: Isolated from medium-sized,
dle lamellae (Richards, Stain Tech., 18, ruptured potato scab.
1943, 91-94). Habitat: Found in potatoes so far as
Relationships to other species: Sfrepto- known.
myces clavifer, Streptoinyces spiralis, Sirepto-
myces carnosus, Streptoinyces sampsonii and 131. Streptoniyces niarginatus (Mil-
many other species or strains are closely lard and Burr, 1926) Waksman, 1953. (Ac-
related to this organism. tinomyces marginatus Millard and Burr,
811
Ann. Appl. Biol., 13, 1926, 601; Waksman, L. gen. noun salmonis of a salmon; L. fem.n.
in Waksman and Lechevalier, Actinomj'- color color; M.L. adj. salnionicolor salmon-
cetes and Their Antibiotics, Baltimore, colored.
1953, 112.) Vegetative growth: Hyphae minute.
mar.gi.na'tus. L. part. adj. marginntus Aerial mycelium: Poorly developed or
margined. absent entirely. Sporophores straight or
Aerial mycelium: Abundant, gray to form open spirals. Spores spherical or ellip-
yellow to olive-buff. Sporophores simple. soidal, 0.4 to 0.8 by 0.5 to 0.8 micron.
Spores spherical, 0.8 by 0.87 micron. Gelatin: Poor growth. Slow liquefaction.
Gelatin: Thin, pale olive-gray growth Synthetic sucrose agar: Minute, gray to
covered with abundant, pale gray to olive- pinkish colonies. No aerial mycelium. No
buff aerial mycelium. Soluble buff pigment. soluble pigment.
Synthetic sucrose agar: Thin, echinate Synthetic glucose agar: Gray to purplish
growth covered with abundant, olive-buff growth. No aerial mycelium. Faint, golden
aerial mycelium. Cream-colored pigment. soluble pigment.
Synthetic glucose agar: Thin, yellowish Potato agar: Wrinkled, pinkish growth.
growth covered with white to buff aerial Glycerol synthetic solution: Poor, flaky
mycelium. Soluble buff pigment. growth at bottom of tube.
Potato agar: Heavy, gray growth covered Glucose broth: Growth in form of sponge-
with white to whitish yellow aerial myce- like mass.
lium. Soluble, light, golden brown to deep Milk: Fair surface growth. Coagulated;
golden brown pigment. slowly peptonized.
Glycerol synthetic solution: Flaky growth Potato: Restricted, wrinkled, raised,
at base and on surface. Aerial mycelium ocher-red to brown growth. Plug pigmented
drab-gray.
scant, olive-buff.
Glucose broth: White, spongy mass at Starch is hydrolyzed.
surface and on bottom, covered with white Tyrosinase reaction: Negative.
to yellow aerial mycelium. Soluble, light Nitrites produced from nitrates.
golden brown pigment. Grows well at 37.5° C.
Milk: Good, flocculated growth. Aerial Source: Isolated from sour soil.
mycelium white. Coagulation followed by Habitat: Soil.
peptonization.
Potato: Good, raised growth covered 133. Streptomyces maculatus (Millard
with abundant, buff to olive-buff aerial and Burr, 1926) Waksman, 1953. (Actino-
mycelium. Plug at first gray, later becom- myces maculatus Millard and Burr, Ann.
ing black. Appl. Biol., IS, 1926, 601; Waksman, in
Starch is hydrolyzed. Waksman and Lechevalier, Actinomycetes
Tyrosina.se reaction: Negative. and Their Antibiotics, Baltimore, 1953, 113.)
ma.cu.la'tus. L. part. adj. maculatus
Grows well at 37.5° C.
Source : Isolated from a small, unruptured spotted.
Vegetative growth: Dark green. Hyphae
potato scab.
Habitat : Potato so far as known. extremely fine.
Aerial mycelium: Poorly developed; only
on certain media as a fine gray cover.
132. Streptomyces salnionicolor (Mil-
lard and Burr, 1926) Waksman, 1953. (Ac- Sporophores short, straight. Spores spheri-
tinomyces salnionicolor Millard and Burr, cal, 0.5 to 0.6 micron. Chlamydospores
Ann. Appl. Biol., 13, 1926, 601; Waksman, produced.
in Waksman and Lechevalier, Actinomy- Gelatin: Poor growth. Slow liquefaction.
cetes and Their Antibiotics, Baltimore, Synthetic sucrose agar: Round, flat,
1953, 113.) pale gray to pinkish colonies, later showing
sal.mo.ni'co.lor. L. mas.n. salmo salmon; dark green centers. No aerial mycelium.
Synthetic glucose agar: Thin, flat, almost Tyrosinase reaction: Negative.

black growth with greenish tinge. Nitrites weakly produced from nitrates.
Potato agar: Vinaceous, tawny colored Fair growth at 37.5° C.
growth producing a vinaceous tawny soluble Source: Isolated from peat soil.
pigment. Habitat: Soil.
Glycerol synthetic solution: Poor, flaky
growth at bottom. 135. Streptoniyces spiralis (Millard and
Glucose broth: Numerous minute, whitish Burr, 1926) Waksman, 1953. [Actinomyces
colonies at bottom of container. spiralis Millard and Burr, Ann. Appl. Biol.,
Milk: Very slight growth. Not coagulated; 13, 1926, 601; Waksman, in Waksman and
not peptonized. Lechevalier, Actinomycetes and Their
Potato: Restricted, raised, pinkish Antibiotics, Baltimore, 1953, 114.)
growth. Aerial mycelium scant, white. spi.ra'lis. Gr. fem.n. spira a spiral; M.L.
Soluble, gray to brown pigment. adj. spiralis like a spiral.
Starch is hydrolyzed. Vegetative growth: Lichenoid, smooth,
Tyrosinase reaction: Negative. yellowish golden growth. No soluble pig-
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. ment.
Grows well under anaerobic conditions. Aerial mycelium: Sporophores straight or
Grows well at 37.5° C. spiral-forming. Spores cylindrical, 0.9 by
Source: Isolated from sour soil. 1.0 to 1.7 microns.
Habitat: Soil. Gelatin: Limited, gray growth. Aerial
mycelium scant, white. Rapid liquefaction.
134. Streptoniyces coroniformis (Mil- Synthetic sucrose agar: Rough or granu-
lard and Burr, 1926) Waksman, 1953. (.4c- lar growth. Aerial mycelium vinaceous buff
tinomyces coroniformis Millard and Burr,
to dark grayish olive. Soluble, pale vina-
Ann. Appl. Biol., 13, 1926, 601; Waksman, ceous-f awn-colored pigment.
in Waksman and Lechevalier, Actinomy- Synthetic glucose agar: Fairly rough,
cetes and Their Antibiotics, Baltimore,
pale gray growth. Aerial mycelium scant,
1953, 114.)
white. Soluble, j'ellowish to pink pigment.
co.ro.ni.for'mis. L. fem.n. corona crown; Potato agar: Granular, gray growth.
L. ievti.n. forma form; M.L. adj. coroniformis
Aerial mycelium abundant, white to olive-
crown-shaped. buff. Soluble, light golden brown pigment.
Aerial mycelium: Simple branching. Glycerol synthetic solution: No growth.
Spores ellipsoidal, 0.6 by 0.8 micron. Glucose broth: Minute compact colonies
Gelatin: Fair growth. Weak or no lique- at bottom and on surface. Aerial mycelium
faction.
scant, white.
Synthetic sucrose agar: Gray to greenish Milk: Good surface growth covered wdth
discrete colonies partially coalescing. White
abundant, white aerial mycelium. Coagu-
aerial mycelium covering edges of growth.
lated, rapidly peptonized.
Synthetic glucose agar: Grayish discrete
Potato: Poor, wrinkled, grayish vina-
colonies growing into medium weakly pro-
duced. No aerial mycelium. ceous growth. Aerial mycelium w^hite to
grayish vinaceous. Plug colored brown
Potato agar: Wrinkled, grayish growth. around and below growth.
No aerial mycelium. Starch is not hydrolyzed.
Glycerol synthetic solution: Very poor Tyrosinase reaction: Negative.
growth in form of small flakes at bottom. Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
Glucose broth: Fair growth at bottom.
Milk: A few colonies on surface. Not co- Does not grow at 37.5° C.
Source: Isolated from a heap of decaying
agulated; weakly peptonized.
Potato: Raised, grayish growth. Aerial Habitat: Found in grass compost so far
mycelium white. Plug pigmented brownish grass.
as known.
around and under growth.
Starch may be weakly hydrolyzed. 136. Streptoniyces sampsonii (Millard
813
and Burr, 1926) Waksman, 1953. (Actino- inst. fiir Kartoffelbau, 1920, 16; Waksman,
myces sampsonii Millard and Burr, Ann. in Waksman and Lechevalier, Actinomy-
Appl. Biol., IS, 1926, 601; Waksman, in cetes and Their Antibiotics, Baltimore,
Waksman and Lechevalier, Actinomycetes 1953, 116.)
and Their Antibiotics, Baltimore, 1953, 115.) in.ter.me'di.us. L. adj. intermedius in-
termediate.
samp.so'ni.i. M.L. gen. noun sampsonii
of Sampson; named for a person, Sampson. Vegetative growth: Green-colored colo-
Original description supplemented by nies. Soluble green pigment. On continued
observations made bj^ Waksman and Gor- cultivation, green color tends to become
don. cream-colored to brownish.
Aerial mycelium: Long branching aerial Aerial mycelium: Light gray to gray.
hyphae. Spores cylindrical, 0.5 by 0.8 to Sporophores straight, frequently arranged
1.0 micron. Spores ellipsoidal to spherical in clumps. Spores elongated, 0.7 by 0.9 to
(Waksman and Gordon). 1.0 micron.
Gelatin: Scant, gray surface growth. A Gelatin: Thin, colorless to faintly brown
trace of whitish aerial mycelium. Rapid growth, dropping to bottom. No soluble
liquefaction. pigment. Slow liquefaction.
Synthetic sucrose agar: Good, wrinkled, Agar: Much-folded, cream-colored
pale gray to white growth. Aerial mycelium growth. Aerial mycelium in upper portion
very scant, white. Soluble, green to buff of slant white. Soluble, faintly golden pig-
pigment. ment.
Synthetic glucose agar: Good, wrinkled, Synthetic agar: Slightly folded, cream-
white to gray growth. Aerial mycelium colored to brown growth. Aerial mycelium
scant, white. Soluble, yellow to brownish thin, white.
pigment. Starch agar: Same as on synthetic agar.
Glycerol synthetic solution: No growth. Glucose agar: Good, brownish growth.
Glucose broth: Good surface and bottom Aerial mycelium heavy, cream-colored.
growth as well as many colonies clinging to No soluble pigment.
side of tube. Aerial mycelium white. Broth: Thin, colorless film dropping to
Milk: Good, whitish surface growth. No bottom. No aerial mycelium. No soluble
aerial mycelium. Not coagulated; not pep-
tonized. Rapid peptonization (Waksman pigment.
Milk: Heavy, cream-colored surface
and Gordon). growth. No aerial mycelium. Not coagu-
Potato: Wrinkled, grayish growth. Aerial lated; slowly peptonized.
mj^celium white. Soluble, golden brown Potato: Folded, brown growth. Trace of
pigment. None observed (Waksman and white aerial mycelium in upper, drier por-
Gordon). tions of growth. No soluble pigment.
Starch is not hydrolyzed. Starch is rap- Sucrose slowly inverted.
idly hjdrolyzed (Waksman and Gordon). Starch is actively hydrolyzed.
Tyrosinase reaction: Negative. Nitrites weakly produced from nitrates.
Nitrites produced from nitrates. Antagonistic properties: Positive.
Optimum temperature, 28° C. Source: Isolated from the soil of potato
Source: Isolated from a medium-sized, fields near Berlin.
ruptured potato scab. Habitat: Soil.
Habitat: Unknown.
138. Streptomyces iponioeae (Person
137. Slreploniyces inlerinediiis (Krii- and Martin, 1940) Waksman and Henrici,
ger, 1890, emend. Wollenweber, 1920) Waks- 1948. {Actinomyces ipomoea (sic) Person
man, 1953. (Oospora intermedia Kriiger, and Martin, Phytopath., SO, 1940, 313;
Berichte der Versuchsstat. f. Zuckerrohrs, Waksman and Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed.,
Kergok-Legal, 1890; Actinomyces inter - 1948, 958.)
medius Wollenweber, Arb. d. Forschungs- i.po.moe'ae. ML. noun. Ipomoea generic
name of the sweet potato; M.L. gen. noun Starch agar: Restricted, cream-colored
ipomoeae of Ipoinoea.
Conidia on glucose-casein agar: Ellipsoi- growth.
Glucose agar: Growth abundant, light
dal to elliptical, 0.9 to 1.3 by 1.3 to 1.8 mi- brown, glossy, raised center, entire.
crons. Glucose broth: Thin, brownish ring.
Gelatin: After 25 days at 20° C, scant Litmus milk: Brownish ring; coagulated;
growth, no aerial mycelium; no soluble peptonized, with strongly alkaline reaction.
pigment; liquefaction. Potato: Thin, reddish brown; medium
Agar: Moderate growth in the form of becomes purplish.
small, shiny, crinkled colonies both on the Faint trace of soluble brown pigment.
surface and imbedded in the medium, sil- Starch not hydrolyzed.
ver-colored. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Synthetic agar: Abundant growth, mostly Aerobic.
on surface of medium, moderately wrinkled,
olive-yellow. Antagonistic properties: Positive.
Starch agar: Growth moderate, smooth, Source: Isolated from a sweet potato
deep in medium, ivory-colored. Aerial
mycelium white with patches of bluish "pox."
Habitat: Unknown.
green. No soluble pigment. Complete hy-
drolysis after 12 days. 140. Streptoniyces tumuli (Millard and
Milk: Growth in form of ring; hydroly- Beeley, 1927) Waksman, 1953. {Actinomyces
sis, without visible coagulation. tumuli Millard and Beeley, Ann. Appl.
Potato: Growth moderate, light brown, Biol., 14, 1927, 296; Waksman, in Waksman
shiny, wrinkled. No aerial mycelium. No and Lechevalier, Actinomycetes and Their
soluble pigment. Antibiotics, Baltimore, 1953, 117.)
Starch is hydrolyzed. tu'mu.li. L. mas.n. tumulus a mound; L.
No growth on cellulose. gen. noun tumuli of a mound.
Nitrites are produced from nitrates. Gelatin: Beaded growth. No aerial my-
Antagonistic properties: Positive. celium. No soluble pigment. Rapid lique-
Source: Isolated from diseased sweet- faction.
potato (Ipomoea sp.) tubers and small Agar: Good, lustrous, slimy, gray growth.
rootlets from several localities in Louisiana. No aerial mycelium. No soluble pigment.
Habitat: Found in sweet potatoes so far Synthetic agar: Gray growth penetrating
as known. into the medium, later becoming darkly
opaque. Aerial mycelium arises on center
139. Streptoniyces poolensis (Tauben- of growth, at first white, later becoming
haus, 1918) Waksman and Henrici, 1948. pale gray. Surface of growth covered with
{Actinomyces poolensis Taubenhaus, Jour. colorless drops leaving small, black craters.
Agr. Res., 13, 1918, 446; Waksman and Hen- No soluble pigment.
rici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 949.) Glucose agar: Wrinkled, pale gray growth.
poo.len'sis. M.L. adj. poolensis pertaining White aerial mycelium arising in concentric
to Poole; named for Prof. R. F. Poole, a rings around a dark bare center. Soluble,
plant pathologist. olive-colored pigment.
Description taken from Waksman (Soil Broth: Large, spherical, white colonies.
Sci., 8, 1919, 140). No soluble pigment.
Aerial mycelium: Fine, branching; spirals
Milk: Good growth. No aerial mycelium.
usually not seen. Conidia ellipsoidal.
Gelatin stab: Liquefaction, with small, Coagulated; slightly peptonized.
brownish flakes in fluid. Potato: Heavy, slimy, black growth. No
Agar: Yellowish, translucent growth. aerial mycelium. Plug becoming grayish
Synthetic agar: Thin, colorless, spread- brown.
ing growth. Aerial mycelium white to gray. Starch is hydrolyzed.
Nitrites produced from nitrates. colorless shiny colonies, centrally elevated,

Grows well at 37° C. becoming confluent.
Source: Isolated from a mound scab of Broth: Small, round, white colonies in
mangels. sediment.
Habitat: Mangels, so far as known. Glucose broth: Small, white, nodular
colonies; later abundant flocculi.
141. Streptomyces listeri (Erikson, Synthetic sucrose solution: Delicate
1935) Waksman and Henrici, 1948. (Actino- white colonies in suspension and in sedi-
imjces listen Erikson, Med. Res. Council ment.
Spec. Rept. Ser. 203, 1935, 36; Waksman Litmus milk: Coagulation. No change in
and Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 961.) reaction.
Potato plug: Abundant, dull, brownish,
lis'te.ri. M.L. gen. noun listeri of Lister;
named for Dr. Joseph Lister, father of anti- wrinkled skin with white aerial mycelium;
septic surgery. large, stellate, fluffy, white colonies in
Vegetative growth: Long slender fila- liquid at base.
ments, many loosely wavy, forming a dense Source: Isolated from human material.
spreading mycelium which rapidly grows Strain from Lister Collection.
into a membrane on most media. Habitat: Unknown.
Aerial mycelium: Very slow and incon-
stant in appearance, short and straight; 142. Streptomyces galtieri Goret and
conidia ellipsoidal. Joubert, 1951. (Ann. Parasitol. Hum. et
Gelatin: Slight liquefaction; round white Comp., 26, 1951, 118.)
surface colonies; after 45 days, confluent gal.ti.e'ri. M.L. gen. noun galtieri of
skin, almost completely liquefied. Galtier; named for Prof. Galtier of the
Agar: Smooth, round, moist, cream- Veterinary School, Lyons, France.
colored, margin depressed, center ele- Vegetative growth: Wavy mycelium
vated, closely adherent; becoming umbili- branched in a monopodial form, 1 micron
cated, witî a myceloid margin. in diameter. On agar, two types of colonies
Glucose agar: Cream-colored, glisten- are produced: one is small, flat, regular and
ing, pinpoint colonies; later aggregated in white; the other large, thick, irregular and
convoluted skin.
yellowish.
Glycerol agar: Abundant, moist, cream- Aerial mycelium: Producing spirals.
colored growth, colonies elevated, piled Conidia ellipsoidal, 0.8 by 0.8 to 1.5 microns.
up; powdery white aerial mycelium. After Gelatin: Poor, flaky, white growth.
20 days, skin deeply buckled; colorless with Limited liquefaction.
e.xuded drops. Agar: Poor, thin, yellowish growth.
Ca-agar: Poor growth, a slight biscuit- Aerial mycelium powdery, white. Soluble
colored membrane. brown pigment.
Potato agar: After one week, extensive Synthetic agar: Small colonies. Aerial
growth, colorless submerged colonies, mycelium powdery, white. No soluble pig-
warted surface; dirty pink coloration after ment.
2 weeks; scant white aerial mycelium after Peptone agar: Limited, cream-colored
4 months. growth. Aerial mycelium powdery, white.
Reddish brown soluble pigment weakly
Dorset's egg medium: No growth.
Blood agar: Small, round, cream-colored produced.
colonies, smooth translucent surface; no Starch: Thin colonies. Aerial mycelium
hemolysis. powdery, white. No soluble pigment.
Serum agar: Small, irregular, moist, Glycerol potato: Reddish orange puncti-
cream-colored colonies, tending to be form colonies growing together. A thick
heaped up; later somewhat transparent. crust. Limited white aerial mycelium ap-
Inspissated serum: Abundant growth, pearing very slowly. No soluble pigment.
Glucose-peptone medium: Numerous col- disappears and large radial grooves appear
onies covering surface. Soluble brownish in most colonies in 3 weeks.
pigment weakly produced. Glucose agar: Smooth, round, cream-
Milk: Slow growth. Aerial mycelium colored colonies, margin depressed, centers
white. No soluble pigment. At 25° C, not elevated, hollow on reverse side; later a
coagulated; at 37° C, coagulated after 20 coherent membranous growth, piled up,
days. Not peptonized. No change in reac- yellowish.
tion. Glycerol agar: Small, round, cream-
Nitrites produced from nitrates. colored, glistening colonies, heavy texture,
Proteolysis: No action on coagulated margins submerged; later, colonies umbili-
serum. cated, tending to be piled up; after 6 weeks,
Pathogenicity: Pathogenic for guinea growth very much convoluted and raised,
pigs and rabbits. Not pathogenic for dogs broad submerged margin, slightly reddish
after laboratory growth. medium.
Source : Isolated from cases of dog septi- Coon's agar: Small, radiating, white
cemia (thoracic, abdominal and brain le- colonies, growth mostly submerged.
sions). Ca-agar: Small, colorless membranous
Habitat: Found in dogs, guinea pigs and growth with undulating margin; later, cen-
rabbits so far as known. trally depressed into medium.
Potato agar: Poor growth, small, color-
143. Streptomyces upcottii (Erikson, less blister colonies, medium slightly dis-
1935) Waksman and Henrici, 1948. (A new colored.
pathogenic form of Streptothrix, Gibson, Dorset's egg medium: Round, flat, color-
Jour. Path, and Bact., 23, 1920, 357; Actino- less, scale-like colonies, some marked by
myces upcottii Erikson, Med. Res. Council concentric rings and slightly hollowed in
Spec. Rept. Ser. 203, 1935, 36; Waksman center; growth becomes yellow-brown.
and Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 961.) Serum agar: Large colonies (3 to 4 mm
up.cot'ti.i. M.L. gen. noun upcottii of in diameter), colorless, granular, centrally
Upcott; named for Dr. Harold Upcott, the elevated, depressed at margin, resembling
surgeon who first secured this organism. limpets.
Description taken from Erikson (op. cit., Blood agar: Large drab heavily textured
1935, 22). colonies; no aerial mycelium; no hemolysis.
Vegetative growth: Filaments charac- Broth: Large coherent mass composed of
teristically long, straight, much interwoven fluffy colonies.
and ramified; typical unicellular mycelium, Synthetic sucrose solution: Fair growth,
usually forming medium to large heavy minute white colonies.
cartilaginous colonies. Carrot plug: Colorless, spreading, moist,
Aerial mycelium: A very slight transient wrinkled growth in six weeks; later a dull
aerial mycelium appeared on one agar slope, greenish brown, moist, very much wrinkled
but this has not been repeated on any slide and depressed skin.
microculture on any medium. Slightly acid- Source : Isolated from the spleen in a case
fast. of acholuric jaundice.
Gelatin: Abundant flocculent growth Habitat: Unknown.
along streak, round cream-colored colonies
on surface. Partly liquefied in 14 days;
complete liquefaction in 2 months. 144. Streptomyces hortonensis (Erik-
son, 1935) Waksman and Henrici, 1948.
Agar: Smooth, shining, round, cream-
colored colonies, margin submerged, scant {Actinomyces horton (sic) Erikson, Med. Res.
white aerial mycelium in one week; colonies Council Spec. Rept. Ser. 203, 1935, 36;
large (up to 10 mm in diameter), centers Waksman and Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed.,
elevated, greenish tinge, very sparse aerial 1948, 962.)
mycelium in two weeks ; the aerial mycelium hor.to.nen'sis. M.L. adj. hortonensis per-
817
taining to Horton; named for the Horton 145. Streptomyces beddardii (Erikson,
War Hospital, Epsom, England. 1935) Waksman and Henrici, 1948. (Aciino-
Vegetative growth: Typical germination myces beddardii Erikson, Med. Res. Council
into very slow -growing unicellular myce- Spec. Rept. Ser. 203, 1935, 36; Waksman
lium composed of long, slender, straight, and Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 963.)
branching filaments. bed.dar'di.i. M.L. gen. noun beddardii
Aerial mycelium: Very sparse, straight of Beddard; presumably named for the
aerial mycelium produced only once on po- surgeon who first secured this organism.
tato. Non-acid-fast. Vegetative growth: Rapidly growing,
Gelatin : Round cream-colored colonies on dense, spreading mycelium composed of
surface and a few mm below. No liquefac- very long, slender filaments, many wavy or
tion. closely coiled, particularly on glucose agar;
Agar: Very slow growth, a few smooth spirals less marked or lacking on poorer
cream-colored coiled colonies in 19 days; nutritive media like synthetic glycerol agar
after 2 months, liberal, irregular, convo- or water agar.
luted growth. Aerial mycelium: Sparse, short, straight
Glucose agar: Coiled and heaped up on synthetic glycerol agar, much slower
cream-colored translucent masses; after 2 and more plentiful on glucose agar; later
months, growth rounded, elevated, ridged shows long, very fine spirals breaking up
outwards from hollow center. into small ellipsoidal conidia; aerial hyphae
Glycerol agar: Coiled, colorless, lustrous straighter and more branched with shorter
patches, isolated colony with central de- conidiophores on starch agar. Non-acid-
pression. fast.
Serum agar: Poor growth, small amor- Gelatin: Dull white flakes sinking to
phous cream-colored mass. bottom as medium liquefies; liquefaction
Inspissated serum: Intricately coiled complete in 8 days.
cream-colored growth. No liquefaction. Agar: Colorless, coherent, wrinkled,
Broth: Flakes. membranous growth with submerged mar-
Synthetic sucrose solution: Poor growth, gin; after 3 months, medium discolored,
a few flakes. scant white aerial mycelium at top.
Synthetic glycerol solution: Delicate Glucose agar: Wrinkled membranous
white flocculi at base. growth; after 2 months, scant white aerial
Litmus milk: Green surface growth,
mycelium.
liquid hydrolyzed, partly clear purple; Glycerol agar: Small, cream-colored, dis-
later decolorized, brown. crete colonies becoming confluent, under
Potato agar: Colorless blister colonies in surface much buckled.
one week; dull green heaped and coiled Potato agar: Moist, cream-colored skin,
mass after 3 weeks; medium becomes convoluted, closely adherent.
.slightly discolored. Ca-agar: Extensive, moist, cream-colored,
Potato plug: After 3 weeks, abundant, wrinkled, membranous growth.
colorless, umbilicated, round colonies, Coon's agar: Scant, cream-colored, mem-
some coiled in raised masses; later, liberal branous growth.
olive-green growth, piled up, dense, velvety Starch agar: Spreading, colorless growth,
gray green aerial mycelium at top of slant, considerable white aerial mycelium.
small round fluffy white colonies in liquid Blood agar: Hemolysis. Growth in uni-
at base. formly striated colorless bands, occasional
Source: Isolated from pus containing round colonies at margin.
typical actinomycotic granules from pa- Donset's egg medium: Extensive, very
rotid abscess. wrinkled, membranous growth, surface
Habitat: Found in human infections so bright yellow. After 2 months, considerable
far as known. liquefaction.
Serum agar: Wrinkled, glistening, cream- nies becoming confluent, white aerial my-
colored, membranous growth. celium.
Inspissated serum: Colorless smeary Potato agar: Extensive growth covered
growth, reverse becoming transparent, by white powdery aerial mycelium; large
starting to liquefy at base; completely colorless exuded droplets.
liquefied and brown in 12 days. Wort agar: Heavy brownish lichenoid
Broth: Suspended and sedimented color- colony; after 30 days, a white aerial my-
less flocculi, some small round colonies. celium.
Synthetic sucrose solution: Abundant Ca-agar: Dull cream-colored scaly
white colonies in coherent mass near bot- growth, covered by chalky white aerial
tom of tube; large shell -shaped masses. mycelium.
Synthetic glycerol solution: At first, a Coon's agar: Extensive growth, white
few round white colonies in suspension; aerial mycelium in annular arrangement.
later, large branched feathery mass at Synthetic agar: Small colonies covered
bottom. with white aerial mycelium.
Milk: Coagulated; later peptonized. Blood agar: Many large colonies, cream-
Litmus milk: Medium deep blue, be- colored, tough, smooth, glistening, with
coming hydrolyzed to clear purple. margin depressed; no hemolysis.
Potato plug: Colorless moist membranous Serum agar: Moist, cream-colored honey-
growth with scant white aerial mycelium at combed skin, scant white aerial mycelium.
top of plug. Dorset's egg medium: Closely adherent
Starch is hydrolyzed. scale-like colonies, centrally elevated, with
Tyrosine agar: Reaction negative. white aerial mycelium.
Source: Isolated from human spleen in a Inspissated serum: Rapid spreading
case of splenic anemia. growth, discrete round colonies at margin,
Habitat: Unknown. completely covered with white aerial my-
celium, colorless transpired drops; slight
146. Streptomyces kimberi (Erikson, softening at base.
1935) Waksman and Henrici, 1948. (Actino- Broth: Small round colonies in sediment
myces kimberi Erikson, Med. Res. Council in 2 days; supernatant colonies with white
Spec. Rept. Ser. 203, 1935, 36; Waksman aerial mycelium and large hollow flakes in
and Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 964.) sediment in 15 days; occasional reddish
kim'be.ri. M.L. gen. noun kimberi of brown coloration.
Kimber; presumably named for the surgeon Synthetic sucrose solution: Round white
who first secured this organism. colonies at bottom; later small stellate
Vegetative growth: Mycelium of long, colonies in suspension and a few superna-
straight, profusely branching filaments tant with white aerial mycelium.
forming circumscribed colonies on all media. Synthetic glycerol solution : Round white
Aerial mycelium: Abundant production
colonies at bottom; later coherent mulberry-
of short, straight and branched aerial my- like mass composed of fluffy round portions ;
celium; small round conidia. Non-acid-fast. after 15 days, irregular wispy flocculi and
Gelatin: Liquefaction. Smooth shining
large coherent mass.
colonies becoming powdery white with
Milk: Coagulation; no peptonization;
aerial mycelium, floating on liquefied me- initial pinkish brown ring descends until
dium. No pigmentation. medium is dark brown throughout (2
Agar: Smooth round moist cream-colored months).
colonies, 1 mm in diameter; after 17 days, Litmus milk: Blue coloration, hydrolyzed
white powdery aerial mycelium. to clear purple in 2 months.
Glucose agar: Discrete cream-colored Starch not hydrolyzed.
colonies becoming confluent, white aerial Tyrosine agar: Reaction negative.
mycelium. Source: Isolated from a blood culture of
Glycerol agar: Moist cream-colored colo- a woman with acholuric jaundice.
Habitat: Unknown. Synthetic sucrose solution : Minute round

white fluffy colonies in sediment; after 17
147. Streptoinyces somaliensis daj's, scant wispy growth.
(Brumpt, 1906) Waksman and Henrici, Milk: Soft semi -liquid coagulum which
1948. (Indiella somaliensis Brumpt, Arch. undergoes digestion; heavy wrinkled surface
Parasit., Paris, 10, 1906, 489; Waksman and pellicle, completely liquefied in 12 days.
Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 965.) Litmus milk: Soft coagulum, partly
digested, blue surface ring; clear liquid in
so.ma.li.en'sis. M.L. adj. somaliensis 12 days.
pertaining to Somali; named for Somali,
an East African people living in Somaliland. Potato plug: Abundant growth, colonies
Description taken from Erikson (Med. round and ellipsoidal, partly piled up in
Res. Council Spec. Kept. Ser. 203, 1935, 17). rosettes, frosted with whitish gray aerial
Vegetative growth: Simple branching, mycelium, plug discolored; after 16 days,
unicellular mycelium with long, straight aerial mycelium transient, growth nearly
filaments, forming circumscribed colony black.
crowned with aerial mycelium. Antagonistic properties: Positive.
Aerial mycelium: Short, straight. Comments: Although Streptomyces soma-
Gelatin: Cream-colored colonies, me- liensis has been known for a long time, there
dium pitted; complete liquefaction in 10 have been, until recently, no detailed de-
days; hard black mass at bottom. scriptions ofthe organism beyond the fact
Agar: Abundant yellowish granular that it possesses a distinctly hard sheath
growth with small discrete colonies at around the grain which is insoluble in potash
margin; later growth colorless, colonies and eau de javelle. The rare occurrence of
umbilicated. septa and occasional intercalary chlamy-
Glucose agar: Poor growth, moist cream- dospores is reported by Brumpt (Arch.
colored elevated patch. Parasit., 10, 1905, 562), but has not been
Glycerol agar: Abundant growth, minute confirmed by Erikson. Chalmers and Chris-
round to large convoluted and piled up topherson (Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit., 10,
masses, colorless to dark gray and black. 1916, 223) merely mentioned the growth
Ca-agar: Round cream-colored colonies, on potato as jêllowish white and lichenoid
depressed, umbilicated, piled up, thin white without describing any aerial mycelium.
aerial mycelium; colonies become pale Balfour in 1911 reported a case but gave
brown. no data, and Fiilleborn limited his descrip-
Potato agar: Small round colorless colo- tion to the grain (Arch. Schiffs. Trop. Hyg.,
nies, zonate margin depressed, confluent 15, 1911, 131). This species was first placed
portion dark greenish black. in Indiella, a genus of fungi, by Brumpt
Blood agar: Small dark brown colonies, (1906). Later Brumpt (1913) proposed a
round and umbilicated, piled up confluent new genus or subgenus, Indiellopsis, con-
bands, reverse red-black; hemolysis. taining the single species Indiellopsis so-
maliensis.
Dorset's egg medium: Extensive color-
less growth, partly discrete; becoming Source: Isolated from a case of j'ellow-
opaque, cream-colored, very wrinkled; grained mycetoma, Khartoum (Balfour,
later rough, yellow, mealy, portion liquid. 4th Rept. Wellcome Trop. Res. Lab., A.
Serum agar: Spreading yellow-brown Med., London, 1911, 365).
skin, intricately convoluted. Habitat: This condition has been ob-
served by Baufford in French Somaliland,
Inspissated serum: Cream-colored coiled
colonies, medium pitted, transparent and by Balfour in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan,
by Fiilleborn in German So. West Africa and
slightly liquid.
by Chalmers and Christopherson in the
Broth: A few round white colonies at sur- Sudan.
face, numerous fluffy masses in sediment;
later large irregular mass breaking into 148. Streptoinyces panjae (Erikson,
wisps. 1935) Waksman and Henrici, 1948. {Actino-
ynyces panja (sic) Erikson, Med. Res. Coun- changed; after 2 months, mostly digested,
cil Spec. Kept. Ser. 203, 1935, 36; Waksman residue coagulum light purple.
and Henrici, in Manual, 6tli ed., 1948, 966.) Source: Isolated from an ulcer of the
pan'jae. M.L. gen. noun panjae of Panja; abdominal wall from a patient in Calcutta.
named for Dr. Panja, who first secured this Habitat: Unknown.
organism.
Vegetative growth: Unicellular mycelium 149. Streptoiiiyces willniorei (Erikson,
with slender, branching filaments; very 1935) Waksman and Henrici, 1948. (Actino-
small, round colonies. viyces willmorei Erikson, Med. Res. Council
Aerial mycelium: No aerial mycelium Spec. Rept. Ser. 203, 1935, 36; Waksman
visible on any medium, but occasional and Henrici, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 966.)
isolated aerial branches. Non-acid-fast. will.mo're.i. M.L. gen. noun willmorei of
Gelatin: Complete liquefaction in 4 days. Willmore; named for the surgeon who first
Agar: Colorless irregularly piled up con- secured this organism.
voluted growth; after 1 month, easily de- Vegetative growth: Germination usual,
tachable, brownish. but growing unicellular mycelium fre-
Glucose agar: Small colorless coiled mass quently branches at very short intervals,
in 1 week; heaped up green growth in 2 presenting peculiar clubbed and budding
weeks . forms with occasional separate round swol-
Glycerol agar: Poor growth, scant color- len cells which may represent the cystites
less patch. of other writers. The filaments are charac-
Ca-agar: Colorless to pink spreading teristically long, homogeneous, and much
growth with minute discrete colonies at interwoven.
margin; after 2 weeks, bright red mass, Aerial mycelium: Profuse in most media,
buckled and shining, colorless submerged with a marked tendency to produce loose
margin. spirals (water and synthetic glycerol agar)
Coon's agar: Small submerged colorless with chains of ellipsoidal conidia. Thick
growth. aerial clusters may also be formed.
Potato agar: Small elevated convoluted Gelatin: Minute colorless colonies; lique-
colorless masses with purple tinge in center. faction.
Dorset's egg medium: Small round tough Agar: Heavy folded colorless lichenoid
colorless colonies, margin well embedded; growth, rounded elevations covered with
after 3 weeks, colonies elevated, warted, white aerial mycelium; later, submerged
darkened, medium discolored and broken; margin, round confluent growth, aerial
slight degree of liquefaction, medium dark mycelium marked in concentric zones.
brown. Glucose agar: Colorless wrinkled con-
Serum agar: Colorless, glistening, piled fluent growth with smooth entire margin,
up, convoluted mass. large discrete colonies like flat rosettes;
Inspissated serum: Small round blister after 4 months, scant white aerial mycelium.
colonies and irregularly convoluted patches Glycerol agar: Round smooth cream-
deeply sunk in pitted medium; after 2 colored colonies, heavy texture, margin
weeks, medium transparent, slight degree submerged, stiff sparse aerial spikes; after
of liquefaction. 3 weeks, colonies large (up to 10 mm in di-
Broth: Flakes and minute colorless ametr).
colonies.
Ca-agar: Spreading colorless growth,
Glucose broth: Poor growth, scant flakes,
pitting medium, submerged undulating
pinkish. margin; very scant white aerial mycelium.
Synthetic sucrose solution: Pinkish floc-
culi; after 3 weeks, moderate growth, mi- Coon's agar: Opaque white growth ex-
nute colorless colonies. tending irregularly (up to 3 mm) into me-
Milk: Coagulation; pale green surface dium, margin smooth and submerged,
growth; mostly digested in 2 weeks. center raised, greenish tinge covered with
Litmus milk: Soft coagulum, color un- white aerial mycelium; after 3 weeks, mar-
821
gin green, central mass covered by gray to regain the capacity to produce aerial
aerial mycelium. mycelium.
Potato agar: Fair growth, partly sub- Such cultures represent many species.
merged, covered with grayish white aerial Their growth is moi'e commonly colorless,
mycelium; medium becomes discolored. but sometimes pigmented, smooth or lich-
Blood agar: Heavilj^ textured small drab enoid, leathery, compact, with shiny surface.
colonies, aerial mycelium microscopical; Some produce a soluble brown pigment. This
no hemolysis. was recognized by Krassilnikov, who desig-
Dorset's egg medium: Large, round, nated such cultures as Actinomyces albus
colorless, scale-like colonies, radially sterilis and A. viridis sterilis, similar to the
wrinkled; growth brownish, medium dis- formation of Fungus sterilis. He isolated
colored in 2 weeks. from the soil about 100 such cultures. These
Serum agar: Smooth colorless discoid were divided into three groups:
colonies; marked umbilication after 2 1. Strongly proteolytic cultures capable
weeks. of liquefying gelatin in 3 to 5 days, of pep-
Broth: Large fluffy white hemispherical tonizing milk in 6 to 10 days, with or without
colonies, loosely coherent. preliminary coagulation, of hydrolyzing
Synthetic sucrose solution: A few large starch with varying degrees of rapidity, of
round white colonies with smooth partly inverting sugar. No growth on cellulose.
zonate margins, lightly coherent in sedi- Strongly antagonistic.
ment; later smaller colonies in suspension 2. Gelatin slowly liquefied, in 15 to 30
attached to side of tube. days, or not at all in that time; milk coagu-
Milk: Coagulation; one-third peptonized. lated and peptonized simultaneously;
Carrot plug: Colorless raised colonies starch hydrolyzed with varying degrees of
with powdery white aerial mycelium; after rapidity or not at all. No growth on cellu-
1 month, very much piled up, aerial myce- lose. Weak antagonistic properties.
lium gray; after 2 months, superabundant 3. Milk coagulated, due to acidification,
growth around back of plug, confluent, but not peptonized. No antagonistic effects.
greatly buckled, all-over gray aerial my- Waksman (in Waksman and Lechevalier,
celium. Actinomycetes and Their Antibiotics, Balti-
Antagonistic properties : Positive. more, 1953, 20) has used for these groups
Source: Isolated from a case of strepto- such names as Streptomyces sterilis albus,
thricosis of liver (Willmore, Trans. Roy. Soc. Streptomyces sterilis ruber, Streptomyces
Trop. Med. Hyg., 17, 1924, 344). sterilis viridis, Streptomyces sterilis flavus,
Habitat: Unknown. etc. to designate variant forms of cultures
which have lost the capacity to produce
150. Sterile (non-conidia -forming) aerial mycelium. In his collection many of
.species. the cultures that originally produced aerial
In view of the fact that various species of mycelium have lost this capacity and could,
Streptomyces are able to lose the capacity therefore, no longer be considered as typi-
to produce aerial mycelium, either on con- cal. For example Streptomyces griseus, a
tinued cultivation or by a sort of mutation, vigorously growing culture capable of pro-
cultures are obtained which may be mis- ducing streptomycin, yielded a mutant
taken for nocardias. They can be recognized, which no longer produces aerial mycelium,
however, by the structure of their vegeta- nor is it able to produce streptomycin.
tive mycelium and by their cultural and On the other hand, certain nocardia-like
organisms have been isolated from natural
physiological properties, such as forma- substrates which, on continued cultivation
tion of soluble pigments, liquefaction of on artificial media, gave rise to variants
gelatin, hydrolysis of starch, inversion of which produced sporulating aerial hyphae.
sucrose, coagulation and peptonization of This is true, for example, of the culture
milk. Occasionally some are able to revert designated by Gause as Proactinomyces
to the typical streptomycete condition or cyaneus-antibioticus and thought to be iden-
tical with Beijerinck's Actinococcus cya- forms of Streptomyces, whether they are
neus. Beijerinck believed in a close relation- natural mutants, or whether, as Gause be-
ship between his cultures and that of Strep- lieved, Streptomyces can be a mutant of
tomyces coelicolor Miiller. Whether these Nocardia (Proactinomyces) , remains to be
cultures are naturally occurring sterile determined.
Genus II. Micromonospora Orskov, 1923.

(Investigations into the Morphology of the Ray Fungi. Copenhagen, 1923, 147.)
Mic.ro.mo.no'spo.ra. Gr. adj. micrus small; Gr. adj. monus single, solitary; Gr. noun
spora a seed; M.L. noun spora a spore; M.L. fem.n. Micromonospora the small, single-spored
(organism) .
Well developed, fine, non-septate mycelium, 0.3 to 0.6 micron in diameter. Grow well
into the substrate. Do not form at any time a true aerial mycelium. Multiply by means of
conidia which are produced singly at the ends of special conidiophores on the surface of
the substrate mycelium. Conidiophores are short and either simple, branched or clustered.
Not acid-fast. Gram-positive. Strongly proteolytic and diastatic. Aerobic. Grow readily
between 35° and 37° C. Usually saprophytic. Occur mostly in dust, soil and lake bottoms.
The type species is Micromonospora chalcea (Foulerton) ^rskov.
Key to the species of genus Micromonospora.

I. Grow vigorously; copious spore formation on glucose-asparagine agar.
A. Vegetative mycelium pale pink to deep orange; no typical soluble pigment.
1. Micromonospora chalcea.
B. Vegetative mycelium orange, changing to brownish black; soluble pigment brown.
2. Micromonospora fusca.
II. Grow slowly and feebly; scant spore formation on glucose-asparagine agar; no soluble
pigment.
A. Vegetative mycelium not blue.
1. Vegetative mycelium pale pink to pale orange,
3. Micromonospora parva.
2. Vegetative mycelium yellow to orange-red.
4. Micromonospora globosa.
B. Vegetative mycelium blue.
5. Micromonospora coerulea.
1. Micromonospora chalcea (Fouler- black to greenish black, this color some-

ton, 1905) 0rskov, 1923. (Streptothrix chalcea times spreading through the whole mass of
Foulerton, Lancet, 1, 1905, 1200; Prskov, growth. Ellipsoidal or spherical conidia
Thesis, Copenhagen, 1923, 156.) formed individually on relatively non-
chal'ce.a. Gr. adj. chalceus copper, branching conidiophores.
bronze. Gelatin: Liquefaction.
Vegetative growth: Grows rapidly on all Milk: Peptonized, occasionally coagu-
nutrient media, especially on glucose-as- lated.
paragine agar. Growth heavy, compact. Sucrose is inverted,
raised, pale pink to deep orange, not spread- Starch is hydrolyzed.
ing much into the medium. Long, thin. Cellulose rapidly decomposed,
branching, non-septate hyphae. Surface of Proteolytic action seems stronger in this
growth smooth or folded, dull or shining. than in the other species of this genus.
No soluble pigment. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Aerial mycelium: None. Well developed Aerobic,
spore layer, moist and glistening, brownish Optimum temperature for growth, be-
tvveen 30° and 35° C. Thermal death point Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
of mycelium, 70° C. in 2 to 5 minutes. Spores Aerobic.
resist 80° C. for 1 to 5 minutes. Source: Isolated from soil.
Source : Isolated from the air. Habitat: Found in soil.
Habitat: Found in soil, lake mud and
other substrates. 4. Micromonospora globosa Krassil-
nikov, 1938. (Ray Fungi and Related Organ-
2. Micromonospora fusca Jensen, 1932. isms. Izd. Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Moskau,
(Proc. Linn. Soc. New So. Wales, 57, 1932, 1938, 134; also see Microbiology, U.S.S.R.,
178.) 8, 1939, 179.)
fus'ca. L. adj. fuscus dark, tawny. glo.bo'sa. L. adj. globosus spherical, glo-
Vegetative growth: On glucose-aspara- bose.
gine agar, heavy, compact, orange, rapidly Vegetative growth: Rugose, at first very
changing to deep brown and nearly black. compact, later acquiring a pasty consis-
Deep brown soluble pigment. tency, adhering but slightly to the medium.
Aerial growth: Moist, glistening, grayish The color of the cultures varies from light
to brownish black spore layer. yellow to orange-red. During fruit-bearing,
Gelatin: Weak liquefaction. Soluble pig- the colonies are covered with a brownish
ment very slight. black tarnish of conidia.
Grows in liquid media as small, brown Aerial growth: Conidia are formed at the
granules and flakes. ends of short branches, one on each branch.
Milk: Slowly digested; not coagulated; Individual branches with conidia resemble
slight grayish brown discoloration. grape vines. The conidia are spherical, 1.0
Sucrose is inverted. to 1.3 microns; they arise by the swelling of
Starch is hydrolyzed. the branch tips. The swellings become
Cellulose is attacked to a slight extent. round, acquire the shape of spheres which,
Nitrate reduction variable. as the formation of the conidia proceeds,
Aerobic. are divided from the branch by a transverse
Antagonistic properties: Produces micro- septum.
monosporin. Gelatin: Liquefaction.
Source: Isolated from soil. Milk: Coagulated, peptonized.
Habitat: Found in soil. Sucrose is inverted.
3. Micromonospora parva Jensen, 1932. Cellulose not decomposed.
(Proc. Linn. Soc. New So. Wales, 57, 1932, Nitrites produced from nitrates.
177.) Aerobic.
par'va. L. adj. parvus small. Source: Isolated from soil.
Vegetative growth: Scant growth on glu- Habitat: Soil.
cose-asparagine agar; vegetative mycelium
thin, spreading widely into the agar, almost 5. Micromonospora coerulea Jensen,
colorle.ss to pale pink or orange. 1932. (Proc. Linn. Soc. New So. Wales, 57,
Aerial growth: Sporulation scant, giving 1932, 177.)
rise to thin, grayish, moist crusts on the coe.ru'le.a. L. adj. coeruleus dark blue,
surface. Spores ellipsoidal, occurring in a azure.
gray-colored mass. Vegetative growth: Slow growth on glu-
Gelatin: Liquefaction. cose-asparagine agar. Mycelium dense,
Milk: Unchanged; maj^ be coagulated greenish blue. Insoluble pigment. Colonies
then slowly redissolved with a faintly acid pigmented only on free admission of oxygen.
reaction. Surface of colonies hard and glossy.
Sucro.se not inverted. Aerial growth: Thin, white veil on surface
Starch is hydrolyzed. resembling aerial mycelium but without
Cellulose not decomposed. aerial spores.
Aerial mycelium: None. Spherical conidia Sucrose not inverted.

produced on branching, short conidio- Starch is hydrolyzed.
phores. Conidia blue. Cellulose not decomposed.
Liquid media: Growth at bottom forms Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
firm, round, white to pink granules. Aerobic.
Gelatin: Rapid liquefaction.
Milk: May be coagulated, but digestion Source: Isolated from soil.
very slight. Habitat: Occurs infrequently in soil.
Germs III. Thermoactinomyces Tsiklinsky, 1899.

(Ann. Inst. Past., 13, 1899, 501; also see ibid., 17, 1903, 206.)
Ther.mo.ac.ti.no.my'ces. Gr. noun thermus heat; Gr. noun actis, actinis a ray; Gr. noun
myces fungus; M.L. mas.n. Thermoactinomyces heat (-loving) ray fungus.
The genus Thermoactinomyces is, in some respects, similar to Micromonospora, especially
in its ability to produce single conidia at the tips of simple or branching conidiophores,
which may be so short that they often appear to be produced directly on the mycelium. In
other respects, notably in appearance and in ability to produce a true aerial mycelium, this
genus resembles Streptomyces. It comprises, so far, only forms capable of growing between
50° and 65° C. Some have their optimum temperature at 60° C. Three species have been
recognized so far.
The type species is Thermoactinomyces vulgaris Tsiklinsky.
Key to the species of genus Thermoactinomyces.

I. Aerial mycelium white.
A. No soluble pigment produced.
1. Thermoactinomyces vulgaris.
B. Soluble wine-colored to rose pigment produced in certain media.
2. Thermoactinomyces thalpophilus .
II. Aerial mycelium grayish green.
3. Thermoactinomyces monosporus.
1. Thermoactinomyces vulgaris Tsik- ellipsoidal or spherical, often appear to sit

linsky, 1899. (Thermophile Cladothrix, Ked- directly on mycelium.
zior. Arch. f. Hyg., 27, 1896, 328; Tsiklinsky, Broth: Growth in form of white pellicle
Ann. Inst. Past., 13, 1899, 501; Micromono- and often as compact balls on bottom of
spora vulgaris Waksman, Umbreit and Gor- culture.
don, Soil Sci., 47, 1939, 51.) Milk: Coagulated and peptonized.
vul.ga'ris. L. adj. vulgaris common. Potato: Grows well.
Vegetative growth: Grows well on organic Sucrose not inverted.
and synthetic media. Mycelium 0.5 micron Starch is hydrolyzed.
in diameter. No soluble pigment. Cellulose not decomposed.
Aerial mycelium: White, powdery. Spher- Optimum temperature, 57° C. Grows be-
ical and ellipsoidal spores are borne singly tween 48° and 68° C.
at the end of short branches from which Source: Isolated from compost.
they are easily broken. Habitat: Found in human and animal
Gelatin: Liquefaction. excreta, high-temperature composts, self-
Agar: Grows well, produces aerial my- heated hay and soil.
celium.
Synthetic agar: Colorless growth, covered 2. Thermoactinomyces thalpophilus
with white aerial mycelium. Sporophores Waksman and Corke, 1953. (Jour. Bact.,
very short, not exceeding 2 microns in 66, 1953, 377.)
length, often only 0.5 to 1.0 micron. Spores thai . po'phi . lus. Gr. noun thalpus warmth,
FAMILY IV. ACTINOPLANACEAE 825
heat; Gr. adj. philus loving; M.L. adj. thal- days at 37° C; excellent growth in 2 daj^s
pophilus warmth-loving. at 50° C.
Vegetative growth: Grows well on organic Source: Isolated from soil and high-tem-
and synthetic media, except on potato, at perature composts.
50° C. Growth is colorless with yellow pig- Habitat: Presumably widely distributed
mentation inedges; color changes to orange in soil.
with age of culture. Soluble, wine-colored
to light rose pigment produced in yeast- 3. Thermoactinomyces monosporus
glucose agar. (Lehmann and Schiitze, 1908) Waksman,
Aerial mycelium: Well developed, white, 1953. (Actinomyces monosporus Lehmann
powdery, with tendency to form "fairy and Schiitze, in Schiitze, Arch. f. Hyg., 67,
rings" on some media. Sporulating hyphae 1908, 50; Thermoactinomyces monospora
very short, 0.6 to 1.0 micron in length. (sic) Waksman, in Waksman and Lecheva-
Spherical conidia, 0.8 to 1.5 microns in di- lier, Actinomycetes and Their Antibiotics,
ameter, are produced singly on the short Baltimore, 1953, 130.)
sporophores or are entirely sessile. mo.no'spo.rus. Gr. adj. monus single; Gr.
Gelatin: Liquefaction. fem.n. spora a seed; M.L. fem.n. spora a
Synthetic sucrose agar: Abundant, color- spore; M.L. adj. monosporus single-spored.
less growth. Powdery white to light gray Vegetative growth: Grows well in various
aerial mycelium. media. Growth yellowish, compact, smooth
Glucose-asparagine agar: Colorless or lichenoid. Hyphae about 1.0 micron in
growth with reverse white to yellow to light diameter.
brown. White, powdery aerial mycelium. Aerial mj'celium: Well developed, cover-
Considerable development of "fairy rings" ing the whole growth, grayish green. Good
in aerial mycelium. sporulation on hay infusion-peptone agar;
Glycerol agar: Cream-colored vegetative somewhat less on glycerol-peptone and lac-
growth; white aerial mycelium. tose-peptone agars; none on peptone-glu-
Yeast-glucose agar: Good, colorless cose agar. Ellipsoidal spores, 1.0 to 1.4 by
growth, pigmented yellow at edges, color 1.5 to 1.8 microns; produced singly on sim-
turning orange in older cultures. Lichenoid, ple, short sporophores.
white aerial mycelium. Soluble, wine to Gelatin: Liquefaction.
rose pigment. Blood serum: Good, smooth growth. Se-
Potato agar: Limited vegetative growth, rum liquefied.
penetrating deep into medium. Limited, Milk: Not coagulated.
powdery, white aerial mycelium. Potato: No growth.
Milk: Coagulated with limited peptoniza- Optimum temperature, between 37° and
tion.
55° C; grows poorly at 27° and not at all
Starch is rapidly hydrolyzed.
at 60° C.
Nitrites weakly produced from nitrates. Source: Isolated from self-heated hay.
No growth at 28° C; good growth in 4 Habitat: Presumably soil.
FAMILY IV. ACTINOPLANACEAE COUCH, 1955.*

(Actinosporangiaceae Couch, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Scientific Soc, 71,
1955, 149; Couch, ibid., 269.)
Ac.ti.no.pla.na'ce.ae. M.L. noun Actinoplanes type genus of the family; -aceae ending
to denote a family; M.L. fem.pl.n. Actinoplanaceae the Actinoplanes family.
* Prepared by Prof. John N. Couch, Department of Botany, University of North Caro-

lina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, January, 1955. The investigational work was supported
by a grant from the National Science Foundation. The author gratefully acknowledges the
assistance of Dr. E. K. Goldie-Smith.
The vegetative mycelium, usually inconspicuous, is formed in water on a variety of plant

and animal parts. The aerial mycelium is lacking as a rule; it is formed in certain species
and then much as in Streptomyces. Reproduction is by spores formed in sporangia, the spores
in Actmoplanes possessing fiagella and being motile, and those in Streptosporangium pos-
sessing no flagella and being non -motile; conidia are formed in many species. Culturable
on a variety of artificial media and then resembling, in vegetative characters, certain spe-
cies of Nocardia, Micromonospora or Streptomyces. Widely distributed in soil and fresh water.
Key to the genera of family Actinoplanaceae.

I. Aerial mycelium usually not formed; coiled conidiophores lacking; sporangiospores
motile.
Genus I. Actinoplanes, p. 826.
II. Aerial mycelium abundant ; coiled conidiophores as well as sporangia are formed in some
species; sporangiospores non-motile.
Genus II. Streptosporangium, p. 828.
Genus I. Actinoplanes Couch, 1950.

(Couch, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, 66, 1950, 87; also see ibid., 71,
1955, 148; Myceliochytrium fulgens Johanson, in part, Torreya, 45, 1945, 104.)
Ac.ti.no.pla'nes. Gr. noun actis, actinis a ray, beam; Gr. noun planes a wanderer; M.L.
noun Actinoplanes literally, a ray wanderer; intended to signify an actinomj^cete with
swimming spores.
On sterilized leaves in water, a very inconspicuous mycelium which branches throughout
the leaf tissue is formed, the external hyphae being scattered or in tufts on the leaf sur-
face and forming a fringe around the edge of the leaf; aerial mycelium is lacking or spar-
ingly formed as a rule. The mycelium is usually pinkish to reddish, sometimes hyaline, on
leaves, frequently decolorizing the green leaf and giving it a pinkish or reddish color. Hy-
phae are slightly to considerably branched, irregularly coiled, twisted or straight, spar-
ingly septate and 0.2 to 2.6 microns in diameter. Sporangia of varied sizes and shapes are
usually abundant on leaves and are formed only when the leaf is at or close to the surface
of the water, i.e., they are formed typically only in air; owing to refraction, they appear
black under the low power of the microscope. The spores are in coils, nearly straight chains
or are irregularly arranged in the sporangia; they are 1.0 to 1.5 microns in diameter, globose
or subglobose, usually slightly angular, possess one to several shiny bodies and several
polar flagella and are motile. Germination is by a minute germ tube which branches to
form a mycelium. Sporangial wall evanescent or persistent. Usually not acid-fast. Gram-
positive. Gelatin is liquefied. On various nutrient agars a brilliantly colored, toughish to
pasty growth is usually formed; surface very variable; growth smooth and even with the
agar or elevated, bumpy, convoluted, ridged, folded, cracked, etc.; usually moist and
shiny, rarely pulverulent. The hyphae are of two or more distinct forms, the submerged
and the surface hyphae, the latter usually more or less vertical, in some species forming a
compact "palisade." Sporangia are abundant on some agars and are usually formed at the
surface. Conidia formed by some species. On certain agars, the mycelium of some species
. breaks up, when crushed, into irregular pieces of hyphae, rods and coccoid bodies. Some iso-
lates produce a distinctive pleasant or slightly unpleasant odor, while others are odorless.
Aerobic. Saprophytic in a variety of soils and in fresh water; world-wide in distribution.*
The above description is based not only on the type species, Actinoplanes philippinensis,
but also on over a hundred and twenty isolates representing a number of species groups.
The genus is readily distinguished horn Streptosporangium. On leaves the latter produces
a conspicuous aerial mycelium which resembles that produced by most species of Strep-
* For methods of collection and isolation, see Couch, Trans. New York Acad. Sci., Ser.
II, 16, 1954, 315.
FAMILY IV. ACTIXOPLANACEAE 827
tomyces, whereas, as a rule, no such mycelium is found in the isolates of Actinoplanes. As a

whole, the isolates of Actinoplanes grow much more vigorously on agar than do those of
Streptosporangium. The most striking difference is that in Actinoplanes the sporangiospores
are motile, whereas in Streptosporangium they are non-motile.
Under certain conditions of culture, some species of Actinoplanes resemble some species
of Micromonospora. Indeed, a non-sporangial strain of Actinoplanes might easily be con-
fused with certain micromonosporas. The spores of Micromonospora, however, are formed
singly or in grape-like clusters but never in chains, whereas in Actinoplanes they are formed
singly and also in chains but not in grape-like clusters. Furthermore, none of the cultures
of Micromonospora so far tested forms sporangia. Another striking difference is that, with
most species of Micromonospora, on certain agars, the sporulating surface turns black,
whereas this change does not occur in Actinoplanes. In general, the species of Micromono-
spora are less vigorous in growth than those of Actinoplanes.
Several species of Actinoplanes , when grown on potato-glucose and certain other agars,
will form a small, pasty culture which, when mounted and crushed under a coverslip, breaks
up into minute spheres, irregular rods and short, branched, hyphal segments, much as in
Nocardia. Such growth, however, is not the normal condition for any species of Actinoplanes.
None of the twenty-five species of Nocardia from Baarn and from the American Type Cul-
ture Collection formed sporangia when grown either on any of the agars most favorable for
sporangial formation or on Paspalum leaves in water.
The type species is Actinoplanes philippinensis Couch.
1. Actinoplanes philippinensis Couch, face. Margin smooth or scalloped. Light buff

1950. (Jour. Elisha Mitchell Scientific Soc, to tawny, changing in some old cultures to
66, 1950, 87.) Mars brown with a lighter margin (colors as
phil.ip.pi.nen'sis. M.L. adj. philippinen- in Ridgway, Color Standards and Color
sis pertaining to the Philippines. Nomenclature, Washington, D. C, 1912).
The mycelium on sterile Paspalum grass Sectoring frequent. In section, the growth
in water forms a very delicate, hyaline to consists of a compact surface layer, made up
pinkish buff internal mycelium and an in- mostly of distinct palisades, and a sub-
conspicuous external fringe of threads merged region of loosely arranged hyphae;
around the entire edge of the leaf; compact the surface region is frequently stratose in
mounds or tufts of hyphae which are scat- old cultures with narrow, orange-colored
tered over the top surface giving the leaf a layers. Sporangia are fairly abundant in
speckled or finely powdery appearance are some cultures and are not formed in others;
also sometimes formed. The hyphae are 0.5 they are spherical to irregular, frequently
to 1.5 microns wide, branched and sparingly occurring beneath the surface in old cul-
septate. Sporangia are usually abundantly tures owing to overgrowth by palisade
formed on grass after about ten days, usu- hyphae; sometimes a new layer of sporangia
ally on long unbranched stalks; they are is formed over the first layer. Odor slightly
mostly spherical when mature and measure fragrant. The agar is usually colored pale
8.4 to 22.0 microns, most of them being
about 12.0 microns in diameter on grass. At yellow.
Peptone Czapek agar: Growth good to
maturity the spores are arranged in coils very good, consisting of heaped convolu-
or are irregularly placed in the sporangium; tions in the center, becoming concentric
they are about 1.0 to 1.2 microns in diameter rings of narrow ridges with narrow radial
and are discharged through a pore or by the grooves, towards the outside, usually with
partial dissolution of the sporangial wall, an elevated or radially ridged-and-grooved
swimming vigorously. margin. Surface shiny. Color brilliant, near
Czapek agar: Growth at room tempera- apricot-orange or orange-chrome. Sporangia
ture poor to fair, rarely good; flat or slightly absent to very rare. Palisades not formed.
elevated; sometimes in two distinct planes; Smaller hyphae form vast numbers of bac-
one within the agar, the other at the sur- teroid spheres and rods which, when the
material is crushed, break off and resemble with radial grooves gradually sloping into
Nocardia. Odor as on Czapek agar. the submerged margin. Surface moist-ap-
Potato glucose agar: Growth good to very pearing and glossy. Color of center apricot-
good. Central area with coarse convolutions orange to Sayal brown surrounded by an
or large bumps and irregular ridges sepa- ochraceous salmon or light ochraceous sal-
rated by radial grooves which slope to the mon margin. Sporangia are usuallj^ on the
smooth distinct margin. Surface glossy. smooth areas, none being found on the ele-
Apricot-orange to russet, becoming bay in vated parts; they are formed on palisade
old cultures. Produces a diffusible pigment
which darkens the agar. Sporangia are hj'phae.
Distinctive characters: This species is
formed on the margin of some cultures but
are absent in most of them. Palisades are characterized by the predominantly spher-
formed. ical sporangia usually on long unbranched
Nutrient agar: Growth fair. Center stalks, the rather poor and usually flat
slightly elevated and with a wide flat mar- growth on Czapek agar, and the very dis-
gin. Color ochraceous orange to cinnamon- tinct palisade hyphae on this medium. The
rufous. Sporangia very rarely formed. Pali- dark brown diffusible pigment on potato
sade hyphae usually not distinct. glucose agar is also characteristic.
Source: Isolated from a small pinch of
Krainsky's glucose asparagine agar:
Growth good to very good, consisting of dry soil (coll. no. P15) collected by Lieu-
a central area of elevated, fine convolutions, tenant W. Lane Barksdale in the Philippine
radial ridges or bumps and a smooth area Islands, 1945.
Genus II. Streptosporangium Couch, 1955.

(Jour. Elisha Mitchell Scientific Soc, 71, 1955, 148.)
Strep. to. spo.ran'gi.um. Gr. adj. streptus pliant, twisted; Gr. noun spora seed; M.L.
noun spora spore; Gr. noun angium a vessel; M.L. neut.n. Streptosporangium pliant sporan-
gium.
On sterilized leaves of Paspalum grass in water, an inconspicuous mycelium which over-
grows the leaves and an aerial mycelium which grows in scattered or concentrically ar-
ranged tufts are formed. Aerial mycelium white to pinkish on leaves; the hyphae are much
branched, sparingly septate and about 0.5 to 1.2 microns in diameter. Sporangia are formed
abundantly on the aerial mycelium on leaves; spores are abundant in the sporangia and
are without flagella and non-motile. Growth poor to good on a variety of semi -solid media;
aerial mycelium absent to abundant; sporangia and conidia are formed on some nutrient
agars.
This genus is represented by four isolates representing three distinct species. Two of
the species were isolated from soil by the soil dilution method used by Jensen (Proc. Linn.
Soc. New So. Wales, 65, 1930-31, 238), and the third one was isolated from dog dung col-
lected in New York City by Dr. L. S. Olive.
For a comparison of this genus with Actinoplanes , see under the latter.
The type species is Streptosporangium roseum Couch.
1. Streptosporangium roseum Couch, mycelium which is white at first but which

1955. (Jour. Elisha Mitchell Scientific Soc, soon changes to pale pink is also formed.
71, 1955, 148.) The aerial mycelium appears as single hy-
ro'se.um. L. adj. roseus rose-colored. phae or as minute tufts which grow to form
On sterile leaves, either in soil water or mounds, up to 2 mm in diameter, arranged
on damp sterile soil, a vegetative mycelium more or less in concentric circles; the
is formed which spreads over the surface of mounds usually become minutely pock-
the leaf, not penetrating or decolorizing it, marked. Sporangia first appear on scattered
and also over the soil; an aerial reproductive single hyphae, apical on the main thread,
829
FAMILY IV. ACTINOPLANACEAE
or on short lateral branches, a few to many Potato glucose agar: Growth usually
sporangia on one hypha; they are formed good, 1.0 to 1.8 cm in diameter after
in the hj^phal tufts and mounds until the 2 months; center elevated with irregular
latter may be almost solid masses of spor- bumps and ridges; margin flat and even
angia. The sporangia are white in small with surface of agar. Color at first creamy,
groups, pink in large masses and spherical, becoming tawny and then Carob brown or
measuring 7 to 19 microns in diameter on Kaiser brown, after which white floccose
leaves, most measuring 8 to 9 microns. spots of hyphae appear, usually spreading
Shortly after their formation, spores are to cover the entire culture. Sporangia are
visible as a single coil in each sporangium; usually formed in vast numbers, the white
when completely formed, they are irregu- areas becoming rosy pink as the sporangia
larly arranged. Immersion of the mature mature; the pinkish areas are frequently
sporangium in water brings about the swell- minutely pocked. Surface moist at first,
ing of an intersporal substance; this swelling appearing dry and floccose as aerial hyphae
causes the wall and the spores to push out and sporangia are formed. Agar colored
on one side forming a cone-shaped projec- reddish brown with a vinaceous tinge.
tion about half as long as the diameter of Agar: Growth fair, 0.7 to 1.3 cm in diame-
the sporangium. The spores are forcibly ter after 2 months; central region elevated
ejected through an opening in the cone; into irregular ridges which merge, towards
they are spherical, 1.8 to 2.0 microns in the outside, into radial ridges and grooves
diameter, possess a shiny globule and are sloping abruptly to the narrow, flat border;
non-motile. The sporangial wall persists for margin lobed. Usually cream-buff, rarely
several hours after spore discharge. In addi- buffy brown. Surface usually glossy, some-
tion to sporangia, conidia are formed in times powdery with aerial hyphae which
coils somewhat as in Streptomyces , though may be united to form many upright fasci-
the coils are much less conspicuous. cles. Sporangia absent.
Czapek agar: Growth fair, about 0.7 to Krainsky's glucose asparagine agar:
1.2 cm in diameter after 6 weeks; usually Growth poor, 0.3 to 0.7 cm in diameter;
flat, level with agar surface; concentric slightly elevated and minutely ridged, slop-
zonation distinct or absent; central region ing to the fimbriate margin. Surface of cen-
usually compact with a broad fringed border tral region minutely powdery with aerial
and a tasseled edge. Surface glossy or pow- hyphae. White. Sporangia absent.
de^3^ Color usually white, sometimes pink- Emerson's agar: Growth good, about 2 cm
ish buff or cream-buff. Sporangia, absent in diameter after 6 weeks, composed of a
to fairly abundant, are always formed some whitish central area, 4 to 6 mm wide, made
distance above the surface of the agar. In up of elevated, irregular bumps and ridges
some cultures coils are formed which break which abruptly change into radial ridges
up into conidia as in Streptomyces. Palisades and grooves sloping down to a flat, white
are absent. border, 1 to 2 mm wide and composed of
Peptone Czapek agar: Growth good, a- minute, concentric circles of white hyphae.
bout 1.5 to 2.0 cm in diameter after 6 weeks; Ridges and grooves vinaceous brown, some-
flat or with a few low radial or irregular times covered with a whitish down. Margin
ridges and grooves; margin fringed or en- smooth or scalloped, ending abruptly. Sur-
tire; aerial hyphae often formed in white face dry. Sporangia formed abundantly,
concentric rings, sometimes as a white bor- appearing first in the center as the white
der and sometimes giving a powdery ap- changes to pink. Agar colored pale vina-
pearance to the normally glossy surface. ceous brown.
Olive-buff to deep olive-buff. Sporangia Habitat: Found in vegetable garden soil,
very rare. Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
ORDER VI. CARYOPHANALES PESHKOFF, 1940.
(Jour. Gen. Microbiol. (Russian), 1, 1940, 611 and 616.)

Ca.ry.o.pha.na'les. M.L. neut.n. Caryophanon type genus of the order; -ales ending to
denote an order; M.L. fem.pl. n. Caryophanales the Caryophanon order.
Bacteria which occur as trichomes (many-celled filaments) or as shorter structures which
function as hormogonia. The individual cells are characterized by the presence of a central
body or ring-like nucleus which frequently assumes the form of a disc; these bodies are
clearly visible in the living cells. The nuclear elements give a clear-cut Feulgen reaction.
The trichomes are not enclosed in sheaths. Colorless. Each trichome consists of cylindrical
or discoidal cells enclosed in a continuous wall. Gonidia are sometimed formed. Found in
water, the intestines of arthropods and vertebrates and in decomposing organic materials.
Key to the families of order Caryophanales.
I. Do not form spores so far as observed. Trichomes frequently motile.
Family I. Caryophanaceae, p. 830.
II. Form spores.
A. Actively motile trichomes; found in the intestines of vertebrates.
Family II. Oscillospiraceae , p. 834.
B. Non-motile trichomes; spores form in the distal ends of the trichomes; found in
the intestines of millipeds, cockroaches and toads.
Family III. Arthromitaceae, p. 835.
FAMILY I. CARYOPHANACEAE PESHKOFF, 1940.

(Jour. Gen. Biol. (Russian), 1, 1940, 611 and 616.)
Ca.ry.o.pha.na'ce.ae. M.L. neut.n. Caryophanon type genus of the family; -aceae ending
to denote a family; M.L. fem.pl.n. Caryophanaceae the Caryophanon family.
Large trichomes and bacillary structures which do not form spores. Motile with perit-
richous flagella or non-motile. The organisms are found on the mucous membranes of the
oral cavity of man and various other animals, in the alimentary tract of ruminants and in
decomposing organic materials.
Key to the genera of family Caryophanaceae.

I. Trichomatous bacteria that are actively motile by means of peritrichous flagella.
A. Unstained trichomes show alternating light and dark bands, the dark bands being
internal crosswalls.
Genus I. Caryophanon, p. 831.
B. Trichomes show coenocytic structure. Divide by constriction.
Genus II. Lineola, p. 832.
* Revised by Prof. Robert S. Breed, Cornell University, Geneva, New York, May, 1955;
revision based on a manuscript supplied by Prof. Michael A. Peshkoff, Institute of Cytol-
ogy, Acad, of Sci., Moscow, U.S.S.R., April, 1947.
830
FAMILY I. CARYOPHANACEAE 831
II. Non-motile trichomes. Found in the buccal cavities of vertebrates.

Genus III. Simonsiella, p. 833.
Genus I. Caryophanon Peshkoff, 1940.

Ca.ry.o'pha.non. Gr. nouncaryum nut, kernel, nucleus; Gr. adj. phanus bright, conspicu-
ous; M.L. neut.n. Caryophanon that which has a conspicuous nucleus.
During active growth, the large filamentous and bacillary structures are essentially tri-
chomes containing packed, discoid, protoplasmic units separated by internal crosswalls.
The unstained trichome has the appearance of alternating light and dark bands. Trichomes
may form long, unsheathed filaments. Spherical, single-celled structures are commonly
seen. Kelley (Thesis, Ohio State Univ., 1952) states that the internal crosswalls are
complete and that the chromatinic material is either disc-shaped or spherical depending
upon the shape of the cell. Found in fresh cow dung.
The type species is Caryophanon latum Peshkoff.
1. Caryophanon latum Peshkoff, 1940. in length. The diameters of trichomes and

(Compt. rend. (Doklady) Acad. Sci., spherical cells may lessen as much as 50
U.R.S.S., Nouvelle S^r. 25, 1939, 244; Jour. per cent on cultivation for a j'ear or more
Gen. Biol. (Russian), 1, 1940, 527; Micro- in the laboratory.
biology (Russian), 15, 1946, 189.) Motility: Trichomes show active motility
la'tum. L. adj. latus broad. even when they grow out into long filaments.
Additional descriptive material taken The spherical units are less active. Peri-
from Pringsheim and Robinow (Jour. Gen. trichous flagella.
Microbiol. (London), 1, 1947, 267), Weeks Agar colonies : Colonies are 1 to 2 mm in
and Kelley (Bact. Proc, Soc. Amer. Bact., diameter with entire or slightly undulating
1951, 39) and Kelley (Thesis, Ohio State margins. Original isolations usually develop
University, 1952). smooth colonies. Rough colonies predom-
Trichomes measure 3 or more microns by inate during laboratory cultivation. Long
6 to 20 microns. The bacillary unit or tri- filaments tend to occur in the rough colo-
chome shows alternating light and dark nies; short, individual trichomes occur in
bands completely traversing the structure. the smooth colonies. The colonies appear
The ends of the trichomes are rounded. The in 6 to 8 hours on peptone-yeast extract-
light bands seen in the unstained, fresh, wet sodium acetate agar (Pringsheim and Rob-
mounts are the basic, discoid protoplasmic
inow). Irregular giant' forms may develop
units; the dark bands are internal cross- from older cultures (Peshkoff).
walls. Each protoplasmic unit may extend Rapid growth on peptone-yeast extract-
from 0.6 to 1.8 microns along the longitu- sodium acetate agar, pH 7.6 to 7.8. Also on
dinal axis of the trichome, the crosswalls cow dung extract agar, pH 7.8 to 8.0. Growth
occupying from 0.15 to 0.3 micron of the at pH 7.0 produces spherical units. No
same dimension. The number of discoid
growth on nutrient agar (Pringsheim and
protoplasmic units per trichome varies from
Robinow) ; poor growth (Kelley) .
4 to 22 depending on the length and age of
Poor growth in liquid media; added col-
the trichome and upon the cultural condi-
loids result in the growth of long filaments.
tions. Trichomes divide transversely. Older
populations (24 hours to 4 days), or cultures The organism survives for long periods in
growing under unfavorable conditions, con- liquid media.
Aerobic.
tain, or show exclusively, spherical cells 3
microns in diameter, each containing a Not known to be pathogenic.
single protoplasmic unit. Nuclear structures Source: Isolated from 20 to 30 per cent
of discoid cells are disc-shaped, of spherical of samples of fresh cow dung. Isolated at
cells, rounded (Kelley). Trichomes may least 20 times in Moscow (U.R.S.S.) and
form unsheathed filaments up to 200 microns its vicinity by Peshkoff. Isolated and culti-
832 ORDER VI. CARYOPHANALES
vated in England by Pringsheim and Rob- Similar to the species described above,
inow and in Idaho (U. S. A.) by Weeks and but more slender. Diameter, 1.5 microns.
Kelley. This species may be a variety of Cary-
Habitat: Apparently widely distributed ophanon latum as the trichomes of the latter
in fresh cow dung and presumably found are frequently no broader than 1.5 microns
in the dung of other herbivorous mammals. after cultivation on artificial media.
Growth on cow manure extract agar and
2. Caryophanon tenue Peshkoff, 1940. yeast extract agar at pH 7.8 to 8.0.
(Compt. rend. (Doklady) Acad. Sci., Source: Isolated from fresh cow manure.
U.R.S.S., Nouvelle S6r. 25, 1939, 244; Jour. Habitat: Apparently widely distributed
Gen. Biol. (Russian), /, 1940, 597.) in fresh cow dung and presumably found in
ten'u.e. L. adj. tenuis slender. the dung of other herbivorous mammals.
Genus II. Lineola Pringsheim, 1950 *

(Jour. Gen. Microbiology, 4, 1950, 198.)
Long (often 20 to 50 microns), peritrichous rods, coenocytic in nature, which subdivide
by constriction; the constrictions later develop into cross-walls and thus form new cells.
Trichomes motile and frequently branched, attaining a length of up to several hundred
microns. Very long, non-motile trichomes may occur. Non-sporeforming. Gram-negative.
The rods do not break up into smaller units at the conclusion of the life cycle, as in other
filamentous bacteria, but divide into two by constriction and fission. The absence of fatty
acids in the culture media precludes multiplication. Found in cow dung and in nature where
plant material is decaying.
The type species is Lineola longa Pringsheim.
1. Lineola longa Pringsheim, 1950. (Li- no analogy can be drawn to false branching.
neola longa Pringsheim and Robinow (nomen Non-sporeforming. Gram-negative.
provisorium) , Jour. Gen. Microbiology, 1, Acetate peptone yeast extract agar col-
1947, 267; Pringsheim, ibid., 4, 1950, 198.) onies: Large, fiat, patch-like, irregularly
lon'ga. L. adj. longus long. shaped, semi-confluent; edges fringed.
Rods, 1.4 to 1.6 by 10 to 50 (mostly 25 to Small, medusa-head colonies form from
40) microns, containing Feulgen-positive single organisms; later these colonies be-
bodies which impart a coenocytic appear- come bluish white against a dark back-
ance to the cells. Peritrichous. Trichomes ground and produce a watered silk effect.
are motile, quite rigid, slightly and irregu- Young growths appear as parallel and
larly curved and may be more than 200 mi- straight threads which later break up to
crons long; non-motile trichomes of much form bundles. Through intercalary elonga-
greater length may be found. All but the tion, isolated trichomes form coiled aggre-
shortest trichomes are subdivided by con- gations connected by almost straight sec-
strictions which later develop into cross- tions.
walls, consequently forming new cells. Mul- Agar .stab : Growth on or near the surface.
tiplication does not occur in the absence ot Broth : Liquid media support growth only
fatty acids. Branching is infrequent and when supplemented with extracts of dung,
consists of two, three or even more single soil or other growth-promoting substances.
rods or short chains attached near the site Non-motile growth quite evident near the
of constriction. Although the branches are surface. If growth is not too meager, a ring
seemingly unconnected to the main axis. is formed just below the meniscus; this ring
* Prof. Peshkoff has concluded (March, 1957) that the genus Lineola shows so many dif-
ferences from the other genera of the order Caryophanales that it should be placed else-
where, perhaps in a new order.
FAMILY I. CARYOPHANACEAE 833
is easily detached and falls to the bottom and no more than two are found at one joint.
at the slightest disturbance. When growth Cell division occurs by constriction with a
is rapid and motility strong, a homogeneous subsequent formation of cross-walls. In the
turbidity is produced. absence of fatty acids multiplication does
Growth not appreciably quicker at 25° not occur. Non-sporeforming. Gram-nega-
tive.
to 27° C. than at 18° to 20° C; growth re-
tarded at 32° C. Acetate peptone yeast extract agar col-
Source: Isolated from an infusion of cow onies: Large and curly with wavy or lobed
dung from Cambridge, England. edges. Small colonies are iridescent, resem-
Habitat: Found in cow dung and decaying bling mother-of-pearl. Young growths ap-
plant material. pear as irregularly undulating, snake-like
threads which develop into small, narrow,
2. Lineola articulata Pringsheim, 1950.
elongated colonies; later these become V-,
(Lineola articulata {nomen nudum) Prings- X- or Y-shaped and develop into increas-
heim, Bact. Rev., IS, 1949, 72; Pringsheim,
ingly regular patches.
Jour. Gen. Microbiology, ^, 1950, 198.)
Agar stab : Growth on or near the surface.
ar.ti.cu.la'ta. L. part. adj. articulatus Broth: Usually filled with evenly distrib-
jointed.
Rods 1.4 to 1.6 by 10 to 50 (mostly 30 to uted, rarely non-motile trichomes; settling
occurs only in ageing cultures.
40) microns, coenocj'tic in appearance. Pe-
ritrichous. Trichomes are motile, flexuous Growth not appreciably quicker at 25°
at the joints connecting the individual rods to 27° C. than at 18° to 20° C; growth not
and attain a length of up to 160 microns. retarded at 32° C.
Branching is rather frequent, the branches Source: Isolated from water with plant
being at times so long as to be indistinguish- debris from the New Forest.
able from the main trichome. The branches Habitat: Found in water and in nature
appear to be unattached to the main axis where plant material is decaying.
Genus III. Simonsiella Schmid, 1922.

(Schmid, in Simons, Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 88, 1922, 504.)
Si.mon.si.el'la. Named for Hellmuth Simons, who studied the species in this genus; M.L.
dim. ending -ella; M.L. fem.n. Simonsiella a generic name.
Cells occur in short to long chains which are usually divided into segments. Each segment
normally contains four cells or four cell pairs, occasionally double this number. The end
cells are small and rounded. Non-motile. Harmless saprophytes in the buccal cavities of
healthy persons and domestic animals.
The type species is Simonsiella muelleri Schmid.
1. Simonsiella muelleri Schmid, 1922. ble this number. Miiller (op. cit., 1911, 227)
(Scheibenbakterien, Miiller, Miinchen. med. reported dark granules in the middle of
Wochnschr., 58, 1911, 227; Simonsiella Mul- each segment, but Simons (op. cit., 1922, 507)
leri (sic) Schmid, in Simons, Cent. f. Bakt., maintains that these "granules" are merely
I Abt., Orig., 88, 1922, 504.) artifacts. Non-motile. Stains very weakly
muel'le.ri. M.L. gen. noun muelleri of with safranin.
Miiller; named for Reiner Miiller, a German Saprophytic.
bacteriologist. Habitat: Found in normal buccal cavities.
Cells, 0.4 to 0.7 by 2.0 to 3.0 microns, ar-
ranged side by side in chains. Chains, 2.0 2. Simonsiella crassa Schmid, 1922.
to 3.2 by 3.0 to 16.0 microns, with rounded (Schmid, in Simons, Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt.,
ends, divided into segments which contain Orig., 88, 1922, 509.)
four cells or four cell pairs, sometimes dou- cras'sa. L. adj. crassus thick.
Similar in morphology to Simonsiella fi.li.for'mis. L. noun filum thread; L.

muelleri but broader. noun forma shape; M.L. adj. filiformis fili-
Habitat: Found on the mucous mem- form.
branes of the oral cavities of domestic ani- Cells occur in long, pointed chains which
mals.
vary in width at several places along their
3. Simonsiella filiforinis Schmid, 1922. lengths.
(Schmid, in Simons, Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Habitat: Found in mucus from the oral
Orig., 88, 1922, 509.) cavities of domestic animals.
FAMILY II. OSCILLOSPIRACEAE PESHKOFF, 1940.

Os.cil.lo.spi.ra'ce.ae. M.L. neut.n. Oscillospira type genus of the family; -aceae ending
to denote a family; M.L. fem.pl.n. Oscillospiraceae the Oscillospira family.
Cells occur in trichomes of varjdng lengths. The trichomes are partitioned to form narrow
cells, each containing a central chromatin body (disc-like nucleus); these bodies give a
clear Feulgen reaction and are embedded in hyaline protoplasm. Spores are formed by a
fusion of the protoplasms of two to three neighboring cells. Actively motile by means of
peritrichous flagella; non-motile strains may occur. Parasitic in the intestinal tracts of ver-
tebrates.
There is a single genus, Oscillospira.
Genus I. Oscillospira Chatton and Perard, 1913.

(Chatton and Perard, Compt. rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, 65, 1913, 1159;
also see Pringsheim, Bact. Rev., 13, 1949, 75 and 76.)
Os.cil.lo.spi'ra. L. neut.n. oscillum a swing; Or. noun spira a spiral; M.L. fem.n. Oscil-
lospira the oscillating spiral.
These bacteria occur as trichomes of varying lengths which contain a limited number of
discoid cells which are usually biconcave and end cells which are approximately hemispher-
ical. Cell division is by a diaphragm-like ingrowth of the trichome wall. Spores, usually
one, rarely two, are formed which resemble endospores; they are too large to be accommo-
dated by a single cell, and therefore several cells in a trichome break down to form a spore
chamber. Motile by means of peritrichous flagella, although non-motile strains may occur.
Anaerobic or, more probably, microaerophilic. Found in the alimentary tracts of animals,
especially in the rumina of ruminants and the caeca of guinea pigs.
The type species is Oscillospira guilliermondii Chatton and P6rard.
1. Oscillospira guilliermondii Chatton homogeneous or finely granular in appear-

and Perard, 1913. (Compt. rend. Soc. Biol., ance. Spores, which average 2.5 by 4.0 mi-
Paris, 65, 1913, 1159.) crons, are ellipsoidal and are oriented
guil.lier.mon'di.i. M.L. gen. noun guil- lengthwise on the long axis of the trichome
liermondi ofGuilliermond; named for Prof.
or are very slightly inclined on this axis.
A. Guilliermond, a French biologist.
Because the spore chamber is formed by
Sturdy trichomes with a diameter of 5
nucrons and a length which never exceeds the breakdown of several cells, it is con-
100 microns. The extremities are rounded siderably longer and slightly wider than
with approximately hemispherical end- the remaining cells. Sporulating trichomes,
cells. The biconcave, discoid cells within which contain one, rarely two spores, are
the trichomes are 1 to 2 microns long and infrequently found; the spores are located
FAMILY III. ARTHROMITACEAE 835
at various loci on the long axes of the tri- Abt., Orig., 88, 1922, 508 and 509; and Hoc-
chomes. Motile strains possess peritrichous quette, Compt. rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, 113,
flagella. 1933, 779).
Anaerobic, although probably micro- Habitat: Found in the alimentary tracts
aerophilic (see Simons, Zent. f. Bakt., I of various animals.
FAMILY III. ARTHROMITACEAE PESHKOFF, 1940.

(Jour. Gen. Biol. (Russian), /, 1940, 611 and 616.)
Ar.thro.mi.ta'ce.ae. M.L. mas.n. Arthromitus type genus of the family; -aceae ending to
denote a family; M.L. fem.pl.n. Arthromitaceae the Arthromitus family.
Trichomes probably divided into cells although septa (protoplasmic?) disappear during
sporulation. Disc-like nuclei alternate with thin protoplasmic segments (septa). Spores
form in the distal ends of trichomes. Non-motile. The trichomes are attached by a spherical
body in groups to the intestinal walls of insects, crustaceans and tadpoles.
Genus I. Arthromitus Leidy, 1849.
(Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 4, 1849, 227.)
Ar.thro.mi'tus. Gr. noun arthrus a joint; Gr. noun mitus a thread; M.L. mas.n. Arthro-
mitus jointed thread.
Characters as for the family. Although the descriptions are worded somewhat differently,
there does not seem to be any essential difference between this and the following genus.
The type species is Arthromitîs cristatus Leidy.
1. Arthromitus cristatus Leidy, 1849. tinalis Valentin, Repert. f. Anat. u. Phys.,

(Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 4, 1849, 227; 1, 1836, 110; Peshkoff, Jour. Gen. Biol. (Rus-
also see Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 8, sian), 1,1940, 597.)
1881, 443.) in.tes.ti.na'lis. L. pi. noun intestinae
cris.ta'tus. L. adj. cristatus crested. intestines; M.L. adj. intestinalis pertaining
Cells short, cylindrical and uniform with to the intestines.
no trace of interior structure, 0.6 by 2.75 Cells are somewhat variable in size; how-
microns. Trichomes delicate, straight or ever, generally speaking, they are approxi-
inflected, growing in tufts usually of mod- mately as wide as they are long. Trichomes
erate density, from minute, attached, yel- are long, non-motile and grow indefinitely.
lowish, rounded or ovoid bodies. Breadth of In the spore regions of these trichomes there
trichome, 0.6 micron; length, 67 to 543 mi- is a spore per cell; these sporogenous cells
crons.
Source: Found in the intestines of the exhibit no hypertrophy. According to Leidy
milliped (Julus marginatus) and the termite (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 4, 1849, 227)
these trichomes attach themselves to the
(Reticulitermes Jlavipes) . Also found on the
mucous membrane of the small intestine of intestinal wall by means of a sort of globu-
Julus marginatus, occasionally on the same lar, common holdfast.
surface at the commencement of the large Source: Found in the intestine of the
intestine, on any part of the exterior sur- cockroach (Blatta orientalis).
face of protozoa infesting these cavities and Habitat: Found in the intestines of cer-
also on any part of the surface of Entero- tain insects.
bryus elegans.
3. Arthromitus nitidus Leidy, 1852.
2. Arthromitus intestinalis (Valentin, (Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge,
1836) Peshkoff, 1940. {Hygrocrocis intes- 5, 1852, 35.)
ni'ti.dus. L. adj. nitidus shining, glitter- Cells colorless, granular, 2.0 to 3.0 by 3.5
ing. microns. Trichomes are non-branching and
Cells very distinct, the length equal to grow indefinitely. At various places in the
the breadth of the trichome. Trichomes trichomes some cells are thicker than oth-
very long, transparent, usually grow in twos ers, and occasionally debris is seen alongside
or fours, pointed at the origin, rounded at
the trichomes, resulting from the rupture
the termination, 5 by 2083 microns. Spore-
like bodies, formed within the cells, are thereof. Each cell has a spore, round to ellip-
soidal, obliquely situated within the cell.
usually solitary, oblique, oval and amor-
phous, 2.0 by 3.5 microns. At first the spores are quite small and stain
Source: Found in the intestine of the intensely by cold staining techniques. Later
milliped (Julus marginatus) . the spores become more voluminous and,
Habitat: Found in considerable quantity when completely mature, are no longer
with a profusion of Enterobryus elegans from stained without heat. The sporulation of a
the mucous membrane of the posterior por- given cell occurs independently of that of
tion of the rectum of Julus marginatus. any other cell in the same trichome.
4. Arthromitus batrachorum Collin, Source : Found in the rectum of a frog tad-
1913. (Arch. Zool. Exper. et G6n., 51, 1913, pole {Alytes sp.) and from the alimentary
63.) tracts of toad tadpoles {Bufo calamita).
Habitat: Found in the intestinal tract of
ba.tra.cho'rum. Gr. noun batrachus frog;
L. gen. pi. noun batrachorum of frogs. amphibians so far as is known.
Genus II. Coleomitvis Duboscq and Grasse, 1930.
(Arch. Zool. Exper. et G^n., 70, 1930, Notes et Revue, 28.)
Co.le.o.mi'tus. Gr. noun coleus sheath; Gr. noun mitus thread; M.L. mas.n. Coleomitus
sheathed thread.
Long trichomes, divided by partitions. Bacillary elements in basal region. Ovoid or ellip-
soidal spores in other parts of the trichome originate by transformation from these bacil-
lary elements through sporoblasts.
The type species is Coleomitus pruvotii Duboscq and Grasse.
1. Coleomitus pruvotii (Duboscq and crons wide, length variable, up to 320 mi-
Grasse, 1929) Duboscq and Grasse, 1930. crons. Bacillary elements are 3 to 4 microns
(Coleonema pruvoti (sic) Duboscq and long; elements up to 6 microns long with a
Grasse, Arch. Zool. Exper. et G^n., 68, 1929, chromatic granule or disc in the middle of
Notes et Revue, 14; Coleomitus pruvoti (sic) the body also occur. Spores ellipsoidal, 0.8
Duboscq and Grass^, ibid., 70, 1930, N. et to 0.9 by 1.7 to 2.0 microns, all containing
R., 28.) an eccentrically placed granule of volutin.
pru.vo'ti.i. M.L. gen. noun pruvotii of Source: Found in the intestine of a ter-
Pruvot; named for Pruvot. mite (Kalotermes sp.) from the Loyalty
Trichomes, with hyaline sheath, 1.3 mi- Islands.
ORDER VII. BEGGIATOALES BUCHANAN, Ordo Nov.
Beg.gi.a.to.a'les. M.L. fem.n. Beggiatoa type genus of the order; -ales ending to denote
an order; M.L. fern. pi. n. Beggiatoales the Beggiatoa order.
Cells occur mostly in trichomes in three of the families and singly in the fourth family.
When in contact with a substrate, the motile organisms glide over the surface or show a
slow, rolling, jerky type of motion. No flagella or other organs of locomotion are known.
Non-motile trichomes may also occur. The trichomes may show bending and flexing. With
respect to gliding and oscillating, the trichomes function as distinct units except in the
genus Bacloscilla, where the trichomes show bending at the joints between the cells. Multi-
plication isby transverse fission throughout the entire length of the trichomes or of the
singly occurring cells; gonidia occur in one family, Leucoirichaceae. Do not possess chloro-
phyll or phycocjânin. Under favorable environmental conditions, sulfur globules, some-
times in accompaniment with calcium carbonate crystals, may be found in or on the cells.
Found in fresh-water (with or without hydrogen sulfide) and marine habitats, in soil and
in decomposing organic matter, especially algae.
Key to the families of order Beggiatoales.

I. Cells occur in trichomes.
A. Trichomes motile by means of a gliding type of motility when in contact with a sub-
strate.
1. Cells, when growing in the presence of hydrogen sulfide, contain granules of sul-
fur.
Family I. Beggiatoaceae, p. 837.
2. Cells do not contain granules of sulfur, even when growing in the presence of
hydrogen sulfide.
Family II. Vitreoscillaceae, p. 844.
B. Trichomes non-motile, although gonidia (single-celled, gliding, reproductive cells)
occur.
Family III. Leucoirichaceae, p. 850.
II. Cells occur singly and show a rolling, jerky type of motility when in contact with a
substrate.
Family IV. Achromatiaceae, p. 851.
FAMILY I. BEGGIATOACEAE MIGULA, 1894. t
(Migula, Arb. Bakt. Inst. Karlsruhe, 1, 1894, 238; in part, Leuco-Thiohacteria Bavendamm,
Die farblosen und roten Schwefelbakterien, Pflanzenforschung, Heft 2, 1924, 102.)
Beg.gi.a.to.a'ce.ae. M.L. fem.n. Beggiatoa type genus of the family; -aceae ending to
denote a family; M.L. fem.pl.n. Beggiatoaceae the Beggiatoa family.
* Prepared by Prof. R. E. Buchanan, Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa, October, 1955.
t Prepared by Prof. R. E. Buchanan, Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa, October, 1955.
837
838 ORDER VII. BEGGIATOALES
The individual cells, generally not visible without staining, occur in trichomes; within
the trichomes the cells are arranged in chains. The trichomes show a gliding motion when
in contact with a substrate; they also show flexing movements. When grown in the presence
of hydrogen sulfide, the trichomes contain sulfur globules. The structure of these organ-
isms is very similar to that of the Oscillatoriaceae, but the cells are devoid of chlorophyll
and phj^cocyanin. Special reproductive structures are unknown.
In proposing the family name Beggiatoaceae for the two genera of this subgroup known in
1894, Migula {op. cit., 1894, 238) remarked that "it would be best to combine them with the
Oscillatoriaceae and classify them among the Schizophyceae" . The same authority (in Engler
and Prantl, Die natiirl. Pflanzenfam., 1, la, 1895, 41) has stated: "Also in view of their in-
ternal structure the species of Beggiatoa are so similar to those in the genus Oscillaria that
they can hardly be separated generically". Since then, the close relationship between the
colorless sulfur bacteria occurring in trichomes and the blue-green algae of the family Os-
cil atoriaceae has become even clearer. A particularly important line of evidence is supplied
by the discovery of sulfur bacteria paralleling each of the major genera of the Oscillatoria-
ceae. Taxonomically these organisms could readily be classified as colorless members of the
class Schizophyceae, for many species of Oscillatoria live in the same environments as do
those of Beggiatoa, and some grow in the presence of hydrogen sulfide and contain sulfur
granules. However, the Beggiatoaceae are, in this Manual, retained with the bacteria
(Schizomycetes) for practical reasons: they have been so included in the past, they are not
included in modern treatises on the blue-green algae, they show close kinship to other or-
ganisms commonly included in the bacteria, and they grow under natural conditions in
close association with such organisms.
Studies on the physiologies of the organisms of this family and of the related Oscilla-
toriaceae are needed.
Key to the genera of family Beggiatoaceae.

I. Trichomes are free and motile and are not attached to a substrate.
A. Trichomes occur singly and are not embedded in a common slime -sheath.
1. Trichomes straight or somewhat bent, not permanently coiled.
Genus I. Beggiatoa, p. 838.
2. Trichomes coiled or spirally wôund.
Genus II. Thiospirillopsis, p. 840.
B. Trichomes occur in bundles and are surrounded by a slime-sheath.
Genus III. Thioploca, p. 841.
II. Trichomes attached to substrate at one end; apical segments, when freed, are motile
until attached.
Genus IV. Thiothrix, p. 842.
Genus I. Beggiatoa Trevisan, 1842.

(Prospetto della Flora Euganea, 1842, 56.)
Beg.gi.a.to'a. M.L. fem.n. Beggiatoa a genus of bacteria; named for F. S. Beggiatoa, a
physician of Vicenza.
Cells occur in unattached, motile, segmented trichomes; the trichomes occur singly or
in white to creamy, felted masses in which the trichomes retain their individuality. Ex-
istence of a sheath not definitely established. Movements of the trichomes are dependent
upon contact with a solid substratum over which they glide in the same manner as do spe-
cies of Oscillatoria. The gliding movements are often accompanied by a rotation of the tri-
chomes around the long axis. Reproduction is by transverse fission of the cells; the trichomes
may also break up into smaller units, each continuing a separate existence. The latter mode
of multiplication corresponds to that of the so-called motile gonidia or segments in Thio-
FAMILY I. BEGGIATOACEAE 839
thrix. Found in both fresh-water and marine environments containing hydrogen sulfide or
soluble sulfides.
In Beggiafoa the species so far recognized have been differentiated on the basis of the
diameters of the trichomes. The range of sizes for the several species appears, in most cases,
to be quite arbitrary, especially in view of the existence of practically all intermediate di-
ameters. In previous editions of the Manual, certain fresh-water forms were sometimes
regarded as distinct from the salt-water forms of the same size. However, as their habitats
have been found to be not mutually exclusive (Bavendamm, Die farblosen und roten Schwe-
felbakterien, Pflanzenforschung, Heft 2, 1924, 104), these organisms are now regarded as a
single species irrespective of their habitat. Pure-culture studies may establish more satis-
factory methods of differentiation of the species of this genus.
The type species is Beggialoa alba (Vaucher) Trevisan.
Ketj to the species of genus Beggiatoa.

I. Diameter of trichomes is less than 15 microns.
A. Diameter of trichomes is greater than 2.5 microns.
1. Diameter of trichomes is less than 5 microns.
1. Beggiatoa alba.
2. Diameter of trichomes is greater than 5 microns.
2. Beggiatoa arachnoidea.
B. Diameter of trichomes is less than 2.5 microns.
1. Diameter of trichomes is greater than 1 micron.
3. Beggiatoa leptomitiformis.
2. Diameter of trichomes is less than 1 micron.
4. Beggiatoa minima.
II. Diameter of trichomes is greater than 15 microns.
A. Diameter of trichomes is greater than 25 microns.
5. Beggiatoa gigantea.
B. Diameter of trichomes is less than 25 microns.
6. Beggiatoa mirabilis.
1. Beggiatoa alba (Vaucher, 1803) Tre- 1827) Rabenhorst, 1865. {Oscillatoria arach-
visan, 1845. (Oscillatoria alba Vaucher, His- noidea Agardh, Regensburger Flora, 1827,
toire des Conferves d'eau douce, 1803, 198; 634; Rabenhorst, Flora europaea algarum,
Beggiatoa punctata Trevisan, Prospetto della 1865, 94.)
Flora Euganea, 1842, 56; Trevisan, Nomen- a.rach.no.i'de.a. Gr. adj. arachnoides
clator Algarum, 1845, 58.) cobweb-like; M.L. adj . arachnoideus cobweb-
al'ba. L. adj. albiis white. like.
Trichomes, 2.5 to 5.0 (most commonly Trichomes, 5 to 14 microns in diameter,
3.0) microns in diameter, of uniform width. of uniform width. Segments 5 to 7 microns
The segments, 3.0 to 9.0 microns long, are in length; segmentation generally observa-
practically square shortly after division; ble only after special staining or removal of
segmentation is difficult to detect in tri- sulfur globules. Terminal cells are rounded,
chomes containing many sulfur globules. Habitat: Found in both fresh-water and
Terminal cells are rounded. marine environments containing hydrogen
Habitat: Found in both fresh-water and sulfide,
marine environments containing hydrogen
sulfide. Ubiquitous. Probably the most 3. Beggiatoa leptomitiformis Trevisan,
common of the sulfur bacteria which occur 1842. (Prospetto della Flora Euganea, 1842,
in trichomes. 56.)
lep.to.mi.ti.for'mis. M.L. noun Lep-
2. Beggiatoa arachnoidea (Agardh, lomitus a genus of bacteria; L. noun forma
shape; M.L. adj. leptomitiformis Leptomi- condition, they are of uniform width; bulg-
tus-like. ing of the sides occurs under unfavorable
Trichomes, 1.0 to 2.5 microns in diameter, conditions. Trichomes clearly segmented.
of uniform width. Segments 4.0 to 8.0 mi- Segments 5.0 to 13.0 (average, 8.5) microns
crons in length; segmentation observable in length. Terminal cells are rounded or
only after removal of sulfur globules. Ter- tapered.
minal cells are usually rounded. Habitat : Apparently restricted to marine
Habitat : Found in fresh-water and marine environments containing hydrogen sulfide.
environments containing hydrogen sulfide. Frequently found on decaying marine algae.
4. Beggiatoa minima Winogradsky, 6. Beggiatoa mirahilis Cohn, 1865,

1888. (Beitr. z. Morph. u. Physiol, d. Bac- emend. Klas, 1937. (Cohn, Hedwigia, 4,
terien, I. Schwefelbacterien, 1888, 25.) 318.)
1865, 81; Klas, Arch. f. Mikrobiol., 8, 1937,
mi'ni.ma. L. sup. adj. minimus least,
smallest. mi.ra'bi.lis. L. adj. mirahilis marvelous.
Trichomes, less than 1 micron in diame- Trichomes 15.0 to 21.5 (average, 17.0)
ter, of uniform width, normally appearing microns in diameter. The so-defined species
unsegmented. Segments about 1 micron in does not overlap with Beggiatoa gigantea
length. according to Klas {loc. cit.). When the tri-
Habitat: Found in fresh-water and ma- chomes are in a healthy condition, they are
rine environments containing hydrogen of uniform width; an unfavorable environ-
sulfide. ment induces bulging of the sides. Segments
5.0 to 13.0 (average, 8.5) microns in length;
5. Beggiatoa gigantea Klas, 1937. (Klas, segmentation usually observable without
Arch. f. Mikrobiol., 8, 1937, 318; includes special treatment. Terminal cells are
the large forms of Beggiatoa mirahilis Cohn, rounded or tapered, sometimes bent.
Hedwigia, 4, 1865, 81.) Comment: Uphof (Arch. f. Hydrobiol.,
gi.gan'te.a. Gr. adj. giganteus gigantic. 18, 1927, 83) has recognized a species, Beg-
Trichomes 26.4 to 55.0 (average 35 to 40) giatoa maxima, which, on account of its di-
microns in diameter. Klas {op. cit., 1937, ameter (10 to 20 microns) , falls partly within
318) gives 26.4 to 42.9 microns as the dimen- the range of Beggiatoa mirahilis and partly
sions, which would exclude the largest forms within Beggiatoa arachnoidea. Since it was
of Beggiatoa mirahilis described by Hinze found in a fresh-water environment, the
(Ber. d. deut. bot. Ges., 19, 1901, 369). Since habitat of Beggiatoa mirahilis may not be
the proposal of a separate species for such restricted to marine media.
organisms appears at present unjustified, Habitat: Apparently restricted to marine
the maximum diameter has here been in- environments containing hydrogen sulfide.
creased. When the trichomes are in a healthy Common on decaying marine algae.
Genus II. Thiospirillopsis Uphof, 1927.

(Arch. f. Hydrobiol., 18, 1927, 81.)
Thi.o.spi.ril.lop'sis. M.L. neut.n. Thiospirillum a genus of bacteria; Gr. noun opsis ap-
pearance; M.L. fem.n. Thiospirillopsis that which has the appearance of Thiospirillum.
Colorless sulfur bacteria occurring in segmented and spirallj^ wound trichomes. Exhibit
a creeping motility combined with rotation so that the trichomes move forward with a
corkscrew-like motion. The tips may oscillate. Resembles Spirulina among the Oscilla-
toriaceae.
The type species is Thiospirillopsis floridana Uphof.
1. Thiospirillopsis floridana Uphof, flo.ri.da'na. M.L. adj. fioridanus per-

1927. (Arch. f. Hydrobiol., 18, 1927, 83.) taining to Florida.
Trichomes 2 to 3 microns in diameter. fide had been generated by sulfate reduc-

Segments about 3 to 5 microns long; seg- tion. The genus 7'A2ospi/77?ops2;s may, there-
mentation difficult to observe without spe- fore, be more widespread than is generally
cial precautions. The spiral windings are believed,
regular. Source: Found in sulfur spring water at
Comments: A very similar organism has Wekiwa Springs and Palm Springs, Florida,
been observed at Pacific Grove, California, Habitat: Probably widely distributed in
in a marine aquarium where hydrogen sul- water containing sulfur.
Genus III. Thioploca Lauterborn, 1907.

(Ber. d. deut. botan. Ges., 25, 1907, 238.)
Thi.o.plo'ca. Gr. noun thium sulfur; Gr. noun -plocc a twining, a braid or twist; M.L.
fem.n. Thioploca sulfur-braid or -twist.
Trichomes are of Beggiatoa-VikQ appearance but occur in parallel or braided bundles en-
closed by a common, wide slime-sheath. The latter is frequently incrusted on the outside
with detritus. Within the sheath the individual trichomes are motile in the manner of Beg-
giatoa; the trichomes are segmented, the terminal segments often tapering.
Closely resembles the genera Hydrocoleus and Microcolens among the Oscillatoriaceae.
It is doubtful whether the members of the genus Thioploca are true colorless sulfur bac-
teria; most investigators of these forms have reported a greenish blue coloration of the
trichomes. Only the regular occurrence of sulfur droplets in trichomes taken from their natu-
ral habitat stamps the organisms as sulfur bacteria. In view of the close relationship of the
Beggiatoaceae to the blue-green Oscillatoriaceae, this is, however, a minor issue.
Four species have been described to date. Three correspond, with respect to the indi-
vidual trichomes, to Beggiatoa arachnoidea, Beggiatoa alba and Beggiatoa leptomitijormis
respectively; the fourth appears to be a combination of the first and third of the above-
mentioned species of Beggiatoa in a common sheath. This occurrence of two distinct species
of Beggiatoa in a common sheath makes the genus a doubtful taxonomic entity.
The type species is Thioploca schmidlei Lauterborn.
Key to the species of genus Thioploca.

I. Trichomes of a fairly uniform diameter occur in a common sheath.
A. Diameter of trichomes is 5 to 9 mictons.
1. Thioploca schmidlei.
1. Diameter of trichomes is greater than 2 microns.
2. Thioploca ingrica.
2. Diameter of trichomes is less than 2 microns.
3. Thioploca minima.
II. Trichomes of greatly differing diameters occur in a common sheath.
4. Thioploca mixta.
1. Thioploca schmidlei Wislouch, 1912. sheath is variable. The trichomes are seg-
(Ber. d. deut. bot. Ges., 30, 1912, 470.) mented, each segment measuring 5 to 8
schmid'le.i. M.L. gen. noun schmidlei of microns in length.
Schmidle. Source: Identified from various localities
Individual trichomes, 5 to 9 microns in in Central Europe,
diameter, occur in a common, mucilaginous Habitat: So far reported only in fresh-
sheath, 50 to 160 microns in diameter. The water mud containing hydrogen sulfide and
number of trichomes embedded in one calcium carbonate.
2. Thioploca ingrica Wislouch, 1912. sulfur droplets; the segments are 1 to 2 mi-
(Ber. d. deut. bot. Ges., 30, 1912, 470.) crons long.
Source: Identified from various localities
in'gri.ca. M.L. adj. ingricus pertaining
to Ingria; named after Ingria, an ancient in Central Europe.
district of Leningrad, Russia. Habitat : Found in fresh-water and marine
Individual trichomes, 2.0 to 4.5 microns mud containing hydrogen sulfide.
in diameter, occur in a mucilaginous sheath
up to 80.0 microns in diameter. The number 4. Thioploca mixta Koppe, 1923. (Arch.
of trichomes embedded in one sheath is f. Hydrobiol., U, 1923, 630.)
variable. The trichomes are segmented, each mix'ta. L. part. adj. mixtus mixed.
segment measuring 1.5 to 8.0 microns in Individual trichomes of two clearly differ-
length. ent sizes, the one 6 to 8 microns and the
Source: Identified from various localities other about 1 micron in diameter, occur in
in Central Europe. a common, mucilaginous sheath usually
Habitat: Found in fresh-water and ma- about 50 microns thick. The number of tri-
rine mud containing hydrogen sulfide. chomes embedded in one sheath is variable.
The wider trichomes are clearly segmented,
3. Thioploca minima Koppe, 1923.
(Arch. f. Hydrobiol., 14, 1923, 630.) the segments measuring 5 to 8 microns in
length; in the narrower trichomes, segmen-
mi'ni.ma. L. sup. adj. minimus least, tation is visible only after removal of the
smallest.
Individual trichomes, 0.8 to 1.5 microns sulfur droplets, each segment measuring 1
in diameter, occur in a common, mucilagi- to 2 microns in length.
nous sheath up to 30.0 microns in diameter. Source: Identified only from Lake Con-
The number of trichomes embedded in one stance.
sheath is variable. Segmentation is gen- Habitat: Found in fresh-water mud con-
erally observable only after removal of the taining hydrogen sulfide.
Genus IV. Thiothrix Winogradsky , 1888.

(Beitr. z. Morph. u. Physiol, d. Bakt., I, Schwefelbacterien, Leipzig, 1888, 39.)
Thi'o.thrix. Gr. nounthium sulfur; Gr. noun thrix hair; M.L. fem.n. Thiothrix sulfur hair.
Cells occur in non-motile, segmented trichomes which are differentiated into base and
tip and surrounded by a delicate sheath. Trichomes grow attached at the base to solid ob-
jects by means of gelatinous hold-fasts. Reproduction is by transverse fission of the seg-
ments and by rod-shaped, so-called conidia which probably are the apical segments which
become free. Temporarily, the conidia show creeping motility, become attached to solid
objects and develop into new trichomes.
The following key to the species of the genus Thiothrix is based upon the diameters of
the trichomes and their habitats, the only criteria used by previous authors for the differ-
entiation ofthe seven recognized species. The validity of these distinguishing characteristics
is, however, doubtful because their constancy has not been sufficiently established; so far
the morphology of the species in Thiothrix has not been studied in pure cultures.
The type species is Thiothrix nivea (Rabenhorst) Winogradsky.
Key to the species of genus Thiothrix.

From fresh-water environments.
A. Diameter of trichomes is greater than 0.5 micron.
1. Diameter of trichomes about 2.0 (1.4 to 3.0) microns.
1. Thiothrix nivea.
2. Diameter of trichomes about 1.0 micron.
2. Thiothrix tenuis.
B. Diameter of trichomes is less than 0.5 micron.

3. Thiothrix tenuissima.
II. From marine environments.
A. Diameter of trichomes is greater than 15 microns.
4. Thiothrix voukii.
1. Diameter of trichomes is greater than 1.8 microns.
a. Segments about 25 microns long.
5. Thiothrix longiarticulata.
aa. Segments about 1 micron long.
6. Thiothrix anulata.
2. Diameter of trichomes is less than 1.8 microns.
7. Thiothrix marina.
1. Thiothrix nivea (Rabenhorst, 1865) dense, felted masses. Segments 4 to 5 mi-

Winogradsky, 1888. {Beggiatoa nivea Raben- crons long.
horst, Flora europaea algarum, 2, 1865, 94; Habitat: Found in fresh-water environ-
Winogradsky, Beitr. z. Morph. u. Physiol, ments where hydrogen sulfide occurs. Also
d. Bact., I, Schwefelbacterien, 1888, 39.) found in sea water, according to Baven-
ni've.a. L. adj. niveus snow-white. damm (Die farblosen und roten Schwefel-
Trichomes, 2.0 to 3.0 microns at the base, 107). bacterien, Pflanzenforschung, Heft 2, 1924,
1.7 microns in the middle and 1.4 to 1.5 mi-
crons at the tip, occurring within a thin
sheath. Segmentation invisible as long as 3. Thiothrix tenuissima Winogradsky,
the trichomes contain sulfur globules; the 1888. (Beitr. z. Morph. u. Physiol, d. Bact.,
segments measure 4 to 15 microns, the longer I, Schwefelbacterien, 1888, 40.)
ones usually near the apex, the shorter ones te.nu.is'si.ma. L. sup. adj. tenuissimus
near the base. Motile segments (so-called very slender.
conidia) are mostly single, 8 to 15 microns Trichomes less than 0.5 micron in diame-
long, sometimes occurring in short tri- ter, usually occurring in dense masses.
chomes of 2 to 4 cells and measuring up to Habitat: Found in fresh-water environ-
40 microns long. These segments may settle ments where hydrogen sulfide occurs.
and develop near the base of the parent
trichome or on a trichome itself, forming 4. Thiothrix voukii Klas, 1936. (Arch. f.
verticillate structures. Protistenk., 88, 1936, 123.)
Habitat: Found in fresh-water environ- vou'ki.i. M.L. gen. noun voukii of Vouk;
ments where hydrogen sulfide is present named for Vouk, a Yugoslavian scientist.
(sulfur springs, stagnant pools, submerged Trichomes, 15 to 30, most frequently 17,
decaying vegetation, etc.). microns in diameter, of rather uniform
width. Segments visible without special
2. Thiothrix tenuis Winogradsky, 1888. treatment. Segments generally somewhat
{Beggiatoa alba var. uniserialis Engler, tJber longer than wide, occasionally barrel-
die Pilz-Vegetation des weissen oder todten shaped, rarely square. Segments 15 to 30,
Grundes in der Kieler Bucht. Vierter Be- mostly 19 to 23, microns in length. Motile
richt der Commission zur wissenschaft- segments not yet observed.
lichen Untersuchung der deutschen Meere Comment : Apart from the lack of motil-
in Kiel fiir 1877 bis 1881, Abt. I, 1883, 187- ity, this species closely resembles the motile
193; Winogradsky, Beitr. z. Morph. u. Phys- Beggiatoa mirabilis.
iol, d. Bact., I, Schwefelbacterien, 1888, Source: Described from the effluent of
40.) sulfur springs at the seashore near Split,
te'nu.is. L. adj. tenuis slender. Yugoslavia. So far reported only once.
Trichomes, about 1 micron in diameter, Habitat: Found in marine environments
of nearly uniform width, often occurring in containing hydrogen sulfide.
5. Thiothrix longiarticulata Klas, free of sulfur are often found, thus giving
1936. (Arch. f. Protistenk., 88, 1936, 126.) a ringed appearance to the trichomes. Old
lon.gi.ar.ti.cu.la'ta. L. adj. longus long; trichomes may show special thickening and
L. part. adj. articulatus jointed; M.L. adj. distortion, but this is not characteristic of
longiarticulatus long-jointed. the species.
Trichomes, 3.3 to 6.6, most frequently Source: Described as white, floating
4.2, microns in diameter, of uniform width, specks in a glass jar containing sea water in
occurring in dense, felted masses. The seg- which algae were rotting; the water was
ments are long, measuring 19 to 33, mostly obtained from the harbor at Trieste.
26, microns in length. Motile segments not Habitat: Found in sea water containing
3êt reported. Sulfur droplets usually ab- hydrogen sulfide and decomposing organic
sent in the proximity of cross-walls. matter (algae).
Source: Described only once from the
effluent of sulfur springs at the seashore 7. Thiothrix marina Molisch, 1912.
near Split, Yugoslavia. (Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 33, 1912, 58.)
Habitat: Found in marine environments
ma.ri'na. L. adj. marinus marine.
containing hj^drogen sulfide. The trichomes, about 1.0 (0.8 to 1.3) mi-
cron in diameter and of uniform width, are
6. Thiothrix anulata Molisch, 1912. relatively slender and short in comparison
{Thiothrix annulata (sic) Molisch, Cent. f. with those of Thiothrix anulata Molisch;
Bakt., II Abt., S3, 1912, 58.) they measure from 130 to 300, rarely as much
a.nu.la'ta. L. adj. anulatus furnished with as 500, microns in length.
a ring. Comment: This may be the form of Thio-
Trichomes 3 to 4, occasionally up to 5, thrix tenuis reported by Bavendamm (Die
microns in diameter, being thinner at the farblosen und roten Schwelfelbacterien,
base (2 microns) and at the tip (1.8 mi- Pflanzenforschung, Heft 2, 1924, 107) as
crons). The trichomes are very long and found in sea water.
may reach a length of 5 mm or even longer; Source: Found in a deep, cylindrical,
they are found attached to detritus in the glass vessel in which the aquatic phanero-
sea water. The segments are only about 1 gam Zostera sp. was rotting. From the har-
micron in length. The included sulfur gran- bor at Trieste. The threads formed a felted
ules are very small and numerous; in old film over the surface.
trichomes the granules become so massed Habitat: Found in sea water containing
that they are no longer recognizable as dis- hydrogen sulfide and decomposing organic
tinct granules. Narrow bands which are matter.
FAMILY II. VITREOSCILLACEAE PRINGSHEIM, 1949.*

(Pringsheim, Bact. Rev., 13, 1949, 70; also see Jour. Gen.
Microbiol., 9, 1951, 124.)
Vit.re.os.cil.la'ce.ae. M.L. fem.n. Vitreoscilla type genus of the family; -aceae ending
to denote a family; M.L. fem.pl. n. Vitreoscillaceae the Vitreoscilla family.
Cells occur in colorless trichomes of varying degrees of flexibility. The trichomes show
a gliding motion when in contact with a substrate, the speed of movement varying inversely
with the width of the trichome. One end of a trichome may become attached to a surface,
the other end then becoming free-swinging. Gram-negative. The gliding habit determines
the nature of growth: on agar low in nutrients, wavy, curly or spiral colonies are produced;
* Prepared by Mr. Erwin F. Lessel, Jr., Cornell University, Geneva, New York. Re-
viewed by Prof. E. G. Pringsheim, Pflanzenphysiologisches Institut, Gottingen, Deutsch-
land, October, 1955.
FAMILY II. VITREOSCILLACEAE 845
on rich media, drop-like colonies, resembling those of many bacteria, are formed. Do not
possess chlorophyll or phycocyanin. Closely resemble some of the Beggiaioaceae, differing
primarily in that they never contain sulfur granules even when growing in an environment
conducive to the development of such granules in Beggiatoa. The trichomes resemble those
of Oscillatoria but do not possess the pigments characteristic of members of that genus. Do
not hydrolyze genuine proteins. Found on dung, in soil, in water with decaying plant mate-
rial and almost regularly in myxophycean scum on the surfaces of quiet waters.
A number of the organisms in this family have been described from microscopic studies
only, cultural investigations not having been made at the time. The true relationships of
these organisms can be clarified only by further study.
Key to the genera of family Vitreoscillaceae.

I. Trichomes perceptibly septate.
A. Trichomes divided into cells which are not separated by empty interspaces; the
trichomes may bend anywhere along their length.
Genus I. Vitreoscilla, p. 845.
B. Trichomes divided into cells separated by empty interspaces; the trichomes bend
only at these pliable joints.
Genus II. Bactoscilla, p. 848.
II. Trichomes not perceptibly septate.
Genus III. Microscilla, p. 849.
Genus I. Vitreoscilla Pringsheim, 1949.

(Bad. Rev., 13, 1949, 70; also see Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 5, 1951, 127 and 147.)
Vit.re.os.cil'la. L. adj. vitreus glassy, clear; L. noun oscillum a swing; M.L. fem.n. Vitre-
oscilla transparent oscillator.
Trichomes clearly divided into cells. Usually motile by means of gliding movements; one
species is non-motile. Gram-negative. Reproduction is by hormogonium-like fragmentation
of the trichomes. True proteins are not hydrolyzed. Found in fresh water, in soil and in de-
composing organic materials.
The type species is Vitreoscilla beggiatoides Pringsheim.
Key to the species of genus Vitreoscilla.

I. Trichomes relatively slender, measuring 2.5 microns or less in diameter.
A. Trichomes 2.0 microns or less in diameter.
1. Trichomes motile. Cultivable on artificial media.
a. Trichomes sluggishly motile.
b. Trichomes about 2.0 microns in diameter.
1. Vitreoscilla beggiatoides.
bb. Trichomes less than 1.6 microns in diameter.
2. Vitreoscilla stercoraria.
aa. Trichomes actively motile.
b. Trichomes 1.2 microns in diameter.
3. Vitreoscilla filif or mis.
bb. Trichomes more than 1.2 microns in diameter.
c. Cells of trichomes relatively short (3.0 to 4.0, sometimes 6.0, microns
in length).
4. Vitreoscilla catenula.
cc. Cells of trichomes relatively long (30 to 70 microns).
5. Vitreoscilla paludosa.
2. Trichomes non-motile. Not cultivated in pure culture.
6. Vitreoscilla stricta.
B. Trichomes more than 2.0 microns in diameter.

7. Vitreoscilla moniliformis.
II. Trichomes more than 2.5 microns in diameter. Not cultivated in pure culture.
A. Trichomes 4.0 microns in diameter. Sluggishly motile.
8. Vitreoscilla conica.
B. Trichomes more than 4.0 microns in diameter. Actively motile.
9. Vitreoscilla major.
1. Vitreoscilla beggiatoides Prings- Agar: Colonies are very dense and are
heim, 1949. (Bact. Rev., 13, 1949, 70; also connected by a fine network; regular spirals
see Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 5, 1951, 127.) are formed. On rich media the colonies be-
beg.gi.a.to.i'des. M.L. fem.n. Beggiatoa come thicker and, after some time, yellow-
a generic name; Gr. noun eidus shape, form; ish to translucent owing to autolysis of
M.L. adj. beggiatoides Beggiatoa-\ike. cells.
Cylindrical trichomes measuring about Liquid media: Growth at first filamentous
2 microns in diameter, sometimes more or and loose; later becomes flocculent.
less; length almost unrestricted, but under Casein not digested.
less favorable environments the trichomes Distinctive character: Dense colonies
may be as short as 10 microns. The tri- on agar connected by a fine network.
chomes are composed of cylindrical units Source : Isolated from dung.
showing constrictions which indicate the Habitat: Found in decomposing organic
locations of cell wall primordia. Motile. material.
Gram-negative.
Gelatin: No liquefaction. 3. Vitreoscilla filiformis Pringsheim,
Agar: Growth in curls, spirals and waves 1951. (Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 5, 1951, 130.)
with loose ends. fi.li.for'mis. L. nomx filum a thread; L.
Liquid media: Growth in trichomes of low noun forma shape; M.L. adj. fliliformis
optical refraction. thread-shaped.
Casein not digested. Cylindrical trichomes, 1.2 microns in
Source : Isolated from a ditch with decay- diameter, of unlimited length, although
ing water weeds on Coldham Common, short trichomes are regularly present. Tri-
Cambridge, where it occurred together with chomes pronouncedly more elastic and of
Sphaerotilus discophorus, Beggiatoa alba and greater tensile strength than are those of
many other organisms. the other species in this genus. Both long
Habitat: Found in quiet waters rich in and short trichomes exhibit an active glid-
organic material and with black mud on the ing and swinging of the free ends. Gram-
bottom.
negative.
2. Vitreoscilla stercoraria Pringsheim, Agar: Growth occurs in delicate, more or
1951. (Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 5, 1951, 136.) less circular whirls and loops.
ster.co.ra'ri.a. L. adj. stercorariîs per- Liquid media: Growth occurs near the
taining to dung.
bottom
taining or in tufts on the walls of the con-
Trichomes 1.2 to 1.5 microns in diameter,
varying in length, measuring up to 100 mi- Casein not digested.
crons. The trichomes may be composed of
Distinctive characters : Trichomes slender
rods of considerable length (12 microns and
more) or of cells which are not much longer and elastic. Growth on agar is in the form
than they are wide. Above a certain length of neatly rounded arches and loops as in
the trichomes rarely remain straight but certain species of Oscillatoria.
bend irregularly forming aggregates like Source: Isolated from a crude culture
curled hair. Motility is hesitant and slow. consisting of a grain of wheat covered with
Gram-negative. soil and water from the pond in the Cam-
Gelatin: No liquefaction. bridge Botanic Garden.
Habitat: Found in fertilized soil and in tain spherical granules or droplets. Verj^
polluted water. actively motile. Gram-negative.
4. Vitreoscilla catenula Pringsheim, Agar: Young aggregations, composed of
1951. (Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 5, 1951, 130.) parallel trichomes, grow to form elongated,
ca.te'nu.la. M.L. noun catenula a .small slender, pointed, often Y-shaped colonies.
chain. Older colonies possess an inner concentric
Trichomes, 1.5 to 2.0 microns in diameter, structure reminiscent of brain convolu-
may be cylindrical and of almost uniform tions; flame-like processes at the edges
width. Usually there are constrictions be- grow out into long, curved and anastomos-
ing tongues from which single trichomes
tween the cells, which are then barrel-
shaped. The cells generally measure 3.0 to emerge, commencing further systems of
4.0, sometimes up to 6.0, microns in length. growth.
The trichomes may break up into short Liquid media: Trichomes form a film on
fragments or grow to some length. Motile. the glass surface or produce cotton-like
floccules; sediment eventually produced.
Gram-negative.
Casein not digested.
Distinctive characters: Grows well and
Agar: Growth in curls without loose ends,
otherwise similar to that of Vitreoscilla rapidly in liquid media. Not fastidious in
beggiatoides Pringsheim. food requirements.
Liquid media: Growth similar to that of Relationship to other species: Growth on
Vitreoscilla beggiatoides. bacteriological agar is so luxuriant that it
Casein not digested. can scarcely be distinguished from that of
Escherichia coli Castellani and Chalmers.
Distinctive characters: The bead-like
Source: Isolated from material from the
appearance of the cells is correlated with a
greater tendency to break up into shorter mill pond above Flatford Mill Field Centre,
lengths than is found in Vitreoscilla beg- England.
Habitat: Commonly found in decom-
giatoides. Verjr long trichomes are rarely
found. posing organic material.
Relationship to other species: Due to the
constrictions between the cells, the tri- 6. Vitreoscilla stricta Pringsheim, 1949.
chomes resemble those found in the blue- (Bact. Rev., 13, 1949, 72; also see Jour. Gen.
green genus Pseudanabaena, especially P. Microbiol., 5, 1951, 139.)
tenuis Koppe. stric'ta. L. part. adj. strictus drawn so as
Source: Isolated several times from to have no slack.
ditches between meadows in Cherry Hinton, Rigid trichomes, 1.6 to 1.8 microns in
Cambridge; later isolated from an infusion diameter, relatively short, measuring up
of cow dung from the same meadow. to 30 microns in length. The cells are, on
Habitat: Found in decomposing organic the average, one and one -half times as long
material. as they are wide. Terminal cells are rounded
at the tip. The trichomes bend slowly and
5. Vitreoscilla paludosa Pringsheim, only to a small extent; true locomotion has
1951. (Bact. Rev., 13, 1949, 72; also see Jour. not been observed. Generally the trichomes
Gen. Microbiol., 5, 1951, 133.) adhere to a surface with one end while the
pa.lu.do'sa. L. adj. paludosus boggy, free end slowly oscillates. Gram-negative.
marshy. Comment: This species has not been
Trichomes 1.8 to 2.0 microns in diameter grown in pure culture.
and very long, 300 and more microns in Source : Found in a pond with water fowl
length. Subdivision occurs into cylindrical, and in a pond polluted l)y cattle, both bodies
often slightly curved, cellular sections, 30 of water containing iron organisms and a
to 70 microns in length, separated by deep multitude of pigmented flagellates.
constrictions at which they readily break. Habitat : Found in fresh water containing
Branching sometimes occurs. Old cells con- decomposing organic material.
7. Vitreoscilla moniliformis Prings- Habitat: Found in decomposing organic

heim, 1949. (Bact. Rev., 13, 1949, 72; also materials.
see Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 5, 1951, 132.)
8. Vitreoscilla conica Pringsheim, 1951.
mo.ni.li.for'mis. L. noun inonile a neck- (Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 5, 1951, 139.)
lace; L. nonn forma shape; M.L. adj. monili-
formis necklace-like. con'i.ca. Gr. adj. conicus conical.
Trichomes about 4 microns wide and gen-
On plates the trichomes are in the form
erally 20 to 50 microns in length. The cells
of relatively large, streptococcus-like
are slightly barrel-shaped and are filled with
chains. In mounted preparations the tri-
chomes measure up to 150 microns in length, refractive pseudo-granules. The terminal
cell is often longer than the other cells and
although generally they are only 30 microns is attenuated near the tip. Not actively
long. The trichomes are composed of a lim- motile. Gram-negative.
ited number of rod-shaped sections with Comment: This species has not been
rounded ends which often appear to be sepa-
rated by short gaps; the trichomes, however, grown in pure culture.
Source: Described from mud from a pond
move as a whole. The sausage-shaped sec-
tions are mostly j!^ to 2.5 microns wide and at Du Klip Vlei, Cape Flates, Cape Prov-
ince, South Africa, which had dried out
are not very regular in form, often inflated
during the dry season and which was again
to a diameter of 2.8 to 3.0 microns, some- moistened in the laboratory.
times only a little longer than they are Habitat: Mud.
wide; sometimes they measure 15 microns
in length and are elongated and cylindrical. 9. Vitreoscilla major Pringsheim, 1951.
The cells tend to separate from each other, (Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 5, 1951, 138.)
and units of 4 to 5 cells are often found. ma'jor. L. comp.adj. major larger.
Long before division, the cells are marked Trichomes relatively long and colorless,
by constriction. Motility not very active. 6 to 7 microns in diameter, composed of
Gram-negative. cells whose length (5 microns) is slightly
Gelatin: No liquefaction. less than their width. A few refractive gran-
Agar: Growth rather diffuse; the edges, ules are found near the septa. The terminal
cells are in the form of flattened hemi-
particularly on less rich media, are com-
posed of tongue-like processes while spheres. As observed from the tip, the tri-
rounded, twisted areas may be seen in the chomes rotate clockwise. Gram-negative.
Comment: This species has not been
interior of large colonies.
grown in pure culture.
Liquid media: Markedly turbid; later, a
sediment is formed. Relationship to other species: Morpho-
logically similar to the species in the genus
Casein not digested.
Distinctive characters: Growth more Thiothrix from which, however, it is dis-
tinguished byits continuous, active bending
rapid and abundant than with the other and twisting.
species of this genus. Not fastidious in food Source: Found in half -dried mud from a
requirements. ditch at Cherry Hinton, Cambridge, Eng-
Source: Isolated by Dr. C. F. Robinow land.
from cow dung. Habitat: Mud.
Genus II. Bactoscilla Pringsheim, 1949.

(Bact. Rev., 13, 1949, 72; also see Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 5, 1951, 144.)
Bac.tos.cil'la. Bact- probably intended as a part of the stem of the Gr. noun bactrum a
staff, rod; L. noun oscillum a swing; M.L. fem.n. Bactoscilla oscillating rod.
Very slender trichomes composed of rod-shaped cells apparently separated by empty
interspaces. Motile by means of a gliding movement. There is a slow, pronounced bending
of the trichomes at the joints, the individual cells remaining rigid. Gram-negative. Found
in fresh water containing decomposing organic matter.
The type species is Bactoscilla flexibilis Pringsheim.
1. Bactoscilla flexibilis Pringsheim, all}^ comparable to Ldneola articulata which

1949. (Pringsheim, Bact. Rev., 13, 1949, 72; is, however, motile by means of peritri-
Bactoscilla tnobilis Pringsheim, Jour. Gen. chous flagella.
Microbiol., 5, 1951, 144.) Source: Found in scum composed mainly
flex.i.bil'is. L. adj. flexibilis flexible. of Myjophyceac from the outlet of the 'Clay
Short, slender trichomes, about 0.4 to Pond' near the Freshwater Biological Asso-
0.5 micron in diameter, composed of a num- ciation laboratorj^ at Wraj^ Castle, Amble-
ber of slender, rod-shaped cells apparently side, later in the surface film of water over
separated bj^ empty interspaces. The tri- black mud from Flatford Mill Field Centre
chomes bend slowly and pronouncedly at and a third time in mixed material from a
the joints, the individual cells remaining duck pond near Colchester, all in England.
straight. Motile. Gram-negative. Habitat: Found in fresh water containing
Relationship to other species: Structur- decomposing organic material.
Genus III. Microscilla Pringsheim, 1951.

(Microscilla Pringsheim {nonien nudum), Bact. Rev., 13, 1949, 72; Pringsheim,
Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 5, 1951, 127 and 140.)
Micros. cil'la. Gr. adj. micrus small; L. noun osrillum a swing; M.L. fem.n. Microscilla
the small oscillator.
Slender trichomes without perceptible septation. Motile by means of active, gliding move-
ments. Gram-negative. Reproduction is by division into relatively long daughter trichomes.
Found on fresh-water and marine algae.
The type species is Microscilla marina Pringsheim.
Key to the species of genus Microscilla.
I. From salt water. Sea water or artificial sea water required for growth.
1. Microscilla marina.
II. From fresh water. Sea water or artificial sea water not required for growth.
A. Trichomes possess a free-swinging end.
2. Microscilla flagellum.
B. Trichomes do not possess a free-swinging end.
3. Microscilla ngilis.
1. Microscilla marina Pringsheim, 1951. On a medium composed of sodium acetate

(Vitreoscilla marina Pringsheim (nomen (0.1 per cent), Difco yeast-extract (0.1 per
nudum), Bact. Rev., 13, 1949, 72; Prings- cent), Bactotryptone (0.1 per cent), soil
heim, Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 5, 1951, 140.) extract (5 per cent), artificial sea water
ma.ri'na. L. adj. marinus pertaining to (half concentrated) and agar (1 per cent)
the sea, marine. and neutralized with calcium carbonate,
Slender trichomes, 0.5 to 0.6 by up to a thick, peach- to orange-colored layer is
100 microns, apparently without septation. produced after 4 days; after one week, the
The gliding movement, active and quick, rich orange growth disappears due to au-
particularly in young cultures from liquid tolysis of the cells; smaller growths keep
media, is not associated with rotation but their filamentous appearance for several
with much bending and waving. Gram-nega- weeks.
tive. Liquid media: Growth occurs in floating
Sea water is required for growth. bundles of more or less parallel trichomes
Sea-water agar: Growth barely percepti- gliding along one another.
ble as a grayish veil. Microscopically the Source: Isolated from fragments of Schizo-
veil is seen to consist of a delicate network nema (diatoms) filaments from Brighton,
of widely separated trichomes forming Sussex, England.
loops and meshes. Habitat: Found on marine algae.
2. Microscilla flagellutn (Pringsheim, 3. Microscilla agilis Pringsheim, 1949.

1949) Pringsheim, 1951. (Vitreoscilla flagel- (Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 5, 1951, 142.)
lum Pringsheim, Bact. Rev., 13, 1949, 72; a'gi.lis. L. adj. agilis agile.
Pringsheim, Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 5, 1951, Slender trichomes, 0.6 to 0.8 by 12.0 to
143.) 70.0 microns, with no apparent septation.
fla.gel'lum. L. neut.dim.n. flagellum a Motile by means of gliding movements.
whip, flagellum. Motility and flexibility are extraordinary,
Slender trichomes, about 0.3 to 0.4 mi- reminiscent of that of Spirochaeta plicatilis
cron in diameter, varying greatly in length:
Ehrenberg. The trichomes always seem at-
the shortest do not exceed 10 microns, and
tached to the substrate along their entire
the longest, so much curved and entangled
so as not to be measurable, are at least 100 length, no free-swinging ends being evi-
dent. Rotation is apparently lacking. Gram-
microns in length. The trichomes are at-
tached at one end, the lively movements of negative.
Source: Found in a ditch in Coldham
the free ends giving the impression of a
flagellum of Euglena. Gram-negative. Common near Cambridge, England, con-
Source: Found in fresh water containing taining decaying plant residue, a great
filamentous Mijxophyceae such as Oscilla- variety of flagellates, Cladophora and Chloro-
tor ia amphibia.
hydra .
Habitat : Found in fresh water containing
Habitat: Found in fresh water containing
algae. decaying plant material and protozoa.
FAMILY III. LEUCOTRICHACEAE BUCHANAN, Fam. Nov.*

Leu.co.tri.cha'ce.ae. M.L. fem.n. Leucothrix type genus of the family; -aceae ending to
denote a family; M.L. fern. pi. n. Leucotrichaceae the Leucothrix family.
Short, cylindrical cells arranged in long, colorless, unbranched, non-motile trichomes
tapering from the base to the apex. Sulfur granules may be found on the exterior of the cells
under certain conditions. Trichomes commonly attached basally to solid substrates by an
inconspicuous holdfast. Multiplication by means of gonidia (single, gliding cells which
arise apically from the trichomes). The gonidia may aggregate to form rosettes containing
up to 50 cells. The cells in the rosettes become non-motile, develop holdfasts and elongate
to form trichomes; therefore mature trichomes are characteristically arranged in the form
of radial colonies, although occasionally gonidia develop singly, forming isolated trichomes.
Strictly aerobic. Resemble blue-green algae in many respects but differ from them in that
they do not produce photosynthetic pigments. Found in fresh- and salt-water containing
decomposing algal material.
There is a single genus, Leucothrix Oersted.
Germs I. Leucothrix Oersted, 1844, emend. Harold and Stanier, 1955.

(Oersted, De regionibus marinis, elementa topographiae historiconaturalis freti Oeresund.
J. C. Scharling, Copenhagen, 1844, 44; Pontothrix Nadson and Krassilnikov, Compt.
rend. Acad. Sci. de U.R.S.S., A. No. 1, 1932, 243; Harold and Stanier, Bact. Rev.,
19, 1955, 54.)
Leu'co.thrix. Gr. adj. leucus clear, light; Gr. noun thrix, trichis hair; M.L. fem.n. Leuco-
thrix colorless hair.
Description as for the family.
The type species is Leucothrix mucor Oersted.
Prepared by Prof. R. E. Buchanan, Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa, October, 1955.
FAMILY III. LEUCOTRICHACEAE
851
1. Leucothrix niucor Oersted, 1844. contact with the surface film or with solid
(Oersted, De regionibus marinis, elementa particles by means of an inconspicuous
topographiae historiconaturalis freti Oere- holdfast; in young colonics the trichomes
sund. J. C. Scharling, Copenhagen, 1844, radiate from the solid particles in a manner
44; Chlamydothrix longissima Molisch, Cent, similar to that of Thiothrix sp. Reproduc-
f. Bakt., II Abt., 33, 1912, 60; Pontothrix tion occurs by the fragmentation of the
longissima Nadson and Krassilnikov, Compt. trichomes into gonidia.
rend. Acad. Sci. de U.R.S.S., A. No. 1, 1932, A large variety of carbohydrates and
243; also see Harold and Stanier, Bact. Rev., other simple organic compounds may serve
19, 1955, 49.) as sources of carbon and energy.
mu'cor. L. noun mucor mold; M.L. noun No growth factors are required.
Mucor a genus of molds. Strictly aerobic.
Cells short, 1 to 5 microns long, cylindri-
cal. Sulfur granules are found only on the Temperature relations: Optimum, 25° C.
exterior, never in the interior, of the cells, Maximum, 30° C.
Grows best at a salt concentration (syn-
and they occur only when the trichomes lie
near the surface of the water where there is thetic sea water) of 16 grams per liter; a
salt concentration of 3 grams per liter sup-
an abundance of oxj'gen. Trichomes are
colorless, unbranched, non-motile, occa- ports growth, but with abnormal morphol-
ogy.
sionally surrounded by a gelatinous sheath
Source: Isolated from decaying algal
2 to 6 microns wide, and very long, fre-
quently reaching a length of 0.5 cm or more; infusions. Found in the harbor at Trieste.
they are either entwined about each other Nadson and Krassilnikov (op. cit., 1932,
or occur in loosely arranged bundles of sev- 243) report this organism on Zostera marina
eral hundred or more where they lie parallel in the Bay at Sebastopol on the Black Sea.
to each other or twist like the individual Habitat: Found in fresh- and salt-water
strands of a rope. The trichomes remain in containing decomposing algal material.
FAMILY IV. ACHROMATIACEAE MASSART, 1902.*

(Rec. Inst. Bot., Univ. Bruxells, 5, 1902, 251.)
A.chro.ma.ti.a'ce.ae. M.L. neut.n. Achromatium type genus of the family; -aceae ending
to denote a family; M.L. fem.pl.n. Achromatiaceae the Achromatium family.
Large, unicellular organisms which are spherical to ovoid or shortly cylindrical with
hemispherical extremities. Movements, if any, are of a slow, rolling, jerky type and are
dependent upon the presence of a substrate; no special organs of locomotion are known.
Division of cells is by a constriction in the middle. Do not possess photosynthetic pigments.
In their natural habitat, the cells contain sulfur droplets and sometimes additional in-
clusions, such as large spherules of calcium carbonate. Found in fresh-water and marine
environments.
The organisms in the family Achromatiaceae have so far been studied exclusively as found
in their natural habitats. Pure-culture studies are greatly needed; they may show that the
peculiar calcium carbonate inclusions (not calcium oxalate as thought by Schewiakoff nor
calcium thiosulfate as believed by Hannevart) occur only under special environmental
conditions.
There is a single genus, Achromatium Schewiakoff.
* Revised by Prof. C. B. van Niel, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, California,
January, 1944; further revision, October, 1955.
Genus I. Achromatium Schewiakqff, 1893.

(Schewiakoff, tjber einen neuen bacterienahnlichen Organismus des Siisswassers,
Habilitationsschrift, Heidelberg, 1893; Hillhousia West and Griffiths, Proc.
Roy. Soc, B, 81, 1909, 389.)
A.chro.ma'ti.um. Gr. pref. a not; Gr. noun chromatium color, paint; M.L. neut.n. Achro-
matium (that which is) not colored.
Description as for the family.
It is not easy as yet to determine whether several species should be recognized in this
genus. There appears to be some justification for differentiating between the forms which
contain the characteristic and conspicuous calcium carbonate inclusions and those in which
these large spherules are lacking. The former have been reported mostly from fresh- or
brackish-water environments, while the characteristic habitat of the latter seems to be
marine. It is, of course, probable that the internal deposition of calcium carbonate depends
upon the composition of the environment, so that the distinction may prove arbitrary and
non-specific.
Achromatium cells of widely different sizes have been described. Schewiakoff (op. cit.,
1893) mentions a variation of 9 to 22 microns in width and of 15 to 43 microns in length for
Achromatium. oxaliferwn. Larger cells have been observed by Warming (Videnskab. Meddel.
naturhistor. Foren., Kjobenhavn, 1875, No. 20-28, 360; size to 85 microns) and by Virieux
(Ann. Sci. Natur., Ser. 9, 18, 1913, 265; size to 95 microns in length). Nadson (Bull. Jard.
Imp. Botan., St. Petersb., 13, 1913, 106; also see Jour. Microb., St. Petersb., 1, 1914, 52)
proposed the name Achromatium gigas for the larger organisms; also West and Griffiths
(Ann. Bot., 27, 1913, 83) created two species: Hillhousia mirabilis, with sizes of 20 to 33 by
42 to 86 microns, and Hillhousia palustris, measuring, on the average, 14 by 25 microns, for
the same group of sulfur bacteria. However, Bersa (Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss., Wien, Math-
em-naturw. Kl., I, 129, 1920, 233) observed so manj^ intermediate sizes that he recognized
only a single species. Nadson and Wislouch (Bull. Princ. Jard. Botan., Republ. Russe, 22,
1923, Suppl. 1, 33) arrived at the same conclusion, and this view is accepted here.
The marine Achromatium types, which do not contain calcium carbonate crystals, have
also been segregated into species on the basis of their size. Here again there does not seem
to be any valid reason for maintaining several species as there is a continuous series of in-
termediate forms.
Thus the organisms previouslj^ described as Achromatium oxaliferum., Achromatium gigas,
Hillhousia mirabilis and Hillhousia palustris are provisionally treated here as one species,
while the marine counterpart, Thiophysa voluians, is combined with Thiophysa macrophysa
and Thiosphaerella amylifera, all three being regarded as Achromatium volutans.
The type species is Achromatium oxaliferum Schewiakoff.
Key to the species of genus Achromatium.

I. Characteristically contains calcium carbonate crystals in the form of highly refractile,
large spherules; occurs mostly in fresh-water and brackish muds.
1. Achromatium oxaliferum.
II. Occurs naturally without such calcium carbonate inclusions in marine mud.
2. Achromatium volutans.
1. Achromatium oxaliferum Schewia- son, Bull. Jard. Imp. Bot., St. Peter.sb.,
koff, 1893. (Schewiakoff, Uber einen neuen 13, 1913, 106.)
bacterienahnlichen Organismus des Suss- o.xa.li'fe.rum. Gr. noun oxalis sorrel, a
wassers, Habilitationsschrift, Heidelberg, sour plant; M.L. noun oxalatum oxalate;
1893; Hillhousia mirabilis West and Grif- L. v.fero to carry; M.L. adj. oxaliferus ox-
fiths, Proc. Roy. Soc, B, 81, 1909, 389; Hill- alate-containing.
housia palustris West and Griffiths, Ann. Unicellular organisms varying in shape
Bot., 27, 1913, 83; Achromatium gigas Nad- from spherical or ovoid to shortly cylindri-
FAMILY IV. ACHROMATIACEAE 853
cal with hemispherical extremities. Division 2. .\chroinaliiini volutans (Hinze, 1903)

by constriction in the middle. Cells vary in van Niel, 1948. {Thiophysa volutans Hinze,
size from spheres of about 7 microns or even Ber. d. deut. bot. Gcs., 21, 1903, 309; Thio-
less in diameter to giant forms, 35 by 100 physa macrophysa Nadson, Bull. Jard. Imp.
microns; the extremes are connected by a Bot., St. Petersb., 13, 1913, 106; and Jour.
continuous series of intermediate sizes. May Microb., St. P6tersb., 1, 1914, 54; Thio-
show motility of a jerky and rotating kind, sphaerella amylifera Nadson, Bull. Jard.
always very slow and dependent upon a Imp. Bot., St. Petersb., 13, 1913, 106; and
substrate. Typical organs of locomotion are Jour. Microb., St. Petersb., 1, 1914, 54; van
absent. Normally contain small sulfur glob- Niel, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 999.)
ules accompanied by much larger calcium
vo'lu.tans. L. part. adj. volutans rolling.
carbonate crystals, the latter in the form Unicellular organisms which are spherical
of large, highly refract ile spherules; under to ovoid in shape. Division by constriction
favorable environmental conditions, these in the middle. Size variable, ranging from
may disappear before the sulfur globules. spheres about 5 microns in diameter to ovals
Cells with calcium carbonate inclusions
up to 40 microns in length. May show motil-
have a very high specific gravity and there-
fore are found only in the bottom of pools, ity of a jerky and rotating kind, always very
streams, etc., usually in the mud. slow and dependent upon a substrate. Typ-
Strictly microaerophilic; apparentlj^ re- ical organs of locomotion are absent. Nor-
quire hydrogen sulfide. mally contain sulfur globules but lack large,
Source: Described from fresh-water and internal, calcium carbonate deposits.
brackish mud containing hydrogen sulfide Microaerophilic; apparently require hy-
and calcium salts. According to Nadson drogen sulfide.
and Wislouch (Bull, princip. Jard. bot., Source: Described from marine mud con-
Republ. Russe, 22, 1923, Suppl. 1, 33), found taining hydrogen sulfide ; also from decaying
also in marine mud. seaweeds.
ORDER VIII. MYXOBACTERALES JAHN, 1915.
(Myxobacteriaceae (sic) Thaxter, Bot. Gaz., 17, 1892, 394; Myxobactrales Clements, The
genera of fungi. Minneapolis, 1909, 8; Jahn, Kryptogamenflora der Mark
Brandenburg, V, Heft 1, 1915, 187.)"

Myx.o.bac.te.ra'les. M.L. mas.n. Myxobacter name of the genus first described by Thax-
ter; -ales ending to denote an order; M.L. fern. pi. n. Myxobacterales the order based upon
the type genus, Myxobacter.
Common or trivial name. The myxobacters.
Brief characterization of the order. The vegetative cells are flexible rods of low re-
fractility which exhibit gliding movement on solid surfaces and which multiply by binary,
transverse fission to produce a thin, flat, rapidly extending colony. Actively motile cells
at the periphery of the colony commonly occur as groups of 2 or 3 to several hundred indi-
viduals inthe form of tongue-like extensions or isolated islands whose presence is virtually
diagnostic of the order. The moving cells may pave the substrate with a thin layer of slime
on which they rest.
Resting cells are formed by all myxobacters except members of the genus Cyiophaga. In
the family Myxococcaceae the resting cell is a spherical or oval body, thick-walled and highly
refractile; in the remaining groups it is merely a shortened vegetative cell. Except in the
genus Sporocytophaga, resting cells are borne in or on spatially localized, larger structures
known as fruiting bodies. In the simplest case, the fruiting body consists of a uniform mass
of resting cells held together by slime. Some groups produce more complex fruitingstructures :
the resting cells may be enclosed in cysts and may be raised above the substrate on stalks,
either simple or branched. Fruiting bodies are usually brightly colored and often sufficiently
large to be visible to the naked eye.
The vegetative state. In the vegetative condition, m3'xobacters consist of unicellular
rods which occur in two characteristic shapes. Members of the iamily Sorangiaceae, together
with some representatives of the families Archangiaceae and Polyangiaceae, have cylindrical
vegetative cells with blunt, rounded ends; in extreme cases the cell is broader at the tips
than at the center. All other myxobacters, with the possible exception of some Cytophaga
species, have vegetative cells which taper towards the tips. The cells are not surrounded
by a demonstrable wall and, perhaps as a consequence, are flexible and very weakly re-
fractile. Division is always by binary, transverse fission. Motility is universal. Movement
occurs only in contact with a solid surface and is of the gliding type also found in the Cyano-
phyta and in filamentous, colorless organisms such as the Beggiatoaceae and Vitreoscillaceae.
There are no demonstrable means of locomotion, and the actual physical mechanism of
movement is not understood, although many authors have offered speculations, which were
recently reviewed by Meyer-Pietschmann (Arch. Mikrobiol., 16, 1951, 163). Discrete nuclear
structures similar to those of true bacteria can be demonstrated by appropriate cytological
procedures. Their appearance and behavior during division and formation of resting cells
are described and illustrated by Badian (Acta Soc. Bot. Poloniae, 7, 1930, 55), Krzemieniew-
*Revised by Professor R. Y. Stanier, Department of Bacteriology, University of Cali-
fornia, Berkeley, California, March, 1953.
854
ORDER VIII. MYXOBACTERALES 855
ska (Acta Soc. Bot. Poloniae, 7, 1930, 507), Beebe (Jour. Bact., U, 1941, 214) and Kliene-
berger-Nobel (Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 1, 1947, 33).
The myxobacterial colony, also sometimes designated as a swarm or pseudoplasmodium,
consists characteristically of a flat, thin mass of vegetative cells which spreads rapidly over
the surface of the substrate as a result of active movement from the periphery. Frequently,
but not invariably, the cells lie on a thin membrane of slime. Colonies of a more compact
nature may be produced if movement is impeded by copious slime formation or unfavorable
nutrient conditions or if growth occurs on a gel of soft enough consistency (e.g., 1 per cent
agar) to allow penetration of the cells into the substrate. In fruiting species, the fruiting
bodies are formed characteristically in the older, central portion of the colony, often in a
series of successive, concentric rings.
Resting cells and fruiting bodies. Each resting cell is produced from a single, entire,
vegetative cell. In the families Archangiaceae, Sorangiaceae and Polyangiaceae there is little
structural change: the vegetative cell merely becomes somewhat shorter and thicker. In
the famil}^ Myxococcaceae, the vegetative cell becomes converted to a mature resting cell
which is spherical or ellipsoidal and which is surrounded by a refractile, deeply staining
wall; these structures are commonly referred to as microcj'sts. In some genera the resting
cells are borne in cysts, which enclose several hundred individual resting cells within a
common membrane. Studies on the survival of the resting cells are still fragmentary. They
do not appear to possess markedly greater thermal resistance than the vegetative cells
but can survive desiccation for many years. Jahn reports germination of Polyangium fuscum
after almost 6 years and of Myxococcus fulvus after 8 years.
Except in the genus Sporocytophaga and the amicrocystogenous family Cytuphaguceae, the
resting cells are found in structures known as fruiting bodies, each formed bj' the aggrega-
tion and transformation of a large number of vegetative cells. Whereas the properties of the
vegetative cells vary little from group to group, fruiting bodies differ widely in shape, size,
structure and color; hence differentiation of families, genera and species is based largely
on this character. Unfortunately, there have been relatively few studies on the range of
variation of the fruiting structures under varying conditions of cultivation, so that the
validity of the differences which have been employed for taxonomic purposes is difficult
to assess.
Ecology. Many species of fruiting myxobacters have been described as occurring on
the dung of herbivores. The work of the Krzemieniewskis (Acta Soc. Bot. Poloniae, 5, 1927),
Mishustin (Mikrobiologia, 7, 1938, 427), Singh (Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 1, 1947, 1) and others
has shown, however, that they occur in soil and can probably be regarded as characteristic
members of the soil microflora. Their frequent occurrence on dung is simply a reflection of
the fact that this material provides an exceptionallj^ favorable substrate for fructification.
No reallj' satisfactory method of estimating their numbers is available; Singh (loc. cit.)
reported from 2,000 to 76,400 myxobacters per gram of soil, but this is undoubtedly an
underestimate. Two aquatic fruiting myxobacters are known: one is parasitic on an aquatic
alga (Geitler, Arch. f. Protistenk., 50, 1924, 67), and the other is an important pathogen of
fresh-water fishes (Ordal and Rucker, Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. Med., 56, 1944, 15). Of the
non-fruiting myxobacters, some are common in soil and others are marine forms.
Nutrition and cultivation. The ability to decompose complex polysaccharides such as
cellulose, agar and chitin is characteristic of many species in the family Cytophagaceae and
the genus Sporocytophaga. A few species of fruiting myxobacters belonging to the genera
Sorangium, Polyangium and Angiococcus are known to be cellulose-decomposers. For all
these forms, the methods of isolation and cultivation are accordingly well-defined and rela-
tively simple. Most of them can be enriched from natural sources by the use of a simple
mineral base supplemented with the appropriate polysaccharide and thereafter maintained
in pure culture on .similar media (KrzemieniewskaandKrzemieniewski, Bull. Int. Acad. Pol.
Sci.Lett., Classe Sci. Math. Nat., B, 15, 1937, 11; Stanier, Bact. Rev., 6, 1942, 143; Stanier,
Jour. Bact., 53, 1947, 297). A few species appear to have complex growth factor require-
856 ORDER VIII. MYXOBACTERALES
merits, so far not analj'zed, and their cultivation accordingly requires the addition of pep-
tone or yeast extract to the medium containing the specific polysaccharide which they at-
tack. The polysaccharide-decomposing myxobacteria are all mesophilic, strictly aerobic
organisms and develop best in neutral or slightly alkaline media.
For the vast majority of the fruiting myxobacters, however, the nutrient requirements
have not yet been analyzed, and cultivation of these organisms still remains a highly em-
pirical affair. The technique of enrichment developed by the Krzemieniewskis {op. cit., 5,
1927) provides the best general method for obtaining them from natural sources. Soil is
placed on blotting paper in a large Petri dish and covered with pellets of sterilized rabbit
dung. The soil is moistened with water, and the plates are incubated at 26° to 30° C. After
5 to 10 days, fruiting bodies begin to form on the surface of the dung pellets, from which
they can be picked and transferred to agar media for purposes of purification. Singh (op.
cit., 1, 1947, 1) recommends enriching by the use of non-nutrient agar, on the surface of
which a few loopfuls of the cells of a suitable true bacterium {e.g., Aerobacter sp.) are
spread in the form of a disc about 1 inch in diameter; this disc is then inoculated with soil,
compost, or a soil suspension, and the plate is incubated at 25° C. for 1 to 3 weeks. The myxo-
bacters develop at the expense of the eubacterial cells and form fruiting bodies on the sur-
face of the agar. The technique of Singh is excellent for the enrichment of a few of the more
common members of the Myxococcaceae but does not yield the wide diversity of forms ob-
tainable by the Krzemieniewskis' method.
Following these methods of enrichment, pure cultures of some species can be obtained
fairly readily by repeated transfer on solid media of various compositions. Dung extract
agar, potato extract agar and peptone agar either with or without the addition of carbo-
hydrates have proved satisfactory. Perhaps the best general method is the use of agar con-
taining a suspension of the cells of true bacteria. Many of the fruiting myxobacters are
capable of Ij'sing the cells of true bacteria and other microorganisms and of developing at
the expense of the materials so liberated (Beebe, Jour. Bact., 4-0, 1940, 155; Snieszko, Hitch-
ner and McAllister, Jour. Bact., 4^, 1941, 26). Although the vegetative development of
myxobacters on bacterial agar is usually somewhat scanty, vigorous fructification occurs,
whereas on many of the other complex media which have been employed, the ability to form
fruiting bodies may be greatly reduced or lost completely. The nature of the materials lib-
erated from lysed true bacteria which promote fructification has not been determined.
Bacterial agar has the additional advantage for purposes of purification that the growth of
true bacteria, fungi and protozoa, invariably present in the original enrichments, is much
slighter than on other complex media.
By the use of the methods described in the preceding paragraph, certain fruiting myxo-
bacters, particularly representatives of the Myxococcaceae, are readily isolated and main-
tained in pure culture. There are many species, however, which have not yet been obtained
in pure culture despite considerable efforts by a number of investigators. For Chondromyces
crocatus, the claim has been made (Pinoy, Ann. Inst. Past., 35, 1921, 487; Kiihlwein, Arch,
f. Mikrobiol., 14, 1948, 678) that growth occurs only in "symbiotic association" with other
microorganisms; this may simply reflect the ability of the species in question to lyse other
microorganisms and to obtain, thereby, nutrients not furnished by conventional complex
media.
No precise quantitative studies on the nutrition of the fruiting myxobacters have been
reported, apart from the work of the Krzemieniewskis {op. cit., 15, 1937, 11) on the cellu-
lose-decomposing Sorangium spp. and that of Noren (Svensk. Bot. Tidskr., 46, 1952, 324).
The widespread ability of these forms to destroy and to develop at the expense of true bac-
teria and fungi suggests that their chief source of food in nature may be the cells of other
microorganisms, even though growth on simpler media is sometimes possible with pure
cultures.
Relationships of the myxobacters. Thaxter {op. cit., 17, 1892, 389), whose work laid
the foundations for our knowledge of the fruiting my.xobacters, regarded these organisms
ORDER VIII. MYXOBACTERALES 857
as representatives of the Schizomycetes on the basis of their vegetative morphology. Al-

though the vegetative cells of mj^xobacters resemble those of rod-shaped true bacteria in
size and general appearance, the}^ are distinguishable both by their gliding movement and
by their lack of a rigid cell wall, and most later authors have agreed that the relationship
between true bacteria and myxobacters is not close. The remarkable life cycle that char-
acterizes the fruiting myxobacters is paralleled only among the amoeboid protists, in
slime molds belonging to the order Acrasiales; however, the differences between the two
groups with respect to vegetative morphology are so great that this developmental parallel
evidently represents a case of evolutionary convergence. The postulation of a relationship
between myxobacters and blue-green algae, put forward by Jahn (op. cit., 1924) and ac-
cepted by subsequent writers (Stanier and van Niel, Jour. Bact., 4^, 1941, 437; Pringsheim,
Bact. Rev., 13, 1949, 47) was based in the first instance on the similarity in the mechanism
of locomotion. This phylogenetic assumption became more probable with the recognition
of non-fruiting myxobacters, not characterized by the life cycle previously considered to
be diagnostic of the group; physiology apart, there is little to distinguish the members of
the genus Cytophaga from certain unicellular, rod-shaped, blue-green algae. In a recent anal-
ysis of the relationships between bacteria and blue-green algae, Pringsheim {loc. cit.) has
expressed the view that the mechanism of movement is a basic character, upon which can
be based a separation of microorganisms at this level of organization into "gliding" forms
and "swimming" {i.e., flagellated) forms. If this view is accepted, then the myxobacters,
together with other non-photosynthetic gliding organisms, should be grouped taxonomically
with the blue-green algae rather than with the true bacteria as constituting non-photosyn-
thetic offshoots from various groups of blue-green algae. By long tradition, however, even
colorless gliding organisms such as the Beggiatoaceae, which show very close morphological
relationships to specific genera of blue-green algae, have been treated taxonomically as
"bacteria," and for practical reasons a continuance of this policy may be deemed desirable,
even if one accepts the plausibility of Pringsheim's phylogenetic views.
In recent years, many new colorless, gliding organisms have been discovered, and their
relationships to the Myxobacterales require discu.ssion. The non-fruiting myxobacters of
the genera Cytophaga and Sporocytophaga show clear evidences of relationship to the fruiting
forms, both in their vegetative morphologj' and in the nature of the life cj'cle evidenced by
the members of the latter genus. When their inclusion in the order Myxobacterales was pro-
posed (Stanier, Jour. Bact., 40, 1940, 619), the only other colorless, gliding organisms known
were the chemoautotrophs of the family Beggiatoaceae, whose filamentous structure related
them to certain genera of blue-green algae in the family Oscillatoriaceae. Thus a wide and
clear-cut gap between the Beggiatoaceae and the non-fruiting myxobacters seemed to exist.
Soriano (Revista Argentina de Agronomia, 12, 1945, 120; Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 12,
1947, 215) has described a number of nutritionally unspecialized, gliding organisms which he
places in a new genus, Flexibacfer. Some of the.se are morphologically very similar to the
representatives of the genus Cytophaga while others have a filamentous structure. Further-
more, Pringsheim (Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 5, 1951, 124) has described a wide variety of
filamentous, gliding organisms, some of which closely resemble the Beggiatoaceae in structure
but do not share the nutritional peculiarities of this family. It is accordingly apparent that
an argument can be made for linking up the unicellular, non-fruiting my.xobacters with
the Beggiatoaceae and other non-fruiting, colorless, gliding organisms which show a more
or less pronouncedly filamentous vegetative organization. In fact, Soriano (op. cit., 12,
1945, 120) has suggested uniting all these forms in an order P'lexibacteriales and conserving
the order Myxobacterales for organisms capable of forming fruiting bodies. This proposal has
not been adopted in the present revision of the Manual; instead, unicellular, non-fruiting
forms are retained in the order Myxobacterales, and the filamentous forms are placed in a
new order, Beggiatoales.
Families of the Order Myxobacterales. Five families are recognized, of which four
(Archangiaceae, Sorangiaceae, Polyangiaceae and Myxococcaceae) were originally proposed
by Jahn (op. cit., 1924). The definition of the family Myxococcaceae is now modified to per-
mit inclusion of the non-fruiting genus Sporocytophaga, as proposed by Stanier (op. cit., 6,
1942, 143). The fifth family, Cytophagaceae (Stanier, loc. cit.), consists of myxobacters which
produce neither fruiting bodies nor resting cells.
Key to the families of order Myxobacterales.
I. Neither fruiting bodies nor resting cells produced.
Family I. Cytophagaceae, p. 858.
II. Resting cells produced.
A. Resting cells cylindrical, not spherical or ellipsoidal. Fruiting bodies produced.
1. Resting cells not contained in cysts. Fruiting bodies consist of mesenteric masses
or finger-like aggregations of resting cells.
Family II. Archangiaceae, p. 863.
2. Resting cells contained in cysts of definite shape borne on the fruiting bodies.
a. Cysts angular. Vegetative cells always thick and short, with blunt, rounded
ends.
Family III. Sorangiaceae, p. 866.
aa. Cysts rounded. Vegetative cells usually long and thin, with tapering ends.
Family IV. Polyangiaceae, p. 870.
B. Resting cells (microcysts) spherical or ellipsoidal, surrounded by a distinct wall.
Fruiting bodies formed except in the genus Sporocytophaga.
Family V. Myxococcaceae, p. 882.
FAMILY I. CYTOPHAGACEAE STANIER, 1940.

(Jour. Bact., 40, 1940, 630.)
Cy.to.pha.ga'ce.ae. ]\I.L. fem.n. Cytophaga type genus of the family; -aceae ending to
denote a familj^; M.L. fem.pl.n. Cytophagaceae the Cytophaga family.
Flexible, sometimes pointed rods showing gliding motility. No fruiting bodies or resting
cells (microcysts) are formed.
Genus I . Cytophaga Winogradsky, 1929.

(Winogradsky, Ann. Inst. Past., 43, 1929, 578; includes Promyxobacterium Imsenecki and
Solntzeva, Mikrobiologia, 14, 1945, 220; and Flexoscilla Pringsheim, Jour. Gen.
Microbiol., 5, 1951, 145; in part Flexibacter Soriano, Re vista
Argentina de Agronomia, 12, 1945, 120.)
Cy.to'pha.ga. Gr. noun cytus hollow place, vessel, cell; Gr. v. phagein to devour; M.L.
fem.n. Cytophaga cell destroyer.
The type species is Cytophaga hutchinsonii Winogradsk}-.
Key to the species of genus Cytophaga.
I. From soil. Not obligately halophilic.
A. Vigorous growth on cellulose. Starch not utilized.
1. Produce yellow pigment.
1. Cytophaga hutchinsonii.
2. Cytophaga lutea.
2. Produces orange pigment.
3. Cytophaga aurantiaca.
859
FAMILY I. CYTOPHAGACEAE
3. Produces pink pigment.

Cytophaga rubra.
4. Produces olive-green pigment.
5. Cytophaga tcnuissima.
B. Weak or no growth on cellulose. Starch utilized.
1. Utilizes chitin.
6. Cytophaga johnsonii.
2. Utilization of chitin not tested.
a. Produces yellow to orange pigment on starch.
7. Cytophaga deprimata.
aa. Produces cream to pale-yellow pigment on starch.
8. Cytophaga alhogilva.
II. From seawater. Obligately halophilic, not growing in media without at least 0.5 per
cent sodium chloride.
A. Produces a diffusible black to brown pigment.
9. Cytophaga krzemieniewskae.
B. Do not produce a diffusible black to brown pigment.
1. Growth not inhibited by presence of 0.5 per cent peptone or 0.2 per cent glucose.
10. Cytophaga diffluens.
2. Growth inhibited by presence of 0.5 per cent peptone or 0.2 per cent glucose.
11. Cytophaga sensitiva.
1. Cytophaga hutchinsonii Winograd- gine, peptone and yeast extract can serve
sky, 1929. (Winogradsky, Ann. Inst. Past., as nitrogen sources.
43, 1929, 578; Cytophaga strain 8, Jensen, Catalase-positive.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 65, 1940, Aerobic.
547; not Cytophaga hutchinsonii Imsenecki
from soil.
and Solntzeva, Bull. Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R.,
Ser. Biol., No. 6, 1936, 1129.) Habitat: Soil.
hut. chin. so'ni.i. M.L. gen. noun hutchin-
sonii of Hutchinson; named for H. B. Hut- 2. Cytophaga lutea Winogradsky, 1929.
chinson. (Ann. Inst. Past., J^3, 1929, 599.)
Description from Stanier (Bact. Rev., 6, lu'te.a. L. adj. luteus yellow.
1942, 191). Dimensions of the cells approximately
Flexible, singly-occurring rods, 0.3 to 0.5 those of Cytophaga aurantiaca (see below)
micron wide and 2.0 to 10.0 microns long, but rather larger and thinner and without
averaging 6.0 microns in length. Thread-like marked central swelling. Gram-negative.
or coccoid involution forms may occur in Produces a brilliant yellow pigment simi-
old cultures. Gram-negative. lar to that of Cytophaga hutchinsonii.
Produces bright yellow^, glistening, mu- This species differs only in size from Cy-
cilaginous patches on filter paper-silica gel tophaga hutchinsonii and is probabl.y a va-
or -agar plates after 3 to 5 days. The filter riety of it.
paper in these regions is eventually dis- Source: Isolated from soil.
solved, and the colony becomes translucent. Habitat: Soil. Decomposes cellulose.
Produces bright yellow, glistening, slimy,
raised colonies on mineral glucose-agar 3. Cytophaga aurantiaca Winograd-
plates. Little movement is evident, and the sky, 1929. (Winogradsky, Ann. Inst. Past.,
colonies usually remain compact. 43, 1929, 597; probably Mycococcus cyto-
Cellulose, cellobiose and glucose are uti- phagus Bokor, Arch. Microbiol., 1, 1930, 34.)
lized. Xylose, arabinose, mannose, galac- au.ran.ti'a.ca. L. part. adj. aurans, au-
tose, fructose and mannitol are not utilized. rantis gilded; M.L. adj. aurantiacus orange-
Ammonia, nitrate, aspartic acid, aspara- colored.
Cells 1.0 micron wide at the center by 6 Source: Isolated from soil.
to 8 microns long. Except for size, very Habitat: Soil. Decomposes cellulose.
similar to those of Cyfophnga hutchinsonii.
Gram-negative. 6. Cytophaga johnsonii Stanier, 1947.
Produces orange, mucilaginous patches (Vegetative myxobacteria, Johnson, Jour.
on filter paper-silica gel plates. Fibrolysis Bact., £4, 1932, 340; Stanier, Jour. Bact.,
is very rapid and intense. 53, 1947, 306.)
Source: Isolated from soil. john.so'ni.i. M.L. gen. noun johnsonii of
Habitat: Soil. Decomposes cellulose. Johnson; named for Miss Delia E. Johnson,
the bacteriologist who first isolated this
4. Cytophaga rubra Winogradsky, 1929. species.
;Ann. Inst. Past., 43, 1929, 598.) Thin rods of even width and very variable
length. Dimensions 0.2 to 0.4 by 1.5 to 15.0
ru'bra. L. adj. ruber red.
Description taken from Stanier (Bact. microns. Long rods predominate in very
Rev., 6, 1942, 192). young cultures, but in most strains they
Flexible, singly occurring rods, 0.5 to 0.7 give place to shorter, sometimes almost
by 3.5 to 11.0 microns, averaging about 7.0 coccoid, elements as cultures age. Gram-
microns in length. Gram-negative. negative.
Produces diffuse, bright pink, rapidly Growth on peptone agar is smooth, glis-
spreading patches on filter paper-silica gel tening, translucent and bright yellow. Col-
or -agar plates after a few days. The patches ony form markedly modified by peptone
concentration. With low concentrations, a
are onlj- slightly mucilaginous, and dissolu-
tion of the fibers always remains incomplete. characteristically myxobacterial colony:
Produces small, pale pink, translucent thin, flat and rapidly spreading; with more
colonies with hazily defined peripheries on than 0.5 per cent peptone: raised, convex
mineral-glucose-agar plates. The maximum and confined, with entire edge.
diameter is 2 mm, and the colonies are Growth on chitin agar is flat, rapidly
sunken in the medium. spreading, translucent, pale yellow, accom-
Cellulose, cellobiose, glucose, mannose panied by dissolution of the suspended
chitin.
and xylose are utilized. Arabinose, galac-
tose, fructose and mannitol are not uti- Peptone gelatin: Scanty growth, followed
lized. by very slow liquefaction. Some strains do
Ammonia, nitrate, aspartic acid, aspara- not grow.
gine, peptone and yeast extract can serve Milk: Very slow peptonization.
as nitrogen sources. Arabinose, xylose, glucose, galactose,
Catalase-positive. mannose, lactose, sucrose, cellobiose, malt-
Strictly aerobic. ose, raffinose, starch, inulin and chitin are
utilized. Cellulose, mannitol and dulcitol
Optimum temperature, 30° C. are not utilized. Peptone and other complex
Habitat: Soil. Decomposes cellulose. nitrogenous materials can serve as carbon
sources in the absence of carbohydrates.
5. Cytophaga tenuissima Winogradsky, Nitrate, ammonia and peptone are suit-
able nitrogen sources.
1929. (Ann. Inst. Past., 43, 1929, 599; in- Catalase not formed.
correctly spelled Cytophaga iernissima in Indole not produced.
Bergey et al.. Manual, 4th ed., 1934, 559.) Nitrate usually not reduced. One variety
te.nu.is'si.ma. L. sup. adj. tenuissimus is capable of denitrification with a vigorous
very slender. gas production from nitrate.
Dimensions of cells not given, but de- Strictly aerobic.
scribed as being extremely slender. Gram-
negative. 30°Optimum
C. temperature, between 25*^ and
Produces mucilaginous, greenish to olive Source: Isolated from soil and mud.
patches on filter paper-silica gel plates. Habitat: Soil. Decomposes chitin.
FAMILY I. CYTOPHAGACEAE
861
7. Cytophaga deprimata Fuller and dextrin and hemicellulose are utilized. Very
Norman, 1943. (Jour. Bact., 45, 1943, 566.) scant growth on cellulose may be found on
first isolation.
de.pri.ma'ta. L. part. adj. deprimatus
depressed. Ammonia, nitrate and peptone are suit-
Rod, long and flexuous with pointed able nitrogen sources.
ends, 0.3 to 0.5 by 5.5 to 10 microns, ar- Indole not produced.
ranged singly. Creeping motility on solid Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
surfaces. Gram-negative. No visible change in litmus milk.
Growth on starch agar is at first smoky Highly aerobic.
to faint yellow becoming bright yellow later.
30°Optimum
Colonies are irregular and concave in eleva-
tion. The edge spreads indistinguishably Source: Isolated from soil.
into the surrounding medium, and shallow Habitat : Soil. Decomposes organic matter.
depressions develop around the colony.
Small colonies give the plate a characteristic 9. Cytophaga krzemieniewskae Stan-
pitted appearance. ier, 1940. (Incorrectly spelled Cytophaga
Growth on cellulose dextrin agar is milky krzemieniewskii in Stanier, Jour. Bact., 40,
white. Colonies are depressed in medium. 1940, 623; Jour. Bact., 42, 1941, 532.)
Gelatin is liquefied in 4 days. krze.mi.en.i.ew'skae. M.L. gen. noun
Glucose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, pec- krzemieniewskae of Krzemieniewska; named
tin, starch, cellulose dextrin and hemicellu- for Helena Krzemieniewska.
lose are utilized. Very scant growth on cellu- Long, flexible rods, usually of even width
lose may be found on first isolation. with blunt ends, occasionally somewhat
Yeast extract, ammonium nitrate and pointed and spindle-shaped, 0.5 to 1.5 by 5
peptone are suitable nitrogen sources. to 20 microns. Star-shaped aggregates occur
Indole not produced. in liquid media. Creeping motility on solid
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. surfaces, non-motile in liquids.
No visible change in litmus milk. Growth on a sea-water-peptone agar
Highly aerobic. plate begins as a smooth, thin, pale pink,
Optimum temperature, between 25° and rapidly spreading swarm. After a few days,
30° C. the older portions of the swarm assume a
Source: Isolated from soil. warty appearance, due to the accumulation
Habitat: Soil. Decomposes organic mat- of cells in drop-like masses, resembling im-
ter. mature fruiting bodies but always contain-
ing normal vegetative cells. A diff'usible
8. Cytophaga albogilva Fuller and brown to black pigment which masks the
Norman, 1943. (Jour. Bact., 45, 1943, 566.) pink color of the swarm is produced after
al.bo.gil'va. L. adj. albogilvus whitish about a week. Agar is rapidly decomposed,
yellow. and ultimately liquefaction becomes al-
Long flexuous rods with pointed ends, most complete.
0.3 to 0.5 by 4.5 to 7.5 microns, arranged Sea-water-gelatin stab: Liquefaction.
singly. Creeping motility on solid surfaces. Growth in liquid media is turbid and silky
Gram-negative. with a pink sediment; the medium turns
Growth on starch agar is cream to pale dark brown or black after 1 or 2 weeks.
yellow. Colonies are small, concave and Xylose, glucose, galactose, lactose, malt-
irregularly round. Edge is entire and ir- ose, cellobiose, cellulose, alginic acid, agar
regular. and starch are utilized, but not arabinose,
Growth on cellulose dextrin agar is re- sucrose or chitin.
stricted. Colonies are pin-point, milky white Yeast extract and peptone are the only
in color, round and concave. suitable nitrogen sources known.
Gelatin is liquefied in 7 days. Weakly catalase-positive.
Glucose, galactose, lactose, maltose, su- Indole not produced.
crose, gum arable, pectin, starch, cellulose. Nitrites produced from nitrates.
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. 11. Cytophaga sensitiva Humm, 1946.

Salt concentration range: 1.5 to 5.0 per (Duke Univ. Marine Lab., North Carolina,
cent. Bull. 3, 1946, 64.)
Strictly aerobic. sen.si.ti'va. L. noun sensus perception;
Optimum temperature, Isetween 22° and M.L. adj. sensitivus sensitive.
25° C. Cells long, slender, flexuous rods, 0.8 to
Source: Lsolated from sea water. 1.0 by 7.0 to 20 microns. Cell ends not ta-
Habitat: Sea-water. Probably on decay- pered or only slightly so. Gram-negative.
ing marine vegetation. Cells exhibit creeping motility on agar with
ability to reverse direction of movement
10. Cytophaga diffluens Stanier, 1940. without turning. Bending movements occur
(Jour. Bact., 40, 1940, 623; Jour. Bact., ^2, in liquid media.
1941, 546.) Colonies light orange, thin and shining.
dif'flu.ens. L. part. adj. diffluens flowing Irregular margin. Outer part composed of
away. a single layer of cells, spreading rapidly, the
Pointed, sometimes spindle-shaped, flex- center somewhat thicker and more or less
ible rods, 0.5 to 1.5 by 4 to 10 microns. In opaque, sunken in the agar. Agar liquefied.
old cultures involution forms consisting of Single colony may nearly cover the surface
long, twisted, thin threads are found. Star- of the agar in the Petri dish within one week;
shaped aggregates of cells occur in liquid center of colony sinks to the bottom of the
media. Creeping motility on solid surfaces, dish and may develop vertical sides. Usu-
non-motile in liquids. ally the colony begins to die after a week or
Growth on a sea-water-peptone agar plate ten days from the center outward, as shown
begins as a thin, pink, rapidly spreading by loss of pigment. Apparently no water-
swarm which often covers the entire surface soluble pigment is produced. Colony 18 mm
in a few days. The swarm gradually in- in diameter and gelase field 25 mm in diame-
creases in thickness and develops an irregu- ter after three days on agar containing 0.8
lar, beaten-copper surface due to the lique- per cent potassium nitrate and 0.8 per cent
faction of the underlying agar. After 4 to 5 peptone (iodine stain).
days the color becomes orange. Liquefaction Gelatin: No growth.
of the agar is ultimately almost complete. Milk: No growth.
Sea-water-gelatin stab: Rapid liquefac- Nitrite apparently not produced from
tion. nitrate (agar medium).
Growth in liquid media is turbid, often Optimum nitrate concentration of me-
with suspended floccules and a heavy pel- dium appeared to be 0.5 per cent. Fair
licle. growth on sea water plus agar only, and on
Xylose, glucose, galactose, lactose, malt- agar containing 1.0 per cent potassium ni-
ose, cellobiose, cellulose, agar and alginic trate. Slight growth on 2.0 per cent nitrate
acid are utilized, but not arabinose, sucrose,
chitin or starch. agar.
Optimum peptone concentration ap-
Yeast extract and peptone are the only peared to be about 0.1 per cent; growth in-
suitable nitrogen sources known. hibited by concentrations of peptone ex-
Weakly catalase-positive. ceeding 0.4 per cent.
Indole not produced. No growth on agar media containing any
Nitrites produced from nitrates. one of the following substances in a con-
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. centration of0.2 per cent: glucose, starch,
Salt concentration range: 1.5 to 5.0 per ammonium sulfate. The basal medium,
cent. however, supported excellent growth.
Strictly aerobic. Repeated efforts were made to obtain a
Optimum temperature, between 22° and pure culture by streaking plates and by
25° C. pouring plates. These were finally successful
Source: Isolated from sea water.
by the use of an agar medium that con-
Habitat: Sea water. Probably on decaying tained 0.1 per cent peptone, 0.05 per cent
marine vegetation. beef extract, 0.05 per cent glucose and traces
FAMILY I. CYTOPHAGACEAE 863
of yeast extract and ferric phosphate. Good species that apparently belong here, the
growth on broth of this composition was majority of which attack cellulose: Verona
also obtained. Apparently the yeast extract (Rendiconti R. Accad. Naz. d. Lincei, 19,
supplied necessary growth substances. Ser. 6a, 1934, 731), Imsenecki and Solntzeva
Source: Isolated by streaking a piece of (Bull. Acad. Sci., U.S.S.R., Ser. Biol., No.
Dictyota dichotoma on agar containing 0.2 6, 1936, 000), Verona and Baldacci (Myco-
per cent potassium nitrate. pathologia, 2, 1939, 135; also see Boll. R.
Habitat: From seaweed. Beaufort, North 1st. Patol. d. Libro, 1, 1939, 8 pp.), Soriano
Carolina. (Rev. Argentina de Agronomia, 12, 1945,
125), Pringsheim (Jour. Gen. Microbiol.,
NOTE: Species incertae sedis. In recent 5, 1951, 145) and Kadota (Bull. Japanese
years at least fourteen additional species Soc. of Sci. Fisheries, 19, 1953, 476). Some of
have been placed in the genus Cytophaga the organisms described were found in soil
or in other genera that appear to duplicate or humus, while others were found to cause
this genus. For example Stapp and Bortels deterioration of paper or stored fish nets;
(Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 90, 1934, 28) have still others were found in the intestines or
described five new species of Cytophaga from feces of termites. Comparative studies must
the humus of forest soils. Similarly, the fol- be made before the true relationships of
lowing authors have described unicellular these .species can be determined.
FAMILY II. ARCHANGIACEAE JAHN, 1924.

(Beitrage zur bot. Protistologie. I, Die Polyangiden. Geb. Borntraeger, Leipzig, 1924.)
Ar.chan.gi.a'ce.ae. M.L. neut.n. Archangium type genus of the family; -aceae ending
to denote a family; M.L. fem.pl.n. Archangiaceae the Archangium family.
The resting cells are shortened rods, never enclosed in larger cysts. The fruiting bodies
are irregularly swollen or twisted, or are finger-like structures.
Key to the genera of family Archangiaceae.
I. Fruiting body depressed, usually irregularly delimited, the interior usually consisting
of swollen or intestine-like twisted or inter-twined masses, whose windings may be
constricted or may jut out (project) as free ends.
Genus I. Archangiurti, p. 863.
II. Fruiting body consists of single (separate) columnar or finger-like structures arising
from the substrate.
Genus' II. Stelangium, p. 866.
Genus I. Archangium Jahn, 1924.
(Beitrage zur bot. Protistologie. I, Die Polyangiden. Geb. Borntraeger, Leipzig, 1924, 67.)
Ar.chan'gi.um. Gr. noun arche from the first, beginning; Gr. noun angium a vessel, re-
ceptacle; M.L. neut.n. Archangium primitive vessel.
The mass of shortened rods embedded in slime forms a pad-shaped or more rounded,
superficially swollen or tuberous fruiting body, even with horny divisions. The fruiting
body has no membrane. In the interior can be seen a mass resembling coiled intestines. The
windings of this coil may be uniform, or irregularly^ jointed, free or stuck together; the ends
may be extended and horny. Instead of a membrane there may be loosely enveloping slime.
The type species is Archangium gephyra Jahn.
Key to the species of genus Archangium.
I. No slimy capsules.
A. Fruiting body usually wound, irregularly constricted, sometimes swollen and vesicu-
lar, appressed.
1. Fruiting body red.

a. The shortened rods 2.5 to 3 microns.
1. Archangium gephyra.
aa. The shortened rods 4 to 6 microns.
2. Archangium primigenium.
2. Fruiting body yellow.
3. Archangium flavum.
B. Tube usually uniformly thick, loosely wound, often branched.
4. Archangium serpens.
II. Fruiting body consisting of a reddish, coiled tube embedded in yellow slime.
5. Archangium thaxteri.
1. Archangium gephyra Jahn, 1924. they appear to be bean-shaped. In the

{Chondromyces serpens Quehl, Cent. f. Bakt., smooth, transparent tips of fruiting bodies
II Abt., 16, 1906, 16; Jahn, Beitrage zur bot. they stand closely parallel to each other,
Protistologie. I, Die Polyangiden. Geb. so that in transmitted light one sees only
Borntraeger, Leipzig, 1924, 67.) their cross section and is at first led to be-
ge'phy.ra. Gr. noun gephyra a bridge (in- lieve that he is dealing with one of the Myxo-
termediate). coccaceae.
Swarm stage (pseudoplasmodium) : Grows Source: Found in rabbit dung. Found
easily in manure decoction, forming a pseu- frequently in the region of Berlin on the
doplasmodium and ring of fruiting bodies. dung of deer, rabbits and hare, once also on
The vegetative rods are about 10 microns old decaying lichens. Easily overlooked on
long, 0.5 micron in diameter. account of its usual bluish color.
Fruiting bodies: Up to 1 mm in diameter, Habitat: Found on decaying organic
of irregular form and with swollen or padded matter in soil and in the dung of various
surface. Average-sized fruiting bodies are animals. According to Krzemieniewski
a reddish flesh color by reflected light; (Acta Soc. Bot. Poloniae, 5, 1927), the most
smaller fruiting bodies, a light rose. On a common of my.xobacters in the soils of
dark background, large fruiting bodies, Poland.
when fresh, appear bluish violet. By trans- Illustrations: Quehl {op. cit., 16, 1906,
mitted light the fruiting bodies appear yel- PI. 1, Fig. 7), Jahn (op. cit., 1924, PI. 1,
lowish to light red. Fig. 5) and Krzemieniewski (Acta Soc. Bot.
The inner structures are for the most Poloniae, 4, 1926, PI. Ill, Figs. 25-26).
part a mesenteric mass of tubes 40 to 60
microns wide, without any membrane and 2. Archangium primigenium (Quehl,
without any enclosing slime. The convolu- 1906) Jahn, 1924. {Polyangium primigenium
tions are often pressed together. On the Quehl, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 16, 1906, 16;
inside of these tubes there appears definitely Jahn, Beitrage zur bot. Protistologie. I, Die
a septation by straight or slightly arched Polyangiden.
1924.) Geb. Borntraeger, Leipzig,
cross walls which, however, do not always
cut entirely through the spore masses from pri.mi.ge'ni.um. L. adj. primigenius
one side of the tube to the other. Upon pres- primitive.
sure, the fruiting body breaks up into a Swarm stage (pseudoplasmodium) : In
number of small fragments about 15 to 30 manure decoction, cysts germinate readily.
microns in diameter. Within these fragments Vegetative rods 4 to 8 microns in length.
the shortened rods lie parallel and in bun- Fruiting bodies: Up to 1 mm in diameter,
dles. sometimes larger, with irregularly padded
The rods in the fruiting bodies are so swollen surface; when fresh, a lively red
shortened that they resemble the spores of color is produced which is quite prominent,
the Myxococcaceae. The spores are 2.5 to especially against a dark background; when
2.8 microns long and about 1.4 microns dried, dark red. In transmitted light flesh-
wide. Often they are somewhat bent so that red to yellowish red.
FAMILY II. ARCHANGIACEAE 865
In transmitted light one sees that the Jahn, 1924. {Polyangium flavum Kofler,
fruiting body is made up of numerous intes- Sitzber. d. kais. Akad. wîss. Wien, math.-
tine-like convolutions closelj' appressed, nat. Klasse, Abt. I, 122, 1913, 864; Jahn,
not, however, always definitely delimited. Beitrage zur bot. Protistologie. I, Die Poly-
These tubes usually have a diameter of from angiden. Geb. Borntraeger, Leipzig,
1924, 71.)
70 to 90 microns, often constricted and at-
tenuated. No membrane is present. The fla'vum. L. adj. flavus yellow or golden.
rods in the fruiting bodies are about 4 mi- Swarm stage (pseudoplasmodium) : Not
crons long and 0.8 micron wide. Upon pres- described.
sure on the fruiting bodies, the rods remain Fruiting bodies: About 0.5 mm in diame-
together in small fragments of various sizes. ter, yellow, spherical or ellipsoidal, with
Habitat: Found on rabbit dung, some- humped or padded surface. The mass of
times on roe dung. According to Jahn {loc. cells quite homogeneous; upon pressure
cit.), not particularly common. under cover glass, single sections tend to
Illustrations: Quehl (Cent. f. Bakt., II adhere. No membrane, though the rods are
Abt., 16, 1906, 16, PI. 1, Fig. 5), Jahn (Kryp- so tightly linked that when cautiously
togamenflora d. Mark Brandenburg, V, placed under a cover glass, the form of the
Pilze I, Lief. 2, 1911, 201, PI. 1, Fig. 5), Jahn fruiting body is retained. Rods 2 to 4 mi-
(op. cit., 1924, PI. 1, Fig. 4, also Fig. G, page crons.
37) and Krzemieniewski (Acta Soc. Bot. Source: Found by Kofler (1924) on hare
Poloniae, 4, 1926, PI. II, Fig. 23; also .see dung found in Danube meadows.
op. cit., 1927, PI. IV, Fig. 3, var. assurgens Habitat: Found on decaying organic mat-
and PI. IV, Figs. 1-2). ter in soil and in the dung of various ani-
mals. Reported as frequent in Polish soils
2a. Archangium primigenium var. as- by Krzemieniewski (1926, 1927).
surgens Jahn, 1924. (Beitriige zur bot. Pro- Illustrations: Krzemieniewski (Acta Soc.
tistologie. I, Die Polyangiden. Geb. Born- Bot. Poloniae, 4, 1926, PI. II, Fig. 24; also
traeger, Leipzig, 1924, 69.) see ibid., 1927, PI. IV, Figs. 4, 5 and 6).
as.sur'gens. L. part. adj. assiirgens ris-
ing up. 4. Archangium serpens (Thaxter, 1892)
Size and color of the fruiting body as in Jahn, 1924. {Chondroniyces serpens Thaxter,
the species, likewise the inner structure, Bot. Gaz., 17, 1892, 403; Jahn, Beitrage zur
size and arrangement of the rods. However, bot. Protistologie. I, Die Polyangiden. Geb.
the tubules which together constitute the Borntraeger, Leipzig, 1924, 72.)
fruiting bodies are more or less free at their ser'pens. L. part. adj. serpens creeping.
ends and stand up from the substrate. Their Swarm stage (pseudoplasmodium) : Rods
diameter is somewhat less (about 45 mi- cylindrical, 0.6 by 5 to 7 microns. Cultures
crons), they are often convoluted so that on agar develop convoluted form.
they many times appear to be constricted Fruiting body: About 1 mm in diameter,
(like pearls). recumbent, consisting of numerous loosely
Pronounced races of the species and of intertwined cj^sts, confluent in an anasto-
the variety are so different in habits that mosing coil, flesh-colored, when dry dark
they may be regarded as distinct species. red, 50 microns in diameter, bent, occasion-
Jahn believes the presence of intermediate ally somewhat broadened or constricted,
strains makes a separation difficult. branched.
Habitat: Relatively rare, being found Source: Found on decaying lichens from
only three times on rabbit dung by Kofler Cambridge, Mass.
(Sitzber. d. kais. Akad. wiss. Wien, math.- Habitat: Decaying lichens.
nat. Klasse, Abt. I, 122, 1913). Very rare Illustrations: Thaxter {op. cit., PI. 24,
in Polish soils according to Krzemieniewski Fig. 24).
(Acta Soc. Bot. Poloniae, 5, 1927, 95).
5. Archangium thaxteri Jahn, 1924.
3. Archangium flavum (Kofler, 1913) (Beitrage zur bot. Protistologie. I, Die
Polyangiden. Geb. Borntraeger, Leipzig, shortened rods. Enveloping slime is vari-

1924, 71.) able. In well developed specimens the slime
thax'te.ri. M.L. gen. noun thaxieri of forms a stalk, giving the whole the appear-
Thaxter; named for Dr. Roland Thaxter. ance of a morel. In small specimens the rods
Swarm stage (pseudoplasmodium) : Vege- are embedded in the slime. The fruiting
tative stages not observed. Either no germi- bodies stand loosely separated on surface of
nation or prompt cessation of growth on dung, never in large groups. Shortened rods
dung extract. May be transferred on dung.
(spores) 0.5 micron by 3 microns, very
Fruiting body: Usually 0.25 to 0.5 mm, slender.
occasionally 0.75 mm in diameter. Irregu-
Habitat: According to Jahn, found only
larly rounded, superficially sulfur-yellow.
Upon pressure numerous reddish convo- rarely on rabbit dung; races with well de-
luted tubules are observed embedded in a veloped stalks are even less common.
yellow slime. The average diameter of the Illustrations: Jahn {ibid., PI. 1, Figs. 1-2)
tubules is about 50 microns. No membrane and Krzemieniewski (Acta Soc. Bot. Pol-
surrounds the tubes. They contain the oniae, 4, 1926, PI. II, Fig. 27).
Genus II. Stelangium Ja/»n, 1915.

(Kryptogamenfiora der Mark Brandenburg, V, Pilze I, Lief 2, 1915, 205.)
Ste.lan'gi.um or Ste.lan.gi'um. Gr. noun stele pillar or column; Or. noun angiutn vessel,
container; M.L. neut.n. Stelangixim columnar vessel.
Fruiting bodies are columnar or finger-like, sometimes forked, without a definite stalk,
standing upright on the substrate.
The type species is Stelangium muscorum (Thaxter) Jahn.
1. Stelangium muscorum (Thaxter, to 300 microns long, 10 to 50 microns wide,

1904) Jahn, 1915. (Chondromyces muscorum without differentiated stalk, simple or
Tha.xter, Bot. Gaz., 37, 1904, 411; Jahn, rarely furcate, upright, elongate, compact
Kryptogamenfiora d. Mark Brandenburg, or slender, narrowed at tip. Rods (spores)
V, Pilze I, Lief 2, 1915, 205.)
1 to 1.3 by 4 to 6 microns.
mus.co'rum. L. noun muscus moss; L. Source: Found on liverworts on living
gen. pi. noun muscorum of mosses.
beech trunks in Indiana.
Swarm stage (pseudoplasmodium) : Not
described. Illustrations: Thaxter (op. cit., 1904, PI.
Fruiting body: Bright yellow-orange, 90 27, Figs. 16-18).
FAMILY III. SORANGIACEAE JAHN, 1924.

So.ran.gi.a'ce.ae. M.L. neut.n. Sorangium type genus of the family; -aceae ending to
denote a family; M.L. fem.pl.n. Sorangiaceae the Sorangium family.
The shortened rods of the fruiting body lie in angular, usually relatively small cysts of
definite polygonal shape. Often many of these cysts are surrounded by a common membrane.
The primary cyst may be differentiated from the angular or secondary cysts. No stalked
forms are known.
Genus I. Sorangium Jahn, 1924.

(Beitrage zur bot. Protisitologie. I, Die Polyangiden. Geb. Borntraeger, Leipzig, 1924,
73.)
FAMILY III. SORANGIACEAE 867
So.ran'gi.um. Gr. noun sorus a heap; M.L. noun sorus a fungus spore pustule; Gr. noun
angium a vessel; M.L. noun Sorangium heaped vessel.
Description as for the family. The cysts are united into rounded fruiting bodies. Eight
species have been allocated to this genus.
The type species is Sorangium schroeieri Jahn.
Key to the species of genus Sorangium.
I. Fruiting bodies not black when ripe.
A. Primary cysts absent; fruiting body shows only angular, spherical or ellipsoidal
small cysts.
1. Cysts angular.
a. Fruiting body very small (50 to 80 microns), often irregularly cerebriform;
the angular cysts often completely separated from each other and about 13
microns in diameter.
1. Sorangium schroeteri.
aa. Fruiting body composed of many small cysts.
b. Cysts orange-red in color; over 5.0 microns in diameter.
2. Sorangium sorediatum.
bb. Rusty brown color; cysts less than 3.5 microns in diameter.
3. Sorangium cellulosum.
2. Cysts spherical or ellipsoidal.
4. Sorangium spumosum.
B. Both primary and secondary cysts present.
1. Primary cysts small and numerous, about 20 microns, with definite membrane
and few angular secondary cysts.
5. Sorangium septatum.
2. Primary cysts large, with delicate, often indefinite, membrane.
6. Sorangium compositum.
II. Fruiting bodies black or brownish-black when ripe.
A. Primary cysts generally not formed.
7. Sorangium nigrum.
B. Primary cysts generally formed.
8. Sorangium nigrescens.
1. Sorangium schroeteri Jahn, 1924. regularly into well delimited portions, many
(Beitrage zur bot. Protistologie. I, Die angled, usually about 12 microns in diame-
Polyangiden. Geb. Borntraeger, Leipzig, ter, and in other places into areas less well
1924, 73; regarded as a synonym of Soran- delimited and about 14 microns in diameter.
gium compositum by Krzemieniewski, Acta Resembles gelatin which has dried in a sheet
Soc. Bot. Poloniae, 5, 1927, 96.) and cracked into regular areas. Rods in
schroe'te.ri. M.L. gen. noun schroeteri of cj^sts 5 microns long. Cysts sometimes occur
Schroeter; named for Julius Schroeter. together in large numbers, covering an area
Vegetative cells: Not described. to 0.5 mm.
Fruiting bodies: Very small, circular, Source: Found by Jahn (op. a<., 1924, 73)
swollen, often kidney-shaped with brain- five times on rabbit dung in the environs of
like convolutions, usually 60 microns (oc- Berlin.
casionally 120 microns) in diameter, bright Illustrations: Jahn (ibid., PI. 2, Fig. 22).
orange-red. Surrounded by a delicate .slime
membrane about 0.7 micron thick, apparent 2. Sorangium sorediatum (Thaxter,
only with high magnifications. Divided 1904) Jahn, 1924. {Fohjangium sorediatum
secondarily into angular cysts by sutures Thaxter, Bot. Gaz., 37, 1904, 414; Jahn,
extending inward which divide the mass Beitrage zur bot. Protistologie. I, Die
Polyangiden. Geb. Borntraeger, Leipzig, Vegetative colony: No data.

1924, 73.) Physiology: Good growth on starch and
so.re.di.a'tum. Gr. noun sorus a heap; cellulose. Decomposes up to 24 per cent
M.L. dim. noun soredium a little heap, a cellulose in ten days but does not form
soredium; M.L. adj. sorediatus having little fruiting bodies. Very poor growth on arabi-
heaps. nose with the formation of many involution
Vegetative cells: Rods 0.8 by 3 to 5 mi- forms including very much elongated cells.
crons. Attempts to cultivate have failed. Fails to grow on nutrient agar, washed agar,
Fruiting body: Orange-red, irregularly potato, carrot or milk.
lobed, consisting of a compact mass of small Source: Isolated from soil.
angular cysts. Average size of cysts, 6 to 7 Habitat: Soil. Decomposes organic
microns; smallest, 3 microns, with thick matter.
and sharply defined edges. Rods 0.8 by 3 to
5 microns. The Krzemieniewskis (Acta Soc. 4. Sorangium spumosum Krzemien-
Bot. Poloniae, 1927, 96) have described a iewski and Krzemieniewska, 1927. (Acta
variety, Sorangium sorediatum var. macro- Soc. Bot. Poloniae, 5, 1927, 97.)
cystum, consisting of cysts 6 to 14 by 7 to 16 spu.mo'sum. L. adj. spumosus foamy or
frothy.
microns, about twice as large as those in
the type species. Vegetative cells: Rods 0.7 to 0.9 by 2.6
Source: Reported by Thaxter (op. cit., to 5.2 microns.
1904, 414) on rabbit dung from South Caro- Fruiting bodies: Consist of numerous
lina. cj'sts, spherical or ellipsoidal, not sur-
Habitat : Found on decaying organic mat- rounded b}â common membrane but united
ter in soil and in the dung of various ani- into bodies embedded in slime. Often in
mals. Common in Polish soils (Krzemieniew- double or single rows. Cyst walls colorless,
ski, o-p. cit., 1927, 96). or slightly brownish, transparent, so that
Illustrations: Thaxter {op. cit., 1904, PI. the characteristic arrangement of the rods
27, Figs. 22-24), Quehl (Cent. f. Bakt., II may be seen within. Cysts 8 to 26 by 7 to 20
Abt., 16, 1906, 9, PI. 1, Fig. 2), Jahn (Kryp- microns.
togamen-fiora d. Mark Brandenburg, V, Source: From Polish soil; also isolated
Pilze I, Lief 2, 1911, 202, Fig. 1) and Krze- from rabbit dung.
mieniewski (Acta Soc. Bot. Pol., 4, 1926, Habitat : Found on decaying organic mat-
PI. IV, Figs. 39-41; also see ibid., 1927, PI. V, ter in soil and in the dung of various ani-
Fig. 17, var. macrocystum, Fig. 18). mals.
Illustrations: Krzemieniewski (ibid., PI.
3. Sorangium cellulosum Imsenecki V, Fig. 19).
and Solntzeva, 1937. (Microbiologia, 6,
1937, 7.) 5. Sorangium septatum (Thaxter, 1904)
cel.lu.lo'sum. M.L. noun cellulosum cel- Jahn, 1924. (Polyangium septatum Thaxter,
lulose. Bot. Gaz., 37, 1904, 412; Jahn, Beitrage zur
Vegetative cells: Flexible and rod-shaped bot. Protistologie. I, Die Polyangiden, Geb.
with rounded ends, 0.4 to 0.6 by 2.2 to 4.5 Borntraeger, Leipzig, 1924, 75.)
microns, occurring singly. sep.ta'tum. L. adj. septatus fenced, i.e.,
Fruiting body: Mature fruiting body divided by walls.
rusty brown, 400 to 500 microns in diameter, Vegetative cells: Rods 0.8 to 1.0 by 3.0
sessile on layer of partially dried slime. No to 5.0 microns.
outer wall or limiting membrane. Composed limiting bodies: Yellowish orange. When
of numerous cysts, irregular in shape, 1.6 dried, dark orange-red, 50 microns to more
to 3.2 microns in diameter, each containing than 100 microns in diameter, cysts rounded
less than ten shortened rods. No discernible or ellipsoidal, angular or cylindrical, inner
cyst wall or membrane. portion of the envelope divided into a var-
Resting cells: 0.3 by 1.5 to 2.0 microns (no iable number of secondary cysts. Cysts 18
other data). to 22 by 12 to 22 microns in diameter. Sec-
869
FAMILY III. SORANGIACEAE
ondary cysts 10 to 12 microns. The Krzemie- Fig. 6) and Krzemieniewski {op. cit., 4,
niewskis (Acta Soc. Bot. Poloniae, 5, 1927, 1926, PI. Ill, Figs. 32-36; ibid., 5, 1927, PI.
96) recognize a variety, Sorangium septatum IV, Figs. 7-12; PI. V, Pîgs. 13-14; PI. VI,
var. microcystum, which has secondary cysts Fig. 36).
with dimensions 3 to 8 by 4 to 10 microns.
Source: Collected twice from horse dung 7. Sorangium nigrum Krzemieniewska
in Cambridge, Mass. and Krzemieniewski, 1937. (Bull. Int.
Habitat: Found on decaying organic mat- I'Acad. Pol. Sci. et Lettres, Classe Sci.
ter in soil and in the dung of various ani- Math, et Nat., Ser. B, 15, 1937.)
mals. Reported by Krzemieniewski {loc. ni'grum. L. adj. niger black.
cit.) as common in Polish soil. Vegetative cells: 1.1 to 1.3 by 2.5 to 5.5
Illustrations: Thaxter (op. cit., 1904, PI. microns.
27, Figs. 25-28), Jahn (Kryptogamen-flora Fruiting body: Primary cysts generally
d. Mark Brandenburg, V, Pilze I. Lief 2, not formed; when observed, appeared as
1911, 202, Fig. 2) and Krzemieniewski (Acta smoke-colored slime envelope surrounding
Soc. Bot. Poloniae, 4, 1926, PI. 27, Figs. 27- clumps of a few cysts. Secondary cysts usu-
38; also see ihid., 1927, PI. V, Fig. 15, var. ally arranged in rows within cellulose fibers,
microcystum, Fig. 16). the material of the fiber forming a common
sheath. Each individual cyst is enclosed by
6. Sorangium coniposituni (Thaxter, a cyst wall, clearly differentiated from the
1904) Jahn, 1924. {Polyangium compositiim tubular-shaped cellulose fibers. Cysts meas-
Thaxter, Bot. Gaz., 37, 1904, 413; Jahn, ure 9 to 16 by 9 to 23 microns; average 10
Beitriige zur bot. Protistologie. I, Die Poly- by 18 microns. Cyst wall moderately thick,
angiden. Geb. Borntraeger, Leipzig, 1924, colorless, transparent, becoming light
74; Polyangium sorediatum Quehl, Cent. f. brown with age, and finally black.
Bakt., II Abt., 16, 1906, 17; not Polyangium Colonies: Young colonies are black in
sorediatum Thaxter, op. cit., 1904, 414.) color. On filter paper a bright orange margin
com.pos'i.tum. L. adj. compositus com- is noted, the vegetative cells of which cover
pound. the cellulose fibers. On cotton cloth the
Vegetative cells: Not described. margin is bright, dirty yellow, tinged with
Fruiting bodies: Dull yellowish orange pink. Under low-power magnification, center
changing to dark red on drying. Rounded, of the colony appears similar to matted
small, 0.5 to 1 mm, usually as a whole or fungal hyphae, due to characteristic com-
even in larger clumps surrounded by a deli- pact accumulation of cysts and cellulose
cate and evanescent membrane. In large fibers.
fruiting bodies the cysts are bound together Physiology: Cellulose fibers become swol-
in balls, 70 to 90 microns in diameter, by a len by the action of this organism and be-
delicate membrane. The balls readily fall come gray -brown with a violet tinge. Fibers
apart. Secondary cysts are angular, 7 by 11 lose the properties of cellulose and give no
microns, surrounded by a delicate orange- characteristic reactions.
red membrane about 0.4 micron in thick- Source: Isolated from soil.
ness. Length of rods in the cysts, 5 microns. Habitat: Soil. Decomposes cellulose.
Source : Found on rabbit dung from South Illustrations: Krzemieniewskis {ibid.,
Carolina. Jahn (op. cit., 1904) found it four Plate IV, Figs. 22-26).
times on rabbit dung near Berlin, twice on
hare dung in Oberharg. 8. Sorangium nigrescens Krzemie-
Habitat: Found on decajang organic mat- niewska and Krzemieniewski, 1937. (Bull.
ter in soil and in the dung of various ani- Int. I'Acad. Pol. Sci. et Lettres, Classe Sci.
mals. Common in soils of Poland according Math, et Nat., Ser. B, 15, 1937.)
to Krzemieniewski (Acta Soc. Bot. Pol- ni.gres'cens. L. part. adj. nigrescens be-
oniae, 5,1927). coming black.
Illustrations: Thaxter (op. cit., 1904, PI. Vegetative cells: 1.2 to 1.4 by 2.5 to 6.4
27, Figs. 29-30), Jahn {pp. cit., 1924, PI. I, microns. Younger cells somewhat shorter.
Fruiting body: Primary cysts vary in Vegetative colony: A mass of dark fruit-
size up to 200 microns in diameter, are irreg- ing bodies develops at the center of the
ular in shape and are enclosed in a colorless colony on filter paper; margin, grayish yel-
slime envelope. Formed by an accumulation low. The cellulose fibers are covered with
of secondary cysts. Secondary cysts at first vegetative cells on the outside and contain
colorless, transparent, later becoming many cells within.
brownish with a limiting membrane; the Ph3\siology: Destroys cellulose. Culti-
young cysts appear dirty yellow, the older vated six years with cellulose as a carbon
ones grayish brown to black. Secondary source.
cysts measure 5 to 12 by 6 to 15 microns; Source: Isolated from sandy soil in pine
average 6 by 10 microns. On filter paper not woods in Poland.
only well formed primary cysts are formed Habitat: Soil. Decomposes cellulose,
but also free secondary cysts are noted em- Illustrations: Krzemieniewskis {ibid.,
bedded in the slime of the colony. PI. Ill, Figs. 17-21).
FAMILY IV. POLYANGIACEAE JAHN, 1924.

(Beitrage zur bot. Protistologie. I, Die Polyangiden. Geb. Borntraeger, Leipzig, 1924.)
Po.ly.an.gi.a'ce.ae. M.L. neut.n. Polyangium type genus of the family; -aceae ending
to denote a family; M.L. fem.pl.n. Polyangiaceae the Polyangium family.
The resting cells are shortened and usually somewhat thickened rods which are always
enclosed in cysts. The cysts may be sessile, occurring either singly or in groups and en-
veloped in a slime membrane, or they may be raised on stalks (cystophores) which can be
either simple or branched. Cysts can occur either singly or in clusters at the tips of the
stalks.
Key to the genera of family Polyangiaceae.

I. Cysts embedded in slime; sessile, occurring singl}^ or as loose aggregates.
Genus I. Polyangium, p. 870.
II. Cysts never embedded in slime; either borne on stalks or arranged in tight clusters
joined together at the base.
A. Many cysts united at base to form a large disc or rosette; either sessile or stalked.
Genus II. Synangium, p. 877.
B. Cysts not united at base; borne singly or in large numbers on stalks.
1. Cysts borne singly on a stalk.
Genus III. Podangium, p. 877.
2. Numerous cysts on a stalk.
Genus IV. Chondromyces, p. 879.
Genus I. Polyangium Link, 1809.

(Mag. d. Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde zu Berlin, 3, 1809, 42.)
Po.ly.an'gi.um or Po.ly.an.gi'um. Gr. adj. poly many; Gr. noun angium vessel; M.L.
neut.n. Polyangixim many vessels.
Cysts rounded or coiled and surrounded by a well developed membrane; either free or
embedded in a second slimy layer.
The type species is Polyangium vitellinum Link.
Key to the species of genus Polyangium.

I. Not parasitic on algae.
A. Sorus not white or grayish in color.
FAMILY IV. POLYANGIACEAE 871
1. Cysts rounded to spherical.

a. Ripe cysts yellow, reddish jêllow, orange or light red; not brown,
b. Cj-sts several or numerous and small.
c. Not closely appressed.
d. Slime envelope transparent white or colorless.
e. Usuallj^ 10 to 15 cysts. Rods in cysts, 3 microns long. Cysts
75 to 200 microns.
1. Polyangiuni vitellinum.
ee. Cj'-sts numerous. Rods 1.3 to 2.0 microns long. Cysts 20 to
80 microns.
2. Polyangiuni minus.
dd. Slime envelope bright yellow.
3. Polyangiuni lideuni.
cc. Closely appressed; often polygonal due to pressure.
d. Bright yellow.
4. Polyangiuni morula.
dd. Orange.
5. Polyangiuni cellulosum.
bb. Cysts single, large.
c. Large, 250 to 400 microns; reddish yellow.
6. Polyangium. simplex.
cc. Smaller, 30 to 60 by 50 to 130 microns; orange to light red.
7. Polyangium ochraceum.
aa. Ripe cysts reddish brown to dark brown.
b. Cysts lying free, covered by a more or less definite slime envelope,
c. About 60 microns in diameter; slime envelope delicate and colorless.
8. Polyangium jusmm.
cc. About 35 microns in diameter; slime envelope yellow.
9. Polyangiuni aureuni.
bb. Cysts rounded, in stellate arrangements on a slimy substrate.
10. Polyangium stellatum.
2. Cysts elongate, coiled.
a. Cysts brownish red.
11 . Polyangium. ferrugineum.
aa. Cysts bright orange-jêllow.
12. Polyangium indivisum.
B. Sorus white or gray in color.
1. Hyaline slime envelope white, foamy in appearance; cysts average 28 by 34
microns.
13. Polyangium spumosuni.
2. Sorus flat, crust-like, smoke-gray in color due to slime envelope; cysts average
36 by 44 microns.
14. Polyangiuni fumosum.
II. Aquatic, parasitic on Cladovhora.
15. Polyangium parasiticum.
1. Polyangium vitellinum Link, 1809. cysts, milky white. Rods large, cylindrical,
(Link, Mag. d. Ges. Naturforschender rounded at either end, 0.7 to 0.9 by 4.0 to
Feunde zu Berlin, 3, 1809, 42; Myxobacter 7.0 microns.
aureus Thaxter, Bot. Gaz., 17, 1892, 403.) Fruiting body: Cysts golden yellow, usu-
vi.tel.li'num. L. noun vitellus an egg ally relatively spherical, 75 to 150 microns,
yolk; M.L. adj. vitellinus like egg yolk. occasionally 200 microns in diameter, al-
Vegetative cells: When rising to form most always surrounded by a white, slimy
ORDER VIII. MYXOBACTERALES
envelope, about 10 to 15 cysts in a mass. cysts have colorless, thin walls. Rods 0.7
Rods in the cj'sts about 3 microns in length. to 0.8 by 3.8 to 5.8 microns.
Source : Isolated from verj' wet wood and Source: Grown from soil on rabbit dung.
bark in swamps in Maine and Belmont, Habitat: Found on decaying organic mat-
Mass. (Thaxter, loc. cit.). Also found on ter in soil and in the dung of various ani-
old wood lying in moist ditches, on old pop- mals.
lar bark which was kept in a moist dish and Illustrations: Krzemieniewski (ibid., PL
on rabbit dung. V, Figs. 22-23).
Habitat: Found on decaying organic mat-
ter in soil and in the dung of various ani- 4. Polyangium morula Jahn, 1911.
mals. Jahn (Beitrage zur bot. Protistologie.
(Kryptogamenflora der Mark Brandenburg,
I, Die Polyangiden. Geb. Borntraeger, V, Pilze I, 1911, 202.)
Leipzig, 1924) states that it is not common.
mo'ru.la. Gr. noun mora the black mul-
Illustrations: Thaxter (op. cit., 17, 1892,
berry; L. dim. noun moniZo a small mulberry.
PI. 25, Figs. 34-36), Zukal (Ber. d. deutsch. Vegetative cells: Not described.
Bot. Ges., 15, 1897, 542, PL 27, Figs. 6-10) Fruiting bodies: Cysts bright yellow,
and Jahn (Kryptogamenflora d. Mark Bran-
denburg, V,Pilze I, Lief 2, 1911, 199, Fig. 3; closely packed into a mulberr5'-shaped
also see op. cit., 1924, 77 and PL II, Fig. 13). sorus; cysts with thick membrane (3 mi-
crons), often made polj-gonal by pressure,
20 to 35 microns, bound together by slime.
2. Polyangium minus Krzemieniewski, The whole sorus is 100 to 200 microns broad.
1926. (Acta Soc. Bot. Poloniae, 4, 1926, 33.)
Rods in cysts about 3 microns in length.
mi'nus. L. comp.adj. minor less, smaller. Jahn states he has not studied fresh cysts.
Vegetative cells: Rods 0.4 to 0.6 by 3.0 to
7.0 microns. In the older cysts the rods are difficult to
observe.
Fruiting bodies: Cyst masses commonly
Source: Observed only once on rabbit
cover the substrate to an area of 0.5 sq. mm. dung.
Cysts are spherical or ellipsoidal, small, 20 Illustration: Jahn (Beitrage zur bot.
to 80 by 20 to 50 microns, light rose in color,
Protistologie. I, Die Polyangiden, Geb.
becoming brownish, embedded in a trans- Borntraeger, Leipzig, 1924, PL 2, Fig. 21).
parent colorless slime. Cyst membrane light
colored, relatively thick, 0.5 to 1.0 micron,
transparent, revealing the contents. Rods 5. Polyangium cellulosum Imsenecki
in cyst 0.8 to 1.0 by 1.3 to 2.0 microns. and Solntzeva, 1936*. (On aerobic cellulose-
Source: Isolated from rabbit dung which decomposing bacteria. Akademiia Nauk,
was sterilized and placed on soil (Poland). Leningrad, Isvestiia, 1936, 1115; English
summary, 1168.)
Relativelj^ slow in appearance, only after
many days. cel.lu.lo'sum. M.L. noun cellulosum cellu-
lose.
Habitat: Found on decaying organic mat-
ter in soil and in the dung of various ani- Vegetative cells: Thick, bent rods with
mals. Rather rare. rounded ends, 0.8 to 1 .2 by 3.5 to 8.5 microns.
Illustrations: Krzemieniewski (ibid., PL Fruiting body: Rods at center of the col-
IV, Fig. 47-48; PL V, Fig. 49). ony are non-motile, forming large orange
aggregates, and are shorter than those at
3. Polyangium luteum Krzemieniewski, the margin: 0.7 to 0.9 by 3.4 to 5.6 microns.
1927. (Acta Soc. Bot. Poloniae, 5, 1927, 98.) Later a concentration of cells occurs. The
lu'te.um. L. adj. luteus saffron- or golden rods come closer together to form rounded
yellow. or ellipsoidal aggregates from which cysts
Vegetative cells: Not described. become delimited. The cysts are orange in
Fruiting bodies: Golden j-ellow, consist- color, 8 to 24 microns, average 20 to 25 mi-
ing of a few cysts surrounded by a common, crons in diameter. In addition to bacterial
bright yellow, very thick slime wall. The cells, droplets of fat, 1.5 to 3.5 microns, are
Translated from the original by E. V. Prostov, Iowa State College Library, Ames, Iowa.
FAMILY IV. POLYANGIACEAE
873
sometimes seen within the C3\st. When confined by an orange-colored slime mem-
treated with H2SO4 , cysts are easily broken brane or envelope. No cystophore present.
up under the cover glass. Fruiting bodies Fruiting bodies not easily broken up. Vary
are composed of climips of cysts. The fruit- in size from 80 to 240 microns.
ing bodies are ellipsoidal or pear-shaped, Vegetative colony: On silica gel with cel-
40 to 55 by 110 to 160 microns, reddish lulose, at first pale pink. After six days
brown; they are covered with a slime mem- fruiting bodies of red color appear together
brane (flakes of dried slime). Each is com- with free cysts and many non-encysted
posed of 12 to 40 cysts which become poly- shortened rods. Fruiting bodies numerous
gonal from pressure. The cysts are some- at center of colony and later form in con-
times arranged in chains. centric rings around center. Margin of col-
Resting cells: 0.7 to 0.8 by 2.2 to 3.5 mi- ony composed of vegetative cells; periphery
crons. pink. Mature colonies 2 to 5 cm in diameter,
Vegetative colony: Cysts germinate on bright red, becoming drabbish red; pigmen-
filter paper producing vegetative colonies. tation appears to be confined to limited
Colonies large, orange, moist, increasing in areas. Surface dull, moist. Margin not defi-
size. The older colonies have orange margins nite.
while the center is dark brown, correspond- Physiology: The cellulose at the center of
ing to the color of the fruiting bodies. Often the colony is completely destroyed, whereas
show several concentric rings. that under the remainder of the colony is
Physiology: Rods cover cellulose fibers, not entirely broken down.
partially or completelj^ destroying them. The author considers this a color variant
Paper becomes transparent. of Polyangium cellulosum Imsenecki and
Solntzeva.
22° C. Very slow growth at 30° C. Source: Isolated from the black soils of
Grows only on cellulose, not in ordinary Eastern European Russia.
media. Habitat: Soil. Decomposes cellulose.
Aerobic.
Illustrations: Imsenecki and Solntzeva 5b. Polyangium cellulosum var. fuscxim
427.)
Mishustin, 1938. (Microbiologia, 7, 1938,
{ibid., Table II, 2, Figs. 1-5).
5a. Polyangium cellulosum var. ferru- fus'cum. L. adj. fuscus dark, tawny.
gineum Mishustin, 1938. (Microbiologia, Vegetative cells: Identical with those of
7, 1938, 427.) Polyangium cellulosum var. ferrugineum.
Fruiting body: Composed of individual
fer.ru. gi'ne.um. L. adj. ferrugineus of
the color of iron rust. cysts, each with a separate cyst wall, and
Vegetative cells: Long, flexible cells, 0.8 held together by a common slime membrane
to 1.2 by 3.0 to 5.0 microns. Become short- or envelope. Shortened, rod-shaped spores
ened and highly refractile during fruiting- enclosed within the cyst walls. Cysts form-
body formation. ing outside the large walls. Cysts forming
Fruiting bodj-: Composed of numerous outside the large masses usually rounded;
cysts having definite wall. Mass of rods has those within often polygonal or angular.
a yellowish tinge, and the cysts are colored Cysts 5 to 24 microns long, ellipsoidal or
reddish yellow. Color probably confined to egg-shaped. Encysted cells give cysts gran-
the cyst walls. Cysts round or egg-shaped, ular appearance. Ripe cj^sts brown to light
or may be angular due to pressure. Each brown in color; immature, yellow to pink.
cyst contains numerous shortened rods. Fruiting bodies pinkish yellow when young,
Cysts usually 12 to 40 microns in diameter. becoming brown when ripened. Considera-
Numerous cysts grouped into fruiting bodies ble variation in form: round, ellipsoidal or
having bright red or drabbish red color when sausage-shaped, and from 50 to 80 microns
ripe. Form of fruiting body variable: most up to several hundred microns. Outer slime
commonly rounded, ellipsoidal or biscuit- envelope often indistinct; no dried slime
shaped, sometimes sausage-shaped. Cysts noticeable between the cysts.
Vegetative colony : A faint yellow cast on 5d. Polyangium cellulosum var. luteum
427.)
Mishustin, 1938. (Microbiologia, 7, 1938,
cellulose-silica gel after 2 to 3 days. Be-
comes 3'ellow-orange to yellow-pink after
6 to 8 days, while center is brownish gray. lu'te.um. L. adj. luteus saffron-yellow.
Margin pinkish to yellow-pink. Surface dull, Vegetative cells: Similar to others of the
moist. As fruiting bodies ripen, colony be-
comes darker, finally dark brown. Reaches species.
Fruiting body: Poorly organized agglom-
diameter of 2 to 5 cm. Fruiting bodies often erations of colorless to yellow cysts en-
arranged in form of pigmented, closely set, closing sporulated cells. Cysts regularly
concentric rings. Margin of colony not egg-shaped to ellipsoidal, 8 to 20 microns in
clearly defined. Usually regularly rounded diameter; predominantly 6 to 10 microns.
or ellipsoidal. Cellulose completely de- Matured cysts loosely connected into
stroyed only at center of colony. rounded or elongate masses 40 to 80 by 100
Source: Found only once in podzol soils. to 150 microns. Ripe fruiting bodies easily
Common in black soils of Sumy Experiment pulled apart.
Station. Vegetative colony: On cellulose, colonies
Habitat: Soil. Decomposes cellulose. regularly rounded or ellipsoidal, surface has
moist appearance. Yellowish cast 2nd or
5c. Polyangium cellulosum var. Julvum 3rd day, becoming deeper yellow. Ochre-
Mishustin, 1938. (Microbiologia, 7, 1938, yellow formations resembling fruiting bod-
427.) ies by 5 to 6 days. Manj^ free cysts at center
of colony. Later colony becomes pale dirty
ful'vum. L. adj. fulvus reddish yellow.
Vegetative cells: 0.8 to 1.2 by 3.5 to 6.0 yellow while periphery remains bright yel-
microns. low. Sometimes one or two brightly pig-
Fruiting body: Rose or pink in color, mented rings consisting of agglomerations
composed of numerous cysts. Young cysts of fruiting bodies are found in older colonies.
Mature colonies 1.5 to 3.0 cm in diameter.
yellow to yellow-orange, becoming pink,
rose or red, or pinkish yellow. Cysts same Physiology: Filter paper completely de-
shape as others of the species; 6 to 24 mi- stroyed at center of colony. Developed bet-
crons in diameter, average 10 to 12 mi- ter below pH 7 (around pH 6) than others of
crons; contain many short rods. Fruiting the species.
bodies vary in shape, often elongated, Source: Isolated from soils of the Timiria-
flagella(?) -shaped (columnar?), up to 20 to zev Agricultural Academy. Common in
25 by 350 to 450 microns. Also globular, podzol soils.
mace-shaped, etc. Usually 25 to 40 by 50 to Habitat: Soil. Decomposes cellulose.
80 microns. Cysts enclosed by outer common
6. Polyangium simplex (Thaxter, 1893)
envelope or slime membrane. Easily broken
Thaxter, 1904. (Myxobader simplex Thaxter,
up mechanically. Bot. Gaz., 18, 1893, 29; Thaxter, ibid., 37,
Vegetative colony: On cellulose -silica gel 1904, 414.)
form a hardly visible white (colorless?)
colony at 2 days. After 6 days becomes pink sim'plex. L. adj. simplex simple.
Vegetative cells: Large, cylindrical rods,
in color. Fruiting bodies first form near
rounded at either end, 0.7 to 0.9 by 4.0 to
center. After 9 to 10 days central area red- 7.0 microns.
dish pink while periphery has yellowish Fruiting bodies: Cysts single, very large,
cast. Mature colony 2.5 to 7.5 cm in diame- 250 to 400 microns, bright reddish yellow,
ter, pink-orange color, fairly regularly
round or ellipsoidal in shape. Pigmented irregularly rounded. Rods flesh-colored in
mass. Upon pressure, adhere together in
concentric rings of fruiting bodies. sheaves.
Physiology: Cellulose entirely destroyed Source: Isolated from very wet wood and
at center of colony and often at other points. bark in swamps.
Source: Podzol soils of Timiriazev Agri-
cultural Academy. Seldom in black soils of 7. Polyangium ochraceum Krzemie-
Sumy Experiment Station. niewski, 1926. (Acta Soc. Bot. Poloniae, 4,
Habitat: Soil. Decomposes cellulose. 1926, 34.)
875
o.chra'ce.um. Gr. noun ochra yellow is common on dung; it also occurs on decay-
ochre; M.L. adj. ochraceus of the color of ing lichens and on poplar bark which is kept
yellow ochre. moist.
Vegetative cells: Not described. Habitat: Found on decaying organic mat-
Fruiting bodies: Orange to light red in ter in soil and in the dung of various ani-
the form of a single spherical or ellipsoidal mals. Quite common in Polish soils ac-
cyst 60 to 80 by 50 to 130 microns, each with cording to Krzemieniewski (Acta Soc. Bot.
a thick, yellow-brown membrane. The cyst Poloniae, 5, 1927).
content often (particularh- in the ellipsoidal Illustrations: Thaxter (Bot. Gaz., 23,
cysts) is constricted by the membrane which 1897, PI. 31, Figs. 37-39), Baur (Arch. Pro-
penetrates deeply. From the side the cyst tistenkunde, 5, 1905, PI. 4, Figs. 14, 15 and
appears to be divided. Rods in cj^sts meas- 17), Quehl (Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 16, 1906,
ure 0.5 by 4.0 to 8.0 microns. PI. 1, Figs. 8 and 16), Jahn {op. cit., 1924,
Source: Grown on sterilized rabbit dung PI. 2, Fig. 12; also Fig. A, page 9) and Krze-
on soil (Poland). mieniewski (Acta Soc. Bot. Poloniae, 4,
Illustrations: Krzemieniewski (ibid., PI. 1926, 34, PI. IV, Figs. 42-43; also var. vela-
V, Figs. 50-51). tum, PI. IV, Figs. 44-46).
8. Polyangiuin fuscum (Schroeter,
1886) Thaxter, 1904. {Cystobader fiiscus 9. Polyangiuin aureuni Krzemieniew-
Schroeter, in Cohn, Kryptogamenflora v. ska and Krzemieniewski, 1930. (Acta Soc.
Schlesien, 3, 1, 1886, 170; Thaxter, Bot. Gaz., Bot. Poloniae, 7, 1930, 255.)
37, 1904, 414.) au're.um. L. adj. aureus golden.
Separated from Pohjangium morula on the
fus'cum. L. adj. fuscus dark, tawny. basis of pigmentation.
Vegetative cells: Rods slender, elongate,
0.6 by 5.0 to 12 microns. Grows readily on Vegetative cells : Straight rods of uniform
agar, also on dung agar. Baur states rods diameter; rounded ends, 0.7 to 0.9 by 2.8 to
are 15 to 20 microns in length. 5.3 microns.
Fruiting bodies: Cysts flesh-colored when Fruiting body: Cysts reddish brown, var-
young, chestnut-brown when ripe, spher- iable in number, embedded in yellow slime
ical, about 60 microns (Thaxter, 50 to 150 to form a sorus with a common slime en-
by 50 to 70 microns) in diameter, with defi- velope. Cysts nearly spherical or slightly
nite membrane, lying in considerable num- elongate, averaging 32 by 37 microns. Cyst
bers in large sori, usually 30 to 40 sometimes wall orange-yellow, about 3 microns thick.
up to 100. The slime envelope is much more Older cysts contain shortened rods, a gran-
delicate and evanescent than that in P. vi- ular mass and a colorless or yellowish ole-
tellinum. Occasionall}^ a form is found with aginous liquid.
cysts measuring 100 microns: under these Habitat: Soil.
often lie kidney-shaped cysts even 150 mi- Illustrations: Krzemieniewski {ibid., PI.
crons in length; apparently a variety. Rods XVII, Figs. 14-17).
in cysts about 0.8 to 1.5by 3.0 to 3.5 microns.
Cysts (Baur) on dung decoction break in 10. Polyangium stellatum Kofler, 1913.
10 to 12 hours, and rods pour out, apparently (Sitzber. d. kais. Akad. wiss. Wien, math.-
passively at first. nat. Klasse, Abt. I, 122, 1913, 19.)
P. juscuyn var. velatum Krzemieniewski stel.la'tum. L. part. adj. stellatus set with
differs from the type in that the membrane stars, stellate.
is thin, separated from cysts and folded. Vegetative cells: Not described.
Source: Isolated from rabbit dung from Fruiting bodies: Cysts elongate, 80 to 120
southern California. Kofler (Sitzber. d. by 160 to 200 microns, flesh-colored when
kais. Akad. wiss. Wien. math.-nat. Klasse, young, brownish red when old; star-shaped
122 Abt., 1913, 845) also found it on rabbit with 2 to 9 rays fixed by the narrowed base
dung from Vienna. Jahn (Beitrage zur bot. upon a kind of hypothallus.
Protistologie. I, Die Polyangiden. Geb. Source: Found on hare dung from Vienna.
Borntraeger, Leipzig, 1924) states that it Illustrations: Kofler {ibid., PI. ?, Fig. 6).
11. Polyangium ferrugineuni Krze- ter. Cysts usually spherical, sometimes

mieniewska and Krzemieniewski, 1927. elongate; 18 to 38 by 20 to 50 microns; av-
(Acta Soc. Bot. Poloniae, 5, 1927, 97.) erage 28 by 34 microns. Cyst membrane col-
fer.ru.gi'ne.um. L. adj. Jerrugineus of orless. Cysts contain bundles of shortened
the color of iron rust. cells, a granular colorless mass and a clear
Fruiting bodies: Irregular, branched and oleaginous fluid.
occasionally constricted coils. Branches of Habitat: Soil.
same diameter as the main tube. Cyst wall Illustrations: Krzemieniewski {ibid., Pis.
is brown-red. In the interior no differentia- XVI and XVII, Figs. 10-13).
tion is visible. Rods in cysts are relatively
short and thick, 0.8 to 1.1 microns by 2 to 14. Polyangium fumosum Krzemie-
2.5 microns, not definitely arranged. Close niewska and Krzemieniewski, 1930. (Acta
to Archanguim gephyra, but with cyst walls. Soc. Bot. Poloniae, 7, 1930, 253.)
Source: From soil in Poland and from
fu.mo'sum. L. adj. fumosiis smokjr.
rabbit dung. Vegetative cells: Long, straight, cylindri-
Habitat: Found on decaying organic mat- cal, with rounded ends; 0.7 to 0.9 by 2.7 to
ter in soil and in the dung of various ani- 5.7 microns. Encysted cells similar.
mals.
Fruiting body: A flat, crust-like layer of
Illustrations: Krzemieniewski {ibid., PI. 2 to 20 (or more) cysts arranged to form a
V, Fig. 21). sorus. Sori rounded, up to 90 microns in
diameter, or irregularly shaped; often elon-
12. Polyangium indivisum Krzemie- gate up to 400 microns long. Smoky gray
niewska and Krzemieniewski, 1927. (Acta color due to surrounding slime walls. Outer
Soc. Bot. Poloniae, 5, 1927, 97.) profile of sheath (or corte.x) irregular. Cyst
in.di.vi'sum. L. adj. indivisus undivided. wall 2.4 to 3.5 microns thick; cysts often
Vegetative cells: Not described. nearly spherical, 13 to 48 microns in diame-
Fruiting bodies: Similar to those in Poly- ter, though frequently elongate. Average
angium ferrugineuni, but much smaller and 36 by 44 microns. Colorless, single, enclosed
bright orange-yellow. Enclosed in a simi- in a transparent membrane.
larly colored slime membrane. Interior of Habitat: Soil.
coils undifferentiated. Cyst rods 0.8 to 1.0 Illustrations: Krzemieniewski {ibid., PI.
by 3 to 6 microns, straight and rounded on XVI, Figs. 6-9).
ends. Arranged perpendicularly to the wall,
giving a netted appearance resembling 15. Polyangium parasiticum Geitler,
Melittangium. 1924. (Arch. f. Protistenkunde, 50, 1924, 67.)
Source: From soils in Poland. pa.ra.si'ti.cum. Or. adj. parasiticus para-
sitic.
Vegetative cells: In water, on the surface
13. Polyangium spumosum Krzemie-
niewska and Krzemieniewski, 1930. (Acta of the alga Cladophora. Rods long, cylindri-
cal, rounded at end and 0.7 by 4.0 to 7.0
Soc. Bot. Poloniae, 7, 1930, 254.) microns. At first saprophytic, later entering
spu.mo'sum. L. adj. spumosus foamy or and destroying the Cladophora cell.
frothy.
Fruiting bodies: Sometimes single, usu-
Vegetative cells: Straight rods, uniformly ally 2to 8, microscopically small, united in
thick, with rounded ends; 0.6 to 0.8 by 3.9 irregular masses, spherical or somewhat
to 6.8 microns. elongated. From 15 to 50 microns, usually
Fruiting body: Colorless sori embedded 25 to 40 microns, with hyaline slime. When
in hyaline slime forming a common envelope mature, red-brown in color with firm wall.
around the cysts. Surface white, foamy in Source: Found on Cladophora {fractal) in
appearance; cysts in irregularly rounded a pool at Vienna.
accumulations, 100 to 150 microns in diame- lUu.strations: Geitler {ibid.. Figs. 1-10).
Genus II. Synangium Jahn, 1924-
(Beitrage zur bot. Protistologie. I, Die Poljângiden. Geb. Borntraeger, Leipzig, 1924, 79.)
Syn.an'gi.um. Gr. pref. syn together; Or. noun ancjium vessel; M.L. neut.n. Synangium
vessels together (clustered).
Cysts united at the base to form a large disc or rosette which is usually elevated above
the substrate on a stalk. The individual cj'^st is equipped with an apical tuft of hairs.
The type species is Synangium sessile (Thaxter) Jahn.
1. Synangium sessile (Thaxter, 1904) rise to secondary stalks which are much
Jahn, 1924. {Chrondromyces sessilis Thaxter, thinner and shorter than the primary ones
Bot. Gaz., 37, 1904, 411; Chrondromyces and which are tipped with smaller clusters.
lanuginosus Kofler, Sitzber. d. kais. Akad. Varieties: Three varieties of this species
wiss. Wien, math.-nat. Klasse, Abt. I, 122, have been named on the basis of the pres-
1913, 861; Chondromyces thaxteri Faull, Bot. ence or absence of cyst-bearing stalks: one
Gaz., 62, 1916, 226; Jahn, Beitrage zur bot. variety is described as sessile, and another
Protistologie. I, Die Polyangiden. Geb. as bearing a stalk of variable height (up to
Borntraeger, Leipzig, 1924, 79; Synangium 1 mm) which is usually unbranched; the
lanuginosum Jahn, loc. cit.; Synangium thax- third variety is intermediate between these
teri Jahn, loc. cit.) two. This differentiation in stalks is highly
ses'si.le. L. adj. sessilis sessile, stalkless. dependent upon environmental conditions.
Vegetative cells: Cylindrical rods with Cultivation : Grown in laboratory culture
blunt ends, 0.9 to 1.0 by 3.0 to 8.0 microns. on hay (Krzemieniewska and Krzemie-
Fruiting body: The cysts are joined to- niewski,Bull. Intern. Acad. Pol. Sci.Lettres,
gether at their bases to form discoid or No. 1-10, Serie B (I), 1946, 37). Pure cultures
spherical clusters containing up to 30 indi- not obtained.
vidual cj'sts, the whole being elevated on a Source: Originally isolated from decaying
stalk of variable height (up to 1 mm), which wood from Florida (Thaxter, op. cit., 1904,
is usually unbranched and bears one or two 411). Also found in the dung of herbivores
clusters at its tip. Each cyst bears an apical from Canada (Faull, op. cit., 1916, 226) and
tuft of hairs. The diameter of the cyst clus- from Austria (Kofler, op. cit., 1913, 861);
ter is highly variable (40 to 250 microns), as from soil in Poland (Krzemieniewska and
is the length of the hairs in the apical tuft Krzemieniewski, op. cit., 1946, 37).
(7 to 30 microns). The individual resting Habitat : Found on the dung of herbivores
cells within the cysts are 2.5 to 6.0 by 0.6 to and on decaying organic matter in soil.
1.0 microns. The color of developing fruit- Illustrations: Thaxter {op. cit., 1904, PI.
ing bodies is initially white, changing to 27, Figs. 14-15), Kofler {op. cit., 1913, PI. I,
j'ellow, light pink and eventually orange; Figs. 1-3), Faull {op. cit., 1916, Pis. 5 and 6),
the shade is greatly affected by environ- Jahn {op. cit., 1924, Fig. X, page 80) and
mental factors, notably humidity and tem- Krzemieniewska and Krzemieniewski {op.
perature. Sometimes the cyst clusters give cit.. Pi. 1, Figs. 1-3).
Genus III. Podangium Jahn, 1924.

{Cystobacter Schroeter, in Cohn, Kryptogamenfiora v. Schlesien, 3, 1, 1886, 170; Jahn,
Beitrage zur bot. Protistologie. I, Die Polyangiden.
Geb. Borntraeger, Leipzig, 1924, 80.)
Po.dan'gi.um. Gr. noun pus, pedis a foot; Gr. noun angium a vessel; M.L. neut.n.
Podangium footed vessel.
Cysts chestnut-brown or red-brown, single on a more or less definite, white stalk.
The type species is Podangium erectum (Schroeter) Jahn.
Key to the species of genus Podangium.

I. Stalk scarcely definite, cysts short, appressed, if elongate then passing over from the
white stem into the club-shaped cyst. Ripe cysts chestnut -brown.
1. Podangium erectum.
II. Stalk well differentiated.
A. Cysts spherical, often irregular, confluent.
2. Podangium lichenicolum .
B. Cysts not spherical, regular in shape, distinct.
1. Cysts lengthened, ellipsoidal.
3. Podangium gracilipes.
2. Cysts flattened, like cap of Boletus.
4. Podangium boletus.
1. Podangium erectum (Schroeter, Soc. Bot. Poloniae, 4, 1926, 1, PI. V, Figs.

52-53).
1886) Jahn, 1924. (Cystobacter erectus Schroe-
ter, in Cohn, Kryptogamenflora v. Schle-
sien, 3, 1, 1886, 170; Chondromyces erectus 2. Podangium lichenicolum (Thaxter,
Thaxter, Bot. Gaz., 23, 1897, 407; Jahn, 1892) Jahn, 1924. {Chondromyces lichenicolus
Beitrage zur bot. Protistologie. I, Die Poly- Thaxter, Bot. Gaz., 17, 1892, 402; Jahn,
angiden. Geb. Borntraeger, Leipzig, 1924, 81.)
Beitrage zur bot. Protistologie. I, Die Poly-
80.) angiden. Geb. Borntraeger, Leipzig, 1924,
e.rec'tum. L. adj. erectus erect.
Swarm stage (pseudoplasmodium) : Kofler li.che.ni'co.lum. Gr. noun lichen a tree
states rods are 2 to 5 microns in length. moss, lichen; L. v. colo to dwell; M.L. adj.
Fruiting bodies: Cysts usually short, lichenicolus lichen-dwelling.
almost spherical, compact, rounded above, Swarm stage: Reddish, rods cjdindrical,
orange-red changing to chestnut-brown, tapering slightly, 0.6 by 5.0 to 7.0 microns.
single on a white to yellow hypothallus con- Germinate readily after drying for 18
stituted from the .slime remaining behind. months when sown on moist lichens.
A definite "foot" of whitish slime is seldom Fruiting bodies: Cysts single, rounded or
observed. Fifty to hundreds together. Usu- irregularly lobed, often confluent. Cysto-
ally about 80 microns high and 40 to 50 mi- phore short, squarish, often lacking or mis-
crons broad above, smaller below, often shapen. Cysts 28 to 35 microns, stem 7 to
spherical cysts 60 microns in diameter. Rods 8 by 10 microns.
in cysts 0.6 by 4 microns. Source: Isolated from lichens from New
Jahn believes the European form to be Haven, Conn.
distinct from that described by Thaxter. Habitat: Found on lichens and algae as
Thaxter's form produces cystophores 60 to well as on wet boards.
300 microns long which wither at maturity Illustrations: Thaxter {op. cit., 1892, PL
so that cysts appear sessile. 23, Figs. 20-23) and Quehl (Cent. f. Bakt.,
Source: Isolated by Thaxter (op. cit., II Abt., 16, 1906, 9, PL 1, Fig. 6).
1897, 407) from horse dung in laboratory
cultures, Massachusetts; also found on bark 3. Podangium gracilipes (Thaxter,
covered with lichens (Jahn, op. cit., 1924, 1897) Jahn, 1924. {Chondromyces gracilipes
80). Thaxter, Bot. Gaz., 23, 1897, 406; Jahn,
Habitat: Found on decaying organic mat- Beitrage zur bot. Protistologie. I, Die Poly-
ter in soil and in the dung of various ani- angiden. Geb. Borntraeger, Leipzig, 1924,
mals. 82; Chondromyces minor Krzemieniewski,
Illustrations: Thaxter {op. cit., PI. 31, Acta Soc. Bot. Poloniae, 7, 1930, 265.)
Figs. 16-19), Quehl (Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., gra.ci'li.pes. L. adj. gracilipes slender -
16, 1906, PI. 1, Fig. 4), Jahn {op. cit., 1924, footed.
PI. 1, Figs. 7-9) and Krzemieniewski (Acta Swarm stage: Rods 5 to 7 microns.
Fruiting bodies: Cysts bright orange-red niewska and Krzemieniewski, Bull. Intern.
or red, 25 by 35 microns, elongate, rounded, Acad. Pol. Sci. Lettres, No. 1-10, S^rie B
on a white pointed stalk, rigid and persist- (I), 1946, 36.)
ent on substratum, rods also in stalk. Short- bo.le'tus. L. noun boletus a kind of mush-
ened rods in cyst 3 to 5 microns. Cysts some- room.
times pear-shaped, caducous. Vegetative cells: No description.
Source: Isolated from rabbit dung from Fruiting bodies: Cyst stalked, mush-
Massachusetts. room-like, white when immature then yel-
Habitat: Found on decaying organic mat- lowish flesh-colored, finally yellowish brown
ter in soil and in the dung of various ani- to nut-brown; when dried, more reddish
mals. brown. Width of cyst about 100 microns,
Note: A variety of this species was origi- height 40 to 50 microns, length of white stalk
nally described as an independent species about 40 microns. Sometimes the cyst is
by the Krzemieniewskis (loc. cit.). However, smaller and spherical (50 to 60 microns in
further study of this organism by the same diameter), sometimes there is a fusion of
workers (Bull. Intern. Acad. Pol. Sci. Let- neighboring cysts, occasionally the stalk is
tres, No. 1-10, Serie B (I), 1946, 46) revealed abortive. The resting cells are 0.5 by 3.0 to
that the stalks were composite. Since the 4.0 microns and are arranged within the
cysts correspond exactly in shape, size and cyst in a characteristic manner, standing at
color to those of Podangiiim gracilipes, the right angles to the membrane; on germina-
organism is evidently a composite form of tion the membrane is left colorless and can
P. gracilipes, the stalks being partly fused. be observed to have a honey-combed struc-
Illustrations: Thaxter {op. cit., 1897, PI. ture caused by the impingement of the tips
31, Figs. 20-24), Quehl (Cent. f. Bakt., II of the oriented resting cells against it.
Abt., 16, 1906, PI. 1, Fig. 12), Jahn (op. cit., Source: From the dung of herbivores from
1924, PI. II, Figs. 19-20) and Krzemieniew- Germany and Denmark.
ski (Acta Soc. Bot. Poloniae, 4, 1926, PI. V, Habitat: Found on decaying organic mat-
Fig. 54). ter in soil and in the dung of various ani-
mals.
4. Podangiutn boletus (Jahn, 1924) Illustrations: Jahn (op. cit., PI. 2, Figs.
Krzemieniewska and Krzemieniewski, 1946. 17-18; Fig. B, page 11; C-F, page 23; 0-Q,
(Melittangium boletus Jahn, Beitrage zur page 43; T-U, page 55) and Krzemieniewska
bot. Protistologie. I, Die Polyangiden. Geb. and Krzemieniewski (Acta Soc. Bot. Po-
Borntraeger, Leipzig, 1924, 78; Krzemie- loniae, 4,1926, 1, PI. V, Figs. 55-56).
Genus IV. Chondroniyccs Berkeley and Curtis, 1874-
(Berkeley and Curtis, in Berkeley, Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany, London, 1857,
313 (illustration but no description); Berkeley (description). Notes on North
American Fungi, Grevillea, 3, 1874, 97; see Berkeley and Curtis,
in Saccardo, Sylloge Fungorum, 4, 1886, 679.)
Chon.dro'my.ces or Chon.dro.my'ces. Gr. noun chondrus cartilage, gristle; Gr. noun
myces fungus; M.L. masc.n. Chondromyces cartilaginous fungus.
Cysts compactly grouped at the end of a colored stalk (cj'stophore). C3\stophore simple
or branched.
The type species is Chondromyces crocatus Berkeley and Curtis.
Key to the species of genus Chondromyces.

I. Vegetative rods are even cylinders with blunt, rounded ends.
1. Chondromyces crocatus.
II. Vegetative rods of uneven width with tapering ends.
A. Cysts not in chains.
1. Ripe cysts not attached to stalk by pedicel or stipe.
a. Cysts not pointed,

b. Cysts rounded.
c. Ripe cysts orange-red.
2. Chondromyces aurantiacus.
cc. Ripe cysts dark chestnut-brown.
3. Chondromyces brunneus.
bb. Cysts cylindrical.
4. Chondromyces cylindricus.
aa. Cysts pointed.
5. Chondromyces apiculatns.
2. Cysts attached to stalk by pedicel or stipe.
a. Cysts with flattened tips.
6. Chondromyces pediculatus.
aa. Cysts rounded.
7. Chondromyces medius.
B. Cysts arranged in chains.
8. Chondromyces catenulatiis .
1. Chondromyces crocatus Berkeley Illustrations: Berkeley (op. cit., 1857,

and Curtis, 1874. (Berkeley and Curtis, in 313), Thaxter (op. cit., 1892, 389, Pis. 22 and
Berkeley, Introduction to Cryptogamic 23, Figs. 1-11), Quehl {op. cit., 1906, 9, PI. 1,
Botany, London, 1857, 313 (illustration but Fig. 10) and Jahn (Kryptogamenflora der
no description); Berkelej^ (description). Mark Brandenburg, V, Pilze I, Lief 2, 1911,
Notes on North American Fungi, Grevillea, 199, Fig. 6; also see Beitrage zur bot. Pro-
3, 1874, 64.) tistologie. I, Die Polyangiden. Geb. Born-
cro.ca'tus. L. adj. crocatus saffron-yellow. traeger, Leipzig, 1924, PI. 2, Figs. 14-16).
Vegetative cells: Cylindrical rods with
blunt, rounded ends, 1.3 to 1.7 by 3.0 to 11.0 2. Chondromyces aurantiacus (Berke-
microns. ley and Curtis, 1874) Thaxter, 1892. {Stig-
Fruiting body: The cysts are at first spin- matella aurantiaca Berkeley and Curtis, in
dle-shaped, widening at the base to become Berkele}^ Introduction to Cryptogamic
almost conical in the mature state. Ini- Botany, London, 1857, 313 (illustration but
tially straw-colored, they finally turn golden no description); Berkeley, (description),
yellow. When mature, they are attached to Notes on North American Fungi, Grevillea,
the stalk by the remains of pedicels. Cysts 339.)
S, 1874, 97; Thaxter, Bot. Gaz., 17, 1892,
are borne in spherical groups at the tips of
stalks which are almost always branched. au.ran.ti'a.cus. M.L. adj. aiirantiacxis
The stalks are 600 microns or more in height, orange-colored.
covered with longitudinal striations and Vegetative cells: Rods which taper to-
sometimes spirally twisted. Originally wards the ends, 0.6 to 1.0 by 4.0 to 10.0 mi-
orange in color, they eventuallj^ turn brown. crons, flesh-colored in mass.
Mature cysts are 9 to 16 by 15 to 37 microns; Fruiting bodies: Cysts ellipsoidal or
the resting cells within them are 1.0 to 1.2 spherical, 16 to 40 by 30 to 60 microns. Origi-
by 2.4 to 3.8 microns. nally flesh-colored, they become a vivid
Source: Isolated from a decayed gourd orange -red during maturation; may turn
from South Carolina. Also found by Thaxter chestnut-brown when kept for long periods
(Bot. Gaz., 17, 1892) on melon rind from in moist air. The stalk, 135 to 400 microns
south Carolina and on old straw from Cey- high, is usually nearly colorless, sometimes
lon and Cambridge, Mass. Quehl (Cent. f. a light yellow-brown, and in most cases is
Bakt., II Abt., 16, 1906) foimd it on dung unbranched. Resting cells in cysts are 0.8
from Java and on deer dung from Berlin. to 1.0 by 2.5 to 3.5 microns.
Habitat: Found on decaying organic Source: Isolated from a lichen. Berkeley
matter in soil and in the dung of various and Broome (Jour. Linn. Soc, H, 1873, 96,
animals. see Saccardo, Sylloge Fungorum, 4, 1886,
881
571) found it on rotten wood from Ceylon; 4. Chondromyces cylindricus Krze-
also found by Thaxter (Bot. Gaz., 17, 1892; mieniewska and Krzemieniewski, 1930.
23, 1897, 395) on old wood, fungi and on (Acta Soc. Bot. Poloniae, 7, 1930, 260.)
antelope dung from Africa. Quehl (Cent. f. cy.lin'dri.cus. Gr. adj. cylindricus cylin-
Bakt., II Abt., 16, 1906, 9) found it on dung drical.
from Java, and the Krzemieniewskis (Bull. Vegetative cells : Rods with tapering ends,
Intern. Acad. Pol. Sci. Lettres, No. 1-10, 0.5 to 0.8 by 6.0 to 11.0 microns.
Serie B (I), 1946, 42) report it from decayed Fruiting bodies : Numerous cysts in spher-
wood in Poland. ical clusters set on thick, straight stalks
Illustrations: Berkeley and Broome {op. which, slightly towards the tip, are colorless
cit., 1873, PI. 4, Fig. 16), Kalchbrenner and or j-ellow-orange and which average 200
Cooke (Australian Fungi, Grevillea, 9, 1880, microns in height. The cysts are ellipsoidal
23), Thaxter (op. cit., 1892, Pis. 23 and 24, or elongated, mostly thick cylinders with
Figs. 12-19 and 25-28), Zukal (Ber. d. rounded ends; orange, later becoming
deutsch. bot. Ges., H, 1896, PI. 20), Quehl orange-red in color. When young they are
(op. cit., 1906, PI. 1, Fig. 10), Jahn (Beitrage attached to the stalk by thin pedicels about
zur bot. Protistologie. I, Die Polyangiden. 30 microns in length but later become
Geb. Borntraeger, Leipzig, 1924, Fig. V, sessile on the stalk. Cysts are 20 to 30 by
page 57; Fig. W, page 59) and Krzemieniew- 30 to 90 microns. The resting cells within
ski (Acta Soc. Bot. Poloniae, J^, 1926, PI. V, them are 0.7 to 1.0 by 2.0 to 4.0 microns.
Figs. 57-60). Cultivation: Maintained in culture by
the Krzemieniewskis on boiled rabbit dung
3. Chondroinyces brunneus Krzemie- for fifteen jêars. Cysts capable of germina-
niewska and Krzemieniewski, 1946. (Chon- tion within a week, after maintenance in
dromyces aurantiacus var. frutescens Krze- the resting state for eight years.
mieniewska and Krzemieniewski, Acta Soc. Source: Isolated from Polish soil.
Bot. Poloniae, 5, 1927, 96; Krzemieniewska Habitat: Found on decaying organic mat-
and Krzemieniewski, Bull. Intern. Acad. ter in soil.
Pol. Sci. Lettres, No. 1-10, Serie B (I), 1946, Illustrations: Krzemieniewska and Krze-
44.) mieniewski {ibid., PI. XVII, Fig. 18; also see
brun'ne.us. M.L. adj. brunneus dark, Bull. Intern. Acad. Pol. Sci. Lettres, No.
brown. 1-10, Serie B (I), 1946, PI. 1, Figs. 18, 21
Vegetative cells: Rods 0.6 to 0.7 by 5.0 and 22) .
to 10.0 microns.
Fruiting bodies: The fruiting bodies de- 5. Chondromyces apiculatus Thaxter,
velop out of a greenish, later yellowish, 1897. (Bot. Gaz., 23, 1897, 405.)
mass of rods in the form of a group of thick a.pi.cu.la'tus. L. noun apex, apicis point,
stalks with a common base, each stalk bear- top, cap; M.L. adj. apiculatus having a small
ing numerous terminal cysts. The cj'sts are
ellipsoidal or spherical, 28 to 83 by 37 to Vegetative cells: Rods 1 by 3 to 20 mi-
point.
102 microns. At first orange in color, the crons. Does not grow as well on nutrient
cysts rapidly turn dark chestnut-brown and, agar as Chondromyces crocatus and produces
in the dried state, almost black. In some cj^sts and cystophores rarely. Cultivated on
cases the stalks persist through maturation dung. Kofler states rods are 3 to 5 microns
of the cysts; at other times they shrink as in length.
the cysts darken and eventually deposit Fruiting bodies: Cysts of variable form,
the latter on the sul)strate. Resting cells in cylindrical to broadly turnip-shaped, usu-
the cysts are 0.9 to 1.0 by 2.0 to 3.5 microns. ally with basal and apical appendages, the
Source: Isolated from soil from Poland. latter longer and pointed, bright orange, 28
Habitat: Found on deca3ang organic mat- by 35 microns. Cysts united in a single,
ter in soil. spherical, terminal head about 200 microns
Illustrations: Krzemieniewska and Krze- in diameter. Stalk rigid, stiff, seldom
mieniewski {op. cit., 1927, PI. VI, Figs. 27- branched, to 1 mm high, colorless, longitudi-
35; op. cit., 1946, PI. 1, Figs. 9 and 10). nally striate.
Source : Isolated from antelope dung from me'di.us. L. adj. medius medial, mod-
Africa; found later by Thaxter on deer dung erate.
from the Philippines and Florida. Baur Vegetative cells: Tapering rods, 0.6 to
(Arch. f. Protistenkunde, 5, 1905) found it 1.0 by 4.5 to 9.2 microns. Nearly colorless
on rabbit dung near Berlin, and Kofler (Sitz- in mass.
ber. d. kais. Akad. wiss. Wien, math.-nat. Fruiting bodies: Reddish orange cysts
Klasse, Abt. I, 122, 1913) reports it from the becoming light brown, attached to the stalk
same source near Vienna. by pedicles about 40 microns long. Cysts 28
Habitat: Found on decaying organic mat- to 87 by 32 to 94 microns, variable in shape,
ter in soil and in the dung of various ani- predominantly flattened at the base, some-
mals. times narrowing and elongated. Resting
Illustrations: Thaxter {op. cit., 1897, PI. cells in cysts 0.7 to 1.2 by 3.5 to 5.0 microns.
30, Figs. 1-15), Quehl (Cent. f. Bakt., II Source: Isolated from soil from Poland;
Abt., 16, 1906, PI. 1, Figs. 13 and 14), Jahn also found on a fungus in Panama.
(Beitrage zur bot. Protistologie. I, Die Illustrations: Krzemieniewska and Krze-
Polyangiden. Gab. Borntraeger, Leipzig, mieniewski {ibid., PL XVII, Figs. 20-22; also
1924, 199, Fig. 5) and Kuhlwein (Arch. Mi- see Bull. Intern. Acad. Pol. Sci. Lettres,
krobiol., 17, 1952, 403 (best)). 13). 1-10, S6rie B (I), 1946, PL 1, Figs. 11-
No.
6. Chondromyces pediculatus Thax-
ter, 1904. (Bot. Gaz., 87, 1904, 410.)
8. Chondromyces catenulatus Thax-
pe.di.cu.la'tus. L. dim. noun pediculus a ter, 1904. (Bot. Gaz., S7, 1904, 410.)
small foot (stalk); M.L. adj. pediculatus
having a small foot or stalk. ca.te.nu.la'tus. L. noun catena chain;
Vegetative cells: Rods 0.6 to 0.7 by 2.0 L. dim. noun catenula a small chain; M.L.
to 4.0 microns. adj. catenulatus having small chains.
Fruiting bodies: Cysts rounded to bell- Vegetative cells : Cultivated only on origi-
nal substrate. Rods 1.0 to 1.3 by 4.0 to 6.0
shaped, truncate at distal end, orange-jêl- microns.
low; when drj% orange-red, 35 to 50 microns.
Sessile on stalks 40 to 60 microns in length Fruiting bodies: Cysts light yellow-
which are arranged as an umbel on the tip orange, 18 by 20 to 50 microns in rosary-like
of the stalk. Stalk 300 to 700 microns in chains which may be branched once or twice,
length, solitary, simple, usually rather slen- sessile on a short, compact stalk, cysts sepa-
der and somewhat wrinkled. rated by shriveled isthmuses. Chains up to
Source: Isolated from goose dung from 300 microns. Stalk simple, 180 to 360 mi-
South Carolina. crons, cleft above and passing over into the
Habitat: Found in the dung of various chains, rather broad at the base and spread-
animals. ing somewhat on the substratum. The di-
Illustrations: Thaxter {ibid., PL 26, Figs. visions of the stalk are pointed, short and
7-13). slightly swollen.
Source : From decaying poplar wood from
7. Chondromyces medius Krzemieniew- New Hampshire.
1-5).
ski, 1930. (Acta Soc. Bot. Poloniae, 7, 1930, Illustrations: Thaxter {ibid., PL 26, Figs.
263.)
FAMILY V. MYXOCOCCACEAE JAHN, 1924.

Myx.o.coc.ca'ce.ae. M.L. mas.n. Myxococcus type genus of the familj^; -aceae ending to
denote a family; M.L. fem.pl.n. Myxococcaceae the Myxococcus family.
The rods become shortened when fruiting occurs and develop into spherical or ellipsoidal
FAMILY V. MYXOCOCCACEAE 883
microcysts. Definite fruiting bodies are produced in three of the genera. In Sporocytophaga
the microcysts are produced from the vegetative cells without development of fruiting
bodies.
Key to the genera of family Myxococcaceae.

I. Definite fruiting bodies formed.
A. Microcysts not enclosed in larger cysts.
1. Fruiting bodies deliquescent.
Genus I. Myxococcus, p. 883.
2. Fruiting bodies firm, not deliquescent.
Genus II. Chondrococcus, p. 886.
B. Microcysts enclosed in larger cysts.
Genus III. Angiococcus, p. 889.
II. No definite fruiting bodies formed.
Genus IV. Sporocytophaga, p. 890.
Genus I. Myxococcus Thaxter, 1892.

(Bot. Gaz., 17, 1892, 403.)
My.x.o.coc'cus. Gr. noun myxa mucus, slime; Gr. noun coccus berry; M.L. mas.n. Myxo-
coccus slime coccus.
Spherical spores in spherical or occasionally ellipsoidal upright fruiting bodies united by
slime.
The type species is Myxococcus fulvus (Cohn emend. Schroeter) Jahn.
Key to the species of genus Myxococcus.

I. Stalk lacking or indicated only by a constriction.
A. Spores average less than 1.4 microns in diameter.
1. Fruiting body red or brownish flesh color.
1. Myxococcus fulvus.
2. Fruiting body light blood-red.
2. Myxococcus cruentus.
B. Spores average 2.0 microns in diameter.
1. Fruiting body yellow to greenish yellow.
3. Myxococcus virescens.
2. Fruiting body yellow-orange to orange.
4. Myxococcus xanthus.
II. Well developed stalk supporting spherical spore mass above.
A. Spores spherical.
5. Myxococcus stipitatus.
B. Spores ellipsoidal.
6. Myxococcus ovalisporus.
1. Myxococcus fulvus (Cohn, 1875, ful'vus. L. ad], fulvus reddish yellow.

emend. Schroeter, 1886) Jahn, 1924. {Micro- Vegetative cells: Slender rods irregularly
coccus fulvus Cohn?, Beitrage z. Biologie d. curved, 0.4 by 3.0 to 7.0 microns. Masses
Pflanzen, 1, Heft 3, 1875, 181; Micrococcus are light flesh-colored.
fulvus Schroeter char, emend., in Cohn, Fruiting bodies: Spherical or elongate,
Kryptogamenflora v. Schlesien, S, 1, 1886, pear-shaped, constricted below, often with
144; Jahn, Beitrage zur bot. Protistologie. definite slimy stalk, flesh-red to brownish
I, Die Polyangiden, Geb. Borntraeger, Leip- red; when dry, rust-red to brown, about 300
zig, 1924, 84.) microns in diameter. Spores 1.0 to 1.2 mi-
crons. Jahn {loc. cit.) notes two varieties of loniae, 5,1927) states that it is rarely found
this species, one white, the other cinnabar- in Polish soils.
red. Illustrations: Thaxter {op. cit., 1897, PI.
Gelatin is quickly liquefied, completely 31, Figs. 28-29).
in 1 to 2 days, but no fruiting bodies are
formed . 3. Myxococcus virescens Thaxter, 1892.
Kofler secured good growth on Hasting's (Bot. Gaz., 17, 1892, 404.)
milk agar and determined digestion of vi.res'cens. L. part. adj. virescens becom-
casein.
ing green.
Source: Isolated by Thaxter (Bot. Gaz., Vegetative cells: Rod masses greenish
17, 1892, 403) from various decaying sub- yellow. Rods slender, irregularly curved,
stances such as lichens, paper, dung, etc. 0.4 by 3.0 to 7.0 microns. When cultivated
Found by Smith (Jour. Bot., 39, 1901, 71) on on potato agar, they tend to lose their green
rabbit dung from Wales, by Baur (Arch. f. color and become yellowish.
Protistenkunde, 5, 1905, 95) on cow and dog Fruiting body: Spherical, usually less
dungs, by de Kruyff (Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., rounded than other species of the genus,
21, 1908, 386) on stable manure in Java, by 3'ellowish, occasionally greenish, in culture
Jahn {op. cit., 1924, 84) on almost all speci- on artificial media, easily becoming white,
mens of dung, as well as on bark, decaying 150 to 500 microns. The slime deliquesces in
wood and lichens, by Krzemieniewski (Acta continued moisture. Microcysts large, about
Soc. Bot. Poloniae, 5, 1927) in Polish soil, 2 microns.
and by Kofler (Sitzber. d. kais. Akad. wiss. Source : Isolated from hen and dog dungs
Wien, math.-nat. Klasse, Abt. I, 122, 1913) from New England. Jahn (Beitrage zur bot.
on the dung of rabbit, horse, goat, mouse, Protistologie. I, Die Polyangiden. Geb.
roe and deer and on the stem of clematis Borntraeger, Leipzig, 1924) states that it
and decaying leaves and in bird nest. is not very abundant on the dungs of rabbit,
Habitat: Found on decaying organic mat- horse, stag and black cock.
ter in soil and in the dung of various ani- Habitat: Found on decaying organic mat-
mals. ter in soil and in the dung of various ani-
Illustrations: Cohn {op. cit., 1875, PI. 6, mals. Common in Polish soil, according to
Fig. 18), Smith {op. cit., 1901, Fig. 1), Baur Krzemieniewski (Acta Soc. Bot. Poloniae,
{op. cit., 1905, Figs. 1-3 and PI. 4, Figs. 1-13, 5, 1927).
16), Jahn {op. cit., 1924, Figs. L-M, page 43; Illustrations: Krzemieniewski {op. cit.,
Fig. R, page 47), Krzemieniewski {op. cit., 4, 1926, PI. 1, Fig. 9) and Badian (Acta Soc.
4, 1926, PI. 1, Figs. 7-8) and Kofler {op. cit., Bot. Poloniae, 7, 1930, 55, PI. 1, 8 Figures).
1913, 845, PI. 2, Figs. 10 and 12).
4. Myxococcus xanthus Beebe, 1941.
2. Myxococcus cruentus Thaxter, 1897. (Jour. Bact., 4^, 1941, 193.)
(Bot. Gaz., 23, 1897, 395.) xan'thus. Gr. adj. xanthus orange, golden.
cru.en'tus. L. adj. cruentus blood-red. Vegetative cells: Large, flexible, single,
Vegetative cells: Rods 0.8 by 3.0 to 8.0 Gram-negative rods with rounded ends.
microns. Not cultivated. Vary in size from 0.5 to 1.0 by 4.0 to 10.0
Fruiting body: Regularly spherical, 90 microns; average, 0.75 by 5.0 microns.
to 125 microns, blood-red. Slime forms on Fruiting body: Spherical to subspherical,
the surface a more or less definite membrane usually sessile but occasionally constricted
in which the microcysts lie. Microcysts el- at the base giving the appearance of a short
lipsoidal orirregularly oblong, 0.9 to 1.0 by stalk or foot. Mature fruiting body up to
1.2 to 1.4 microns. 300 to 400 microns in diameter, often slightly
Source: Isolated from cow dung from Ten- flattened on top or one side. Color varies
nessee. from light yellowish orange when young to
Habitat: Found on decaying organic mat- bright orange when mature; color constant,
ter in soil and in the dung of various ani- never tending toward greenish yellow. No
mals. Krzemieniewski (Acta Soc. Bot. Po- outer cyst wall or limiting membrane dis-
cernible, the spores being imbedded in the sti.pi.ta'tus. L. noun stipes, stipitis
slime holding the mass together. Usually trunk, stalk; M.L. adj. stipitatus stalked.
single, though two or three fruiting bodies Vegetative cells: Rods 0.5 to 0.7 by 2.0 to
may become joined to form an irregular 7.0 microns or longer. Grows well on nu-
mass; each is attached to the substrate, trient agar but does not fruit readily.
however, and never bud one from another. Fruiting body: Nearly spherical, 175 mi-
Microcysts : Spherical, with thick outer crons in diameter, deliquescent, sessile on
wall or membrane. Highly refractile. 2.0 mi- a well developed, compact stalk, white to
crons in diameter, seldom larger. yellowish and flesh-colored. Microcysts
Vegetative colony: Characteristics vary 0.8 to 1.2 by 1.0 to 1.15 microns. Stalk 100
with the substrate. to 200 microns long, 30 to 50 microns wide.
On plain 1.5 per cent agar (no nutrients Source: Isolated from dung in laboratory
added): Very thin and transparent, often cultures at Cambridge, Mass., Maine and
hardly visible except by transmitted light. Tennessee.
Little or no pigmentation. Surface covered Habitat: Found on decaying organic mat-
with fine, more or less regularly spaced ter in soil and in the dung of various ani-
ridges causing a dull macroscopic appear- mals. Common in Polish soils, according to
ance without gloss or sheen. Margin very Krzemieniewski (Acta Soc. Bot. Poloniae,
thin and quite regular. 5, 1927).
On rabbit dung decoction agar: Colony Illustrations: Thaxter {op. cit., PI. 31,
thicker, the surface being broken by veins Figs. 30-33) and Krzemieniewski (op. cit.,
or ridges radiating from the center. Thick 4, 1926, PI. II, Figs. 13-14).
central area often smooth and glossy while
margin much the same as that on plain agar. 6. Myxococcus ovalisporus Krzemie-
Veins or ridges extend outward from center niewska and Krzemieniewski, 1926. (Acta
in loose spiral, always in clock-wise direc- Soc. Bot. Poloniae, 4, 1926, 15.)
tion. Pigmentation, yellow to pale orange, o.va.li'spo.rus. L. noun ovum egg; M.L.
confined to thicker central portion, extends adj. ovalis oval; Gr. noun spora seed; M.L.
part way along veins to margin. noun spora a spore; M.L. adj. ovalisporus
On nutrient agar: Growth poor. Colony oval-spored.
thick, at first heavily veined, the veins later Vegetative cells: Not described.
merging to form an irregular glossy surface. Fruiting bodies; Nearly spherical, charac-
Colony remains small, pigmentation usu- teristically shortened, ellipsoidal spore
ally fairly heavy; margin thick, irregular masses of light milky yellow color; these are
to lobate. often raised on a poorly developed stalk.
Physiology: Grows well on mineral salt- This stalk always shows some bacterial
agar to which has been added dulcitol, inu- cells remaining and, with respect to this and
lin, cellulose, reprecipitated cellulose or to color, is differentiated from M. stipitatus.
starch; hydrolyzes starch; does not destroy From the base of the stalk or directly from
cellulose to any appreciable extent. Best the substrate, one or more small fruiting
growth on suspension of killed bacterial bodies develop. Microcysts are ellipsoidal,
cells in agar; suspended cells in growth area sometimes irregularly spherical, 1.0 to 1.4
lysed. Development completely inhibited by 1.3 to 1.9 microns. In culture it retains
by arabinose, largely by maltose and man- its differences from M. stipitatus. The latter
nose. sporulates best at room temperature, but
Source: Isolated from dried cow dung, M. ovalisporus sporulates best in an incu-
Ames, Iowa.
bator (presumably at 37° C).
Habitat: Decomposed bacterial cells in Source: From soil from Poland.
dung. Habitat: Found on decaying organic mat-
Illustrations: Beebe (ibid., Figs. 1-28). ter in soil.
5. Myxococcus stipitatus Thaxter, 1897. Addendum: Species incertae sedis. As it

(Bot. Gaz., 23, 1897, 395.) stands now, the taxonomy of the genus
Myxococcus is not entirely satisfactory. A vi'pe.rus. L. noun vipera viper, snake;

careful comparative study of many strains M.L. adj. vipenis pertaining to a viper.
under a variety of cultural conditions is Vegetative cells: Rods 1.0 to 1.3 by 6.5
necessary in order to determine the validity to 7.8 microns. Rod masses greenish j'ellow,
of the morphological criteria currently em- becoming red on exposure to light.
ployed for the delimitation of species. The Fruiting bodies: Dimensions not given.
three species described below may merit Convoluted or club-shaped, mesenteric,
recognition pending exhaustive study of yellow to copper-red in color. Microcysts
the whole genus: spherical, 2 microns in diameter.
Source: Isolated from soil from Germany.
1. Myxococcus albiis Finck, 1950. (Arch,
f. Mikrobiol., 15, 1950, 382.) Habitat: Found on decaying organic mat-
ter in soil.
al'bus. L. adj. albus white.
Vegetative cells: Rods approximately Comments: Possibly a variet}' of Myxo-
coccus virescens.
1.2 by 6.5 to 9.1 microns.
Fruiting bodies: Dimensions not given.
Roundish to lengthened, sometimes con- 3. Myxococcus brevipes Finck, 1950. (Arch,
fluent, white to beige in color. Rapidly deli- f. Mikrobiol., 15, 1950, 384.)
quescing at 30° C. to slime masses with the bre'vi.pes. L. adj. brevis short; L. noun
appearance of oil drops. Microcysts spher- pes foot; M.L. adj. brevipes short-footed.
ical, 2.0 to 2.5 microns in diameter. Vegetative cells: Rods 1.0 by 6.5 to 8.0
Source: Isolated from soil from German}'. microns.
Habitat: Found on decaying organic mat- Fruiting bodies: Pale red to bright red,
ter in soil.
generally raised from the substrate on a
Comments: Appears to be clearly distin-
colorless foot of slime. Deliquescent. Micro-
guishable from the white variety of Myxo-
cysts irregular, mostly spherical, 1.3 to 1.8
coccus fulvus on the basis of the size of mi- microns in diameter.
crocysts. Possibly a non-pigmented variety
of M. virescens or M. xanthus. Source: Isolated from the dung of her-
bivores from German}-.
2. Myxococcus vipenis Finck, 1950. (Arch, Habitat: Found in the dung of various
f. Mikrobiol., 15, 1950, 383.) animals.
Genus II. Chondrococcus* JoAn, 192^.

(Jahn, Beitrage zur bot. Protistologie. I, Die Polyangiden. Geb. Borntraeger, Leipzig, 1924.
85; not Chondrococcus Kutzing, Botanische Zeitung, 5, 1847, 23.)
Chon.dro.coc'cus. Gr. noun chondrus cartilage; Gr. noun coccus a berry, sphere; M.L.
mas.n. Chondrococcus cartilaginous sphere.
Spores embedded in a viscous slime which hardens. Fruiting bodies divided by joints or
constrictions, often branched, usually relatively small. This genus is a segregate from
Myxococcus Thaxter.
Seven species are included, of which the first described by Thaxter and the best described,
Chondrococcus coralloides (Thaxter) Jahn, has subsequently been designated as the type
by Buchanan (Manual, 4th ed., 1934, 614). The first species listed by Jahn is regarded as
doubtful and should not be regarded as the type for there is no evidence that Jahn ever
saw the species.
The type species is Chondrococcus coralloides (Thaxter) Jahn.
* In spite of the fact that Chondrococcus Jahn appears to be an illegitimate homonym

of the algal genus Chondrococcus Kiitzing, the former name is retained in this edition be-
cause of general usage and because Chondrococcus Kiitzing is not, so far as has been deter-
mined, in current use by algologists.
Key to (he species of genus Chondrococcus.
I. Not parasitic on fish.

A. Erect, simple or somewhat branched fruiting bodies.
1. Secondary fruiting bodies not produced.
a. Fruiting bodies constricted or jointed.
1. Chondrococcus coralloides.
aa. Fruiting bod}- simple, columnar, club- or cushion-shaped.
b. Fruiting body thick below, lesser above.
2. Chondrococcus cirrhosus.
bb. Not as in b.
c. Fruiting body cushion-shaped.
3. Chondrococcus megalosporus.
cc. Fruiting bodj- branched.
4. Chondrococcus macrosporus.
2. Secondary fruiting bodies arise as bud-, finger- or coral-like growths from primary
fruiting body.
5. Chondrococcus blasticus.
B. Recumbent, simple swelling or cyst heap constituting the fruiting body.
6. Chondrococcus cerebriformis.
II. Parasitic on fish.
7. Chondrococcxis columnaris .
1. Chondrococcus coralloides (Tha.x- instead of branches; the latter is also re-

ter, 1892) Jahn, 1924. {Myxococcns coralloides cumbent rather than erect. Krzemieniewski
Thaxter, Bot. Gaz., 17, 1892, 404; Jahn, (Acta Soc. Bot. Poloniae, 4, 1926, 46) regards
Beitriige zur bot. Protistologie. I, Die Poly- a variet}' of this species as a distinct species.
angiden. Geb. Borntraeger, Leipzig, 1924, Source: Isolated from lichens. Found bj^
85.) Jahn {op. cit., 1924) on dung of rabbit, hare,
co.ral.lo.i'des or co.ral.loi'des. Or. noun horses and deer and on old bark and lichens;
coraUium coral; Or. noun eidus shape; M.L. also found on goat dung from Lapland and
adj. coralloides coral -like. Italy. Kofler {op. cit., 1913, 865) reports it
Vegetative cells : Rods slender and curved, from the dung of field mice, horses, hares,
0.4 bj' 4.0 to 7.0 microns. Rod masses pale goats, roe and deer.
pinkish, thin. Readily cultivated on potato
Habitat : Found on decaying organic mat-
agar or peptone agar.
ter in soil and in the dung of various ani-
Fruiting bodies: Verj' variable in shape, mals. Thaxter {op. cit., 1892, 404) reports
usually with rounded coral-like processes, that it is common in Europe but uncommon
recumbent or upright, sometimes with fin-
in America. Common in Polish soil, accord-
ger-like outgrowths or rounded constric-
ing to Krzemieniewski {op. cit., 5, 1927).
tions, usually small, about 50 microns in
Illu.strations: Thaxter {op. cit., 1892, PI.
diameter, protuberances 20 to 30 microns
wide, light rose to flesh color. Microcysts 24, Figs. 29-33), Quehl {op. cit., 1906, PI. 1,
1.0 to 1.2 microns. Jahn recognizes two va- Figs. 1 and 9), Kofler {op. cit., 1913, PI. 1,
rieties of this species: the one, isolated by Fig. 4; PI. 2, Fig. 9), Krzemieniewski {op.
Quehl (Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 16, 1906, 18), cit., 1926, PI. II, Figs. 15-18) and Jahn {op.
has fruiting bodies simple or branched cit., 1924, Fig. Y, page 87).
rather than constricted or jointed; the
other, described by Kofler (Sitzber. d. kais. 2. Chondrococcus cirrhosus (Thaxter,
Akad. Wiss., Wien, math.-nat. Klasse, Abt. 1897) Jahn, 1924. {Myxococcns cirrhosus
Thaxter, Bot. Gaz., 23, 1897, 409; Jahn,
I, 1^22, 1913, 865), has its fruiting bodies in
the form of simple swellings or "cyst heaps" Beitriige zur bot. Protistologie. I, Die Poly-
ORDER VIII. MYXOBACTERALES
angiden. Geb. Borntraeger, Leipzig, 1924, ter in soil and in the dung of various ani-
200.) mals.
cir.rho'sus. Gr. cirrhus tawny; M.L. adj. Illustrations: Krzemieniewska and Krze-
cirrhosus tawny. mieniewski (ibid., PI. II, Fig. 19).
Vegetative cells: Rods 0.8 by 2.0 to 5.0
microns. 5. Chondrococcus hlasticus Beebe,
Fruiting bodies: Elongate, upright, thick- 310.)
1941. (Iowa State Coll. Jour. Sci., 15, 1941,
ened below, slender above, extended to a
rounded point, 50 to 100 microns long, 20 blas'ti.cus. Gr. adj. blasticus budding.
microns in diameter at base, light red to Vegetative cells: Long, slender, flexible
flesh-colored. Microcysts about 1 micron. rods, straight or curved to bent, ends
Source: Isolated once from grouse dung rounded to slightly tapered. Gram-negative.
from Massachusetts. 0.5 to 0.6 by 3.0 to 5.0 microns.
Habitat: Found in the dung of various Fruiting body: Primary: Spherical to
animals. subspherical, usuallj^ sessile but occasion-
Illustrations: Thaxter (op. cit., PI. 31, ally with a short stalk or foot; pale pink to
Figs. 25-27). bright salmon-pink; 300 to 600 microns in
diameter. No outer wall or limiting mem-
3. Chondrococcus itiegalosporus Jahn, brane evident. Develops on sterilized rabbit
1924. (Jahn, Beitrage zur bot. Protistologie. dung in from 3 to 6 days at room tempera-
I, Die Polyangiden. Geb. Borntraeger, ture. Secondary: Arising as bud-like growth
Leipzig, 1924, 86.) from the primary fruiting body. Develops
me.ga.lo'spo.rus. Gr. adj. megas, megale, into irregularly shaped, finger-, coral- or
mega big; Gr. noun spora seed; M.L. noun bud-like protuberance. Seldom branched;
spora spore; M.L. adj. megalosporus large- occasionally stalked but usually sessile on
spored. primary fruiting body until latter is utilized
Vegetative cells: Not described. in formation of several secondary fruiting
Fruiting bodies: About 80 to 160 microns bodies. Deep pink to salmon-pink in color.
wide, rounded, cushion -shaped, dark flesh- Variable in size and shape; 50 to 150 by 75
colored. Microcysts 2 microns. to 225 microns. No outer wall or limiting
Source: Isolated from stag dung near membrane evident.
Berlin. Microcysts: Spherical, thick-walled,
Habitat: Found in the dung of various highly ref ractile ; 1 .2 to 1 .4 microns in diame-
animals. ter. Held together in the fruiting body by
Illustrations: Jahn (ibid., Fig. Y, i to k, the mass of slime.
page 87). Vegetative colony: Thin, colorless, trans-
parent at margin; surface broken by many
4. Chondrococcus macrosporus Krze- small ridges or veins. Center smooth,
mieniewski, 1926. (Acta Soc. Bot. Poloniae, slightly thicker, often showing pale pink
4, 1926.) color. Fruiting bodies first form at or near
ma.cro'spo.rus. Gr. adj. macrus long, center, later distributed irregularly on other
large; Gr. noun spora seed; M.L. noun spora parts of colony. Margin composed of active
spore; M.L. adj. macrosporus long- or large- vegetative cells.
spored. Physiology: Good growth on mineral salt
Vegetative cells: Not described. agar to which has been added such complex
Fruiting bodies: Much like those in Chon- carbohydrates as dulcitol, inulin, cellulose,
drococcus coralloides, differing in color and reprecipitated cellulose or starch; starch
in size of microcysts. Microcysts 1.6 to 2.0 hydrolyzed, cellulose not destroyed ap-
microns. Fruiting body yellow or light preciably. Can utilize agar as both C and N
brown color with long branches. sources. Best growth on suspensions of
Source: Isolated first from leaves then killed bacterial cells in agar. Growth in-
from soil on rabbit dung. hibited partially or entirely by arabinose,
Habitat: Found on decaying organic mat- mannose or maltose.
Source : Isolated from goat dung and from 38, 1923, 261; Ordal and Rucker, Proc. Soc.
soil from Ames, Iowa. Exper. Biol, and Med., 56, 1944, 18; also see
Habitat: Soil. Decomposes organic mat- Fish and Rucker, Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc,
ter, especially bacterial cells in dung. 73rd Annual Vol. for 1943, 1945, 32.)
Illustrations: Beebe {ibid., PI. II, Figs. 5 co.lum.na'ris. L. adj. columnaris rising
and 6; PI. IV, Fig. 18). like a pillar.
Vegetative cells: Flexible, weakly refrac-
6. Chondrococcus cerebriforniis (Ko- tive. Gram-negative rods, 0.5 to 0.7 by 4.0
to 8.0 microns. Creeping motion observed
fler, 1913) Jahn, 1924. (Myxococcus cerebri-
on solid media, and flexing movements ob-
forniis Kofler, Sitzber. d. kais. Wiss. Wien,
served in liquid media.
math.-nat. Klasse, Abt. I, 122, 1913, 866;
Microcysts: 0.7 to 1.2 microns, spherical
Jahn, Beitriige zur bot. Protistologie. I,
to ellipsoidal.
Die Polyangiden. Geb. Borntraeger, Leip-
zig, 1924, 86.) Fruiting bodies: A peculiar type of fruit-
ing body is formed in liquid media. Where
ce.reb.ri.for'mis. L. noun cerebrum brain;
L. noun/or?«« shape; M.L. adj. cerebri forijus organisms are in contact with infected tis-
brain-like. sues or with scales, columnar and some-
Vegetative cells: Rods 4 to 12 microns. times branched fruiting bodies are produced
Fruiting bodies: About 1 mm long, in which t_ypical microcysts develop in 7 to
10 days.
clumped masses with swollen upper surface,
Physiology: Growth best on 0.5 to 0.9
brain-like, violet-rose, often lead-gray.
Microcysts 1.1 to 1.6 microns. Jahn (loc. per cent agar with 0.25 to 0.50 per cent Bac-
cit.) suggests that this may be Archangium totryptone at pH 7.3. Colonies on tryptone
agar are yellow, flat and irregular; edge
gephyra.
Source: Isolated from hare dung in the uneven with swarming apparent. Gelatin
vicinity of Vienna. liquefied rapidly. Indole not produced. Ni-
Habitat: Found in the dung of various trites not produced from nitrates. Starch,
animals. cellulose and agar not attacked. Sugars not
fermented, but glucose is oxidized.
Illustrations: Kofler (op. cit., 1913, PI. 2,
Source: First described as the cause of a
Figs. 7 and 8).
bacterial disease of warm-water fishes (Da-
vis, op. cit., 1923, 261), and later in finger-
7. Chondrococcus coluinnaris (Davis, lings of the cold-water blue-black salmon
1923) Ordal and Rucker, 1944. (Bacillus (Oncorrhynchus nerka). Transmissible to
columnnris Davis, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries, salmonid fishes.
Genus III. Angiococcus Jahn, 1924-
An.gi.o.coc'cus. Gr. noun angium vessel; Gr. noun coccus a berry; M.L. mas.n. Angio-
coccus vessel coccus.
Fruiting body consists of numerous, round (disc-shaped) cysts; cyst wall thin, micro-
cysts within.
The type species is Angiococcus disciformis (Thaxter) Jahn.
Key to the species of genus Angiococcus.
I. Cysts yellow to dark orange-yellow^; disc-shaped; 35 microns in diameter.

1. Angiococcus disciformis.
II. C3\sts colorless to yellow; round; u]) to 15 microns in diameter.
2. Angiococcus cellulosum.
1. Angiococcus jHsciformis (Thaxter, Thaxter, Bot. Gaz., 87, 1904, 412; Jahn,
1904) Jahn, 1924. (Myxococcus disciformis Beitrage zur bot. Protistologie. I, Die Poly-
angiden, Geb. Borntraeger, Leipzig, 1924, cel.lu.lo'sum. M.L. noun cellulosum cellu-
89.) lose.
dis.ci.for'mis. Gr. noun discus a disc; L. Vegetative cells: 0.4 to 0.5 by 1.5 to 2.0
noun forma form; M.L. adj. disciformis microns.
disc-shaped. Fruiting body: Regularly rounded (less
Vegetative cells: Rods 0.5 to 0.6 by 2.0 frequently extended or angular), 20 to 150
to 3.0 microns. microns in diameter; yellow or pink in color
Fruiting bodies: Cj^sts disc-shaped, to drabbish when old. Encysted cells sur-
crowded, sessile, attached by a more or less rounded bya colorless cyst wall or envelope.
ragged, scar-like insertion or in masses. Usually 1 to 3 short stalks, or cystophores,
Cysts yellowish when young, when old dark up to 10 microns high. Within the outer wall
are numerous cysts containing microcysts.
orange -yellow, about 10 by 35 microns. Cyst
wall distinct, thin, becoming very slightly Cysts have regularly rounded form; unpig-
wrinkled. Microcysts irregularly spherical, mented to yellow; 5 to 15 microns in diame-
embedded in viscous slime, difficult to see ter, average 6 microns. Number of cysts in
fruiting body increases with age. Size of
in the ripe cyst.
microcysts not given.
Source: Isolated from the dung of musk- Vegetative colony: Fairly rapid growth
rat and deer from Massachusetts and New on cellulo.se with silica gel. Colony has a
Hampshire. yellowish cast. Reaches diameter of 1.5 to
Habitat: Found on decaying organic mat- 2.0 cm after 6 days with center yellowish
ter in soil and in the dung of various ani- pink and margin tinged light pink. Surface
mals. Rare in Polish soils according to Krze- moist. Fruiting bodies more numerous at
mieniewski (Acta Soc. Bot. Poloniae, 6, center but distributed over entire area.
1927). Fruiting bodies do not noticeably protrude
Illustrations: Thaxter (op. cit., 1904, PI. above the surface of the colony.
27, Figs. 19-21) and Krzemieniewski (op. Physiology: Cellulose attacked but not
cit., 4, 1926, PI. II, Figs. 21 and 22). completely destroyed.
2. Angiococcus cellulosum Mishustin, Habitat : Found on decaying organic mat-
1938. (Microbiologia, 7, 1938, 427.) ter in soil.
Genus IV. Sporocytophaga Stanier, 1940.

(Jour. Bact., 40, 1940, 629.)
Spo.ro. cy.to'pha.ga. Gr. noun spora seed; M.L. noun spora a spore; Gr. noun cyfus
hollow place, vessel, cell; Gr. v. phagein to devour; M.L. fem.n. Cytophaga generic name;
M.L. iem.n. Sporocytophaga the sporing Cytophaga.
Spherical or ellipsoidal microcysts formed loosely in masses of slime among the vegeta-
tive cells. Fruiting bodies absent.
The type species is Sporocytophaga myxococcoides (Krzemieniewska) Stanier.
Key to the species of genus Sporocytophaga.

I. Microcysts spherical.
A. Does not utilize starch.
1. Sporocytophaga myxococcoides.
B. Utilizes starch.
2. Sporocytophaga congregata.
II. Microcysts ellipsoidal.
3. Sporocytophaga ellipsospora.
1. Sporocytophaga myxococcoides Arch. f. Mikrobiol., 4, 1933, 400; Stanier,

(Krzemieniewska, 1933) Stanier, 1940. (Cy- Jour. Bact., 40, 1940, 630.)
tophaga myxococcoides Krzemieniewska, myx.o.coc.co.i'des or myx.o.coc.coi'-
FAMILY V. MYXOCOCCACEAE
891
des. M.L. mas.n. Myxococcus a generic name; groups, and in these regions a large number
Gr. noun eidus shape; M.L. adj. myxococ- of spherical spores are found.
coides resembling Myxococcus. Growth on cellulose dextrin agar is pale;
Vegetative cells: Flexible, singly occur- colonies are small and concave. Hollowing
ring rods, 0.3 to 0.4 by 2.5 to 8.0 microns. of the agar is limited to the area of colony
Gram-negative. Young cells stain uniformly
with basic dyes, but with the onset of micro- growth.
Litmus milk: Growth, but no digestion or
cyst formation, chromatin becomes con- curd formation.
centrated in central bands or spots in the Indole not produced.
shortening rods. Glucose, galactose, lactose, maltose, su-
Microcysts: Spherical, varying in size crose, arabinose, calcium gluconate, starch,
from 1.2 to 1.6 microns. Surrounded by a cellulose, dextrin, pectin and hemicellulose
highly refractile wall. are utilized. Filter paper is not attacked.
Produces glistening, light yellow patches Ammonium, nitrate and peptone are suit-
on filter paper-silica gel or -agar plates able nitrogen sources.
after 4 to 5 days. The central areas gradually Nitrites not produced from nitrates.
become translucent owing to complete de- Highly aerobic.
struction ofthe cellulose. Old cultures as-
sume a brownish tinge. 30°Optimum
On mineral glucose agar plates, colonies Source: Isolated from soil.
are small, pale yellow and translucent; they Habitat: Soil. Decomposes organic mat-
may be round with even edges or flat and ter.
irregular. The agar under the colony be-
comes etched and sunken. 3. Sporocytophaga ellipsospora (Im-
senecki and Solntzeva, 1936) Stanier, 1942.
Cellulose, cellobiose and glucose are uti-
lized. Mannose utilized by some strains {Cytophaga ellipsospora Imsenecki and Soln-
tzeva, Bull. Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R., Ser. Biol.,
(Kaars Sijpestein and Fahraeus, Jour. Gen. No. 6, 1936, 1137; Stanier, Bact. Rev., 6,
Microbiol., 3, 1947, 232). Xylose, arabinose, 1942, 153 and 190.)
galactose, fructose, mannitol and starch
not utilized. el.lip.sos'po.ra. Gr. noun ellipsis ellipse;
Gr. noun spora seed; M.L. noun spora spore;
Ammonia, nitrate, urea, peptone and M.L. adj. ellipsosporus with elliptical
yeast extract can serve as nitrogen sources.
Catalase-positive. spores.
Vegetative cells: Flexible, singly occur-
Strictly aerobic.
ring rods, 0.4 microns wide at the center and
Optimum temperature, 30° C. tapering to both ends. Length, 7.5 microns.
Habitat: Soil. Decomposes cellulose. May be straight, bent U-shaped or
S-shaped.
Microcysts: Ellipsoidal or somewhat elon-
2. Sporocytophaga congregata Fuller gated, 0.9 to 1.2 by 1.6 to 1.8 microns. Al-
and Norman, 1943. (Jour. Bact., 45, 1943, most always situated in closely packed ag-
567.) gregates; isolated, individual microcysts
con.gre.ga'ta. L. part. adj. congregatus rare. Germinate by elongation.
assembled. On mineral salts-silica gel plates covered
Vegetative cells: Long, flexuous rods with with filter paper, orange, glistening, mu-
pointed ends, 0.5 to 0.7 by 5.5 to 8.0 microns. cilaginous patches are produced. Ultimately
Microcysts: Spherical, 0.7 to 1.1 microns the filter paper is completely dissolved, and
in diameter. Usually occur in localized re- the patches become translucent.
gions within the colony. Ammonia, nitrate and peptone can serve
Growth on starch agar is smoky, later as sources of nitrogen.
turning yellow. Colonies are irregularly Strictly aerobic.
round, slightly concave. Edge is smooth
and entire at first, later becoming irregular. 30°Optimum
Marginal and internal swarming may be Source: Isolated from soil.
prominent. The vegetative cells gather into Habitat: Soil. Decomposes cellulose.
ORDER IX. SPIROCHAETALES BUCHANAN, 1918.
(Jour. Bact., 3, 1918, 5-12.)

Spi.ro.chae. tales. M.L. fem.n. Spirochaeta type genus of the order; -ales ending to de-
note an order; M.L. fem.pl.n. Spirochaetales the Spirochaeta order.
Slender, flexuous bodies, 6 to 500 microns in length, in the form of spirals with at least
one complete turn. Some forms may show an axial filament, a lateral crista, or ridge, or
transverse striations; otherwise there is no significant protoplasmic pattern. Smaller forms
may have a lower refractive index than that of true bacteria, and therefore they can be seen
:)nly with dark-field illumination. Some forms take aniline dyes with diflficulty; Giemsa's
stain is uniformly successful. Granules are formed in some species which are found in vec-
tor hosts. All forms are motile. In the true bacteria, motility is effected by flagella endowed
with a lashing movement; however, no such structures exist among the spirochetes. Ter-
minal projections, whether derived from the periplast or from the axial filament, may assist
in the movements, and it is possible that the crista has a similar function, although neither
of these structures can explain the violent motion of the spirochetes. This motility con-
sists of a rapid whirling or spinning about the long axis, which activity drives the organ-
ism forward or backward, there being no anteroposterior polarity. In addition the spiro-
chetes make violent, lashing movements, curling and uncurling their spirals. Multiplica-
tion is by transverse fission, no sexual cycle being known. Free-living, saprophytic and
parasitic forms.
Key to the families of order Spirochaetales.

I. Spirals 30 to 500 microns in length, possessing definite protoplasmic structures.
Family I. Spirochaetaceae, p. 892.
II. Spirals 4 to 16 microns in length, possessing no obvious protoplasmic structure.
Family II. Treponemataceae, p. 896.
FAMILY I. SPIROCHAETACEAE SWELLENGREBEL, 1907.

(Ann. Inst. Past., £1, 1907, 581.)
Spi.ro. chae.ta'ce.ae. M.L. fem.n. Spirochaeta type genus of the family; -aceae ending to
denote a family; M.L. fem.pl.n. Spirochaetaceae the Spirochaeta family.
Coarse, spiral organisms, 30 to 500 microns in length, possessing definite protoplasmic
structures. Found in stagnant, fresh or salt water and in the intestinal tracts of bivalve
molluscs (Lamellibranchiata) .
* Revised by Dr. G. H. Robinson, Wm. H. Singer Memorial Research Laboratory of the

Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pa., September, 1943; further revision by Dr.
Gordon E. Davis, Rocky Mountain Laboratory, U. S. Public Health Service, Hamilton,
Montana, assisted by Mrs. Elsie Wattie Lackey (Family Spirochaetaceae), University of
Florida, Gainesville, Florida, May, 1955.
892
FAMILY I. SPIROCHAETACEAE 893
Key to the genera of familij Spirochaetaceae.

I. No obvious periplast membrane and no cross striations present.
Genus I. Spirochaeta, p. 893.
II. Periplast membrane present. Cross striations present in stained specimens.
A. Free-living in marine ooze.
Genus II. Sapros-pira, p. 894.
B. Parasitic on lamellibranch molluscs. Cristae are prominent.
Genus III. Cristispira, p. 895.
Genus I. Spirochaeta Ehrenberg, 1833.

(Ehrenberg, Abhandl. Berl. Akad., 1833, 313; Spirochoeia Dujardin, Hist. nat.
des Zoophytes infusoires, Paris, 1841, 209; Spirochaete Cohn, Beitr. z. Biol. d.
Pflanz., 1, Heft 1, 1872, 180.)
Spi.ro. chae'ta. Gr. noun spira a coil, spiral; Gr. noun chaete hair; M.L. fem.n. Spiro-
chaeta spiral hair.
Flexible, undulating, spiral-shaped rods with or without flagelliform, tapering ends.
The protoplast is wound spirally around a well defined axial filament; there is no obvious
periplast membrane and there are no cross striations. The primary spiral is permanent.
Motility is by a creeping motion along the surface of supporting objects. Presumably Gram-
negative. Non-parasitic. Found free-living in fresh- or sea-water slime, especially in the
presence of hydrogen sulfide; common in sewage and foul waters.
The type species is Spirochaeta plicatilis Ehrenberg.
Key to the species of genus Spirochaeta.

I. Large spirals with rounded ends.
1. Spirochaeta plicatilis.
2. Spirochaeta marina.
3. Spirochaeta eurystrepta.
II. Smaller spirals with pointed ends.
4. Spirochaeta stenostrepta.
5. Spirochaeta daxensis.
1. Spirochaeta plicatilis Ehrenberg, scopic and staining techniques in her stud-

1838. (Die Infusionstierchen, 1838, 83.) ies, questions the presence of axial filaments
pli.ca'ti.lis. L. adj. plicatilis flexible. and the absence of distinct periplast mem-
Cylindrical, spiral-shaped rods, 0.5 to branes and of prominent cross striations in
0.75 by 100 to 500 microns, with blunt ends. this species.
There are several, large, inconstant, irregu- Although not cultivable on ordinary lab-
lar waves. Spiral amplitude: 2.0 microns, oratory media, Dyar (ibid., 483) succeeded
regular; spiral depth: 1.5 microns, regular. in obtaining good growth of pure cultures
A flexible, elastic, axial filament, consisting on a blood-enriched agar medium which
of chitin or of a cutin-like substance, is contained a dilute decoction of decaying
distinct in stained specimens; this filament leaves from a hydrogen sulfide spring; the
is resistant to trypsin digestion. Multiplica- hydrogen sulfide was found to be apparently
tion is by transverse fission. Stain violet unnecessary for growth.
with Giemsa's stain and gray with iron- Bile salts (10 per cent) : Cells become
hemotoxylin. Cytoplasmic spirals stain shadowy and pale but do not dissolve.
with eosin, rubin, etc. Cells contain volutin Saponin (10 per cent): Cells live for 30
granules and fat inclusions. Gram-negative minutes; later they become shadowy but
(Dyar, Jour. Bact., 54, 1947, 490). do not dissolve.
Dyar (ibid., 483), who used recent micro- Grows best under low o.xygen tension.
894 ORDER IX. SPIROCHAETALES
Optimum temperature, between 20° and Optimum temperature, 20° C.

25° C. Habitat: Found in swamp water and in
Habitat: Found free-living in fresh or grossly polluted water containing hydrogen
salt water. sulfide.
2. Spirochaeta marina Zuelzer, 1912. 4. Spirochaeta stenostrepla Zuelzer,

(Spirochaeta plicatilis marina Zuelzer, Arch, 1912. (Arch. f. Protistenk., 24, 1912, 16.)
f. Protistenk., 24, 1912, 17; Zuelzer, ibid.,
51.) ste.no. strep 'ta. Gr. adj. stenus narrow;
Gr. adj. streptus easily twisted, pliant; M.L.
ma.ri'na. L. adj. marirms of the sea. adj. stenostreptus tightly coiled.
Probably a subspecies or variant of Spiro- Cylindrical, spiral-shaped rods, 0.25 by
chaeta plicatilis. 20 to 60, occasionally up to 200, microns,
Cylindrical, spiral-shaped rods, 0.5 by with pointed ends. A flexible, elastic, axial
100 to 200 microns, with blunt ends. A flex- filament is present. Spiral amplitude: very
ible, elastic, axial filament is present. Mul- narrow with steep windings. Multiplication
tiplication isby transverse fission. The cy- is by transverse fission. The cytoplasmic
toplasmic spirals take stain. Contain
smaller and more irregularly distributed spirals take stain. Cells contain fewer gran-
ules than do those of Spirochaeta plicatilis.
volutin granules than those found in Spiro-
chaeta plicatilis. Optimum temperature, 20° C.
Grows best at low oxygen tension. Habitat: Found in water containing hy-
drogen sulfide.
Habitat : Sea water.
5. Spirochaeta daxensis Cantacuzene,
3. Spirochaeta eurystrepta Zuelzer, 1910. (Compt. rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, 68,
1910, 75.)
1912. {Spirochaeta plicatilis eurystrepta Zuel-
zer, Arch. f. Protistenk., 24, 1912, 17; Zuel- dax.en'sis. M.L. adj. daxensis pertaining
zer, ibid., 51.) to Dax; named for Dax, a watering place
eu.ry.strep'ta. Gr. adj. eurys broad; Gr. in France.
adj. streptus easily twisted, pliant; M.L. Large, spiral -shaped cells, 0.5 b}^ 2.5 by
adj. eurystreptus loosely coiled. 30 to 100 microns, possessing a longitudinal
Probably a subspecies or variant of Spiro- chromatin filament and tapering at the ends.
chaeta plicatilis. The cells are flattened and exhibit a double
Cj^lindrical, spiral-shaped rods, 0.5 by
300 microns, with blunt ends. A flexible, series of curls, smaller waves being super-
imposed on larger undulations.
elastic, axial filament is present. Spiral am-
plitude: more shallow than that of S. plica- 52°Optimum
tilis. Multiplication is by transverse fission.
The cytoplasmic spirals take stain. Cells Source: From water from a hot spring
contain fewer volutin granules than do those at Dax (52° to 56° C).
of S. plicatilis. Habitat: Found in hot springs.
Genus II. Saprospira Gross, 1911.

(Mittheil. Zool. Stat, zu Neapel, 20, 1911, 190.)
Sap.ro.spi'ra. Gr. adj. saprus rotten, putrid; Gr. noun spira a spiral; M.L. fem.n. Sapro-
spira rot -spiral.
Cells contain spiral protoplasm without an evident axial filament; transverse markings
or septa (?) are observed in stained and unstained specimens. Possess a distinct periplast
membrane. The spirals are rather shallow. Motility is active and rotating. Found free-living
in marine ooze.
The type species is Saprospira grandis Gross.
895
FAMILY I. SPIROCHAETACEAE
1. Saprospira graiidis Gross, 1911. (Mit- pointed ends. Spiral amplitude: 4 to 8 mi-
theil. Zool. Stat, zu Neapel, 20, 1911, 190.) crons; average number of turns: 3. There is
gran'dis. L. adj. grandis large. no evident axial filament; cross striations
Cylindrical, flexible, elastic, spiral -shaped are present. There is a distinct membrane.
rods, 1.2 by 80 microns, with obtuse ends. Multiplication is by transverse fission.
The waves are large, inconstant, shallow, Source: From oysters.
irregular, 3 to 5 in number and sometimes
almost straight. Spiral amplitude: 24 mi- 3. Saprospira lepta Dimitroff, 1926.
crons. There is no evident a.xial filament (Jour. Bact., 12, 1926, 144.)
and no crista; cross striations are present.
lep'ta. Gr. adj. leptus fine, delicate.
There is a distinct membrane but no ter- Large spirals, 0.5 by 70 microns, with
minal spiral filament and no highly motile pointed ends. Spiral amplitude: ranges
end portion. Multiplication is by transverse from 5 to 13 microns; spiral width: varies
fission. The cells undergo trypsin digestion. from 1.6 to 4.8 microns; average number of
Source: From the intestinal tract of an turns: 6. There is no evident axial filament;
oyster. cross striations are present. There is a dis-
Habitat: Found free-living in foraminif- tinct membrane. Multiplication is by trans-
erous sand. verse fission.
Comments: A variety which differs from
2. Saprospira punctuni Dimitroff, 1926. the parent strain in the shape of the ends of
(Saprospira puncia (sic) Dimitroff, Jour. the cells has been reported by Dimitroff
Bact., 12, 1926, 146.) (ibid., 145).
punc'tum. L. noun punctum a point. Source: From oysters from Baltimore,
Large spirals, 1 by 86 microns, with Maryland.
Genus III. Cristispira Gross, 1910.
(Mittheil. Zool. Stat, zu Neapel, 20, 1910, 41.)
Cris.ti .spi'ra. L. noun crista a crest; Gr. noun spira a spiral; M.L. fem.n. Cristispira
crested-spiral.
Flexuous cell bodies, in coarse spirals, 28 to 120 microns in length. Possess cross stria-
tions and a crista, or thin membrane of varying prominence, on one side of the body ex-
tending the entire length of the organism. Actively motile. Found in the intestinal tracts
of molluscs.
The type species is Cristispira balbianii (Certes) Gross.
1. Cristispira balbianii (Certes, 1882) membrane but no terminal spiral filament

Gross, 1912. {Trypanosoma balbianii Certes, and no highly motile end portion. With re-
Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, 7, 1882, 347; spect to staining, the cell membrane behaves
Gross, Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 65, 1912, like chitin or cutin substance: it stains vio-
90.)
let with Giemsa's solution and light gray
bal.bi.a'ni.i. M.L. gen. noun balbianii of with iron-hemotoxylin. The membrane is
Balbiani; named for Balbiani. resistant to trypsin digestion, but the crista
Cylindrical, flexible, elastic, spiral-shaped and the striations disappear.
rods, 1 to 3 by 40 to 120 microns, with obtuse Bile salt (10 per cent) : Crista quicklj^ dis-
ends. The waves are large, irregular, shallow solves.
and 2 to 5 in number, sometimes more. Spiral Saponin (10 per cent) : Crista becomes
amplitude: 8 microns; spiral depth: 1.6 mi- fibrillar then indistinct.
crons. There is no evident axial filament; Source: From the crystalline styles of
cross striations are present. A crista, a oysters.
ridge-like membrane, making one or two Habitat: Parasitic in the alimentary
complete turns is present. There is a distinct tracts of shellfish.
2. Cristispira anodontae (Keysselitz, and A. mutabilis); also found in the intes-

1906) Gross, 1912. (Spirochaeta anodontae tinal tracts of oysters.
Keysselitz, Arb. a. d. kaiserl. Gesundheits-
amte, 23, 1906, 566; Gross, Cent. f. Bakt., 3. Cristispira pinnae (Gonder, 1908)
I Abt., Orig., 65, 1912, 900.) Zuelzer, 1912. (Spirochaete pinnae Gonder,
Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 47, 1908, 491;
a.no.don'tae. Gr. adj. anodus, anodontis Zuelzer, Verhandl. d. VIII Internat. Zool.-
toothless; M.L. noun Anodonta a genus of
Kongres. zu Graz (August, 1910), Jena, 1912
molluscs; M.L. gen. noun anodontae of Ano- (January), 433.)
donta.
pin'nae. Gr. noun pinna a kind of mussel;
Large, spiral -shaped cells, 0.8 to 1.2 by M.L. fem.n. Pinna a genus of mussels; M.L.
44 to 88 microns, with sharply pointed ends. gen. noun pinnae of Pinna.
Average spiral width: 2 microns; average Spiral-shaped cells, 0.5 to 3.0 by 10 to 60
wave length: 8 microns; average number of microns, with blunt ends, the one end being
complete turns: from 5 to 11. The cells are slightly more pointed than the other; round
in section. A ridge or comb is evident along
flattened and possess an undulating mem-
brane; the periplast is fibrillar in appear- one side, but there are no terminal fila-
ments; cross striations are distinct. Possess
ance, and there is a dark granule at each
undulating membranes. Chromatin granules
end of the undulating membrane. Chro- are grouped in fours.
matin material is distributed in the form Source: From the intestinal canal of a
of globules or elongated bands. scallop {Pecten jacohaeus).
Habitat: Found in the crystalline styles Habitat: Found in the crystalline styles
of fresh-water mussels {Anodonta cygnea of molluscs.
FAMILY II. TREPONEMATACEAE ROBINSON, 1948.

{Treponemidae, incorrectly attributed to Schaudinn by Castellani and Chalmers, Man.
Trop. Med., 3rded., 1919, 454; Mzcrospz/ocAaeiaceae Gieszczykiewicz, Bull. Acad. Polonaise
Sci. et Lett., Ser. B (1), 1939, 24; Treponemataceae, incorrectly attributed to Schaudinn by
Robinson, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 1058.)
Tre.po.ne.ma.ta'ce.ae. M.L. neut.n. Treponema type genus of the family; -aceae ending
to denote a family; M.L. fern. pi. n. Treponemataceae the Treponema family.
Coarse or slender spirals, 4 to 16 microns in length; longer forms are due to incomplete
or delayed division. The spirals are regular or irregular and flexible or comparatively
rigid. The protoplasm possesses no obvious structural features. Some cells may show ter-
minal filaments. Some cells are visible only with dark-field illumination. Many of these
organisms can be cultivated. With few exceptions, parasitic in vertebrates. Some are path-
ogenic.
Key to the genera of family Treponemataceae.

I. Stains easily with ordinary aniline dyes.
Genus I. Borrelia, p. 897.
II. Stain with difficulty except with Giemsa's stain or silver impregnation.
A. Anaerobic.
Genus II. Treponema, p. 904.
B. Aerobic.
Genus III. Leptospira, p. 907.
FAMILY II. TREPOXEMATACEAE 897
Genus I. Bon-elia Swellengrehel, 1907.

(Swellengrebel, Ann. Inst. Past., £1 , 1907 (June), 582; Spiruschniidinnia Suml)on, in Man-
son, Tropical Diseases, 1907 (August), 833; Spironema Bergey et al., Manual, 1st ed., 1923,
424; not Spironema Vuillemin, Compt. rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, I40, 1905, 1567.)
Bor.rel'i.a. M.L. fem.gen.n. Borrelia of Borrel; named for A. Borrel, a French scientist.
Cells, 8 to 16 microns in length, with coarse, shallow, irregular spirals, a few of which
may be obtuse-angled. Generally taper terminally into fine filaments. Stain easily with
ordinary aniline dyes. Refractive inde.x approximately the same as that of true bacteria.
Parasitic upon many forms of animal life. Some are pathogenic for man, other mammals or
birds. Generally these organisms are hematophytic or are found on mucous membranes.
Some are transmitted by the bites of arthropods.
The type species is Borrelia anserina (Sakharoff) Bergey et al.
Key to the species of genus Borrelia.

I. From birds.
1. Borrelia anserina.
II. From animals other than birds.
A. From man.
1. Cause relapsing fever in man.
a. Transmitted bj' arthropod vectors.
b. Arthropod vector is the louse Pediculus humaniis subsp. humanus.
2. Borrelia recurrentis.
3. Borrelia berbera.
4. Borrelia carteri.
bb. Arthropod vector is of the genus Ornithodoros (tick).
c'. Transmitted by Ornithodoros erraticus (large form).
5. Borrelia hispanica.
c'. Transmitted by Ornithodoros hermsi.
6. Borrelia hermsii.
c^. Transmitted by Ornithodoros mouhata.
7. Borrelia duttonii.
c*. Transmitted by Ornithodoros parkeri.
8. Borrelia parkeri.
c^. Transmitted by Ornithodoros rudis.
9. Borrelia venezuelensis.
c^. Transmitted by Ornithodoros tholozani.
10. Borrelia persica.
c^. Transmitted by Ornithodoros turicata.
11. Borrelia turicatae.
c^. Transmitted by Ornithodoros verrucosus.
12. Borrelia caucasica.
aa. Arthropod vector unknown.
13. Borrelia novyi.
14. Borrelia kochii.
2. Do not cause relapsing fever in man.
a. From the mouth and from the respiratory mucous membrane.
15. Borrelia buccalis.
16. Borrelia vincentii.
aa. From the genital mucous membranes.
17. Borrelia refringens.
]'. From animals other than man.
1. From insects or ticks.

a. From the tse-tse fl}^ (Glossina palpalis).
18. Borrelia glossinae.
aa. From ticks.
b'. From Ornithodoros brasiliensis.
19. Borrelia brasiliensis.
b^. From Ornithodoros dugesi.
20. Borrelia dugesii.
b^. From Ornithodoros graingeri.
21. Borrelia graingeri.
b*. From Ornithodoros tholozani var. babylonensis .
22. Borrelia babylonensis.
2. From animals other than insects or ticks.
a. From rodents.
b. From the shrew-mouse {Crocidura stampflii).
23. Borrelia crocidurae.
bb. From gerbilles.
c. Transmitted hy Ornithodoros erraticus (small form).
24. Borrelia dipodilli.
cc. Transmitted by Ornithodoros tartakovskyi .
25. Borrelia latyschewii.
aa. From animals other than rodents.
b. From non-primates.
c. From non-ruminants.
26. Borrelia hyos.
cc. From ruminants.
27. Borrelia theileri.
bb. From primates.
28. Borrelia harveyi.
1. Borrelia anserina (Sakharoff, 1891) Source: Isolated from the blood of in-
Bergey et al., 1925. (Spirochaeta anserina fected geese, ducks, fowls and vector ticks.
Sakharoff, Ann. Inst. Past., 5, 1891, 564; Habitat: Found as the cause of spiroche-
Spiroschaudinnia anserina Castellani and tosis of fowls.
Chalmers, Man. Trop. Med., 2nd ed., 1913,
403; Bergey et al.. Manual, 2nd ed., 1925, 2. Borrelia recurrentis (Lebert, 1874)
435.) Bergey et al., 1925. (See Obermeier, Berlin.
an.se.ri'na. L. adj. anserinus pertaining klin. Wochnschr., 1873, 152; Protomycetum
to geese. recurrentis Lebert, Ziemssen's Handbuch,
Cells, 0.25 to 0.3 by 8.0 to 20.0 microns, 3, 1874, 267; Spiroschaudinnia recurrentis
averaging about one spiral per micron. Ac- Castellani and Chalmers, Man. Trop. Med.,
tively motile by means of lashing move- 2nd ed., 1913, 398; Bergey et al.. Manual,
ments. Stain readily with aniline dyes and 2nd ed., 1925, 433.)
Giemsa's stain. re. cur. ren 'tis. L. part. adj. recurrens,
Growth occurs in Noguchi's ascitic fluid recurrentis recurring.
rabbit kidney medium. Cylindrical or slightly flattened cells,
Antigenically distinct from the species 0.35 to 0.5 by 8.0 to 16.0 microns, with
of this genus found in mammals. pointed ends. Spirals are large, wavy, in-
Pathogenic for birds but not for mammals, constant, about 5 in number. Spiral ampli-
Transmitted by the bites of ticks {Argas tude, 1.5 microns. Terminal, finely spiral
persicus, A. miniatus, A. reflexus and Or- filaments are present. Motile by means of
nithodoros moubata). an active, cork-screw motion without po-
FAMILY II. TREPONEMATACEAE 899
larity. Lashing movements are common in gators as identical with Borrelia recurrentis
drawn blood. Highly motile end portion Bergey et al.
absent. Stain with the common aniline dyes; Source: From cases of relapsing fever
violet with Giemsa's stain. Gram-negative. in Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli.
Growth occurs in ascitic or hydrocoel fluid Habitat: Found as a cause of relapsing
to which a piece of sterile rabbit kidney is fever in North Africa.
added.
Bile salts (10 per cent) : Disintegration 4. Borrelia carteri (Mackie, 1907) Ber-
of cells is complete. gey et al., 1925. {Spirochaeta carteri Mackie,
Saponin (10 per cent) : Cells are immo- Ann. Trop. Med. and Parasitol., 1, 1907,
bilized in 30 minutes, then broken up in a 157; also see Indian Med. Gazette, U, 1908,
few hours. In some cases a skeletal struc- 435.)
370; Bergey et al.. Manual, 2nd ed., 1925,
ture remains.
Optimum pH, between 7.2 and 7.4. car'te.ri. M.L. gen. noun carteri of Carter;
Serum does not agglutinate Borrelia dut- named for R. M. Carter, who, in 1879, de-
tonii. scribed this organism in the blood of pa-
Disease in experimental animals (small tients with Indian relapsing fever.
rodents after monkey passage) is mild. Morphologically similar to Borrelia ber-
Transmission, accidental and experi- bera.
mental, is by conjunctival sac and skin Cultivation not recorded.
abrasions. Immunologically, this is probably a dis-
Arthropod vector is the louse (Pediculus tinct species. A succession of distinct ser-
humanns subsp. humanus), which exhibits ological types occurs with the relapse in a
normal transmission from the 16th to the single infection (Cunningham et al., Far
28th day. Found in ticks but not trans- Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine,
mitted by them. No evidence of hereditary Tokyo, 1925; also see Indian Journal of
transmission in the louse. Medical Research, B2, 1934-1935, 105 and
Habitat : Found as the cause of epidemic 595; and ibid., 24, 1937, 571 and 581).
relapsing fever. Transmissible to man and Carried by Pediculus humanus subsp.
monkeys and from monkej's to mice and humanus.
rats. Transmissible to monkeys, rabbits, rats
and mice.
3. Borrelia berbera (Sergent and Foley, Comment: Regarded by some investi-
1910) Bergey et al., 1925. (Spirochaeta ber- gators as identical with Borrelia recurrentis
bera Sergent and Foley, Ann. Inst. Past., Bergey et al.
S4, 1910, 337; Bergey et al.. Manual, 2nd ed., Habitat: Found as the cause of Indian
1925, 435.) relapsing fever.
ber'be.ra. M.L. adj. berberus pertaining
to the Berbers; named for the Berbers, a 5. Borrelia hispanica (de Buen, 1926)
North African tribe. Steinhaus, 1946. (Spirochaeta hispanica de
Cells are more tenuous than those of other Buen, Ann. de Parasitol., 4, 1926, 185; Stein-
relapsing-fever organisms, measuring 0.2 haus, Insect Microbiology, 1946, 453.)
to 0.3 by 12 to 24 microns. hi.spa'ni.ca. L. adj. hispanicus Spanish.
There is no record of cultivation. Transmitted by Ornithodoros erraticus
Antigenically distinct from Borrelia re- (large form).
cur rentis. Pathogenicity: Pathogenic for small lab-
Pathogenicity: Virulent for monkej's; oratory animals, especially the guinea pig.
produces non-fatal infection in rats and Habitat: Found as a cause of relapsing
mice. fever in Spain, Portugal and northwest
Possibly carried by the louse (Pedicuhis Africa.
humanus subsp. humanus).
Comment: Regarded by some investi- 6. Borrelia hcrnisii (Davis, 1942) Stein-
mice and white rats, especially for the new-

haus, 1946. (Spirochaetahermsi'Dsivis, Amer. born of these two species.
Assoc. Adv. Sci., Pub. No. 18, 1942, 46;
Steinhaus, Insect Microbiology, 1946, 453.) This species is transmitted to man
herm'si.i. M.L. gen. noun hermsii the spe- through the bite of the tick (Ornithodoros
cific epithet of the tick vector of this spe- moubata). There is hereditary transmission
cies, Ornithodoros hermsi. to at least the third generation of the tick.
Investigations by Davis (op. cit., 1942, Not transmitted by the louse.
46) indicate that each species oi Ornithodoros Habitat: Found as the cause of Central
that is a relapsing-fever vector carries a and South African relapsing fever; also
spirochete that is tick-host-specific and found in Madagascar.
that this host-specific relationship offers a
more accurate approach to the differentia- 8. Borrelia parkeri (Bavis, 1942) Stein-
tion of relapsing-fever spirochetes than haus, 1946. (Spirochaeta parkeri Davis,
any of the several criteria previously used. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Pub. No. 18, 1942,
This was shown to be the case for Borrelia 453.)
46; Steinhaus, Insect Microbiology, 1946,
hermsii and Borrelia parkeri. For this reason
no attempt is made to describe the morphol- par'ker.i. M.L. gen. noun parkeri the spe-
og}^ and other characters of the relapsing- cific epithet of the tick vector of this species,
fever spirochetes of North and South Amer- Ornithodoros parkeri.
ica. Transmitted by Ornithodoros parkeri; not
Transmitted by Ornithodoros hermsi; not transmitted by other species of Ornithodoros
transmitted by other species of Ornithodoros from the Western Hemisphere.
from the Western Hemisphere. Pathogenicity : Produces characteristic
Pathogenicity: Produces characteristic relapses in adult white mice and guinea
relapses in adult white mice and guinea pigs.
Habitat: Found as a cause of relapsing Source: From Ornithodoros parkeri from
fever in British Columbia, Canada, Cali- pigs.
California, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Ore-
fornia, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon gon, Utah and Wyoming.
and Washington. Habitat: Found as a cause of relapsing
fever in the Western part of the U. S. A.
7. Borrelia duttonii (Novy and Knapp,
1906) Bergey et al., 1925. (See Button and 9. Borrelia veneziielensis (Brumpt,
Todd, Brit. Med. Jour., 2, 1905, 1259; Spiril- 1921) Brumpt, 1922. (Spirochetes of relaps-
lum duttoni (sic) Novy and Knapp, Jour. ing fever in Panama, Bates, Bunn and St.
Inf. Dis., 3, 1906 (March), 296; Spirochaeta John, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 1, 1921, 183;
duttoni Breinl, Lancet, 1, 1906 (June), 1691; Treponema venezuelense Brumpt, in Lavier,
Bergey et al.. Manual, 2nd ed., 1925, 434.) Les Parasites des Invertebres Hematopha-
dut.to'ni.i. M.L. gen. noun duttonii of ges. These, Paris, 1921, 207 pp.; also see
Dutton; named for J. E. Button, one of the Brumpt, Nouveau Traite de Medecine,
bacteriologists who first described this spe- Paris, 4, 1922, 492; Spirochete of Panama,
cies. St. John and Bates, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med.,
Morphologically similar to Borrelia re- £, 1922, 262; Brumpt, op. cit., 1922, 495;
currentis. Spirochaeta neotropicalis Bates and St. John,
Growth occurs under anaerobic condi- Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 79\ 1922, 575;
tions in serum water, hydrocoele or ascitic Borrelia neotropicalis Steinhaus, Insect
fluid to which a piece of sterile rabbit kidney Microbiology, 1946, 453.)
is added. ve.ne.zue.len'sis. M.L. adj. venezuelensis
This organism is antigenically distinct the specific epithet of the tick vector of this
from the other causes of relapsing fever. species, Ornithodoros rudis (O. venezuelen-
sis).
Pathogenicit}': Varies widely with the
strain. Not pathogenic for the guinea pig, Transmitted l\v Ornithodoros rudis (0.
but most strains are pathogenic for white venezuelensis) .
FAMILY II. TREPONEMATACEAE
901
Pathogenicity: White mice and white cau.ca'si.ca. M.L. adj. caucasicus per-
rats are susceptible, but the guinea pig, taining to the Caucasus.
rabbit, dog and fowl are reported as refrac- Transmitted by Ornithodoros verrucosus.
tory. Pathogenicity: Pathogenic for the guinea
Comment: Brumpt (Precis de Parasitol.,
3rd ed., Paris, 1936) regarded Borrelia neo- Source: From Pallasinus erythourus cau-
tropicalis Steinhaus as identical with Bor- pig-
casiciis, Apodemus syhaticus and Mus mus-
relia venezuelensis Brumpt; this has been culus.
confirmed by Davis (Internat. Bull, of Bact. Habitat: Found as a cause of relapsing
Nomen. and Taxon., 5, 1955, 107). fever in the Caucasus.
Habitat: Found as a cause of relapsing
fever in Panama, Colombia, Venezuela and 13. Borrelia novyi (Schellack, 1907)
Ecuador. Bergey et al., 1925. (Spirochaete from re-
lapsing fever, Norris, Pappenheimer and
Flournoy, Jour. Inf. Dis., 3, 1906, 2^; Spiro-
10. Borrelia persica (Dschunkowskj-,
1913) Steinhaus, 1946. (Spirochneta persica chaeta novyi Schellack, Arb. kaiserl, Gesund-
heitsamte, 27, 1907, 199 and 364; Bergey et
Dschunkowsk}', Deutsch. med. Wochnschr.,
al.. Manual, 2nd ed., 1925, 434.)
39, 1913, 419; Steinhaus, Insect Microbiol-
ogy, 1946, 453.) no'vy.i. M.L. gen. noun novyi of Novy;
named for F. G. Novy, an American bac-
per'si.ca. L. adj. persicus Persian. teriologist.
Transmitted by Ornithodoros tholozani.
Pathogenicity: Varies considerably with Morphologically similar to Borrelia re-
cur rentis.
the strain, but especiallj^ pathogenic for Growth occurs under the same conditions
the guinea pig.
as for Borrelia recurrentis.
Habitat: Found as a cause of relapsing
fever in Iran (Persia). The vector of this Antigenically distinct from other relap-
species has a wide distribution: it is known sing-fever organisms.
from the Egyptian Western Desert, Cyprus, Pathogenic for monkeys, white rats and
white mice.
Israel, Iraq and the U.S.S.R. to the western
border of China, Afghanistan and Kashmir. Arthropod vectors are unknown.
Source: From a patient in Bellevue Hos-
11. Borrelia turicatae (Brumpt, 1933) known. pital, New York. Origin of infection un-
Steinhaus, 1946. (Spirochaeta turicatae
Brumpt, Compt. rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, 14. Borrelia kochii (Novy, 1907) Bergey
US, 1933, 1369; Steinhaus, Insect Micro- et al., 1925. (Spirochaeta kochi (sic) Novy,
biology, 1946, 453.) Proc. Path. Soc. Philadelphia, 10 (N.S.),
tu.ri.ca'tae. M.L. gen. noun turicatae of 1907, 1; Bergey et al., Manual, 2nd ed.,
turicata, a Mexican tick. 1925, 434.)
Transmitted by Ornithodoros turicata; not
ko'chi.i. M.L. gen. noun kochii of Koch;
transmitted by other species of Ornithodoros named for Dr. Robert Koch, who was the
from the Western Hemisphere. first to observe spirochetes in East African
Pathogenicity: Produces characteristic relapsing fever.
relapses in adult white mice and guinea pigs.
Morphologically similar to Borrelia re-
Habitat: Found as a cause of relapsing currentis.
fever in Me.xico, New Mexico, Kansas, Ok- Growth occurs under the same conditions
lahoma and Texas. as for Borrelia recurrentis.
Antigenically distinct from both Borrelia
12. Borrelia caucasica (Maruashvili, recurrentis and B. duttonii.
1945) Davis, comb. nov. (Spirochaeta cau- Pathogenic for mice and rats.
casica Maruashvili, Med. Parasit., Parasitic No record of an arthropod vector.
Dis., H, 1945, 24.) Comment: Regarded by some investi-
gators as identical with Borrelia duttonii Cells, 0.5 to 0.75 by 6.0 to 20.0 microns,
Bergey et al. with coarse and shallow spirals. The spirals
Habitat: Found as the cause of African are generally smoothly rounded and regular,
relapsing fever. tapering towards the end into a fine projec-
tion. Motile with an active serpentine and
15. Borrelia buccalis (Steinberg, 1862) rotating motion with marked flexion. Stain
Brumjit, 1922. (Spirochaeta buccalis Stein- easily with the common dyes. In stained spe-
berg, 1862, according to Hoffman and von cimens, the spirals appear irregular.
Prowazek, Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 41, Cultivation is uncertain.
1906, 819; Brumpt, Nouveau Traite de Mede- Non-pathogenic.
cine, Paris, 4, 1922, 495.) Source : Isolated with Treponema pallidum
buc.ca'lis. L. adj. buccalis buccal. in some cases of syphilis as originally de-
Cells 0.4 to 0.9 by 7.0 to 20.0 microns. The scribed by Schaudinn.
largest of the mouth spirochetes. Sluggishly Habitat: Found in genital mucous mem-
motile by means of serpentine, rotating and branes and in uncleanly states or in ne-
flexuous movements. Stains with aniline crotic lesions of the genitalia of man.
dyes; violet with Giemsa's stain.
Not obtained in pure culture and probably 18. Borrelia glossinae (Novy and
does not grow in any medium tried to date. Knapp, 1906) Bergey et al., 1925. {Spirillum
Habitat: Found in normal mouths; in- glossinae Novy and Knapp, Jour. Inf. Dis.,
vades lesions formed on the respiratory 3, 1906, 385; Bergey et al.. Manual, 2nd ed.,
mucous membrane. 1925, 435.)
16. Borrelia vincentii (Blanchard, 1906) glos.si'nae. M.L. fem.n. Glossina a genus
of insects; M.L. gen. noun glossinae of Glos-
Bergey et al., 1925. {Spirochaeta vincenti sina.
(sic) Blanchard, Arch. f. Protistenk., 10, Cells, 0.2 by 8.0 microns, occurring singly,
1906, 129; Bergey et al., Manual, 2nd ed., sometimes in pairs. Generally there are 4
1925, 435.) spirals. Shorter, narrower and with more
vin.cen'ti.i. M.L. gen. noun vincentii of turns than the cells of Borrelia recurrentis.
Vincent; named for H. Vincent, a French Habitat: Found in the stomach contents
bacteriologist. of the tse-tse fly {Glossina palpalis).
Cells, 0.3 by 8.0 to 12.0 microns, with 3 to
8 irregular, shallow spirals. Motile with a
19. Borrelia brasiliensis Davis, 1952.
rapid, progressive, vibratory motion. Stain
(Jour, of Parasitol., 38, 1952, 473.)
easily with the common aniline dyes. Gram-
negative. bra. si. li. en 'sis. M.L. adj. brasiliensis
Cultivation occurs under anaerobic con- the specific epithet of the tick vector of this
ditions. Cultures may show long forms with species, Ornithodoros brasiliensis .
only a writhing motion. Transmitted by Ornithodoros brasiliensis.
Not pathogenic for laboratory animals. Pathogenicity: Characteristic relapses
Habitat: Found on normal respiratory are produced in white mice and guinea pigs.
mucous membrane; associated with a fusi- Source : Isolated from Ornithodoros brasil-
form bacillus {Fusobacterium fusiforme iensis from the state of Rio Grande do Sul,
Brazil.
Hoffman) in cases of Vincent's angina.
17. Borrelia refringens (Schaudinn and 20. Borrelia dugesii (Mazzotti, 1949)
Hoffmann, 1905) Bergey et al., 1925. {Spiro- Davis, comb. nov. {Spirochaeta dugesi Maz-
chaeta refringens Schaudinn and Hoffmann, zotti, Rev. Instit. Sal. y Enferm. Trop., 10,
Arb. a. d. kaiserl. Gesundheitsamte, 22, 1949, 277.)
1905, 528; Bergey et al.. Manual, 2nd ed., du.ge'si.i. M.L. gen. noun dugesii the spe-
1925, 436.) cific epithet of the tick vector of this species,
re.frin'gens. L. part. adj. refringens break- Ornithodoros dugesi.
ing up, refringent. Transmitted by Ornithodoros dugesi.
FAMILY II. TREPOXEMATACEAE 903
Pathogenicity: Pathogenic for white mice Pathogenicity: Pathogenic for white mice
but not for guinea pigs. but not for guinea pigs.
Source: Isohited from Or nithodoros dugesi Source: Isolated from the shrew-mouse,
in Mexico. Crocidura stampflii, in Senegal.
21. Borrelia graingeri (Heisch, 1953) 24. Borrelia dipodilli (Heisch, 1950)
Davis, comb. nov. (Spirochaeta graingeri Davis, comb. nov. {Spirochaeta dipodilli
Heisch, Parasitology, 43, 1953, 133.) Heisch, Ann. Trop. Med. and Parasit., 44,
grain'ger.i. M.L. gen. noun graingeri the 1950, 260.)
specific epithet of the tick vector of this spe- di.po.dil'li. M.L. gen. noun dipodilli of
cies, Ornithodoros graingeri. Dipodillus; M.L. mas.n. Dipodillus a genus
Transmitted by Ornithodoros graingeri. of rodents.
Pathogenicity: White rats and mice are Transmitted by Ornithodoros erraticus
mildly susceptible. Guinea pigs, a monkey (small form).
{Cercopithecus aelhiops) and a young rabbit There is no cross immunity against Bor-
were not susceptible. Causes a persistent relia duttonii, B. harveyi, B. turicatae or B.
parasitemia in cases of general paralysis crocidurae.
of man. Pathogenicity: Pathogenic for rats, mice,
Source: Isolated from Ornithodoros grain- monkeys and young rabbits but not for
geri from caves near Tiwi, about 20 miles guinea pigs; man is mildly susceptible.
south of Mombasa, Kenya. Source: Isolated from the pigmy gerbille
22. Borrelia babylonensis (Brumpt, {Dipodillus sp.) from Crescent Island on the
east shore of Lake Naivasha, Kenya.
1939) Davis, comb. nov. {Spirochaeta babylo-
nensis Brumpt, Compt. rend. Acad. Sci.,
Paris, 208, 1939, 2030.) 25. Borrelia latyschewii (Soviev, 1941)
Davis, 1948. {Spirochaeta laiyschewi (sic)
ba.by.lo.nen'sis. L. adj. babylonensis Soviev, Parasitic Diseases (U.S.S.R.), 10,
pertaining to Babylon.
Transmitted by Ornithodoros tholozani 1941, 267; Davis, Ann. Rev. Microbiology,
var. babylonensis. 2, 1948, 315.)
Pathogenic for guinea pigs. la.ty.sche'wi.i. M.L. gen. noun laty-
schewii ofLatyschew; named for Latyschew.
Comments: Originally reported as iso-
lated from Ornithodoros asperus. Later it Transmitted by Ornithodoros tartakovskyi.
was found that the ticks were not O. asperus Pathogenicity: Pathogenic for white mice
but 0. tholozani. However, as this spirochete and rabbits but not for white rats, guinea
was transmitted only by 0. tholozani col- pigs or dogs.
lected near Babylon and not by 0. tholozani Source: Isolated from the gerbilles Rhom-
from other areas, the spirochete was ac- bornbys opimus and Gerbillus eversmanni
corded specific rank and the tick was given in Fergana, Usbekistan; also found in Iran.
a varietal status, 0. tholozani var. babylonen-
sis. (See Brumpt, Precis de Parasitol., 1, 26. Borrelia hyos (King and Drake, 1915)
1949, 101.) Bergey et al., 1925. (Hog cholera virus, King
Source: Isolated from Ornithodoros tholo- and Baeslack, Jour. Inf. Dis., 12, 1913, 39;
zani var. babylonensis from a rodent burrow- Spirochaeta suis King, Baeslack and Hoff-
in the ruins of Kish near Babylon. mann, Jour. Inf. Dis., 12, 1913, 235; not
Spirochaeta suis Bosanquet, Spirochetes,
23. Borrelia crocidurae (Leger, 1917) Saunders, 1911; Spirochaeta hyos King and
Davis, comb. nov. {Spirochaeta crocidurae Drake, Jour. Inf. Dis., 16, 1915, 54; Bergey
Leger, Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., 10, 1917, 280.) et al.. Manual, 2nd ed., 1925, 436.)
cro.ci.du'rae. M.L. gen. noun crocidurae hy'os. L. noun hys, hyos the hog.
of Crocidura; M.L. fem.n. Crocidura a genus Cells 1 by 5 to 7 microns. Distinctly
of rodents. shorter and thicker than the other mem-
Transmitted by Ornithodoros erraticus bers of the genus. Motile with an active,
(small form). spinning motion, the spirals being fixed.
Growth occurs under anaerobic condi- Source: From the blood of cattle,
tions in the presence of tissue. Habitat: Found in the blood of cattle
Habitat: Found in the blood and in in- and other mammals in South Africa,
testinal ulcers and other lesions of hogs suf-
fering from hog cholera. 28. Borrelia harveyi (Garnham, 1947)
Davis, 1948. {Spirochaeta harveyi Garnham,
27. Borrelia theileri (Laveran, 1903) East African Med. Jour., ^4, 1947 (January),
^, 1948.
Bergey et al., 1925. {Spirochaeta theileri 47; Davis, Ann. Rev. Microbiology,
Laveran, Compt. rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, ^'^ har'vey.i. M.L. gen. noun harveyi of Har-
136, 1903, 939; Bergey et al., Manual, 2nd
vey; named for A. E. C. Harvey.
ed., 1925, 435.)
Arthropod vector is unknown; not trans-
thei'le.ri. M.L. gen. noun theileri of mitted by Polyplax serrata, Pedicuhis hu-
Theiler; named for A. Theiler, who discov- mamis or Ornithodoros moubata.
ered this organism in 1902 in Transvaal, There is no cross immunity with Borrelia
South Africa. duttonii or B. recurrentis.
Cells, 0.25 to 0.3 by 20.0 to 30.0 microns, Pathogenicity: Pathogenic for rats, mice
with pointed ends. and monkeys but not for rabbits or guinea
Cultivation not recorded. pigs. Produces a mild infection in man.
Immunologically distinct from the spe- Source: From the blood of a grivet mon-
cies of this genus which infect man. key {Cercopithecus aethiops centralis) cap-
Transmitted by the tick (Rhipicephalus tured in the forest of Southern Mau, Kenya
decoloratus) . Colony.
Genus II. Treponema Schaudinn, 1905.
(Schaudinn, Deutsche med. Wochnschr., SI, 1905, 1728; Spironema Vuillemin,
Compt. rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, HO, 1905, 1567.)
Tre.po.ne'ma. Gr. v. trepo to turn; Gr. noun nema a thread; M.L. neut.n. Treponema a
turning thread.
Cells, 3 to 18 microns in length, with acute, regular or irregular spirals; longer forms are
due to incomplete division. Terminal filament may be present. Some species stain only
with Giemsa's stain. Weakly refractive by dark-field illumination in living preparations.
Cultivated under strictly anaerobic conditions. Some are pathogenic and parasitic for man
and other animals. Generally produce local lesions in tissues.
The type species is Treponema pallidum (Schaudinn and Hoffmann) Schaudinn.
Key to the species of genus Treponema.
I. From human sources.
A. Do not cause pinta (spotted sickness).
1. Not normally found in the human mouth.
a. Cause definite venereal diseases,
b. Causes syphilis.
1. Treponema pallidwn.
bb. Causes yaws (tropica frambesia).
2. Treponema pertenue.
aa. Do not cause definite venereal diseases.
b. Cells possess deep spirals.
3. Treponema calligyrum.
bb. Cells possess shallow spirals.
4. Treponema genitalis.
2. Found in the human mouth.
905
a. From the normal mouth cavity.
5. Treponema tnicrodenlium.
aa. From mouths affected with pyorrhea alveohiris.
6. Treponema mucosuni.
B. Causes pinta.
7. Treponema caraleum.
II. From rabbits.
8. Treponema cuniculi.
1. Treponema pallidum (Schaudiim and Habitat: The cause of yaws, tropica fram-
Hoffmann, 1905) Schaudinn, 1905. {Spiro- l)esia. Patients with the disease give a posi-
chaete pallida Schaudinn and Hoffmann, tive Wassermann test. Transmission by flies
Arb. a. d. kaiserl. Gesundheitsamte, 22, (Hippelates pallipes) in the West Indies
1905, 528; Schaudinn, Deutsche med. Woch- (Kumm and Kumm et al.) and by flies
nschr., 31, 1905, 1728.) (Musca spectanda) in Africa (Thomson and
pal'Ii.dum. L. adj. pallidus pale. Lamborn) (for references, see Hill, Bull.
Cells occur as very fine protoplasmic World Health Organiz., 8, 1953, 32 and 47).
spirals, 0.25 to 0.3 by 6.0 to 14.0 microns. 3. Treponema calligyriim Noguchi,
Spiral amplitude, 1.0 micron, regular, fixed; 1913. (Jour. Exp. Med., 17, 1913, 96.)
spiral depth, 0.5 to 1.0 micron. A terminal
spiral filament is present. Weakly refractive cal.li.gy'rum. Gr. noun callus beauty;
Gr. adj. gyrus round; M.L. adj. calHgyrus
in the living state by dark-field illumina- beautifully rounded.
tion. May appear as a series of bright dots The cells measure 0.35 to 0.4 by 6.0 to
or as a string of radiant beads with poor 14.0 microns, averaging 9.0 to 12.0 microns.
dark-field illumination. Motile by means of The spirals are regular and deep but are
a sluggish, drifting motion; stiffly flexible, more rounded than those of Treponema
rarely rotating. Stain with difficulty except pallidum. The cells are of uniform width
with Giemsa's stain by which they appear until near the extremities, which end in
pink or rose. Appear black with silver im-
pregnation methods. sharp points with delicate projections. Ac-
tively motile, chiefly rotating. Stain reddish
Cultivated with difficulty under strict
anaerobiosis in ascitic fluid with the addi- violet with Giemsa's stain.
Grows under anaerobic conditions.
tion of fresh rabbit kidney.
Non-pathogenic for monkeys and rabbits.
Trypsin digestion: The cells are resistant Source: Isolated from smegma.
for many days. Habitat: Found in the lesions and mem-
Bile salts (10 per cent) : Disintegration of branes of the pudenda.
cells is complete.
Saponin (10 per cent) : The cells are 4. Treponema genitalis Noguchi, 1923.
broken up in time. (Treponema rnimdutn Noguchi, Jour. Exp.
Habitat: The cause of syphilis in man. Med., 27, 1918, 671; not Treponema minutum
Can be transmitted experimentally to an- Dobell, Arch. f. Protistenk., 26, 1912, 151;
thropoid apes and to rabbits. not Treponema mimdum Castellani, 1916;
Noguchi, Laboratory Diagnosis of Syphilis,
2. Treponema pertenue Castellani, New York, 1923, 260.)
1905. (Jour. Trop. Med., <S, 1905, 253.) ge.ni.ta'lis. L. adj. genitalis geniiaX.
per.te'nu.e. L. adj. pertenuis very thin, The cells measure 0.25 to 0.3 by 3.0 to
slender. 14.0 microns. The spirals are round, regular
Morphologically indistinguishable from and shallow. The cells are smaller, and the
Treponema pallidum. spirals are closer together than those of
Cultivable under anaerobic conditions Treponema pallidum. Actively motile.
in the same medium used for Treponema Grows anaerobically and requires fresh
pallidum. tissue.
Non -pathogenic. de Med. Trop. y Parasit., 6, 1940, 253-276;

Habitat : Found on male and female geni- Treponema pintae Curbelo, Elementos de
talia. Bacteriologia M^dica, 1941, 34.)
ca.ra'te.um. M.L. noun carate name of a
5. Treponema microdentiiim Noguchi, South American disease, pinta; M.L. adj.
1912. (Jour. Exp. Med., 15, 1912, 81.) carateus of carate.
micro. den'ti.um. Gr. adj. micrus small; Description taken from Leon and Blanco
h. noun dens, dentis tooth;M.L. gen.pl. noun {op. cit., 1940, 5).
microdentiuvi of small teeth. Cylindrical cells, 0.25 to 0.30 by 7.8 to
The cells are less than 0.25 micron in 36.8 microns, averaging 17.8 microns in
thickness in the middle and taper toward length, with sharp-pointed ends. Spiral
each extremity, which is pointed. The length amplitude, 1.0 micron, regular; spiral depth,
varies with age, but the cells may reach 8 0.8 to 1.0 micron. Number of waves, 6 to 27,
microns and may show an average of 14 according to the length of the cell; 10 to 12
curves. Sometimes a long, thin, flagella-like (Brumpt, op. cit., 1939, 942). Actively mo-
projection is observed at each extremity. tile; at times undulating or creeping move-
Growth occurs under anaerobic conditions ments are shown. Readily takes silver im-
in serum water medium containing fresh pregnations, Giemsa's stain, carbolfuchsin
tissue. The serum is slightly coagulated and gentian violet.
and gives off a strong, fetid odor. Not yet cultivated artificially. Experi-
Habitat: Found in the normal oral cavity. mental transmission unsuccessful so far.
Saponin (10 per cent) : Cells disintegrate
6. Treponema mucosiim Noguchi, 1912. in six hours at room temperature. Same re-
(Jour. Exp. Med., 16, 1912, 194.) sult with sodium taurocholate (10 per cent)
mu.co'sum. L. adj. mucosus full of slime and with bile.
or mucus. Distilled water: Produces swelling of the
Spiral-shaped cells, 0.25 to 0.3 by 8.0 to cells.
12.0 microns, the number of curves varying Motility is lost on heating for 15 minutes
from 6 to 8. Both extremities are sharply at 50° C. or for 3 hours at 41° C.
pointed and often possess a minute, curved Wassermann, Kahn and Meinicke reac-
projection 8 to 10 microns long. Stain red tions are positive.
with Giemsa's stain. Source: From the borders of cutaneous
Cultivable under anaerobic conditions, lesions of persons having pinta (spotted
forming mucin. sickness) .
A strong, putrid odor is produced in cul- Habitat: The cause of pinta, or carate.
tures. Common in Mexico and Colombia; also
Strictly anaerobic. found in other northern countries of South
Source : Isolated from the pus in a case of America, in Central America and in the
pyorrhoea. West Indies; rarely found in Cuba. Possibly
Habitat: Found in pyorrhea alveolaris; found in other tropical regions of the world.
possesses pyogenic properties.
8. Treponema cuniculi Noguchi, 1921.
7. Treponema carateum Brumpt, 1939. {Spirochaeta paraluis cuniculi Jacobsthal,
(Treponema de un caso de pinta, Saenz, Dermatol. Wochnschr., 71, 1920, 569; No-
Grau Triana and Alfonso, Arch, de Med. guchi, Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 77, 1921,
Int., Havana, 4, 1938, 3; Brumpt, Compt. 2052; also see Jour. Exp. Med., 85, 1922, 395.)
rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, 130, 1939, 942; Trevo- cu.ni'cu.li. L. noun cuniculus rabbit; L.
nema herrejoni Leon and Blanco, Rev. de gen. noun cuniculi of a rabbit.
Med. Trop. y Parasitol., Habana, 6, 1940, 5; Description taken from Noguchi (loc.
cit.).
Treponema pictor Pardo-Castello, Rev. de
Med. Trop. y Parasitol., Habana, 6, 1940, Aside from being longer, the cells closely
117; Treponema americanus (sic) Le6n, Rev. resemble those of Treponema pallidum. 0.25
FAMILY II. TREPONEMATACEAE 907
by 10.0 to 16.0 microns; long specimens up aldehyde solution or mordanted with

to 30.0 microns are frequent. The spirals, KMn04 .
8 to 12 in number, are regular and deep. Wassermann reaction is negative.
Spiral amplitude, 1.0 to 1.2 microns; spiral Pathogenicity: The disease is transmissi-
depth, 0.6 to 1.0 micron. A delicate, ter- ble to healthy rabbits producing papular
minal filament is present at one end, some- lesions in the genitoperineal region. Non-
times at both ends. Entangled masses of pathogenic for monkeys, mice and guinea
long threads often occur; sometimes occur pigs.
in a stellate arrangement. Staining proper- Source: From lesions in the genitoperi-
ties are the same as for yreponewa pa/h"rfM?n: neal regions of five rabbits.
both are readily stained by ordinary basic Habitat: The cause of rabbit spirocheto-
aniline dyes when fixed in a buffered form- sis.
Genus III. Leptospira Noguchi, 1917 *

(Jour. E.xp. Med., 25, 1917, 753.)
Lep.to.spi'ra. Gr. adj. leptits thin, small; Gr. noun spira a spiral; M.L. fem.n. Leptospira
thin spiral.
Finely coiled organisms which measure 6 to 20 microns in length. The spirals measure 0.3
micron in depth and 0.4 to 0.5 micron in amplitude. In liquid media either one or both ends
of the cells are bent into a semicircular hook, each involving }{o to % of the organism. Spin-
ning movements occur in liquid media, and vermiform movements occur in semisolid agar,
forward or backward. In living preparations the cells are observed most clearly with dark-
field and much less clearly with phase-contrast microscopy; not visible with ordinary illumi-
nation. Stain with difficulty except with Giemsa's stain and silver impregnation. Axial fila-
ment can be demonstrated by electron microscopy. Require oxygen for growth.
The tj'pe species is Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae (Inada and Ido) Noguchi.
Before any of the parasitic leptospires were known, Wolbach and Dinger (Jour. Med. Res.,
SO, 1914, 23) applied the name Spirochaeta biflexa to non-pathogenic leptospires isolated from
stagnant fresh water; later, Noguchi (Jour. Exp. Med., 25, 1917, 753) placed this species in
a new genus, Leptospira. These water strains will grow in simple media such as hay infusions
or in the feces medium recommended by Hindle (Brit. Med. Jour., 2, 1925, 57); as parasitic
leptospires will not grow in media of this type, a means of differentiating between sapro-
phytic and parasitic leptospires is furnished. Babudieri and Archetti (Rend. Istit. Sup. di
Sanitd, 10, 1947, 962; Ann. Inst. Past., 75, 1948, 552) examined a large series of strains of
water leptospires and found them to be composed of a number of antigenic fractions. The
apparently random distribution of the same or closely similar antigens among the different
strains led to a wide variety of extremely complicated serological relationships. Satisfactory
means of differentiating species of saprophytic leptospires have not been developed, so it
has become a custom to identify the non-pathogenic leptospires found in stagnant water or
similar materials as Leptospira biflexa Noguchi.
Pathogenic leptospires were first isolated from human cases of Weil's disease by Inada and
Ido (Tokyo Ijishinshi, 1915, No. 1908), and, in the first record of their work published in
English, the organisms were named Spirochaeta icterohaemorrhagiae by Inada, Ido, Hoki,
Kaneko and Ito (Jour. Exp. Med., 2S, 1916, 377). Since that time other leptospires, serologi-
cally distinct from Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae, have been recognized as causing disease
in man and other animals and as having host-carrier relationships. As examples, L. canicola
(dogs), L. grippotyphosa (voles) and L. pomona (pigs) may be mentioned, but knowledge of
* Completely revised by Prof Dr. J. W. Wolff, Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen,

Afd: Instituut voor Tropische Hygiene en Geograph. Path., Amsterdam, Holland, and Dr.
J. C. Broom, The Wellcome Laboratories of Tropical Medicine, London, England.
this relationship is still incomplete for other serologically distinct strains of leptospires iso-
lated from human and animal cases of leptospirosis.
Because leptospires cannot be satisfactorily studied by the methods used for the true
bacteria or even for other spirochetes, it has proved difficult to apply the species concept to
this important group. The differentiation of strains of leptospires is however of epidemio-
logical importance as well as of academic interest. Various schemes of differentiation have
been used, but at present the most satisfactory method is based on the antigenic constitu-
tion of the leptospires, which can be determined by agglutination-lysis and cross-absorption
tests. Complement -fixation tests have not yet been developed as a means of typing, though
they are probably of value in confirming a clinical diagnosis of leptospirosis. Neither has any
system so far been evolved of cultural or biochemical tests which could be used as a basis
for differentiation.
Building on and extending the work begun by Schiiffner and his collaborators and con-
tinued by Borg-Petersen and many other workers in this field, Wolff and Broom (Docu-
menta de Medicina Geographica et Tropica, 6, 1954, 78) compared the serological characters
of a number of strains of leptospires whose origins and subsequent histories could be fully
authenticated. These workers assembled into 'serogroups' (serological groups) serotypes
which showed marked similarities in their serological reactions. These serological groupings
quite probably have some relation to the differentiation of the organisms into species, but
Wolff and Broom consider that knowledge of the bionomics of leptospires is not yet suffi-
ciently far advanced to allow a decision to be taken regarding the criteria on which the sub-
division ofthe genus should ultimately be made. Hence, for the time being, they propose
that the term 'serotype' should be adopted to designate the basic taxon of a serological
classification based on the agglutinogens of the leptospires.
In view of the tentative nature of this classification, Wolff and Broom have retained the
specific epithets or place names which have been applied to various leptospires as a means of
designating serotypes. In this way they follow much the same custom that has been followed
by students of salmonellas.
The serological Table as prepared by Wolff and Broom is given here by permission of these
authors; complete bibliography will be found in their original paper.
List of recognized serotypes
Serotype Origin
Serogroup
Type Strain
icterohaem- icterohaemorrha- 1935, Man, Denmark

orrhagiae giae (AB)
iclerohaemorrha- M201 1915, Man, France
giae (A)
naam RGA2
Naam 1936, Man, Indonesia
mankarso Mankarso 1938, Man, Indonesia
javanica javanica Veldrat,,Batavia46 1938, Rattus brevicaudatus

Indonesia
Poi 1941, Man, Italy
poi
sarniin Sarmin 1930, Man, Indonesia
schiiffneri Vleermuis 90 C
1938, Cynopterus sp., Indo-
nesia
canicola Hond Utrecht IV 1931, Dog, Netherlands
benjamin Ben j amin 1937, Man, Indonesia

ballum 1943, Mus musculus spicile-
Mus 1273
gus, Denmark
pyrogenes Salinem 1924, Man, Indonesia
pyrogenes B
aicstralis Zanoni (C.14) 1935, Man, Australia
cynopteri 1938, Cynopterus sp., Indo-

3522 C^ nesia
sentot Sentot 1937, Man, Indonesia
autumnalis autumnalis (AB) Akiyami A 1925, Man, Japan
autumnalis (A) Rachmat 1923, Man, Indonesia
bangkinang Bangkinang I 1929, Man, Indonesia
djasiman Djasiman 1937, Man, Indonesia

australis A australis A Ballico 1937, Man, Australia
nuienchen Muenchen 90 C 1942, Man, Germany
Pomona 1937, Man, Australia

pomona
grippotyphosa 1928, Man, Russia

Moscow V^
hebdomadis hebdomadis Hebdomadis 1918, Man, Japan
medanensis HC
wolffii 1929, Dog, Indonesia
3705 1937, Man, Indonesia
hardjo Hardjoprajitno 1938, Man, Indonesia
sejroe M84 1937, Man, Denmark
saxkoebing Mns 24 1942, Apodemus flavicollis,
Denmark
List of recognized serotypes — Continued

Serogroup Serotype Origin
Type Strain
bataviae bataviae 1932, Man, Indonesia

van Tienen^
paidjan Paidjan 1939, Man, Indonesia
semarang R.S. 173 1937, Rattus brevicaudatus,

Indonesia
andaman A CH 11 1931, Man, Andaman Isles
hyos, syn. Mitis Johnson 1940, Man, Australia

mitis Johnson
1 Strain "Wijnberg," isolated in 1926 from man in the Netherlands, is also L. ictero-
haemorrhagiae (AB).
^ Strain "Kantorowicz," isolated in 1931 from man in the Netherlands, is also L. ictero-
haemorrhagiae (A) .
3 Strain "S102," isolated in 1941 from an albino mouse in the Netherlands, is also L.
balhim.
^ Strain "3868 C" was subsequently demonstrated to be indistinguishable from strain
"3522 C."
5 The bovine strain of Bernkopf and other strains of the grippotyphosa serogroup iso-
lated in Israel are not yet definitelj^ established as serotypes distinct from serotype grippo-
typhosa. The same applies to other strains of this serogroup isolated elsewhere.
^ Strain "Swart," isolated by Walch, was lost after it was demonstrated to be indis-
tinguishable from the strain "van Tienen."
FAMILY II. TREPONEMA TACEAE
911
Alphabetical list of recognized serotypes
Serotype Synonyms Common Name of disease Important Carrier Hosts
andaman .4' Strain CH 11'

_ _
australis A- Ballico strain' Canefields fever R. ratlus culmorum
auslralis B^ Zanoni strain^ Canefields fever R. rattus
autumnalis* divided Akiyami; Hasami-Netsu MicTotus montehelloi; Apode-
into seven-day fever; autum- mus speciosus speciosus
subtype autumnalis Akiyami A group;« Anda- nal fever; leptospirosis
man B group" febrilis; Fort Bragg fever
(AB)6
subtype autumnalis Rachmat strain'
(A) 5
ballum^
~ ~ Mus musculus spicilegus;
barigkinarig^
— — Mus musculus
—
Dog
halaviaeô Swart strain;" miiis;^'^ ory- Indonesian Weil's disease; R. norvegicus; R. ratlus brevi-
rice-field fever
caudatus; Micromys minu-
tus sorcinus; dog; cat
zeti^^ — —
benjamin^*
canicola^^
—
Mukingilwa strain'^
Canicola fever (human)
Stuttgart disease (dogs)
cynopieri" 3522 C strainjis 3868 C
— Cynopterus sp.
djasinuin"
strain"
Djasiman strain's
— Microtus spp.
—
Nzirandukula strain;'5 Bo- Mud fever; field-fever; Feld-
grippotyphosa^-'i fieber A; Schlammfieber;
vine strain;2i 6ou(s;22 je/- Pig
hardjo^^
—
feni;^^ Duyster strain^^ fi^vre des marais
— —
hebdomadis^^ Akiyami B groups Nanukayami; Akiyami B; Microtus montebelloi
seven-day fever
hyos'^ Swineherds' disease
ictcrohaemorrhagiac^^- 3» See page 913
milis^^ Weil's disease; leptospiral R. norvegicus; other species of
divided into jaundice; infectious jaun- rats and mice
subtype iderohaemor- complete biotype^ dice (human) ; yellows
(dog)
rhagiae (AB)3i
subtype icterohaemor- incomplete biotype^
rhagiae (A)=' ~ — R. brevicaudatus; R. exulans
javanica'^'^
— —
(= R. con col or)
nmnkarso^^ Marikini strain's
_ —
meda7iensis" Dog HC strains^ — — —
jnuenchen^^
— — —
naam^*
— — —
paidjan^'" — Rice-field fever —
poi^s Australis C;î Mezzano Swineherds' disease; po-
pomona'^^ mona fever Pig; cattle
pyrogenes^^
Salinem strain
type;3s suis^'' Leptospirosis febrilis
-
saikoebing*"
- - Apodemus flavicollis; A. syl-
—
schuffneri^^
sejroc^^
90 C strain"
— Feldfieber B
Cynopterus sp.
Apodemus sylvaticus; Mus
— — musculus spicilegus
semarang*^
— — R. brevicaudatus
sentoti*
wolffii" 3705 strain"
-
1 Taylor, J., and Goyle, A. N., Indian med. Research Mem., no. 20, 1931.
2 Lumley, G. F., Med. Jour. Australia, /, 1937, 654.
3 Cotter, T. J. P., and Sawers, W. C, Med. Jour. Australia, 2. 1934, 597.
* Abe, T., Jap. Jour. Exp. Med., le, 1934, 255.
5 Gispen, R., and Schuffner, W. A. P., Zent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., lU, 1939, 427.
6 Koshina, M., Shiozawa, S., and Kitayama, K., Jour. Exp. Med., iS, 1925, 873.
Alphabetical list of recognized serotypes — Continued

7 Baermann, G., Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Ind., 63, 1923, 885.
» Borg- Petersen, C, Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand., SI, 1944, 504.
9 Slot, G. A., and van der Walle, N., Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Ind., 72, 1932, 1579.
10 Esseveld, H., and Collier, W. A., Mededeel. Dienst Volksgezondheid Ned.-Ind., S7, 1938, 250.
11 Walch, E. W., Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Ind., 66, 1926, 115.
12 Mine, P., Intern. Congr. Trop. Med., 3. Amsterdam, Acta, 1, 1938, 422.
" Babudieri, B., Policlinico, 45. 1938, 1774.
" Walch-Sorgdrager, B., Bohlander, L., Schuffner, W. A. P., and Wolff, J. W., Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Ind., 80,
1940, 578.
16 van Kiel, J., Ann. Soc. Beige M^d. Trop., 26, 1946, 197.
16 Schuffner, W., Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 28, 1934, 7.
" Collier, W. A., Acta Trop., Basel, 5, 1948, 135.
i« Collier, W. A., and Mochtar, A., Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Ind., 79, 1939, 226.
19 Kotter, G. F., Ned. Tijdschr. Geneesk., 83, 1939, 3590.
2" Tarassoff, S., Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 46, 1931, 222.
21 Bernkopf, H., Harefuah, For. edn., 30, 1946, 109.
22 Btesh, S., Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 41, 1947, 419.
23 Olejnik, E., and Shneyerson, S., Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 46, 1952, 165.
2< Wolff, J. W., and Bohlander, H., Docum. Med. Geogr. Trop., 4, 1952, 257.
25 Wolff, J. W., Symposium on the Leptospiroses. Washington, D. C: Army Medical Service Graduate School,
1953.
26 Ido, Y., Ito, H., and Wani, H., Jour. Exp. Med., 28, 1918, 435.
2' Savino, E., and Rennella, E., Rev. Inst. Bact. Malbran, IS, 1945/8, 62.
28 Johnson, D. W., Med. Jour. Australia, /, 1942, 431.
29 Inada, R., Ido, Y., Hoki, R., Kaneko, R., and Ito. H., Jour. Exp. Med., 23, 1916, 377.
31 Noguchi, H., Jour. Exp. Med., 25, 1917, 755.
31 Borg- Petersen, C, Intern. Cong. Trop. Med., 3. Amsterdam, Acta, 1, 1938, 396.
32 Esseveld, H., and Mochtar, A., Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Ind., 78, 1938, 1513.
33 Wolff, J. W., Advances in the Control of Zoonoses, 139. Geneva: World Health Organization: Monograph Series,
1953.
34 Kouwenaar, W., and Wolff, J. W., Ned.-Ind. Bl. Diergeneesk., 41. 1929, 457.
35 Mino, P., Klin. Wochschr., 21, 1942, 337.
36 Derrick, E. H., Med. Jour. Australia, /, 1942, 431.
3' Clayton, G. E. B., Derrick, E. H., and Cilento, R., Med. Jour. Australia, /, 1937, 647.
38 Babudieri, B., Z. Immunitatsforsch., 99, 1941, 442.
39 Vervoort, H., Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Ind., 63, 1923, 800.
" Borg- Petersen, C, Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand., 20, 1943, 793.
<i Collier, W. A., and Mochtar, A., Mededeel. Dienst Volksgezondheid Ned.-Ind., 28, 1939, 356.
« Collier, W. A., and Esseveld, H., Mededeel. Dienst Volksgezondheid Ned.-Ind., 27, 1938, 262.
« Sardjito, M., and Mochtar, A., Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Ind., 79, 1939, 2520.
" Schuffner, W., Gispen, R., and Bohlander, H., Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Ind., 79, 1939, 2470.
Addendum
Details of the serological characteristics of the following were published while this sec-
tion of the Manual was in press : autumnalis, Fort Bragg (Alexander, Evans Jeffries, Gleiser
and Yager, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol, and Med., 86, 1954, 405); malaya, wolffii A, grippotyphosa
AB, borincana and alexi (Alexander, Wetmore, Evans, Jeffries and Gleiser Amer. Jour.
Trop. Med., 4, 1955, 4:92) ; balhwi AB (Babudieri, Rend. Istit. Sup. di Sanitd, 18, 1955, 57);
mini AB and mini A (Babudieri, Ztschr. f. Hyg., 143, 1956, 121) and celledoni (Broom and
Smith, Lancet, £, 1956, 866).
Cultures of the following are maintained at one or more of the Leptospirosis Reference
Laboratories, but they are not included among the Recognized Serotypes because full de-
tails of their serological relationships have not yet been published : bafani, kabura, ndam-
bari, kamituga and butembo (van Riel, Ann. Soc. Beige M4d. Trop., 36, 1946, 197); Robinson
and Kremastos (Smith, Brown, Tonge, Sinnamon, Macdonald, Ross and Doherty, Austral.
Ann. Med., S, 1954, 98); Leeds (Czekalowski and McLeod, Jour. Path. Bact., 67, 1954, 43);
henwlyticus (Alexander, Smith, Hiatt and Gleiser, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol, and Med., 91, 1956,
205); sorex (Kmety, Zent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 161, 1954, 382) and jez (Kmety, Csl. Hyg.,
3, 1954, 41).
913
Key to the species of genus Leptospira.

I. Parasitic. Pathogenic for man and/or other animals. Requires serum for growth. Di-
vided into numerous distinct serological types.
1. Leptospira iderohaemorrhagiae and presum-
ably other species.
II. Saprophytic. Grows in simple media. This species has not been further differentiated.
2. Leptospira biflexa and presumably other
species.
1. Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae Pathogenic for guinea pigs, deer-mice,
(Inada and Ido, 1916) Noguchi, 1917. (Spiro- hamsters and meriones.
chaefa icterohaemorrhagica japonica Inada Comments: In general these characteris-
and Ido, Tokyo Ijishinshi, 1915, No. 1908; tics apply to the other parasitic serotypes,
Spirochaeta ictero-haemorrhagiae japonica although minor variations may occur in
Inada and Ido, ibid., No. 1926; Spirochaeta morphology and growth; there are also dif-
ictero-haemorrhagiae Inada and Ido, Tokyo ferences inthe clinical symptoms (e.g. pres-
Ijishinshi, 1916, No. 1964; also see Inada, ence or absence of jaundice) of the diseases
Ido, Hoki, Kaneko and Ito, Jour. Exp. which they produce in man and other sus-
Med., ^3, 1916, 377; Noguchi, Jour. Exp. ceptible animals.
Med., 25, 1917, 755.) Source: Orginally isolated from cases of
ic.te.ro.hae.mor.rha'gi.ae. Gr. noun infectious jaundice (Weil's disease) in man.
icterus jaundice; Gr. noun haemorrhagia Habitat: Found in kidneys and urines of
hemorrhage; M.L. noun icterohaemorrhagia wild rats. No insect vector is known. Sur-
hemorrhagic jaundice; M.L. gen. noun vives possibly for weeks in water and in
icterohaemorrhagiae of hemorrhagic jaundice. slime (in mines and sewers).
Cells measure 0.25 to 0.3 by 6.0 to 9.0 mi-
crons; occasionally measure 20.0 to 25.0 2. Leptospira biflexa (Wolbach and
microns in length. Spiral amplitude, 0.4 to Binger, 1914) Noguchi, 1918. (Spirochaeta
0.5 micron, regular, rigid; spiral depth, 0.3 biflexa Wolbach and Binger, Jour. Med.
micron, regular. One or more gentle waves Res., 30, 1914, 23; Noguchi, Jour. Exp. Med.,
occur throughout the entire length. When in 27, 1918, 585.)
liquid media, one or both ends may be semi- bi.fle'xa. L. adj. bis twice; L. part. adj.
circularly hooked, while in semisolid media
flexus bent; M.L. adj. biflexus twice-bent.
the organism appears serpentine, waved or Cells, 0.2 to 0.25 by 5.0 to 7.0 microns,
bent. Very active flexibility. Axial filament
with tapering ends. Spiral amplitude, 0.2
does not extend beyond cell body; flagella
to 0.25 micron. There are 22 to 30 waves per
are absent. Body stains reddish by Giemsa's cell. Pass through an L5 candle filter. Stains
stain.
Cultured easily in a medium containing 10 best with Giemsa's stain.
per cent rabbit serum, 0.2 per cent agar and Growth occurs in simple media without
a slight amount of hemoglobin in salt or in serum.
Ringer's solution. Does not grow in surface Optimum temperature, 20°C.
colonies. Non-pathogenic.
Bile salts (10 per cent) : The cells are easily Comment: Comprises a large variety of
dissolved. antigenic types not 3êt satisfactorily differ-
Saponin (10 per cent) : The cells are com- entiated.
pletely resistant. Source: Isolated from tap water, ponds
Temperature range, 25° to 37°C. Remains and pools.
Habitat: Found in fresh water.
alive longer at 25°C.
ORDER X. MYCOPLASMATALES FREUNDT, 1955.
(Borrelomycetales Turner, Jour. Path, and Bact., 4^, 1935, 25; Pleuropneumoniales Tulasne
and Brisou, Ann. Inst. Past., 88, 1955, 237; Freundt, Internat. Bull, of Bact. Nomen.
and Taxon., 5, 1955, 71; MolUcutales Edward, Internat. Bull, of Bact.
Nomen. and Taxon., 5, 1955, 89.)
My.co.plas.ma.ta'les. M.L. neut.n. Mycoplasma type genus of the order; -ales ending to
denote an order; M.L. fern. pi. n. Mycoplasmatales the Mycoplasma order.
Highly pleomorphic organisms which possess a peculiar mode of reproduction (according
to some observers) characterized by the breaking up of filaments (with a more or less pro-
nounced tendency to true branching) into coccoid, filterable elementary bodies. The cell
bodies are soft and fragile; without special precautions they are often distorted or entirely
destroyed in microscopical preparations. Non-motile. Typical endospores are never pro-
duced. Gram-negative. Growth occurs in agar media, although most of the species have ex-
acting nutritional requirements. Pathogenic and saprophytic species occur.
FAMILY I. MYCOPLASMATACEAE FREUNDT, 1955.

{Borrelomycetaceae Turner, Jour. Path, and Bact., 4^, 1935, 25; Pleuropneumoniaceae Tulasne
and Brisou, Ann. Inst. Past., 88, 1955,237; Freundt, Internat. Bull, of Bact. Nomen.
and Taxon., 5, 1955, 71; also see Edward, Internat. Bull, of Bact.
My.co.plas.ma.ta'ce.ae. M.L. neut.n. Mycoplasma type genus of the family; -aceae end-
ing to denote a family; M.L. fem.pl.n. Mycoplasmataceae the Mycoplasma family.
Characters as for the order.
Genus I. Mycoplasma Nowak, 1929.

(Asterococcus Borrel, Dujardin-Beaumetz, Jeantet and Jouan, Ann. Inst. Past., ^4, 1910,
179; not Asterococcus Scherffel, Ber. d. deutsch. Bot. Gesellsch., 26 A, 1908, 762; Cocco-
bacillus Martzinovski, Ann. Inst. Past., 25, 1911, 917; not Coccobacilhis Gamaleia,
Cent. f. Bakt., 4, 1888, 167; Micromyces Frosch, Arch. f. wissen. u. prakt.
Tierheilk., 49, 1923, 35 and 273; not Micromyces Dangeard, Le Botaniste, 1,
1889, 55; Nowak, Ann. Inst. Past., 43, 1929, 1349; Asteromyces Wroblew-
ski, Ann. Inst. Past., 4'^, 1931, 105; Anulomyces Wroblewski, ibid.,
Ill; Borrelomyces Turner, Jour. Path, and Bact., 4^ , 1935, 25;
Bovimyces Sabin, Bact. Rev., 5, 1941, 57; Pleuropneumonia
Tulasne and Brisou, Ann. Inst. Past., 88, 1955, 237; see
Freundt, Internat. Bull, of Bact. Nomen. and
Taxon., 5, 1955, 72; and Edward, Internat.
Bull, of Bact. Nomen. and Taxon., 5,
1955, 87.)
* Prepared by Dr. E. A. Freundt, Statens Seruminstitut, Copenhagen, Denmark, May,

1955.
914
FAMILY I. MYCOPLASMATACEAE 915
My.co.plas'ma. Gr. mas.n. myces a fungus; Gr. neut.n. plasma something formed or
molded, a form; M.L. neut.n. Mycoplasma fungus form.
It has proved difficult to interpret properly the significance of the morphological details
and the mode of growth of these organisms. Elementary bodies have been observed both in
fluid and solid media; these elementary bodies extrude one or more filaments of varying
lengths that ramify to form an apparently unicellular, branching, mycelioid structure. At
a later stage of growth tiny endomycelial corpuscles develop in the filaments by a process
of successive condensations and constrictions, the formation of septa not being demon-
strable. The homogeneous, coenocytic filaments thus become transformed into chains of
close-set, spherical bodies which, upon fragmentation of the chains, are liberated as free
elementary bodies. These elements are extremely plastic and, under certain growth condi-
tions, may develop into peculiar forms, among which are the so-called "large bodies."
Some workers claim to have observed various other deviating growth forms, including mul-
tiplication bysimple budding. Granules may form in the large bodies and, according to
some observers, after rupture of the membrane, begin the "life cycle" anew as elementary
bodies. In contrast to this, however, there are others who regard the large bodies as repre-
senting astage of involution and degradation. The basic reproductive units, the elementary
bodies, are filterable and have a particle diameter of 125 to 250 millimicrons. Gram-negative.
Stain poorly with the ordinary bacterial stains, but fairly well with that of Giemsa. Non-
motile. Colonial growth on solid media is quite characteristic: the minute colonies have an
opaque, granular, brown or yellowish central area growing down into the agar; the central
area is surrounded by a translucent, flat zone of variable size. Certain species produce
small, black dots consisting of deposits of calcium and magnesium soaps; these occur be-
neath and around the colonies together with a crinkled, grayish film. Growth in semi-solid
or fluid media is granular or smooth and fluffy. With the exception of the saprophytic spe-
cies, all species require enrichment with serum or ascitic fluid for growth on artificial media.
Aerobic to facultatively anaerobic; certain species prefer anaerobic conditions. From human
and animal sources; one saprophytic species is known.
The type species is Mycoplasm,a mycoides (Borrel et al.) Freundt.
Key to the species of genus Mycoplasma.

I. Parasitic to pathogenic.
A. From animals other than man.
1. From mammalian sources.
a. From mammals other than rodents,
b. From ruminants.
1. Mycoplasma mycoides.
cc. No acid from glucose.
d. Growth occurs throughout semi-solid media.
2. Mycoplasma bovigenitalium.
dd. Growth preferably near the surface of semi-solid media.
3. Mycoplasma agalactiae.
bb. From non-ruminants.
c. From carnivores.
d. Film and spots not produced on horse-serum agar,
e. Poor growth on rabbit-serum agar.
4. Mycoplasma spumans.
ee. Good growth on rabbit-serum agar.
5. Mycoplasma canis.
dd. Film and spots produced on horse-serum agar.
6. Mycoplasma maculosum.
cc. From omnivores.
7. Mycoplasma hyorhinis.
916 ORDER X. MYCOPLASMATALES
aa. From rodents.

b. Primarily from rats.
8. Mycoplasma pulmonis.
cc. No acid from glucose
9. Mycoplasma arthritidis.
bb. Primarily from mice.
10. Mycoplasma neurolyticum.
2. From avian sources.
11. Mycoplasma cjallinarum.
B. From human sources.
1. No acid from glucose.
a. Granular growth throughout semi-solid media.
12. Mycoplasma hominis.
aa. Smooth growth at bottom of semi-solid media.
13. Mycoplasma salivarium.
2. Acid from glucose.
14. Mycoplasma fermentans.
II. Saprophytic.
15. Mycoplasma laidlawii.
1. Mycoplasma niycoides (Borrel et al., structure with long filaments which measure
1910) Freundt, 1955. (Le microbe de la peri- 40 to 50 microns in length, the maximum
pneumonie, Nocard and Rou.x, Ann. Inst. being about 100 to 150 microns (0rskov,
Past., 13, 1898, 240; Asterococcus niycoides Ann. Inst. Past., 41, 1927, 413; also see Acta
Borrel, Dujardin-Beaumetz, Jeantet and Path, et Microbiol. Scand., 19, 1942, 586;
Jouan, Ann. Inst. Past., 24, 1910, 179; Nowak, op. cit., 1929, 1330; Wroblewski,
Coccobacillus niycoides peripneumoniae op. cit., 1931, 94; Ledingham, Jour. Path,
Martzinovski, Ann. Inst. Past., 25, 1911, and Bact., 37, 1933, 393; Klieneberger, Jour.
917; Micromyces peripneumoniae bovis con- Path, and Bact., 39, 1934, 409; Tang, Wei,
tagiosae Frosch, Arch. f. wissensch. u. McWhirter and Edgar, Jour. Path, and
prakt. Tierheilk., 49, 1923, 35 and 273; Bact., 40, 1935, 391; Turner, op. cit., 1935,
Mycoplasma peripneumoniae Nowak, Ann. 1; Freundt, Acta Path, et Microbiol.
Inst. Past., 43, 1929, 1349; Asteromyces peri- Scand., 31, 1952, 508). The filaments are re-
pneumoniae bovis Wroblewski, Ann. Inst. garded by other authors mainly as artifacts.
Past., 4"^, 1931, 105; Borrelomyces peripneu- Klieneberger and Smiles (Jour, of H3'g., 42,
moniae Turner, Jour. Path, and Bact., 41, 1942, 110) describe reproduction by multi-
1935, 25; Bovimyces pleuropneumoniae Sabin, plication of minute granules within large,
Bact. Rev., 5, 1941, 57; Pleuropneumonia irregularly round cells. Gram-negative.
bovis Tulasne and Brisou, Ann. Inst. Past., Horse-serum agar: Neither film nor spots
88, 1955, 237; Freundt, Internat. Bull, of are produced.
Bact. Nomen. and Taxon., 5, 1955, 73; also Horse-blood agar: Alpha hemolj'sis.
see Edward, Internat. Bull, of Bact. Nomen. Rabbit-serum agar: Poor growth.
and Taxon., 5, 1955, 89.) Semi-solid media: Fluffy growth, prefer-
my.co.i'des. Gr. mas.n. myces a fungus; ably near the surface.
Gr. noun eidus shape, form; M.L. adj. my- Broth: Rather strong, generalized opacity
coides fungus -like. with a small deposit which produces silky
The cultural and biochemical characteris- swirls and threads on shaking. Cultures in
tics of this and of most of the other species broth without glucose remain viable for 45
of the genus are, to a wide extent, based on to 60 days at 37°C. Filtrates of 6-day broth
the work of Edward (Jour. Gen. Microbiol., cultures discolor suspensions of horse
10, 1954, 27). erythrocytes, presumably due to the forma-
Stable and richly branching mycelioid tion of methemoglobin.
Coagulated blood serum: Liquefaction. plasma hovigenitalium Freundt can be de-

Cell suspensions are bile-soluble. termined.
Indole not produced. Source : Isolated from cases of contagious
Hydrogen sulfide not produced. pleuropneumonia in cattle.
Acid from glucose, fructose, maltose, Habitat: The etiological agent of conta-
mannose, glycogen, de.xtrin and starch; gious pleuropneumonia in cattle.
slight acid by some strains from galactose,
sucrose and trehalose. No acid from lactose, la. Mycoplasma mycoides var. niycoides
xylose, salicin, glycerol, mannitol or dulci- Freundt, 1955. (Internat. Bull, of Bact.
tol. Nomen. and Taxon., 5, 1955, 73.)
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. This is the common, well known variety
Slight production of ammonia. which causes bovine pleuropneumonia and
Methylene blue is rapidly reduced. which is the type variety described above.
Catalase-positive according to some in-
vestigators. lb. Mycoplasma mycoides var. capri (Ed-
Aerobic; poor growth under anaerobic ward, 1953) Freundt, 1955. (Borrelomyces
conditions. peripneumoniae caprae Longley, Colonial
Serologically distinct from the other mem- Research Publications No. 7, H. M. Sta-
bers of the pleuropneumonia group. tionery Office, London, 1951, 23; Astero-
Pathogenicity: Subcutaneous inoculation coccus mycoides var. capri Edward, Vet.
of infected lymph or of a virulent culture Rec, 65, 1953, 873; Pleuropneumonia capri
into cattle, goats and sheep causes a spread- Tulasne and Brisou, Ann. Inst. Past., 88,
ing, oedematous swelling accompanied by 1955, 238; Freundt, Internat. Bull, of Bact.
fever and other general symptoms; typical Nomen. and Taxon., 5, 1955, 73; also see
lung lesions are not produced by this route Edward, Internat. Bull, of Bact. Nomen.
of infection, although positive blood cul- and Taxon., 5, 1955, 90.)
tures and arthritis do occur (Nocard and cap'ri. L. mas.n. caper goat; L. gen. noun
Roux, op. cit., 1898, 240; Dujardin-Beau- capri of a goat.
metz, Ann. Inst. Past., 20, 1906, 449; Tang, Relatively stable mycelioid structure with
Wei, McWhirter and Edgar, Jour. Path, filaments of moderate length (10 to 30 mi-
and Bact., ^0, 1935, 391; Campbell et al., crons) (Freundt, unpublished observation).
Counc. Sci. and Ind. Res. Bull. 97, 1936). Short, filamentous forms and elementary
The natural disease has been reproduced bodies have been demonstrated in electron
in cattle by intratracheal inoculation, by micrographs by Klieneberger-Nobel and
intrajugular injection of the organism in- Cuckow (Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 12, 1955,
cluded in emboli of 2 to 3 per cent agar 95). Gram-negative.
(Daubney, Jour. Comp. Path., 48, 1935, Serum agar: Unusually large colonies (1.5
83; Campbell et al., op. cit., 1936) and by mm in diameter) after 3 days.
exposure to nebulized cultures (Campbell, Horse-blood agar: Alpha hemolysis.
Jour. Counc. Sci. Ind. Res. Austral., 11, Rabbit-serum agar: Good growth.
1938, 119). Mice, rats, guinea pigs and ham- Media devoid of serum: Slight growth.
sters are not susceptible. Semi-solid media: Fluffy growth near the
Comments: Two varieties of this species surface.
are recognized: the common, well known Broth: Strong opalescence.
variety that causes bovine pleuropneu- Horse erythrocyte suspensions are de-
monia, and the variety described by colorized.
Edward (Vet. Rec, 65, 1953, 873) which pro- Coagulated blood serum: Liquefaction.
duces a similar infection in goats. Pleuro- Hydrogen sulfide production is slight.
pneumonia-like organisms have recently Acid from glucose, fructose, maltose,
been isolated from cases of bronchopneu- mannose, dextrin, glycogen and starch.
monia of cattle (Carter, Science, 120, 1954, No acid from lactose, sucrose, galactose,
113); further study is needed before their salicin, mannitol or dulcitol.
relationships to this species and to Myco- Methylene blue is rapidly reduced.
Aerobic; poor growth under anaerobic Methylene blue is reduced rather rapidly.
conditions. Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
Serologically different from Mycoplasma Ten strains investigated serologically
mycoides var. rnycoides and M. agalactiae. shared common antigens, but at least three
Comments: A closely related organism different serological types appear to exist.
was identified as the cause of an infectious Pathogenicity: Suggested as a cause of
and highly fatal oedema and cellulitis of inflammation of the genital tract, predis-
goats (Melanidi, Bull. Office Internat. des posing to infertility, although inoculation
Epizooties, Paris, 36, 1951, 363; Edward, of cultures into the uteri of heifers has so
op. cit., 1953, 873). An organism also closel.y far been unsuccessful.
related to Mycoplasma mycoides var. capri Source: Isolated from the bovine genital
in cultural, physiological and serological tract.
respects was recently isolated as the etio- Habitat: Frequent inhabitant of the bo-
logical agent of a highly fatal disease, char- vine lower genital tract, both in males and
acterized bysepticemia and arthritis, in a females.
herd of dairy goats; clinically the outbreak
was typical of neither contagious agalactia 3. Mycoplasma agalactiae (Wroblewski,
nor caprine pleuropneumonia (Cordy, Adler 1931) Freundt, 1955. (Le microbe de I'aga-
and Yamamoto, Cornell Vet., 4-5, 1955, 50). laxie contagieuse, Bridre and Donatien,
Source : Isolated from cases of contagious Compt. rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, 177, 1923,
pleuropneumonia of goats. 841; also see Ann. Inst. Past., 39, 1925, 925;
Habitat: The etiological agent of conta- Anulotnyces agalaxiae (sic) Wroblewski, Ann.
gious pleuropneumonia of goats. Inst. Past., 47, 1931, 111; Borrelomyces aga-
lactiae Turner, Jour. Path, and Bact., 4-1,
2. Mycoplasma bovigenitaliuniFreundt, 1935, 25; Capromyces agalactiae Sabin, Bact.
1955. (P strains of the bovine genital tract, Rev., 5, 1941, 57; Pleuropneumonia agalactiae
Edward, Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 4, 1950, Tulasne and Brisou, Ann. Inst. Past., 88,
4; Pleuropneumonia bovigenitalis Tulasne 1955, 238; Freundt, Internat. Bull, of Bact.
and Brisou, Ann. Inst. Past., 88, 1955, 238; Nomen. and Taxon., 5, 1955, 73; also see
Freundt, Internat. Bull, of Bact. Nomen. Edward, Internat. Bull, of Bact. Nomen.
and Taxon., 5, 1955, 73; also see Edward, and Ta.xon., 5, 1955, 90.)
Internat. Bull, of Bact. Nomen. and
a.ga.lac'ti.ae. Gr. noun agalactia want of
Taxon., 5, 1955, 90; Borrelomyces bovi- milk, agalactia; M.L. gen. noun agalactiae
genitalium Freundt, op. cit., 1955, 74.) of agalactia.
bo.vi.ge.ni.ta'li.um. L. noun bos, bovis Relatively stable mycelioid structure
the ox; L. neut.adj. (used as a noun) genitale with filaments of moderate length (10 to 30
genital organ; L. pi. noun genitalia the geni- microns) (Wroblewski, op. cit., 1931, 94;
talia; L. gen. pi. noun genitalium of genitalia; Ledingham, Jour. Path, and Bact., 37, 1933,
M.L. gen.pl.noun bovigenitalium of bovine 393; |Z)rskov, Acta Path, et Microbiol.
genitalia. Scand., 19, 1942, 586; Freundt, unpublished
Unstable, sparsely branching mycelioid observation). Round and oval elementary
structure with very short, almost bacillary bodies and short filaments have been dem-
filaments which usually measure 2 to 5 mi- onstrated in electron micrographs by
crons in length (Freundt, unpublished ob- Klieneberger-Nobel and Cuckow (Jour.
servation). Gram-negative. Gen. Microbiol., 12, 1955, 95). Gram-nega-
Horse-serum agar: A film and spots are tive.
produced. Horse-serum agar: A film and spots are
Horse-blood agar: Alpha hemolysis. produced by most strains.
Rabbit-serum agar: Poor growth. Horse-blood agar: Alpha hemolysis.
Semi-solid media: Fluffy growth through- Rabbit-serum agar: Poor growth.
out. Semi-solid media: Fluffy growth, prefer-
Broth: Dense, uniform opalescence. ably near the surface.
Carbohydrates not attacked. Broth: Generalized opacity. Filtrates of
broth cultures do not discolor suspensions Pathogenicity: Unknown.

of horse erythrocj'tes. Source: Isolated from the vagina and
Coagulated blood serum: No liquefaction. semen of dogs.
Hj'drogen sulfide production is slight. 5. Mycoplasma canis Edward, 1955. (/3
strains of dogs, Edward and Fitzgerald,
Methylene blue is rapidly reduced. Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 5, 1951, 566; Edward,
Aerobic; poor growth under anaerobic con- in Freundt, Internat. Bull, of Bact. Nomen.
ditions.
and Taxon., 5, 1955, 73; see Edward, Inter-
Serologically different from Mycoplasma nat. Bull, of Bact. Nomen. and Taxon., 5,
mycoides var. mycoides and M. mycoides var. 1955, 90.)
capri.
ca'nis. L. noun canis the dog.
Pathogenicity : Goats are more susceptible
Unstable and sparsely branched mycelioid
than sheep to experimental infection by sub- structure with very short, almost bacillary
cutaneous inoculation; the inflammatory
filaments which usually measure 2 to 5
lesions are localized in the udders of females
microns in length (Freundt, unpublished ob-
and, in 10 to 20 per cent of the cases, in the
servation). Gram-negative.
joints. Non-pathogenic for mice and other
Horse-serum agar: Relativelj^ large colo-
laboratory animals.
nies with poorly developed central spots in
Source: Isolated from cases of contagious
early subcultures. Neither film nor spots are
agalactia of sheep and goats.
Habitat: The etiological agent of contagi- produced.
Horse-blood agar: Pronounced alpha he-
ous agalactia of sheep and goats.
molysis.
Rabbit-serum agar: Good growth.
4. Mycoplasma spiimans Edward, 1955.
Semi -solid media: Growth throughout the
(a strains of dogs, Edward and Fitzgerald,
medium is usually neither definitely smooth
Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 5, 1951, 566; Edward,
in Freundt, Internat. Bull, of Bact. Nomen. nor definitely granular; a few strains pro-
duce a typical smooth growth.
and Taxon., 5, 1955, 73; see Edward, In-
ternat. Bull, of Bact. Nomen. and Taxon.,
Methylene blue is reduced rather rapidly.
5, 1955, 90.)
spu'mans. L. part. adj. spumans foaming. Serologically distinct from the other mem-
Unstable and sparsely branched mycelioid
bers of this genus.
structure with very short, almost bacillary
Pathogenicity: Unknown.
filaments which usually measure 2 to 5 Source: Isolated from the throats and
microns in length (Freundt, unpublished ob- genital tracts of dogs.
servation). Gram-negative. Habitat: Commonly found in the genital
Horse-serum agar: Upon initial isolation tract and throat of dogs.
and in early subcultures, the colonies are
coarsely reticulated, and the centers con- 6. Mycoplasma maculosiim Edward,
tain large globules; colonial characteristics 1955. (7 strains of dogs, Edward and Fitz-
are lost on repeated subculture. Neither film gerald, Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 5, 1951, 566;
nor spots are produced. Edward, in Freundt, Internat. Bull, of Bact.
Horse-blood agar: Trace of hemolj^sis. Nomen. and Taxon., 5, 1955,73; see Edward,
Rabbit-serum agar: Poor growth. Internat. Bull, of Bact. Nomen. and Taxon.,
Semi-solid media: Growth throughout the 5, 1955, 90.)
medium is neither definitely smooth nor ma.cu.lo'sum. L. adj. niaculosus spotted.
definitely granular. Unstable and sparsely branched mycelioid
Carbohydrates not attacked. structure with very short, almost bacillary
Methylene blue is slowly reduced. filaments which usually measure 2 to 5 mi-
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. crons in length (Freundt, unpublished ob-
Serologically distinct from the other mem- servation). Gram-negative.
bers of this genus by agglutinin adsorption Horse-serum agar: A film and spots are
and complement fixation tests.
produced.
Horse-blood agar: Slight hemolj^sis. distinctly blue with Machiavello's stain.

Rabbit-serum agar: Poor growth. Gram-negative.
Semi -solid media: Growth throughout the Serum agar colonies: 0.01 to 0.1 mm in
medium is neither definitely smooth nor diameter, smooth, glistening, entire; some
definitely granular. of the colonies have a small central eleva-
Carbohydrates not attacked. tion; the central portions become granular
Methylene blue is slowly reduced. as the colonies age.
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. Carbohydrates not attacked.
Serologicall}^ distinct from the other mem- Withstands 56°C. for 30 but not for 60
bers of this genus. minutes. Remains viable for 2 to 3 weeks
Pathogenicity: Unknown. -40°C.
at 4°C. and for more than 10 months at
Comments: Shoetensack (Kitasato Arch.
Exp. Med., 11, 1934, 277; also see ibid., 13, Pathogenicity: Produces an irregular
1936, 175 and 269) isolated organisms of this mortality pattern when inoculated into
genus from the tissues and nasal secretions chicken embryos. Heart and liver lesions
of dogs suffering from distemper and re- are produced in the embryos, the outstand-
garded these organisms as comprising two ing lesion being a severe pericarditis which
distinct types, differing from each other in is usually present in those dead after the
their cultural characteristics: Asterococcus seventh day postinoculation. When inocu-
canis, type I, Shoetensack (Shoetensack, lated intraperitoneally into pigs 6 weeks or
op. cit., 1936, 175; Canomyces 'pulmonis I, less of age, the organism produces severe
Sabin, Bact. Rev., 5, 1941, 57; Canomyces fibrinous pericarditis, moderate fibrinous
canis I, Sabin, ibid., 334) and Asterococcus pleuritis and mild peritonitis; from 5 to 20
canis, type II, Shoetensack (Shoetensack, per cent of the inoculated pigs usually de-
op. cit., 1936, 175; Canomyces pulmonis II, velop arthritis. Similar lesions produced by
Sabin, op. cit., 1941, 57; Canomyces canis II, this organism occur in swine under field
Sabin, ibid., 334). Klieneberger (Jour. Hyg., conditions. Not pathogenic for mice or
38, 1938, 458), furthermore, noted that type guinea pigs when inoculated intraperi-
I differed serologically from type II. Type I toneally or for mice on intranasal instilla-
apparently produced distemper in dogs on tion. Inoculation into the trachea, nasal
subcutaneous inoculation and was regarded cavity, infraorbital sinus or conjunctival
by Shoetensack as the etiological agent of sac of 10-day-old chickens fails to produce
the disease; this organism is not now re- any symptoms.
garded as the cause of canine distemper. Comment: Further studies are needed in
Shoetensack's organisms were lost and can- order to determine the cultural and physio-
not, with certainty, be identified wuth any logical characteristics of this species.
of the recently established species from Source: Isolated from the nasal cavity
dogs. of swine with infectious atrophic rhinitis;
Source: Isolated from the vaginae and also found in apparently healthy pigs.
throats of dogs. Pleuropneumonia-like organisms were also
isolated by Carter and McKay (Canad.
7. Mycoplasma hyorhinis Switzer, 1955. Jour. Comp. Med., 17, 1953, 413) and by
(Filterable agent of infectious, atrophic Carter (Canad. Jour. Comp. Med., 18, 1954,
rhinitis of swine, Switzer, Jour. Amer. Vet. 246) from the nasal cavities of swine wuth
Med. Assoc, 123, 1953, 45; also see Vet. atrophic rhinitis and from the tissues of pigs
Med., 48, 1953, 392; Amer. Jour. Vet. Res., suffering from an infectious condition (Glas-
16, 1955, 540.) ser's disease) similar to that reported by
hy.o.rhi'nis. Gr. noun hys, hyos a swine; Switzer; young pigs inoculated intraperi-
Gr. noun rhis, rhinis nose; M.L. gen. noun toneally with secondarj^ cultures developed
hyorhinis of a hog's nose. typical lesions.
Elementary bodies appear as minute, Habitat: Found in the nasal cavity of
coccoid rods 0.3 to 0.6 micron in size. Stain swine. The etiological agent of a generalized
FAMILY I. MYCOPLASMATACEAE
921
infection in swine involving the serous mem- the etiological significance of this organism
branes of the thoracic and abdominal cav- to this condition seems obscure. Experi-
ity. The relationship of this organism to ments reported by Klieneberger-Nobel and
atrophic rhinitis seems to require further Cheng (Jour. Path, and Bact., 70, 1955, 245)
study. suggest that the role of this organism may
be that of a secondary invader.
8. Mycoplasma pulmonis (Sabin, 1941) Comment : The isolation of closelj^ related
Freundt, 1955. (L3 , Klieneberger and Steab- organisms from mice with infectious catarrh
ben, Jour. Hj^g., 37, 1937, 143; Murimyces has been reported by Edward (Jour. Gen.
-pulmonis Sabin, Bact. Rev., 5, 1941, 57; Microbiol., 10, 1954, 27).
Freundt, Internat. Bull, of Bact. Nomen. Source: Isolated from the lungs of labora-
and Taxon., 5, 1955, 73; also see Edward, tory rats, most of which had bronchiectasis
Internat. Bull, of Bact. Nomen. and Taxon., although some were without lesions; also
5, 1955, 91.) isolated from a wild rat.
Habitat: From the normal and diseased
pul.mo'nis. L. noun pulmo the lung; L.
gen. noun pulmonis of the lung. lungs of rats so far as definitely known.
Unstable, sparsely branched mj^celioid
structure with very short, almost bacillary 9. Mycoplasma arthritidis (Sabin,
filaments which usually measure 2 to 5 mi- 1941) Freundt, 1955. (L4 , Klieneberger,
crons in length (0rskov, Acta Path, et Mi- Jour. Hyg., 38, 1938, 458; Murimyces arthri-
crobiol. Scand., 19, 1942, 575; Freundt, un- tidis Sabin, Bact. Rev., 5, 1941, 57; Pleuro-
published observation). Elementary bodies pneumonia arthritidis muris Tulasne and
and short rods have been demonstrated in Brisou, Ann. Inst. Past., 88, 1955, 238;
electron micrographs by Klieneberger- Freundt, Internat. Bull, of Bact. Nomen.
Nobel and Cuckow (Jour. Gen. Microbiol., and Taxon., 5, 1955, 73; also see Edward,
12, 1955, 95). Gram-negative. Internat. Bull, of Bact. Nomen. and Taxon.,
Horse-serum agar: A film and spots are 5, 1955, 91.)
produced. Central spot of the colonies is ar.thri'ti.dis. Gr. noun arthritis gout,
less marked than those of most of the other arthritis; M.L. gen. noun arthritidis of ar-
species in this genus; rough surface. thritis.
Horse-blood agar: Alpha hemolysis. Unstable to relatively stable mycelioid
Rabbit-serum agar: Poor growth. structure; filaments vary from short, almost
Semi-solid media: Granular growth, pref- bacillary forms (usually 2 to 5 microns in
erably near the surface. length) to moderately long structures (10
Broth: Granular growth. to 30 microns) (Preston, Jour. Inf. Dis.,
Acid from glucose, mannose, maltose, 70, 1942, 180; Freundt, unpublished obser-
glycogen, dextrin and starch. No acid from vation). Gram-negative.
fructose, galactose, sucrose, lactose, salicin, Horse-serum agar: Neither film nor spots
mannitol or dulcitol. are produced.
Methylene blue is slowly reduced. Horse-blood agar: Alpha hemolysis.
Aerobic; very poor growth under an- Rabbit-serum agar: Good growth.
aerobic conditions. Semi-solid media: Fluffy growth through-
Serologically different from Mycoplasma out.
arthritidis Freundt. Broth: Slight, uniform opalescence.
Pathogenicitj-: Produces suppuration in Carbohj'drates not attacked.
mice when injected along with agar. Not Methylene blue is slowly reduced.
pathogenic for rats in artificial infection. Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
Sometimes found in young rats without Serologically distinct from Mycoplasma
definite lung lesions, while in older rats a pulmonis Freundt.
close connection has been demonstrated Pathogenicity: When injected together
between the presence of this organism and with agar intravenously or into the pads of
bronchiectatic pulmonary disease; however, rats and mice, the organism appears to have
a predilection for the joints. Subcutaneous crons in length) to moderately long sturc-
injection produces diffuse abscesses. Intra- tures (10 to 30 microns) (Freundt, unpub-
cerebral inoculation causes encephalitis in lished observation). Gram -negative.
mice but usually no cerebral symptoms in Horse-serum agar: Neither film nor spots
rats. Intranasal instillation causes pneu- are produced.
monia in mice. Non-pathogenic for mon- Horse-blood agar: Alpha hemolysis.
keys, rabbits or guinea pigs. Rabbit-serum agar: Poor growth.
Comments : The description of this species Semi -solid media: Smooth or granular
is based on a strain isolated by Preston growth, preferably near the surface.
(Jour. Inf. Dis., 70, 1942, 180) from infected Broth: Generalized opalescence.
joints of rats. Preston's organism is gener- Acid from glucose, mannose, maltose,
ally believed to be identical with Kliene- dextrin, glycogen and starch. No acid from
berger's L4 , although it was not typed sero- fructose, galactose, sucrose, lactose, salicin,
logically. Moreover, L4 is identical with the mannitol or dulcitol.
pyogenic virus of Woglom and Warren Methylene blue is slowly reduced.
(Jour. Exp. Med., 68, 1938, 513), with L7 of Aerobic; poor growth under anaerobic
Findlay, MacKenzie, MacCallum and conditions.
Klieneberger (Lancet, 237, 1939, 7) and A thermolabile exotoxin, which causes
probably also with the organisms isolated acute necrosis of the posterior pole of the
by Beeuwkes and Collier (Jour. Inf. Dis., cerebellum in mice, is produced in vivo and
70, 1942, 1). in vitro by the American strains.
Source: Isolated from the submaxillary Serologically distinct from the other mem-
gland of a laboratory rat with eye, ear and bers of this genus. The American and Eng-
lung infections (Klieneberger, op. cit., 1938, lish strains of this species appear to be sero-
458) ; also isolated from a contaminated logically and immunologically identical.
transmissible sarcoma (Klieneberger, Jour. Pathogenicity: American strains of this
Hyg., 39, 1939, 260) and from outbreaks of organism produce "rolling disease" and
spontaneous polyarthritis in laboratory rats other nervous symptoms in young mice after
(Findlay et al., op. cit., 1939, 7; Preston, op. intracerebral, intraabdominal or intrathora-
cit., 1942, 180). cal injection; older mice sometimes develop
Habitat : From various infected lesions of a transient, non-destructive polyarthritis
rats so far as known. after intravenous injection. The English
strains are less virulent, and "rolling dis-
10. Mycoplasma neurolyticum (Sabin, ease" develops only if the organisms are
1941) Freundt, 1955. (A filterable, transmis- injected together with agar or a neurotropic
sible agent with "neurolytic" properties, virus. Other animals, with the exception of
Sabin, Science, 88, 1938, 189; also see ibid., the field-vole, are not susceptible.
575; L5 , Findlay, MacKenzie, MacCallum Source: Isolated from the brain of mice
and Klieneberger, Lancet, 235, 1938, 1511; that had developed "rolling disease" dur-
Musculomyces neurolyticus, type A, Sabin, ing the course of intracerebral passage of
Bact. Rev., 5, 1941, 24 and 57; Pleuropneu- various agents: Toxoplasma (Sabin, op. cit.,
monia cerehri-muris Tulasne and Brisou, 1938, 189 and 575), lymphocytic choriomen-
Ann. Inst. Past., 88, 1955, 238; Freundt, ingitis and probably also yellow fever virus
Internat. Bull, of Bact. Nomen. and Taxon., (Findlay et al., op. cit., 1938, 1511). Later
5, 1955, 73; also see Edward, Internat. isolated on a few occasions from the brain
Bull, of Bact. Nomen. and Taxon., 5, 1955, of normal mice and almost regularly from
91.) the conjunctiva and nasal mucosa of car-
neu.ro.ly'ti.cum. Or. noun neuron nerve; riers, and from pneumonic foci of mouse
Gr. adj. lyticus able to loose; M.L. adj. lungs after nasal instillation of various ma-
neurolyticus nerve-destroying. terials (Sabin, Science, 90, 1939, 18; also see
Unstable to relatively stable mycelioid op. cit., 1941, 24; Sabin and Johnson, Proc.
structure, the filaments varying from short, Soc. Exp. Biol, and Med., U, 1940, 569, and
almost bacillary forms (usually 2 to 5 mi- Sullivan and Dienes, ibid., 41, 1939, 620).
923
Habitat: From normal and diseased mice tures in artificial media, the organisms pro-
so far as known. duced mortality and microscopic findings
in embryonated eggs that were typical for
11. INIycoplasnia gullinariini Freundt, the above agents, and suspensions prepared
1955. (A pleuropneumonia-like organism iso- from yolk sacs harvested from these em-
lated from the upper respiratory tract of a l)ryos caused sinusitis in turkeys. Lecce
fowl, Edward, Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 10, and Sperling (Vet. Ext. Quart., Univ. of
1954, 52 and 53; Freundt, Internat. Bull, of Pennsylvania, No. 134, 1954, 96) were able
Bact. Nomen. and Taxon., 5, 1955, 73; to cultivate pleuropneumonia-like organ-
Borrelomyces (jaUinarum Freundt, ibid., isms from the tracheae of chickens which
75.) had long since recovered from symptoms of
gal.li.na'rum. L. fem.n. gallina a hen; CRD and from asymptomatic chickens that
L. fem.gen.pl.n. gallinarum of hens. had been in contact with sick birds, but they
Morphological characters not recorded for were not able to cultivate these organisms
the type strain (cf. Comments) . Gram-nega- from normal birds obtained from flocks that
tive. had never been associated with CRD. They
Horse-serum agar: A film and spots are also showed (Cornell Vet., U, 1954, 441)
produced. that pleuropneumonia-like organisms were
Horse-blood agar: Hemolysis. more commonly found in the tracheae than
Rabbit-serum agar: Good growth. in the lungs and air sacs of sick chickens.
Semi-solid media: Smooth growth White, Wallace and Alberts (Poult. Sci., S3,
throughout. 1954, 500) studied two strains of the CRD
No acid from glucose. agent and one strain of the TS agent ob-
Methylene blue is reduced rather rapidly. tained from van Roekel. Broth cultures
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. from the 22nd serial transfer in an artificial
Pathogenicity: Not tested for the repre- medium were inoculated into the infraorbi-
sentative strain. tal sinuses and into the tracheae of 10-week-
Comments: The coccobacillary bodies of old chickens and turkeys. The latter de-
fowl coryza described by Nelson were prob- veloped sinusitis 9 to 12 days after exposure,
ably pleuropneumonia-like organisms (Nel- and at necropsy performed one month after
son, Science, 82, 1935, 43; also see Jour. Exp. exposure, tracheitis and signs of inflamma-
Med., 63, 1936, 509 and 515; and ibid., 69, tion of the thoracic and abdominal air sacs
1939, 199). Herick and Eaton (Jour. Bact., were demonstrated. In the chickens, a catar-
50, 1945, 47) isolated a pleuropneumonia-like rhal inflammation of the nasal membranes
organism as a contaminant of a pneumonia and tracheae was observed, while there were
virus which was being passaged in chick no external symptoms of sinusitis and no
embryos; broth cultures agglutinated gross pathological changes in the air sacs.
chicken erythrocj^tes as well as those of Hemagglutination tests with broth cultures
other animals; hemagglutination inhibition and chicken and turkey erythrocytes were
tests with sera of chickens from the hatchery positive and were inhibited both by homol-
that had furnished the eggs showed an ap- ogous and heterologous sera of the infected
preciable antibody level to the organism in a birds. Sera from apparently normal birds
fairly high percentage of the chickens. Re- showed a slight inhibition. Structures simi-
port of pleuropneumonia-like organisms lar to those characteristic of the pleuro-
from egg-passage material of the agent (s) pneumonia group were demonstrated in
of a chronic respiratory disease (CRD) of electron micrographs prepared from broth
chickens and of turkey sinusitis (TS), which cultures: single elementary bodies varying
were originally regarded as viruses by van from 0.1 to 0.5 micron, and large and small
Roekel, Olesiuk and Peck (Amer. Jour. Vet. filaments, some of which contained close-set
Res., 13, 1952, 252), was made by Markham spherical bodies that were about the size
and Wong (Poult. Sci., 31 , 1952, 902) ; follow- of single cells. Strains from chickens and
ing a series of thirteen successive subcul- turkeys could not be distinguished morpho-
logically. Morton, Lecce, Oskay and Coy microns in length (Freundt, op. cit., 1954,
(Jour. Bact., 68, 1954, 697) failed to demon- 127). Spherical elementary bodies have been
strate anything but single spherical bodies demonstrated in electron micrographs by
in electron micrographs of two other strains Morton, Lecce, Oskay and Coy (Jour. Bact.,
of pleuropneumonia-like organisms also ob- 68, 1954, 697). Slender, branching filaments
tained from van Roekel. Further compara- and strings of minute cocci have been re-
tive studies are needed before the relation- ported in a non-classified strain of human
ships of the fowl pleuropneumonia-like origin by Beveridge (Med. Jour, of Aus-
organisms isolated from different sources tralia, 2,1943, 479). Gram-negative.
and in various laboratories can be deter- Horse-serum agar: Neither film nor spots
mined. Edward, in preliminary investiga- are produced.
tions, found more than one species repre- if Horse-blood
any. agar: Very slight hemolysis,
sented in strains isolated from fowls; at
least three species would appear to be repre- Rabbit-serum agar : Good growth.
sented among strains isolated from the Semi-solid media: Usually granular
continent of America (Edward, personal growth throughout the medium.
communication, 1955). Strains described by Broth: Very faint generalized opacity, if
Tahey and Crawley (Canad. Jour. Comp. any; small sediment.
Med., 18, 1954, 67) and by Gianforte, Fung- Carbohydrates not attacked.
herr and Jacobs (Poult. Sci., 34, 1955, 662) Reduction of methylene blue is slow and
differed from Mycoplasma gallinarum variable.
Freundt by fermenting glucose and other Tetrazolium salts are reduced under
sugars. anaerobic conditions.
Source: Isolated from the upper respira- Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
tory tract of a fowl. Serologically there are two distinct types
Habitat: Found in the normal and dis- (Nicol and Edward, op. cit., 1953, 145).
eased upper respiratory tract of fowls. Pathogenicity: Type 1 is not pathogenic
Other strains of pleuropneumonia-like or- for mice. Local abscesses are produced in
ganisms from fowls that may or may not mice on subcutaneous inoculation of type 2
belong to this species have been shown to be strains.
etiologically implicated in a chronic respira- Completely resistant to sulfathiazol, peni-
tory disease of chickens and of turkey cillin and erythromycin. Moderate sensi-
sinusitis. tivity is shown to streptomycin, and the
susceptibility to dihydrostreptomycin is
12. Mycoplasma hominis (Freundt, variable. Highly sensitive to aureomycin,
1953) Edward, 1955. (Human types 1 and 2, chloramphenicol and terramycin.
Nicol and Edward, Brit. Jour. Vener. Dis., Comments: The occurrence of pleuro-
29, 1953, 146 and 147; also see Edward, Jour. pneumonia-like organisms in the human
Gen Microbiol., 10, 1954, 54 and 55; Micro- genital tract was first demonstrated by
myces hominis, group I, Freundt, Acta Path. Dienes and Edsall in 1937 (Proc. Soc. Exp.
et Microbiol. Scand., 32, 1953, 471; also see Biol, and Med., 36, 1937, 740; also see
Atti del VI Congresso Internazionale di Dienes, ibid., 44, 1940, 468). Six strains iso-
Microbiologia, Roma, 1, 1953, 138; and Acta lated by Dienes from 1939 to 1940 were later
Path, et Microbiol. Scand., 34, 1954, 143; classified by Edward {op. cit., 1954, 54) as
Edward, in Freundt, Internat. Bull, of Bact. type 2 (now Mycoplasma hominis Edward,
Nomen. and Taxon., 5, 1955, 73; see Edward, type 2).
Internat. Bull, of Bact. Nomen. andTaxon., Source: Isolated from human male and
5, 1955, 90.) female genital tract and anal canal; also
ho'mi.nis. L. noun homo man; L. gen. noun recovered in pure cultures from the blood
hominis of man. of a patient suffering from a puerperal septi-
Unstable and sparsely branched mycelioid cemia and from the pus of a broncho-pleural
structure with very short, almost bacillary fistula in another case (Stokes, Lancet, 1,
filaments which usually measure 2 to 5 1955,276).
925
Habitat: Frequently found as an inhabit- Edward, Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 10, 1954, 54
ant of the human genital and rectal mucosa. and 55; Micromyces hominis, group II,
The etiological implications of this organism Freundt, Acta Path, et Microbiol. Scand.,
in non-gonococcal urethritis and other in- 34, 1954, 143; also see Atti del VI Congresso
flammatory conditions of the lower genital Internazionale di Microbiologia, Roma, 1,
tract are still obscure. 1953, 138; Edward, in Freundt, Internat.
Bull, of Bact. Nomen. and Taxon., 5, 1955,
13. Mycoplasma salivarium Edward, 73; see Edward, Internat. Bull, of Bact.
1955. (Human type 4, Nicol and Edward, Nomen. and Taxon., 5, 1955, 90.)
Brit. Jour. Vener. Dis., 29, 1953, 148; also fer. men 'tans. L. part. adj. fermentans
see Edward, Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 10, fermenting.
1954, 55; Edward, in Freundt, Internat. Relatively stable mycelioid structure
Bull, of Bact. Nomen. and Taxon., 5, 1955, with filaments varying from 10 to 30 microns
73; see Edward, Internat. Bull, of Bact. in length (Freundt, op. cit., 1954, 143).
Nomen. and Taxon., 5, 1955, 90.) Gram-negative.
sa.li.va'ri.um. L. adj. salivarius salivary, Horse-serum agar: A film and spots are
slimy; intended to mean of saliva.
produced.
Morphological characters not recorded. Horse-blood agar : No hemolysis.
Gram-negative. Rabbit-serum agar : Good growth.
Horse-serum agar: A film and spots may Semi -solid media: Smooth growth, pref-
or may not be produced. erably near the bottom.
Horse-blood agar: No hemolj-sis. Broth: Generalized opacity.
Rabbit-serum agar: Very good growth. Acid from glucose, fructose, galactose,
Semi -solid media: Smooth growth, best maltose, glycogen, dextrin and starch; no
near the bottom. acid from mannose, xylose, sucrose, lactose,
Glucose is not attacked.
salicin, glycerol or mannitol.
Growth is improved by the addition of Growth is usually improved by the addi-
thymonucleic acid upon primary isolation. tion of thymonucleic acid and by aerobic
Methylene blue is slowly reduced. conditions at pH 6.0 to 6.6 and by anaerobic
Anaerobic on primary isolation. conditions at pH 7.0 to 8.0.
Serologically distinct from the genital Reduction of methylene blue is rather
species. rapid.
Pathogenicity: Not tested. Anaerobic or microaerophilic; usually
Comments: Other strains isolated from
very poor growth under aerobic conditions.
the mouth and pharynx in humans by Smith Serologically distinct from Mycoplasma
and Morton (Science, 113, 1951, 623), Mor- hominis Edward and M. salivarium Ed-
ton et al. (Jour. Dent. Res., SO, 1951, 415), ward.
Dienes and Madoff (Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol, Pathogenicity: May or may not be patho-
and Med., 82, 1953, 36) and by Freundt genic for mice; abscesses are sometimes pro-
(Acta Path, et Microbiol. Scand., 34, 1954, duced when inoculations of early subcul-
127) appear to differ from Mycoplasma sali- tures are made in the foot pad of mice.
varium Edward in their growth and cultural Completely resistant to sulfathiazol, peni-
properties. Additional comparative studies cillin and erythromj^cin. Moderate sensi-
are needed before the relationships of these tivity is shown to streptomycin, and the
organisms can be ascertained. susceptibility to dihydrostreptomycin is
Source: Isolated from human saliva. variable. Highly sensitive to aureomycin,
chloramphenicol and terramycin.
14. Mycoplasma fermentans Edward, Source: Isolated from human male and
1955. (G strains, Ruiter and Wentholt, Jour. female genital tract.
Invest. Dermat., 18, 1952, 322; also see Acta Habitat: Found not only in ulcerative
Dermat. Venereol., S3, 1953, 123 and 130; genital lesions associated with fusiform
human type 3, Nicol and Edward, Brit. bacilli and spirilla but also on the ap-
Jour. Vener. Dis., 29, 1953, 147; also see parently normal genital mucosa.
15. Mycoplasma laidlawii (Sabin, 1941) Sodium tellurite is slowly reduced.

Freundt, 1955. (Types A and B, Laidlaw and Aerobic; poor growth under anaerobic
Elford, Proc. Roy. Soc. London, B, 120, conditions.
1936, 292; Sapromyces laidlawi AB, Sabin, Optimum temperature, about 30°C.
Bact. Rev., 5, 1941, 59; Freundt, Internat. Growth between 22° and 37°C.
Bull, of Bact. Nomen. and Taxon., 5, 1955, Laidlaw and Elford {op. cit., 1936, 292)
73; also see Edward, Internat. Bull, of Bact. recognized three serological types by agglu-
Nomen. and Taxon., 5, 1955, 91.) tination tests: A, B and C. A and C are
laid.law'i.i. M.L. gen. noun laidlawii of quite distinct antigenically, and B is more
Laidlaw; named for P. Laidlaw, one of the closely related to A than to C.
bacteriologists who first isolated this spe- Comments: Various strains, which are
cies. similar to the A and B strains of Laidlaw
Relatively stable mycelioid structure with and Elford culturally, phj-siologically, sero-
filaments of moderate length (10 to 30 mi- logically and with respect to their habitats,
crons) (0rskov, Zent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., have been described in the literature, viz.
IJtl, 1938, 229; also see Acta Path, et Micro- Seiffert's Strains (Seiffert, Zent. f. Bakt.,
biol. Scand., 19, 1942, 586; Freundt, un- I Abt., Orig., 139, 1937, 337; also see ibid.,
published observation) . Elementary bodies, 140, 1937, 168; Klieneberger, Jour. Hyg., 40,
but no filaments, have been demonstrated 1940, 204; and Kandler and Kandler, Zent.
in electron micrographs by Ruska and f. Bakt., II Abt., 108, 1955, 383) and S
Poppe (Ztschr. f. Hyg., 127, 1947, 201) and Strains (Edward, Jour. Gen. Microbiol.,
by Kandler and Kandler (Arch. f. Mikro- 4, 1950, 4). The C strains of Laidlaw and
h\o\., 21, 1954, 178 and 202). Gram-negative. Elford are regarded by Sabin {op. cit., 1941,
Serum is not required for growth. 59) as belonging to a separate species,
Horse-serum agar: Neither film nor spots Sapromyces laidlawi C. The C strain has been
are produced. lost and has not been compared culturally
Horse-blood agar: Alpha hemolysis. or physiologically by appropriate methods
Semi-solid media: Fluffy growth near the with the A and B strains for which reason
surface.
it has not been included in Mycoplasma
Broth: Strong opalescence.
laidlawii Freundt.
Hydrogen sulfide is not produced. Source: Isolated from sewage (Laidlaw
Acid from glucose, fructose, maltose,
and Elford). Seiffert obtained his strains
starch, glycogen and dextrin; acid may or
from manure, humus and soil, and Edward
may not be produced from galactose. No
acid from mannose, lactose, sucrose, xylose, secured his as a contaminant of cultures
salicin, glycerol, mannitol or dulcitol. from the genital tract of cattle.
Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Habitat: Apparently frequently found as
Ammonia is not produced. saprophytes in sewage, manure, humus and
Methylene blue is rapidly reduced. soil.
ADDENDUM TO CLASS II. SCHIZOMYCETES VON NAEGELI.
BACTERIA SITVIBIOTIC OR PARASITIC IN PROTOZOA.
In studying various species of Protozoa, protozoologists have occasionally found them to
be infected with organisms living either on the surface of the protozoan cells or more fre-
quently intracellularly. Many of the intracellular microorganisms cause diseases that may
destroy the host organisms.
These intracellular parasites of Protozoa are of the size of ordinary bacteria. Some have
the morphology of cocci, and these have sometimes been placed in a special genus, Carijo-
cocciis Dangeard, near the genus Micrococcus Cohn, while one species has been placed in
Micrococcus. In a similar way other species have been placed in Cladothrix Cohn {Sphaero-
tilis Ktitzing) or in Myxococcus Thaxter. Some spirally shaped cells have been assigned to a
special genus placed near Vibrio and Spirillum. Still others of these bacteria form spores
ADDENDUM TO CLASS II 927
and have been placed in the special genus Holospora Haffkine. The spores appear to resemble
the endospores found in the genus Bacillus Cohn.
Because the majority of these intracellular parasites are so highly specialized that they,
like rickettsias and viruses, cannot be cultured outside of the cells that they parasitize, the
descriptions that have been published of these parasities were arranged in an appendix to
the order RickeUsiales in the sixth edition of the Manual (1948, p. 1121). However, these
protozoan parasites have been described by those who have studied them as being related
to quite a variety of genera of bacteria belonging in various orders of the class Schizomyceies .
Furthermore, these organisms are not in any sense of the word intermediate in character
between rickettsias and viruses, even though all are highly specialized intracellular para-
sites. For these reasons the parasites of protozoa are placed in this edition of the Manual
in an Addendum to Class II, Schizomyceies.
While onl}^ about one dozen species of these bacteria have as yet been described and
named, several additional species have been well described without having been named.
Still other species are known to exist. No special student of the group has as jêt attempted
to place these interesting organisms in relation to recognized families and genera of bacteria
more definitely than is indicated above. The organisms in question are, as yet, best known
to protozoologists and are rarely mentioned in textbooks of bacteriology. Their existence
suggests that other groups of invertebrate animals may suffer from similar bacterial dis-
eases as yet unknown. — The Editors.
GENERA AND SPECIES OF PARASITES OF PROTOZOA.*
I. Species placed in special genera:
Genus A. Caryococcus Dangeard, 1902.

(Compt. rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, 18^, 1902, 1365.)
Ca.ry.o.coc'cus. Gr. noun caryum nut, kernel, nucleus; Gr. noun coccus berry, coccus;
M.L. mas.n. Caryococcus nuclear coccus.
Spherical organisms parasitic in the nucleus of Euglena.
The type species is Caryococcus hypertrophicus Dangeard.
1. Caryococcus hypertrophicus Dan- 2. Caryococcus cretus Kirb}% 1944.

geard, 1902. (Compt. rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, (Univ. CaHf. Publ. Zool., 49, 1944, 240.)
i34, 1902, 1365.) cre'tus. L. p. adj. cretus visible, dis-
hy, per. tro 'phi. cus. Gr. pref. hyper over, cernible.
more than; Gr. adj. trophicus nursing; Spherules 1.0 to 1.5 microns or more in
M.L. adj. hypertrophicus overfed, causing diameter. Appear clear in preparations with
hypertrophy. usually a chromatic, sharply defined, cres-
Occurs in the nucleus as an agglomera- centic structure peripherally or interiorly
tion of close-set, spherical corpuscles. The situated, sometimes with two such bodies
nucleus increases considerably in volume, or several chromatic granules. Parasitic in
the chromatin is reduced to thin layers nucleus. The parasitized nucleus is enlarged
against the membrane, and the interior of only moderately or not at all, and the chro-
the nucleus is divided into irregular com- matin is altered but not greatly diminished
partments by chromatic trabeculae. in amount.
Parasitic in the nucleus of a flagellate Parasitic in the nucleus of a flagellate
{Euglena deses). {Trichonympha corbula) from the intestine
* Prepared by Prof. Harold Kirby, Jr., University of California, Berkeley, California,

October, 1946; revised by Prof. Bronislaw M. Honigberg, University of Massachusetts,
Amherst, Massachusetts, March, 1955.
928 ADDENDUM TO CLASS II
of a termite (Procryptotermes sp.) from parasitized nucleolus becomes greatly en-

Madagascar. larged and crossed by trabeculae, the nu-
cleolus eventually being consumed; the
3. Caryococcus dilatator Kirby, 1944. nucleus becomes moderately enlarged, but
(Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 49, 1944, 238.) the chromatin does not disappear.
Parasitic in the nucleus of a flagellate
di.la.ta'tor. L. p. adj. dilahis dilate; M.L.
noun dilatator the dilator. {Trichonympha peplophora) from the intes-
Spherules 0.5 micron or less in diameter. tine of a termite (Neotermes howa) from
Internally differentiated with a stainable Madagascar.
granule or stainable region peripherally
situated. Parasitic in nucleus and nucleolus. 5. Caryococcus nucleophagus Kirby,
The nucleus becomes greatly enlarged, and 1944. (Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 49, 1944, 236.)
the chromatin mostly or entirely disappears. nu.cle.o'pha.gus. L. noun nucleus a
Parasitic in the nucleus of flagellates small nut, a nucleus; Or. v. phagein to eat;
(Trichonympha chationi and other species of M.L. adj. nucleophagus nucleus-destroying.
Spherules with a diameter of about 0.5
T richonympha) from the intestine of a ter-
mite {Glypiotermes iridipennis) from Aus- micron, sometimes arranged in pairs, some-
times with a thicker, crescentic, stainable
tralia; also found in other species of ter-
mites. area of the periphery on one side. Parasitic
within the nucleus, lying exteriorly or in-
teriorly to the chromatin mass; the chro-
4. Caryococcus invadens Kirby, 1944. matin mass may be diminished in amount
(Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 49, 1944, 238.) but does not disappear; the parasitized
in.va'dens. L. p. adj. invadens invading. nucleus also is not appreciably enlarged.
Spherules, 1.0 to 1.5 microns in diameter, Parasitic in the nucleus of a flagellate
sometimes arranged in pairs. Often inter- (Trichonympha corhula) from the intestines
nally differentiated with stainable central of termites {Procryptotermes sp.) from
or peripheral granules or stained areas. Madagascar and from three species of
Parasitic in the nucleolus and nucleus. The Kalotermes from Madagascar.
Genus B. Drepanospira de Petschenko, 1911.

{Miillerina de Petschenko (not validly published; rejected by author), Cent. f.
Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 56, 1910, 90; de Petschenko, Arch. f. Protistenk.,
22, 1911, 252; see Editorial Board, Internat. Bull, of Bact.
Dre.pa.no'spi.ra. Gr. noun drepane a sickle; Gr. noun spira spiral; M.L. noun Drepano-
spira sickle spiral.
Cells incurved in two spiral turns that are not abrupt, one of the ends being pointed, the
other a little rounded. No flagella; movement helicoid by means of all the body. No cell
division. So-called endospores are formed. Regular spherical colonies are formed by indi-
viduals at certain stages of development.
The author regards this genus as belonging in the family Spirillaceae between Spiroso7na
{= Spirillum) and Microspira (= Vibrio).
The type species is Drepanospira muelleri de Petschenko.
1. Drepanospira muelleri de Pet- chanan, Internat. Bull, of Bact. Nomen.

schenko, 1911. {Miillerina paramecii de and Taxon.,;?, 1952,9.)
Petschenko (name rejected by author). mue'lle.ri. M.L. gen. noun muelleri of
Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 56, 1910, 90; Muller; named for J. Miiller, who studied
Drepanospira Miilleri (sic) de Petschenko, ciliates and who directed attention to these
Arch. f. Protistenk., 22, 1911, 252; also see parasites of Paramecium.
Kirby, in Calkins and Summers, Protozoa Develop from a group of curved rods in
in Biological Research, 1941, 1036; and Bu- the cytoplasm to a large, ellipsoidal mass
ADDENDUM TO CLASS II 929
almost filling the body. Nuclear portion Parasitic in the cytoplasm of Paramecium
occupying part of the cell. caudatum.
Genus C. Holospora Ilaffkine, 1890.
(Ann. Inst. Past., 4, 1890, 151.)
Ho.lo'spo.ra. Gr. adj. holus whole, complete; Gr. noun sporus seed; M.L. noun spora
spore; M.L. fem.n. Holospora whole spore.
Parasities of the ciliate Paramecium aurelin (= Paramecium caudatum?). Develop spore-
like cells.
The type species is Holospora utidulata Haffkine.
1. Holospora undulata Haffkine, 1890. Divides equatorially, budding at one end.
(Ann. Inst. Past., 4, 1890, 151.) Transformation into spores entails enlarge-
un.du.la'ta. L. adj. W7i(/«Za^ws undulated, ment, clear space separating membrane
with waves. at sides, spores pointed at ends.
Gradually tapered at ends. Possesses 1.5, Source: Found in the micronucleus of the
2.0 or 2.5 spiral turns. Develops from a ciliate Paramecium aurelia (= P. cau-
small, fusiform body which grows and di- datum?).
vides transversely; brings about a great o ¥t • i tt iî • 1r,f^/^
^ n., • , 1- f 1 3. Holospora obtusa Haffkine, 1890.
enlargement of the micronucleus, which be- /tt «•, • . t j. -o * / ionr. ico
comes* filled
^,, , with
.,, ,,the spirals
■ , (see
/ r^
Drepario- (Haffkine,
, ^. Ann.. . Inst.
. » Past.,
, , 4,ti 1890,
i- . 153;
i
spira mxielleri . de Petschenko).
/^ ^ also1929,
65, see 276.)
Fiveiskaja, Arch. f. Protistenk.,
Source : Found in the micronucleus of the
ob.tu'sa. L. adj. obtusus obtuse.
ciliate Paramecium aurelia (= P. cauda- Spores not spiralled, and both ends are
tum?).
rounded. Reproduction by fission, also by
formation of a bud at one of the extremities
2. Holospora elegans Haffkine, 1890. of the fusiform cell. Bodies 0.6 to 0.8 by
(Haffkine, Ann. Inst. Past., 4, 1890, 154; jg.O to 30.0 microns, with rounded ends;
also see Kirby, in Calkins and Summers, Îso occur as spindle-shaped bodies with
Protozoa in Biological Research, New York, pointed ends, 0.5 by 3.0 to 6.0 microns
19-11, 1035.) (Fiveiskaja, loc. cit.).
e'le.gans. L. adj. elegans fine, elegant. Source: Found in the macronucleus of the
Vegetative stage fusiform; elongated, ciliate Paramecium aurelia (= P. cauda-
ellipsoidal, nucleus-like body in some. tum?).
II. Species placed in recognized genera of Scliizomycetes :
D. Micrococcus batrachoruin Yakimov, 1930.
{Micrococcus batrochorum (sic) Yakimov, Arch. f. Protistenk., 72, 1930, 137.)
ba.tra.cho'rum. M.L. noun batrachorum the specific epithet of the flagellate host, Tri-
chomonas batrachorum.
Round organisms, 1.0 to 1.5 microns in diameter, generally grouped in aggregates of ir-
regular form, but they may also occur individuall3^
Source: Found in the cytoplasm of the flagellate Trichomonas batrachorum from the tree
toad (Hyla arbor ea). Also observed free in preparations of the intestinal contents of Hyla.
E. Bacterium parapelomyxae Keller, 1949.
(Ztschr. f. Naturforsch., 4h, 1949, 296.)
pa.ra.pe.lo.my'.xae. Gr. prefix para beside, near; M.L. noun pelomyxae specific epithet of
Myxococcus pelomyxae; M.L. adj. parapelomyxae (Myxococcus) pelomyxae-Vike.
Morphologically almost indistinguishable from Myxococcus pelomyxae. On agar enriched
with an infusion of a ground suspension of Pelomyxa, there are some growth differences
between the two species.
930 ADDENDUM TO CLASS II
Short rods, 0.6 to 0.8 by 0.8 to 1.0 micron, relatively uniform in shape and size. Motility
uncertain. Non-differentially stained with fuchsin. Non-acid-fast. Gram-negative.
Agar colonies: Circular, slightly larger than those of Myxococcus pelomyxae, smooth, en-
tire, shiny, moderately raised, butter-like consistency, colorless to yellowish, transparent.
Broth: Slight clouding, grayish white ring at surface, slight sediment, no odor.
Hj'drogen sulfide not produced.
Acid from glucose, lactose, sucrose, xylose, salicin and mannitol. No acid from glycerol,
inulin or dextrin.
Source: Found in the cytoplasm of the rhizopod Pelomyxa palnstris Greeff.
F. Cladothrix pelomyxae Veley, 1905.

(Veley, Jour. Linn. Soc, Zool., 39, 1905, 375; also see Leiner, Arch. f. Protistenk.,
47, 1924, 282; Kirby, in Calkins and Summers, Protozoa in Biological
Research, New York, 1941, 1025; and Hollande, Bull. Biol.
France Belg., 79, 1945, 49.)
pe.lo.my'xae. M.L. fem.n. Pelomyxa a genus of rhizopods; M.L. gen. noun pelomyxae of
Pelomyxa.
Rods, 1.5 to 22.0 microns or more in length, divided into several to many sections by
transverse partitions. Generally aggregated in proximity to the nuclei, which may be
thickly invested by close-set organisms applied to the surface.
Source: Found in the cytoplasm of the rhizopod Pelomyxa palustris Greeff and probably
also in other species of Pelomyxa.
G. Myxococcus pelomyxae Keller, 1949.
(Ztschr. f. Naturforsch., 4b, 1949, 296.)
pe.lo.my'xae. M.L. fem.n. Pelomyxa a genus of rhizopods; M.L. gen. noun pelomyxae of
Pelomyxa.
Short, ellipsoidal rods, about 1 by 2 microns, very uniform in shape and size. One end
stains deeply with fuchsin, organisms thus stained appearing pyriform. Highly motile in
young cultures, but no fiagella are demonstrable by staining. Non-sporeforming. Non-acid-
fast. Gram-negative.
Agar colonies: Circular, about 2 mm in diameter, smooth, entire, shiny, moderatelj'
raised, of very soft nearly mucoid consistency, colorless.
Broth: Slight clouding, white ring at surface, no sediment, no odor.
Acid from glucose, xylose, mannitol and dulcitol. No acid from lactose, sucrose, glycerol,
salicin, inulin or dextrin.
Nitrites produced in slight amounts from nitrates.
No nitrogen fixation.
Suggestion of ability to digest cellulose.
Comment: According to Keller the large rods described by Veley et al. from the rhizopod
Pelomyxa palustris represent fruiting bodies of Myxococcus pelomyxae. If this view were to
be accepted, M. pelomyxae Keller would be identical with Cladothrix pelomyxae Veley.
Source: Found in the cytoplasm of the rhizopod Pelomyxa palustris Greeflf.
CLASS ByIII
MICROTATOBIOTES PHILIP
COR B. PHIL
NEL IP
IUS
Rocky Mounlain Laboratory, U. S. Public Health Service, Hamilton, Montana
Specialists whose names appear on the following pages in connection

with the sections prepared by them
CLASS III. MICROTATOBIOTES PHILIP, 1956.*
(Canad. Jour. MicrobioL, 2, 1956, 261.)
Mic.ro.ta.to.bi.o'tes. Gr. sup. adj. microtatus smallest; Gr. noun biote life; M.L.
fern. pi. n. Microtatohiotes smallest living things.
Includes the smallest of the living things. All are manifested by a dependence on other
living organisms for their growth and multiplication. Parasitism is axiomatic since there is
no way to determine if there are free-living forms. Most of these organisms occur intracel-
lularly; Rickettsia quintana Schmincke of trench fever is an example of extracellular growth
in its host, the body louse. A few of the visible forms are known to occur intranuclearly.
Characteristic, intracellular inclusion bodies are often associated with the smaller agents.
Hosts are represented from the highest members of the plant and animal kingdoms to the
lowliest of microbial life. Some species utilize both intermediate and definitive hosts for
their propagation. The largest members are the rickettsia-like organisms which are often
pleomorphic, including coccoid to filamentous forms, while others show morula-like clusters
of elementary bodies occurring as one or up to twenty colonies in an infected cell. Some
species show larger ellipsoidal granules with a fairlj^ compact matrix of as much as 2 microns
in diameter termed initial bodies from which, in most instances, the groups of smaller ele-
mentary bodies are believed to be derived though no life cycle is postulated (Coles, Ann.
N. Y. Acad. Sci., 56, 1953, 458). At least three of these larger species, visible under the light
microscope, have phases which pass through coarse or medium filters, e.g., Coxiella burnetii
Philip of Q fever.
The small members grade downward to filterable virus particles susceptible of measure-
ment only by physico-chemical techniques and by special preparation under the electron
microscope. Special staining procedures are required for forms visible under the light
microscope and for studjdng characteristic pathologic reactions or associated inclusion
bodies in the tissues of affected hosts. Special tissue-culture techniques have been developed
for the more adequate investigation of many of the species.
Two orders are included in Class Microtatobiotes.
Key to the orders of class Microtatobiotes.
I. Individual organisms are not ultramicroscopic except perhaps in rare filterable phases
and are usually more than 0.1 micron in diameter. Parasites of members of the animal
kingdom.
Order I. Rickettsiales , p. 934.
II. Individual organisms are usually ultramicroscopic and filterable. Except for a few pox
viruses of animals and a few plant viruses, the virus particles are less than 0.1 micron
in diameter. Parasites of both the plant and animal kingdoms.
Order II. Virales, p. 985.
* Prepared and edited by Dr. Cornelius B. Philip, U. S. Public Health Service, Rocky
Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana.
933
ORDER I. RICKETTSIALES BUCHANAN AND BUCHANAN,
1938, emend. GIESZCZKIEWICZ, 1939.
(Buchanan and Buchanan, Bacteriology, 4th ed., New York, 1938, 49; Gieszczykiewicz,
Bull. Intern. Acad. Polon. "Sci., Classe Math., B (1), 1939, 9-30.)
Ri.ckett.si.a'Ies. M.L. fern. pi. n. Rickettsiaceae type family of the order; -ales ending to
denote an order; M.L. fern. pi. n. Rickeitsiahs the Rickettsiaceae order.
Small, rod-shaped, coccoid and often pleomorphic microorganisms occurring as ele-
mentary bodies which are usually intracellular but which may occasionally be facultatively
or exclusively extracellular. Ma}' also develop larger "initial bodies" as intracellular,
spherical or less regular inclusions. Intracytoplasmic forms may be diffuse, compacted into
colonies or morulae and may be located in special situations. Usually non-filterable. Gram-
negative. Cultivated outside the host only in living tissues, embryonated chicken eggs or
rarely in media containing body fluids. Parasitic organisms almost always intimately as-
sociated with not only reticulo-endothelial and vascular endothelial cells or erythrocj^tes
in vertebrates, but also often in invertebrates which may act as vectors. The intracellular
parasites of Protozoa and other invertebrates are provisionally assigned here also. May
cause diseases in man or other animals or both. Seldom kill the invertebrate hosts.
Key to the families of order Rickettsiales.
I. Parasites, intracellular or intimately associated with tissue cells other than erythro-
cytes or with certain organs in arthropods; rarely extracellular in arthropods.
A. Frequently cause diseases of vertebrates. Transmitted by arthropod vectors.
Family I. Rickettsiaceae, p. 934.
B. Intracellular parasites found in tissues of vertebrates. Not known to be transmitted
by arthropod vectors.
Family II. Chlamydiaceae, p. 957.
II. Parasites, intracellular or facultatively extracellular; found characteristically in or on
the erythrocytes of vertebrates, exceptionally in fixed-tissue cells.
A. Small, rod-shaped, bacteria-like cells. At least one species, when cultured, may show
a single, polar flagellum. Arthropod transmission established for some members of
the family.
Family III. Bartonellaceae, p. 968.
B. Very small, virus-like particles occurring in the erythrocytes of vertebrates. Trans-
mitted by arthropods.
Family IV. Anaplasmataceae , p. 980.
FAMILY I. RICKETTSIACEAE PINKERTON, 1936.*

(Parasitology, 28, 1936, 186.)
Ri.ckett.si.a'ee.ae. M.L. fem.n. Rickettsia type genus of the family; -aceae ending to
denote a family; M.L. fem.pl .n. Rickettsiaceae the Rickettsia family.
* Revised by Dr. Cornelius B. Philip, Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana,
January, 1954, from the original by Dr. Ida A. Bengtson, Sixth Edition of the Manu.\l.
934
FAMILY I. RICKETTSIACEAE 935
Small, rod-shaped, ellipsoidal, coccoid and diplococcus-shaped, often pleomorphic

organisms which are often intimately associated with arthropod tissues, usually in an intra-
cellular position. Gram-negative. The species pathogenic for vertebrates have not been
cultivated to date in cell-free media. May be parasitic in man and other animals causing
disease (typhus and related ills) that may be transmitted by invertebrate vectors (chiefly
lice, fleas, ticks and mites). Information is still inadequate for the systematic assignment of
many of the species which inhabit arthropod hosts and which were originally described in
this family.
Key to the tribes of family Rickettsiaceae.

I. Adapted to existence in arthropods; vertebrate hosts include man; cells rod-shaped,
ellipsoidal, coccoid and diplococcoid; rarely filamentous.
Tribe I. Rickettsieae, p. 935.
II. Only a few species adapted to invertebrate existence; pathogenic for certain mammals
but not for man; cells spherical, occasionally pleomorphic.
Tribe II. Ehrlichieae, p. 948.
III. Adapted to existence in arthropods as symbiotes but not in vertebrates as highly
pathogenic parasites; cells pleomorphic, coccoid to short or long and curved rods, or
even filamentous.
Tribe III. Wolbachieae, p. 952.
TRIBE I. RICKETTSIEAE PHILIP, TrIB. NoV.

{Rickettsiaceae (sic) Philip, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 56, 1953, 486; Rickettsieae Philip (nomen
nudum), Canad. Jour. Microbiol., 2, 1956, 262.)
Ri.ckett.si'e.ae. M.L. fem.n. Rickettsia tj^pe genus of the tribe; -eae ending to denote a
tribe; M.L. fem.pl.n. Rickettsieae the Rickettsia tribe.
Small, pleomorphic, mostly intracellular organisms adapted to existence in arthropods
and pathogenic for suitable vertebrate hosts.
Key to the genera of tribe Rickettsieae.

I. Non-filterable; produce tj^phus-like rash and usually Proteus X (Weil-Felix) agglutinins
in man.
Genus I. Rickettsia, p. 935.
II. Filterable; produce neither rash nor Weil-Felix agglutinins in man.
Genus II. Coxiella, p. 947.
Genus I. Rickettsia da Rocha-Lima, 1916.

(Da Rocha-Lima, Berl. klin. Wochnschr., 53, 1916, 567; Dermacentroxenus Wolbach, Jour.
Med. Res., ^7, 1919-20, 87; Rochalimaea Macchiavello, Prim. Reunion Interamer.
del Tifo, Mexico, 1947, 410; Zinssera Macchiavello, ibid., 416.)
Ri.ckett'si.a. M.L. fem.n. Rickettsia named for H. T. Ricketts, one of the discoverers of
the organisms bearing his name, who eventually lost his life while studying typhus infection
in Mexico.
Small, often pleomorphic, rod-shaped to coccoid organisms which usually occur intra-
cytoplasmically in lice, fleas, ticks and mites. Occasionally occur extracellularly in gut
lumen. Non-filterable. Gram-negative. Have not been cultivated in cell-free media. Patho-
genic species parasitic on man and other animals. Cause mild to severe typhus-like infee-
936 ORDER I. RICKETTSIALES
tions in appropriate vertebrate hosts of arthropod vectors; intracytoplasmic, occasionally

intranuclear in tissues. Etiological agents of epidemic typhus, murine or endemic typhus,
Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tsutsugamushi disease, rickettsialpox and other diseases.
Many related organisms, described as symbiotes in arthropods not pathogenic for verte-
brates, have been assigned here, but information is much less complete than for the patho-
genic forms, and their congeneracy with the type species is uncertain. Phylogenetic rela-
tionships remain to be established. (Weyer (Acta Tropica, 11, 1954, 194) has recently used
comparative growth in human-body lice and meal-worms as a means of studying the rela-
tionships ofstrains of various rickettsias.)
The type species is Rickettsia proivazekii da Rocha-Lima.*
Key to the species of genus Rickettsia.

I. Grow in embryonated chicken eggs; exhibit intracellular parasitism; Proteus OX agglu-
tinins are stimulated in human hosts.
A. Intracytoplasmic only; transmitted by insects or trombiculid mites.
1. Transmitted by insect vectors, but there is no transovarial transmission; OX 19
agglutinins but no eschar produced in human hosts (Subgenus A, Rickettsia) .
a. Louse-borne; animal reservoir in man.
1. Rickettsia prowazekii.
aa. Chiefly flea-borne; animal reservoir in rodents.
2. Rickettsia typhi.
2. Transmitted by trombiculid-mite vectors; transovarial transmission; OXK
agglutinins and often eschar and adenitis produced in human hosts (Subgenus
B, Zinsser a).
3. Rickettsia tsutsugamushi.
B. Intracytoplasmic and intranuclear; transmitted by ticks or small tick-like mites
with transovarial transmission; OX19 agglutinins (Subgenus C, Dermacentroxenus) .
1. No eschar or adenitis produced in man; specific vaccine affords protection.
4. Rickettsia rickettsii.
2. Eschar and adenitis present; spotted-fever vaccine does not protect.
a. Tick transmission demonstrated or presumed.
b. High specific, homologous fixation of complement (So. Europe, Asia and
Africa).
5. Rickettsia conorii.
bb. Complement fixation differs (Australia).
6. Rickettsia australis.
aa. Dermanyssid mite-borne (only in urban areas of Atlantic Coast, U. S. A.).t
7. Rickettsia akari.
II. Does not grow in embryonated chicken eggs; e.xtracellular growth in gut of body louse;
no Proteus OX agglutinins, eschar or adenitis produced in human hosts (Subgenus D,
Rochalimaea) .
8. Rickettsia quintana.
* The editors of the Manual follow Recommendation 27d of the International Bacterio-
logical Code in regard to the endings used for the specific epithets. This calls for the use of
the ii ending for epithets taken from the name of a man ending in a consonant (except
names ending in er).
t 0Xi9 Weil-Felix test only occasionally positive; transovarial passage of agent in mite
vector has been demonstrated in experimental vector Bdellonyssus bacoti (Philip and
Hughes, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., £8, 1948, 697) and in natural vector, Allodermanyssus
sanguineus (Kiselov and Volchanetskaia, in Pavlovsky et al., Nat. Nidi Hum. Dis. and
Regional Epidemiol. (Russian), 1955, 251).
FAMILY I. RICKETTSIACEAE
937
Subgenus A. Rickettsia Philip, 1943.

(Amer. Jour. Hyg., 37, 1943, 307.)
Ri.ckett'si.a. M.L. fem.n. Rickettsia named for H. T. Ricketts.
Organisms intracytoplasmic only; insect vectors, no transovarial transmission; OX19
agglutinins stimulated, but no eschar in human host.
The type species of the subgenus is Rickettsia prowazekii da Rocha-Lima.
1. Rickettsia prowazekii da Rocha- Cultivation: Growth occurs in plasma

Lima, 1916. (Da Rocha-Lima, Berl. klin. tissue cultures of mammalian cells, in the
Wochnschr., 53, May 22, 1916, 5G7 ; Rickettsia louse intestine, in modified Maitland media
kairo da Rocha-Lima, in Kolle and Wasser- with and without agar and in chorio-allan-
mann, Handb. d. path. Mikroorg., Fischer, toic membrane and yolk sac of chick em-
Jena, 8, 1930, 1350; Rickettsia exanthemato- bryo, the latter being currently the medium
typhi Kodama, Kitasato Arch. Exp. Med., of choice. Mouse and rat lungs have yielded
9, 1932, 360; Rickettsia prowazeki var. pro- rich harvests following intranasal inocula-
wazeki Pinkerton, Parasitology, 28, 1936, tion.
186; Rickettsia prowazeki subspecies pro- Optimum temperature, 32° C. in plasma
wazeki Philip, Amer. Jour. Hyg., 37, 1943, tissue culture and 35° C. in chick embryo
307.) cells.
pro.wa.ze'ki.i. M.L. gen. noun prowazekii Resistance to chemical and physical
of Prowazek; named for S. von Prowazek, agents: Readily inactivated by heat and
who lost his life studying typhus fever. chemical agents. Death occurs at 50° C.
Minute, cocco-bacillary, sometimes el- in 15 to 30 minutes; 0.5 per cent phenol and
lipsoidal orlong, rod-shaped cells which are 0.1 per cent formalin also kill the organism.
occasionally filamentous. Often occur in Immunology: Immunity prolonged but
pairs and occasionally in chains. In infected may not be permanent in man. Indistin-
lice the minute coccoid and paired coccoid guishable from endemic (murine) typhus in
forms predominate over the short and long cross-immunity tests in guinea pigs, but
rods and over the filamentous forms, which distinguishable from Rocky Mountain
are up to 40 microns in length.* Single ele- spotted fever and other rickettsial diseases
ments from yolk sacs under the electron in such tests though there is variable
microscope average 0.5 by 1.1 microns with reciprocal or partial cross-immunity. Neu-
maxima of 0.3 to 0.7 by 0.5 to 2.0 microns. tralizing antibodies are found in the serum
In resistant hosts, clumps resembling of recovered guinea pigs and convalescent
morulae have been reported in infected persons two to three weeks after deferves-
cells resembling those seen in some of the cence. Recrudescence of infection ("Brill's
other genera. Within the same smear of disease") many years after an initial typhus
episode without intervention of lice has
infected mammalian cells, the organisms are
recently been confirmed. Killed vaccines
quite uniform in size and morphology. Occur
produced from infected lice, rat lungs and
intracytoplasmically in vascular endothelial
yolk sacs afford a high degree of protection
cells and in serosal cells. Non-motile. Char- against the disease. Hyperimmune antisera
acteristically colored purplish with Giemsa for therapeutic use have been produced in
stain; the two individuals of a pair are con- rabbits by injection with infected yolk-sac
nected by a zone of faintly blue-stained suspensions and in horses and donkeys with
material. Colored blue with Castaneda stain infected mouse- lung suspensions. Atten-
and bright red against a blue background uated living strains have also been used
with Macchiavello stain. Gram-negative. successfully in human vaccination.
* Gonnert (Zent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 162, 1947, 203) describes "atypische Ri. pr.-
Formen" with exaggerated pleomorphism and so-called "R-Formen" in lice infected by
injection.
Serology: Strains from various parts of see Franco do Amaral and Monteiro, bib-
the world are closely related as determined liography, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 7, 1932,
by complement fixation, are distinguishable 367; Rickettsia exanthematofebri Kodama,
from other rickettsiae by agglutination, Kitasato Arch. Exp. Med., 9, 1932, 360;
complement fixation and precipitin tests, Rickettsia muricola Monteiro and Fonseca,
have a common antigenic factor (alkali - Brasil Med., 46, 1932, 1022; Rickettsia murina
stable polysaccharide) with Proteus OX19 and Rickettsia fletcheri Megaw, Trans. Roy.
and have a soluble antigen in yolk culture. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 29, 1935, 105; Rickett-
Lethal effect: Heavily infected yolk-sac sia prowazeki var. mooseri Pinkerton, Para-
cultures injected intravenously or intra- sitology, 28, 1936, 185; Rickettsia prowazeki
peritoneally are fatal to white mice in a few subsp. typhi Philip, Amer. Jour. Hyg., 37,
hours. The toxin, in neutralization tests, has 1943, 304; Rickettsia typhi Philip, loc. cit.;
been shown to be specific and is distin- not Rickettsia typhi Franco do Amaral and
guishable from murine typhus toxin. Monteiro, Rev. Sud. Amer. de Med. et
Pathogenic for man, apes, monkeys, Chirug., 4, 1933, 806; Rickettsia murina
guinea pigs, cotton rats, gerbilles and the mooseri Veintemillas, Tratado sobre rickett-
louse {Pediculus humanus). Inapparent siasis, etc., Bolivia, 1944, 100.)
infections occur in white mice, white rats ty'phi. Gr. noun typhus cloud, hence
and rabbits. A characteristic febrile reac- stupor arising from fever; M.L. noun typhus
tion with no mortality and usually without fever, typhus; M.L. gen. noun typhi of
scrotal swelling occurs in the guinea pig.
Passage in guinea pigs is accomplished by typhus.
Resembles Rickettsia prowazekii morpho-
transfer of blood or brain from infected ani- logically and in staining properties but
mals; causes a febrile disease with exan- averages slightly smaller, 0.45 by 1.0 micron
thema and high mortality in man. Does not with individual variation of 0.35 to 0.6 by
persist for extended periods in brains of 0.7 to 1.3 microns, under the electron
white rats compared to endemic (murine) microscope. Non-motile. Gram-negative.
typhus. A characteristic skin reaction can Giroud (1952) proposed the term "typhus
be produced in recovered rabbits and man. murin tropical" for a virulent form in Equa-
Source: Observed sparingly in the blood torial Africa.
of typhus patients and abundantly in smears Cultivation : May be cultivated in plasma
of epithelial cells of the intestinal tracts of tissue culture of mammalian cells, in modi-
lice fed on typhus patients. fied Maitland media with and without agar,
Habitat : Found in the body louse {Pedic- in fleas and lice, in the peritoneal cavities
ulus hmnanus var. humanus), head louse of X-rayed rats, in the lungs of white mice
(P. humanus var. capitis) and monkey and of white rats following intranasal
louse {Pedicinus longiceps). The etiological inoculation, in the lungs of rabbits follow-
agent of epidemic typhus (European typhus, ing intratracheal inoculation and in the
classical typhus, typhus exanthematicus). chorio-allantoic membrane and the j'olk sac
Man is the probable animal reservoir. of the chick embryo.
Optimum temperature, 35° C. in chick-
2. Rickettsia typhi (Wolbach and Todd, embryo cells.
1920) Philip, 1943. {Dermacentroxenus typhi Immunology: Prolonged immunity in
Wolbach and Todd (not Tood), Ann. Inst. man and animals following infection. Com-
Past., 34, 1920, 158; minute intracellular plete cross immunity between epidemic and
bodies, Mooser, Jour. Inf. Dis., 43, 1928, endemic typhus in guinea pigs recovered
261; Rickettsia manchuriae Kodama, Taka- from infections with Rickettsia prowazekii
hashi and Kono, Saikingaku-Zasshi (Jap.), and R. typhi. No cross immunity between
No. 426, 427, Aug. and Sept., 1931; see endemic typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted
Kodama, Kono and Takahashi bibliog- fever, Q fever or tsutsugamushi disease
raphy, Kitasato Arch. Exp. Med., 9, 1932, in guinea pigs.
95; Rickettsia mooseri Monteiro, Mem. Inst. Serology: Distinguishable from the
Butantan, 6, 1931, 97 (pub. July, 1932); rickettsiae of spotted fever, Q fever and
FAMILY I. RICKETTSL\CEAE 939
tsutsugamushi disease by complement inoculation, a characteristic febrile reaction

fixation, agglutination and precipitin tests, occurs in the guinea pig with scrotal swelling
less readily from Rickettsia prowazekii by without necrosis. Passage in guinea pigs is
these tests. Possesses a common antigenic accomplished by transfer of tunica and
factor with Proteus OX19 and a soluble testicular washings or of blood from in-
antigen in yolk-sac cultures. fected animals. Cause of a febrile disease
Lethal effect: Heavily infected yolk-sac with exanthema in man, producing low
mortality.
cultures injected intravenously or intra-
peritoneally are fatal to white mice in a few- Source: Observed by Wolbach and Todd
hours. Toxin neutralization test in white {op. cit., 1920, 158) in the endothelial cells
mice is specific and distinct from that of of the capillaries, arterioles and veins in
epidemic typhus toxin. sections of skin from cases of Mexican ty-
Pathogenic for man, apes, monkeys, phus (tabardillo). Also described by Mooser
rabbits, guinea pigs, white rats, eastern in sections and smears of the proliferated
cotton rat, white mice and gerbilles. Other tunica vaginalis of guinea pigs reacting to
susceptible animals include the woodchuck, the virus of Mexican typhus.
house mouse, meadow mouse, white-footed Habitat: Found in infected rat fleas
mouse, old-field mouse, cotton mouse, (Xenopsylla cheopis, X. astia, Nosopsylla
golden mouse, wild rat (Rattus norvegicus), fasciatus), infected chicken fleas (Echidno-
wood rat, rice rat, flying squirrel, gray phaga gallinacea) found on wild rats, and the
squirrel, fox squirrel, gopher, cottontail rat louse (Polyplax spinulosus). Will also
rabbit, swamp rabbit, chipmunk, skunk, grow in human lice. Wild rats and field mice
opossum and cat. Persists for at least a year act as the animal reservoir of infection. The
in rat brains in contradistinction to Rickett- etiological agent of endemic (murine)
sia prowazekii and members of the subgenus typhus which is transmitted to man by the
Dermacentroxenus. After intraperitoneal rat flea.
Subgenus B. Zinsser a Macchiavello, 1947.

(Macchiavello, Prim. Reunion Interamer. del Tifo, Mexico, 1947, 416; Trombidoxenus
Zhdanov and Korenblit, Jour. Microbiol., Epidemiol, and Immunobiol.
(Russian), No. 9, 1950, 42.)
Zins'se.ra. M.L. noun Zinssera named for Hans Zinsser, who studied rickettsial agents.
Organisms intracytoplasmic but not intranuclear. Transovarial transmission in trombi-
culid mite vectors, only the larvae of which are parasitic on vertebrates. Disease in man
elicits OXK Weil-Felix serological reactions and is accompanied by adenitis and often by
an eschar at point of mite bite.
The tj'pe species of the subgenus is Rickettsia tsutsugamushi (Hayashi) Ogata.
3. Rickettsia tsutsugamushi (Hayashi, 1932, 360; Rickettsia rnegawi Franco do
1920) Ogata, 1931.* {Theileria tsutsngamushi Amaral and Monteiro, loc. cit.; Rickettsia
Hayashi, Jour. Parasit., 7, 1920,63; Rickett- megawai var. fletcheri Franco do Amaral and
sia orientalis Nagayo, Tamiya, Mitamura Monteiro, ibid., 361 ; Rickettsia tsutsiigamushi=
and Sato, Jikken Igaku Zasshi, H, (May 20) orientalis Kawamura, Nisshin Igaku (Mod-
1930, 8 pp.; Rickettsia tsutsugamushi Ogata, ern Medicine), 23, 1934, 909; Rickettsia
Zent. f. Bakt., I Abt., 122, IQZl, 2^9; Rickett- pseudotyphi Vervoort, see Donatien and
sia akamushi Kawamura and Imagawa, Lestoquard, Acta Conv. Tertii Trop. atque
Zent. f. Bakt., I Abt., 122, 1931,258; Rickett- malariae morbis, pars I, 1938, 5M; Rickettsia
sia orientalis var. schiiffneri Franco do Ama- sumatranus (sic) Kouwenaar and Wolff,
ral and Monteiro, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 7 , Proc. 6th Pacific Sci. Cong. (1939), 5, 1942,
* The reasons for transferring Hayashi's species from the genus Theileria to Rickettsia
and other questions of nomenclatorial priority in regard to this species are discussed in
Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 1089 and 1090 (footnotes).
636; Rickettsia {Rickettsia) orientalis Philip, Immunology: Immunity conferred by

Amer. Jour. Hyg., 37, 1943, 305; Dermacen- infection, which is probably influenced by
troxenus orientalis Moshkovskiy, Uspekhi strain differences, appears less complete
Souremennoi Biologii (Advances in Modern than that found in typhus and Rocky
Biology), 19, 1945, 13; Rickettsia orientalis Mountain spotted fever. Strains from
var. tropica Hayakawa and Hokari, A com- several different areas have been found to
parative study of Japanese and tropical cross immunize in guinea pigs, but the true
(scrub typhus) tsutsugamushi diseases (R. relationship of the disease occurring in dif-
orientalis var. tropica), Tokyo, 1947, 35; ferent localities remains to be determined.
Zinsser a orientalis Macchiavello, Prim. Reciprocal cross immunity between mite
Reunion Interamer. del Tifo, Mexico, 1947, strains and human strains has been demon-
416; Rickettsia {Zinsser a) tsutsugamushi strated in rabbits, hamsters and mice.
Philip, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 56, 1953, 487; Serology: Antigens from different strains
Tromhidoxenus orientalis Zhdanov and vary in sensitivity when tested by comple-
Korenblit, Jour. Microbiol., Epidemiol, and ment fixation with immune sera. There are
Immunobiol. (Russian), No. 9., 1950, 42; probably a number of different types on the
also see Zhdanov, Opredelitel Virusov basis of complement fixation with immune
Celovska i Zivotmych, Izd. Akad. Med. sera. Possesses a common antigenic factor
Nauk, U. S. S. R., Moskau, 1953, 54 and 160.) with Proteus OXK.
tsu.tsu.ga.mu'shi. From two Japanese Pathogenic for man, monkeys, gibbons,
ideographs transliterated tsutsuga some- guinea pigs, hamsters, rats, voles, mice,
thing small and dangerous, and mushi a gerbilles, rabbits (by intraocular injection)
creature now known to be a mite. and chick embryo. There is a wide variation
Small, pleomorphic bacterium-like micro- in the virulence of different strains for lab-
organisms, usually wider and less sharply oratory animals: infection with a few is
defined than the cells of Rickettsia prowa- established with difficulty while other
zekii, R. typhi, R. rickettsii and Coxiella strains may cause a high mortality. The
burnetii. Ellipsoidal or rod-shaped, often white mouse is the laboratory animal of
appearing as a diplococcus or as a short choice. Infection may persist in the brains
bacillus with bipolar staining resembling of white rats for at least 98 days. A febrile
that of the plague bacillus. Diffuselj^ dis- reaction may occur in guinea pigs. Passage
tributed inthe cytoplasm of the cell. 0.3 to in guinea pigs and mice is accomplished by
0.5 by 0.8 to 2.0 microns. Non-motile. inoculation of peritoneal washings, spleen
Colored purplish with Giemsa's stain and or blood from an infected animal, passage
red against a blue background with Mac- in rabbits by intraocular or intratesticular
chiavello's stain. Stains well with azur III inoculation of blood, lymph node or organ
and methylene blue. Gram-negative. emulsions of infected native animals. As-
Cultivation: Grows in plasma tissue cul- cites and enlarged spleen, often with a
ture of mammalian cells, on the chorio- fibrinous deposit, are characteristic. A
allantoic membrane and in the yolk sac of
specific toxin, lethal for white mice, has been
the chick embryo and in rabbit testes and in
reported in the Gilliam strain. In man an
the endothelial cells overlying Descemet's eschar often develops at the site of the mite
membrane of the rabbit eye. The only
bite with accompanying adenopathy. A
species of Rickettsia known to separate in
febrile reaction with exanthema occurs, and
the interface during ether treatment after
harvest of yolk sacs. Wejêr (Acta Tropica, mortality is variable in different localities
but remains about the same in a given focus.
11, 1954, 194) has reported the unusual dif-
ficulty of growth in inoculated arthropods. In rabbits, infection of Descemet's mem-
Resistance to chemical and physical brane follows intraocular injection of in-
agents: Readily inactivated by heat and fected material.
chemical agents. Destroyed by 0.1 per cent Source: Observed by Hayashi in smears
formalin and 0.5 per cent phenol. Killed in and sections of the lesion (eschar) at the
10 minutes at 50° C. site of the mite bite and in smears and sec-
941
tions of the adjacent lymph nodes from voir animal hosts are probably wild rodents,
cases of the disease ; also observed by Ogata including house and field rats, mice and
(Zent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 163, 1955, 150) voles, and probably some birds in which
as early as 1927 in preparations of infected infection may be persistent. The etiological
rabbit testicles and by Nagayo et al. (op. agent of tsutsugamushi disease and of scrub
cit., 1930) in the endothelial cells overlj-ing typhus (for numerous other designations of
Descemet's membrane in rabbits inoculated the disease, see Farner and Katsampes,
intraocularly with infectious material. U. S. Naval Med. Bull., ^S, 1944, 800). Many
Habitat: Found in trombiculid mites human cases have recently been discovered
(particularly Tromhicula akamushi and T. well south of the classic foci in Japan, and
(or var.?) deliensis). Passes through the Sasa (Jap. Jour. Exp. Med., 2^, 1954, 335)
mite ova to the next generation. Only the discusses four epidemiologically distinct
larvae are parasitic on vertebrates. Reser- "types."
Subgenus C. Dermacentroxenus (Wolbach, 1919) Philip, 1943.
(Wolbach, Jour. Med. Res., 41, 1919-20, 87; subgenus Dermacentroxenus Philip, Amer. Jour.
Hyg., 37, 1943, 304; Acaroxenus Zhdanov and Korenblit, Jour. Microbiol., Epidemiol.
and Immunobiol. (Russian), No. 9, 1950, 42; Ixodoxenus Zhdanov, Opredelitel
Virusov Celovska i Zivotmych, Izd. Akad. Med. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Moskau,
1953, 51 and 155; Garnasoxenus Zhdanov, ibid., 159; see Philip, Canad.
Jour. Microbiol., 2, 1956, 264.)
Der.ma.cen.tro'xe.nus. M.L. noun Dermacentor a genus of ticks; Gr. noun xenus host,
guest; M.L. mas.n. Dermacentroxenus tick dweller.
Organisms capable of intranuclear parasitism. Produce a typhus-like disease. Trans-
mitted by acarid vectors.
The type species of the subgenus is Rickettsia rickettsii (Wolbach) Brumpt.
4. Rickettsia rickettsii (Wolbach, 1919) under the electron microscope. Non-motile.
Brumpt, 1922. {Dermacentroxenus rickettsi In smears of mammalian tissues there occur,
(sic) Wolbach, Jour. Med. Res., 41, 1919-20, in addition to the lanceolate forms, slender
87; Rickettsia rickettsi (sic) Brumpt, Precis rod-shaped forms stained blue with Giemsa
de Parasitologic, 3rd ed., 1922, 757; Rickett- stain, sometimes exhibiting polar granules
sia brasiliensis Monteiro, Mem. Inst. stained purplish or reddish. There are also
Butantan, 6, 1931, 3; Rickettsia typhi Franco minute, pale blue-staining, rounded forms.
do Amaral and Monteiro, Rev. Sud. Amer. In the tick there are three forms: (1) pale
de Med. et Chirurg., 4, 1933, 806; Derma- blue bacillary forms curved and club-
centroxenus rickettsi VEiT. brasiliensis Finker- shaped, (2) smaller, bluish rods with deeply
ton. Parasitology, 28, 1936, 186; Rickettsia staining chromatoid granules, and (3) more
{Dermacentroxenus) rickettsi Philip, Amer. deeply staining, purplish, lanceolate forms.
Jour. Hyg., 37, 1943, 304; Rickettsia colombi- A very minute form may appear in tightly
ensis Veintemillas, Tratado sobre rickett- packed masses in the nuclei of the cells.
siasis, etc., Bolivia, 1944, 102; Ixodoxenus Occurs in the cytoplasm and nucleus in all
rickettsi Zhdanov, Opredelitel Virusov types of cells in the tick including sperm
Celovska i Zivotmych, Izd. Akad. Med. cells; also occurs in mammals in the vascular
Nauk, U.S.S.R., Moskau, 1953, 51 and 155.) endothelium, in macrophages, in the serosal
ri.ckett'si.i. M.L. gen. noun rickettsii of cells of the peritoneal cavity and in smooth-
Ricketts; named for Howard Taylor Rick- muscle cells of arteriolar walls. In yolk-sac
etts, who first saw and described the organ- cultures and in the Maitland media cultures,
isms causing Rockj' Mountain spotted fever. bacillary forms often occur in pairs. In
Minute, paired organisms surrounded by single smears from infected yolk sacs, the
a narrow clear zone or halo; often lanceo- cells are rather uniform in size and mor-
late, resembling in appearance a minute pair phology and are definitely larger than those
of pneumococci. Average 0.6 by 1.2 microns of Rickettsia prowazekii and R. typhi. They
also grow more sparsely. Stain blue with the susceptible. Animals susceptible in varj'ing
Castaneda stain and bright red against a degrees include species of ground squirrels,
blue background of tissue with the Mac- tree squirrels, chipmunks, cottontail rab-
chiavello stain. Gram-negative. bits, jack rabbits, snowshoe hares, marmots,
Cultivation: May be cultivated in plasma sheep, dogs, wood rats, weasels, meadow
tissue culture of mammalian cells, in Mait- mice and deer mice. In Brazil, the opossum,
land media with and without agar, on the rabbit, dog and cavy have been found
chorio-allantoic membrane, in the yolk sac naturally infected, and the Brazilian plains
of the chick embryo and in ticks. Growth dog, capybara, coati and certain bats are
and toxin production are enhanced in killed also susceptible. Does not persist in brains
embryo continued in incubation 24 hours. of rats and ground squirrels but has been
Growth in intrarectally injected human- recovered from node tissues of man conva-
body lice destroys intestinal epithelium and lescent one year (Parker et al.. Jour. Im-
may destroy these insects (Weyer, Acta munol., 73, 1954, 383).
Tropica, 11, 1954, 193). A febrile reaction occurs in guinea pigs
Optimum temperature, 32° C. in plasma with typical scrotal lesions, involving
tissue culture and 35° C. in chick embrj'o petechial hemorrhages in the skin, which
cells. Killed in 10 minutes at 50° C. may become necrotic. Virulent strains kill
Resistance to chemical and physical 80 to 90 per cent of the animals, milder
agents: Readily inactivated bj^ heat and strains kill 20 to 25 per cent. Passage in
chemical agents. Destroyed by 0.5 per cent guinea pigs is accomplished by transfer of
phenol and 0.1 per cent formalin. Destroyed blood, spleen or tunica from infected ani-
by ordinary desiccation in about 10 hours. mals. A febrile reaction accompanied by
Immunology: Prolonged immunity in man exanthema occurs in man. Mortality is
and animals after recovery from infection. consistently high in some localities, low in
Killed vaccines produced from infected others.
ticks and from infected yolk sacs afford Comments: In 1906 Ricketts (Jour. Amer.
considerable protection against the disease. Med. Assoc, 47, 1906, 33) infected monkeys
Therapeutic antisera have been produced and guinea pigs with blood from patients
by the injection of rabbits with infected suffering from Rocky Mountain spotted
tick and yolk-sac suspensions. No cross im- fever. Later in the same year it was dem-
munity between spotted fever in guinea pigs onstrated independently by Ricketts (ibid.,
recovered from infections with Rickettsia 358) and by King (U. S. Public Health Re-
rickettsii and typhus in guinea pigs reports, 21, 1906, 863) that the wood tick
covered from infections with R. prowazekii Dermacentor andersoni was the primary vec-
and R. typhi. Cross immunity between tor in the Rocky Mountain area. (See How-
spotted fever in guinea pigs recovered from ard Taylor Ricketts, 1870-1910, Chicago,
infections with 72. rickettsii and boutonneuse Univ. of Chicago Press, 1911, 333.)
fever in guinea pigs recovered from infec- Source: Observed by Ricketts (Jour.
tions with R. conorii. Spotted-fever vaccine Amer. Med. Assoc, 52, 1909, 379) in the
does not experimentally protect against the blood of guinea pigs and monkeys experi-
boutonneuse-fever group of infections in the mentally infected with Rockj^ Mountain
Mediterranean and other Eastern Hemi- spotted fever and in the salivary glands, ali-
sphere areas. mentary sacs and ovaries of infected ticks
Serology : Distinguishable from Rickettsia as well as in their ova.
proivazekii and R. typhi by complement fixa- Habitat: Found in the infected wood tick
tion and by agglutination with specific anti- {Dermacentor andersoni) , the dog ticks (D.
gens. Because of confusing cross fixation, variabilis and Rhipicephahis sanguineus) , the
the complement-fixation test is inadequate rabbit ticks {Haemaphy salts leporis-pahis-
to distinguish between agents of the sub- tris, D. parumapertus and Otobius lagophilus)
genus Dermacentroxenus . and in Amblyomma brasiliense, A. cajen-
Pathogenic for man, monkeys and guinea nense, A. striatum, A. americanum and
pigs. Rabbits and white rats are moderately Ixodes dentatus. A number of ticks belonging
to the genera Amblyomma, Dermacentor, tissue culture of mammalian cells, in modi-

Rhipicephalus, Ornithodoros and Haema- fied Maitland media and in the yolk sacs of
phjsnlis have been experimentally infected. chick embryos. Weyer (Acta Tropica, 11,
The agent is transmissible through tick ova. 1954, 194) found differences in growth of
The etiological agent of Rocky Mountain Kenya and South African strains compared
spotted fever, Sao Paulo exanthematic to a classic strain from the Mediterranean
t5'phus of Brazil, Tobia fever of Colombia area.
and spotted fevers of Minas Gerais and Immunology: The disease is related im-
Mexico, which are all transmitted to man by munological y toRocky Mountain spotted
the bite of infected ticks. Gould and Miesse fever with which it cross immunizes, but
(Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol, and Med., 85, 1954, spotted-fever vaccine does not protect
558) reported the first isolation in the against the Mediterranean, Asiatic and
U. S. A. of identified infection in a Microtus South African strains of boutonneuse fever.
field mouse. Attempts to produce potent vaccines either
from tick or culture sources have so far been
5. Rickettsia conorii Brumpt, 1932. ineffective.
{Rickettsia conori (sic) Brumpt, Compt. Serology: Cross fixation occurs with R.
rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, 110, 1932, 1199; rickettsii by complement-fixation test.
Rickettsia megaioi var. pijperi Franco do Possesses a common antigenic factor with
Amaral and Monteiro, Mem. Inst. Butan- Proteus 0Xi9 and OX2 but not with OXK.
tan, 7, 1932, 361; Rickettsia bland Cami- Pathogenic for man and guinea pigs. Also
nopetros, l""' Cong. Internat. Hyg. Med- pathogenic in var3qng degrees for dogs,
iterr., Rapports et Compt. rend., 2, 1932, horses, spermophiles, monkeys, rabbits,
202; Dermacentroxenus rickettsi var. pijperi gerbilles and white mice. Boutonneuse
Mason and Alexander, Onderst. Jour. Vet. fever is a much less virulent infection for
Sci. and Anim. Ind., 13, 1939, 74; Derma- the guinea pig than is Rocky Mountain
centroxenus rickettsi var. conori Mason and spotted fever. A temperature reaction, ac-
Alexander, loc. cit.; Rickettsia {Dermacen- companied by scrotal swelling, occurs but
troxenus) conori Philip, Amer. Jour. Hyg., there is no sloughing. There is practically
37, 1943, 307; Dermacentroxenvs conori no mortality. Passsage in guinea pigs is ac-
Steinhaus, Insect Microbiology, 1946, 339; complished most effectively by transfer of
Dermacentroxemis pijperi Macchiavello, testicular washings. In man there occur
Prim. Reunion Interamer. del Tifo, Mexico, localized primary sores (taches noires) at
1947, 414; Ixodoxenus conori Zhdanov, the site of the tick bite and inflammatory
Opredelitel Virusov Celovska i Zivotmych, reactions in the regional lymph nodes. A
Izd. Akad. Med. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Moskau, febrile reaction with exanthema occurs, and
1953, 52 and 157.) mortality is low.
co.no'ri.i. M.L. gen.noun conorii of Source: Observed by Caminopetros
Conor; named for A. Conor, the first to (Compt. rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, 110, 1932,
describe adequately boutonneuse fever. 344) in smears from the tunica vaginalis of
Resembles Rickettsia rickettsii. In the tick, guinea pigs inoculated with infected dog
diplococcoid and diplobacillary forms pre- ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus).
dominate, though they are smaller and more Habitat: Found in the brown-dog tick
coccoid when they occur in compact masses. (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) and also in the
In tissue cultures the organisms are lanceo- ticks Amblyomma hebraeiim, Haemaphysalis
late, diplococcoid and diplobacillary, oc- leachii, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus , R.
curring in the nuclei as well as in the cyto- evertsi and Boophilus decoloratus. Trans-
plasm of the cells. 0.3 to 0.4 by 1.0 to 1.75 missible through the ova of ticks to follow-
microns. Non-motile. Stain purplish with ing generations. The probable animal reser-
Giemsa's stain, blue with Castaneda's voir is the dog in the Mediterranean area
stain and bright red with a blue background and, in addition, perhaps veld rodents in
with Macchiavello's stain. Gram-negative. South Africa. The etiological agent of
Cultivation: May be cultivated in plasma boutonneuse fever in man (also known as
eruptive, Mediterranean or Marseilles fever boutonneuse fever and American spotted

and probably Indian tick typhus, Kenya fever, though homologous fixation was re-
typhus and South African tick-bite fever, ported. Sera of recovered rabbits or guinea
though the identity of the latter with bou- pigs have shown this agent to be a distinct
tonneuse fever has been questioned). member of the spotted-fever group in com-
plement-fi.xation tests and to have a higher
6. Rickettsia australis Philip, 1950. homologous than heterologous reaction in
(Agent of North Queensland tick typhus, certain of these tests.
Andrew, Bonnin and Williams, Med. Jour. Pathogenic for man; infected guinea pigs
Australia, 1946 (Aug. 24), 253; Rickettsia develop fever and scrotal reactions. White
mice do not usually show signs of infection.
(Dermacentroxenus) australis Philip*, in
Pullen, Communicable Diseases, Lea & In contrast to R. typhi, R. australis does not
Febiger Co., 1950, 786; Ixodoxenus australis persist in the brains of white rats, though
Zhdanov, Opredelitel Virusov Celovska i male rats may develop scrotal reactions
Zivotmych, Izd. Akad. Med. Nauk, U.S. when injected with cultures.
S.R., Moskau, 1953, 52 and 159.) Lethal effect: Intravenous injection of
laboratory mice with cultures has not
aus.tra'lis. L. adj. australis southern.
Minute, ellipsoidal or coccoidal forms re- demonstrated the presence of a to.xin, in this
sembling Rickettsia prowazekii morphologi- respect resembling Rickettsia akari.
cally and in staining properties. Non-motile. Source: Observed by Andrew et al. (op.
Gram-negative. cit., 1946, 253) in smears of peritoneal exu-
Cultivation: In yolk sacs of developing date of white mice injected with blood of
chicken eggs, at 32° to 35° C, poor to mod- two patients in North Queensland, Aus-
tralia.
erate growth reveals cocco-bacillary, short
Habitat: Tick transmission has not been
bacillary and diplo-bacillary forms. As in
other members of the subgenus Derma- demonstrated but has been presumed by the
centroxenus, richer growth is reported on finding of either larval or adult Ixodes
Zinsser agar tissue culture, in which both holocijclus on a few patients. The occurrence
intracytoplasmic and intranuclear parasit- of primary eschars on patients implicates a
ism is readily demonstrated. probable acarine vector, but Dermacentor
Immunology: Duration of immunity is andersoni, a natural vector of Rickettsia
unknown in man in this recently discovered rickettsii, does not experimentally transmit
malady. Recovered guinea pigs remain R. australis. Complement-fixing antibodies
solidly immune for at least 8 months and have been found in four kinds of native
may show partial to complete immunity Queensland marsupials and in one species
within 50 days to heterologous challenge of rat.
with strains of Rickettsia conorii and R.
typhi but no immunity toR. conorii 8 months 7. Rickettsia akari Huebner et al., 1946.
or longer after recovery. No cross immunity (Huebner, Jellison and Pomerantz, U. S.
was found with R. isutsugnmushi in white Public Health Rep., 61, 1946, IQ82; Rickettsia
mice. (Dermacentroxenus) akari Philip and Hughes,
Serology: Convalescent sera of patients Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., ^8, 1948, 705;
contained agglutinins for Proteus OXig or Acaroxenus varioleidis (sic) Zhdanov and
0X2 but none for OXK. The sera failed to Korenblit, Jour. Microbiol., Epidemiol,
fi.x complement in the presence of rickettsial and Immunobiol. (Russian), No. 9, 1950,
antigens of epidemic or murine typhus. ■i2; Gamasoxenus muris Zhdanov, Opredelitel
* Publishing date, June 16, 1950. By coincidence this name, including the same subgenus,
was published by Zhdanov and Korenblit the same year (Jour. Microbiol., Epidemiol, and
Immunobiol. (Russian), No. 9, 1950 (reprint states September), 42). This name had also
been used by these authors in a report to a scientific conference (Ukranian Int. imeni
Mechnikov, Khar'kov, October 11, 1949), although, according to Rule 11, it was not eff"ec-
tively published at that time so far as known.
Virusov Celovska i Zivotmych, Izd. Akad. appearance of macular rash. No mortality.

Med. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Moskau, 1953, 52 and Experimental infections have been produced
159.) in white mice and guinea pigs by the inocu-
a'ka.ri. Gr. neut.n. akari a mite. lation of infected blood (irregularly), in-
Minute diplobacilli and bipolarly stained fected liver and spleen suspensions, infected
rods. Resemble typical rickettsiae mor- brain, infected lymph nodes, tunica wash-
phologicall}^ with an average size, under the ings of infected animals and of infected
electron microscope, of 0.6 by 0.9 to 1.4 mi- yolk sacs. Guinea pigs show marked scrotal
crons; very similar to Rickettsia rickettsii reactions. It has not been found pathogenic
from yolk-sac cultures. Occur intracyto- for monkeys, thus distinguishing it from
plasmicalh'; have been seen intranuclearly Rickettsia conorii. It is also probably more
in yolk-sac cells. Non-motile. Stain well by pathogenic for white mice than isR. conorii.
Macchiavello's method, the organisms ap- Source:
City. _ Isolated from the blood of a hu-
pearing bright red against a blue back- man case of rickettsialpox in New York
ground. Stain poorly with methylene blue.
Gram-negative. Habitat: Found in the tissues of human
Cultivation : Grows in the yolk sac of the cases and of the mite AUodermanyssns
chick embryo and in intrarectally injected sanguineus Hirst, an ectoparasite of ro-
body lice. No growth on artificial culture dents. House mice have also been found to
media. be naturally infected. The etiological agent
Immunology: Guinea pigs recovered from of human rickettsialpox (vesicular rickett-
rickettsialpox of human origin are immune siosis) . Known only in cities on the eastern
to infection with strains isolated from in- seaboard of the U. S. A. and in unnamed
fected mites and from house mice. There is urban centers of the U.S.S.R. (an original
partial to complete experimental cross im- report is by Zhdanov, Korenblit, Lavruskin,
munity with other members of the subgenus Alexandrova and Kiselov, Vrachevnoye
Dermacentroxenus . Delo (Physician's Work), No. 10, 1950; also
Serology: Antigens prepared from in- see Zhdanov, Communicable Diseases of
fected yolk sacs are highly specific except for Humans. Medgiz, Moscow, 1955, 305-366
cross reactions with Rocky Mountain {Gamasoxenus murinus) and Zdrodovskiy
spotted fever group antigens. Sera from and Golinevitch, Treatise on Rickettsia and
convalescent patients fixed complement Rickettsiosis, Medgiz, Moscow, 1956, 276-
with the homologous antigen and usually 286 (Dermacentroxenus murinus)). As in the
with Rocky Mountain spotted fever anti- U. S. A., strains of infection were reported
gens though at a lower titer. A rising titer from patients, house mice (also gray rats,
against Proteus OX19 has been shown in R. norvegicus) and the same mite vector, A.
some convalescent cases. sanguineus (see Kiselov and Volchanetskaia,
Pathogenic for man with initial erythema- in Pavlovsky et al., Nat. Nidi Hum. Dis.
tous focal lesion at the site of the mite bite and Regional Epidemiol. (Russian), 1955,
and with adenopathy followed by fever and 248-252).
Subgenus D. Rochalimaea Macchiavello, 1947.

(Subgenus Rocha-Limae (sic) Macchiavello, Prim. Reunion Interamer. del Tifo, Mexico,
1947, 410; Welhynia (sic) Zhdanov and Korenblit, Jour. Microbiol., Epidemiol,
and Immimobiol. (Russian), No. 9, 1950, 42; Wolhijnia Zhdanov, Opredelitel
Virusov Celovska i Zivotmych, Izd. Akad. Med. Nauk,
U.S.S.R., Moskau, 1953, 55 and 164.)
The subgeneric name Rochalimaea Macchiavello was validly published and was trans-
ferred to the genus Rickettsia (Philip, Canad. Jour. Microbiol., 2, 1956, 265) even though it
was originally proposed as a subgenus of Burneiia ( = CoxieUa) and wrongly associated
thereby with Coxiella burnetii (Derrick) Philip.
Ro.cha.li.mae'a. M.L. fem.n. Rochalimaea named for H. da Rocha-Lima, who studied
rickettsial agents in human-body lice.
Organisms exclusively extracellular in the gut of, and non-pathogenic for, the human-
body louse, which acts as the vector of this agent of trench fever.
The type species of the subgenus is Rickettsia quintana Schmincke.
8. Rickettsia quintana Schmincke, 1917. on the demonstration of extracellular

(Schmincke, Miinch. med. Wochnschr., 64, rickettsiae in carefully selected louse stocks
1917, 961; Rickettsia pediculi Munk and da fed either during the human febrile episode
Rocha-Lima, Miinch. med. Wochnschr., 64, or later.
1917, 1423; Rickettsia wolhynica Jungmann Pathogenic for man, causing rash and re-
and Kuczynski, Ztschr. f. klin. Med., 85, current fever. Blood of cases has been shown
1918, 261; Rickettsia weigh Mosing, Arch. to be infectious on transfer to volunteers as
Inst. Past., Tunis, 25, 1936, 380; Burnetia long as 4, 5 and even 8 years following clini-
(Rocha-Ldmae) wolhijnicaMeLCchiaveWo, Prim. cal recovery. Mooser and his colleagues,
Reunion Interamer. del Tifo, Mexico, 1947, among others, have repeatedly infected lice
410; Burnetia (Rocha-Limae) weigli Macchia- fed during such periods of latency in ap-
vello, loc. cit.; Wolhynia quintanae (sic) parently healthy persons. Man, therefore,
Zhdanov and Korenblit, Jour Microbiol., is the obvious reservoir of the infection.
Epidemiol, and Immunobiol. (Russian), Codeleoncini infected the baboon, and
No. 9, 1950, 42.) Mooser and Weyer found rhesus monkeys
quin.ta'na. M.L. adj. quintanus fifth; susceptible.
referring to five-day fever, one of the collo- Immunology: Partial immunity is pro-
quial names of the fever caused by this duced after an attack of the disease. The
species. disease is characterized by relapses which
Coccoid or ellipsoidal organisms, often may occur as long as 2 to 3 years after the
occurring in pairs. More plump and stain initial attack.
more deeply with Giemsa's stain than does Distinctive characters : Resists a tempera-
R. prowazekii. 0.2 to 0.4 micron (da Rocha- ture of 60° C. moist heat for 30 minutes or a
Lima). In lice, appear as short rods, fre- dry heat of 80° C. for 20 minutes. Resists
quently occurring in pairs and often bi- desiccation in simlight for 4 months. Has
polarly stained. Occur extracellularly in the . been filtered under certain conditions but
region of the epithelial lining of the lumen not when in plasma or serum. Present in
of the gut of the louse. Non-motile. Stain filtrates of infected vaccine sediments and
reddish violet with Giemsa's stain. Gram- for long periods in the feces of infected lice.
negative. Intracutaneous injection of living organisms
Cultivation: Has not been cultivated in from lice produces skin lesions in the rabbit
tissue culture, yolk sacs of chick embryos which can be inhibited by the use of conva-
or any other cell-free medium (report of lescent serum.
cultivation of Rickettsia pediculi and R.
Source: Observed in lice fed on trench-
rochalimae, which are regarded as identical
fever patients by Topfer (Miinch. med.
with this species, on cell-free media remains Wochnschr., ei, 1916, 1495).
to be confirmed). Grows in body lice in- Habitat: Found in the epithelial lining of
jected intrarectally or fed on patients, but
unlike most other Rickettsia spp., it was not the gut of the body louse (Pediculus hu-
manus var. humanus) where the rickettsiae
found to grow in living meal-worm larvae
occur extracellularly; also found in P.
(Weyer, Acta Tropica, 11, 1954, 207).
Serology: Possesses no common antigenic humanus var. capitis. Not transmissible
factor with Proteus strains. No practical through the ova. The etiological agent of
serological procedure has been developed, trench fever (Wolhynian fever, shin-bone
though louse guts and louse feces have been fever, five-day fever).
reported to provide antigens for agglutina-
tion tests. Laboratory diagnosis, therefore, Addendum: Two pathogenic agents of
additional to clinical and epidemiological importance in the U. S. S. R. have come to
data, is largely dependent for confirmation attention since this section was prepared:
947
1) Dermacentroxenus sibericus Zdrodovskiy former are most recently provided by Zdro-
(Zhur. Mikrobiol., Epidemiol., Immuno- dovskiy and Golinevitch (Treatise on
bioL, No. 10, 1949, 19; in Zhdanov and Rickettsia and Rickettsiosis, Medgiz, Mos-
Korenblit, ibid., 1950, 42, and later articles, cow, 1956, 82-168); 2) Rickettsia pavlovskii
Dermacentroxenus is reduced to a subgenus Korshunova (in Pavlovsky et al., Nat. Nidi
under Rickettsia) , which is probably related Hum. Dis. and Regional Epidemiol., Med-
to R. conorii, was proposed for the tick- giz, Moscow, 1955, 242) was more recently
borne agent of Siberian tick typhus; rick- proposed for a disease agent carried by
ettsial relationships and an account of the ticks, mites and fleas.
Genus II. Coxiella Philip, (1943) 1948.
(Subgenus Coxiella Philip, Amer. Jour. Hyg., 37, 1943, 306; Burnetia Macchiavello, Prim.
Reunion Interamer. del Tifo, Mexico, 1947, 408; subgenus Dyera Macchiavello, loc. cit.;
see Philip, Ann. New York Acad. Sci., 56, 1953, 490; Coxiella Philip, U. S. Public
Health Rep., 63, 1948 (January 9), 58 (incorrectly attributed to Bengson, in
Manual, 6th ed., 1948 (January 26), 1092); Cexiella (sic) Zhdanov and
Korenblit, Jour. Microbiol., Epidemiol, and Immunobiol. (Russian),
No. 9, 1950, 42.)
Co.xi.el'la. M.L. fern. dim. ending -ella; M.L. fem.dim.n. Coxiella named for Herald R.
Cox, who was a codiscoverer of the agent of Q fever in America.
Small, pleomorphic, rod-shaped or coccoid organisms occurring intracellularly in the
cytoplasm of infected cells and possibly extracellularly in infected ticks. Filterable. Stain
lightly with aniline dyes. Gram-negative. Have not been cultivated in cell-free media.
Parasites of man and other animals. Includes the etiological agent of Q fever. Produces no
typhus-like rash or Weil-Felix titer in man. Not dependent on arthropod transmission in
the infectious cycle.
The type species is Coxiella burnetii (Derrick) Philip.
1. Coxiella burnetii (Derrick, 1939) Small, bacterium-like, pleomorphic or-
Philip, (1943) 1948. {Rickettsia burneti (sic) ganisms varying in size from coccoid forms
Derrick, Med. Jour. Australia, 1, 1939, 14; to well-marked rods. Occur as intracellular
Rickettsia diaporica Cox, U. S. Pub. Health micro-colonies with diffuse or compact dis-
Rep., 64, 1939, 1826; Rickettsia burneti var. tribution ofthe organisms through the cyto-
americana Anonymous, Brit. Med. Jour., plasm. Also seen extracellularly, where they
2, 1941, 588; Rickettsia (Coxiella) burneti appear as small, lanceolate rods, diplobacilli
(sic) Philip, Amer. Jour. Hyg., 37, 1943, and occasionally segmented filamentous
306; Burnetia (Dyera) burneti Macchiavello, forms. Chains of 3 to 6 elements often seen.
Prim. Reunion Interamer. del Tifo, Mexico, Quite uniform in size and morphology in
1947, 409; Burnetia (Dyera) burneti var. infected yolk sacs and in mouse spleen with
diaporica Macchiavello, loc. cit.; Coxiella exceedingly minute forms in heavily in-
burneti (sic) Philip, U. S. Pub. Health fected material. Small lanceolate rods, 0.25
Rep., 63, 1948, 58; Rickettsia burneti var. by 0.4 to 0.5 micron, bipolar forms 0.25
caprina Caminopetros, Ann. Inst. Past., 77 , by 1.0 micron, diplobacilli 0.25 by 1.5 mi-
1949, 750; Cexiella (sic) diaporica Zhda- crons. Non-motile. Under the electron
nov and Korenblit, Jour. Microbiol., Epi- microscope, organisms from yolk-sac
demiol, and Immunobiol. (Russian), No. sources average 0.32 by 0.73 micron with
9, 1950, 42; Rickettsia burneti var. henzerling closer-fitting envelopes over a more regular
Kausche and Sheris, Ztschr. f. Hyg., 133, internal organization than that of Rickettsia
1951, 158.) prowazekii. With Giemsa's stain the cells
bur.ne'ti.i. M.L. gen.noun burnetii of appear reddish purple; with Macchiavello's
Burnet; named for F. M. Burnet, who first stain, bright red against a blue background.
studied the agent causing Q fever in Aus- Gram-negative.
tralia. Cultivation: May be cultivated in plasma
tissue cultures, in modified Maitland media, susceptible. Natural infections occur among
in the yolk sacs of chick embryos and by cattle, sheep and goats. A febrile reaction
injection into meal worms and certain other occurs in guinea pigs, but the mortality is
arthropods. low except with heavily infected yolk sac,
Filterability: The infectious agent of Q which causes a high mortality. On subcu-
fever readily passes through Berkefeld N taneous or intradermal inoculation, a
filters, which are impermeable to ordinary marked inflammatory thickening of the skin
bacteria, and W filters, which are imper- occurs at the site of inoculation. On au-
meable to typhus fever and spotted fever topsy, the spleen is enlarged from 2 to 12
rickettsiae. times by weight and is engorged with blood.
Resistance to chemical and physical Passage in guinea pigs and mice is accom-
agents : Comparatively resistant to heat and plished by transfer of infected blood, liver
to drying and chemical agents. Resists 60° and spleen. A febrile reaction often accom-
C. for 1 hour. Survives in cell-free media at panied by pneumonitis occurs in man, but
least 109 days without loss of titer. Resis- mortality is nil in uncomplicated cases.
tant to 0.5 per cent formalin and 1.0 per cent Source: First observed by Burnet and
phenol for 24 hours when tested in fertile Freeman (Med. Jour. Australia, 2, 1937,
eggs. Survives several years in dried tick 299) in stained smears from mice inoculated
feces. intraperitoneally with infectious material
There is complete cross immunity in from Australian patients. Independently,
guinea pigs between strains causing Q fever organisms were also seen in preparations of
in various parts of the world; the guinea guinea pigs injected with Dermacentor
pigs remain solidly immune to attempted andersoni ticks from "Nine-Mile" area of
reinfection. A vaccine has been developed Montana (U. S. Pub. Health Rep., 53, 1938,
2270).
which protects cattle and probably labora-
tory personnel from infection. Habitat: Isolated from at least 17 species
Serology: American and Australian of naturally infected ticks in North Amer-
strains are identical by agglutination and ica, Australia, Africa, Europe and Asia
agglutinin absorption. Strains from various Minor. Several other species of ticks have
countries are serologically related as shown been shown experimentally to transmit the
by complement fixation. Q fever is dis- agent of Q fever. Transovarial survival
tinguishable from other rickettsial diseases occurs in Dermacentor andersoni and Haema-
by complement-fixation tests. No common physalis humerosa. The bandicoot {Isoodon
antigenic factor with any Proteus strain has macrourus) is probably the natural animal
been demonstrated. reservoir of the disease in Australia, and the
Pathogenic for man, guinea pigs and white gerbille has been reported in Africa with
mice. The monkey, dog, white rat and rab- natural infection. Cows, sheep and goats
bit are mildly susceptible. Certain bush have been shown to shed organisms in milk
animals in Australia, particularly the bandi- and placentas. The etiological agent of Q
coot, have been found naturally infected. (for "query," not Queensland as surmised
Other rodents and marsupials are mildly by some writers) fever in man.
TRIBE II. EHRLICHIEAE PHILIP, TrIB. NoV.

(Ehrlichieae Philip [nomen nudum), Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 56, 1953, 486; also see
Canad. Jour. Microbiol., 2, 1956, 262.)
Ehr.li.chi'e.ae. M.L. fem.n. Ehrlichia type genus of the tribe; -eae ending to denote a
tribe; M.L. fem.pl.n. Ehrlichieae the Ehrlichia tribe.
Minute, rickettsia-like organisms pathogenic for certain vertebrate hosts, not including
man. Adapted to existence in invertebrates, chiefly arthropods.
Key to the genera of tribe Ehrlichieae.

I. Transmitted by ticks.
A. Transmitted transovarially; parasites of circulating monocytes of vertebrate hosts.
Genus III. Ehrlichia, p. 949.
B. Not transmitted transovarially; parasites of endothelial cells of vertebrate hosts.
Genus IV. Cowdria, p. 950.
II. Transmitted by parasitic trematodes; pathogenic principally for canines.
Genus V. Neorickettsia, p. 951.
Genus III. Ehrlichia Moshkovskiy, {1937) 1945.
(Subgenus Ehrlichia Moshkovskiy , Compt. rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, 126, 1937, 382; Ehrlichia
Moshkovskiy, Uspekhi Souremennoi Biol. (U.S.S.R.), 19, 1945, 10; Nicollea (in part) Mac-
chiavello, Prim. Reunion Interamer. del Tifo, Mexico, 1947, 416; possibly Donatienella
Rousselot, Bull. Soc. path, exot., 41, 1948, 110.)
Ehr.li'chi.a. M.L. noun Ehrlichia named for Paul Ehrlich, a German bacteriologist.
Small, often pleomorphic, usually coccoid organisms occurring intracytoplasmically in
the circulating monocytes of suitable mammalian hosts. Parasitic. The etiological agents
of tick-borne diseases of dogs, cattle and sheep.
The type species is Ehrlichia canis (Donatien and Lestoquard) Moshkovskiy.
Key to the species of genus Ehrlichia.

I. Causes a serious and often fatal disease of dogs.
1. Ehrlichia canis.
II. Cause diseases of ruminants.
A. Causes a non-fatal disease of cattle.
2. Ehrlichia bovis.
B. Causes a rickettsia-like disease of sheep.
3. Ehrlichia ovina.
1. Ehrlichia canis (Donatien and Lesto- Immunology: Not reported,

quard, 1935) Moshkovskiy, (1937) 1945. Pathogenicity: Reported as causing a
{Rickettsia canis Donatien and Lestoquard, serious and often fatal disease in dogs in
Bull. Soc. path, exot., 28, 1935, 418; Ehrlichia North and East Africa. Injection of a mon-
{Rickettsia) canis Moshkovskiy, Compt. key, Maccacus innuus, caused a febrile
rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, 126, 1937, 382; response with attendant rickettsiemia. The
Ehrlichia canis Moshkovskiy, Uspekhi ordinary laboratory animals are not sus-
Souremennoi Biol. (U.S.S.R.), 19, 1945, 18; ceptible.
Nicollea canis MucchiSiYQWo, Prim. Reunion Comment: Regarded as the type species
Interamer. del Tifo, Mexico, 1947, 416; of the genus Ehrlichia by Moshkovskiy (op.
Kurlovia {Ehrlichia) canis Zhdanov, Oprede- cit., 1945).
litel Virusov Celovska i Zivotmych, Izd. Source: Observed by Donatien and Lesto-
Akad. Med. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Moskau, 1953, quard (op. cit., 1935) in the cytoplasm of
57 and 168.) monocytes of dogs infected by tick bite in
ca'nis. M.L. noun canis the dog. Algeria.
Minute, coccoid, ellipsoidal or boat- Habitat: Found in the common dog tick,
shaped organisms, 0.2 to 0.3 micron in di- Rhipicephalu s sanguineus, aW singes oi\vh.ich.
ameter, occurring intracytoplasmically in are reported to transmit the infection and in
plaques or colonies in the circulating mono- which transovarial passage has been ob-
cytes of infected dogs. Stain blue with served.
Giemsa's stain.
Cultivation: Not reported. 2. Ehrlichia bovis (Donatien and Lesto-
Serology: Not reported. quard, 1936) Moshkovskiy, 1945. {Rickettsia
bonis Donatien and Lestoquard, Bull. Soc. stadial transmission was demonstrated. The
path, exot., 29, 1936, 1057; Moshkovskiy, etiological agent of a non-fatal cattle disease
Uspekhi Souremennoi Biol. (U.S.S.R.), 19, in Iran. Further experimental and trans-
1945, 18; Kurlovia (Ehrlichia) bovis Zhdanov, ovarial tick transmission not reported.
Opredelitel Virusov Celovska i Zivotmych,
Izd. Akad. Med. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Moskau, 3. Ehrlichia ovina (Lestoquard and
1953, 57 and 169.) Donatien, 1936) Moshkovskiy, 1945. (Rick-
bo'vis. L. noun bos the ox; M.L. gen. noun ettsia ovina Lestoquard and Donatien, Bull.
bovis of the ox.
Soc. path, exot., 29, 1936, 108; Moshkovskiy,
Occurs in circular, elliptical and poly- Uspekhi Souremennoi Biol. (U.S.S.R.), 19,
gonal colonies, 1 to 6 or 11 microns in di- 1945, 18; Kurlovia (Ehrlichia) ori/m Zhdanov,
ameter, in the cytoplasm of circulating Opredelitel Virusov Celovska i Zivotmych,
monocytes of infected cattle. The individual Izd. Akad. Med. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Moskau,
organisms are difficult to see in these masses 1953, 57 and 169.)
and measurements are not given. Stain deep
o . vi'na. L. adj . ovinus pertaining to sheep.
lavender or purple with Giemsa's stain. The organisms occur in plaques or colo-
Cultivation: Not reported.
nies, 2to 8 microns in diameter, in the cyto-
Serology: Not reported.
plasm of monocytes of infected sheep. Stain
Immunology: Circulating infection per-
sists for at least a year (premunition) and is a deep reddish with Giesma's stain.
not transmissible to sheep. Susceptibility of
Serology: Not reported.
small laboratory animals not stated.
Immunology: Not reported.
Pathogenicity: No mortality in cattle, Pathogenicity: Causes mild infections
which are the only reported susceptible with low mortality in sheep in Algeria and
hosts. Defibrinated blood has remained in-
Turkey; transmissible by blood subinocula-
fectious at laboratory temperatures for 26
tion.
hours. Infection transmissible by blood
Source: Observed by Lestoquard and
subinoculation as well as through the agency
of ticks. Donatien (op. cii., 1936, 108) in the circulat-
Source: Observed by Donatien and Lesto- ing monocj^tes of sheep infected by injection
quard (op. cii., 1936, 1057) in the monocytes of ticks.
of Moroccan cattle which were infected by Habitat: Found in the tick Rhipicephalus
adult ticks reared from immature stages im- bursa, though feeding experiments have not
ported on other cattle from Iran. been reported. The etiological agent of a
Habitat: Found in Iranian cattle ticks rickettsiosis-like disease of sheep in the
(Hyalomma sp.) in which at least trans- Mediterranean Basin.
Genus IV. Cowdria Moshkovskiy, (1945) 1947.

(Subgenus Cowdria Moshkovskiy, Uspekhi Souremennoi Biol., 19, 1945, 18; Cowdria
Moskovskiy, Science, 106, 1947, 62 (incorrectly attributed to Bengston, in Manual,
6th ed., 1948, 1094); not Coivdryia Macchiavello, Prim. Reunion Intramer.
del Tifo, Mexico, 1947, 417; Nicollea Macchiavello, ibid., 415; Kurlovia
Zhdanov, Opredelitel Virusov Celovska i Zivotmych, Izd. Akad. Med.
Nauk, U.S.S.R., Moskau, 1953, 166; see Philip,
Canad. Jour. Microbiol., 2, 1956, 265.)
Cow'dri.a. M.L. noun Cowdria named for E. V. Cowdry, who first described the organism
in heartwater diseases of three ruminants: sheep, goats and cattle.
Small, pleomorphic, spherical or ellipsoidal, occasionally rod-shaped organisms occurring
intracellularly in ticks and characteristically localized in clusters inside vacuoles in the
cytoplasm of vascular endothelial cells of host vertebrates. Gram-negative. Have not been
cultivated in cell-free media. Not transovarially transmitted in tick vectors. The etiological
agent of heartwater of cattle, sheep and goats.
The type species is Cowdria ruminantium (Cowdry) Moshkovskiy.
951
1. Cowdria ruminantium (Cowdry, Giemsa's stain; can also be stained by
1925) Moshkovskiy, (1945) 1947. {Rickettsia methylene blue and other basic aniline dyes.
ruminantium Cowdry, Jour. Exp. Med., ^2, Gram-negative.
1925, 'IZl; Rickettsia (Cowdria) ruminantium Cultivation: Not reported.
Moshkovskiy, Uspekhi Souremennoi Biol. Immunology: Immunity incomplete after
(Russian) (Advances in Modern Biology), recovery from the infection. The organisms
19, 1945, 18; Cowdria ruminantium Moshkov- are found in the tissues long after recovery
skiy, Science, 106, 1947, 62; Kurlovia (Cow- (premunition). There is some evidence of a
dria) ruminantium Zhdanov, Opredelitel variety of strains.
Virusov Celovska i Zivotmych, Izd. Akad. Pathogenic for goats, sheep and cattle.
Med. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Moskau, 1953, 56 and Transmissible to goats by inoculation of
166.) infected blood intrajugularly. The most
ru.mi.nan'ti.um. M.L. neut.gen.pl.n. ru- characteristic lesion is the hj^dropericar-
minantium of Ruminantia, formerly an dium of infected animals. The only small
ordinal name for cud-chewing mammals. animal shown to be susceptible is the ferret.
Differ morphologically from typical ty- Source: Observed in the endothelial cells
phus-like rickettsiae, showing u.sually of renal glomeruli and in the endothelial
spherical and ellipsoidal forms, occasionally
cells of the cerebral cortex of animals suffer-
bacillary forms. Irregular pleomorphic
forms occur. Grow in the cytoplasm but not ing from heartwater; also observed in the
in the nuclei of cells, sometimes in densely tick Amblyomma hebraeum.
packed masses. Cocci measure 0.2 to 0.5 Habitat: Found in the bont tick (A.
micron in diameter in the endothelial cells hebraeum) and also in A. variegatum, in
of animals and 0.2 to 0.3 micron in diameter which the infection has been shown to be
in ticks. In ticks bacillary forms are 0.2 to transstadial but not transovarial. The eti-
0.3 by 0.4 to 0.5 micron and pairs are 0.2 ological agent of heartwater in sheep, goats
by 0.8 micron. Non-motile. Stain blue with and cattle in South Africa.
Genus V. Neorickettsia Philip et al., 1953.

(Philip, Hadlow and Hughes, Riassunti delle Comunicazioni, VI Congresso Internaz. di
Microbiol., Roma, 2, 1953, 256; also see Exp. Parasitol., 3, 1954, 336; and Atti del
VI Congresso Internaz. di Microbiol., Roma (1953), 4, 1955, 70.)
Ne.o.ri.ckett'si.a. Gr. prefix neo- new; M.L. fem.n. Rickettsia type genus of family
Rickettsiaceae; M.L. fem.n. Neorickettsia the new Rickettsia.
Small, coccoid, sometimes pleomorphic (in the form of short rods, crescents and even
rings), intracytoplasmic organisms which occur in the reticulo-endothelial cells of certain
mammals and in tissues of at least mature fluke vectors. No intranuclear forms have been
observed. Non-filterable. Non-motile. Not cultivable on cell-free media. The etiological
agent of a helminth-borne disease of canines.
The type species is Neorickettsia helminthoeca Philip et al.
1. Neorickettsia helminthoeca Philip minthis worm; Gr. noun oicus house; M.L.
et al., 1953. (Neorickettsia hehnintheca (sic) adj. helminthoecus worm-dwelling.
Philip, Hadlow and Hughes, Riassunti delle Minute, coccoid and ellipsoidal forms to
Communicazioni, VI Congresso Internaz. short rods and clubs, occasionally crescentic
di Microbiol., Roma, 2, 1953, 256; also see and even ring-like. Often form morula-like
Exp. Parasitol., 3, 1954, 336; Neorickettsia clusters either singly or in multiple colonies
hehnintheca (sic) Philip, Hadlow and in the cytoplasm of reticuloendothelial cells
Hughes, Atti del VI Congresso Internaz. di of infected canines. The most common coc-
Microbiol., Roma (1953), 4, 1955, 70.) coid forms range from 0.3 to 0.4 micron in
hel.min'thoe.ca. Gr. noun helmins, hel- diameter. Non-filterable. Non-motile. In
node imprint preparations, these organisms infectious for at least 158 days but survive
stain bluish with Giemsa's stain and faintly more consistently at — 70°C. Survival under
by Castaneda's method. Gram-negative. lyophilization is short.
Cultivation: Will not grow in ordinary Antibiotic therapy: Symptoms in ill dogs
bacteriological media or in embryonated quickly alleviated by oral administration
chicken eggs. Has been grown in certain of aureomycin or terramycin, as little as
tissue-culture explants from infected dog- 250 mg in 15-pound beagles. Sulfonamids
node tissues. also effective in treatment.
Immunology: Recovered dogs are solidly Pathogenicity: Untreated dogs show up-
immune to reinfection, but mild febrile wards of 90 per cent mortality after feeding
relapses may occur during which infection on infected fish or when injected with in-
is recoverable from the blood. Guinea pigs fected dog tissues and blood. Foxes and coy-
injected with this agent are not cross- otes are also susceptible. Causes mild re-
immunized against Rocky Mountain spotted sponse in guinea pigs, hamsters and white
fever, endemic typhus or Q fever. Natural mice; this response is retrogressive on
resistance in dogs has not been observed, passage and is not maintained. Raccoons
but dogs have been immunized by infectious and mink do not show clinical reactions to
materials of reduced virulence which have
attempted experimental infections. Trout
caused mild or inapparent infections.
are not infected by injection of infected dog-
Serology: Attempts to prepare a usable
node suspensions.
antigen from heavily infected dog nodes
have not been successful, and no other Source: First observed in node-imprint
source of antigen is yet available. Hyper- preparations of experimentally infected
immunized dogs and rabbits have shown no dogs by Cordy and Gorham (Amer. Jour.
common antigenic factor with strains of Path., ^6, 1950, 457).
Proteus vulgaris. Habitat: Found in the intestinal trema-
Resistance to chemical and physical tode Nanophyetus salmincola (Chapin),
agents: Inactivated within a few hours in a which probably acts as the natural reservoir
saline suspension at room temperature. Dog of infection. The etiological agent of a sal-
nodes frozen at —20° C. have remained mon-poisoning disease of canines.
TRIBE III. WOLBACHIEAE PHILIP, 1955.

(Bact. Rev., 19, 1955, 271.)
Wol.ba.chi'e.ae. M.L. fem.n. Wolbachia type genus of the tribe; -eae ending to denote a
tribe; M.L. fem.pl. n. Wolbachieae the Wolbachia tribe.
Includes many species heretofore assigned to the genus Rickettsia which are rickettsia-
like in growth and in morphological and staining properties and which are mostly intracel-
lular symbiotes or parasites of various species of arthropods, sometimes occupying special
tissues or mycetomes. Characterization has often been not so adequate as in the preceding
forms that are pathogenic for vertebrates, and differentiation has been arbitrarily assigned
chiefly on the basis of presumed host-specificity in arthropods, though differences in devel-
opment and morphology are often noted.
At present three genera are recognized in the tribe Wolbachieae; however, future knowl-
edge may show that a better and more satisfactory arrangement is possible.
Key to the genera of tribe Wolbachieae.

I. No known filterability; no reported association with intracellular crystalline inclusions.
A. Symbiotic to highly pathogenic; no mycetomes produced in hosts.
Genus VI. Wolbachia, p. 953.
B. Symbiotic to the point that special mycetomes are developed for harboring the
organisms, which are not pathogenic, in the host.
Genus VII. Sytnbiotes, p. 956.
II. Filterable; cause blue disease of beetle larvae; associated with intracellular, crystalline
inclusions; reportedly invade cell nuclei.
Genus VIII. Rtckettsiella, p. 957.
Genus VI. Wolbachia Hertig, 1936.

(Parasitology, 28, 1936, 472.)
Wol.ba'chi.a. M.L. fem.n. Wolbachia named forS. B. Wolbach, who described the rickett-
sial agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
Microorganisms possessing the general characteristics of the rickettsiae and e.xhibiting
not only minute, bacterium-like forms appearing with dark-field illumination as luminous
rods and points but also enlarged forms within the body of which are contained one to
several smaller individuals. Pleomorphism is characteristic, and it is usually found in organ-
isms in an intracellular location; the few extracellular species, e.g. Wolbachia melophagi,
may eventually be regarded as not belonging to this genus.
The tj-pe species is Wolbachia pipientis Hertig.
Key to the species of genus Wolbachia.
I. Found in insects.
A. Found in mosquitoes.
1. Found in the gonadal cells of mosquitoes, where degeneration occurs.
1. Wolbachia pipientis.
2. Found in the epithelial lining of the stomach of mosquitoes, where destruction of
the hind gut occurs.
2. Wolbachia culicis.
B. Not found in mosquitoes
1. Found in fleas.
3. Wolbachia ctenocephali .
4. Wolbachia pulex.
2. Found in lice.
5. Wolbachia trichodectae .
6. Wolbachia linognathi.
3. Found in the sheep ked; grows on non-living media (glucose-blood-bouillon-agar).
7. Wolbachia melophagi.
II. Found in arachnids.
A. Found in the Rocky Mountain wood tick.
8. Wolbachia dermacentrophila.
B. Found in mites.
9. Wolbachia sericea.
1. Wolbachia pipientis Hertig, 1936. diplococcoid forms are also observed. Ir-
(Rickettsia of Culex pipiens, Hertig and regularity rather than symmetry is pro-
Wolbach, Jour. Med. Res., 44, 1924, 329; nounced. The larger coccoid forms may
Hertig, Parasitology, 28, 1936, 453.) measure up to 1.8 microns in diameter.
pi.pi.en'tis. M.L. pipiens specific epithet Stain well with Giemsa's stain but poorly
of the host mosquito, Culex pipiens; M.L. with aniline dyes.
gen. noun pipientis oi pipiens. Cultivation: Attempts to cultivate this
Small, coccoid forms measure 0.25 to 0.5 organism in cell-free media have been un-
micron in diameter, and the rods measure successful; attempts in embryonated
0.25 to 0.5 by 0.5 to 1.3 microns. Paired and chicken eggs are unreported.
Comment: Hertig {loc. cit.) regarded this Stain reddish with Giemsa's stain. Bipolar
species as possibly related to Rickettsia staining observed in some rods. Gram-
lectularia Arkwright et al. Philip (Canad. negative.
Jour. Microbiol., 2, 1956, 266), however, Cultivation: Not reported, though propa-
regards these two species as more logically gation in the coelomic fluid of the body
placed in different genera. louse is claimed.
Pathogenicity and source: This species is Comment: Regarded by Macchiavello
described in the role of a harmless parasite (Prim. Reunion Interamer. del Tifo,
which causes some degeneration of parasi- Me.xico, 1947, 418) as a variety of his later
tized gonad cells of the mosquito host, described Cowdryia pulex.
Culex pipiens; studied in mosquitoes of Pathogenicity and source: Found on the
North America and China. It is passed surface of organs in the body cavity and in
through the eggs of the host to succeeding the coelomic fluid of cat fleas (presumably
generations. Ctenocephalides felis) where no particular
damage was reported.
2. Wolbachia culicis (Brumpt, 1938)
Philip, 1956. (Rickettsia culicis Brumpt, 4. Wolbachia pulex (Macchiavello, 1947)
Ann. Parasitol. Hum. et Comp., 16, 1938, Philip, 1956. (Cowdryia pidex Macchiavello,
153; Philip, Canad. Jour. Microbiol., 2, 1956, Prim. Reunion Interamer. del Tifo, Mexico,
267.) 1947, 418; Philip, Canad. Jour. Microbiol.,
cu.li'cis. M.L. noun Culex a genus of 2, 1956, 267.)
mosquitoes; M.L. gen. noun culicis of Culex. pu'lex. M.L. noun Pulex a genus of fleas.
Small, pleomorphic, intracellular organ- Described as rickettsioid organisms and
isms. Stained in sections with haemalum, as tj^pical rickettsias which, in fleas, can be
and with erythrosine-orange and toluidine- confused with bacteria, especially those of
blue. Gram-negative. the intestine. Macchiavello 's stain serves to
Cultivation: No attempts reported. differentiate these organisms. Presumably
Pathogenicity and source: Found in the stain red by Macchiavello's method.
epithelial lining of the stomach of mos- Cultivation: Not attempted.
quitoes (Culex fatigans), where destruction Pathogenicity and source: Non-patho-
of the cells of the hind gut occurs. Differ- genic for the host fleas. Hundreds of inocula,
entiation from W. pipientis Hertig is pre- consisting of batches of fleas, when injected
sumably on the basis of this pathogenicitj^ into guinea pigs caused, in two instances,
though it remains to be proved that this is symptomatic responses. However, in neither
not a strain difference. Brumpt postulated case could this organism be related to the
that parasitism of man might occur since response nor could Rickettsia typhi be elim-
the original mosquitoes had been fed on inated as a potential excitant.
filaria-carrying persons.
5. Wolbachia trichodectae (Hindle,
3. Wolbachia ctenocephali (Sikora, 1921) Philip, 1956. (Rickettsia trichodectae
1918) Philip, 1956. (Rickettsia ctenocephali Hindle, Parasitology, IS, 1921, 152; Philip,
Sikora, Arch. f. Schiffs- u. Tropen-Hyg., 22, Canad. Jour. Microbiol., 2, 1956, 267.)
1918, 445; Philip, Canad. Jour. Microbiol., tri.cho.dec'tae. M.L. fem.n. Trichodectes
2, 1956, 267.) a genus of biting lice; M.L. gen. noun
cte.no.ce'pha.li. M.L. mas.n. Ctenocepha- trichodectae of Trichodectes.
lus (now Ctenocephalides) a genus of fleas; Rickettsia-like, extracellular, minute coc-
M.L. gen. noun ctenocephali of Ctenocephalus. coid and rod-shaped organisms resembling
Organisms of two sizes were observed by Wolbachia melophagi in morphology, aver-
Sikora, the larger resembling Rickettsia aging 0.3 to 0.5 by 0.5 to 0.9 micron. Stain
pediculi and the smaller, Rickettsia melo- purple with Giemsa's stain.
phagi. Vary from minute cocci, 0.3 to 0.4 Cultivation: Not reported.
micron in diameter, to rather large, swol. Source: Found in 7 to 8 per cent of biting
len, curved rods, 0.3 by 1.5 to 2.0 microns- lice (Trichodectes pilosus) where it propa-
gates in the lumen of the alimentary tract ovinus). Intracellular growth has been
and passes out with the feces. This is the disputed and is not generally credited at
supposed means of transmission between present. Injury to the host has not been re-
lice. The original lice were taken from ported, and since this organism is almost
horses, but the latter are not presumed universally present, including the larvae of
hosts of the organism as the lice do not suck the viviparous host, s3^mbiosis is an ad-
the blood of their hosts. vanced stage approaching the condition in
Syinbiotes lectularius without the develop-
6. Wolbachia linognathi (Hindle, 1921) ment of mycetomes. Infection in ked-in-
Philip, 1956. (Rickettsm linognathi Hindle, fested sheep is disputed, and cultivation
Parasitology, 13, 1921, 157; Philip, Canad. from sheep's blood has been claimed. At
Jour. Microbiol., 2, 1956, 267.) least such an infection is low-grade or in-
li.nog.na'thi. M.L. noun Linognafhus a apparent as far as symptoms are concerned.
genus of sucking lice; M.L. gen. noun Laboratory animals, including vitamin-de-
linognathi of Linognathus. ficient guinea pigs, have failed to become
Resembles Wolbachia trichodectae in ap- infected by injection of cultures.
pearance. Stain bluish with Giemsa's stain.
Cultivation: Not reported. 8. Wolbachia dermacentrophila (Stein-
Source: Observed in two of 57 goat lice haus, 1942) Philip, 1956. (Rickettsia derma-
{Linognathus stenopsis), where it was found centrophila Steinhaus, U. S. Public Health
extracellularly in the lumen of the gut. Rept., 57, 1942, 1376; Philip, Canad. Jour.
Probably not pathogenic for the host, but Microbiol., 2, 1956, 267.)
also not adapted to the point of occurring
der.ma.cen.tro'phi.la. M.L. noun Derma-
in a high percentage of neighboring hosts. censor a genus of ticks; Gr. adj. philus
loving; M.L. adj. dermacentrophilus Derma-
7. Wolbachia melophagi (Noller, 1917) centor -\o\mg.
Philip, 1956. (Rickettsia melophagi Noller, Minute, rickettsia-like organisms, meas-
Arch. f. Schiffs- u. Tropen-Hyg., 21, 1917, uring 0.3 to 0.8 by 0.5 to 2.8 microns. May
70; Philip, Canad. Jour. Microbiol., 2, 1956, occur joined in short chains of two or three
267.) organisms or occasionally as filaments. On
me.lo'pha.gi. M.L. mas.n. Melophagus a the average, larger in size than Rickettsia
genus of sheep keds (sometimes incorrectly rickettsii. Stain reddish with Machiavello's
called "ticks"); M.L. gen. noun melophagi of stain and bluish with Giemsa's stain. Not
Melophagus. acid-fast. Gram-negative.
Minute, rickettsia-like, extracellular, coc- Cultivation : Failed to grow on 14 ordinary
coid, ellipsoidal and, occasionaly, short cell-free, bacteriological media. Readily
rods occurring characteristically in pairs of cultivated in embryonated chicken eggs,
fairly uniform size, 0.3 to 0.6 micron in growing chiefly in yolk sacs and apparently
diameter. In eggs of the wingless-fly host, in the embryonic fluids.
the organisms are more rod-shaped with a Pathogenicity and source: Found most
tendency to pleomorphism. In cultures, the abundantly in the epithelial cells of the
rods may measure up to 1.0 micron in length.
intestinal diverticula of the Rocky Moun-
Stain purple with Giemsa's stain and reddish tain wood tick (Dermacentor andersoni) , but
with Macchiavello's stain. Gram-negative. may also occur throughout the various tis-
Cultivation: This is the only one of the
sues of the host. Extracellular occurrence is
rickettsia-like microorganisms that has
also possible. Observed in every stage of the
been confirmed as cultivable on non-living
media (glucose-blood-bouillon-agar). Also tick host including the egg. Not lethal for
grows in embryonated chicken eggs. the tick host. Attempts at infecting various
Pathogenicity and source: Occurs as con- laboratory animals susceptible to spotted
tinuous or broken masses lining the intesti- fever failed; such animals were not
nal epithelium; occurs extracellularly in the immune to challenge with strains of tick-
sheep ked ("sheep tick") (Melophagus borne, rickettsial pathogens. Spotted-fever-
immune sera showed agglutination in dilu- Giemsa's stain and red with Macchiavello's
tions too low to be considered positive. stain. Bipolar staining may be observed.
9. Wolbachia sericea (Giroud and Mar- Pathogenicity and source: Found both
tin, 1946) Philip, 1956. {Rickettsia sericea extracellularly and intracellularly in 19 of
Giroud and Martin, Bull. Soc. path, exot., 241 mites examined {Sericothrombium holo-
39, 1946, 264; Philip, Canad. Jour. Microbiol., sericeum, a species which is not parasitic on
2, 1956, 267.) vertebrates in any stage). No longer con-
se.ri'ce.a. M.L. adj. sericeus silken. sidered pathogenic for the host mites. No
Minute, coccoid, diplococcoid and short susceptibility was found in laboratory
rods up to 0.5 micron in length. Violet with animals.
Genus VII. Symbiotes Philip, 1956.

{Coivdnjia Macchiavello, Prim. Reunion Interamer. del Tifo, Mexico, 1947, 417; not Cowdria
Moshkovskiy, Uspekhi Souremennoi Biol., 19, 1945, 18; Philip, Canad. Jour.
Microbiol., 2, 1956, 267.)
Although Cowdryia Macchiavello (1947) antedates Symbiotes Philip (1956), the former
generic name is an orthographic variant of an earlier generic name, Cowdria Moshkovskiy
(1945), and is therefore an illegitimate homonym.
Sym.bi.o'tes. Gr. mas.n. symbiotes one who lives with a companion, a partner.
Rickettsia-like, pleomorphic organisms living chiefly intracellularly in arthropod tissues
and approaching most nearly the true symbiotic or commensalistic relationship to their
hosts; this is evidenced by the development in the host of special organs, or mycetomes,
though no species of the Rickettsiales is yet known to be confined to such a location.
The type species is Symbiotes lectularius (Arkwright et al.) Philip.
1. Symbiotes lectularius (Arkwright et ful. However, Steinhaus (Jour. Bact., ^2,

al., 1921) Philip, 1956. (Rickettsia lectularia 1941, 757) cultivated, from- suitable host
Arkwright, Atkin and Bacot, Parasitology, sources, a diphtheroid in semi-solid media
13, 1921, 35; Cowdryia lectularia Macchia- and embryonated chicken eggs; the relation-
vello, Prim. Reunion Interamer. del Tifo, ship of the diphtheroid to this species was
Mexico, 1947, 417; Symbiotes lectularia (sic) uncertain.
Philip, Canad. Jour. Microbiol., 2, 1956, Pathogenicity and source: Found espe-
267.) cially in paired, special organs, the myce-
lec.tu.la'ri.us. M.L. adj. lectularius the tomes, in the common bedbug {Cimex
specific epithet of the common bedbug, lectularius); also occurs in other tissues, the
Cimex lectularius. alimentary tract, ovaries, testes, Malpighian
Minute, pleomorphic, intracellular or- tubules and Berlese's organ. Transovarially
ganisms, the typical form being coccoid or transmitted between generations and so
diplococcoid, 0.2 by 0.4 to 0.5 micron, mutualistically adapted that it seems prob-
staining deep purple with Giemsa's stain. able that every bedbug harbors the organ-
Bacillary, lanceolate and thread forms, ism. The same, or a related organism, was
0.25 to 0.3 by 3.0 to 8.0 microns, occur which observed in the swallow bedbug {Cimex
stain more red than purple with Giemsa's hirundinis) and in "accessory lobes"
stain. Granules were reported in the thread (mycetomes?) in the tropical bedbug {Cimex
forms which were liberated during dark- rotundatus). The only effect on the host was
field examination. Motility of some of the reported as swellings in the Malpighian
filamentous forms has been reported. The tubules due to masses of organisms in the
possibility that a true bacterium occurs in cells, though destruction of such cells was
association has also been postulated. not noted. No effects were produced by in-
Cultivation : Attempts to grow this organ- jection into laboratory animals and into
ism on cell-free media have been unsuccess- two human volunteers.
FAMILY II. CHLAMYDIACEAE 957
Genus VIII. Rickettsiella Philip, 1956.

{Coxiella Dutky and Gooden, Jour. Bact., 63, 1952, 749; not Coiiella Philip, Amer. Jour.
Hyg., 37, 1943, 306; Philip, Canad. Jour. Microbiol., 2, 1956, 267.)
Ri.ckett.si.el'la. M.L. dim. ending -ella; M.L. fem.n. Rickettsiella named for H. T. Rick-
etts, one of the discoverers of the organisms bearing his name, who eventually lost his life
while studying typhus infection in Mexico.
Minute, intracellular, rickettsia-like organisms which are pathogenic for certain insect
larvae but which are not known to be pathogenic for any vertebrates. Filterable. Associated
with microscopic, intracellular, crystalline inclusions and reported to infect cell nuclei
(though this needs to be confirmed).
The type species is Rickettsiella popilliae (Dutky and Gooden) Philip.
1. Rickettsiella popilliae (Dutky and death, the infection eventually spreads to

Gooden, 1952) Philip, 1956. (Coxiella popil- discolor the entire larva. Nuclei of infected
liae Dutky and Gooden, Jour. Bact., 63, cells are reported to be invaded, but no
1952, 743; Rickettsia melolonthae Krieg, clear evidence of this has been illustrated or
Ztschr. f. Naturforsch., 706, 1955, 35; Philip, described. The organisms are fairly uni-
Canad. Jour. Microbiol., 2, 1956, 267.) form, small, kidney-shaped rods, 0.2 by 0.6
po.pil'li.ae. M.L. fem.n. Popillia a genus micron under the electron microscope, with
of beetles; M.L. gen. noun popilliae of Pop- denser areas at the poles or outlined by a
illia. capsule-like structure. Pass 7-pound me-
Occurs intracellularly in the Japanese dium and 13-pound fine porosity Mandler
beetle (Popillia japonica), initially in the filters. Capable of infecting healthy larvae
fat bodies of infected larvae, causing a blu- by subinjection of hemolymph. E.xperimen-
ish discoloration. Other tissues become in- tal infection has also been produced by con-
fected as ruptured cells release the organ- tamination of soil in which healthy larvae
isms into the hemolymph, and, preceding were fed.
FAMILY II. CHLAMYDIACEAE RAKE, Fam. Nov.*

(Chlamydozoaceae Moshkovskiy, Uspekhi Souremennoi Biologii (Russian) (Advances in
Modern Biology), 19, 1945, 12.)
Chla.my.di.a'ce.ae. M.L. neut.n. Chlamydia type genus of the family; -aceae ending to
denote a family; M.L. fem.pl.n. Chlamydiaceae the Chlamydia family.
Small, coccoid microorganisms with a characteristic developmental cycle. Stain with
aniline dyes. Gram-negative. Have not been cultivated in cell-free media. Obligate, intra-
cytoplasmic parasites or saprophytes. Found in various warm-blooded animals, where they
are usually pathogenic.
Key to the genera of family Chlamydiaceae.
I. Non-cultivable in chicken embryonic tissues.
A. Organisms coccoid; do not exhibit pleomorphism.
Genus I. Chlamydia, p. 958.
B. Organisms usually coccoid or ellipsoidal; exhibit marked pleomorphism.
1. Pleomorphic forms small (200 millimicrons to 2 microns). Pathogenic.
a. Occur intracytoplasmically as prominent colonies.
Genus II. Colesiota, p. 959.
* Prepared by Prof. Geoffrey W. Rake, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Penn-

sylvania, December, 1955.
aa. Occur intracytoplasmically as scattered growth.

Genus III. Ricolesia, p. 959.
2. Pleomorphic forms large (2 microns). Apparently non-pathogenic; may be sapro-
phytic.
Genus IV. Colettsia, p. 961.
II. Cultivable in chicken embryonic tissues.
Genus V. Miyagawanella, p. 961.
Genus I. Chlamydia Rake, 1956.*

{Prowazekia Coles, Ann. New York Acad. Sci., 56, 1953, 461; not Prowazekia Hartmann
and Chagas, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 1910, 89 (a protozoan genus).)
Chla.my'di.a. Gr. fem.n. chlamys, chlamydis a cloak; M.L. fem.dim.n. Chlamydia a small
cloak.
Coccoid and spherical cells with a developmental cycle. Gram-negative. Occur intracyto-
plasmically. Non-cultivable in chicken embryonic tissues. Have not yet been cultivated in
tissue culture. Susceptible to the action of sulfonamides and of antibiotics. Cause ophthal-
mic and urogenital diseases in man; transferable to other primates.
In the previous edition of the Manual (Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 1114), the generic name
Chlamydozoon von Prowazek (incorrectly attributed in Manual {loc. cit.) to Halberstaedter
and von Prowazek, Arb. a. d. kaiserl. Gesundheitsamte, 26, 1907, 44) was used for this group
of organisms. However, it has been shown (Buchanan, Internat. Bull, of Bact. Nomen. and
Taxon., 5, 1955, 121) that Chlamydozoon is not available as a generic name for these organ-
isms because its type species, Chlamydozoon bombycis von Prowazek, was presumably a
virus, not a member of the family Chlamydiaceae.
The type species is Chlamydia trachomatis (Busacca) Rake.
Key to the species of genus Chlamydia.
I. Causes trachoma in man.
1. Chlamydia trachomatis.
II. Causes inclusion conjunctivitis in man.
2. Chlamydia oculogtenialis .
1. Chlamydia trachomatis (Busacca, are also found. All larger forms are encap-
1935) Rake, comb. nov. (Rickettsia trachomae sulated with a substance derived either
(sic) Busacca, Arch. Ophthalm., 52, 1935, from the cell or from the cytoplasm of the
b&l\Rickettsia trachomatis Yo\ey and Ysivvot, parasitized cells. The elementary body is
Compt. rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, 12^, 1937, the basic unit. Occurs in pairs or in clus-
230; also see Arch. Inst. Past. d'Algerie, ters. Non-motile. Stains poorly with aniline
15, 1937, 339; Chlamydozoon trachomatis dyes, blue or reddish blue with Giemsa's
Moshkovskiy, Uspekhi Souremennoi Biolo- stain and red or blue, depending on the
gii, 19, 1945, 12.) metabolic state, with Macchiavello's stain.
tra.cho'ma.tis. Gr. noun trachoma rough- The matrices of the plaques give a strong
ness; M.L. noun trachoma trachoma; M.L. reaction for glycogen. Gram-negative,
gen. noun trachomatis of trachoma. Cultivation: Has never been cultivated.
Coccoid cells. Small cells 200 to 350 milli- Immunology: Possesses one or more anti-
microns in diameter are the elementary gens in common with or closely resembling
bodies. Initial bodies up to 800 millimicrons one or more of those present in Miyagawa-
in diameter and plaques up to 10 microns nella spp. Produces, in low concentrations,
* The first appearance of the name Chlamydia in bacteriological literature (Jones, Rake
and Stearns, Jour. Inf. Dis., 76, 1945, 55) was as a nomen nudum, and as such the generic
name Chlamydia Jones et al. has no standing.
antibodies which fix complement with anti- genitalis (apparently intended to mean)
gen from Miyagawanella lymphogranuloma- the ocular and genital (organism).
tosis. Resembles Chlamydia trachomatis morpho-
Pathogenic for man, apes and monkeys, logically and in staining reactions.
affecting only the cornea and the conjunc- Cultivation: Has not been cultivated.
tiva, causing highly destructive lesions. Immunology: Same as for C. trachomatis.
Antibiotic- and chemo-therapy: Suscep- Pathogenic for man, baboons and mon-
tible to sulfonamides and to antibiotics. keys. Causes an acute conjunctivitis and,
Source: Found in the scrapings of either in man, an inflammation of the lower uro-
the cornea or the conjunctiva in cases of genital tract.
trachoma.
Antibiotic- and chemo-therapy: Suscep-
Habitat: The etiological agent of tra- tible to sulfonamides and to antibiotics.
choma in man. Source: Found in conjunctival exudates
and in exudates from infected urethra or
2. Chlamydia oculogenitalis (Mosh-
cervix. Also present in contaminated pools
kovskiy, 1945) Rake, comb. nov. (Chlamy-
of water.
dozoon oculogenitale Aloshkovskiy, Uspekhi
Souremennoi Biologii, 19, 1945, 12.) Habitat: The etiological agent of swim-
o.cu.lo.ge.ni.ta'lis. L. noun oculus eye; ming-pool conjunctivitis (neonatal, or in-
L. adj. genitalis genital; M.L. adj. oculo- clusion, conjunctivitis).
Genus II. Colesiota Rake, 1948.

(Rake, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 1119.)
Co.le.si.o'ta. M.L. dim. ending -iota; M.L. noun Colesiota named for Prof. J. D. W. A.
Coles, the first to study these organisms.
Usually coccoid cells, but pleomorphism is marked. Gram-negative. Occur intracytoplas-
mically as colonies. Cause ophthalmic diseases in sheep.
The type species is Colesiota conjunctivae (Coles) Rake.
1. Colesiota conjunctivae (Coles, uniformly staining coccoid forms or bacil-

1931) Rake, 1948. (Rickettsia conjunctivae lary, triangular, annular or horse-shoe in
Coles, 17th Rept. Dir. Vet. Serv. and Anim. form. Do not occur in chains. Colony-like
Ind. Union So. Africa, 1931, 175; Chlamy- masses are frequent. Not encapsulated.
dozoon conjunctivae Moshkovskiy, Uspekhi Non-motile. Stain with ordinary aniline
Souremennoi Biologii, 19, 1945, 19; Rake, dyes but less intensely than do bacteria.
in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 1119; Chlamydozoon Gram-negative.
pecoris Zhdanov and Korenblit, Jour. Mi- Cultivation: Has not been cultivated.
crobiol., Epidemiol, and Immunobiol. (Rus- Immunology: Unknown.
sian), No. 9, 1950, 43; Rickettsia conjunctivae Tissue tropism: Affects only the conjunc-
ovis Coles, Ann. New York Acad. Sci., 56, tiva and the cornea.
1953, 460.) Pathogenic for sheep. Causes acute con-
con.junc.ti'vae. L. adj. conjunctivus conjunctivitis and keratitis.
nective; M.L. fem.n. conjunctiva the con- Habitat: Found in the scrapings of the
junctiva; M.L. gen. noun conjunctivae of the cornea, the conjunctiva and in the dis-
conjunctiva. charges from affected eyes of sheep. The
Pleomorphic cells with diameters ranging etiological agent of infectious, or specific,
from 200 millimicrons to 2 microns. May be ophthalmia in sheep.
Genus III. Ricolesia Rake, gen. nov.
Ri.co.le'si.a. Ri- an arbitrarily formed prefix taken from Rickettsia; M.L. noun Colesia
named for Prof. J. D. W. A. Coles, the first to study these organisms; M.L. fem.n. Ricolesia
an arbitrarily formed generic name.
Usually coccoid cells, but pleomorphism is marked. Gram-negative. Occur intracyto-

plasmically as scattered growth. Cause ophthalmic diseases of warm-blooded animals.
The type species is Ricolesia pullorum (Zhdanov and Korenblit) Rake.
Key to the species of genus Ricolesia.

I. Affects fowls, causing a form of ocular roup.
1. Ricolesia conjunctivae.
II. Do not affect fowls.
A. Affect ruminants, causing infectious conjunctivitis.
1. Affects cattle.
2. Ricolesia bovis.
2. Affects goats.
3. Ricolesia caprae.
B. Does not affect ruminants; affects swine, causing infectious conjunctivitis.
4. Ricolesia lestoguardii.
1. Ricolesia conjunctivae (Coles, 1940) Pleomorphic. Resembles Ricolesia con-

Rake, comb. nov. (Rickettsia conjunctivae junctivae morphologically and in staining
gain Coles, Onderstepoort Jour. Vet. Sci. reactions.
and Anim. Ind., 14, 1940, 474; Colesiota Cultivation: Has not been cultivated.
conjunctivae-gallii Rake, in Manual, 6th Immunology: Unknown.
ed., 1948, 1120; Chlamydozoon conjunctivae Pathogenic for cattle. Causes an acute
gain Krassilnikov, Guide to the Bacteria conjunctivitis and keratitis.
and Actinomycetes, Izd. Akad. Nauk, Tissue tropism: Affects only the conjunc-
U.S.S.R., Moskau, 1949, 735; Chlamydo- tiva and the cornea.
zoon pullorum Zhdanov and Korenblit, Habitat: The etiological agent of infec-
Jour. Microbiol., Epidemiol, and Immuno- tious kerato-conjunctivitis in cattle.
biol. (Russian), No. 9, 1950, 43.)
con. June. ti'vae. L.adj. conjunctivus con- 3. Ricolesia caprae Rake, comb. nov.
nective; M.L. fem.n. conjunctiva the con- (Rickettsia conjunctivae caprae Coles, Ann.
junctiva; M.L. gen. noun conjunctivae of New York Acad. Sci., 56, 1953, 460.)
the conjunctiva. ca'prae. L. noun capra a she-goat; L.
Pleomorphic. There are many coccoid gen. noun caprae of a she-goat.
cells, measuring 200 millimicrons to 2 mi- Pleomorphic. Resembles Ricolesia con-
crons in diameter. Other cells are bacillary,
junctivae.
Cultivation: Has not been cultivated.
triangular, annular or horse-shoe in form.
Most stain uniformly. Purplish red or blue Immunology: Unknown.
with Giemsa's stain. Gram-negative. Pathogenic for goats. Causes acute con-
Cultivation: Has not been cultivated.
junctivitis and keratitis.
Immunology: Unknown. Tissue tropism: Affects only the conjunc-
Pathogenic for the domestic fowl. Causes tiva and the cornea.
an acute conjunctivitis and keratitis.
Habitat: The etiological agent of infec-
Tissue tropism: Affects only the conjunc- tious kerato-conjunctivitis in goats.
tiva and the cornea.
Habitat: The etiological agent of one
4. Ricolesia lestoquardii (Donatien
form of ocular roup in fowls.
and Gayot, 1942) Rake, comb. nov. (Rickett-
sia lestoquardi (sic) Donatien and Gayot,
2. Ricolesia bovis Rake, comb. nov. (Ric-
kettsia conjunctivae bovis Coles, South Afr. Bull. Soc. path, exot., 35, 1942, 325; Chlamy-
Vet. Med. Assoc, 7, 1936, 223; Chlamydo- dozoon lestoquardi (sic) Krassilnikov, Guide
zoon conjunctivae-bovis Moshkovskiy, to the Bacteria and Actinomycetes, Izd.
Uspekhi Souremennoi Biologii, 19, 1945, 19.) Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Moskau, 1949, 735;
bo'vis. L. noun bos a cow; L. gen. noun Rickettsia conjunctivae suis Coles, Ann. New
bovis of a cow. York Acad. Sci., 56, 1953, 460.)
le.sto.quar'di.i. M.L. gen. noun lesto- Immunology: Unknown.

quardii of Lestoquard; named for F. Lesto- Pathogenic for swine. Causes acute con-
quard. junctivitis and keratitis.
Pleomorphic. Resembles Ricolesia con- Tissue tropism: Affects only the conjunc-
junclivae morphologically and in staining tiva and the cornea,
reactions. Habitat: The etiological agent of infec-
Cultivation: Has not been cultivated. tious kerato-conjunctivitis in swine.
Genus IV. Colettsia Rake, nom. nov.

(Unnamed new genus, Coles, Ann. New York Acad, of Sci., 56, 1953, 461, (89).)
Co.lett'si.a. -ttsia an arbitrarily formed suffix taken from Rickettsia; Cole- from Coles;
named for Prof. J. D. W. A. Coles, the first to study these organisms; M.L. fem.n. Colettsia
an arbitrarily formed generic name.
Large, pleomorphic cells occurring intracytoplasmically. Apparently non-pathogenic,
but may be saprophj^tic. Found only in the conjunctival cells of goats, sheep and cattle.
The type species is Colettsia pecoris Rake.
1. Colettsia pecoris Rake, nom. nov. horse-shoe and comma forms occur. Occur
(See Coles, Ann. New York Acad, of Sci., scattered in the cytoplasm. Gram-negative.
56, 1953, 461, (8).) Cultivation: Has not been cultivated.
pe'co.ris. L. noun pecus cattle (as a col- Immunology: Unknown,
lective herd); L. gen. noun pecoris of cattle. Apparently non-pathogenic, but may be
Pleomorphic cells. Larger than members saprophytic,
of the genera Colesiota and Ricolesia. Usual Tissue tropism: Found in the conjunctiva.
form is ellipsoidal, 2 microns in diameter; Habitat: Found only in the cells of the
the cells are often coccoid, but annular, conjunctiva of goats, sheep and cattle.
Genus V. Miyagawanella Brumpt, 1938.

(Brumpt, Ann. de Parasitol., 16, 1938, 153; Rickettsiafonnis Zhdanov and Korenblit,
Jour. Microbiol., Epidemiol, and Immunobiol. (Russian), No. 9, 1950, 43; also
see Zhdanov, Opredelitel Virusov Celovska i Zivotmych, Izd. Akad. Med.
Nauk, U.S.S.R., Moskau, 1953, 175; see Philip, Canad. Jour.
Microbiol., 2, 1956, 265.)
Mi.ya.ga.wa.nel'la. M.L. fem. dim. ending -ella; M.L. fem.n. Miyagawanella named for
Prof. Y. Miyagawa, a Japanese bacteriologist, the first (1935) to grow the type species of
this genus in the chick embryo.
Coccoid cells with a developmental cj^cle. Occur intracytoplasmically. Gram-negative.
Cultivable in chicken embryonic tissues in tissue culture. Susceptible to sulfonamides and
antibiotics. Pathogenic, causing various diseases in warm-blooded animals.
The type species is Miyagawanella lymphogranulomatosis Brumpt.
Key to the species of genus Miyagawanella.

I. The etiological agent of lymphogranuloma venereum, lymphogranuloma inguinale,
climatic bubo and esthiomene in man.
1. Miyagawanella lymphogranulomatosis.
II. The etiological agent of psittacosis (parrot fever).
2. Miyagawanella psittaci.
III. The etiological agent of ornithosis (Meyer).
3. Miyagawanella ornithosis.
IV. The etiological agent of one type of viral pneumonia.
4. Miyagawanella pneumoniae.
V. The etiological agent of mouse pneumonitis (Gonnert).

5. Miyagawanella bronchopneuniojiiae.
VI. The etiological agent of feline pneumonitis (Baker).
6. Miyagawanella felis.
VII. The etiological agent of Louisiana pneumonitis.
7. Miyagawanella louisianae.
VIII. The etiological agent called the Illinois virus; the cause of one type of viral pneu-
monia.
8. Miyagawanella illinii.
IX. The etiological agent of paralysis in opossums; opossum A virus (Roca-Garcia).
9. Miyagawanella opossumi.
X. The etiological agent of ovine abortion (Stamp, McEwen, Watt and Nisbet).
10. Miyagawanella ovis.
XI. An agent from the intestinal tract of calves (York and Baker).
11. Miyagawanella bovis.
XII. The etiological agent of sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis (McNutt).
12. Miyagawanella pecoris.
1. Miyagawanella lymphogranuloma- Filterability: Passes through Chamber-
tosis Brumpt, 1938. (Brumpt, Ann. de land L2 and L3 , Berkefeld V and N and
Parasitol., 16, 1938, 155; Ehrlichia lymph- sometimes through Seitz EK filters.
ogranulomatosis Moshkovskiy, Uspekhi Cultivation: Growth occurs in tissue cul-
Souremennoi Biologii (Russian) (Advances tures of mammalian cells, in mammalian
in Modern Biology), 19, 1945; Rickettsiafor- cells on agar and in the chorio-allantoic
mis lymphogranulomatis Zhdanov and Kor- membrane, and particularly in the yolk sac,
enblit. Jour. Microbiol., Epidemiol, and of the chicken embryo but not in the allan-
Immunobiol. (Russian), No. 9, 1950, 43 toic sac.
(type species (by subsequent designation, Optimum temperature, 37° C. in tissue
Philip, Canad. Jour. Microbiol., 3, 1956, 265) cultures and 35° C. in the chicken embryo.
of genus Rickettsiaformis Zhdanov and Kor- Immunology: Possesses one or more anti-
enblit,op.ai.,1950, 43; Chlamydozoon lymph- gens in common with or closely resembling
ophilus Ryzhkov, Voprosy Meditsinskoi one or more of those present in the chlamy-
Virusologii (Problems of Med. Virology), diae and in other miyagawanellae. Antisera
Akad. Med. Nauk, S.S.S.R., Moskau, 3, against any of the species in these two gen-
1950, 17.) era react with antigens from Miyagawanella
lym.pho.gran.u.lo.ma.to'sis. M.L. lymphogranulomatosis or the other miyaga-
fem.n. lymphogranulomatosis the disease wanellae thus far tested. One common anti-
lymphogranulomatosis; M.L. gen. noun gen has been isolated as a soluble fraction
lymphogranulomatosis of lymphogranuloma- distinct from the bodies of the agent.
tosis. Sharply distinguished from the other miya-
Coccoid cells 200 to 350 millimicrons in gawanellae by antitoxic neutralization of
diameter are the elementary bodies. Initial the toxic factor or by neutralization of in-
bodies up to 1 micron and plaques up to 10 fections inmice with chicken antisera. Evi-
microns in diameter are also found. All dence exists that these two serological reac-
larger forms are encapsulated with a sub- tions are with distinct specific antigens.
stance derived either from the agent or from Immunity in man or other animals is proba-
the cytoplasm of parasitized cells. The ele- bly poor in the absence of continuing appar-
mentary body is the basic unit. Occur in
ent or inapparent infection.
pairs or clusters. Non-motile. Stain with Toxic factor: High concentrations of this
aniline dyes. Stain purple with Giemsa's and agent in infected yolk sac or in yolk injected
red or blue, depending on the metabolic
state, with Macchiavello's stain. The ma- intravenously or intraperitoneally are rap-
trix of the plaque does not give the reaction idly fatal to mice. Produces characteristic
for glycogen. Gram-negative. lesions on the skin of normal guinea pigs.
Pathogenic for man, apes, monkeys, lymphogranulo77iatosis, but growth occurs

guinea pigs, cotton rats, hamsters, mice readily in the allantoic sac without adapta-
and chicken embrj'ôs. Inapparent infections tion.
may occur with the agent harbored in the Immunology : Same as for M. lymphogranu-
organs. Causes local genital lesions, septi- lomatosis, but no soluble fraction has yet
cemia, lymphadenitis, meningitis, ophthal- been demonstrated.
mitis and rarely pneumonitis in man. Toxic factor: High concentrations of this
Tissue tropism: In laboratory rodents, agent in infected yolk sac or in jôlk in-
this species is infective by the intranasal jected intravenously or intraperitoneally
(pneumonitis), the intracerebral (meningi- are rapidly fatal to mice.
tis) and the intradermal routes. Pathogenic for most birds, for man, mon-
Antibiotic- and chemo-therapy: Suscep- keys, guinea pigs, pocket gophers, ham-
tible to the tetracycline antibiotics, to sters, white rats, kangaroo rats, mice, rab-
chloramphenicol, to relatively high con- bits and for chicken embryos. Inapparent
centrations of penicillin, to the sulfona- infections may occur with the agent har-
mides and to some antimony compounds. bored in the organs. Causes a pneumonitis
Source: Most commonly found in the of varying severity with or without septi-
genital secretions of infected individuals or cemia in man.
in the draining lymph nodes. Also occasion- Tissue tropism: Causes a septicemia. In
ally found in blood, spinal fluid and ocular man this species shows predilection for the
secretions. respiratory tract. In laboratory rodents, it
Habitat: The etiological agent of lym- is infective by the intranasal, the intraperi-
phogranuloma venereum, lymphogranuloma toneal (peritonitis and septicemia) , the intra-
inguinale, climatic bubo, esthiomene and cerebral and the intravenous routes.
some forms of anorectal inflammation. Antibiotic- and chemo-therapy: Suscepti-
ble to broad-spectrum antibiotics and to
2. Miyagawanella psittaci (Lillie, 1930) relatively high concentrations of penicillin.
Moshkovskiy, 1945. {Rickettsia psittaci Lil- Some strains are susceptible to sulfona-
lie, U. S. Public Health Repts., ^5, 1930, 773; mides.
Microbacterium multiforme psittacosis Le- Source: Found in the organs and nasal
vinthal,* 1st Cong. Internat. de Microbiol., secretions of infected birds and, from the
1, 1930, 523; Moshkovskiy, Uspekhi Soure- latter, spreads to plumage by preening and
mennoi Biologii (Russian) (Advances in other methods. Plentiful in droppings or
Modern Biology), 19, 1945, 12; Ehrlichia
dust from infected cages. Relatively re-
psittaci Moshkovskiy, ibid., 19; Rickettsia- sistant under such conditions.
formis psittacosis Zhdanov and Korenblit,
Habitat: The etiological agent of psitta-
Jour. Microbiol., Epidemiol, and Immuno- cosis (parrot fever) and also of some cases
biol. (Russian), No. 9, 1950, 43; Chlamydo- of atypical pneumonia.
zoon psittaci Rj^zhkov, Voprosy Meditsin-
skoi Virusologii (Problems of Med.
Virology), Akad. Med. Nauk, S.S.S.R., 3. Miyagawanella ornithosis Rake,
Moskau, 3, 1950, 17.) 1948. (Rake, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 1117;
psit'ta.ci. Gr. noun psittacus a parrot; Rickettsiaformis ornithosis Zhdanov and
M.L. gen. noun psittaci of a parrot. Korenblit, Jour. Microbiol., Epidemiol,
Coccoid cells resemble those of Miyaga- and Immunobiol. (Russian), No. 9, 1950, 43;
wanella lymphogranulomatosis . Chlamydozoon columbi Ryzhkov, Voprosy
Filterability: Partly filterable through Meditsinskoi Virusologii (Problems of Med.
Berkefeld N, Chamberland L and Q and Virology), Akad. Med. Nauk, S.S.S.R.,
Seitz EK filters. Moskau, S, 1950, 17; Chlamydozoon vieningo-
Cultivation: Same as for Miyagawanella philus Ryzhkov, loc. cit.)
* Type species of genus Microbacterium Levinthal {op. cit., 1930, 523), which is invalid as
a generic name because it is a later homonym of Microbacterium Orla-Jensen, 1919 (see p.
600).
or.ni.tho'sis. Gr. noun ornis, ornithis a Habitat: The etiological agent of orni-
bird; Gr. suffix -osis ending to denote a thosis and of meningopneumonitis (Francis
disease of; M.L. gen. noun ornithosis a dis- and Magill, loc. cit.).
ease of birds, ornithosis.
Coccoid cells resemble those of Miyaga- 4. Miyagawanella pneumoniae Rake,
wanella lymphogranulomatosis . 1948. (Rake, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 1118;
Cultivation: Same as for Miyagawanella Ehrlichia pneumoniae Krassilnikov, Guide
psittaci. to the Bacteria and Actinomycetes, Izd.
Immunology: Possesses one or more anti- Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Moskau, 1949, 743;
gens in common with or closely resembling Rickettsiaformis pneumoniae Zhdanov and
one or more of those present in chlamydiae Korenblit, Jour. Microbiol., Epidemiol, and
and in other miyagawanellae as shown by Immunobiol. (Russian), No. 9, 1950, 43;
a cross reaction in complement-fixation Chlamydozoon hominis Ryzhkov, Voprosy
tests. Sharply distinguished from other Meditsinskoi Virusologii (Prob. Med.
miyagawanellae by toxin-antitoxin neu- Virol.), Akad. Med. Nauk, S.S.S.R., Mos-
tralization orby neutralization of infection kau, 3, 1950, 17.)
in mice with chicken antisera. The latter
pneu.mo'ni.ae. Gr. noun pneum,onia
test, however, suggests that the agent of pneumonia; M.L. gen. noun pneumoniae of
meningopneumonitis (Francis and Magill,
pneumonia.
Jour. Exp. Med., 68, 1938, 147) is this species Coccoid cells resemble those of Miyagawa-
rather than something different. Immunity nella lymphogranulomatosis but are slightly
in man or other animals is probably poor smaller, measuring about 200 millimicrons
except in the presence of continuing appar- in diameter.
ent or inapparent infections. Cross reac- Cultivation: Same as for Miyagawanella
tions suggest that Miyagawanella ornithosis
may be more closely related to M. lympho- psittaci.
Immunology: Same as for Miyagawanella
granulomatosis than is M. psittaci. psittaci. Distinct from Miyagawanella orni-
Toxic factor: Same as for Miyagawanella thosis by the neutralization test with
psittaci. chicken antisera.
Pathogenic for birds (especially non- Pathogenic for birds, man, cotton rats,
psittacine species), man, ferrets, guinea hamsters, white rats, kangaroo rats, mice
pigs, hamsters, white rats, kangaroo rats, and for chicken embryos. Causes a fatal
mice, rabbits and for chicken embryos. In- pneumonitis in man.
apparent infections may occur. Causes a Tissue tropism: Same as for Miyagawa-
pneumonitis of varying severity with or nella ornithosis.
without septicemia in man. Antibiotic- and chemo-therapy: Same as
Tissue tropism: Causes a septicemia. In for Miyagawanella ornithosis.
birds and man, shows a predilection for the Source: Found in the lungs of infected hu-
lungs. In laboratory rodents, this species is mans. Possibly originally of avian origin.
infective by the intranasal, intracerebral, Habitat : The etiological agent of one type
intravenous and, with relatively large in- of viral pneumonia. The type strain is the
ocula of most strains, by the intraperi- so-called strain S-F (Eaton, Beck and Pear-
toneal routes. son, Jour. Exp., Med., 73, 1941, 641).
Antibiotic- and chemo-therapy: Suscep-
tible to many antibiotics including rela- 5. Miyagawanella bronchopneumo-
tively large doses of penicillin. Not sus- niae Moshkovskiy, 1945. (Bronchopneu-
ceptible to sulfonamides. monie virus, Gonnert, Zent. f. Bakt., I
Source: Found in the organs and nasal se- Abt., Orig., 147, 1941, 161; Moshkovskiy,
cretions offinches, pheasants (including do- Uspekhi Souremennoi Biologii, 19, 1945, 19;
mestic chickens), other poultry, domesti- Ehrlichia bronchopneumoniae Moshkovskiy,
cated doves, fulmar petrels and other birds. loc. cit.; Cystidium bronchopneumoniae muris
Spreads from the secretions to plumage and Ruska, Poppe and Kausche, Ztschr. f.
droppings. Hyg., 127, 194:7, 201 ■,Cystidiumgonnertianu7n
Ruska et al., loc. cit.; Rickettsiaformis muris Cultivation: Same as for Miyagawanella
Zhdanov and Korenblit, Jour. Microbiol.,
Epidemiol, and Immunobiol. (Russian), No. psittaci.
Immunology': Same as for M. psittaci, but
9, 1950; Chlainydozoon murinus Ryzhkov, nothing is known about inapparent infec-
Voprosy Meditsinskoi Virusologii (Prob- tions in the natural host, the domestic cat.
lems of Medical Virology), Akad. Med. Toxic factor: Infected yolk sac or other
Nauk, S.S.S.R., Moskau, 3, 1950, 17.) membranes and yolk or other fluids are rap-
bron.cho.pneu.mo'ni.ae. Gr. noun bron- idly fatal when injected intravenously into
chus trachea, bronchus; Gr. noun pneumonia mice or chicken embryos or intraperiton-
pneumonia; M.L. noun bronchopneumonia eally into mice.
bronchopneumonia; M.L. gen. noun broncho- Pathogenic for cats, hamsters, mice and
pneumoniae of bronchopneumonia. chicken embryos. Causes a fatal pneumo-
Coccoid cells resemble those of Miyagawa- nitis with acute conjunctivitis in cats.
nella pneumoniae. Tissue tropism: Shows a predilection for
Cultivation: Same as for Miyagaivanella the lungs and for the conjunctivae. In lab-
lymphogranulomatosis . Does not grow in the oratory rodents this species is infective by
allantoic cavity of the chick. the intranasal, intraperitoneal, intracere-
Immunology: Same as for M. lympho- bral and intravenous routes.
granulomatosis, but no soluble antigen has Antibiotic- and chemo-therapy: Same as
been demonstrated. for Miyagawanella ornithosis.
Toxic factor: High concentrations of this Source: From the lungs of infected cats.
agent in heavily infected yolk sacs and in Habitat: The etiological agent of one
yolk injected intravenously are verj' rapidly form of cat nasal catarrh, influenza or dis-
fatal to mice. temper (Baker, Science, 96, 1942, 475) and
Pathogenic for mice, hamsters and fer- feline pneumonitis.
rets. Produces a moderately severe pneumo-
nitis.
7. Miyagawanella louisianae Rake,
Tissue tropism: Shows a predilection for 1948. (Rake, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 1118;
the lungs. In mice, it is also infective by the Ehrlichia lousianae (sic) Krassilnikov,
intravenous route.
Guide to the Bacteria and Actinomycetes,
Antibiotic- and chemo-therapy: Suscep- 743.)
tible to sulfonamides and to antibiotics.
Source: Found in the lungs of certain
stocks of the laboratory mouse. lou.i.si.a'nae. M.L. noun Louisiana the
state Louisiana; M.L. gen. noun louisianae
Habitat: The etiological agent of mouse of Louisiana.
pneumonitis.
Coccoid cells resemble those of Miyaga-
wanella psittaci.
6. Miyagawanella felis Rake, 1948. Filterability: Passes through Berkefeld N
(Rake, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 1118 and Mandler 6, 7 and 9 filters.
Ehrlichia felis Krassilnikov, Guide to the
Cultivation : Grows in the yolk sac of the
Bacteria and Actinomycetes, Izd. Akad chicken embryo.
Nauk, U.S.S.R., Moskau, 1949, 7i3;Rickett
siaformis felis Zhdanov and Korenblit Immunology : Indistinguishable from
Jour. Microbiol., Epidemiol, and Immuno other miyagawanellae by complement-fixa-
biol. (Russian), No. 9, 1950, 43; Chlamydo- tion tests with yolk-sac antigens. Partly
zoon felis Ryzhkov, Voprosy Meditsinskoi distinguished from Miyagawanella psittaci
Virusologii (Proli. Mod. Virol.), Akad. Med and M. ornithosis by active immunization
Nauk, S.S.S.R., Mo.skau, 3, 1950, 17; Miya in mice and guinea pigs.
gawanella felinis Sprockhoff, Deutsch Pathogenic for man, guinea pigs, cotton
Tierarztl. Wochnschr., S3-U, 1953, 256.) rats, mice and chicken embryos. Slightly
fe'lis. L. noun felis the cat. pathogenic for white rats, golden hamsters
Coccoid cells resemble those of Miyagawa and deer mice. Monkeys {Macacus rhesus),
nella lymphogranulomatosis. rabbits, muskrats and nutria are unaffected.
Causes a highly fatal pneumonitis and sep- Virol.), Akad. Med. Nauk, S.S.S.R., Mos-
ticemia in man. kau, 3, 1950, 17; Rickettsiajormis opposum
Tissue tropism: Causes a septicemia. In (sic) Zhdanov, Opredelitel Virusov Celov-
man this species shows predilection for the ska i Zivotmych, Izd. Akad. Med. Nauk,
respiratory tract. In laboratory rodents it U.S.S.R., Moskau, 1953, 185.)
is infective by the intranasal, intraperito- o.pos'su.mi. Am.Ind. noun opossum the
neal, intracerebral, intramuscular and sub- opossum, a North and South American mar-
cutaneous routes. supial; M.L. gen. noun opossumi of the opos-
Antibiotic- and chemo-therapy: Same as sum.
for Miyagawanella ornithosis. Coccoid cells resemble those of Miyaga-
Source: From the sputa and organs of in- wanella lymphogranulomatosis. Non-motile.
fected persons. Stain red-purple with Giemsa's or Wright's
Habitat: The etiological agent of Louis- stain, and red with Macchiavello's and blue
iana pneumonitis (Olson and Larson, U. S. with Castaneda's stain. Gram-negative.
Pub. Health Repts., 59, 1944, 1373); the so- Filterability: Passes through a Berkefeld
called Borg strain. V but not an N or a Seitz filter.
Cultivation: Grows in tissue cultures of
8. Miyagawanella illinii Rake, 1948. mouse or chicken cells and in the yolk sac
(The Illinois virus, Zichis and Shaughnessy, of the chicken embrjô.
Science, 102, 1945, 301; Rake, in Manual, 6th Immunology: Contains a group comple-
ed., 1948, 1119; Ehrlichia illinii Krassil- ment-fixing antigen in common with the
nikov. Guide to the Bacteria and Actino- other mijâgawanellae. Shows a serological
mycetes, Izd. Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Mos- relationship to M. pneumoniae by cross-
kau, 1949, 743.) protection tests.
il.li'ni.i. Fr. noun Illinois a place name; Toxic factor: Same as for M. lymphogran-
M.L. gen. noun illinii (probably intended ulomatosis.
to mean) of Illinois. Pathogenic for South American opossums,
Coccoid cells resemble those of Miyaga- producing a central-nervous-system disease
ivanella lymphogranulomatosis . and a paralysis of the hind quarters. Patho-
Filterability: Passes through Berkefeld N genic for mice and chicken embryos. Not
and W filters. pathogenic for pigeons or guinea pigs.
Cultivation: Grows in the yolk sac of the Tissue tropism: Infects opossums in the
chicken embryo. laboratory by the intraperitoneal but not
Immunology: Distinguished from other by the subcutaneous route. Infects mice by
miyagawanellae by neutralization tests in the intracerebral or the intranasal but not
mice with chicken antisera and partly from by the intraperitoneal route.
Miyagawanella psittaci, M. ornithosis and M. Chemotherapy: Not susceptible to sulfon-
pneumoniae by active immunization in mice. amides.
Pathogenic for man and for white mice. Source : Isolated from an opossum (Didel-
Causes a highly fatal pneumonitis in man. phys paraguayensis) trapped in a district of
Tissue tropism: Infective in mice by the the municipality of Cdqueza, State of Cun-
intranasal, intraperitoneal, intracerebral dinamarca, Colombia.
and subcutaneous routes. Habitat: The etiological agent of paral-
Source: From the lungs of infected per- ysis in opossums.
sons.
Habitat: The etiological agent of a highly 10. Miyagawanella ovis (Zhdanov, 1953)
fatal pneumonitis in man. Rake, comb. nov. (Minute organisms from
enzootic abortion of ewes. Stamp, IMcEwen,
9. Miyagawanella opossunii (Ryzhkov, Watt and Nisbet, Vet. Record, 62, 1950, 251;
1950) Rake, comb. nov. (Opossum virus A, Virus of ovine enzootic abortion. Stamp,
Roca-Garcia, Jour. Inf. Dis., 85, 1949, 275; Jour. Comp. Path, and Therap., 61, 1951,
Chlamydozoon opossumi Ryzhkov, Voprosy 215; also see Monsur and Barwell, Brit.
Meditsinskoi Virusologii (Prob. Med. Jour. Exp. Path., 32, 1951, 414; Rickettsia-
formis ovis Zhdanov, Opredelitel Virusov Cultivation: Grows particularly well in

Celovska i Zivotmych, Izd. Akad. Med. the yolk sac of chicken embryos, less well
Nauk, U.S.S.R., Moskau, 1953, 188.) in the allantoic cavity and even less well on
o'vis L. noun ovis a sheep. the chorio-allantoic membrane.
Elementary bodies are coccoid bodies re- Immunology: Contains the group antigen
sembling those of Miyagawanella lympho- of the miyagawanellae, giving cross re-
granulomatosis. Often occur in clusters. actions inthe neutralization test. A specific
Found in cell cytoplasm and free. Stain red neutralization can be obtained with chicken
with Ziehl-Neelsen's stain. Also stain with sera, and the agent can be distinguished
Giemsa's, with Castafieda's and with Mac- from Miyagawanella felis.
chiavello's stains. Toxic factor: Possesses a specific toxin as
Filterability: Passes through a 0.4 mi- in M. lymphogranulomatosis.
cron gradacol membrane. Pathogenic for pigs, guinea pigs, mice,
Cultivation: Grows in the yolk sac of the cats, rabbits and chicken embryos. Pro-
chicken embryo. duces an infection but no disease in calves.
Viable after storage at —20° or —70° C. Dogs are not susceptible.
Pathogenicity and tissue tropism: Patho- Tissue tropism: Appears in the feces of
genic for sheep, causing abortion in the calves after feeding. Mice are infected in-
pregnant female. When injected into sheep tranasally only after passage and are not in-
subcutaneously, intravenously or intra- fected by intraperitoneal or intracerebral
dermally, a febrile response is produced. No routes. Guinea pigs are infected intraperi-
symptoms are produced when injected intra- toneally with the production of fever and
nasally or into the prepuce or the conjunc- of peritonitis. Cats are infected either intra-
tiva. In the pregnant cow, produces abor- nasalljôr bj^ intracardiac injection with the
tion with elementary bodies found in the production of fever but are not infected per
placenta. Produces no symptoms in calves OS. Rabbits are infected intraperitoneally
injected intranasally. No disease is pro- and pigs are infected intravenously with the
duced in male guinea pigs. In the pregnant production of fever.
female guinea pig after subcutaneous or Antibiotic- and chemo-therapy : Suscepti-
intraperitoneal injection, but not after in- ble to aureomycin and penicillin but not to
tracerebral injection, elementar}^ bodies are sulfonamides.
found in the placenta. In mice and rats no Habitat: Found in the feces of normal
disease is produced by subcutaneous, intra- calves, where no obvious disease is pro-
peritoneal or intracerebral inoculation. In duced.
mice, but not in rats, intranasal inoculation
produces pneumonitis. 12. Miyagawanella pecoris Rake, nom.
Habitat: The etiological agent of enzootic nov. (Agent of infectious encephalomyelitis
abortion in ewes. Elementary bodies are of cattle, McNutt, Vet. Med., 35, 1940, 228;
found in the placenta, fetal membranes and also see North Amer. Vet., 23, 1942, 242.)
uterine discharges. pe'co.ris. L. noun perns cattle (as a col-
lective herd); L. gen. noun pecoris of cattle.
11. Miyagawanella bovis York and Elementary bodies are coccoid bodies 375
Baker, 1951. (York and Baker, Jour. Exp. millimicrons in diameter when coated with
Med., 93, 1951, 587; Rickettsia! ormis bovis heavy metal. Staining reactions are similar
Zhdanov, Opredelitel Virusov Celovska i to those of Miyagawanella lymphogranulo-
Zivotmych, Izd. Akad. Med. Nauk, U.S. matosis.
S.R., Moskau, 1953, 187.) Filterability: Passes through Berkefeld N
bo'vis. L. noun bos a cow; M.L. gen. noun or V filters and fritted glass filters.
bovis of a cow. Cultivation: Grows in the yolk sac of the
Coccoid cells. Stain red with Macchia- chicken embryo.
vello's stain. Viable after storage at 24° C. for 227 days
Filterability: Passes through both Berke- and at -60° or -70° C. for 18 months.
feldV andN filters. Immunology: Complement-fixing anti-
bodies are produced in calves, monkeys and tion. In cotton rats and guinea pigs, intra-
guinea pigs, showing cross-fixation with cerebral inoculation produces encephalitis,
other miyagawanellae. and in guinea pigs, intraperitoneal inocula-
Pathogenicity and tissue tropism: Intra- tion produces peritonitis. In mice, only du-
cerebral injection in calves produces fever bious results are produced by intracerebral,
and encephalitis while intraperitoneal in- intranasal or intraperitoneal inoculation,
jection produces peritonitis and encephali- In hamsters, intracerebral inoculation pro-
tis. After subcutaneous injection a syn- duces encephalitis.
irome like the natural sporadic bovine Antibiotic therapy: Susceptible to the
encephalomyelitis is produced. Encephali- action of aureomycin and terramycin.
tis is produced in monkeys after intra- Habitat: The etiological agent of sporadic
csrebral or intraperitoneal inoculation. In bovine encephalomyelitis. Elementary bod-
rabbits there are no symptoms after intra- ies are present in the exudate over the brain
cerebral, intratesticular or corneal inocula- and in the peritoneum.
FAMILY III. BARTONELLACEAE GIESZCZYKIEWICZ, 1939.*

(Bull. Acad. Polon. Sci., Lettres, Classe Sci. Math. Nat., B (I), 1939, 9-27.)
Bar.to.nel.la'ce.ae. M.L. fem.n. Bartonella type genus of the family; -aceae ending to
denote a family; M.L. fem.pl.n. Bartonellaceae the Bartonella family.
Rod-shaped, coccoid, ring- or disc-shaped, filamentous and beaded microorganisms, usu-
ally less than 3 microns in greatest dimension. Parasites of the erj^throcytes in man and
other vertebrates. Not acid-alcohol-fast. Stain lightly with many aniline dyes but distinctly
with Giemsa's stain after methyl alcohol fixation; following this technique the BarioneZZaceae
are readily distinguished from the protozoa which also parasitize erythrocytes in that the
former stain with no differentiation into nucleus and cytoplasm. Gram-negative. Cultiva-
tion in vitro on non-living media has been achieved in two genera. At least one species bears
a single polar flagellum in culture. Arthropod transmission has been established in the ma-
jority of genera. Cause bartonellosis in man and haemobartonellosis, grahamellosis and
eperythrozoonosis in lower animals.
Attempts at the familial classification of the genera Haemobartonella, Eperythrozoon and
Grahainella are fundamentally unsatisfactory at present because of inadequate knowledge.
Suggestions have been made that one or more of these genera be placed in families as varied
as Pseudomonadaceae and Actinomycetaceue. Another proposal, almost the opposite, is that
these organisms are not bacteria at all but belong to some ill-defined group related to the
viruses. Finally, there has been some questioning of the validity of the generic distinctions
themselves. Divergences of this magnitude reflect inadequacy of the basic data. Until such
data are available, these genera are retained in Bartonellaceae, first, as a convenience for
grouping microorganisms with common important features, and second, because these
microorganisms cannot be better classified in any other family. Future information may
suggest reclassification; this is clearly realized.
Other possibly related forms, e.g. Aegyptianella Carpano (Boll. d. Min. d. Agricultura
egiziano, 1928) and Cytoeceies Tyzzer (Parasitol., SO, 1938, 242), are not included here since
it is even less evident that these microorganisms are bacteria.
Key to the genera of family Bartonellaceae.

I. Multiply on erythrocytes and within fixed-tissue cells. Usually possess a single, polar
flagellum when cultivated in or on non-living media. Provoke a progressive anemia
* Revised by Dr. David Weinman, Department of Microbiology, Yale University, New
Haven, Connecticut, September, 1955.
FAMILY III. BARTONELLACEAE 969
or a cutaneous eruption, usuallj' both in succession, not both coincidentally. Found in

man and Phlebotomus spp.
Genus I. Bartonella, p. 969.
II. Not known to multiply in fixed-tissue cells; parasitize erythrocytes and may multiply
there. Flagella not demonstrated. Occur in mammals and possibly in other vertebrates,
but not known from man.
A. Usually parasitize less than 5 per cent of the total erythrocytes, rarely more. Rela-
tively monomorphic in erythrocytes. Non-pathogenic or only slightly so. Affected
little, if at all, by splenectomy. Cultivable on non-living media. Occur within the
red blood cells; epi-erythrocytic forms are problematical.
Genus II. Grahamella, p. 971.
B. Parasitized cells may constitute more than 90 per cent of the total erythrocytes at
the peak of infection. Polymorphism is marked when in or on red blood cells. May or
may not be pathogenic. Marked increase in numbers following splenectomy. Culti-
vation on non-living media not confirmed. Occur on the red blood cells; situation
within red cells possible but not proved.
1. Extremely polymorphic; however, rods of varying sizes almost invariably occur,
often in chains. Habitat predominantly epi-erythrocytic. Usually pathogenic,
provoking a progressive, sometimes fatal, anemia.
Genus III. Haemobartonella, p. 972.
2. Fundamental morphological type is ring- or disc-shaped. Rods are one disc- or
ring-diameter in length; composite rods are made of these units. Occur in great
numbers in the blood plasma as well as on the erythrocytes. Usually non -patho-
genic.
Genus IV. Eperythrozoon, p. 977.
Genus I. Bartonella Strong, Tyzzer and Sellards, 1915.

{Bartonia Strong, Tyzzer, Brues, Sellards and Gastiaburu, Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc,
61, 1913, 1715; not Bartonia Miihlenberg, in Willdenow, Neue Schrift Ges. Nat.
Fr., Berlin, 3, 1801, 444; not Bartonia Sims, Bot. Mag., 1804; not Bartonia
Grossman, Essais de Paleoconchologie Comparee, 4« Livr., Paris,
1901; Strong, Tyzzer and Sellards, Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc,
64, 1915, 808; also see Tyzzer and Weinman, Amer. Jour.
Hyg., 30 (B), 1939, 143; and Weinman, Trans. Amer.
Philosoph. Soc, S3, (N.S.), 1944, 246.)
Bar.to.nel'la. M.L. dim. ending -ella; M.L. fem.dim.n. Bartonella named for Dr. A. L.
Barton, who described these organisms in 1909.
Microorganisms which multiply in fixed-tissue cells and on erythrocytes. On the red blood
cells in stained films, the organisms appear as rounded or ellipsoidal forms or as slender,
straight, curved or bent rods occurring either singly or in groups. Characteristically occur
in chains of several segmenting organisms, sometimes swollen at one or both ends and fre-
quently beaded (Strong et al., op. cit., 1913, 1715), without a distinct differentiation of nu-
cleus and cytoplasm. In the tissues they are situated within the cytoplasm of endothelial
cells as isolated elements and are grouped in rounded masses. Possess independent motility.
Reproduce by binary fission. May be cultivated by unlimited serial transfers on cell-free
media. Occur spontaneously in man and in arthropod vectors. One species has been recog-
nized, and it is known to be established only on the South American continent and perhaps
in Central America. Human bartonellosis may be manifested clinically by one of the two
syndromes constituting Carrion's disease (Oroya fever or Verruga Peruana) or by an asymp-
tomatic infection.
The type species is Bartonella bacilliformis (Strong et al.) Strong et al.
1. Bartonella bacillifonnis (Strong mone agar at 20 per cent, in semi -solid

et al., 1913) Strong et al., 1915. (Bartonia gelatin media, in blood-glucose-cystine agar
bacillijormis Strong, Tyzzer, Brues, Sel- and in chorio-allantoic fluid and yolk sac
lards and Gastiaburu, Jour. Amer. Med. of chick embryo.
Assoc, 61, 1913, 1715; Strong, Tyzzer and No action on lead acetate.
Sellards, Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 6J,, 1915, No acid or gas from glucose, sucrose, ga-
808; also see Tyzzer and Weinman, Amer. lactose, maltose, fructose, xylose, lactose,
Jour. Hyg., 30 (B), 1939, 143; and Wein- mannose, mannitol, dulcitol, arabinose, raf-
man, Trans. Amer. Philosoph. Soc, S3 finose, rhamnose, dextrin, inulin, salicin or
(N.S.), 1944, 246.) amygdalin.
ba.cil.li.for'mis. L. dim. noun bacillus a Obligately aerobic.
small staff, rodlet; L. noun forma shape, Grows at 28° and 37° C., with greater lon-
form; M.L. adj. bacilliformis rodlet-shaped. gevity at 28° C. Cultures viable after storage
Small, polymorphic organisms which
for five years at —70° C.
show their greatest morphological range in Immunology: Natural immunity to in-
the blood of man where they appear as red- fection has not been demonstrated in sus-
violet rods or coccoids situated on the red ceptible species. Acquired immunity is ap-
cells when stained with Giemsa's stain. parent both during and after the disease.
Bacilliform bodies are the most typical, Bartonellae from different sources appear
measuring 0.25 to 0.5 by 1.0 to 3.0 microns. to provoke similar responses. Bartonellae
Often curved; may show polar enlargement from Oroya fever protect against infection
and granules at one or both ends. Rounded with organisms obtained from verruga
organisms measure about 0.75 micron in di- cases.
ameter, and a ring-like variety is sometimes Serology: Immune sera fix complement;
abundant. On semi-solid media, a mixture employing heterologous strains, no signifi-
of rods and granules appears. The organisms cant titer differences were found in quanti-
may occur singly or in large and small, ir- tative tests. Immune rabbit sera have not
regular dense collections measuring up to agglutinated Proteus OXjg , OX2 or OXK at
25 microns or more in length. Punctiform, titers above 1 :20. Agglutination of suspen-
spindle-shaped and ellipsoidal forms occur sions of Bartonella by sera from recovered
which vary in size from 0.2 to 0.5 by 0.3 to cases has been reported.
3.0 microns. Motile in cultures. Electron Pathogenicity: Three forms of the disease
microscope techniques applied to cultures bartonellosis occur in man: the anemic (Or-
show a definite cell membrane, undiffer- oya fever), the eruptive (Verruga Peruana)
entiated protoplasm and a tuft of 1 to 10 and, rarely, mixed types of both of these
polar flagella which are appro.ximately 20 forms. Experimental Oroya fever has not
millimicrons in diameter and which have
been successfully produced in animals, ex-
an average undulation phase of 0.95 micron
cept rarely in an atypical form in monkej'S.
(Peters and Wigand, Ztschr. f. Tropenmed. Experimental Verruga Peruana has been
u. Parasit., 3, 1952, 313; also see Bact. Rev., produced in man and in a number of species
19, 1955, 150). Stain poorly or not at all with of monkeys.
many aniline dyes but satisfactorily with
Antibiotic- and chemo-therapy: Not sen-
Romanowsky's and Giemsa's stains. Not sitive in vivo to neosalvarsan nor in general
acid-fast. Gram-negative.
Gelatin: No liquefaction. to other arsenical compounds; sensitive to
Cultivation: Grows in semi-solid agar penicillin, streptomycin and chloramphen-
with fresh rabbit serum and rabbit hemo- icol. Inhibited in vitro by 0.1 microgram of
globin, in semi-solid agar with the blood of oxytetracycline per cc of semi-solid rabbit-
man, horse or rabbit with or without the serum agar at pH 8.0.
addition of fresh tissue and certain carbo- Source: Isolated from blood and endo-
hydrates, inother culture media containing thelial cells of lymph nodes, spleen and liver
blood, serum or plasma, in Huntoon's hor- of human cases of Oroya fever; also found
FAMILY III. BARTONELLACEAE
971
in blood and in eruptive elements in Ver- thelial cells of infected man; probably also
ruga Peruana. found
rum). in sand flies (Phlebotomus verruca-
Habitat: Found in the blood and endo-
Genus II. Grahamella Brumpt, 1911.*

(Gra^tamm Tartakowsky.Trav. IX« Cong. Int. Med. Vet., 4, 1910, 242; not Grahamia
Theobald, Colonial Office, Misc. Pub. No. 237, 1909; Brumpt, Bull. Soc. path.
exot., 4, 1911,514.)
Gra.ha.mel'la. M.L. dim.ending -ella; M.L. fem.dim.n. Grahamella named for Dr. G. S.
Graham-Smith, who discovered these organisms in the blood of moles.
Microorganisms occurring within the erythrocytes of lower mammals. Morphologically
these organisms bear a resemblance to but are less polymorphic than the species in Barton-
ella and stain more deeply with Giemsa's stain than do the bartonellae. Neither motility
nor flagella have been demonstrated. Not acid-fast. Gram-negative. Several species have
been cultivated on non-living media. Growth is favored by the addition of hemoglobin. In
cultures, the slight propensity to grow in unbranched filaments is variable; rods and coc-
coids with indistinct contours are commonly cemented together in dense masses. Aerobic.
Parasitic. Splenectomy has little effect on the course of infection. Non-pathogenic. Not
affected by arsenicals. The etiological agent of grahamellosis of rodents and of some other
vertebrates.
The type species is Grahamella talpae Brumpt.
1. Grahamella talpae Brumpt, 1911. 2. Grahamella peromysci Tyzzer, 1942.

(Bull. Soc. path, exot., 4, 1911, 514.) (Proc. Amer. Philosoph. Soc, 85, 1942, 363.)
tal'pae. M.L. fem.n. Talpa a genus of pe.ro. mys'ci. M.L. mas.n. Peromyscus a
moles; M.L. gen. noun talpae of Talpa. genus of mice; M.L. gen. noun peromysci of
Long or short rods of irregular contour Peromyscus.
lying within the red blood cells, many with Occurs as rather uniform rods, spaced
a marked curve, often near one of the ex- within red blood cells, with no morpholog-
tremities. One or both ends of the longer ical features to distinguish it from other
form is enlarged, giving a wedge- or club- species. Non-motile.
shaped appearance. Some of the medium- Grows on non-living media containing
sized forms are definitely dumbbell-shaped; blood at temperatures varying from 20° to
small forms are nearly round. With Giemsa's 28° C. under aerobic conditions. Colonies
stain, the protoplasm of the organism stains rarely exceed 1.5 mm in diameter and are
light blue with darker areas at the enlarged composed of rods as long as 1.5 microns,
ends. Dark staining areas of the longer varying in thickness from 0.25 to 0.75 mi-
forms give the organism a banded appear- cron, and coccoids, 0.25 to 1.0 micron in
ance. Occasionally free in the plasma, but diameter, occurring together in compact
then usually occur in groups. Most of the clumps. Older cultures may contain chains
infected corpuscles contain between 6 and of rods and globoid bodies 12 microns or less
20 organisms, but relatively few erythro- in diameter. Organisms in cultures stain
cytes are infected (rarely more than one poorly with alkaline methylene blue solu-
per cent (Graham-Smith, Jour. Hyg., 5, tion (LoefHer's) but well with Giemsa's
1905,453)). stain. Motility not reported.
Infectivity: Infective for moles. Hemolysis: Not reported.
Source and habitat: Found in moles. Infectivity: Blood or cultures infect the

normal host, the deer mouse (Peromyscus Grahamella peromysci has been described
leucopus novaboracensis), but not the white here only in order to include information on
Swiss mouse. Monkeys {Macaca vmlatta) are the cultural characteristics of the genus
not infected by cultures. Grahamella, and no opinion as to the validity
Comment: Numerous species of Gra- of this species is expressed thereby.
hamella have been named according to their Source and habitat: Occurs naturally in
hosts, and there is no satisfactory evidence the deer mouse {Peromyscus leucopus nova-
that they are different microorganisms. boracensis).
Genus III. Haemobartonella Tyzzer and Weinman, 1939.*

(Amer. Jour. Hyg., 30 (B), 1939, 141.)
Hae.mo.bar.to.nel'la. Gr. noun haema blood; M.L. fem.dim.n. Bartonella tj^pe genus of
the family Bartonellaceae; M.L. fem.dim.n. Haemobartonella the blood(-inhabiting) Bar-
tonella.
Parasites of the red blood cells. There is no demonstrable multiplication in tissues, and
cutaneous eruptions are not produced. Typically rod-shaped or coccoid organisms which
show no differentiation into nucleus and cytoplasm. The morphological range may vary with
the type of host employed. Stain well with Romano wsky-type stains and poorly with many
other aniline dyes. Not acid-alcohol-fast. Gram-negative. Not cultivated indefinitely in
cell-free media. Distributed over the surface of the erythrocytes and possibly sometimes
within them. Rarely produce disease in animals without splenectomy. The experimental
host range is restricted: an organism infective for one species of rodent may commonly in-
fect other rodents but not primates. Markedly influenced by arsenotherapy but, so far as
is known, do not respond to penicillin. Occur naturally as parasites of vertebrates. Trans-
mitted by arthropods. Geographical distribution of the best-studied species is similar to
that of the vertebrate host and may be world wide.
The type species is Haemobartonella maris (Mayer) Tyzzer and Weinman.
Key to the species of genus Haemobartonella. f

I. Found in rodents.
A. Found in the albino rat.
1. Haemobartonella muris.
B. Found in the vole.
2. Haemobartonella microti.
C. Found in the guinea pig.
3. Haemobartonella tyzzeri.
D. Found in the deer mouse.
4. Haemobartonella peromysci.
E. Found in squirrels.
5. Haemobartonella sciuri.
II. Not found in rodents.
A. Found in herbivorous animals.
1. Found in the cow.
6. Haemobartonella bovis.

t The species in this genus are not jêt well defined. For convenience they have been ar-
ranged here according to their usual hosts even though it may be evident from their de-
scriptions that other criteria are used and are sometimes essential for establishing their
individuality. In all probability the organisms listed here are distinct species, although it
may eventually be shown that this arrangement does not represent their true relationships.
FAMILY III. BARTONELLACEAE
973
2. Found in the buffalo.
7. Haemobartonella sturmanii.
B. Not found in herbivorous animals.
1. Found in carnivorous animals (dogs).
8. Haemobartonella canis.
2. Found in insectivorous animals (shrews).
9. Haemohartonella blarinae.
1. Haemobartonella imiris (Mayer, at the ends. With Schilling's methylene

1921) Tyzzer and Weinman, 1939. {Bar- blue-eosin stain, the organisms stain a
tonella vfiuris Mayer, Arch. f. Schiffs. u. bright red color and the erythrocytes stain
Tropen-Hyg., 25, 1921, 151; Bartonella muris blue. Stain faintly with Manson's stain,
ratti Regendanz and Kikuth, Compt. rend. pyronin-methyl green and fuchsin. Gram-
Soc. Biol., Paris, 98, 1928, 1578; Tyzzer and negative.
Weinman, Amer. Jour. Hyg., 30 (B), 1939, Cultivated with difficulty. Divergent re-
143.) sults have been published. Growth has been
mu'ris. L. noun mus the mouse; L. gen. reported on various media (blood agar, agar
noun mtiris of the mouse. with 2 per cent defibrinated rat blood, horse
Slender rods with rounded ends, fre- blood agar, N. N. N., Blutrosplatte of Weth-
quently showing granules or swellings at mar, hormone agar with blood of rabbit,
either one or both extremities and dumb- horse or man, ascitic fluid agar, chocolate
bell, coccoid or diplococcoid forms. Occur agar, semi-solid rabbit serum agar, semi-
singly, in pairs or in short chains of 3 or 4 solid rabbit blood agar, Noguchi-Wenyon
elements and, when abundant, in parallel medium, defibrinated rat blood, glucose
groupings. The rods measure 0.1 by 0.7 to broth, Tarozzi broth, peptone water), but
1.3 microns, sometimes as much as half the usually growth was scant or could not be
length of a red blood cell, and the coccoids continued by transfer to the same medium,
measure 0.1 to 0.2 micron in diameter. Elec- or the organism isolated was either non-
tron photographs of blood preparations, infectious or the possibility of latent infec-
utilizing enlargements of 7000 X or more, tions in the recipient animal was not ex-
show the rods to be composed of mono- cluded. Best results are apparently obtained
morphic, rounded discs 0.3 to 0.5 micron in with semi-solid rabbit- or rat-serum agar
diameter; no cell membrane is evident, and and semi-solid rabbit-blood agar. No con-
the protoplasm appears structureless. No clusive results have been reported in tissue
fiagella were demonstrated (Wigand and culture; with the chick embryo, the reports
Peters, Ztschr. f. Tropenmed. u. Parasit., 2, are either contradictory or divergent.
1950, 206; also see ibid., 3, 1952, 437). These Filterability: Non-filterable with either
organisms have been reported as occurring the Seitz or the Berkefeld N filter.
on and in erythrocytes and in depressions of Immunology: No authentic case of true
the surfaces of the red blood cells as well as natural immunity in rats has been estab-
in the plasma. There is lack of agreement lished. Acquired immunity occurs in (1) the
among investigators regarding the ability latently infected rat, (2) the infected rat
to see and to determine the motility of these after splenectomy and recovery from the
organisms in the fresh state. Various au- disease, the period of resistance correspond-
thors report (1) Brownian movement, (2) ing to the duration of latency, (3) the non-
slow and sinuous motion in the red cell, or splenectomized, non-carrier rat following
(3) rapid motion. Preferred stains are those infection, and (4) animals other than the
of the Romanowsky tj'pe. With Giemsa's rat following infection.
stain, various investigators report (1) an Serology: No precii)itins, thrombocyto-
intense red coloration, (2) a bluish tinge barin, isoagglutinins or cold hemolysins
with distinct pink shading, or (3) blue with have been reported in the sera of anemic
purple granules. With Wright's stain, the rats. Contradictory results have been ob-
organisms stain bluish with reddish granules tained in the Weil-Felix reaction utilizing
Proteus 0Xi9 , OXK and sera from rats re- Amer. Jour. Hyg., 30 (B), 1939, 143; also see
covered from haemobartonellosis. Weinman, Trans. Amer. Philosoph. Soc,
Pathogenicity: Infected blood, liver sus- 33 (N.S.), 1944,312.)
pension, defibrinated laked blood, washed mi.cro' ti. M.L. mas.n. Microtus a genus
red blood cells, plasma and hemoglobinuric of voles; M.L. gen. noun microti of Microtus.
urine may produce infection by the subcu- In infected animals the morphology re-
taneous, intravenous, intraperitoneal or sembles that of Haemohartonella canis, the
intracardiac routes. Slight, transient or no organisms occurring as rods, coccoids,
haemobartonellosis then occurs in adult, filaments, club forms, ring forms and granu-
non-splenectomized, haemobartonella-free, lar masses. In addition to these forms there
albino rats; in adult, non-splenectomized, occur in Giemsa-stained blood films ellips-
albino rats of carrier stock; or finally in oids and diamond- or flame-shaped small
adult, splenectomized rats previously in- forms as well as coarse, segmented or un-
fected, during a period lasting 15 weeks to segmented filaments up to 5 microns in
8 months after infection. Typical haemobar- length. The filaments may contain one or
tonellosis occurs in adult, splenectomized, more rings or may be composed in part or
haemobartonella-free, albino rats and in entirely of diamond-shaped, coccoid or
young, non-splenectomized, haemobarto- ovoid elements, sometimes arranged in
nella-free, albino rats weighing 20 to 30 parallel rows. Rods often show intense
grams at 3 weeks. Latent infections regu- bipolar staining. Coccoid forms, usually
larly become patent following splenectomy scattered, may occur as aggregates or
and may follow coincident infections with clumps on the red blood cell, apparently
other microorganisms, chemotherapy, in- embedded in a faint blue matrix. A pale
jections ofpolonium nitrate or of "anti-rat- blue, veil-like substance may cover nearly
half of one surface of the red blood cell
spleen" serum. Variable results have been
obtained by different investigators with and show, at its border, typical red-
wild mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, hamsters, violet -stained rods or filaments in the
pigeons and monkeys {"Macacus rhesus" Giemsa-stained specimens. A bow -shaped
and Macacus sp.). Known to be infectious arrangement of elements is characteristic.
for wild rats, albino mice, rabbits and for Morphology varies markedly with the kind
two Palestinian rodents (Spalax typhlops of host employed. Organisms lie on the sur-
and Meriones tristrami). Negative results faces of the red blood cells. In cultures,
have been reported in dogs, kittens, cats, organisms are more uniform in morphology.
sheep and various birds. Causes a definite Individual organisms are fine rods, 0.3 by
and characteristic anemia without cutane- 1.0 to 2.0 microns, sometimes occurring in
ous eruption. chains and often in clumps. Small, round
Antibiotic- and chemo-therapy: Penicillin forms measuring 0.5 micron in diameter
is ineffective; there is true sterilization of and occasionally round, disc-like structures
latent or recognized infection with organic occur.
arsenical compounds; chlortetracycline (au- Cultivation: Growth in Noguchi's semi-
reomycin) and oxytetracycline (terramycin) solid serum agar two weeks after inoculation
are active. with citrated or heparinized blood and in-
Source: Found in the blood of infected cubated at23° C. appears as white, rounded
albino rats. masses measuring up to about 1 mm in the
Habitat: Found in ectoparasites such as upper 15 mm of the tube. In tissue culture
the rat louse (Polyplax spinulosus) , the flea the organism grows in small, rounded, com-
{Xenopsylla cheopis) and possibly the bed- pact masses within the cytoplasm of in-
bug (Cimex lectularius) . Also found para- fected cells. Indefinite maintenance of the
sitizing the erythrocytes of susceptible strains isolated on artificial media has not
animals. World wide distribution. been possible.
Pathogenicity: Splenectomized white
2. Haemobartonella microti Tyzzer mice and splenectomized laboratory-reared
and Weinman, 1939. (Tyzzer and Weinman, voles are readily susceptible to infection.
Neither marked anemia nor anj^ mortality Comment: Since 1944, at which time this
occurs in heavil}' infected animals. Splenec- species was classified as belonging to the
tomized dogs, white rats and deer mice are genus Haemobartonella, knowledge has
not susceptible. accrued which suggests a restudy to deter-
Source and habitat: Occurs in the blood mine whether this species might more
of the vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus penn- properly be placed in the genus Grahamella.
sylvanicus). The natural mode of transmis- Source and habitat: Found in the blood
sion has not been determined, though ticks of the Peruvian guinea pig (Cavia porcellvs) ;
and mites are suspected. also encountered in the blood of native
guinea pigs in Colombia. Observed in la-
3. Ilaemobartonella lyzzeri (Weinman tently infected animals only after splenec-
and Pinkerton, 1938) Weinman, 1944. tomy. The natural mode of transmission is
(Bartonella iyzzeri Weinman and Pinkerton, unknown, although the flea may be a possi-
Ann. Trop. Med., 32, 1938, 217; Weinman, ble vector.
Trans. Amer. Philosoph. Soc, 33 (N.S.),
1944, 314.) 4. Haemobartonella peronij sci Tyzzer,
tyz'ze.ri. M.L. gen. noun iyzzeri of Tyzzer; 1942. (Proc. Amer. Philosoph. Soc, 85, 1942,
377.)
named for Dr. E. E. Tyzzer, protistologist
and investigator of this group of microor- pe.ro. mys'ci. M.L. mas.n. Peromyscus a
ganisms. genus of mice; M. L. gen. noun peromysci of
Single or composite rods measuring about Peromyscus.
0.25 by 1.4 to 4.0 microns. Short rods averag- Occurs as delicate, filamentous forms
ing 0.2 to 0.3 by 0.8 micron as well as round (which may be branched) on red blood cells.
forms with diameters of 0.2 to 0.3 micron These filaments may become beaded and
also occur. Occasional granular swellings may give rise to a number of coccoids and
and enlarged poles occur. Stain intensely rods from which ring forms may develop.
red-violet with Giemsa's or with May- Stains by Giemsa's method, but the staining
Griinwald-Giemsa's solutions. Gram-nega- process must be intense in order to demon-
tive. strate the organism.
Cultivation: Initial cultures on Noguchi's Pathogenicity: Infection transmissible to
semi-solid serum agar are obtained irregu- splenectomized white rats (irregularly),
larlj\ When incubated at 28°C., colonies white mice (frequently) and voles, produc-
appear as isolated, white spheres about 1 ing a more or less severe illness with anemia.
mm in diameter in the upper 8-mm border Habitat: Found in the blood of deer mice
of the medium. The clumps are composed (Peromyscus leucopus novaboracensis) .
of rods and granules with larger round
structures or discs occurring occasionally. 5. Haemobartonella sciiiri Tyzzer,
Also cultivated on the Zinsser, Wei and 385.)
1942. (Proc. Amer. Philosoph. Soc, 85, 1942,
Fitzpatrick modification of the Maitland
medium. Prolonged maintenance on semi- sci.u'ri. M.L. mas.n. Sciurus a genus of
solid media has not been obtained. squirrels; M.L. gen. noun sciuri of Sciurus.
Pathogenicity: Splenectomized, haemo- Very polymorphic Occurs as minute rods
bartonella-free guinea pigs may be infected and filaments which are either continuous
by blood or by cultures injected subcutane- or segmented. The rods and filaments vary
ously or intraperitoneally. Splenectomized, in thickness, some being very uneven and
Haemobartonella muris-free rats are not sus- some very coarse. Beaded chains may de-
ceptible when inoculated with infected velop from the thickened forms. The bead-
guinea-pig blood. Monkeys (Macacus rhesus) like elements stain a dull reddish at the
are also not susceptible to inoculations of periphery with Giemsa's stain, while the
infected blood, tissue and cultures. Infec- remainder is very faintly stained in con-
tion of the guinea pig is subclinical in its trast to the intensely staining basophilic
manifestations. rods and filaments. Some of the rounded
No definite anemia accompanies infection. forms have the appearance of large, thick
rings. Beads and rings may arise from length from 0.5 to 1.5 microns. The number
slender, deeply staining rods, simulating of organisms per infected red blood cell
very closely spores within bacilli, though no varies from 1 to 15; they occur individually,
germination of filaments from them has been scattered irregularly in clumps or sometimes
observed. in chains stretching across the cell. At the
Slightly pathogenic for the gray squirrel; height of the infection, more than 90 per
non-pathogenic for normal white mice. cent of the cells are infected.
Habitat: Found in the blood of gray Pathogenicity: Causes a temperature rise
squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis leucotis). in buffaloes and slight anemia after direct
blood inoculation. Splenectomized rabbits,
6. Haemobartonella bovis (Donatien hamsters and calves inoculated with blood
and Lestoquard, 1934) Weinman, 1944. from infected buffaloes remained free of
{Bartonella bovis Donatien and Lestoquard, the organism.
Bull. Soc. path, exot., ^7, 1934, 652; Bar- Source and habitat: From the blood
tonella sergenti Adler and EUenbogen, Jour. of buffaloes in Palestine.
Comp. Path, and Therap., 47, 1934, 221;
(?) Bartonella bovis Rodriguez, Rev. del 8. Haemobartonella canis (Kikuth,
Inst. Llorente, 13, 1935, 5; abst. in Bull. 1928) Tyzzer and Weinman, 1939. (Bar-
Inst. Past., 34, 1936, 1033; Haemobartonella tonella canis Kikuth, Klin. Wochnschr., 7^,
sergenti Weinman, Trans. Amer. Philosoph. 1928, 1729; Tyzzer and Weinman, Amer.
Soc, 33 (N.S.), 1944, 290; Weinman, ibid., Jour. Hyg., 30 (B), 1939, 151.)
308.) ca'nis. L. noun canis the dog.
One of the most polymorphic of the
bo'vis. L. noun bos the ox; L. gen. noun
bovis of the ox. haemobartonellae, occurring as thin rods,
Rods, coccobacilli and cocci, occur singly, straight or slightly curved, dumbbell-
in pairs or in short chains or groups of 10 shaped organisms, dots, coccoids or rings.
or more elements. The rods measure 1.2 to Chains of rods, of coccoids or of rings also
2.0 microns in length and are very slender. occur; these consist of only one type of these
The coccobacilli occur singly or in pairs forms or a mixture of types. The chains may
measuring 0.3 by 0.6 to 0.8 micron, and the be straight, curved, branched or annular.
diameters of the cocci are about 0.3 micron. Variable in size. Round forms vary from
May occupy a central or marginal position 0.2 or 0.5 micron to the limit of visibility.
on the red blood cell, the number on a cell Single rods measure 0.2 by 1.0 to 5.0 microns,
varying from 1 to 20. Not more than 20 per while the composite forms vary from 1.0
cent of the red blood cells are parasitized. to 4.0 microns or more. Considered to be
Using the Romanowsky stain, the organisms non-motile by most investigators. With
stain similarly to the chromatin of Piro- Giemsa's stain, the organisms are red-
plasma spp. violet, usually intensely so. Methylene blue
Source and habitat: Recovered from the used as a vital stain colors the organisms
blood of bulls in Algeria and from a non- distinctly. Not acid-fast. Gram-negative.
Cultivation has not been demonstrated in
splenectomized calf in Palestine.
semi-solid rabbit-serum agar medium, in
7. Haemobartonella sturinanii (Grin- media containing serum of splenectomized
berg, 1939) Weinman, 1944. (Bartonella dogs, in N. N. N., in Noguchi's medium for
sturmani (sic) Grinberg, Ann. Trop. Med. leptospires, in blood broth nor in Chatton's
and Parasitol., 33, 1939, 33; Weinman, medium covered with vaseline for Tricho-
Trans. Amer. Philosoph. Soc, 33 (N.S.), mastix.
1944, 313.) Filterability: Results are equivocal.
stur.ma'ni.i. M.L. gen. noun sturinanii of Immunology: The outstanding phenom-
Sturman; named for Dr. M. Sturman. ena resemble those found in the rat infected
Similar to Haemobartonella bovis and to with Haemobartonella vniris.
H. canis morphologically and in staining Pathogenicity: Anemia follows splenec-
properties. Occurs as rods and as cocco- tomy in infected dogs, otherwise infection
bacillary and coccoid forms, varying in usually remains asymptomatic. Negative
FAMILY III. BARTOXELLACEAE 977
results in splenectomized, haemobartonella- rods and coccus-like forms, often occurring

free guinea pigs, rats, rabbits and monkeys in chains which also contain larger elements
(Cercopithecus sabaeus). No infection or which have a deeply stained, bead-like
anemia in unoperated mice, white rats, granule. In the early stages of infection, the
young rabbits, young dogs or 3'oung guinea microorganisms may occur as thick bands
pigs. By serial passage, the splenectomized or filaments stretching over the red blood
cat has been found to carry the infection. cells, usually with a bead or granule. The
Arsenical therapy : Complete sterilization bands take a bluish tint with Giemsa's stain,
obtained with neoarsphenamine. while the more delicate forms stain a slate-
Source: Found in the blood of infected violet. The bead is distinctly reddish. In
splenectomized dog.s. the fully developed infection, rods and fila-
Habitat: Found in dog fleas (Cteuocepha- ments predominate over rounded forms. The
lides sp.) and in the erythrocytes of in- organisms may be scattered on the surfaces
fected animals. Wide-spread distribution, of the red blood cells or may form a dense
the infection occurring spontaneously in cap which is intensely stained. Threads may
Europe, India, North and South Africa and be found radiating from a central portion,
in North and South America. and reddish-stained material with ill-de-
9. Haemobartonella blarinae Tyzzer, ^^^^^ contours may occur at the ends of the
1942. (Proc. Amer. Philosoph. Soc, 85, 1942, branches of the threads.
332.) Pathogenic for the short-tailed shrew but
bla.ri'nae. M.L. fem.n. Blarina a genus no* for deer mice or white mice. Causes
of shrews; M.L. gen.noun blarinae of anemia in the shrew.
Blarina. Habitat: Found in the blood of the short-
Extremeh^ polymorphic with delicate iaWedshve-^^ {Blarina brevicauda).
Genus IV. Eperythrozoon Schilling, 1928.*
(Schilling, Klin. Wochnschr., 7^, 1928, 1854; Gyromorpha Dinger, Nederl.
tijdschr. geneesk., 72, 1928, 5903.)
Ep.e.ryth.ro.zo'on. Gr. prefix epi- on; Gr. adj. erythrus red; Gr. noun zoum or zoon living
thing, animal; M.L. neut.n. Eperythrozoon (presumably intended to mean) animals on red
(blood cells).
Microorganisms found in blood plasma and on erythrocytes. Stain well with Romanow-
sky-type dyes, then appearing as rings, coccoids or short rods, 1 to 2 microns in greatest
dimension, and staining bluish or pinkish violet; show no differentiation of nucleus and
cytoplasm with this technique. Not acid-alcohol-fast. Gram-negative. Not cultivated in
cell-free media. Splenectomy activates latent infection. Arthropod transmission has been
established for one species (Weinman, Trans. Amer. Philosoph. Soc, 33 (N.S.), 1944, 321).
The organisms in this genus have been considered as belonging to the Protozoa by Neitz,
Alexander and du Toit (Onderstepoort Jour. Vet. Sci., 3, 1934, 268) and to the bacteria b}'
Mesnil (Bull. Soc. path, exot., 22, 1929, 531) and by Tyzzer (in Weinman, op. cit., 1944, 244).
The evidence at hand favors the inclusion of this group among those organisms which are
not clearly protozoan in nature but which appear to be closely related to the bacteria.
The tj'pe species is Eperythrozoon coccoides Schilling.
Key to the species of genus Eperythrozoon. f
I. Found in rodents.
A. Found in the albino mouse.
1. Eperythrozoon coccoides.

t For convenience this key has been arranged on the basis of host relationships; it is not
intended to signify that this is the onh^, or the most important, or even a valid criterion
for the determination of species. The full descriptions of the species should be consulted.
B. Found in the deer mouse.

2. Eperyihrozoon varians.
C. Found in the vole and in the dwarf mouse.
3. Eperythrozoon dispar.
II. Not found in rodents.
A. Found in herbivorous animals.
1. Found in cattle.
4. Eperythrozoon wenyonii.
2. Found in sheep.
5. Eperythrozoon ovis.
B. Found in omnivorous animals (swine).
1. Large, non-filterable and often pathogenic organisms.
6. Eperythrozoon suis.
2. Small, filterable and usually non-pathogenic organisms.
7. Eperythrozoon parvum.
1. Eperythrozoon coccoides Schilling, {Cricetus auratus) ; usually maximal in
1928. (Schilling, Klin. Wochnschr., 7\ 1928, young animals or in splenectomized adults.
1854; Gyromorpha musculi Dinger, Nederl. Reported to cause fatal mouse hepatitis
tijdschr. geneesk., 72, 1928, 5905.) when associated with another etiological
coc.co.i'des. Gr. noun coccus a berry; agent (a virus), otherwise moderate to no
M.L. noun coccus a coccus; Gr. noun eidus anemic changes reported. Virus titers are
shape; M.L. adj. coccoides coccus-shaped. increased one hundred fold in combined in-
In stained blood films these organisms fections (Niven et al., loc. cit.).
appear as rings, coccoids and rods, the ma- Antibiotic- and chemo-therapy: Neo-
jority as rings of regular outline wdth clear arsphenamine very effective; chlortetra-
centers. The proportion of forms appearing cycline (aureomycin) and oxytetracycline
as rings varies with the technique employed; (terramycin) active; sulphonamides and
if desiccation is prevented, rings occur in sulphones show little to no activity.
minimal numbers (Wigand and Peters, Source: Recovered from the blood of
Ztschr. f. Tropenmed. u. Parasitol., S, splenectomized white mice.
1952, 461). Measure 0.5 to 1.4 microns in Habitat: Found in the blood of infected
greatest dimension. No limiting membrane mammals; also found in the mouse louse
and no differentiated internal structure (Polyplax serrata) and probably in other
obiserved with the electron microscope. Oc- arthropods.
cur in plasma and on red blood cells. Sug-
gested methods of multiplication are binary 2. Eperythrozoon varians Tyzzer, 1942.
fission, budding and development of small 387.)
(Proc. Amer. Philosoph. Soc, 85, 1942,
coccoidal to annular forms. Stain pale red
or reddish blue with either the Giemsa or the va'ri.ans. L. part. adj. varians varying.
Maj^-Griinwald-Giemsa technique. Gram- Occurs as rings, as coccoids of varying
negative. sizes and occasionally as very minute, bacil-
Filterability: Reported to pass collodion lary forms. Many of the bacilliform elements
membranes of an average pore size of 0.36 show an unstained, lens-like swelling, in-
micron (Niven et al.. Lancet, 263, 1952, dicating the formation of a ring within
1061). the substance of the rod. At the height of
Has not been cultivated. the infection, most of the organisms are
Immunology: The immunological state in found in the plasma. Stain intensely when-
animals is that of the premunition type. ever in contact with a red cell.
Latent infection in mice is made manifest Infectivity: Infective for the gray-backed
by splenectomy. deer mouse (causing anemia) and for the
Pathogenicity: Infects white mice, rab- splenectomized common deer mouse. Not
bits, white rats, wild mice and hamsters infective for splenectomized white mice.
Source and habitat : Found in the blood of Pathogenicity: Cattle are susceptible, but
the gray-backed deer mouse (Peromysciis sheep are not infected either before or after
mnniculatiis gracilis) . splenectomy; a splenectomized pig proved
non-susceptible.
3. Eperythrozoon dispar Brujnoghe Source: Recovered from the blood of in-
and Vassiliadis, 1929. (Ann. de Parasitol., fected cattle.
7 1929, 353.) Habitat: Found in the blood of infected
dis'par. L. adj. dispar unlike. cattle; arthropod transmission has not been
Resembles Eperythrozoon coccoides in
staining, in distribution on the erythrocytes proved.
and also in appearance, except that circular 5. Eperythrozoon ovis Neitz et al.,
discs with solid staining centers may greatly 1934. (Neitz, Alexander and du Toit, Ad-
outnumber the ring forms. Found on the red dress, Biological Society, Pretoria, Mar. 15,
blood cells and in the plasma. Size range 1934; from Neitz, Onderstepoort Jour. Vet.
similar to that of Eperythrozoon coccoides; Sci. and Anim. Ind., 9, 1937, 9.)
there are also some larger ring forms. o'vis. L. noun ovis a sheep.
Has not been cultivated. Delicate rings approximately 0.5 to 1.0
Immunology: Infection is followed by micron in diameter, though occasionally
premunition, and latent infection is made larger. In addition there are triangular
manifest by splenectomy. Splenectomized forms with rounded angles as well as ovoid,
rabbits premunized against E. coccoides do comma, rod, dumbbell and tennis-racket
not react to inoculation with E. dispar; if forms. Found supra-cellularly on the eryth-
the latter is injected first, the rabbits do rocytes, but often free. Colored pale purple
not react to E. coccoides.
to pinkish purple with Giemsa's stain. Sug-
Inf ectivity : Infective for the European gested mode of multiplication is by budding.
vole (Arvicola (Microtus) arvalis), the Amer- Has not been cultivated.
ican vole {Microtus pennsylvanicus pennsyl- Immunology: The immunological state in
vanicus), the dwarf mouse {Mus minutus), sheep appears to be that of the premunition
the rabbit and Mus acomys. Not infective
for albino rats or albino mice. type.
Pathogenicity: Sheep, antelopes and
Source: Recovered from the blood of in- probably goats and splenectomized calves
fected animals. are susceptible. Dogs, rabbits and guinea
pigs are refractory, and a splenectomized
4. Eperythrozoon wenjonii Adler and pig was not infected. The distinctive feature
Ellenbogen, 1934. (Jour. Comp. Path, and of Eperythrozoon ovis is its ability to provoke
Therap., 47, 1934 (Sept. 3), 220.) illness in normal animals without resorting
wen.yo'ni.i. M.L. gen. noun wenyonii of to splenectomy.
Wenyon; named for Dr. C. M. Wenyon, who Source: Found in the blood of infected
studied these organisms. sheep in South Africa and in the United
Morphologically similar to Eperythrozoon States.
coccoides. Coccoid and often vesicular, Habitat: Occurs in the blood of infected
staining pale red with Giemsa's stain and animals. No ectoparasites found on sheep
varying from 0.2 to 1.5 microns in diameter. were naturally infected, but an arthropod
Multiplication seems to be by budding, by is suspected as a vector.
fission and by filamentous growths from the
ring forms. Up to 50 or 60 organisms are
found on one red blood cell. These are ar- 6. Eperythrozoon suis Splitter, 1950.
ranged in irregular chains or in tightly (Science, HI, 1950, 513.)
packed groups. su'is. L. noun sus, suis a pig.
Cultivation: Not reported. Rods, rings, coccoids and various budding
Immunology: The organism creates a forms have been reported, a ring form aver-
state of premunition; latent infection is aging 0.8 to 1.0 micron in diameter being the
made manifest by splenectomy. most common. Larger ring and discoid types
up to 2.5 microns also occur. This is per- One of the smallest of the eperythrozoa.
haps the largest species in the genus. Disc or coccus forms measuring less than
Cultivation has not been successful. 0.5 micron in diameter predominate and
Immunologj^: Latent infection made man- are mixed with occasional ring forms 0.5 to
ifest by splenectomy; under field condi- 0.8 micron in diameter. Filterable through
tions, animals with spleen sicken and pre- Seitz EK and Berkefeld W filters and by
sent massive infections. this means can be separated from E. suis,
Pathogenicity: Implicated in "ictero- which does not pass these filters.
Differentiation from E. sids is based on
anemia" of swine, heavy infection and dis-
ease being provoked without splenectomy. size, on morphological differences and on
Has not infected one or more of: lamb, calf the failure of either species to cross-immu-
and the following splenectomized animals: nize against the other. Resembles E. dispar
white mouse, deer mouse (Peromyscus man- in appearance, and the two have not been
iculatus), rats, guinea pigs and rabbits. proved to be distinct.
Chemotherapy: Neoarsphenamine, at Rarely pathogenic. Has not infected one
doses of 15 milligrams per kilogram of pig, or more of: calf, lamb, splenectomized white
is effective in controlling the infection. mouse and splenectomized Peromyscus ma-
Source: Occurs in the blood of swine in niculatus.
the United States and perhaps in the Bel- Chemotherapy: Relatively resistant to
gian Congo. neoarsphenamine in vivo, frequently resist-
hog. ing doses of 45 milligrams per kilogram of
7. Eperythrozoon parvuni Splitter,
1950. (Science, 111, 1950, 513.) Source: Found in the blood of swine in
the United States.
par'vum. L. adj. parvus small.
FAMILY IV. ANAPLASMATACEAE PHILIP, Fam. Nov.*

{Anaplasmidae Lestoquard, Les piroplasmoses du mouton et de la chevre. Inst.
Past. d'Algerie, 1926; also see Yakimov, Handbook of Protozoology, Moscow,
1931; and Neitz, Alexander and du Toit, Onderstepoort Jour. Vet. Sci.
and Anim. Ind., 3, 1934, 263.)
A.na.plas.ma.ta'ce.ae. Gr. neut.n. Anaplasma type genus of the family; -aceae ending
to denote a family; M.L. fem.pl.n. Anaplasmataceae the Anaplasma family.
Organisms which parasitize red blood cells. There is no demonstrable multiplication in
other tissues. In blood smears fixed with May-Griinwald and stained with Giemsa's stain,
these organisms appear in the erythrocytes as spherical chromatic granules which stain a
deep reddish violet color. Show no differentiation into nucleus and cytoplasm. Occur natu-
rally as parasites of ruminants. Transmitted by arthropods. Situated at or near the margin
and/or at or near the center of the red blood cells. The position within the erythrocyte
and/or host differences serve as bases for differentiating species. Attempts at cultivation
in a variety of media have failed. Produce disease in non-splenectomized and in splenec-
tomized ruminants. The natural and experimental host range is fairly wide, these organ-
isms occurring in members of the families Bovidae and Camelidae. Influenced by aureomycin
and terramycin. Widely distributed throughout the world.
* Arranged by Dr. Cornelius B. Philip, Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Mon-

tana, March, 1956; see Canad. Jour. Microbiol, 2, 1956, 269.
FAMILY IV. ANAPLASMATACEAE
981
Genus I. Anaplasma Theiler, 1910*
(Rept. Govt. Vet. Bact. for 1908-09, Dept.Agr., Transvaal, 1910, 7-64; alsoseeTrans-
vaal Med. Jour., 5, (January) 1910, 110; Bull. Soc. path, exot., S, (March9) 1910,
135; and Trans. Roy. Soc. So. Africa, 2, (October 27) 1910, 69.)
A.na.plas'ma. Gr. prefix an- without; Gr. noun plasma anything formed or molded
M.L. neut.n. Anaplasma a thing without form.
The type species is Anaplasma marginale Theiler.
Key to the species of genus Anaplasma.

I. Cause infections in cattle.
A. The etiological agent of malignant anaplasmosis of cattle.
1. Anaplasma marginale.
B. The etiological agent of benign anaplasmosis of cattle.
2. Anaplasma centrale.
II. Causes anaplasmosis of sheep and goats.
3. Anaplasma ovis.
1. Anaplasma marginale Theiler, 1910. of peripheral elementary bodies, 170 to 220

(Theiler, Rept. Govt. Vet. Bact. for 1908-09, millimicrons in diameter, of high electron
Dept. Agr., Transvaal, 1910, 7; Anaplasma density; in some cases the whole mass of
theileri Cardamatis, 1911; Anaplasma argen- the organism is divided into submicroscopic
linum Lignieres, Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., bodies. Usually occurs singly in the red
Orig., 7^, 1914, 133; also see 10« Congres in- blood cells, but double forms are not un-
tern, de M^d. Vet., Londres, 1914; Ana- common. Rarely three, four, five and even
plasma rossicum Yakimov and Beliawine, six organisms may be seen in one red blood
Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 103, 1927, 419.) cell. A halo may sometimes be seen sur-
mar.gi.na'le. L. noun margo, marginis rounding the organism. During the height
edge, margin; M.L. adj. marginalis mar- of the reaction, as many as 50 per cent or
ginal. more of the erythrocytes may be parasit-
In blood smears fixed with May-Griin- ized. Responsible for a variable degree of
wald and stained with Giemsa's stain, this anemia and icterus. When anemic changes
organism appears in the erythrocytes as one progress, the number of infected erythro-
or more chromatic granules which stain a cytes decreases to a point where they can-
deep purple color. Varies in size from 0.3 to not be demonstrated microscopically. This
0.8 micron, averaging about 0.5 to 0.6 mi- phenomenon should be remembered by
cron. Usually round or elliptical in shape, workers engaged in chemotherapeutic stud-
although irregular forms are not uncommon. ies, and the disappearance of organisms
About 90 per cent of the bodies are situated following the administration of drugs should
at or near the margin of the erythrocytes, not, without due consideration, be attrib-
while 10 per cent are situated at or near the uted to the action of the drug. Recovery
centers of the host cells. DeRobertis and is usually followed by the asymptomatic re-
Epstein (Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol, and Med., appearance of the organisms in relatively
77 , 1951, 254) have studied the structure of small numbers for a period varying from 10
this organism with the electron microscope: to 60 days, sometimes even longer. It is gen-
the typical organism occurring at the mar- erally assumed that in the mammalian host
gin of the erythrocyte appears to be con- multiplication of these organisms takes
stituted of a central, undivided mass and place by simple binary fission. Lotze and
* Prepared by Dr. W. O. Neitz, Department of Agriculture, Division of Veterinary Ser-

vices, Onderstepoort, Union of South Africa, December, 1954.
Yiengst (Amer. Jour. Vet. Res., 3, 1942, muscular and intravenous routes. Infectious
312) state that each organism undergoes for cattle, zebu, water buffalo {Babalus bab-
growth which is then followed by multiple alis), bison {Bison bison), African antelopes
fission resulting in the formation of eight (white-tailed gnu {Connochaetes gnou), bles-
small spherical bodies. Studies on the life buck (Damaliscus pygargus albifrons) and
cycle of this organism in arthropods are duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia)) , American deer
limited. Regendanz (Zent. f. Bakt., I Abt., (southern black-tailed deer and Rocky
Orig., 137, 1933, 214) claims to have demon- Mountain mule deer (Odocoileus spp.)), elk
strated granules varying from 0.1 to 0.4 and camel (Camehis bactrianus). Sheep and
microns in diameter in the salivary glands goats develop a submicroscopic infection.
of known-infected Dermacentor andersoni The African buffalo {Syncerus caffer) is re-
and Dermacentor variabilis adult ticks. fractory. Rabbits, guinea pigs, white rats,
Cultivated on Bass medium. Continued gray rats, white mice, field mice, dogs, cats,
to grow through two generations, but ferrets and chickens are all refractory to
growth could not be detected after the third bovine anaplasmosis. Mortality has been re-
passage. No growth in a wide variety of corded in cattle, zebu, water buffalo and
bacteriological and tissue-culture media, in camel.
chick embryo or in sealed collodion bags Antibiotic therapy: True sterilization of
containing infective blood which had been latent or recognized infection occurs with
placed in the peritoneal cavity of a rabbit. massive repeated doses of aureomycin and
Non-filterable with Berkefeld filter (du terramycin.
Toit, Rept. Direct. Vet. Educ. Res., Union Source: Observed by Theiler {op. cit.,
So. Africa, Pt. I, 1928, 157). Filterable 1910, 7) in the blood of infected cattle.
with a three-pound Mandler filter (Foot, Habitat: Found in arthropods such as
No. Amer. Vet., 35, 1954, 19). Argas persicus, Boophilus annulahis, B. aus-
Immunology: No authentic case of true tralis, B. calcaratus, B. decoloratus, B. vii-
natural immunity in cattle has been estab- crophis, Dermacentor albipictus, D. andersoni,
lished. Calves under one year of age show a D. occidentalus, D. variabilis, Haemaphysalis
milder reaction than do older animals. Ac- cinnabarina punctata, Hyalomma excavatum,
quired immunity occurs in (1) the latently Ixodes ricinus, I. scapularis, Rhipicephalus
infected ox, (2) the infected ox after sple- bursa, R. sanguineus and R. simus. Also
nectomy and recovery from the disease, (3) found in the erythrocytes of susceptible
the non-splenectomized, non-carrier ox fol- animals. World wide distribution.
lowing infection, and (4) animals other than
the ox following infection. Carrier state 2. Anaplasma centrale Theiler, 1911.
usually persists for periods longer than 12 (1st Rept. Dir. Vet. Res., Union So. Africa,
1911, 7.)
years. Autosterilization in both non-sple-
nectomized and splenectomized cattle is of cen.tra'le. L. adj. centralis central.
relatively rare occurrence. A partial cross In blood smears fixed with May-Griinwald
immunity exists between this organism and and stained with Giemsa, the organisms ap-
A. centrale. pear in erythrocytes as irregularly spher-
Serology: Complement fixation has been ical, chromatic granules which stain a deep
reported with sera of carrier cattle. About purple color. Vary in diameter from 0.4 to
90 per cent of the serum samples drawn from 0.95, averaging 0.65, micron. Resembles A.
known carriers gave positive results while marginale very closely but differs from it bj^
10 per cent gave discordant reactions. Anti- its slightly greater size and by its usually
bodies were detected in the sera of artifi- central position in the erythrocyte. Approx-
cially infected animals before the organism imately 88 per cent of the organisms are
was microscopically demonstrable. situated at or near the center and 12 per
Pathogenicity: Infected blood, washed cent at or near the margin of the host cell.
red blood cells and organ suspensions pro- Usually occurs singly in the red blood cells,
duce infection by the subcutaneous, intra- but double forms are not uncommon. Rarely
FAMILY IV. ANAPLASMATACEAE 983
three or four organisms may be seen in the Source: Observed in the blood of infected
same red blood cell. During the height of cattle.
the reaction, as many as 15 per cent or more Habitat: Found in the arthropods Bo-
of the erj^throcj'tes may be parasitized. Re- ophilus decoloratus and Haemaphysalis cin-
sponsible for anemia and icterus. When ane- naharina punctata; also found in the erythro-
mic changes progress, the number of in- cytes of cattle. Found in Africa, Roumania
fected erythrocj-tes decreases to a point and Palestine.
where they cannot be demonstrated micro-
scopically. Recovery is usually followed by 3. Anaplasma ovis Lestoquard, 1924.
the reappearance of the organisms in rela- (Bull. Soc. path, exot., 17, 1924, 784.)
tively small numbers for a period of from o'vis. L. noun ovis the sheep.
10 to 30 days and sometimes even longer. In blood smears fixed with May-Griin-
The life cycle of A. centrale is in all proba- wald and stained with Giemsa, the organ-
bility the same as that of A. marginale. No isms appear in the red blood cells as irregu-
attempts have yet been made to study the larly spherical, chromatic granules which
life cycle of A. centrale in the arthropod stain a deep purple color. Vary from 0.4 to
vector. 0.8, averaging 0.5, micron in diameter. Re-
Cultivation: No attempts have been sembles A . marginale very closelj- but differs
made . from the latter by its pathogenicity and by
Filterability: No information available. its position in the erythrocytes. Approxi-
Immunology: No authentic case of true mately 65 per cent of the organisms are sit-
natural immunity in cattle has been estab- uated at or near the margin and 35 per cent
lished. Acquired immunity occurs in (1) the at or near the center of the erythrocyte.
latently infected ox, (2) the infected ox Occurs singly in the red blood cells, but
after splenectomy and recovery from dis- double forms are not uncommon. Rarely
ease, the period of resistance corresponding three or four organisms may be seen in the
to the duration of latency, (3) the non- same cell. During the height of the reaction,
splenectomized, non-carrier ox following in- as many as 5 per cent or more of the eryth-
fection, and (4) animals other than the ox rocj^tes may be parasitized. Responsible for
following infection. Recovered animals re- anemia and icterus. When anemic changes
main carriers for periods of up to 20 years. progress, the nvmiber of infected erythro-
A partial cross immunity exists between cytes decreases to a point where they cannot
this organism and A. marginale. A. centrale be demonstrated microscopically. Recovery
has been emplojêd on the African continent is usuallj' followed by the reappearance of
and in Palestine as an immunizing agent the organisms in relatively small numbers
against A. marginale. Approximatel}- 350,000 for a period from 10 to 30 days and some-
doses of A. centrale vaccine (infective cit- times even longer. The life cycle is in all
rated blood) are issued annually to farmers probability the same as that of A. marginale.
in South Africa. No cases of autosteriliza- No attempts have jêt been made to studj'
tion have been observed. the life cycle of this organism in the arthro-
Serology: No work attempted.
Pathogenicity: Infected blood and organ pod vector.
Cultivation: No attempts have yet been
suspensions produce infection by the sub- made.
cutaneous, intramuscular and intravenous Filterability: No information available.
roiites. A. centrale is infectious for cattle. Immunology: No authentic case of true
The African antelope, the blesbuck (Dama- natural immunity in sheep or goats has been
liscus pygargus albifrons), develops a sub- established. Acquired immunity occurs in
microscopic infection. (1) latently infected sheep and goats, (2)
Antibiotic therapy: No information avail- the infected sheep and goat after splenec-
able. Aureomycin and terramycin may pos- tomy and recoverjr from the disease, the
sibh' be as effective for .4. centrale as for ^4. period of resistance corresponding to the
marginale. duration of latency, (3) the non-splenecto-
mized, non-carrier sheep and goat following oryx oryx) develops a submicroscopic infec-
infection, and (4) animals other than the tion. Cattle are refractory. No cases of
sheep and goat following infection. Re- autosterilization have been observed.
covered animals remain carriers for periods Antibiotic therapy: No tests conducted.
of up to four years; the end point has not Aureomycin and terramycin may possibly
been determined. be as effective for A. ovis as for A. marginale.
Serology: No work has been attempted. Source : Observed in the blood of infected
Pathogenicity: Infected blood and organ sheep and goats.
suspensions produce infection by the sub- Habitat: Found in arthropods such as
cutaneous, intramuscular and intravenous Rhipicephalus bursa, Dermacentor silvarum
routes. Infectious for sheep, goats and the and Ornithodoros lahorensis; also found in
African antelope, the blesbuck {Damaliscus the erythrocytes of sheep and goats. Found
pygargus albifrons). The eland (Taurotragus in Africa, Southern Europe and Asia.
ORDER II. VIRALES BREED, MURRAY AND
KITCHENS, 1944.*
(Jour. Bact., J^T , 1944, 421.)

Viruses are etiological agents of disease, typically of small size and capable of passing
filters that retain bacteria, increasing only in the presence of living cells, giving rise to new
strains by mutation. A considerable number of plant viruses have not been proved filterable;
it is nevertheless customary to include these viruses with those known to be filterable be-
cause of similarities in other attributes and in the diseases induced. Some not known to be
filterable are inoculable only by special techniques, as by grafting or by the use of insect
vectors, and suitable methods for testing their filterability have not been developed; more-
over, itis not certain that so simple a criterion as size measured in terms of filterability will
prove to be an adequate indicator of the limits of the natural group. Viruses cause diseases
of bacteria, plants and animals.
Our incomplete knowledge of the entities known as viruses has made their classification,
and consequently their nomenclature, a difficult matter. It is difficult to describe viruses
adequately because of their small size and because they are not cultivable. Electron micros-
copy has enabled a determination of the size and morphology of some of the viruses. Like-
wise, serological methods have been developed which are proving to be useful in distinguish-
ing between different species and types of viruses, but in many cases these methods have
not been applied.
The usual characteristic that permits recognition of viruses is their capacity to produce
specific diseases. As indicated in the previous edition of the Manual (6th ed., 1948, 1127),
three constituent groups of viruses have come to be recognized, and to some extent named
and classified, through the largely separate efforts of bacteriologists, animal pathologists
and plant pathologists. Taxonomic overlapping of the three groups, viruses affecting bac-
teria, viruses having human and other animal hosts and viruses invading higher plants, can
hardly be justified as yet by available evidence. Nevertheless, it has been shown that a
single virus may multiply within, and cause morphological changes in, both a plant host
and an insect vector (Littau and Maramorosch, Virology, 2, 1956, 128). This seems to dispose
of the thought that adaptation to one environment necessarily precludes the utilization of
other sources for the materials needed for growth and multiplication.
Because of the difficulties involved in preparing adequate descriptions of species of
viruses, many investigators have felt it undesirable to use binomials according to the Lin-
nean system and therefore have proposed numbering or lettering systems for species and
subspecies of viruses (see Johnson, Wis. Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. Bull. 76, 1927; Proc. Sixth
Internat. Bot. Cong. (Amsterdam), 2, 1935, 193; and Smith, Textb. of Plant Virus Dis.,
Philadelphia, 1937, 615 pp). These sj^stems have made it difficult for persons other than
* Prepared by the Editorial Board, March, 1956, from a tentative outline by Dr. Robert
S. Breed, January, 1956. Reviewed by Dr. C. H. Andrewes, Medical Research Council,
National Institute for Medical Research, London, England, Dr. F. O. Holmes, The Rocke-
feller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N. Y., and Dr. E. A. Steinhaus, Agri-
cultural Experiment Station, University of California, Berkeley, California, March, 1956.
985
986 ORDER II. VIRALES
specialists to recognize the viruses under discussion, thus prompting some workers to sug-
gest standardizing the numbering or lettering systems.
Other investigators have felt that if a classification were drawn up according to the Lin-
nean system and that if the procedures outlined in Codes of Nomenclature were followed,
a binomial nomenclature could be developed for viruses. Such a system was first presented
for the plant viruses by Holmes (Handbook of Phytopathogenic Viruses, Burgess Publish-
ing Co., Minneapolis, 1939, 221 pp). This was followed by the more complete classification
given in the last edition of the Manual (6th ed., 1948, 1125).
At the 5th International Congress of Microbiology, held at Rio de Janeiro in August,
1950, the consensus of opinion seemed to be that an acceptable system of classification could
be achieved by giving primary consideration to the viruses that are best known and that
can be most adequately described. Specialists were asked to prepare classifications for
several groups of viruses, and the results of this plan were reported in 1953 by Andrewes
(Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., 56, 1953, 428).
So-called "non-Linnean" names for a number of groups of viruses were presented in
1954 (Andrewes, Nature, 173, 1954, 620). Among these were binomial names applying to the
viruses of the smallpox, herpes simplex, poliomyelitis and influenza groups as well as names
applicable to some viruses causing diseases in insects.
Substantial revisions of virus taxonomy and nomenclature in the hvmian and other animal
virus field have been published also in Russia by Zhdanov (OpredeliteP Virusov Cheloveka i
Zhivotnych, Izd. Akad. Med. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Moskau, 1953, 348 pp) and in Canada by van
Rooj-en (Canadian Jour. Microbiology, 1, 1954, 227). Revisions of the classification of
viruses causing diseases in insects were published in 1949 and 1953 by Steinhaus (Bact. Rev.,
13, 1949, 203; Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., 56, 1953, 517) and in 1953 by Bergold (Annals N. Y.
Acad. Sci., 56, 1953,495).
For the present it seems feasible to continue with the custom, tacitly accepted in the past,
of classifying bacteriophages separately as one sub-group, viruses causing diseases in higher
plants as a second sub-group and those causing diseases in man and other animals as a third
sub-group. It should be recognized that this may prove to be only a temporary arrange-
ment, necessary because we have little or no evidence to warrant taxonomic overlapping of
the three groups and useful while we await critical investigations and possible development
of a substitute plan capable of displaying natural relationships to better advantage. It is
further possible that there may be discoveries of common physical properties which would
aid in formulating an interlocking classification, for which at present we lack any sub-
stantial basis. It is interesting to note that Ryzhkov (Mikrobiologiia, 21, 1952, 458) has at-
tempted to outline such a classification; confirmation of the ideas underlying this attempt
at a unified classification must be sought in the future.
The rapid expansion of the field, by the frequent discovery of new viruses and the de-
velopment ofnew methods for their recognition and characterization, together with some
uncertainties evidenced by virologists, makes it seem inappropriate to include a formal
classification of Virales in this edition of the Manual. The need for an accepted nomen-
clature and classification has now made itself felt, and it is expected that recognition of this
will be reflected in the next report of the Committee of the I.A.M.S.
A KEY FOR THE
DETERMINATION OF THE
GENERIC POSITION OF ORGANISMS
By
LISTED IN THE MANUAL
V. B. D. SKE
RMA
N
Department of Bacteriology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
INTRODUCTION
The following key has been designed to enable the user to determine whether
any isolated organism bears any resemblance to an organism described in the
Manual. Although the key terminates in most cases at a genus, it has been
formulated on individual species descriptions. Every effort has been made to
see that if the description of any species within the Manual is applied to the
key, the description will lead to the genus into which the species has been placed
in the Manual. Keys provided by the various contributors should be followed
in deciding which species within the genus most closely agrees with the iso-
late. It is quite possible, owing to the limited description of many species, that
the new isolate will be described more extensively and may fit into more than
one species. It is unlikely, but not impossible, that it may fit into more than one
genus.
No attempt has been made to fit the key to SLXiy system of classification. While
it may undoubtedly act as a guide to the proper classification of an undescribed
organism, it is designed solely for the purpose of identification of described
species. The user must judge for himself whether an isolate is identical with a
described species and, if not, determine its taxonomic position.
Characters were chosen solely for their suitability for purposes of differentia-
tion and for the ease with which they could be determined. The sequence in
which they have been employed was determined in part by common usage, in
part by necessity through lack of other information and in part by design to
encourage comparison of apparently closely related organisms and to enforce
the use of some tests quite commonly ignored.
Where variation in any character has been well established, due allowance
987
988 INTRODUCTION
has been made for it. The sequence of tests employed has largely eliminated
the necessity to treat an organism as positive or negative with respect to a char-
acter for which the information was not given. In the few" instances where this
device has been employed, the species involved has been cited in the key, and
the assumption made has been noted or the species has been traced through the
key as far as the information permitted, a note having been made to this effect
at the appropriate point.
Cowan's assertion (Canad. Jour. Microbiol., 2, 1956, 212-219) that the pre-
vious system broke down because of the use of the "positive or negative" ap-
proach, while apparently theoretically correct, was, in fact, not so. Such a device
obviously could not have been used where genera with single species were in-
volved. However, with the larger genera it proved to be valid where it was em-
ployed simply because the genera already had species, adequately described,
which were either positive or negative with respect to the character, and the
genera therefore appeared at two or more places in the key. The use of the "pos-
itive or negative" approach merely placed the poorly described species in one or
the other of these categories.
In the present key, pathogenicity to animals has not been used as a sole dif-
ferentiating character. It has been coupled with other tests in the separation of
these genera. The plant pathogens and the Rhizobia have been separated on the
basis of pathogenicity and nodule formation respectively. They have, in addition,
been treated as organisms isolated from the soil, have been traced through the
key as far as described characters would permit and have been cited at the ap-
propriate points. Species of Pseudomonas producing water-soluble pigments
have been separated on this characteristic. They were, however, also checked
through the key as though not pigmented. With few exceptions those adequately
described terminated at points where non-pigmented pseudomonads were located;
the few which did not have been individually cited. Of fifteen species for which
no sugar reactions were cited, thirteen terminated at Pseudomonas when the
possible "positive or negative" combinations for glucose and lactose were applied.
The others were non-motile and have been cited in the key.
The description of the genus Paracolohactrum as presented in the Manual
contains too little information to be of use in the key. Reference was made to
the original paper of Stuart, AVheeler, Rustigian and Zimmerman (Jour. Bact.,
45, 1943, 101-119), and the strain descriptions used. While these strains do not
appear as such in the Manual, the value of such strain specifications over gen-
eralizations forthe species should be apparent.
The recommendations regarding designations of groups in the Enter ohacteria-
ceae published by the Enterobacteriaceae Subcommittee of the Nomenclature
Committee of the International Association of Microbiologists (Internat. Bull.
Bact. Nomen. and Taxon., 4, 1954, 1-94) are also indicated in the key by the
insertion of the generic name followed by "Rome, 1953".
The primary division on the basis of cell width is purely arbitrary. A great
deal of latitude has been allowed in respect to this character. Cells with widths
INTRODUCTION 989
between 1.7 and 2.3 microns appear in both sections of the key. While every
endeavor has been made to avoid inaccuracies in the key, some are inevitable.
In order to avoid any repetition of these, users are requested to supply the author
with a detailed statement of these as they are encountered. The author would
also welcome reprints of any papers relating to subjects of taxonomic interest.
A COMPREHENSIVE KEY TO THE
GENERA OF THE MANUAL
Use of the key
First, determine the characters of the organism and then consult the key,
always commencing from the beginning. The key poses a series of questions
which can be answered in the affirmative or negative. Numbers on the right hand
side of the key indicate the next number on the left to be consulted. The se-
ciuence should be followed until the right hand number is replaced by a generic
name. Keys to the particular genus in the Manual should then be consulted
for species identification.
1. Organisms green, blue-green or yellowish green, brown or red, containing chlorophyll
"a" either in well-defined chloroplasts or in the cytoplasm Algae p. 30
Organisms colorless; if pigmented, green pigments do not have the characteristics of
chlorophyll "a" 2
2. Diameter or width of cells exceeds 2.0 microns; proceed to Section A p. 991
Diameter or width does not exceed 2.0 microns; proceed to Section B p. 996
Note: (1) In assessing diameter or width, measurement must be made of the
cells themselves and not of any capsular structures or sheaths which may sur-
round them. In Section A some cells have widths up to 100 microns and are
clearly visible to the naked eye.
(2) To avoid confusion the following terms have the following meanings
throughout the key:
Trichome: A uniseriate multicellular organism in which the multicellular
character is clearly visible without staining after removal of any cell inclu-
sions, such as sulfur. The term includes all gliding, non-flagellated organisms
regardless of whether they are obviously multicellular, with all cells except-
ing terminal ones of uniform size and with square ends, or apparently unicel-
lular organisms in chains.
The term includes also the obviously multicellular peritrichously flagel-
lated organisms in which division of the trichome normally results in separa-
tion of obviously multicellular elements. The latter may, however, separate into
single discoid elements which grow out into multicellular forms.
The term does not include the peritrichously flagellated cells which form
chains in which the individual cells do not appear multicellular without spe-
cial staining procedures.
The presence or absence of a sheath should not be taken into consideration.
Chain of cells: Organisms which characteristically divide in one plane only
and remain attached to each other by a continuity of the cell wall. The indi-
vidual cells do not appear multicellular without special staining. They are
either non-motile,or, if motile, possess flagella. The presence or absence of a
sheath should not be taken into consideration.
Filament: An elongated rod which shows no evidence of multicellularity
without special staining.
990
SECTION A
1. Multicellular organisms with or without a sheath or unicellular organisms arranged
in chains and surrounded by a sheath 2
Unicellular organisms 18
2. Multicellular organisms not in a sheath 3
Organisms in a sheath 11
3. Both trichomes and abstricted cells are non -motile and are not flagellated 4
Either trichomes or abstricted cells or both are motile. Motility may be either by glid-
ing on solid surfaces (non-flagellated) or by means of flagella. (Apparently non-
motile but flagellated cells are included in this section.) 5
4. Trichomes up to 5,000 microns in length attached basally by means of a globular hold-
fast; endospores produced in any or all cells within the trichome and obliquely sit-
uated; recorded from the alimentary canal of millipeds, cockroaches and toads
Arthromitus p. 835
Trichomes long and attached by means of a holdfast which may be distinct or rela-
tively inconspicuous; globular sulfur deposited internally when growing in the
presence of hydrogen sulfide Thiothrix p. 84^
Long trichomes arranged in bundles; each cell contains one or more gas vacuoles
which gleam reddish in transmitted light; do not deposit sulfur internally
Peloploca p. 270
Trichomes limited to four cells, the end ones being rounded; may be arranged in chains;
recorded from the buccal cavity Simonsiella p. 833
5. Trichomes flagellated, peritrichous 6
Trichomes or abstricted cells not flagellated; motility of a gliding type on solid sur-
faces or along adjacent cells 7
6. Cells approximately 5 microns in width and straight to curved; develop a large endo-
spore apparently by fusion of several cells within the trichome. The spore is nor-
mally centrally located. Division is preceded by formation of biconcave discs within
the trichome somewhat similar to those produced by Oscillator ia; found in large
numbers in the cecum of the guinea pig Oscillospira p. 834
Cells 3 or more microns wide; actively motile; do not produce endospores; common in
fresh dung Caryophanon p. 831
7. Spiral cells Thiospirillopsis p. 840
No spirals 8
8. Entire trichomes are motile 9
Entire trichomes are not motile; attached by means of a holdfast; taper from the base
to the tip; single cells formed by abstriction from the tip are motile by a gliding
motion on a solid surface; trichomes characteristically arranged in rosettes but may
occur singly Leucothrix p. 850
9. Elemental sulfur is deposited in a globular form in the cells when growing in waters
containing hydrogen sulfide Beggiatoa p. 838
Elemental sulfur is not deposited internally 10
10. Cells within the trichomes contain one or more gas vacuoles which gleam bluish or
reddish in transmitted light; described from surface films in pond waters
Pelonema p. 271
Note: Pelonema is described as having a thin sheath and as being possibly
motile. It seems unlikely that floating motile filaments would be ensheathed,
and for this reason Pelonema is included here.
Not as above Vitreoscilla p. 845
11. Width of sheath increases from base to tip; cells within the sheath divide trans-
991
992 COMPREHENSIVE KEY
versely and longitudinally towards the tip to produce large numbers of coccoid ele-
ments ;attached by means of a holdfast 12
Width of the sheath uniform or variable; division of cells in a transverse di-
rection only 13
12. Cells within the basal portion of the sheath longer than wide; when growing in iron-
bearing waters, the sheath becomes heavily impregnated with iron
Crenothrix p. 212
Cells within the basal portion of the sheath much wider than long; sheaths remain
colorless in iron-bearing waters Phragmidiothrix p. ^73
13. Cells within the base of the sheath 2 by 10 microns with rounded ends; divide trans-
versely near the tip to produce spherical non-motile cells which are extruded either
singly or in chains. The sheath becomes heavily impregnated with iron or manga-
nese, becoming wide at the base and tapering towards the tip; attached by a hold-
fast; false branching is common Clonothrix p. ^74
Spirally wound to straight chains up to 250 microns long; sheaths heavily encrusted
with iron Leptothrix p. 26 J^
Note: The single species may be a Sphaerotilus.
Not as above 14
14. Chains of cells enclosed in a sheath of uniform width; attached by means of a con-
spicuous holdfast; free cells motile by means of subpolar flagella
Sphaerotilus p. 263
Note: Species oi Sphaerotilus have been shown to precipitate iron in the sheath,
in which state they strongly resemble species of Leptothrix. The author has
shown that S. nutans will also deposit sulfur internally, though the possible
relationship to Thiothrix is uncertain.
Not as above ; if motile, not flagellated 15
15. Sulfur deposited internally when grown in water containing hydrogen sulfide 16
Sulfur not deposited internally 17
16. Several trichomes within a common sheath Thioploca p. 84i
A single trichome within each sheath; usually attached by a holdfast
Thiothrix p. 84£
17. Colorless trichomes, attached at the base, tapering from the base to the tip; most
characteristically arranged in rosettes but may occur singly. Constriction of the
outer wall near the tips produces a beaded appearance. Single cells are abstricted and
may exhibit a gliding motility on a solid surface. The trichomes themselves are im-
mobile Leucothrix p. 850
Note: Although Harold and Stanier state that no sheath is visible, the descrip-
tion of Pontothrix, which they consider identical, cites a prominent sheath.
Colorless trichomes up to 500 microns in length; each cell contains one or more gas
vacuoles which gleam reddish or bluish in transmitted light; enclosed in a thin trans-
parent sheath; occur singly Pelonema p. 271
Note: Peloploca, which has a similar cellular morphology, although described
as "no sheath evident," and which occurs in bundles, should be compared
carefully with Pelonema.
18. Spiral cells 19
Not as above 23
19. Cells contain bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoid pigments; cell masses various shades
of red or purple 20
Not as above 21
20. Oxidize hydrogen sulfide, depositing sulfur internally Thiospirillum p. 4-^
Do not oxidize hydrogen sulfide Rhodospirillum p. 58
COMPREHENSIVE KEY 993
21. Rigid cells 6 to 50 microns long; actively motile by means of polar flagella; deposit sul-
fur internally when growing in waters containing hydrogen sulfide
Thiospira p. 82
Flexible cells; not flagellated; do not deposit sulfur internally 22
22. Large, spiral cells, with tapered ends, up to 100 microns long; protoplast wound spirally
around a well defined axial filament; no cross striations; motile by means of a flexu-
ous movement Spirochaeta p. 893
Spiral cells with a round cross section and blunt ends; up to 60 microns long; cells have
a ridge or crista composed of numerous fibrils running along one side of the spiral,
cross striations distinct; found in the intestinal tract of molluscs
Cristispira p. 896
23. Stalked cells ; aquatic in habit 24
Cells not borne on stalks 25
24. Cells rod-shaped; 2 by 6 to 12 microns; single cells attached terminally and at right
angles to branches of a lobose, dichotomously branched stalk; form globular bush-
like or plate-like growths on the surface of waters Nevskia p. 216
Cells pear-shaped to spherical; multiply by budding; cells attached by a long slender
stalk to a holdfast, several stalks frequently arising from one holdfast. (This organ-
ism has so far been found only in lake waters where temperature does not exceed
23°C.) Blastocaulis p. 279
Cells pear-shaped; borne on a very short stalk; cells grow attached to each other in a
cauliflower-like mass and reproduce by longitudinal division and budding. Colonies
break up at intervals, and liberated cells start new colonies. Cells and methods of
reproduction resemble those found in Chaemosiphon , a blue-green alga; discovered
in the body cavity of a fresh-water crustacean Pasteuria p. 279
25. Endospores produced 26
No endospores produced 27
26. Spherical cells in cubical packets Sarcina p. 467
Rod-shaped cells Clostridium p. 634
27. Cells contain bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoid pigments; cell masses are various
shades of red and purple; proceed to Section J p. 1031
Not as above 28
28. Iron deposited on the cells or in capsules 29
Note: In the absence of further information, these organisms are identified
on their iron-depositing characteristics. Most iron organisms studied in pure
culture metabolize the organic compound which forms the iron chelate, and the
liberated iron chelates with some cell component. Citrate-utilizing organisms
will, for example, release iron from ferric ammonium citrate. Accumulation
of the iron in or on the cell may depend only on the nature of the cell sub-
stance. Pure-culture studies may place these organisms in more commonly
recognized genera. Many more organisms, if tested, may fall into the follow-
ing genera. They should also be treated as non-iron-depositing cells and should
be followed through the key.
Not as above 32
29. Iron deposited as a torus, a solid ring partially or completely around the cell in one
area only giving the cells the appearance of open or closed links of a chain 30
Iron deposited uniformly over the cells or capsules 31
30. Cells completely surrounded by a torus Naunianniella p. 223
Cells only partially enclosed, appearing like a horseshoe. Flagella of unequal length
borne at the open end Ochrobium p. 225
Note: The type of flagellation suggests that this may be an alga.
31. Spherical cells 1 to 2 microns in diameter, 2 to 60 or more cells occurring in a primary

capsule 10 to 20 microns wide; secondary capsules unite to form a mucilaginous
colony; iron or manganese compounds are stored in the secondary capsules.
Siderocapsa p. 218
Cells coccoid to ovoid, 4.8 to 5.0 by 6.5 microns, forming short chains embedded in a
thin mucilaginous layer; iron compounds stored in the surface membrane of the cells
Sideronema p. 220
Cells rod-shaped, 2.5 by 6 to 15 microns, straight or slightly bent; not encapsulated;
iron or manganese stored on the surface or in the membrane of the cell
Siderobacter p. 226
32. Strict intracellular parasites occurring in the cytoplasm of conjunctival cells in cattle,
goats and sheep. Elliptical, coccoid, rod-shaped and comma-shaped cells occur
Colettsia p. 961
(See Manual keys for the class Microtatobiotes) p. 933
Spherical cells produced in macroscopic fruiting bodies on decaying vegetable material
or in culture; fruiting bodies sessile or nearly so. The cocci germinate to produce
rod-shaped cells which glide on a solid surface; not flagellated
Myxococcus p. 883
Or Chondrococcus p. 886
(See Manual keys for the order Myxobacterales) p. 858
Pleomorphic cultures consisting of large and small cocci and small rod-shaped cells
which are motile by means of a single polar flagellum; strongly halophilic, requiring
20 to 30 per cent salt for optimum growth; Gram-negative Halobacterium
(H. cutirubrum) p. 207
Not as above 33
33. Cells spherical to ovoid, varying from spheres 5 microns in diameter to large cylindrical
organisms 35 to 100 microns long; sulfur deposited internally when growing in the
present of hydrogen sulfide. In one of the two recorded species, large crystals of cal-
cium carbonate fill the cells; motile with a slow jerky rotating action when in con-
tact with solid surfaces Achromatium p. 852
Cells spherical to ovoid, 5 to 20 microns in diameter, with the cytoplasm compressed in
one end of the cell; sulfur deposited in the cytoplasmic layer; exhibits an extremely
rapid darting motion in free solution suggestive of flagella, which have never been
demonstrated; found in waters containing hydrogen sulfide, forming a tenacious
web-like growth in a zone of critical hydrogen sulfide-oxygen concentration
Thiovulum p. 81
Not as above 34
34. Cocci varying in diameter from 0.5 to 4.0 microns; grow in a mineral salts bicarbonate
medium with formate as the only known source of available carbon, fermenting it to
methane, CO2 and possibly hydrogen; pH range, 7.4 to 9.2
Methanococcus p. 1^73
(M. vannielii)
Not as above 35
35. Spherical cells 36
Rods, curved or straight 43
36. Arranged in cubical packets Sarcina p. Ifil
Not as above 37
37. Motile by means of peritrichous fiagella 38
Non -motile 40
38. Gram-positive; cells occur in irregular clusters Micrococcus p. 1^55
(M. cryophilus)
Gram-negative 39
39. Cells coccoid only at pH 7.0 on peptone yeast extract acetate agar; develop into multi-
cellular rods with peritrichous flagella under other conditions; do not fix atmospheric
nitrogen Caryophanon p. 831
Cells grow in nitrogen-free mineral salts media, fixing atmospheric nitrogen
Azotobacter p. 283
40. Aerobic 41
Anaerobic 42
41. Gram -positive; cells occur in irregular clusters Micrococcus p. 455
Gram-negative; fix atmospheric nitrogen. The coccoid form is only part of a cycle
of morphological forms, the initial stage of which is a large rod
Azotobacter p. 283
42. Large cocci, 3 to 4 microns wide, sometimes bearing rod-shaped protuberances on op-
posite sides and at an obtuse angle to one another — a pleomorphic stage of a rod-
shaped cell 0.8 by 2.4 to 10 microns; produce copious gas from peptone
Sphaerophorus -p. 44i
{S. ridiculosis)
Spherical cells; pleomorphic, ranging in diameter from 0.7 to 2.5 microns; occurring in
pairs, short chains and in irregular groups; dependent on glycine for growth in or-
ganic media. Glycine is decomposed to CO2 , NH3 and acetic acid
Peptococcus p. 474
{P. (jlycinophilus)
43. Large, cj'lindrical, pear-shaped or slightly curved rods 3 to 14 microns wide; activelj^
motile by means of single polar flagella; contain large spherules of calcium carbonate
and may also contain sulfur Macromonas p. 80
Not as above 44
44. Curved rods 45
Straight rods 46
45. Curved rods with a bunch of flagella inserted laterally in the concave part of the cell;
anaerobic; recorded from the cecum of the guinea pig, the buccal cavity of man and
the rumen of the herbivora Selenomonas p. 258
Curved rods with polar flagella; 1.7 to 2.4 by 6.6 to 14.0 microns; contain small globules
of sulfur in the center of the cell and a single large volutin granule at each end
Thiospira p. 82
46. Cells 1.4 to 2.0 by 4.0 to 5.0 microns; motile by means of polar flagella; anaerobic to
microaerophilic; ferments glucose, producing ethyl alcohol, carbon dioxide and
lactic acid Zymonionas p. 199
Motile by means of peritrichous flagella; grow in a nitrogen-free mineral salts medium,
fixing atmospheric nitrogen Azotobacter p. 283
SECTION B
Note: Criteria for the separation of the small colorless protozoan forms from
bacteria are very limited. Cells in which the chromatinic material is clearly
organized into chromosomes which divide and separate during mitosis are
probably protozoa. Robinow (Bacteriol. Rev., 20, 1956, 207-242) states that he
"knows of no other protists, besides the blue-green algae, with nuclei re-
sembling the chromatin bodies of bacteria though it is probable that they
exist". The reader is referred to this review for a detailed statement on the
position.
It is suggested that all microbial forms which come under this Section be
followed through the key. This practice may assist materially in clarifying the
situation.
1. Ultra-microscopic and filterable forms; strict intracellular parasites of animals and
plants not cultivable on artificial media but transferable by contact or by arthropod
vectors Virales p. 985
2. Strict parasites occurring within tissue cells of animal hosts or on or in erythrocytes.
With few exceptions, which have been treated under Section H, they cannot be or
have not been cultivated in artificial media. Some can be cultivated in chick embryos
or in tissue cultures. In the tissues or blood stream they occur either as spherical ele-
mentary bodies and initial bodies from 0.2 to 2.0 microns in diameter or slightly larger
(usually 0.20 to 0.35 micron), singly or in aggregations in plaques several microns in
diameter or as bacillary, triangular, ring-shaped horseshoe-shaped and other pleo-
morphic forms. Bacillary forms may be as long as 3 microns. Stain with Giemsa's or
Macchiavello's stain without differentiation into cytoplasmic and nuclear structures,
a condition which would be suggestive of protozoa. See Manual keys for the class
Microtatobiotes p. 933
3. Small, spherical bodies, 150 to 300 millimicrons in diameter, which germinate to produce
filaments approximately 0.2 micron wide and from 2 to 50 microns long, sparcely or
richly branching. At a later stage of growth small endomycelial corpuscles develop in
the filaments by a process of successive condensation and constriction. As a result the
homogeneous filaments are retransformed into chains of close-set spherical bodies
which are released by fragmentation; highly resistant to penicillin and sulfathiazole;
colonies on agar have a dense granulated central area which penetrates into the agar
and which is surrounded by a translucent flat peripheral zone or consist of a pearly
film containing numerous spots due to calcium or magnesium soaps; do not ferment
lactose, sucrose, mannitol or dulcitol Mycoplasma p. 914
Note: L-phase colonies of some bacteria bear a strong resemblance to the
colonies of Mycoplasma. They are generally more opaque, more heavily marked
on the surface, tend to revert to the normal bacillary form in penicillin-free
semi-solid media, are more difficult to subculture, do not require cholesterol
for growth and ferment the same carbohydrates as the parent organism.
4. Spiral cells ; proceed to Section C p. 998
This section does not include: (a) all forms like Vitreoscilla, which, through their
great length and extreme flexibility, are apt to coil in one plane in watch-spring fash-
ion; (b) spiral cells of the streptomyces type which arise from branching Gram-posi-
tive filaments; and (c) chains of vibrios. The latter do not possess the true helical
twist of the spiral organisms.
5. Spherical to ovoid cells which reproduce by production of a tubular outgrowth, 0.2 to
0.3 micron wide, from the cell on the end of which a daughter cell is formed. The
tubular outgrowths may be simple or branched. Daughter cells are initially spherical
but are later ovoid to rod-shaped; colorless or contain photosynthetic pigments.
996
Colorless cells, ovoid, 0.5 by 1.0 micron when mature; motile by means of a single
polar flagellum; daughter cells may break loose from the tubular outgrowth and
form tubes of their own while still actively motile. .Hyphoinicrobium p. 2'^1
Cell masses salmon-pink to a deep orange-red; cells ovoid, 1.2 by 2.S microns;
non-motile; contain photosynthetic pigments; grow only under anaerobic condi-
tions when exposed to light Rhodoniicrohium p. 2^^
6. Spherical cells which reproduce by binary fission or by budding. Well-defined stalks are
secreted by some species, the budding form of reproduction being confined to the
stalked types; proceed to .Section D p. 1000
7. Vegetative cells, rod-shaped; Gram-negative; microcjsts produced in macroscopically
visible fruiting bodies or occur loosely among elongated S-shaped, twisted or straight
flexible Gram-negative rods; germinate to produce rod-shaped cells which are motile
only by a creeping action on solid surfaces. These rods may contract to form spherical
microcysts or may combine in groups to form fruiting bodies in which the spherical
or rod-shaped microcysts are formed. See Manual keys for the order Myxobac-
terales p. 85S
8. Rod-shaped cells, 0.5 to 1.5 by 2 to 5 microns, which grow in colonies on the surface of
water containing sulfide and which deposit sulfur either inside or outside the cells.
One species forms bladder-like gelatinous colonies with the bacteria embedded in the
surface Thiobacterium p. 79
Note: This very ill-defined group is separated here because of a complete lack
of information of other properties. It is suggested that any such forms, if found,
should be keyed out in the section on rods to determine their possible taxonomic
relationship. The presence of the sulfur around the cells in such a location may
not be significant.
9. Rod-shaped and filamentous forms reproducing by binary fission, by fragmentation
of the mycelium, by the production of endospores or conidia or by the production of
microcysts; proceed to Section E p. lOOS
SECTION C
1. Organisms contain chlorobium chlorophyll or bacteriochlorophyll with carotenoid
pigments 2
Organisms do not contain photosynthetic pigments 4
2. Non-motile cells containing only chlorobium chlorophyll; appear distinctly green
even under a microscope; may be found in -pure cultures associated with other morpho-
logical forms such as rods and streptococcal forms, the latter often predominating;
strictly anaerobic cells which oxidize sulfide, depositing sulfur outside the cells
Chlorobium p. 62
Note: This pleomorphism, recorded by van Niel, has been disputed by later
investigators.
Cells contain bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoid pigments; red or purple in masses
of cells; actively motile by means of polar flagella 3
3. Organisms grow autotrophically under anaerobic conditions exposed to light; oxidize
sulfide and thiosulfate to sulfur, which is deposited inside the cells
Thiospirillum p. Jfi
Organisms will grow anaerobically when exposed to light but will not grow under
strictly autotrophic conditions; require growth factors available in yeast extract;
may oxidize sulfide but do not oxidize thiosulfate; sulfur is not deposited in the cells
Rhodospirillum p. 58
4. Uniseriate chains of cells enclosed in a sheath; impregnated with iron when in iron-
bearing waters; spirally wound around themselves or algal filaments
Leptothrix p. 26J^
Note: Species oi Sphaerotilus, considered by Pringsheim and others as identical
with Leptothrix, frequently show spirally twisted sheathed forms among nor-
mally straight ones.
Chains of curved rods wound into a ball within a nearly spherical capsule; do not store
iron or manganese Myconostoc p. 260
Spiral cells bearing a torus of iron hydroxide Naumanniella p. 223
Very thin cells wound into tight cylindrical coils 15 to 20 microns long; may be embedded
in a capsular material when grown on silica gel. Slowly oxidize ammonia to nitrite
Nitrosospira p. 70
Not as above 5
5. Non-motile trichomes spirally wound around each other in bundles; not ensheathed;
cells within the trichomes contain gas vacuoles which have a reddish gleam in trans-
mitted light Peloploca p. 270
Motile trichomes having a slow, creeping, rotating type of motility on solid surfaces
with the tips of the filaments oscillating; no flagella; deposit sulfur internally from
sulfide-containing waters Thiospirillopsis p. 840
Not as above 6
6. Cells parasitic on the protozoan Paramecium 7
Not as above 8
7. Cells contain 1.5 to 2.5 spiral turns; tapered at the ends; parasitic within the micro-
nucleus of Paramecium aurelia causing marked enlargement of the micronucleus,
which is filled with spirals Holospora p. 929
(H. tindulata)
Cells incurved in two spiral turns that are not abrupt; one end pointed and the other
rounded; no flagella; movement helicoid; endospores are formed; parasitic in the
cytoplasm of Paramecium caudatum Drepanospira p. 928
8. Cells, not more than 10 microns long, which may appear spiral in heat-fixed and stained
preparations; flexible rods in the living state; motile by means of a creeping action
on solid surfaces possibly Cytophaga p. 858
(See Manual kej^s for the order Myxobacterales) p. 868
Not as above; cells actively motile in free solution 9
9. Cells relatively rigid; motile by means of polar flagella 10
Cells flexible; motile by means of a helicoid flexing action 12
10. Cells oxidize hydrogen sulfide, depositing sulfur as small globules in the center of the
cell with volutin granules towards the ends Thiospira p. 82
Not as above 11
11. Cells consisting of a single complete spiral twist; rather sharply angulated; cells 1.5
to 2.0 microns wide at the center and tapering towards both ends. In the center of the
cell is an ovoid to rounded body almost as wide as the cell and clearly visible without
staining. It stains deeply with neutral red in killed cells and with Heidenhain's iron-
haematoxylin or Giemsa's stain in fixed cells and is considered to be a nucleus; motile
by means of polar flagella; when attached to an object at one end, cells are capable
of contraction to a more angulated spiral Paraspirilluni p. 257
Note: The author has seen in pond waters several cells very similar morpho-
logically to these cells except that the central body appeared pale green and
may be a chloroplast.
Not as above; spirals quite rigid; movement in liquids of a definite helical type
Spirillum p. 253
Note: Several species of vibrios are described as forming spiral chains {V.
sputigenus, V. jejuni, V. coli, V. indicus, V. luminosus, V. marinopraesens) .
If a vibrio is curved only along one axis, formation of a true spiral is not pos-
sible. Cells forming a true spiral when in chains must have the basic helical
twist in the axis of the individual cells and should be classified as Spirillum.
12. Cells 20 to 300 microns long and 0.25 to 2.0 microns wide (generally 0.25 to 0.5 micron)
with the protoplast wound around a well-defined axial filament; cells very flexible
and actively motile; flagella absent; fresh- and salt-water forms
Spirochaeta p. 893
Spiral cells, 0.5 to 3.0 microns wide and 10 to 100 microns long, with a spiral amplitude
of 6 to 8 microns; flexible cells characterized by a thin membrane or crista on one side
of the body which extends the entire length of the cell; cross striations in stained cells
are distinct; actively motile without flagella; recorded from the crystalline style sac
in the alimentary canal of molluscs Cristispira p. 895
Spiral cells, 0.5 to 1.2 microns wide and 60 to 80 microns long, with a spiral amplitude
of 4 to 25 microns; cross striations in stained cells distinct; no axial filament or crista;
actively motile but not flagellated; found in oysters and also free living
Saprospira p. 894
Not as above 13
13. Not readily stained; stain with Giemsa's stain or by silver impregnation methods;
visible unstained under darkground but rarely by ordinary light microscopy 14
Cells stain readily; Gram-negative; cells rarely more than 1 micron wide; spirals fre-
quently irregular and of variable amplitude Borrelia p. 897
14. Aerobic; cells 0.1 to 0.2 micron thick; wound in a very fine coil and hooked at one or
both ends; can be cultivated in vitro in semi-solid rabbit plasma media
Leptospira p. 907
Anaerobic; very fine coiled cells of uniform amplitude; may be pointed at both ends but
not hooked Treponema p. 904
SECTION D
1. Organisms contain photosynthetic pigments alone or with carotenoid pigments. Cells
in masses appear green to greenish yellow or red to purple. These organisms will grow
in certain media under anaerobic conditions only when exposed to light. Certain
species are also capable of aerobic growth in the dark 29
Not as above 2
2. Single cells borne on the end of elongated stalks; aquatic forms 3
Cells not borne on stalks 4
3. Stalks band-shaped and twisted into a flat spiral; dumb-bell shaped in cross section;
composed entirely of or impregnated with ferric hydroxide; dissolves completely in
dilute mineral acids; a single cell is borne at the end of each stalk
Gallionella p. 2H
Stalks long and slender; attached to some solid object by means of a holdfast; cells
spherical to pear-shaped; reproduce by budding, the daughter cells subsequently
secreting individual stalks Blastocaulis p. 279
4. Cells or their capsules impregnated with iron or manganese 5
Note: In the absence of further information, these organisms are identified on
their iron-depositing characteristics. Most iron organisms studied in pure cul-
ture metabolize the organic compound which forms the iron chelate, and the
liberated iron chelates with some cell component. Citrate-utilizing organisms
will, for example, release iron from ferric ammonium citrate. Accumulation of
the iron in or on the cell may depend only on the nature of the cell substance.
Pure-culture studies may place these organisms in more commonly recognized
genera. Many more organisms, if tested, may fall into the following genera.
They should also be treated as non-iron-depositing cells and should be fol-
lowed through the key.
Not as above 7
5. Not encapsulated Siderococcus p. 225
Cells encapsulated 6
6. Groups of cocci arranged in pairs in a common capsule. . . . Siderosphaera p. 220
Cocci occur singlj^ or in unordered groups in a common capsule
Siderocapsa p. 218
7. Cells coccal only as a stage in a definite life cycle or as a pleomorphic phase of rod-
shaped bacteria 8
Cells coccal at all stages of growth 15
8. Cells have a definite cyclic form of development; spherical cells germinate at one or
more points to produce rod-shaped cells which elongate and divide. At the point of
division, growth of the cells continues at an angle to the original axis. When the
side branch is equal in size to the parent cell, division occurs at the angle. This process
is repeated during the growth of the colony. In older colonies, the rods transform en-
tirely into a mass of cocci. Rods are most frequently Gram-negative with Gram-
positive granules; cocci are frequently Gram -positive; soil inhabitants.
Arthrobacter p. 605
Note: The emphasis lies on the final transformation into cocci. Some authori-
ties may consider that limited true branching may occur. If this is admitted,
the dividing line between Arthrobacter and Nocardia becomes very slim. The
author's observations of Arthrobacter globiforme fit the above statement, and
it is suggested that these criteria be adopted, true branching forms which later
disintegrate being assigned to Nocardia.
Not as above 9
1000
9. Gram-positive 10
Gram-negative 11
10. Organisms occur as cocci under anaerobic conditions in neutral media; in media be-
coming acid, they assume a diphtheroid form; extremely pleomorphic under aerobic
conditions; produce propionic acid from lactic acid. . . Propionibacterium p. 569
Not as above possibly Mycococcus p. 707
Note: The description of Mycococcus has a strong resemblance to that of
Arthrobacter in the earlier literature, and the two generic names may be syno-
nj^ms. Micrococcus cinnabareus and M. rhodochrous are included here.
11. Anaerobic; non-motile; Gram -negative; principally rod-shaped cells exhibiting a coc-
coid phase; recorded from genital and alimentary tracts of man and other animals
Sphaerophorus p. 44^
Aerobic 12
12. Obligate halophiles requiring 16 to 30 per cent salt for growth; not luminescent
Halobacterium p. 207
Not obligate halophiles 13
13. Parasites attacking erj'throcj-tes and endothelial cells of man; extremely pleomorphic
within the host; straight and curved rods, ring forms and cocci occur; grow in semi-
solid rabbit serum agar mainly as rods and cocci ; polar flagella
Bartonella p. 969
Note: This genus is selected as an example only of a large group of intracellular
parasites which are pleomorphic and have coccal stages. Only an odd species
has been cultivated. For other species, see the Manual keys for the class
Microtatobiotes p. 933
Animal parasites; non-motile; produce tularemia or tularemia-like infections in ro-
dents Pasteurella p. 895
Not as above 14
14. Bioluminescent when grown on fish agar or meat infusion agar containing 3 per cent salt
Photobacterium p. 193
Organisms not fitting into anj- of the above groups are probably pleomorphic forms of
rod-shaped cells; proceed to Section E p. 1003
15. Organisms parasitic within the cjôplasm or nucleus of flagellated protozoa 16
Not as above 17
16. Parasitic on the nucleus or nucleolus Caryococcus p. 927
Parasitic in the cj'toplasm of Trichomonas batrachorum Micrococcus p. 929
{M. batrachorum)
17. Strict autotrophs; will not grow on organic media; oxidize ammonia to nitrite or nitrite
to nitrate 18
Heterotrophic 19
18. Oxidize ammonia to nitrite; non-motile; not encapsulated . . Nitrosococcus p. 69
Other than above; proceed to Section G p. 1008
19. Obligate anaerobes 20
Aerobic or microaerophilic 23
20. Gram-variable; cells occur singly or in masses; ferment acetate vigorously with the
production of methane; discovered in mud Methanococcus p. 473
Not as above 21
21. Gram-positive 22
Gram-negative ; arranged in pairs and clusters ; diameter of cells varies between species
from 0.3 to 2.0 microns Veillonella p. 485
22. Organisms arranged in pairs or chains only Peptostreptococcus p. 533
Organisms arranged in cubical packets Sarcina p. 467
Organisms arranged singly, in pairs and in irregular clusters; rarely in chains

Peptococciis p. l^^l^.
Note: Peptococcus constellatus may belong to Peptostrepiococcus.
23. Gram-negative, kidney-shaped to hemispherical cells occurring basically in pairs with
the flat sides adjacent; animal parasites Neisseria p. 4S0
Note: Micrococcus morrhuae and M. roseus are described as Gram-negative
occurring singly and in pairs.
Not as above 24
24. Organisms arranged in cubical packets Sarcina p. Ifil
Organisms from liquids are arranged singly, in pairs or as tetrads and occasionally
in short chains; tetrads common in acid media; produce at least 0.5 to 0.7 per cent
acid in yeast-extract-glucose-tryptose-phosphate broth, lowering the pH below 4.0;
lactic acid produced is optically inactive; found in fermented liquids and foods
Pediocoecus p. 529
Not as above 25
25. Organisms arranged in pairs only or in chains of varying lengths when growing in liquid
media 26
Organisms arranged singly, in pairs and in clusters in liquid media; occasional species
are motile 28
26. Organisms produce gas in Eldredge tubes when growing in yeast-extract-glucose-tryp-
tose-phosphate broth; lactic acid produced is levo -rotatory; frequently produce a
copious slime (dextran) in sucrose broth Leuconostoe p. 531
Not as above; lactic acid produced is dextro-rotatory 27
27. Parasitic; cells usually in pairs, particularly in pathological material, where they are
encapsulated; chains are common in culture media; bile-soluble; found in the respira-
tory tract of man Diplococcus p. 507
Other than above; parasitic or saprophytic Streptococcus p. 508
28. Cells occur predominantly as tetrads and are encapsulated in body fluids; occur as
tetrads and in irregular masses in cultures Gaffkya p. ^66
Not as above Micrococcus p. 1^.55
Staphylococcus p. Ifil^
Note: Placed in the genus Staphylococcus are two species, Staphylococcus aureus
and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Reference should be made to the species de-
scriptions for separation from the other micrococci.
29. Cell masses are green or yellowish green; probably contain chlorobium chlorophyll
and not bacteriochlorophyll 30
Cell masses red or purple; proceed to Section J p. 1031
30. Spherical to ovoid cells occurring in chains and forming flat sheets in which the chains
are parallel. Oxidize hydrogen sulfide but do not store sulfur inside the cells
Pelodictyon p. 63
Spherical cells united in loose trellis-like aggregates. Sulfur is deposited internally
Clathrochloris p. 64
SECTION E
1. Multicellular organisms (sheathed or not sheathed) or chains of unicellular organisms
enclosed in a sheath 2
Note: This does not include chains of individually encapsulated cells or cells
in zoogloeal masses.
Not as above; proceed to Section F p. 1005
2. Organisms enclosed in a common sheath 3
Not as above 14
3. Width of sheath increasing from the base to the tip; cells within the sheath divide
transversely- and longitudinally towards the tip to produce large numbers of coccoid
elements ; attached by means of a holdfast 4
Not as above 5
4. Cells within the basal portion of the sheath longer than wide; when growing in iron- or
manganese-bearing waters, become heavily impregnated with iron or manganese
Crenothrix p. 272
Cells within the basal portion of the sheath are wider than long; no iron deposited
Phragmidiothrix p. 273
5. Sheaths become impregnated with iron or manganese when growing in iron- or manga-
nese-bearing waters or media 6
Not as above 8
6. Organisms in which the sheaths split longitudinally into fine, hair-like sections. The
chain of cells remains attached to the hairs at several points and, with continued
growth, causes arching of the hairs and of the chain of cells within its new sheath,
resulting in the formation of a helm-like mass Toxothrix p. 269
Not as above 7
7. Cells within the base of the sheath 2 by 10 microns, with rounded ends; divide trans-
versely^ near the tip to produce spherical, non-motile cells which are extruded either
singly or in chains. The sheath is heavily impregnated with iron or manganese, be-
coming much wider at the base and tapering towards the tip; attached by a holdfast;
false branching is common Clonothrix p. 27 4
In the absence of iron, cells within the sheath are of uniform size except during division.
During deposition of iron in the sheath, cells in the more heavily impregnated areas
become much narrower than normal; extruded cells are of the same dimensions as
those within the sheath Leptothrix p. 26^.
Note: Species of Sphaerotilus will also be found to terminate at this point if
grown in ferric ammonium citrate media. The genera are considered to be
identical by Pringsheim and others but this relationship has been disputed
by Beger (see Manual).
—8. Endospores produced within the cells of the trichome and located in an oblique position
Coleoitiitus p. 8S6
No endospores 9
9. Organisms oxidize hydrogen sulfide, depositing sulfur inside the cells 10
Organisms do not oxidize hydrogen sulfide and do not deposit sulfur internally. . . .11
10. Several trichomes within a sheath Thioploca p. 841
A single trichome in each sheath Thiothrix p. 842
Note: The author has demonstrated that Sphaerotilus, when exposed to hydro-
gen sulfide, deposits sulfur internally. If Thiothrix forms uniseriate multicellu-
lar structures similar to those formed by Beggiatoa, as has been assumed in
this key, Sphaerotilus differs from it in the formation of single cells in chains.
11. Single cells in chains within a common sheath; free cells motile by means of subpolar
flagella or non-motile Sphaerotilus p. 263
1003
(See note on Leptoihrix and Thiothrix {vide supra 7 and 10).)

Trichomes 12
12. Trichomes attached; free cells formed bj' abstriction from the terminal portion are
motile by a gliding action on a solid surface Leucothrix p. 850
Note: Although Harold and Stanier claim that Leucothrix does not form a
sheath, they consider it to be identical with Pontothrix, which was originally
recorded as a sheathed organism.
Not as above; if motile, whole trichomes move; cells within the trichomes each contain
one or more pseudovacuoles which give a reddish gleam in transmitted light 13
13. Trichomes occur singly Pelonema p. 271
Trichomes occur in bundles Peloploca p. 270
Note: Peloploca is described as "sheath not demonstrated." It is included
here on the possibility that it is sheathed and because of the morphological
similarity to Pelonema.
14. Trichomes 6 to 20 microns long; motile by means of peritrichous fiagella; rigid, multi-
cellular, bacillary forms in which the stained cells are differentiated into a series of
light and dark bands; end cells rounded; commonly form chains up to 200 microns
long. Individual cells in a trichome may separate as discoid elements and may grow
out into filaments; common in peat and cow dung Caryophanon p. 831
General morphology similar to that found in Caryophanon, but individual trichomes
are shorter and usually composed of 4 cells or 4 cell -pairs; trichomes are chain-form-
ing but non-motile; recorded from the oral cavity of man and domestic animals
Simonsiella p. 833
Not as above 15
15. Long trichomes attached by a globular holdfast to the intestinal walls of some insects
and millipeds; a single endospore may be produced in any or all cells of the trichome,
and if so, it usually lies in an oblique position Arthromitus p. 835
Trichomes 1.5 to 22.0 microns long; found in the cytoplasm of the rhizopod Pelomyxa
palustris, generally aggregated close to the nucleus Cladothrix p. 930
Not as above 16
16. Entire trichomes unattached and actively motile by a gliding action on a solid surface;
no flagella 17
Trichomes attached or free; non -motile; abstricted cells may be motile with a gliding
action on solid surfaces 19
Note: References have been made in the literature to the multicellular nature
of many small cells previously regarded as unicellular. They are mostly cells
not more than 6 microns long and will be found by other characteristics to
belong to genera located in Section F et seq.
17. Organisms oxidize hydrogen sulfide, depositing sulfur inside the cell
Beggiatoa p. 838
Not as above 18
18. Trichomes composed of cells which are not clearly articulated at the junctions; com-
plete trichomes very flexible Vitreoscilla p. 845
Trichomes composed of rod-like elements with little individual flexibility; bending
occurs freely at the junctions Bactoscilla p. 848
19. Colorless trichomes; attached; cells are abstricted from the terminal position and
are motile by a gliding action on a solid surface. Sulfur is not deposited internally
Leucothrix p. 850
Colorless trichomes; arranged in bundles; non -motile; each cell in the trichome con-
tains one or more gas vacuoles which gleam reddish in transmitted light
Peloploca p. 270
Cells deposit sulfur internally Thiothrix p. 842
Note: Thiothrix is inserted here although classical descriptions of the genus
indicate a sheath.
SECTION F
1. Pear-shaped cells; 1.0 to 2.0 by 4.0 to 5.0 microns; non-motile; grow attached to each
other or to solid surfaces by a holdfast secreted from the narrow end; sessile; multiply
by longitudinal fission and by budding at the free end Pasteuria p. 279
Not as above 2
2. Curved or straight rods which produce a well -differentiated stalk by which they may
attach to a surface; a single cell occurs at the end of each stalk except during the
process of multiplication 3
Not as above 6
3. Cells curved; stalk produced as a continuation of the cell wall parallel to the long axis
of the cell; reproduction by transverse fission of the cell from the free end, the daugh-
ter cell developing a single polar flagellum, then breaking away and producing a
stalk from the end of the cell at which the flagellum is located
Caulobacter -p. 213
Not as above; cells produce a stalk at right angles to the main axis of the cell 4
4. Large rods, 2.0 by 6.0 to 12.0 microns, borne on the ends of lobose, dichotomously
branched stalks composed of gum, forming a gummy colony which floats on water;
may become attached Nevskia p. 216
Not as above; stalks composed of or impregnated with ferric hydroxide; dissolve com-
pletely in hydrochloric acid; cells curved with the stalk secreted from the concave
side ; reported only from iron-bearing waters 5
5. Stalks ribbon-like and usually twisted; cells located terminally
Gallionella p. 2U
Stalks horn-shaped; not twisted; round in cross section Siderophacus p. 216
6. Obligate autotrophes which oxidize ferrous to ferric iron at low pH in mineral synthetic
media ; Gram-negative rods 7
Not as above 8
7. Thiosulfate is oxidized Thiobacillus p. 83
{T. ferrooxidans)
Thiosulfate is not oxidized Ferrobacillus p. 227
(F. ferrooxidans)
8. Organisms which store oxides of manganese or iron either in the cell membrane, in the
cell wall or in the surrounding capsules; found in water and mud 9
Note: In the absence of further information, these organisms are identified
on the basis of their iron-depositing characteristics. Most iron organisms
studied in pure culture metabolize the organic compound which forms the
iron chelate, and the liberated iron then chelates with some cell component.
Citrate-utilizing organisms will, for example, release iron from ferric ammo-
nium citrate. Accumulation of the iron in or on the cell may depend only on
the nature of the cell substance. Pure-culture studies may place these or-
ganisms in more commonly recognized genera. They should also be treated
as non-iron-depositing cells and should be followed through the key.
Not as above 13
9. Cells encapsulated or embedded in mucus or surrounded by a torus of iron 10
Not as above; iron or manganese stored in cell membrane or cell wall
Siderobacter p. 226
10. Encapsulated cells occurring singly or in short chains, each capsule being completely
surrounded by a ring (torus) heavily impregnated with iron or manganese giving the
general appearance of links in a chain Naumanniella p. 223
Not as above 11
11. Cells surrounded by a ring (torus) which is open at one end; cells motile by means of
two unequal polar flagella Ochrobium p. 225
1005
Note: The unequal length of the flagella suggests that this may be an algal
or protozoan cell.
Not as above 12
12. Rods arranged at random in zoogloea; encrusted with iron. . . . Sideromonas p. 222
(Including Siderocapsa major)
Cells arranged in pairs or chains in capsules Ferribacterium p. 221
13. Cells in mass appear green to greenish yellow; contain a photosynthetic pigment which
is not bacteriochlorophyll or chlorophyll "a" but which may be chlorobium chloro-
phyll; individual cells usually colorless; grow anaerobically when exposed to light,
oxidizing sulfide to sulfur, which is deposited outside the cell; no growth aerobically
14
Not as above 18
14. Cells found adherent to the surface of other organisms, apparently living in symbiosis
with them 15
Note: The taxonomic significance of these groups is doubtful, but until they
are isolated from the supposed symbiont and studied separately, they must
be treated in this fashion.
Cells free-living 17
15. Green cells attached to the surface of a protozoan Chlorobacteriuni p. 65
Green cells attached to bacteria 16
16. Aggregates small, barrel-shaped, activeh' motile, consisting of a central, polar-flagel-
late, rod-shaped cell covered with the green organisms; green cells 0.5 to 1.0 by 1.0
to 2.5 microns, usually 8 to 16 surrounding the central cell; aggregates measure
2.5 to 5.0 by 7 to 12 microns Chlorochromatium p. 65
Aggregates large, long and cylindrical; non-motile; consist of green cells, 0.5 to 1.0 by
2.0 to 4.0 microns, lying on the surface of a slime capsule which covers the inner
cylindrical cell. They are themselves covered by a layer of slime. Aggregates measure
7.0 to 8.0 microns wide by up to 50 microns long Cylindrogloea p. 66
17. Encapsulated cells forming characteristic aggregates consisting of net-like structures,
irregular three-dimensional masses or two-dimensional masses in which cells lie in
parallel strands Pelodictyon p. 63
Cells may produce slime but usually remain dispersed; in young healthy cultures, small
ovoid rods, 0.7 to 0.9 by 1.5 microns, forming chains; at pH 7.5 to 8.0, involution forms
such as cork-screw type rods and cocci are characteristic. . . .Chlorobium p. 62
18. Cell masses are various shades of red or purple 19
Not as above 20
19. Cells contain bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoid pigments; capable of growth anaero-
bically when exposed to light; proceed to Section J p. 1031
Not as above 20
20. Cells motile only by a gliding movement on solid surfaces or along each other; single
cells non-motile when free in solution. Motility can be observed at the glass-
water interface on a slide or on the surface of agar plates where cells move singly or
in groups, frequently leaving a trail of slime behind. Cells are flexible, the extent of
the flexibility being dependent on length and turgidity (see note below) 21
Note: This subdivision is represented by two main groups: In one the cells
are usually less than 10 microns long, frequently only 2.0 to 5.0 microns; Gram-
negative; in wet preparations fi.xed with osmic acid, they may appear as blunt-
ended rods; in stained preparations subjected to heat fixation, they are fre-
quently curved, S-shaped, bent or spirilliform. In the other, the cells are
usually longer than 10 microns and may form articulated chains.
There are, however, much shorter representatives of this subdivision which,
because of their shortness, are more rigid and resemble ordinary bacteria in
many respects except for their gliding movement and lack of flagella. Species
of both groups so far described have been found in fresh and salt water, soil
and decomposing organic matter, especially dung.
Not as above; cells non-motile or motile, when free in solutioia, by means of flagella;
proceed to Section G p. 1008
21. Cells which, on rabbit dung or bacterial cell agar or other suitable media, produce
spherical or rod-shaped microcysts either lying free among the rods or l)orne in macro-
scopically visible fruiting bodies formed by transformation of whole or part of the
population of rod-shaped cells; cells rarely more than 10 microns long; proceed to
Manual keys for the order Myxobacterales p. 858
Not as above 22
22. Rod-shaped cells forming articulated chains Bactoscilla p. 848
Not as above 23
23. Filaments from 12 to 100 microns or more in length, highly flexible and actively motile
by gliding motion; cells may bend and wave but do not rotate
Microscilla p. 849
Not as above 24
24. Cells usually less than 12 microns long. Two groups are possibly represented here: If
the colonies are pigmented yellow, pink, green, orange or black, they probably belong
to the genus Cytophaga p. 858
If they are white and albuminous, they may belong to Soriano's genus
Flexibacter p. 858
SECTION G
1. Organisms will not grow on meat extract or other complex organic media; strict auto-
trophs which use carbon dioxide as the sole source of carbon and which obtain their
energj^ from the oxidation of carbon monoxide or other inorganic substances 2
Note: The genus Methanomonas has to be considered here. The information in
the Manual does not indicate whether the organism is a strict or facultative
autotroph. For this reason any polar flagellate terminating at the genus Pseudo-
monas should be checked for its ability to grow by autotrophically oxidizing
methane. (See also note on Carhoxydomonas.)
Not as above 6
2. Organisms oxidize ammonia to nitrite 3
Organisms oxidize nitrite to nitrate 5
Organisms oxidize inorganic sulfur compounds Thiobacillus -p. 83
Organisms oxidize ferrous iron Ferrobacillus p. 227
Organisms oxidize carbon monoxide Carboxydomonas p. 77
Note: It is reasonably certain that Carboxydomonas is also heterotrophic and
may be identical with Hydrogenotnonas.
3. Cells encapsulated ; form zoogloeae 4
Cells not encapsulated Nitrosomonas p. 68
4. Zoogloeae encysted Nitrosocystis p. 70
Zoogloeae not encysted Nitrosogloea p. 71
5. Zoogloeae formed Nitrocystis p. 73
Zoogloeae not formed Nitrobacter p. 72
6. Gram-positive 7
Gram-negative; proceed to Section H p. 1015
7. Aerobic 8
Anaerobic 35
8. Endospores formed Bacillus p. 613
Note: Five species of Clostridium (89 to 93) are described as aerotolerant. Their
growth under aerobic conditions is very restricted.
9. Organisms show distinct branching in young cultures 10
Organisms do not branch 19
Note: No provision appears to be made for organisms which, under optimal
growth conditions, produce long unbranched filaments which, like Nocardia,
eventually disintegrate into a series of short rods. The Manual descriptions of
Nocardia globerula and N. rubropertincta suggest such forms. The author has
observed others in rabbit dung media. It would seem better to assign such
forms to a new genus in order to retain the branching character in Nocardia.
10. True branching mycelium produced in young cultures 11
Branching very rudimentary, limited to simple branching of isolated rods, no mycelium
formed 16
11. Long, branching filaments which show little or no tendency to fragment completely
into short bacillary and coccal elements 12
Organisms produce a well-defined mycelium in the early stages of development and
then completely fragment into short bacillary elements. When aerial mycelium is
produced it also fragments into rods and coccal elements but does not produce dif-
ferentiated conidia. Fragmentation of the mycelium may commence within a few
hours or may be delayed for several daj-s Nocardia p. 713
Note: (1) Cultures of Actinoplanes, when cultured on certain media, fail to
produce sporangia and resemble Nocardia.
1008
(2) Actinomyces, generally regarded as anaerobic, is considered by some

to be microaerophilic. Organisms growing poorly aerobically but better anaero-
bically should be compared carefully with the Actinomyces spp.
12. Organisms which grow over or within submerged plant tissues and on certain labora-
tory media, producing conidia within sporangia borne on aerial hyphae 13
Not as above 14
13. Mycelium penetrates the submerged plant tissue; conidia, 1.0 to 1.5 microns in diam-
eter, produced in coils or irregularly within the sporangia; conidia globose to slightly
angular; sporangia, 8.4 to 22.0 microns in diameter, borne on long aerial hyphae;
conidia motile; germinate to produce a branched mycelium
Actinoplanes p. 826
Mycelium grows over the surface of submerged plant tissue; conidia spherical, 1.8 to
2.0 microns in diameter, produced in coils within the sporangia; sporangia 7 to 19
microns in diameter produced apically or on branches of aerial hyphae; conidia
non-motile and forcibly ejected from a protuberance formed from the sporangium
wall when the sporangia are immersed in water Streptosporangiiim p. 828
14. Chains of conidia produced from the ends of aerial hyphae. . . . Streptomyces p. 744
Note: (1) Cultures of Actinoplanes or Streptosporangium on some laboratory
media are morphologically similar to Streptomyces.
(2) Certain species of Nocardia in which fragmentation is delayed may
produce thickened aerial hyphae which abstrict cells from the tip, proceeding
towards the base and finally involving the whole mycelium. Early stages in this
change may be confused with Streptomyces, e.g., N. fordii and N. paraffinae.
Conidia produced singly on the tips of short side branches; branches may occur singly
or in clusters giving the appearance of bunches of grapes 15
Mycelium persistent with no production of conidia. These forms should be regarded
in the same sense as the Mycelia sterilia of the Fungi until something more definite
is known of possible fruiting structures.
15. Do not grow between 50° and 60°C Micromonospora p. 822
Growth occurs between 50° and 60°C.; aerial mycelium produced
Thernioactinomyces p. 824
16. Acid-fast Mycobacterium p. 695
Non-acid-fast 17
17. Rudimentary branching rods only under aerobic conditions or in acid media anaerobi-
cally; produce chains of cocci or short rods in neutral media under anaerobic condi-
tions; propionic acid produced from lactic acid Propionibacterium p. 569
Cells have a definite cyclic development; spherical cells germinate at one or more
points to produce rod-shaped cells which elongate and divide. At the point of divi-
sion, growth of the cells continues at an angle to the original axis. When side branches
are equal in size to the parent cell, division occurs at the angle. This process is re-
peated during the growth of the colony. In older colonies the rods transform entirely
into a 7nass of cocci. Rods are most frequently Gram-negative with Gram-positive
granules; the coccal forms are frequently Gram-positive. Recorded mainly from soils
Arthrobacter p. 605
Note: The emphasis lies on the final transformation into cocci. Some authorities
may consider that limited true branching may occur. If this is admitted, the
dividing line between Arthrobacter and Nocardia becomes very slim. The au-
thor's observations of Arthrobacter globiforme fit the above statement, and it is
suggested that these criteria be adopted, true branching forms which later
Organisms produce both coccoid and rod-shaped forms, the latter frequently branch-
ing. Coccoid resting cells are produced which may germinate at one or more points.
The coccoid forms generally predominate Mycococcus p. 707
Note: The descriptions given for species in this genus are like early descriptions
given for Arthrobacler and in some instances could fit Nocardia.
Not as above 18
18. Organisms disintegrate filter paper in 0.5 per cent peptone water; produce clearing on
precipitated cellulose agar plates ; motile (except C. flavigena)
Cellulomonas p. 601
Not as above possibly Corynebacterium p. 579
19. Motile at 37° or at 25°C 20
Non-motile 27
20. Organisms pathogenic to warm-blooded animals causing monocytosis; catalase-posi-
tive; acid produced from glucose, salicin and aesculin Listeria -p. 597
Not as above 21
21. Pathogenic to plants 22
Not pathogenic to plants 24
22. Yellow colonies; polar flagella possibly Corynebacterium -p. 579
(C. flaccumfaciens or C. tritici)
Or. . . . Xanthonionas p. 152
{X. proteamaculans or X. conjac)
Yellow colonies; peritrichous flagella Erwinia p. 349
{E. citrimaculans)
Colonies not yellow 23
23. Flagella polar Corynebacterium p. 579
(C. poinsettiae or C. hypertropMcans)
Or ... . Pseudomonas p . 89
(P. polygoni)
Flagella peritrichous Erwinia p. 34.9
{E. carnegieana)
Note: Erwinia species are generally regarded as Gram-negative. Gram-variable
species are recorded.
24. Organisms disintegrate filter paper in 0.5 per cent peptone water; produce clearing on
precipitated cellulose agar plates Cellulomonas p. 601
Not as above 25
25. No acid from carbohydrates 26
Acid from carbohydrates Brevibacterium p. 490
(Including Flavobacterium suaveolens and F. marinum)
26. Organisms occur in long chains; colonies colorless and spreading. . . . Kurthia p. 503
Organisms arranged singly; colonies yellow Brevibacterium p. 490
(B. suljureum)
27. Acid-fast Mycobacterium p. 695
Not acid-fast 28
28. Organisms 0.2 to 0.4 by 0.5 to 2.5 microns; long filaments common in rough colonies;
occur singly and also in chains; pinpoint transparent colonies on agar in 24 hours at
37 °C., extending on further incubation to 1.5 mm; acid only produced from glucose
and lactose and some other carbohydrates but not from aesculin; final pH in glucose
broth, about 6.0; hydrogen sulfide is produced; causes swine erysipelas, human
erysipeloid, mouse septicemia and infections in sheep, birds and fish
Erysipelothrix p. 599
Not as above 29
29. Rods 0.4 to 0.7 by 1 to 3 microns; show granular staining with methylene blue; arranged
in angular fashion similar to the corynebacteria; only 2 species recorded, both of
which produce acid from glucose, fructose and mannose; catalase-positive; resist
heating to 72°C. for 15 minutes; normally found in dairy products and equipment
Microbacterium p. 600
Not as above 30
30. Organisms grow on agar under aerobic conditions only if heavy inocula are used;
slightly pleomorphic, including branched forms; 'propionic acid is produced fro7n
glucose and also from lactic acid; catalase-positive. . . Propionibacterium p. 569
(P. arabinosum)
Not as above 31
31. Small spindle-shaped cells usuallj^ occurring in long intertwined chains in liquid media;
microaerophilic; ferments glucose with the production of ethyl alcohol with small
amounts of CO2 and acetic acid and possibly lactic and formic acids; acid and gas
in glucose in 3 to 5 days Zymobacterium p. 577
Not as above 32
32. Colonies usually 1 mm or less in diameter, colorless, little or no growth on media de-
void of carbohydrates; rods frequently arranged in chains, grow in glucose broth,
producing a pH much below 6.0; acid produced from lactose by all species except
L. delbrueckii and L. brevis Lactobacillus p. 5^3
Not as above 33
33. Lactose fermented; cells pleomorphic; arranged in palisades and chinese-letter forms;
frequently bar-shaped, beaded and clubbed Corynebacterium p. 579
Lactose not fermented 31
31. Organisms occur singly, in pairs or in short chains; not pleomorphic
Brevibacteriiim p. 490
(See also B. healii)
Organisms normally found in palisade or chinese-letter forms, pleomorphic; barred,
beaded and club-shaped forms common Corynebacterium p. 579
Note: Criteria for separation of these two genera are inadequate.
35. Organisms produce a true branching mycelium which later disintegrates into simple
rods, cocci and rods with remnants of branches Actinomyces p. 7^2
Organisms do not branch or, if branching occurs, it is limited to bifurcations and
branching of isolated rods; no true mycelium formed 36
37. Organisms reduce CO2 to CH4 while oxidizing secondary alcohols to ketones and primary
alcohols to acids Methanobacterium p. 250
{M. omelianskii)
Not as above Clostridium p. 634
38. Cells motile; gas produced from peptone in the absence of carbohydrates
Cillobacterium p. 566
Note: Glucose and other carbohydrates are fermented by all species; butyric
acid is frequently among the byproducts.
Cells non-motile 39
39. Visible gas produced in culture media either in the presence or absence of carbohj'drates
40
Note: In the ensuing section of the key, from 40 to 44 inclusive, the statement
"acid from" infers "acid" or "acid and gas," since it is not clear whether gas
produced in the presence of carbohydrate arises from the fermentation of the
sugar or action on the peptone.
Visible gas in culture media either in the presence or absence of carbohydrates; glucose
fermentation not recorded; pathogenic to guinea pigs; rods occur singly, in pairs,
in V-formation, in short chains and in clumps.
See Eubacterium niosii and Eubacterium guintum
No visible gas produced in culture media in the presence or absence of carbohydrates
45
40. Acid produced from glucose, lactose and fructose 41
Acid produced from glucose and fructose but not from lactose 42
Acid produced from glucose and lactose but not from fructose 43
Acid produced from glucose but not from lactose or fructose 44
41. Large rods with rounded ends occurring as short swollen and long curved forms; bi-
furcation common; acid produced also from maltose, galactose and sucrose; strict
anaerobes Catenabacterium p. 560
(C. filamentosum)
Slender rods sometimes undulating and filamentous; form acute V- and Y-shaped
angles giving an appearance of false branching; acid also from galactose and tre-
halose; strict anaerobes Raniibacterium p. 563
(R. ■pseudoramosum)
Microaerophilic, pleomorphic organisms occurring as chains of cocci in acid media
anaerobically and as rods with branching forms aerobically; aerobic growth very
poor; propionic acid produced from lactic acid; limited gas from carbohydrates but
none from peptone Propionibacterium p. 569
Small, spindle-shaped cells usually occurring in long intertwined chains in liquid
media; ferments glucose with the production of ethyl alcohol and small amounts of
CO2 and acetic acid and possibly lactic and formic acids; no butyric or propionic acid
produced; acid and gas in glucose in 3 to 5 daj^s
Zyniobacteriuni {Z. oroticum) p. 517
Rods occurring singly, in pairs or in short or long chains; strict anaerobes
Eubacterium p. 552
(See also Lactobacillus brevis.)
42. Organisms occur in long chains; acid from glucose, fructose, maltose, sucrose, galac-
tose, xylose and arabinose; propionic acid produced among the byproducts; strict
anaerobes Catenabacterium p. 560
(C. contortum)
Organisms arranged in chains and in acute V- and Y-shaped forms suggestive of false
branches; gelatin not liquefied; nitrites not produced from nitrates; no acid from
maltose; butyric acid is produced; strictly anaerobic. . . . Ramibacterium p. 563
(R. dentium and R. alactolyticum)
Microaerophilic pleomorphic organisms occurring as chains of cocci in acid media
anaerobically and as rods with branching forms aerobically; aerobic growth very
poor; propionic acid produced from lactic acid; limited gas from carbohydrates but
none from peptone Propionibacterium p. 569
Other than above; organisms occur singly or in short chains; acid from maltose; bu-
tyric acid is produced by one species; strict anaerobes. . . .Eubacterium p. 552
(E. foedans, E. quartum, E. limosum; see also Lactobacillus brevis.)
43. Organisms occur in short or long chains with zig-zag arrangement and acute V and Y
forms suggestive of false branching; propionic acid produced by one species
Ramibacterium p. 563
(R. ramosum and R. ramosoides)
Organisms occur singly or in a long, sinuous chain of cells. , . .Eubacterium p. 552
{E. rectale)
Note: There is a strong resemblance between the descriptions of Rami-
bacterium ramosoides and Eubacterium rectale.
44. Organisms occur in short chains and as long pleomorphic filaments; acid produced
from glucose, maltose, sucrose, galactose and glycerol; hydrogen sulfide is produced;
gelatin is liquefied; butyric acid is produced Catenabacterium p. 560
(C. helminthoides)
Organisms arranged singly; butyric acid, acetic acid and CO2 produced from glucose,
maltose and lactic acid Butyribacterium p. 577
{B. rettgeri)
Organisms arranged singly; amines, ammonia and nitrogen produced

Eiibactcriuiii p. 562
{E. obstii)
Organisms arranged predominantly in Y-shaped forms suggestive of false branching;
acid from glucose and galactose; gelatin not liquefied. . . .Kamibaclerium p. 563
(R. pleuriticum) (See also Corynehacterium diphtheroides .)
45. No acid from carbohydrates Eubaclerium p. 552
Acid from carbohydrates 46
46. Acid from glucose, lactose and fructose 49
Acid from glucose and lactose but not from fructose. . . .Catenabacterium p. 560
(C. lottii) (See also Lactobacillus caucasicus.)
Acid from glucose and fructose but not from lactose 47
Acid from glucose but not from lactose or fructose 53
47. Organisms pathogenic to mice and rabbits; cause urinary-tract infection in horses,
cattle, sheep and dogs; propionic acid not produced from lactic acid; strictly ana-
erobic Corynebacterium p. 579
(C. renale)
Not as above 48
48. Organisms found mainly in fermenting foods; propionic acid produced from lactic acid;
microaerophilic to anaerobic Propionibacterium p. 569
No propionic acid produced from lactic acid; microaerophilic to anaerobic
Lactobacillus p. 542
49. Butyric acid produced 50
Propionic acid produced 51
No propionic or butyric acid produced 52
50. Organisms occurring in very long chains Catenabacterium p. 560
(C catenaforme)
Organisms occurring singly, in pairs and in clumps Eubacterium p. 552
{E. parvum) (See also Corynebacterium avidum.)
51. Strictly anaerobic Eubacterium p. 552
{E. disciformans)
Microaerophilic to anaerobic; propionic acid produced from lactic acid; catalase-posi-
tive Propionibacterium p. 569
52. Long rods, 0.3 by 8.0 microns, with tapered, rounded or swollen ends; often occurring
in short or long chains Catenabacterium p. 560
(C. leptotrichoides)
Slender rods, 0.5 to 0.7 by 2 to 8 microns, occurring in short or long chains; bifurcations
common; produce lactic and volatile acids from glucose; microaerophilic to anaerobic
Lactobacillus p. 5^2
Rods 1.0 by 3.0 microns; produced in short or long chains; acetic and lactic acids pro-
duced from glucose Eubacterium p. 552
Note: E. crispatum has a similar sugar-fermentation range to that of Lac-
tobacillus bifidus, but acetic acid appears to predominate.
53. Propionic acid produced 55
Butyric acid produced from lactic acid; acid from glucose and maltose
Butyribacterium p. 577
(B. retigeri)
No propionic or butyric acid produced 54
54. Organisms arranged in short to very long chains Catenabacterium p. 560
{C. nigrum)
Organisms occurring singly and in groups arranged in a palisade or Chinese-letter
fashion Corynebacterium p. 579
(C. granulosum and C. parvum)
55. Catalase-positive; propionic acid produced from lactic acid

Propionibacteriuiii p. 569
Catalase-positive; propionic acid produced from glucose but not from lactic acid
Corynebacteriuni p. 579
(C. acnes)
SECTION H
1 . Aerobic 2
Anaerobic; proceed to Section I p. 1029
2. Cells 1.4 to 1.6 microns wide and 10 to 50 microns long, forming chains usually over
100 micron.s in length; individual rods are characterized by constrictions which later
develop into cross walls followed by division; cells may branch, the branch appearing
at or near the site of constriction but not visibly connected with the main axis;
motile by means of peritrichous flagella; form small, bluish white, iridescent colonies
on peptone yeast extract agar, particularly with added acetate
Lineola p. 832
Not as above 3
3. Organisms isolated from cases of granuloma inguinale; grow only in the yolk sac of
the developing chick embrj-o or in condensation water of a sloped medium prepared
by adding 50 per cent unheated embryonic j-olk to melted and cooled nutrient agar
Calymmatobacterium -p. j^l8
Pleomorphic organisms parasitic on or within erythrocytes of man and other verte-
brates and cause infections of lower animals; stain by Giemsa's stain without visible
differentiation into nucleus and cytoplasm; grown with variable success in semi-
solid agar containing whole blood. See Manual keys for the family
Bartonellaceae p. 968
Organisms grow in glucose-blood-bouillon agar as Gram-negative rods 1.0 micron in
length; occur in masses as coccoid and ellipsoidal cells 0.3 to 0.5 micron in diameter,
extracellularly lining the intestinal epithelium of the sheep ked Melophagus ovinus
Wolbachia p. 953
{W. melophagi)
Not as above 4
4. Organisms isolated from nodules on the roots of leguminous plants and capable of
producing nodules on the host plant Rhizobium p. 285
Not as above 5
5. Organisms capable of continued growth in a glucose or mannitol mineral salts medium
devofd of nitrogen compounds 6
Not as above 7
6. Large, rod-shaped organisms; motile bj- means of peritrichous flagella
Azotobacter p. 283
Small rods; motile by means of polar flagella .\zotomonas p. 198
7. Endospores produced Bacillus p. 613
Endospores not produced 8
Note: Most species of the genus Bacillus are Gram -positive.
8. Organisms grow well on yeast water medium containing up to 10 per cent alcohol,
o.xidizing the latter to acetic acid; growth verj^ poor or absent on media containing
no carbohydrates Acetobacter p. 183
Note: Erwinia carotovora is recorded to be able to oxidize 5 per cent ethyl
alcohol.
Not as above 9
9. Organisms grow poorly on peptone media in the absence of carbohydrates; good growth
of white, raised, round colonies 1 mm in diameter on wort agar under anaerobic
conditions; only slight growth, if any, aerobicalh" in the presence of sugars; glucose
fermented with the production of carbon dioxide, lactic acid and up to 10 per cent
ethyl alcohol ; motile by means of a single polar flagellum .... Zymomonas p. 199
Organisms which will not grow on common laboratory media; grow in sucrose broth
containing less than 0.5 per cent NaCl and a very low concentration of meat ex-
1015
tract; will grow in selected synthetic media using pneumococcal capsular poly-
sac haride as the sole source of carbon Saccharobacterium
Note: This genus is recorded in the sixth but not in the seventh edition of the
Manual.
Not as above 10
10. Colonies with a purple pigment Chromobacterium p. 292
Note: Chromobacterium marismortui has a bluish-brown pigment; see also
Pseiidomonas iodinum and Pseudomonas beijerinckii.
Colonies red at 37° or 25°C., sometimes with a red, soluble pigment 11
Other than above 17
11. Red color due to prodigiosin; motile by means of peritrichous flagella or non-motile
Serratia p. 359
Red color not due to prodigiosin 12
12. Obligate halophiles requiring 20 to 30 per cent salt for growth; highly pleomorphic
Halobacterium p. 207
Not obligately halophilic 13
13. Organisms metabolize alkylamines; non-motile or motile by means of polar flagella
Protaniinobacter p. 200
Not as above 14
14. Motile by means of polar flagella; straight or curved rods 15
Motile by means of peritrichous flagella 16
15. Straight rods Pseudomonas p. 89
(P. melophthora)
Curved rods Vibrio p. 229
(F. extorquens and V. hyphalus)
16. Methyl-red positive; Voges-Proskauer negative Escherichia p. 335
(E. aurescens)
Methyl-red negative; Voges-Proskauer positive; pathogenic on rhubarb
Erwinia p. 349
{E. rhapontica)
17. Organisms produce a water-soluble, blue, green or yellow pigment 18
Not as above 19
18. Agar hydrolyzed; alginic acid decomposed Alginomonas p. 202
(A. fucicola) (See also Pseudomonas gelatica and Vibrio Juscus.)
Agar not hydrolyzed Pseudomonas p. 89
19. Plant pathogens 20
Not pathogenic or known to be pathogenic to plants 24
20. Organisms produce hyperplastic diseases such as galls and hairy root
Agrobacterium p. 288
Not as above 21
21. Colonies yellow 22
22. Flagella polar Xanthomonas p. 152
(See also Bacterium tardicrescens, Bacterium albilineans, Pseudomonas trifolii,
Pseudomonas panicimiliacei , Pseudomonas radiciperda and Pseudomonas levistici.)
Flagella peritrichous Erwinia p. 349
Note: The following j'ellow-pigmented pathogenic organisms are either non-
motile or motility has not been recorded: Bacterium stewartii, Xanthomonas
clerodendri, Xanthomonas sesbaniae and Corijnebacterium agropyri.
23. Flagella polar Pseudomonas p. 89
(See also Xanthomonas panici, X. proteamaculans, X. manihotis, X. rubrisubalbi-
cans, X. cannae, X. zingiberi and X. translucens.)
Flagella peritrichous Erwinia p. 349
24. Curved and irregular cells; may branch in young cultures; capable of using phenolic
compounds as the sole source of carbon; gas, presumably nitrogen, produced in 0.1
per cent nitrate broth but no nitrites are produced; no acid from carbohydrates
Mycoplana p. 304
Not as above 25
25. Curved rods, very small, about 1.0 micron in length, which, during growth, produce
closed rings, 2.0 to 3.0 microns in diameter, which later change to two horseshoe-
shaped halves fastened together without any evidence of divisional lines. These
divide into separate rods which reproduce the cycle; encapsulated; grow well in
0.5 per cent peptone water Microcyclus p. 25S
Not as above 26
26. Curved or S-shaped rods, 0.1 to 0.2 bj' 6 to 8 microns or longer; very poor growth on
peptone agar;
or
short straight rods 0.5 by 1 to 2 microns; good growth on peptone agar; on inorganic
thiosulfate agar, small watery colonies produced which turn white from the deposi-
tion of sulfur; grow autotrophically, oxidizing thiosulfate to sulfur and sulfate
Thiobacillus p. 83
Not as above 27
27. Curved cells, 1 by 5 to 10 microns, which form chains which may twist around each
other to form coiled, non-septate, non-motile colorless bundles; enclosed in a spheri-
cal, solid gelatinous mass from 10 to 17 microns in diameter; found floating on water
containing decomposing plant material Myconostoc p. 260
Not as above 28
28. Curved organisms which grow on precipitated-cellulose mineral-salts agar producing
a clearing of the medium around the colonies; also grow in 0.5 per cent peptone
water in which a strip of filter paper is half immersed, weakening the filter paper
sufficiently for the fibers to separate on slight agitation or reducing it to a pulpy
mass; organisms are arranged in palisade fashion similar to the corj^nebacteria
Cellulomonas p. 601
(See also Vibrio agarliquefaciens and V. fuscus.)
Not as above 29
29. Curved organisms which grow on a filter-paper mineral-salts medium oxidizing the
cellulose to oxycellulose 30
Not as above 31
30. Sickle-shaped; cells no longer than 2.0 microns; stain more intensely at the center than
at the ends; no growth on a mineral salts agar containing starch; green, cream or
brownish on filter paper Cellfalcicula p. 252
Curved cells 1.5 to 5.0 microns in length, with rounded ends; grow moderately well on
mineral salts agar containing starch; cream, brown or no pigment on filter paper
Cellvibrio p. 250
31. Curved rods which transform completely into coccoid forms during growth of the
colony. Rods elongate and divide. At the point of division the rods grow out at an
angle to the original axis and divide again at the angle when the cell has doubled its
length. This process continues until a colony is formed. Ultimately the rods trans-
form completely into cocci Arthrobacter p. 605
ties may consider that limited true branching may occur. If this is admitted,
author's observations of Arthrobacter globiforme fit the above statement, and it
is suggested that these criteria be adopted, true branching forms which later
Not as above 32
32. Curved rods; motile by means of polar flagella 33

Straight rods 34
33. Oxidize hydrogen sulfide, depositing sulfur inside the cell Thiospira -p. 82
Note: If Thiospira should prove to be anaerobic, this insertion would be in-
valid.
Do not deposit sulfur inside the cell Vibrio p. 229
Note: Spencer states that species of Photobacterium are also curved.
34. Acid produced from lactose within 40 days 35
No acid produced from lactose 71
35. Agar is digested 36
Agar is not digested; organisms parasitic on the cytoplasm of the rhizopod Pelomyxa
palustris Bacterium* parapelomyxae p. 929
Not as above 38
36. Yellow colonies 37
37. Polar flagella Pseudomonas p. 89
(Including P. segnis and P. lacunogenes, placed in the appendix to Xanthomonas)
Motile by means of peritrichous flagella or non-motile. . . . Agarbacteriuni p. 322
38. Motile at 37° or at 20°C 39
Non-motile 59
Motility not recorded (See Xanthomonas clerodendri and X. sesbaniae.)
39. Acid and gas from glucose 40
Acid only from glucose 52
40. Gelatin liquefied 41
Gelatin not liquefied 46
41. Flagella polar; colorless colonies; litmus milk acid, coagulated and slowly digested;
2-3-butj'lene-glycol produced from glucose; cause a fatal septicemia in fish and frogs
Aeromonas p. 189
Flagella polar; colorless colonies; not as above Pseudomonas p. 89
Flagella polar; yellow colonies possibly Xanthomonas p. 152
(X. hemmiana)
Flagella peritrichous; colonies colorless 42
42. Protopectinase produced Erwinia p. 349
Protopectinase is not produced 43
43. Lactose fermented in 2 days 44
Lactose fermentation delayed Paracolobactrum p. 346
{P. arizonae and P. aerogenoides strains 4611, 1721 and 19111; see also Erwinia
chrysanthemi and Arizona Group, Rome, 1953.)
44. Methyl-red positive; Voges-Proskauer positive or negative 45
Methyl-red negative; Voges-Proskauer positive Aerobacter p. 341
45. No gas produced from lactose within 2 days Paracolobactrum p. 346
(P. intermedium strains 8011, 13311, 11411)
Gas produced from lactose within 2 days Escherichia p. 335
(E . freundii) (See also Arizona Group, Rome, 1953.)
Note: Erwinia carnegieana and Erwinia atroseptica may terminate here.
46. Flagella polar; litmus milk unchanged; starch hydrolyzed; hydrogen sulfide pro-
duced; wide range of sugars fermented; organisms will grow in a nitrogen-free
medium fixing atmospheric nitrogen Azotomonas p. 198
* Not recognized in the Manual.

Flagella polar; acid only in lactose; indole-negative; luminescent on a variety of

media at pH 8.0 Photobaclerium p. 193
Note: The polar flagellated plant pathogens Fseudomonas petasitis (colorless)
and Xanthomonas conjac (yellow pigmented), if it is lactose-positive, may ter-
minate here.
Not as above: flagella peritrichous 47
47. Alginate fermented with the production of acid and gas; hydrogen sulfide produced;
methyl-red positive; Voges-Proskauer weak; citrate utilized; nitrite produced from
nitrate Alginobacter p. 348
Not as above 48
48. Methyl-red positive; Voges-Proskauer negative 49
Methyl-red negative; Voges-Proskauer positive 51
Note: Erwinia nimipressuralis and E. dissolvens should be compared with
genera terminating between numbers 49 to 51 inclusive.
49. Lactose fermented within 2 days 50
Lactose fermentation delayed Paracolobactruin p. 3^6
P. coZf/orme strains 28221, 551 1,661 1,261 1,31611, 111, 15411, 1811,33811 and 4361.
P. intermedium strains 14011, 12611 and 1421.
Bethesda and Ballerup Groups, Rome, 1953, for gas-producing strains with slow
lactose fermentation.
50. Acid and gas from lactose Escherichia p. 335
{Escherichia, Rome, 1953, for motile strains)
Acid only from lactose Paracolobactruin p. 346
(P. intermedium strains 14011 and 12611)
51. Lactose fermented in 2 days Aerobacter p. 341
Lactose fermentation delayed Paracolobactruin p. 346
(P. aerogenoides strains 721, 37711 and 37211)
52. Organisms cause a glanders-like infection (melioidosis) in rats, guinea pigs, rabbits
and man; colonies on agar small, circular, slightly raised, thick, opaque and cream-
colored with an irregular margin; litmus milk slowly coagulated; blood serum slowly
liquefied; optimum temperature, 37°C Pseudomonas p. 89
(P. pseudomallei)
Organisms which produce granular conjunctivitis in monkeys and apes and which
are believed to be a cause of trachoma in man; optimum temperature, between 28°
and 30° C. with motility only at low temperatures; colonies on blood agar small,
circular, grayish and translucent, becoming sticky and mucoid
Noguchia p. 4^1
Not as above 53
53. Organisms grow in 0.5 per cent peptone water containing a filter paper strip, weaken-
ing the latter sufficiently to cause disintegration on slight agitation or reducing it to
a pulp; produce clearings around colonies on precipitated cellulose agar plates;
cells commonly arranged in angular fashion like corynebacteria
Cellulonionas p. 601
(See also Pseudomonas arguta, P. tralucida and also P. ephemerocyanea if the latter
produces no pigment.)
Not as above 54
(See also Pseudomonas perlurida, P. suhcreta, P. cepacia and also P. radiciperda
and Bacterium tardicrescens should the latter two be lactose fermenters.)
Flagella peritrichous 56
56. Marine organisms; nitrites not produced from nitrates; starch hydrolyzed
Flavobacteriuni -p. 309
Not as above possibly Erwinia p. 34.9
Note: Erwinia ananas, E. mangiferae, E. vitivora and E. milletiae terminate here.
57. Organisms found in the cytoplasm of the rhizopod Pelomyxa
Bacteritmi* parapelomyxae p. 929
Note: This entry is valid only if the organism is motile.
Not as above 58
58. Flagella polar Pseudonionas p. 89
Flagella peritrichous Paracolobactrum p. 346
(Anaerogenic strains)
Note: (1) From published data the following organisms, if isolated from the
soil, may terminate here: Agrobacterium rhizogenes, Erwinia amylovora, E.
aroideae, Rhizohium leguminosarum , R. trifolii and R. phaseoli.
In addition the following may also be listed if they prove to be lactose fer-
menters: Achromobacter delicatulum, A. superficiale , Agrobacterium tumefa-
ciens, Rhizobium meliloti and Erwinia salicis.
(2) Non-gas-producing strains of Ballerup and Bethesda Groups, Rome,
1953, which ferment lactose slowly.
Acid only from glucose 64
60. Bioluminescent Photobacterium p. 193
Not as above 61
61. Methyl-red positive; Voges-Proskauer negative 62
Methyl-red negative; Voges-Proskauer positive 63
62. Lactose fermented in 2 days Escherichia p. 335
(Êscherichia, Rome, 1953, for non-motile strains)
Lactose fermentation delayed Paracolobactrum p. 3^6
(P. calif orme strains 311, 17611 and 16911)
63. Encapsulated organisms; pathogenic, causing infections in man and animals, princi-
pally of the respiratory tract Klebsiella p. 344
Not as above Aerobacter p. 341
{Klebsiella {Klebsiella- Aerogenes) Group, Rome, 1953)
64. Small, ovoid coccobacilli causing pneumonia in sheep and cattle
Pasteurella p. 395
Organisms which produce mucoid to cartilaginous colonies adherent to the medium;
grow on meat infusion agar; colonies usually 1 mm in diameter in 24 hours but may
enlarge on further incubation to 3 to 6 mm ; produce a granulated growth on the walls
of the tube in liquid media; occur in necrotic lesions as granules resembling actino-
mycotic granules in cases of actinobacillosis of cattle and joint ill of foals or in
complicating actinomycotic infections. One species may be a commensal in the ali-
mentary canal of solipeds Actinobacillus p. 4H
Not as above 65
65. Fastidious organisms; do not grow on meat infusion agar in the absence of X-f actor
on primary isolation under aerobic conditions but may be trained to grow without it;
colonies on blood agar 0.5 mm in diameter but may be much larger on Levinthal
agar; coccobacillary, arranged singl}% in short chains or in clumps
Haemophilus p. 406
Species represented here cause bronchopneumonia of sheep {H. ovis), respiratory
infection in mice {H. influenzae-murium) and endocarditis {H. aphrophilus) .
Fastidious organisms; require blood or ascitic fluid; highly pleomorphic; rod -shaped
*Not recognized in the Manual.

COMPREHEXSIVE KEY 1021
or filamentous; may reach 100 to 150 microns in length; homogeneous in young

cultures but become granulated, beaded and swollen in old cultures and tend to frag-
ment into rods and cocci; large spherical swellings packed with granules common;
cholesterol globules appear among the growth; only rods and short filaments appear
in pathological material; non-branching; non-acid fast; colonies on ascitic agar
1 to 2.5 mm in 3 days, circular, low convex, colorless; L-phase variants are common;
highly virulent for mice causing polyarthritis. Causes rat-bite or Haverhill fever
in man Streptobacillus p. 451
{S. moniliformis)
Not as above: grow well on media without blood or .serum 66
66. Colonies colorless 67
Colonies yellow 70
67. Organisms grow in 0.5 per cent peptone containing filter paper, causing the latter to
disintegrate; gelatin liquefied; nitrite produced from nitrate; starch hydrolyzed
Cellulomonas p. 601
Not as above 68
68. Lactose fermented in two days ' 69
Lactose fermentation delayed; enteric pathogens Shigella p. 384
(Shigella Group, Rome, 1953, slow lactose-fermenters)
69. Encapsulated cells; pathogenic Klebsiella p. 344
Not as above Achromobacter p. 300
angle to the original axis and divide again at the angle when the cell has doubled
its length. This process continues until a colony is formed. Ultimately the rods trans-
form completely into cocci Arthrobacter p. 605
ties may consider that limited true branching may occur. If this is admitted
it is suggested that these criteria be adopted, true branching forms which
later disintegrate being assigned to Nocardia.
Not as above; starch hydrolyzed Flavobacterium p. 309
In addition to the above, the following species, two of them plant pathogens, ter-
minate at this point: Pseudomonas iridescens, Corynebacterium agropyri and Bacte-
rium stewartii.
71. Non-motile 72
Motile 103
Acid but no gas from glucose 77
No acid or gas from glucose 85
73. Only a small amount of gas from glucose; causes dysentery in man; agglutinated by
polyvalent antiserum to Shigella jlexneri Shigella p. 384
(Newcastle strain)
Organisms which cause bacillary white diarrhoea of chickens; agglutinated with
Salmonella group D "O" antiserum Salmonella p. 368
(S. puUorum)
Not as above 74
74. Bioluminescent on 3 per cent salt agar, especially with a fish base; pleomorphic and
branching rods on asparagine-sugar media; 2-3-butylene-glj-col produced
Not bioluminescent 75
75. Gelatin liquefied; nitrites produced from nitrates; methyl-red negative; Voges-Pros-
kauer negative; starch hydrolyzed ; pathogenic to the fish Salmonidae

Aeromonas p. 189
Not as above : Voges-Proskauer positive 76
76. Organisms encapsulated; cause respiratory and other infections in man
Klebsiella p. 3U
Not as above Paracolobactruni p. 346
(P. aerogenoides strains 32011 and 32811)
77. Obligate halophiles requiring 20 to 30 per cent salt for growth; pleomorphic; yellow
colonies Halobacteriuin p. 207
Not as above 78
78. Organisms will not grow' on meat infusion agar without the addition of blood or ascitic
fluid or X and V factors or other enrichments 79
Not as above 80
79. Pleomorphic coccobacillary organisms; grow well on blood agar producing colonies
up to 4 mm in diameter on prolonged incubation; hydrogen sulfide produced from
cystine media; slight acid from glucose, fructose and mannose and possibly from
other sugars. Pathogenic, producing tularemia or tularemia-like infections in
laboratory animals Pasteurella p. 395
Organisms usually 0.2 to 0.5 micron wide and 0.5 to 2.0 microns long but frequently
produce long filaments; do not grow on nutrient agar or on MacConkey's lactose bile
salt agar; grow on nutrient agar with the addition of X factor or V factor or both or
with the addition of diphosphothiamine or adenosine triphosphate; colonies on suit-
able media rarely more than 1 mm in diameter after 2 days incubation; nitrites
produced from nitrates; various species have been reported as responsible for or
associated with viruses in:
(i) Purulent meningitis and conjunctivitis in man (H. influenzae)
(ii) Sub-acute endocarditis {H. hemolyticus)
(iii) Acute and sub-acute conjunctivitis in man (H. aegyptius)
(iv) Soft chancre {H. ducreyi)
(v) Vesicular eruptions in the genitals of cattle {H. citreus)
(vi) Ulcers of trout {H. piscium)
(vii) Commonly present in the respiratory tract of man (various species) and
preputial secretions of dogs {H. haemoglobinophilus)
(viii) Pharyngitis {H. parahaemolyticus)
(ix) Non-pathogenic {H. parainfluenzae)
(x) Fowl coryza {H. gallinarum)
(xi) Swine influenza {H. suis)
(xii) Respiratory tract of ferrets {H. putoriorum) Haemophilus p. ^06
Note: This is the main entry for the genus Haemophilus. Owing to variable
biochemical characteristics, other entries occur in other parts of the key.
Fastidious organisms; require blood or ascitic fluid; highly pleomorphic; rod-shaped
or filamentous; may reach 100 to 150 microns in length; homogeneous in young cul-
tures but become granulated, beaded and swollen in old cultures and tend to frag-
ment into rods and cocci; large spherical swellings packed with granules common;
cholesterol globules appear among the growth; only rods and short filaments appear
in pathological material; non-branching; non-acid fast; colonies on ascitic agar
1 to 2.5 mm in 3 days; circular, low convex, colorless. L-phase variants are common.
Highly virulent for mice causing polyarthritis; causes rat-bite or Haverhill fever in
man Streptobacillus p. 451
{S. moniliformis)
80. Slender rods; 1.0 to 3.0 microns long and often arranged in angular fashion; pleo-
morphic; produce smooth, entire, butyrous, translucent, grayish yellow colonies
0.5 to 1.0 mm in diameter in 2 days at 37 °C. on meat infusion agar; may increase
slightl}' in size on further incubation; light brown on potato; Straus reaction pro-
duced in guinea pigs; strict parasites causing glanders in man and animals
Actinobacillus p. J^H
{A. mallei)
Small ovoid coccobacilli arranged singlj^ and in pairs or in small bundles; sometimes
pleomorphic; frequently exhibit bipolar staining; colonies on meat infusion agar
0.1 to 1.0 mm in diameter in 24 hours at 37° C. ; may increase in size up to 4 to 6 mm
in 5 days at 37° C. A slight thin layer or no growth on potato; organisms cause
plague in man and rodents or hemorrhagic septicemia in various other animals and
in birds Pasteurella p. 395
Organisms cause actinobacillosis in man and other animals and may also be found in
actinomycotic lesions; colonies on agar small, circular, bluish gray, translucent,
with a smooth surface and an entire edge, up to 1.5 mm in diameter in 24 hours at
37° C. but increase considerably in size on further incubation; on alkaline potato
a slight glistening grayish yellow growth is produced Actinobacillus p. J^ll^
Not as above 81
angle to the original axis and divide again at the angle when the cell has doubled its
length. This process continues until a colony is formed. Ultimately the rods transform
completely into cocci. Colonies yellow or colorless Arthrobacter p. 605
Not as above 82
82. Colonies yellow Flavobacterium p. 309
Colonies colorless 83
83. Enteric pathogens of man; agglutinate with Shigella antisera Shigella p. 384
{Shigella Group, Rome, 1953; non-lactose-fermenters)
Organisms pathogenic to birds; agglutinate with Salmonella Group D "O" antiserum
Salmonella p. 368
{S. gallinarum)
Not as above 84
84. Organisms cause disintegration of filter paper in 0.5 per cent peptone water
Cellulonionas p. 601
Not as above Achroniobacter p. 300
85. Soil organisms; curved rods which transform completely into coccoid forms during
growth of the colony. Rods elongate and divide. At the point of division the rods
grow out at an angle to the original axis and divide again at the angle when the cell
has doubled its length. This process continues until a colony is formed; ultimately
the rods transform completely into cocci; colonies yellow or colorless
Arthrobacter p. 605
Not as above 86
86. Agar digested Agarbacterium p. 322

Agar not digested 87
88. Organisms will grow in a mineral salts medium using CO2 as a source of carbon and
oxidizing hydrogen Hydrogenomonas p. 75
Organisms grow in a mineral salts medium using alkylamines as the sole source of
carbon and nitrogen Protaminobacter p. 200
Not as above 89
89. Obligate halophiles requiring 20 to 30 per cent salt for growth
Halobacteriiim p. 207
Not as above 90
90. Litmus milk acid or unchanged Flavobacterium p. 309
Litmus milk alkaline 91
91. Nitrites produced from nitrates Flavobacterium p. 309
(F. lutescens and F. fucatum)
Nitrites not produced from nitrates Alcaligenes p. 297
{A. marshallii)
92. Loeffler's inspissated serum liquefied 93
Not as above 9^
93. Recorded from septicemia in ducks Pasteiirella p. 395
Cause acute ophthalmia (pink eye) of cattle; angular conjunctivitis in man, monkeys
and apes and recorded as a possible cause of trachoma in man
Moraxella p. ^79
94. Organisms recorded from an enzootic of chronic pneumonia in calves; thin Gram-
negative rods arranged in groups in tissues and as coccoid and bacillary forms in
culture; in the condensation water of blood serum, produce mulberry -like flakes up
to 1 mm in diameter consisting of cells arranged in chains, the latter encased in a
non-stainable material which usually is swollen at the tip
Actinobacillus p. 4H
(A. aciinoides)
Not as above 95
95. Slender rods; 1.0 to 3.0 microns long, often arranged in angular fashion; pleomorphic;
produce smooth, entire, butyrous, translucent, grayish yellow colonies 0.5 to 1.0
mm in diameter in 2 days at 37° C. on meat infusion agar; may increase slightly in
size on further incubation; cafe au lait-co\ored on potato; Straus reaction produced
in guinea pigs; strict parasite causing glanders in man and other animals
Actinobacillus p. 4H
{A. mallei)
Not as above 96
96. Organisms cause brucellosis in man and other animals; often cause abortion in ani-
mals; good growth on liver extract agar or tryptose phosphate agar; increased CO2
tension necessary for isolation of one species; litmus milk alkaline
Brucella p. 404
Not as above 97
97. Organisms causing whooping cough in man, principally in children. One species
{B. pertussis) will not grow on primary isolation on meat extract agar but does not
require X or V factor; the other species {B. parapertussis) grows profusely on meat
extract agar. Both species grow well on Bordet-Gengou medium producing smooth,
raised, entire, pearly, glistening colonies in 48 to 72 hours at 37° C; nitrites not
produced from nitrates; inspissated serum not liquefied. Following intraperitoneal
injection into mice, death occurs in 2 to 4 days. Autopsj^ shows extensive hyperemia
of the peritoneal wall, infiltration of glands and the presence of an extremely mucoid
exudate in the peritoneal cavity; hemorrhagic necrosis occurs following intradermal

inoculation of the rabbit; agglutinated by antisera to Bordelella pertussis
Bordetella p. 402
Not as above 98
98. Organisms usually 0.2 to 0.5 micron wide and 0.5 to 2.0 microns long but frequently
produce long filaments; do not grow on nutrient agar without the addition of X
factor or V factor or both or the addition of diphosphothiamine or adenosinetri-
phosphate; colonies on suitable media rarely more than 1 mm in diameter after 2
days' incubation; various species have been reported as responsible for or associated
with viruses in:
(i) Purulent meningitis and conjunctivitis in man {H. influenzae)
(ii) Sub-acute endocarditis {H. haemolyticus)
(iii) Acute and sub-acute conjunctivitis in man (H. aegyplius)
(iv) Soft chancre {H. ducreiji)
(v) Vesicular eruptions in the genitals of cattle {H. citreus)
(vi) Ulcers of trout (H. piscium)
(vii) The respiratory tract of man (various species) and preputial secretions of
dogs {H. haemoglobinophilus)
(viii) Pharyngitis (H. parahaemolyiicus)
(ix) Non-pathogenic {H. parainfiuenzae)
(x) Fowl coryza {H. gallinarum)
(xi) Swine influenza {H. suis)
(xii) Respiratory tract of ferrets {H. pulorioram)
Of the above, H. ducreyi and H. putoriorum are the ones most likely to terminate
here. The others may do so owing to variation in biochemical reactions
Haemophilus p. 406
Not as above 99
99. Organisms grow in a mineral salts medium with an alkylamine as the sole source of
carbon and nitrogen Protaminobacter p. 200
Not as above 100
100. Organisms found growing in waters among decomposing plant tissue; coccobacillary
forms embedded in a gelatinous matrix which usually forms in long finger-like proc-
esses in which the cells are well isolated from each other; produce a zoogloeal mass
and cartilaginous colonies in culture Zoogloea p. 206
Not as above 101
101. Litmus milk alkaline 102
Litmus milk acid or unchanged Achromobacter p. SCO
102. Colonies on nutrient agar colorless; up to 1 mm in diameter in 5 days at 28° C; grow
autotrophically, oxidizing sodium thiosulfate to sodium sulfate and sulfuric acid
Thiobacillus p. 83
Note: This entry applies to T. novellus if it produces no acid from carbohy-
drates.
Not as above Alcaligenes p. 297
Acid but no gas from glucose 109
No acid or gas from glucose 120
104. Colonies yellow; flagella polar Xanthomonas p. 152
{X. plantaginis and X. conjac (if lactose-negative) terminate here.)
105. Organisms produce a luminescent growth on agar containing 2.8 to 3.0 per cent salt;
usually no luminescence on media with the usual 0.5 i)er cent salt
Not as above 106
106. Flagella polar; gelatin liquefied; some species are pathogenic to fish, frogs and snakes
while others are saprophytic Aeromonas p. 189
(See also Pseudomonas polygoni and P. colurnae (if lactose is not fermented).)
107. Gelatin liquefied or indole produced or both; organisms may show a marked spreading
growth on solidified agar with a film of moisture on the surface .... Proteus p. 364
(See also Paracolobactrum calif orme strains 4361 and 33811 and Providence Group,
Rome, 1953, for aerogenic strains.)
Note: Proteus spp. are probably also urease-positive. The character is not
mentioned in Manual descriptions.
Gelatin is not liquefied and indole is not produced; colonies do not spread on solidified
agar 108
108. Voges-Proskauer positive Paracolobactrum p. 34-6
(P. aerogenoidss strains 32011, 37711, 35611, 37211, 37511 and 32821)
Voges-Proskauer negative Salmonella p. 368
(Salmonella Group, Rome, 1953)
(See also Paracolobactrum intermedium strains 12611 and 1421 and non-lactose-
fermenting strains of the Bethesda-Ballerup Group, Rome, 1953.)
110. Bioluminescent on media containing 3 per cent salt Photobacterium p. 193
Not as above Ill
111. Chitin is hydrolyzed Beneckea p. 328
Not as above 112
(See Pseudomonas xantha and P. piciorum and also P. Irifolii, P. radiciperda and
Bacterium tardicrescens if they produce no acid from lactose.)
Flagella peritrichous Flavobacterium p. 309
Note: The following plant pathogens also terminate at this point: Erwinia
cassavae, E. citrimaculans and Agrobacterium gypsophilae.
113. Animal parasites; colonies mucoid; isolated from the eye of the Rhesus monkey
Noguchia p. 421
Small translucent colonies; mucoid, small slender rods in smooth colonies; ovoid rods
with bipolar staining in rough colonies; motile at 37° C; organisms cause meliodio-
sis in man and other animals Pseudomonas p. 89
(P. pseudomallei)
Note: This insertion covers strains which have lost their ability to produce
acid from lactose.
Small umbonate colonies, translucent with a dull finely granular "beaten copper"
surface, entire, butyrous; organisms cause pseudotuberculosis in rodents
Pasteurella p. 395
Organisms found in the cytoplasm of the rhizopod Pelomijxa palustris
Myxococcus p. 930
(M. pelomyxae)
Not as above 114
114. Organisms cause typhoid fever in man; agglutinated by Salmonella group D "O"
antiserum when not in the "Vi" phase; flagella peritrichous
Salmonella p. 368
(S. typhosa)
Not as above 115
115. Agar is digested Agarbacterium p. 322
Agar is not digested 116
116. Chitin is hydrolyzed Beneckea p. 328

Chit in not hydrolyzed 117
117. Bioluminescent on media containing 3 per cent salt; maj' not be luminescent on 0.5
per cent salt Pholobacteriuin p. 193
Not as above 1 18
118. Flagella polar Pseudomonas p. 89
(See also Xunthouionas manihotis, X. protenmaculnns and Rhizobium meliloii (if
lactose negative).)
119. Cause hyperplastic diseases of plants Agrobacterium p. 288
{A. nibi, A. lumefaciens (if lactose negative) and A. pseudutsugae)
Cause wilts or necrotic diseases of plants Erwinia p. 3^9
{E. amylovora, E. tracheiphila and E. salicis (if lactose negative))
Not as above Achromobacter p. 300
Note: Some anaerogenic paracolons terminate here (strains 33111, 29911 and
8911). See also anaerogenic strains of the Providence Group, Rome, 1953.
120. Curved rods which transform completely into coccoid forms during growth of the col-
ony. Rods elongate and divide. At the point of division the rods grow out at an angle
to the original axis and divide again at the angle when the cell has doubled its length.
This process continues until a colonj' is formed. Ultimately the rods transform com-
pletely into cocci Arthrobacter p. 605
Organisms which will grow in a mineral salts medium using phenol as the sole source
of carbon; reduce nitrates with the liberation of gas, presumably nitrogen
Mycoplaiia p. 204
Not as above 121
122. Agar hydrolyzed Agarbacterium p. 322
Agar not hydrolyzed 123
123. Organisms grow in a mineral salts base using CO2 as the sole source of carbon and
oxidizing hydrogen Hydrogenomonas p. 75
Not as above 124
(See also Pseudomonas lasia, P. cerevisiae, P. caudata, P. levistici, P. ochracea
and P. panicimiliacei .)
125. Litmus milk strongly alkaline Alcaligenes p. 297
(See also Flavobacterium harrisonii.)
Litmus milk acid or unchanged Flavobacterium p. 309
126. Pleomorphic rods; do not grow on meat infusion agar; grow well in semisolid media
containing horse, rabbit or human blood or other complex substances; rods and
coccoid forms predominate in culture; flagella polar; pathogenic to man; multiply
on erythrocytes and in fixed-tissue cells; transmitted through the sandfly Phleboto-
mus verrucariim Bartonella p. 969
Colonies mucoid, small, circular and translucent; organisms cause conjunctival foUi-
culosis in rabbits Noguchia p. 421
Small, smooth, raised, entire, pearly colonies on meat infusion agar; medium dis-
colored; litmus milk alkaline in 1 to 2 days; cause bronchopneumonia in rodents
and sometimes associated with canine distemper Bordetella p. 402
Not as above 127
127. Agar digested 128
Agar not digested 129
128. Alginates are metabolized; flagella polar Alginomonas p. 202
(See also Pseudomonas gelatica.)
Alginate metabolism not recorded; flagella peritrichous .... Agarbacterium p. 322
129. Obligate halophiles, requiring 20 to 30 per cent salt for growth
Halobacteriinn p. 207
Not as above 130
130. Alginates metabolized; flagella polar Alginomonas p. 202
Not as above 131
131. Organisms found growing in water among decomposing plant tissue; produce a charac-
teristic lobed gelatinous zoogloea in which the cells are well isolated from each
other; produce cartilaginous colonies on agar Zoogloea p. 206
Cells actively motile, by means of polar flagella; deposit sulfur internally when grow-
ing in the presence of hydrogen sulfide Thiospira p. 82
Note: It is doubtful whether this genus should appear under aerobic organisms.
Not as above 132
132. Flagella polar 133
133. Organisms will grow in a mineral salts medium using CO2 as the sole source of car-
bon and will oxidize hydrogen Hydrogenomonas p. 75
Rods 0.5 by 1 to 2 microns; gelatin liquefied; nitrites and gas produced from nitrates;
starch hydrolj^zed; lipolytic; will grow autotrophically, oxidizing thiosulfate to
sulfate and tetrathionate with an increase in pH. Sulfur is not precipitated
Thiobacillus p. 83
Not as above 134
134. Organisms cause disintegration of filter paper when growing in 0.5 per cent peptone
water Cellulonionas p. 601
(See also Pseudomonas mira.)
Not as above Pseudomonas p. 89
(See also Agrobacterium stellulatum, A. radiobacter, Xanihomonas panici, X. rnbri-
subalbicans, X. cannae, X. zingiberi and Rhizobhun japonicum.)
135. Litmus milk alkaline Alcaligenes p. 297
(See also Agrobacterium radiobacter and RJiizobium spp.)
Litmus milk acid or unchanged Achromobacter p. 300
SECTION I
2. Long thin rods oxidizing primary alcohols to acids and secondary alcohols to ketones
while reducing CO2 quantitatively to methane; glucose is not metabolized
Methanobacterium p. 250
(M. omelianskii)
Not as above Clostridium p. 6S4
Note: Desulfovibrio dcsulfuricans has been recorded as a spore former, l:)ut
this claim has not been confirmed.
3. Motile 4
Non-motile 5
4. Curved rods with a bunch of flagella inserted at or near the center of the concave side
of the rod; recorded from the alimentary canal of ruminants and guinea pigs and
from the buccal cavity of man Selenomonas p. 258
Curved rods which reduce sulfates, sulfites, sulfur, thiosulfate and hj'posulfites to hy-
drogen sulfide, using a wide range of organic substances and possibly hydrogen as
hydrogen donors; motile by means of polar flagella Desulfovibrio p. 2^8
Curved rods depositing sulfur internally when growing in the presence of hydrogen
sulfide; motile bj' means of polar flagella Thiospira p. 82
Curved rods other than above ; motile by means of polar flagella Vibrio p. 229
Note: V. sputorum and V. niger are the only two species recorded here. V. coli
requires 15 per cent CO2 but is not recorded as anaerobic.
Not as above 5
5. Organisms which ferment glucose with the production of large quantities of ethj'l
alcohol plus other byproducts including CO2 Zymomonas p. 199
Rods straight or slightly curved; occur in liquids in long chains, frequently in parallel
bundles; ferment acetate and n-butyrate with the production of methane and car-
bon dioxide; ethyl alcohol and n-butyl alcohol not fermented
Methanobacterium p. 250
(M. soehngenii)
Not as above 6
Note: The only recorded motile Gram-negative rods are Fusobacterium praea-
cutum, Bacteroides serpens and Bacteroides variegatus. They are treated with
other members of their respective genera.
6. Minute rod-shaped cells growing only in media containing sterile fresh tissue or ascitic
fluid; found in the upper respiratory tract of man Dialister p. 440
Not as above 7
7. Acid and gas produced from glucose or acid from glucose and gas produced in peptone
water 8
Acid but no gas produced from glucose 12
No acid or gas produced from glucose 20
Note: No .sugar reactions are given for the following species: Sphaerophorus
gonidiaformans, S. inortiferus, S. floccosus, S. influenzaejormis, S. pyogenes,
Bacteroides destillationis, B. viscosus and B. glutinosus.
8. Lactose fermented 9
Lactose not fermented 10
9. Gas produced in peptone; very pleomorphic Sphaerophoru.s p. 44I
{S. freundii, S. ridicnlosus, S. necroticns and S. inequalis; see also Bacteroides ser-
pens.)
1029
No gas produced in peptone; pleomorphic forms not uncommon

Bacteroides p. J!^2J^
(See also Sphaerophorus gulosus.)
10. Halophilic, requiring more than 4 per cent salt for growth; gas produced from peptone
Bacteroides p. 4^4
{B. halosmophilus)
Not halophilic 11
11. Very pleomorphic; gas produced from peptone Sphaerophorus p. 44I
{S. necrogenes and S. necrophonis and possibly S. varius and S. bullosus)
Bifurcated cells; gas production from peptone doubtful Bacteroides p. 4^4
{B. fur cos us)
12. Acid produced from lactose 13
No acid produced from lactose 16
13. Motile Bacteroides p. 424
(B. variegatus)
Non-motile 14
14. Non-pleomorphic, /«si/orw cells growing poorly on plain agar (?)
Fusobacterium p. 4^6
Not as above 15
15. Gelatin liquefied; very pleomorphic on ordinary or blood agar
Sphaerophorus p. 44-1
{S. glycolyticus)
and Bacteroides p. 4^4
{B. uncatus)
Gelatin liquefied; not pleomorphic Bacteroides p. 424
{Bacteroides exigmis, B. uniformis, B. tumidus and some strains of B. distasonis)
Gelatin not liquefied Bacteroides p. 4^4
16. Motile; fusiform rods; pleomorphic Fusobacterium p. 436
{F. praeacutum)
Non-motile 17
17. Very small rods capable of passing through a Chamberland L2 filter; acid produced
from glucose, sucrose and mannitol; recorded from the respiratory tract of man
Dialister p. 44O
Not as above 18
18. Organisms dependent on serum or ascitic fluid for growth; pleomorphic
Sphaerophorus p. 44^
{S. floccosus and S. abscedens)
Not as above 19
19. Slender, pointed rods Fusobacterium p. 4S6
{F. polyinorphuui and F. vescum)
Rods with rounded ends Bacteroides p. 4^4
{B. cylindroides, B. capillosus, B. fragilis, B. perfoetans, B. uncatus and B. succino-
genes)
20. Acid from fructose Sphaerophorus p. 44^
{S. siccus)
Not as above 21
21. Organisms require serum or ascitic fluid for growth; pleomorphic
Sphaerophorus p. 4P
(S. caviae)
Not as above; not pleomorphic Bacteroides p. 4^4
{B. putidus, B. putredinus and B. coagulans)
SECTION J
1. Cells occur singly; motile bj' meuns of polar flagella; may be encapsulated and ma}' form
zoogloeaebut if so, do not oxidize hydrogen .sulfide and do not dojxjsit sulfur internally
2
Cells occur singly, in pairs or in short chains; non-motile; individual cells encapsulated
and usually contain two pseudovacuoles per cell which makes them buoyant and which
may give them a polygonal appearance; sulfur is deposited internally
Khodothece p. 50
Cells occur in well-defined aggregates. When growing in the presence of hydrogen sul-
fide, sulfur is deposited internally 4
2. Hydrogen sulfide is not oxidized. Sulfur is not deposited internally
Rhodopseudonionas p. 53
Hydrogen sulfide is oxidized, and globular sulfur is deposited internally 3
3. Cells of uneven width and length; often swollen, spindle-shaped and hlamentous
Khabdoinonas p. 48
Cells of uniform width; spherical to cylindrical, the latter sometimes slightly curved
Chroniatiuni p. 50
Note: Single cells of Thioihece, Thiocyslis and Lumprocystis resemble Chro-
matium very closely. Also cells of Thiospirillum violaceum are indistinguish-
able from curved cylindrical forms of Chromatium.
4. Cells occur in cubical packets Thiosarcina p. 39
Cells in young colonies appear as flat sheets in which cells are arranged in parallel rows
embedded in a capsular material. In an unfavorable position or environment, irregular
clumping of cells may occur Thiopedia p. 40
Other than above 5
5. Individual cells or cell masses embedded in conspicuous capsules or zoogloea 6
Individual cells or cell masses apparentlj^ devoid of capsular material although cells
within the mass may be clearly separated in space 7
6. Cells spherical, occurring in large numbers well separated in a conspicuous common
slime capsule. In dry conditions the capsular material forms a double contoured
membrane around the cells. On moistening, the mass slowly swells and bursts. As the
liberated cells divide they form a fiat, spreading colonj' in which the cells are no more
than three layers deep but are separated from each other by capsular material
. Thiocapsa p. 4-1
Cells spherical and encapsulated. In the early stages of growth of the colony, cells form
in tetrads* resembling those of Thiocyslis. Further division of the cells gives rise to a
compact opaque mass of cocci embedded in a large slime capsule. This is followed by
formation of arched fragments similar in appearance to sections of a hollow sphere,
the fragments being arranged as if on the surface of a sphere within the capsule. Con-
tinued growth of the arched fragments results in their edges touching but not coa-
lescing. Infolding of the arched pieces takes place, finally almost filling the internal
cavity and producing a network resembling a sponge. The enveloping capsule even-
tually ruptures, liberating fragments of the zoogloeal network which reorganize into
small groups interlinked by single cocci. Under unfavorable conditions the cocci are
vacuolated, and sulfur is confined to the peripheral cytoplasm. Free cells are motile
(cf. Chromatium) . The total transformation occurs in 40 days
Lamprocystis p. 43
* Winogradsky considered that cells which form tetrads divide in three directions, the
result being a four-pointed group rather than a fiat group of four.
1031
Cells spherical to cylindrical. Develop in small clusters, the compact clusters of 4 to 20

cells being widely separated in an almost spherical and seemingly cartilagenous cap-
sule, the outer lajêr of which is neither sharply differentiated nor obviously deliques-
cent. As each cluster proliferates, it eventually separates into a number of smaller
clusters within the zoogloea. Single cells are rare. At some stage individual clusters
leave the mass as a result of either swelling and dispersion of the whole mass or a soften-
ing of the mass at one or more points. After separation, the cluster becomes motile.
The process of separation of clusters occupies 3 weeks. Generation time is approxi-
mately two days Thiocystis p. 4^
Cells spherical to cylindrical; heavily encapsulated, the capsules remaining attached to
form zoogloeae. The individual capsules are very thick. Following division the cells
become separated in space by the developing capsules and are eventually arranged
at an obtuse angle to each other. Swarming is preceded bj' a softening of the capsule
and an irregular rearrangement of the cells. Individual cells separate by a slow rota-
tory action and once free are actively motile (c/. Chromatium) . Cells are pale gray.
Sulfur granules are small and confined to the peripheral layer of cytoplasm
Thiothece p. ^2
7. Cells spindle-shaped; 1.5 to 1.7 by 2.5 to 5.0 microns. Cell families may consist of a long
irregular body made up of cells 2 to 3 layers thick arranged in parallel fashion. When
separated from other cell masses the cells rearrange to form an open pyramidal net-
work in which the cells meet only at their tips. Colonies may be several hundred
microns across and resemble Hydrodictyon of the blue -green algae. Small cell groups
detached from the mass are motile; compact masses form under unfavorable condi-
tions. Individual cells contain an elongated vacuole and are pale in color; sulfur
is confined to the peripheral cytoplasm Thiodictyon p. 41
Cells compressed into a compact mass; colored rose-red; surrounded by a capsule com-
posed of an inner, poorly refracting layer and an outer, strongly refracting layer.
Placed in a favorable environment, the cyst cracks and the cell mass slowly creeps out
(1 to 2 days). The empty cyst remains unchanged for some time. The group of cells
does not disperse but grows in an irregularly contoured mass. Whole families are
motile. Most cells are spherical. Division occurs only in one direction. Cells may be
compressed or may be freelj^ separated in the non-encysted state. There are rarelj'
more than two to four within a group in the colony. Thej' are continually changing
position and proximity in the colony. Internal colonial movement can occur without
much lateral movement. Coordinated lateral movement is amoeboid. Single cells oc-
casionally become isolated from the mass and then are drawn back. Masses ultimately
may separate into smaller groups. No capsular material can be discerned in the fami-
lies. Families can be penetrated by small motile bacteria with ease. Winogradsky
considered that the connection was via plasma threads, but he was unable to demon-
strate them. He considered the dense compact masses to occur in the presence of O2
and the open structure in the presence of hydrogen sulfide
Aiiioebobacter p. 44
Shapeless, thick aggregates of small spherical vividly colored cells; non-motile; do not
form hollow spherical structures. The extremely smooth surface of the colony suggests
a limiting capsular material, but no obvious capsule is visible. Eventually growth, in
the form of threads and flaps, appears on the surface, and cells become separated
Thiopoly coccus p. 45
INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES
Key to the various fonts used in this index :

Nomenclature
CAPITALS:
ROMAN accepted* names of taxa higher than genera
ITALICS unaccepted names of taxa higher than genera
Lower Case:
Roman specific epithets and generic names (the latter in paren-
theses) of accepted combinations of accepted species
names
Italics unaccepted names of genera
accepted generic names when used in unaccepted combi-
nations (inspecies and subspecies names)
specific epithets of unaccepted species names
Boldface accepted names of genera
Pagination
Roman indicates page reference to the name of an unaccepted
taxon or to the incidental mention of the name of an
accepted taxon
Boldface indicates page reference to the name of an accepted taxon
* NOTE: As used here, the term "accepted" has two implications: (1) taxonomically
it means that the taxon under consideration is included in the classification scheme of
Bergey's Manual and is described therein and (2) nomenclaturally it means that the
name used in the Manual for the taxon was deemed by the editor in chief, Dr. Breed, on
the basis of facts then at hand, to be the correct name.
1033
abaetetube (Salmonella ser.), 381 eurydice, 301, 308
aberdeen (Salmonella ser.), 381
fischeri,
guttatus,195301, 305
abikoensis (Streptomyces), 748, 785
abikoensuni (Sireptoniyces), 785 harveyi, 197
abony (Salmonella ser.), 376 hyperopiicum, 330
abortivoequina (Salmonella), 370, 374 ichtht/odermis, 118
abort! voequina (Salmonella ser.) 376 iophagus, 300, 302
ahortivo-equinus {Bacillus), 374 labrum, 329
abortivus {Bacillus), 374 lipophagum, 331
abortivus equinus {Bacillus), 374 li(iuefaciens, 300, 301
abortus {Bacillus), 405 tnari noglutinosus, 1 18
abortus {Bacterium) , 406 mcmbranoformis, 118
abortus (Brucella), 404, 405, 406 parvulus, 301, 309
abortusbovis (Salmonella ser.), 376 pasiinator, 323, 325
abortus equi {Bacillus) , 374 perolens, 111
abortus-equi {Salmonella), 374 pestifer, 301, 306
abortus equinus {Bacillus), 374 putrefaciens, 112
abortus ovis {Bacterium) , 374 stationis, 498
abortusovis (Salmonella), 370, 374 stenohalis, 301, 307
abortusovis (Salmonella ser.), 376 superficialis, 301, 306, 1020
abscedens (Sphaerophorus), 443, 449 thalassius, 300, 303
Acaroxenus, 941 ureasophorum, 329
varioleidis , 944 xerosis, 300, 304
aceris {Phijtomonas) , 121 ACHROMOBACTERACEAE, 281, 296
aceris (Pseudomonas), 94, 97, 121 achromogenes (Streptomyces), 747, 769
acernea {Pseudomonas) , 171 acidilactici {Bacillus), 338
acernea (Xanthomonas), 153, 154, 171 acidilactici {Escherichia) , 338
aceti (Acetobacter), 184, 185, 187 acidilactici (Pediococcus), 529, 530
aceti {Bacterium) , 185, 542 acidi propionici {Bacillus), 576
aceti {Mycoderma), 185 acidi propionici a {Bacterium) , 570
Acetobacter, 89, 183, 1015 acidi propionici b {Bacterium) , 575
aceti, 184, 185, 187 acidi propionici c {Bacterium) , 574
hoshigaki, 188 acidi propionici d (Bacterium), 571
kuetzingianus, 184, 185, 187 acidi propionici var. rubrum {Bacterium),
melanogenus, 185, 187 572
oxydans, 185, 189 acidi urici {Bacillus), 671
pasteurianus, 185, 187 acidiurici (Clostridium), 639, 671
rancens, 185, 186 acidi-urici {Clostridium), 666
roseus, 185, 188 acidofaciens (Alginobacter), 348
suboxydans, 185, 188 acidominimus (Streptococcus), 510, 518
xylinum, 185, 186 acidophilus {Actinomyces) , 802
Acetobacterium , 183 acidophilus {Bacillus), 545
acetobutylicum (Clostridium) , 637, 657, 680, acidophilus (Lactobacillus), 543, 545
683 acidophilus (Streptomyces), 751, 802
Acetomonas, 184 acidula (Cellulomonas), 602, 605
acetosum {Bacterium) , 185 acidulum {Bacterium) , 605
acetylicum (Brevibacterium), 492, 502 Acinetobacier delmarvae, 308
acetylicum {Flavobacterium) , 502 stenohalis, 307
ACHROMATIACEAE, 837, 851 acnes {Bacillus), 595
Achromatium, 851, 852, 994 acnes (Corj^nebacterium), 581, 595, 596
gigas, 852 acnes {Propionibacterium) , 595
mobile, 80 ACRASIALES, 857
oxaliferum, 852 Actiiiobacillus, 394, 414, 1020, 1023, 1024
volutans, 852, 853 actinoides, 414, 417, 1024
Achromobacter,217, 300, 1021,1023,1025, actinomycetemcomitans, 414, 416
1027, 1028 actinomycetem comitans, 416
anaerobium, 199 equuli, 414, 415, 418
aquamarinus, 301, 304 Lignihresi, 414
butyri, 301, 307 lignieresii, 414, 418, 742
cvcioclastes, 301, 305 mallei, 414, 417, 1023, 1024
delicatulus, 300, 303, 1020 Actinobacterium baudeti, 742, 743
delmarvae, 301, 308 Actinococcus cyaneus, 822
1035
1036 INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES
actinoides (Actinobacillus), 414, 417 griseus, 791

actinoides (Bacillus), 417 halstedii, 795
actinomorpha (Nocardia), 207, 717, 720, 734 Aorion, 816
actinomorphum {Mycobacterium) , 734 hygroscopicus, 796
actinomorphus (Proactinomyces) , 734 intermedius, 813
Actinomyce, 742, invulnerabilis, 804
Actinomyces, 19, 451, 713, 742, 1011 ipomoea, 813 743,
acidophilus, 802 israelii, 742,
albidus, 789 kimberi, 818
alhofiavus, 798 lavendulae, 780
albosporeus, 800 lieskei, 763
albus, 753 lipmanii, 796
albiis sterilis, 822 listeri, 815
almquisti, 788 loidensis, 808
annulatus, 755 longisporus, 754
antibioticus, 114 longisporus flavut 797
aurantiacus , 765 longisporus ruber, 801
aureus, 778 longissimus, 791
baudeti, 743 maculatus, 131, 811
baudetii, 742, 743 marginatus, 810
beddardii, 817 mar inns, 793
blackwellii, 731 niicroflavus, 792
6o6z7i, 765 monosporus, 825
bovis, 742, 743 muris, 451
cacaoi, 792 mui'is ratti, 451
calif ornicus , 759 niger, 784785
candidus, 797 odor ifer,
carnosus, 805 oidiosporus, 801
casei, 804 olivaceus, 792
cellulosae, 760 olivochromogenus , 772
chromogenus, 772
circulatus, 783 panja,
parvus, 819
760, 766
citreus, 786 pheochromogenus, 778
clavifer, 804 pluricolor, 757
coronijormis , 812 pluricolor diffundens, 757
craterifer, 806 poolensis, 814
cyaneus, 757 praecox, 807
cylindrosporus. 111 praefecundus , 808
diastaticus, IGl pulmonalis, 723
diastatochromogenes , 113 purpeochromogenus , 111
erythreus, IQl putrificus, 786
erythrochromogenes, 779 rangoon, 732
exfoliatus, 794 reticuli, 781
farinosus, 788 reticulus, 783
fasciculus, 766 reticulus-ruber , 783
Jimbriatus, 805 rhodnii, 738
Jimicarius, 768 roseochromogenus , 111
flaveolus, 759 roseus, 770
flavochromogenes , IIZ ruber, 784
jlavogriseus , 767 rutgersensis, 795
jlavovirens, 763 salmonicolor , 811
âz;ris, 783 sampsonii, 813
flocculus, 798 setonii, 807
/orrfn', spiralis, 812
/radu, 739799 tenuis, 810
fulvissimus, 787 thermodiastaticus , 803
fumosus, 796 thermofuscus , 804
gelaticus, 794 thermophilus, 803
gibsonii, 735 tricolor, 756
glaucus, 795 ûmitZi, 804, 814
globisporus, 754, 791 upcottii, 816
globisporus streptomycini, 754 verne, 758
globosus, 11& verticillatus, 782
gougeroti, 788 violaceus, 756, 758
gracilis, 806 violaceus-caeseri , 794
griseoflavus, 761 violaceus -niger, 790
griseolus, 766 violaceus -ruher, 756
1037
virgatus, 759 bufo, 323, 327

viridans, 758 ceramicola, 323, 327
viridis, 803, 808 delesseriae, 323, 328
viridis sterilis, 821 mesentericum, 323, 324
viridochromogenes , 111 mesentericus, 323, 324
wedmorensis, 809 pastinator, 323, 325
willmorei, 820 polvsiphoniae, 323, 327
ACTINOMYCETACEAE, 695, 713, 968 reducans, 323, 325
ACTINOMYCETALES, 10, 11, 12, 34,694 rhodomelae, 322, 324
actinomj'cetemcomitaiis (Actinobacillus) , uliginosum, 323, 326
414, 416 agar -liquefaciens {Microspira), 239
actmomycctem coijtitans (Actinobacillus) , AIQ agarliquefaciens (Vibrio), 230, 239
aciinoiuycetent comitans {Bacterium) , 416 aggregatum (Chlorochromatium), 65, 66, 67
ACriXOMYCETES, 13 aggregatum (Pelodictyon), 63, 64, 67
ACTINOPLANACEAE, 695, 825, 826 agilis (Azotobacter), 284
Actinoplanes, 826, 828, 1009 agilis (Micrococcus), 456, 462
philippinensis, 827 agilis (Microscilla), 849, 850
ACTINOSPORANGIACEAE, 825 agilis (Nitrobacter), 72
activus (Peptococcus), 474, 475 agreste {Mycobacterium) , 724
activiis {Sta-phylococciis) , 475 agrestis {Proactinomyces) , 724
Acuformis perennis, 673 Agrobacterium, 11, 285, 288, 1016, 1027
adaptatus (Vibrio), 231, 244 gypsophilae, 288, 289, 1026
adelaide (Salmonella ser.), 383 pseudotsugae, 288, 290, 1027
adenitis equi {Bacillus), 514 radiobacter, 289, 291, 292, 1028
Aegyptianella, 968 rhizogenes, 288, 290, 1020
aegyptiacum {Bacterium) , 408 rubi, 288, 290, 1027
aegyptius {Bacillus), 408 stellulatum, 289, 291, 1028
aegyptius (Haemophilus), 407, 408 tumefaciens, 288, 289, 292, 1020, 1027
aequatoria (Salmonella ser.), 378 agropyri {Aplanobacter) , 593
Aerobacter, 335, 341, 1018, 1019, 1020 agropyri (Corjmebacterium), 581, 593
aerogenes, 191, 341, 342, 345 ahuza (Salmonella ser.), 383
cloacae, 342, 343 akamushi (Rickettsia), 939
aerofaciens {Bacteroides), 558 akari (Rickettsia), 936, 944
aerofaciens (Eubacterium), 553, 558 akari (Rickettsia (Dermacentroxenus)) , 944
aerofoetidum (Clostridium), 637, 658 alabama (Salmonella ser.), 379
aerofoetidus {Bacillus), 658 alachua (Salmonella ser.), 383
aerogenes (Aerobacter), 191, 341, 342, 345 alactolyticum (Ramibacterium), 563, 565
aerogenes {Bacillus), 342 alba (Beggiatoa), 839, 841, 846
aerogenes {Bacterium) , 342 alba (Nocardia), 717, 734
aerogenes {Micrococcus), 474, 476 alba (Oscillatoria) , 839
aerogenes (Peptococcus), 474, 476 alba (Streptolrix) , 753
aerogenes {Staphylococcus), 474, 476 alba wax. uniserialis (Beggiatoa) , 843
aerogenes capsulatus {Bacillus), 666 albany (Salmonella ser.), 379
aerogenoides (Paracolobactrum), 207, 347 albensis (Vibrio), 230, 238
Aeromonas, 89, 189, 1018, 1022, 1026 albicans (Nocardia), 717, 729
hydrophila, 190, 191 albicans (Proactinomyces) , 729
liquefaciens, 190, 191, 193 albido-flava (Streptotrix) , 762
punctata, 190, 334 albidoflavus
763 (Streptomyces), 746, 755, 762,
salmonicida, 190, 192
aeruginosa (Pseudomonas), 90, 92, 99 albidus (Actinomyces) , 789
aeruginosum {Bacterium) , 99 albidus (Streptomyces), 749, 789
aestuarii (Desulfovibrio), 249 albilineans (Bacterium) , 179
aestuarii (Microspira) , 249 albilineans (Xanthomonas), 178, 179
africana (Nocardia), 717, 736 Albococcus , 464
ajricamis {Streptomyces) , 736 epidermidis, 466
agalactiae (Borrelomyces) , 918 alboflavus (Actinomyces) , 798
agaluctiae {Cupromyccs) , 918 alboflavus (Protaminobacter), 200, 201
agalactiae (Mycoplasma), 915, 918 alboflavus (Streptomyces), 750, 763, 798
agalactiae {Pleuropneumonia) , 918 albogilva (Cytophaga), 859, 861
agalactiae (Streptococcus), 510, 517 alboniger (Streptomyces), 748, 784
agalactiae contagiosae {Streptococcus) , 517 alboprecipitans (Pseudomonas), 96, 149
agalaxiae {Anulomyces) , 918 albosporeus (Actinomyces) , 800
Agarbacterium, 296, 322, 1018, 1024, 1026, albosporeus (Streptomyces), 750, 800
1027, 1028 albuquerque (Salmonella ser.), 381
amocontactum, 323, 325 albus (Actinomyces), 753
aurantiacum, 322, 323 albus (Micrococcus), 465
boreale, 323, 328 albus (Mycobacterium), 709
albiis (Mycococcus), 707, 708 Amoebobacter, 39, 44, 1032

albus (MyxococH-us), 886 bacillosus, 45
albus (I'niiM-tinmnijces), 734 granula, 45
roseus, 44, 45
albus {St(ii)hijl(H-occus), 465
albus (Streptomyces), 745, 753, 755, 763, 769, amylifera (Thiosphaerella) , 852, 853
788, 789 amylolyticum (Clostridium), 636, 649
albus subsp. all)idus (Mycococcus), 707, 708 amylosaccharobutylpropionicum (Clostri
albus subsp. lacHs (Mycococcus), 707, 709 dium), 636, 647
albus stnilis I Aiiinoniyces), 822 amylo-saccharo-butylpropylicum (Clostri
alcalesceus (Veillonella), 486, 487 dium), 647
alcalescens var. gingivalis (Veillonella), 488 amjdovora (Erwinia), 350, 351
alcalescens var. minutissima (Veillonella), amylovorus (Micrococcus) , 351
488 anaerobia (Saccharomonas) , 199
alcalescens var. syzygios (Veillonella), 488 anaerobia (Zymomonas), 199
anaerobicus (Bacillus), 660
Alcaligenes,
bookeri, 297,296,'
299 297, 1024, 1025, 1027, 1028 anaerobicus caproicus (Bacillus), 660
bronchisepticus , 403 anaerobicus minutus (Bacillus), 559
faecalis, 244, 297 anaerobicus parvus (Coccobacillus), 558
marshallii, 297, 300, 1024 anaerobiuiH (Ai-hnnnoluieter), 199
metalcaligenes, 297, 299 anaerobins (M i,-n,ci,criis) , 475, 479
recti, 297, 299 anaerobius (Peptucoccus), 475, 479
viscolactis, 297, 298 anaerobius (Peptostreptococcus), 533, 534
alcaligenes (Bacterium), 297 anaerobius (Streptococcus) , 534
alcaligenes {Vibrio), 244 anaerobius (Staphylococcus), 475, 479
aleuritidis {Bacterium), 138 anaerobius chromogenes (Bacillus) , 681
aleuritidis (Pseudomonas), 95, 97, 138 anaerobius micros (Streptococcus) , 537
alexi (Leptospira ser.), 912 anaerobius perfoetens (Cocco-Bacillus) , 426
alfalfae (Bacterium) , 171 ananas (Erwinia), 350, 356
alfaifae (Xanthomonas), 153, 155, 171 ananas (Pectobacterium) , 356
alginica (Alginomonas), 202, 204 ananas (Pseudomonas), 95, 96, 131
alginicunt. (Bacterium) , 204 Anaplasnia, 981
Aigiiiobacter, 335, 348, 1019 argcntinum, 981
acidofaciens, 348 centrale, 981, 982
Alginomonas, 89, 202, 1016, 1028 marginale, 981, 983
alginica, 202, 204 ovis, 981, 983
alginovora, 202, 203 rossicum, 981
fucicola, 202, 203, 1016 theileri, 981
nonfermentans, 202 ANAPLASMATACEAE, 934, 980
terrestralginica, 202, 203 ANAPLASMIDAE, 980
alginovora (Alginomonas), 202, 203 anapestifer (Pasteurella) , 397
alkalcscens (Bacillus), 388 anatipestifer (Pasteurella), 395, 397
(ilkiiU'Scens (Proshigella) , 388 anatipestifer (Pfeifferella) , 397
alkalescens (Shigella), 384, 388, 389 anatum (Salmonella ser.), 380
allandale (Salmonella ser.), 383 Ancyromonas ruminantium, 260
alliicola (Phiitomonas), 143 andaman A (Leptospira ser.), 910, 911
alliicola (Pseudomonas), 95, 96, 142 andoii (Vibrio), 230,240
(ilimiiii.^li (Actinomyces), 788 andropogoni (Bacterium), 149
a (I'un-ilhis), 548 andropogoni (Pseudomonas), 96, 149
altcnilorf (Salmonella ser.), 376 anginosus (Streptococcus), 510, 516
alvei (Bacillus), 615,626 Angiococcus, 855, 883, 889
alvei (Hafnia), 347 cellulosum, 889, 890
amager (Salmonella ser.), 380 disciformis, 889
amarillum (Plectridiiim) , 685 angulata (Pseudomonas), 94, 98, 121
ambigua (Pseudomonas), 92, 112 angulatum (Bacterium), 121
aml)igua (Shigella ser.), 391 annulata (Thiothrix), 844
(uribiguus (Bacillus), 112 annulatus (Actinomyces) , 755
amJiiguus (Bacterium, ser.), 391 annulatus (Streptothrix) , 755
umcricanus (Treponema) , 906 anodontae (Cristispira), 895, 896
amersfoort (Salmonella ser.), 377 anodontae (Spirochaeta) , 890
amethvstinimi (Chromobacterium), 291 anserina (Borrelia), 897, 898
umclinistinNx ( Barter iu ni) , 294 anKcriiiii [S/iiruchaetd) , 898
aiulKM-sliaiia ( Sahnoiirlla ser.), 379 anscriiiii (S/ii roscluutdi luiia) , 898
ainmntniigoHs (liartrrnim) , 499 anlari-tica (Nitrosospira), 70
ammoniagenes (Brevibacterium), 491, 499 anthracis (Bacillus), 614, 618
amocontactum (Agarbacterium), 323, 325 antibioticus (Actinomyces) , 774
amoconlactum (Flavobacierium) , 323, 325 antibioticus (Streptomyces), 747, 774, 779
IXDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES 1039
antimycoticus (Streptomyces), 750, 799 Arthromitus, 835, 991, 1004

antirrhini (Pseudomonas), 173 batrachorum, 836
antirrhini (Xanthomonas) , 153, 156, 173 cristatus, 835
anulata (Thiothrix), 843, 844 intestinalis, 835
auulatus (Streptomyces), 745, 755 nitidus, 835
Anulomyces, 914 articulata (Lineola), 833, 849
agalaxiae, 918 arvilla (Pseudomonas), 92, 113
Aphanothece clathratiforme, 63 asaccharolyiicus (Micrococcus) , 474, 476
luteola, 64 asaccharolyticus (Peptococcus), 474, 476
parallela, 64 asaccharolyticus (Staphylococcus) , 474, 476
sulphurica, 64 Ascococctis mesenteroides, 531
aphrophilus (Haemophilus), 407, 410 asplenii (Phytomonas) , 124
apiculatus (Choiidromyces), 880, 881 asplenii (Pseudomonas), 94, 96, 124
apii (Pseudomonas), 94, 98, 123 Asierococcus , 451, 914
Aplanobacter agropyri, 593 canis Type I, 920
cissicola, 140 canis type II, 920
insidiosum, 591 muris, 451
rathayi, 592 mycoides, 916
stizolohii, 142 mycoides var. capri, 917
aptata (Pseudomonas), 94, 99, 122 Asteroides, 713
aptatum (Bacterium), 122 asteroides (Cladothrix) , 718
aquamarinus (Achromobacter), 301, 304 asteroides (Nocardia), 713, 716, 718
aquaticus (Microcyclus), 253 Asteromyces, 914
aquatile (Flavobacterium), 309, 311 peripneumoniae bovis, 916
aqiiatilis (Bacillus), 311 astragali (Bacterium), 146
aquatilis {Flavobacterium) , 311 astragali (Pseudomonas), 96, 97, 146
arabinosum (Propionibacterium), 570, 575 aterrimus (Bacillus), 621
arabinosus (Lactobacillus), 549 ATHIORHODACEAE, 36, 37, 53
arabinotarda (Shigella ser.), 391 atlanta (Salmonella ser.), 381
arachnoidea (Beggiatoa), 839, 841 atlantica (Nocardia), 718, 741
arachnoidea (Oscillatoria), 839 atlanticus (Proactinomyces) , 741
arborescens (Flavobacterium), 310, 313 atrofaciens (Bacterium), 128
ARCHANGIACEAE, 854, 855, 857, 863 atrofaciens (Pseudomonas), 94, 96, 128
Archangiuni, 863 atroseptica (Erwinia), 350, 356
flavum, 864, 865 atrosepticum (Pectobacterium) , 356
gephyra, 863, 864, 876 atrosepticus (Bacillus), 356
primigenium, 864 aurantiaca (Cytophaga), 858, 859
primigenium var. assurgens, 865 aurantiaca (Sarcina), 468, 471
serpens, 864, 865 aurantiaca (Siigmatella) , 880
thaxteri, 864, 865 aurantiaca (Streptolrix) , 765
arechavaleta (Salmonella ser.), 376 aurantiacum (Agarbacterium), 322, 323
argentinum (Anaplasma), 981 aurantiacus (Actinomyces) , 765
arguta (Pseudomonas), 178, 182 aurantiacus (Chondromyces), 880
arizona (Salmonella), 347 aurantiacus var. frutescens (Chondromyces),
arizonae (Paracolobactrum), 347 881
aroideae (Bacillus), 357 aurantiacus (Streptomyces), 746, 765
aroideae (Erwinia), 350, 357 aurantibutyricum (Clostridium), 641, 682
aromaticus lactis (Bacillus), 320 aureofaciens (Streptomyces), 746, 762
arthritidis (M urimyces) , 921 aurescens (Arthrobacter), 606, 609
arthritidis (Mycoplasma), 916, 921 aurescens (Bacterittm) , 338
arthritidis muris (Pleuropneumonia) , 921 aurescens (Escherichia), 335, 338
Arthrobacter, 579, 605, 1000, 1009, 1017, aureum (Polyangium), 871, 875
1021, 1023, 1027 aureus (Actinomyces) , 778
aurescens, 606, 609 aureus (Micrococcus) , 465
citreus, 606, 611 aureus (Myxobacter) , 871
globiforme, 607, 1000, 1009, 1017, 1021, 1023, aureus (Staphylococcus), 464, 465
1027 aureus (Sterptomyces), 748, 778, 779
globiforme var. aurescens, 609 Aurococcus, 464
globiformis, 606, 607 aurogena (Cellulomonas), 602, 603
oxvdans, 606, 608 aurogenes (Cellulomonas), 603
pascens, 606, 607 aurogenus (Bacillus), 603
simplex, 606, 608 austin (Salmonella ser.), 377
terregens, 607, 611 australis (Ixodoxenus) , 944
tumescens, 606, 610 australis A (Leptospira ser.), 909, 911
ureafaciens, 606, 610 australis B (Leptospira ser.), 909, 911
ARTHROMITACEAE, 830, 835 australis (Rickettsia), 936, 944
ausiralis (Rickettsia {Dermacentroxenus)), botulimis, 654

944 brevis, 315, 615, 630
autumnalis (Leptsopira ser.), 909 bronchicanis , 403
autumnalis (A) (Leptospira ser.), 909, 911 bronchisepticns, 403
autumnalis (AB) (Leptospira ser.), 909, 911 brxmneus, 494
avidum (Corynebacterium), 581, 596 brunneus rigensis, 317
avidns (Bacter aides), 596 buchneri, 550
avium (M^ycobacterium), 696, 702, 704 bulgaricus, 546
axoiiopodis (Xanthomonas), 154, 174 bullosus, 450
Azotobacter, 283, 995, 1015 cadaver is, 672
chroococcum, 283 cadaveris sporogenes, 672
indicus, 284 cadaveris sporogenes (anaerobicus), 672
spirillum, 257 campestris, 159
AZOTOBACTERACEAE, 281, 283 canalis parvus, 315
AZOBACTERIACEAE, 281, 283 capillosus, 433
Azotomonas, 89, 198, 1015, 1018 capitovalis, 672
fluorescens, 198 carnis, 690
insolita, 198 carotovorus, 355
casei a (alpha) , 548
babylonensis (Borrelia), 898, 903 casei € (epsilon), 545
babylonensis (Spirochaeta) , 903 casez 7 (gamma) , 551
BACILLACEAE, 282, 613 caucasicus, 544
bacilliformis (Bartonella), 969, 970 caudatus, 180
baciliiformis [Bartonia), 970 cellaseus, 602
bacillosus (Amoebobacter), 45 celhilosae dissolvens, 688, 689
Bacillus, 19, 20, 542, 613, 927, 1008, 1015 cellulosam Jermentans, 686
A, 546 cereus, 207, 614, 617, 623
ahortivo-equinus , 374 cereus mr. mycoides, 614, 617
abortivus, 374 ceylanensis B, 390
abortivus equinus, 374 chitinovorus , 330
abortus, 405 chlor or aphis , 103
abortus equi, 374 circulans, 615, 628
abortus equinus, 374 citrimaculans , 358
acidilactici , 338 cloacae, 343
acidi propionici, 576 coagulans, 614, 622, 623
acidi urici, 671 cochlearius, 670
acidophilus, 545 cohaerens, 112
acnes, 595 coZx, 336
actinoides, 417 coZz communior, 338
adenitis equi, 514 columnaris , 889
aegyptius, 408 delbriickii, 547
aerojoetidus , 658 delicatulus, 303
aerogenes, 342 delphinii, 123
aerogenes capsulatus, 666
alkalescens, 388 denitrificans fluorescens , 116
denitrificans II, 115
a (alpha), 548 devorans, 320
alvei, 615, 626 diaphthirus, 669
ambiguus, 112
anaerobicus , 660 difficilis, 645
anaerobicus caproicus, 660 diffus7is, 317
anaerobicus minutus, 559 diphthcriae, 581
anaerobius chromogenes, 681 diphtheriae vitulorum, 443
disciformans, 559
anthracis, 614, 618
dispar, 389, 390
aquatilis, 311 dormitator, 314
aroideae, 357
aromaticus lactis, 320 duplex, 419
alerrimus, 621 dysenteriae, 384
atrosepticus, 356 ^, 666
aurogenus, 603 emphysematosus , 666
badius, 615, 623 enteritidis, 371
belfantii, 679 enzymicxis, 583
biazoteus, 602 equirulis, 415
bifermentans, 665 equuli, 415 336
bifermentans sporogenes, 665 escherichii,
bifidus, 546 extorquens, 243
bifidus communis, 546 faecalis alcaligenes, 297, 299
bookeri, 299 Jairmontensis, 102
INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES 1041
fallax, 645 macerans, 615, 626

felsineus, 682 mallei, 417
firmus, 615, 621 manihotus, 176
flavidus, 584 megaterium, 614, 616
flavigena, 604 megatherium, 616
floccosus, 449 membranaceus amethyslinus , 294
fluorescens convexus, 109 methanicus, 74
flnorescens incognitus , 108 milletiae, 352
fluorescens liquefaciens, 105 moniliformis, 566
fluorescens non liquefaciens, 110 morgani, 366
fluorescens ovalis, 108 mortiferus, 447
fluorescens putidus, 107 mucosas ozaenae, 345
fluorescens schuylkilliensis, 104 multifermentans tenalbus, 643
multiforynis, 568
fluorescens se-pticus, 106
foedans, 553 mycoides, 617
fragilis, 425 mycoides corallinus, 724
fulvus, 494 neapolitanus , 338
fundtiliformis, 443 necrogenes, 445
furcosus, 426 necrophorus, 443
fuscus, 496 necroticus, 445
fusiformis, 437 nephritidis equi, 415
galbus, 604 niger, 621
gallinarum, 375 nitrogenes, 115
7 (gamma), 551 novyi, 652
gelaticus, 119 ochraceus, 181
gelidus, 604 oedematis maligni Aô. II, 652
geniculalus, 105 oedematis thermophilus, 652
gigas, 653 oligocarbophilus , 77
glutinosus, 434 omelianskii, 687
gonidiaformans, 447 osteomyelitis bubalorum, 654
gracilis ethylicus, 556 ozaenae, 345
gracilis putidus, 429 pantothenicus, 615, 632
guttatus, 305 pantothenticus , 632
haemoglobinophilus catiis, 412 pantotrophus , 75
halobixis ruber, 210 paradysenteriae, 387
hastilis, 437 para-pertussis, 403
haumani, 685 paraputrificus , 669
helminthoides , 560 paratyphi abortus avis, 374
helvolus, 502 paratyphi alcaligenes, 373
hemoglobinophilus coryzae gallinarum, 409 paratyphosus, 373
hemolyticus , 651 parvus liquefaciens, 595
histolyticus, 690 pasteurii, 615, 633
hoagii, 583 perfringens, 665, 666
hydrophilus, 191 pestifer, 306
hydrophilus fuscus, 191 phaseoli, 166
inconstans , 367 phlegmones emphysematosae , 666
indicus, 361 phosphorescens , 194, 195, 238
influenzaeformis , 448 pierantonii, 239
insidiosus, 599 pneumoniae, 344
invisibilis, 321 poeciloides, 559
iacîs aczdz, 544 polymyxa, 615, 625
Zaciis harrisonii, 317 popilliae, 615, 632
Zaciz's niger, 621 pseudodiphtheria, 580
iacizs No. 1, 630 pseudomallei , 100
Zacit's viscosus, 298 pseudoramosus , 565
lacunatus, 419
larvae, 615, 631 pseudo-tetanus,
pseudotuberculosisType
, 584Nô. IX, 677
laterosporus, 615, 629, 630 pseudotuberculosis mxirium, 587
leichmanni I, 548 pseudotuberkulosis , 399
lentimorbus, 615, 632 pulvifaciens, 615, 629
leiitus, 615, 624 pumilus, 614, 622
leprae, 706 punctatus, 190
licheniformis, 614, 619 piisilus, 603
liquefaciens, 301 putidus, 107, 429
liquefaciens pyogenes bovis, 585 putredinis, 430
liquidus, 302 putrefaciens , 678
luteum, 457
pyocyaneus, 99
pyocya7ieus saccharuni , 129 violaceum, 294
pyogenes, 585 bacterifera (Cylindrogloea), 66
pyogenes anaerobivs, 448 Bacterium, 19, 1018
ramosoides, 564 abortus, 406
ramosus, 563 abortus ovis, 374
regularis filiformis, 668 flceî, 185, 542
renalis bovis, 586 acetosum, 185
rhenanus, 316 acidi propionici a, 570
rw6er balticus, 363 actciz propionici b, 575
rubropertinctiis, 726 acz'dt propionici c, 574
rugosus, 109 acidt propionici d, 571
saccharobutyricus, 662 actoî propionici var. rubrum, 572
saprogenes, 673 acidulum, 605
saprogenes carnis, 673 actinomycetem comitans, 416
schottnmelleri , 373 aerogenes, 342
septicaemiae anserum exsudativae, 397 aeruginosum, 99
septicaemiae haemorrhagicae, 396 albilineans, 179, 1016
septicus, 650 alcaligenes, 297
serpens, 436 aleuritidis, 138
shigae, 384 alfalfae, 171
smaragdinus foetidus, 107 alginicum, 204
smegmatis, 697 ser. ambiguus, 391
solanacearum, 144 aniethystimis, 294
sphaericus, 615, 633 ammoniagenes , 499
sphenoides, 666 andropogoni, 149
stearothermophilus, 615, 627 angulatum, 121
striatus albus, 584 aptatuyn, 122
striatus fiaviis , 584 astragali, 146
striatus viridis, 107 atrofaciens, 128
subterminalis , 662 aurescens, 338
subtilis, 18, 613, 614, 620 begoniae, 158
subtilis var. aterrimus, 614, 621 fee</e, 137
subtilis var. niger, 614, 621 bipolar e multocidum, 396
superficialis , 306 fcoreaZe, 323, 328
tenuis spatuliformis, 567 bovista, 79
terebrans, 428 bronchisepticus, 403
tertius, 691 calcis, 119
tetani, 676 calendulae, 140
tetanoides (A), 675 canale, 315
tetanomorphus , 677 cannae, 177
thetaiotaomicron, 427 cassavae, 352
thetoides, 443 castaneae, 144
thuringiensis, 614, 619 cattleyae, 148
tortuosus, 555 ceramicola, 323, 327
tracheiphilus, 353 chauvoei, 650
trichoides, 427 cholerae suis, 370
tuberculosis, 701 cloacae, 343
tuberculosis gallinarum, 704 coil, 336
tuberculosis ovis, 384 coZi var. acidilactici , 338
<2/p/ii, 372 coZi commune, 338
iypM abdominalis, 372 coK var. communior, 338
<2/pAi murium, 371 coZz var. neapolitanum , 338
typhosus, 372 conjunctivitidis , 420
ulceris cancrosi, 412 conjunctivitis, 420
variabilis, 435 coronafaciens , 124
variegatus, 436 cristalliferum, 79, 80
vascularum, 169 cucurbitae, 161
venturelli, 679 cycloclastes , 305
vitivora, 351 cylindroides , 433
welchii, 666 deZessenae, 323, 328
whitmori, 100 destillationis, 434
Z, 631 duplex, 419
BACTERIACEAE, 33 eriobotryae, 151
BACTERIALES, 33 erythrogenes , 493
Bacteridium, 20 eurydice, 308
fimi, 603 ozaenae, 345

flaccumfaciens, 594 panaxi, 137
formosanum, 140
panici, 175
fragi, 110 panici-miliacei, 151
freundii, 339 papavericola, 170
fucicola, 203 parapelomyxae, 929
funduliforme, 443 pnraiuberculosis, 705
globiforme, 607 paralyphi, 373
granii, 241 parvulum, 309
granuliformans , 441 pelargoni, 165
granulosis, 421
giimmisudans, 174 pes^z's, 398 150
petasitis,
gypsophilne, 289
haenuxjlohinophilus, 412 phormicola,
p/a^, 399 172
hidobium, 210 phosphor escens, 194, 195
Aeo/n, 500 piscatorum, 363
hederae, 172
plyinuthicum, 362
helianthi, 148 pneumonie crouposae, 344
helvolum, 502 pneumosintes, 441
hepatis, 598 polysiphoniae, 323, 327
holcicola, 163 pseudotsugae, 290
hoshigaki var. glucuronicum I, II and III, pseudozoogloeae, 131
188
pidlorum, 375
hoshigaki var. rosea, 188 punctans sulfureum, 502
hyacinthi, 156 punctatum, 190
hydrosulfureum ponticum, 248 pyosepticum viscosum, 415
immotum, 497
imperiale, 501 qualis, 499 147
radiciperda,
incertum, 500 rancens, 185, 186
industrium var. hoshigaki, 188 recii, 299
influenzae, 407 renale, 586
influenzae murium, 411 retifortnans, 80
insectiphilium, 494 rettgeri, 367
iophagum, 302 rhodomelne, 322, 324
iridicola, 146 ricini, 166
janthinum, 295 ricinicola, 167
kiliense, 363 salicis, 352
kutscheri, 587 salmonicida, 192
kutzingianum , 187 savastanoi, 139
lachrymans , 125 sepedonicum , 591
Zaciis, 525 setariae, 135
iaciis erythrogenes, 493 simiae, 422
iacî's tnarshalli, 300 smaragdinum, 107
ligustri, 134 sociovivum, 497
linens, 492 solar e, 314
lipolyticus , 589 sonnei, 389
lutescens, 314 stewarti, 178, 1016, 1021
maculicolum, 125 striafaciens, 132
marginale, 135 striatum, 584
marinopiscosus, 498 stutzeri, 115
martyniae, 130 tabacum, 132
matthiolae, 130 tardicrescens, 179, 1016, 1019, 1026
maublancii, 147 tegumenticola , 498
m; c Z« h ; « or/e /i /c ;/.»(, 429 terrestralginicum, 203
minuiijcruln, 496 thiogenes, 87
mirabiiis, 366 tomato, 128
monocytogenes, 598 tonellianum, 139
morgani, 366 translucens, 168
7?iorz, 142 trapanicum, 211
mucosum, 435 tuberculosis, 701
multocidum, 396 tularense, 400
nakatae, 170 tumefaciens, 289
nectarophilum, 141 (Eberthella) typhi, 372
nigromaculans, 174 typhosum,
nitrobacter , 72 udum, 605 372
oxydans, 185, 189 vesicatorium, 169
viridilividum , 122 flexibilis, 848, 849

viscosum equi, 415 mobilis, 849
vitians, 157 Bactridium lipolyticum, 501
vulgar e, 365 badius (Bacillus), 615, 623
wieringae, 151 badrii (Xanthomonas), 153, 155, 173
woodsii, 150 bafani {Leptospira ser.), 912
Z, 631 Bakterium lactis aerogenes, 342
xanthochlorum , 1 38 balbianii (Cristispira), 895
xylinum, 186 balbianii (Trypanosoma), 895
zopfi, 504 ball (Salmonella ser.), 377
5ACTE]
BACTEROIDACEAE, 282, 423, 424 ballum (Leptospira ser.), 909, 911, 912
Bacteroides, 424, 1030 balustinum (Flavobacterium), 310, 313
aerojaciens, 558 banalia (Salmonella ser.), 378
avidus, 596 banana (Salmonella ser.), 377
biformis, 557 bangkinang (Leptospira se;-.), 909, 911
capillosus, 425, 433, 1030 barbareae (Xanthomonas), 152, 155, 158
catenaforrnis , 562 bareilly (Salmonella ser.), 378
caviae, 449 barker! (Pseudomonas), 95, 98, 136, 141
coagulans, 425, 430, 1030 barkeri (Sarcina), 468, 470
convexus, 425, 430 barkerii (Sarcina), 470
cylindroides, 425, 433, 1030 Bartonella, 969, 1001, 1027
destillationis, 425, 434, 1029 bacilliformis, 969, 970
distasonis, 425, 433, 1030 bovis, 976
exiguus, 425, 431, 1030 canis, 976
floccosus, 449 muris, 973
fragilis, 424, 425, 1030 muris ratti, 973
freundii, 447 sergenti, 976
funduliformis, 443 sturmani, 976
furcosus, 424, 426, 1030 tyzzeri, 975
glutinosus, 425, 434, 1029 BARTONELLACEAE, 934, 968, 1015
gonidiaformans , 447 Bartonia, 969
gulosus, 446 bacilliformis, 970
halosmophilus, 424, 428, 1030 bataviae (Leptospira ser.), 910, 911
inaequalis, 444 batrachorum (Arthromitus), 836
incommunis, 424, 426 batrachorum (Micrococcus), 929
insolitiis, 424, 427 baudeti (Actinobacterium) , 743
lentus, 559 baudeti (Actinomyces) , 743
limosus, 556 baudetii (Actinomyces), 742, 743
melaninogenicus, 425, 429 beddardii (Actinomyces), 817
minutus, 559 beddardii (Streptomyces), 753, 817
niosii, 554 Beggiatoa, 19, 271, 837, 838, 841, 991, 1004
ovatus, 425, 430 alba, 839, 841, 846
perfoetens, 424, 426, 1030 alba var. uniserialis, 843
putidus, 424, 429, 1030 arachnoidea, 839, 841
putredinis, 425, 430, 1030 gigantea, 839, 840
'pyogenes, 448 leptomitiformis, 839, 841
recialis, 554 maxima, 840
russii, 448 minima, 839, 840
serpens, 425, 436, 1029 mirabilis, 839, 840
siccus, 445 ■multiseptata, 274
succinogenes, 425, 434, 1030 nivea, 843
tenuis, 567 punctata, 839
terebrans, 424, 428 roseo-versicina, 49
thetaiotaomicron, 424, 427 BEGGIATOACEAE, 36, 37, 837, 854, 857
trichoides, 424, 427 BEGGIATOALES, 11, 13, 34, 837
tumidus, 425, 431, 1030 beggiatoides (Vitreoscilla), 845, 846
uncatus, 425, 431, 1030 begoniae (Bacterium), 158
uniformis, 425, 432, 1030 begoniae (Xanthomonas), 152, 155, 158
variabilis, 425, 435 Beijerinckia, 285
variegatus, 425, 436, 1029, 1030 beijerinckii (Clostridium), 635, 643
varius, 444 beijerinckii (Pseudomonas), 93, 121
beijerinckii (Vibrio), 230, 240
vescus, 440 belem (Salmonella ser.), 378
viscosus, 425, 435, 1029 belfantii (Bacillus), 679
vulgatus, 425, 432 beifantii (Clostridium), 640, 679
Bactoscilla, 837, 845, 848, 1004, 1007 Beneckea, 296, 328, 1026, 1027
chitinovora, 329, 330 bookeri (Bacillus), 299

hvpcroptica, 329, 330 borbeck (Salmonella ser.), 381
imiolthetica, 329, 331 Bordelella, 394, 402, 1025, 1028
labra, 328, 329 bronchiseptica, 403
lipophaga, 329, 331 parapertussis, 402, 403, 1024
ureasophora, 329 pertussis, 402, 1024, 1025
benjamin (Leptospira ser.), 909, 911 borealo (Agarbacterium), 323, 328
berbera (Borrelia), 897, 899 horealc (Bacterium), 323, 328
berbera {Spv-ochncta), 899 i)()reopolis (i^scudomonas), 90, 101
berberidis (Phytomonas), 124 l)orincana (Leptospira ser.), 912
berberidis (Pseudomonas), 94, 97, 124 Borrelia, 19, 896, 897, 999
berkelej^ (Salmonella ser.), 383 anserina, 897, 898
berolinensis (Vibrio), 229, 233 babylonensis, 898, 903
berta (Salmonella ser.), 379 berbera, 897, 899
bessonii (Kurthia), 504, 505 brasiliensis, 898, 902
bessoni (Listerella), 505 buccalis, 897, 902
Betabacterium, 542 carteri, 897, 899
breve, 551 caucasica, 897, 901
veniiijorme, 217 crocidurae, 898, 903
belae (Phytonionas), 151 dipodilli, 898, 903
beticola (Xanthomonas), 152, 155, 157 dugesii, 898, 902
belle (Bacterium) , 137 duttonii, 897, 899, 900, 901, 904
betle (Pseudomonas), 95, 98, 136 glossinae, 898, 902
betlicola (Xanthomonas), 152, 155, 158 graingcri, 898, 903
biacutum (Fusobacterium), 427, 440 harvovi, S98, 904
l)iazotea (Cellulomonas), 602 hermsii, 897, 899
biazoteus {Bacillus), 602 hispanica, 897, 899
bifermentans (Bacillus), 665 hyos, 898, 903
bifermentans (Clostridium), 638, 665 kochii, 897, 901
bifermentans sporogenes (Bacillus), 665 latyschewii, 898, 903
bifidus (Bacillus), 546 neotropicalis, 900
bifidus (Lactobacillus), 543, 546 novyi, 897, 901
bifidus communis (Bacillus), 546 parkeri, 897, 900
biflexa (Leptospira), 907, 913 persica, 897, 901
biflexa (Spirochaeta) , 907, 913 recurrentis, 897, 898, 899, 901, 902, 904
biforme (Eubacterium), 553, 557 refringens, 897, 902
biformis (Bacteroides) , 557 theileri, 898, 904
bikiniensis (Streptomyces), 747, 773 turicatae, 897, 901, 903
binza (Salmonella ser.), 380 venezuelensis, 897, 900
bipolare nudtocidum (Bacterium) , 396 vincentii, 897, 902
bi punctata (Macromonas), 80, 81 Borrelomyces, 13, 914
bipunctata (Pseudomonas), 81 agalactiae, 918
bipunctata (Thiospira), 82 bovigenilalium, 918
bipunctatum (Spirillum) , 82 gulliuanun, 923
birkenhead (Salmonella ser.), 377 p( rl iHKiniioniae, 916
liispebjerg (Salmonella ser.), 376 pi rl piH innoniae caprae, 917
black wcllii [Actinomyces), 731 BOh'h'KJJtMYCETACEAE, 10, 914
hlackwellii (Nocardia), 717, 731 BORh'KLOM YCETALES, 914
blanci (Rickettsia), 943 botryoides (Siderocapsa), 218, 220
blarinae (Haemobartonella), 973, 977 l)otulinum (Clostridium), 637, 654
blasticus (Chondrococcus), 887, 888 botulinus (Bacillus), 654
Blastocaulis, 279, 993, 1000 bovi genitalis (Pleuropneumonia) , 918
sphaerica, 279 bovigenitalium (Borrelomyces) , 918
bleadon (Salmonella ser.), 382 l)ovigenitalium (Mycoplasma), 915, 918
blegdam (Salmonella ser.), 379 Bovimyces, 914
blukwa (Salmonella ser.), 382 pleuropneumoniae , 916
bobili (Actinomyces) , 765 bovis (Actinomyces), 742, 743
bobiliae (Streptomj'ces), 746, 765 bovis (Bartonella) , 976
bodjonegoro (Salmonella ser.), 383 bovis (Corynebacterium), 580, 589
boecker (Salmonella ser.), 381 bovis (Ehrlichia), 949
boletus (Melittangium), 879 bovis (Kurlovia (Ehrlichia)) , 950
boletus (Podangium), 878, 879 bovis (Haemobartonella), 972, 976
bolton (Salmonella ser.), 380 bovis (Hemophilus), 420
bonariensis (Salmonella ser.), 378 bovis (Miyagawaiiella), 962, 967
bonn (Salmonella ser.), 377 bovis (Moraxella), 419, 420
bookeri (Alcaligenes), 297, 299 bovis (Mycobacterium), 696, 702
bovis (Pleuropneumonia) , 916 bronchisepticus (Haemophilus) 403

bovis (Rickettsia), 949 bronx (Salmonella ser.), 378
bovis (Rickettsiaformis) , 967 Brucella, 394, 404, 1024
bovis (Ricolesia), 960 abortus, 404, 405, 406
bovis (Streptococcus), 511, 520 bronchiseptica, 403
bovismorbificans (Salmonella se?-.), 378 melitensis, 404, 405
bovista (Bacterium) , 79 suis, 404, 406
bovista (Thiobacterium), 79 BRUCELLACEAE, 282, 394
bowlesiae (Pseudomonas), 95, 99, 134 brunneum (Brevibacterium), 491, 494
bowlesii (Phytonwnas), 134 brunneus {Bacillus), 494
boydii (Shigella), 384, 386, 387, 389 brunneus (Chondromj^ces), 880, 881
boydii (Shigella ser.), 386, 392 brunneus rigensis (Bacillus), 317
braenderup (Salmonella ser.), 377 bubalorum (Clostridium), 654
brancaster (Salmonella ser.), 377 buccalis (Borrelia), 897, 902
brandenburg (Salmonella ser.), 376 buccalis (Spirochaeta) , 902
branhamii (Micrococcus), 487 buchneri (Bacillus), 550
brasiliensis (Borrelia), 898, 902 buchneri (Lactobacillus), 544, 550
brasiliensis (Rickettsia), 941 budapest (Salmonella ser.), 376
brazil (Salmonella ser.), 382 bufo (Agarbacterium), 323, 327
brazzaville (Salmonella ser.), 377 bulgaricus (Bacillus), 546
bredeney (Salmonella ser.), 376 bulgaricus (Lactobacillus), 543, 546
breve (Betabacterium), 551 buUata (Mycoplana) , 205
breve (Flavobacterium), 310, 315 bullosus (Bacillus), 450
BREVIBACTERIACEAE, 282, 490 bullosus (Sphaerophorus), 443, 450
Brevibacterium, 490, 1010, 1011 burneti (Coxiella) , 947
acetylicum, 492, 502 burneti (Rickettsia (CoxieUa)) , 947
ammoniagenes, 491, 499 burneti (Burnetia (Dyera)), 947
brunneum, 491, 494 burneti (Rickettsia), 947
ervthrogenes, 491, 493 burneti var. americana (Rickettsia), 947
fulvum, 491, 494 burneti vnr. capriua (Rickettsia) , 947
fuscum, 491, 496 burneti va,r. diaporica (Burnetia (Dyera)), 947
healii, 492, 500, 1011 burneti var. henzerling (Rickettsia) , 947
helvolum, 492, 502 Burnetia, 946, 947
immotum, 491, 497 (Dyera) burneti, 947
imperiale, 492, 501 (Dyera) burneti var. diaporica, 947
incertum, 492, 500 (Rocha-Limae) weigli, 946
insectiphilium, 491, 494 (Rocha-Limae) ivolhynica, 946
linens, 491, 492 burnetii (Coxiella), 933, 940, 947
lipolyticum, 492, 501 bury (Salmonella ser.), 376
marinopiscosum, 491, 498 butantan (Salmonella ser.), 380
maris, 491, 495 butembo (Leptospira ser.), 912
minutiferula, 491, 496 butylicum (Clostridium), 635, 642
quale, 491, 499 butylicum (Granulobacter) , 643
sociovivum, 491, 497 butyri (Achromobacter), 301, 307
stationis, 491, 498 butyri-aromafaciens (Micrococcus) , 307
sulfureum, 492, 502, 1010 Butvribacterium, 569, 577, 1012, 1013
tegumenticola, 491, 498 rettgeri, 577, 597, 1012, 1013
vitarumen, 491, 495 butyriciun (Clostridium), 635, 642
brevicale (Mycobacterium) , 710 butyricum iodophilum (Clostridium) , 644
brevipes (Myxococcus), 886
brevis (Bacillus), 315 cacaoi (Actinomyces) , 792
brevis (Flavobacterium) , 315 cacaoi (Streptomyces), 749, 792
brevis (Lactobacillus), 217, 544, 551 cadaveris (Bacillus), 672
brevis (Siderobacter), 226 cadaveris (Clostridium), 639, 672
briensis (Nitrosospira), 70 cadaveris (Plectridium) , 672
bristol (Salmonella ser.), 381 cadaveris sporogenes (IBacillus), 672
hrourlnnmis (Bacillus), 403 cadaveris sporogenes (anaerobicus) (Bacillus),
br<)ncli(ij)>ii inii(ini(U' (Ehrlichia), 964 672
bronrliDpni'innnuiiU- maris (Cystidiutn) 964 cairina (Salmonella ser.), 380
bronchopneumoniae (Miyagawanella), 962, Cairo (Salmonella ser.), 376
964 cajani (Xanthomonas), 153, 155, 159
bronchiseptica (Bordetella), 402, 403 calciprecipitans (Pseudomonas), 93, 119
bronchiseptica (Brucella) , 403 calcis (Bacteriiim) , 119
bronchisepticus (Alcaligenes) 403 calcis (Pseudomonas), 93, 119
bronchisepticus (Bacillus) 403 calendulae (Bacterium), 140
bronchisepticus (Bacterium) 403 calendulae (Pseudomonas), 95, 97, 140
California (Salmonella ser.), 376 carateum (Treponema), 905, 906

californicus {Actinomyces) , 759 carbonei (Clostridium) , 641, 684
californicus (Streptomj'ces), 745, 755, 759 Car boxy domonas, 74, 77, 1008
calligyrum (Treponema), 904, 905 oligocarbophila, 77
caloritolerans (Clostridium), 640, 674 carmel (Salmonella ser.), 382
Calynimatobacteriuni, 418, 1015 carnegieana (Erwinia), 350, 354
granulomatis, 418 carnis {Bacillus), 690
Cambridge (Salmonella ser.), 380 carnis (Clostridium), 642, 690
campestris {Bacillus), 159 carnosus {Actinomyces) , 805
campestris (Xanthomonas), 152, 155, 159, carnosus (Streptomyces), 751, 805
163 carotovorum {Pectobacterium) , 355
canale {Bacterium) , 315 carotae {Phytomonas) , 171
canali.^ p<irnis (Bacillus), 315 carotae (Xanthomonas), 153, 156, 171
canastcl (Salmonella ser.), 379 carotovora (Erwinia), 334, 350, 355
candicdiis [Micrococcus), 709 carotovorus {Bacillus), 355
Candida {Streptothrix) , 797 carrau (Salmonella ser.), 382
candidus {Actinomyces) , 797 carteri (Borrelia), 897, 899
candidus (Micrococcus) , 456, 458 carteri {Spirochaeta) , 899
candidus (Streptomyces), 750, 766, 797 Caryococcus, 926, 927, 1001
canescens (Streptomyces), 747, 768 cretus, 927
canicola {Leptospira), 277, 907 dilatator, 928
canicola (Leptospira ser.), 909, 911 hypertrophicus, 927
cants {Type I) {Asterococcus) , 920 invadens, 928
canis {Type II) {Asterococcus) , 920 nucleophagus, 928
canis {Bartonella) , 976 CARYOPHANACEAE, 830
canis I {Canomyces) , 920 CARYOPHANALES, 11, 12, 34, 830
canis II {Canomyces) , 920 Caryophanon, 830, 831, 991, 995, 1004
canis (Ehrlichia), 949 latum, 831, 832
canis {Ehrlichia {Rickettsia)) , 949 tenue, 832
canis {Kurlovia {Ehrlichia)), 949 caryophylli {Phytomonas) , 143
canis (Haemobartonella), 973, 974, 976 caryophylli (Pseudomonas), 95, 96, 143
canis (Mycoplasma), 915, 919 casei {Actinomyces) , 804
canis {Nicollea), 949 casei a {Bacillus), 548
canis {Rickettsia), 949 casei e {Bacillus) , 545
cannae {Bacterium), 111 casei y {Bacillus), 551
cannae (Xanthomonas), 154, 177 casei (Lactobacillus), 543, 548
canoga (Salmonella ser.), 380 casei {Streptobacterium) , 548
Canomyces canis I, 920 casei (Streptomyces), 751, 804
canis II, 920 Caseobacterium vulgare, 548
pulmonis 1 , 920 caseolyticus (Micrococcus), 456, 460
pulmonis II, 920 cassavae {Bacterium) , 352
capillosa {Ristella) , 433 cassavae (Erwinia), 350, 352
capillosus {Bacillus), 433 cassiae (Xanthomonas), 153, 155, 159
capillosus (Bacteroides), 425, 433 castaneae {Bacterium), 144
capitovale (Clostridium), 639, 672 castaneae (Pseudomonas), 95, 97, 144
capitovalis {Bacillus), 672 castellanii {Castellanus) , 390
capitovalis {Clostridium) , 672 catarrhalis {Micrococcus) , 483
caprae (Nocardia), 716, 721 catarrhalis (Neisseria), 481, 483
caprae (Ricolesia), 960 Catenabacterium, 542, 560, 1012, 1013
caprae {Streptothrix) , 721 catenaforme, 560, 562, 1013
capri {Pleuropneumonia), 917 contortum, 560, 561, 1012
caproicum (Clostridium), 638, 660 filamentosum, 560, 561, 1012
Capromyces agalactiae, 918 helminthoides, 560, 1012
Capsularis, 425 leptothricoides, 562, 1013
mucosus, 435 leptotrichoides, 560, 562
variabilis, 435 lottii, 560, 562, 1013
capsulata (Rhodopseudomonas), 54, 56, 57, nigrum, 560, 562, 1013
58 catenaforme (Catenabacterium), 560, 562
capsulatum {Rhodobacterium) , 55 catenajormis {Bacteroides) , bQ2
capsulatum {Rhodonostoc) , 56 catenata (Naumanniella), 224
capsulatus (Mycococcus), 708, 710 catenula (Vitreoscilla), 845, 847
capsnkduH (Rhodopseudomonas) , 56 catenulatus (Chondromyces), 880, 882
capsulatus (Rhodococcus), 57 caltleyae {Bacterium), 148
capsulatus subsp. mucosus (Mycococcus), cattleyae (Pseudomonas), 96, 97, 148
708, 710 caucasica (Borrelia), 897, 901
Caracas (Salmonella ser.), 381 caucasica {Spirochaeta) , 901
caucasicus (Bacillus) , 544 cerebriformis (Chondrococcus), 887, 889

caucasicus (Lactobacillus), 543, 544 cerebriformis (Myxococcus) , 889
caudata (Pseudomonas), 178, 180 cerebri-muris (Pleuropneumonia) , 922
caudatus (Bacillus) , 180 cereus (Bacillus), 207, 614, 617, 618, 623
Caulobacter, 212, 213, 214, 1005 cereus var. mj'coides (Bacillus), 614, 617
vibrioides, 213 cerevisiae (Pediococcus), 529, 530
CAULOBACTERACEAE, 67, 212, 214 cerevisiae (Pseudomonas), 178, 181
C AULOB ACTERALES , 212 cerro (Salmonella ser.), 382
CAULOBACTERIACEAE, 35 Cexiella, 947
CAULOBACTER! ALES, 212 diaporica, 947
C AULOB ACT ERIINEAE, 212 ceylanensis B (Bacillus), 390
caviae (Bacteroides) , 449 ceylonensis (Shigella ser.), 393
caviae (Neisseria), 481, 484 chalcea (Micromonospora), 822
caviae (Nocardia), 717, 733 chalcea (Streptothrix) , S22
caviae (Pseudomonas), 90, 101 champaign (Salmonella ser.), 383
caviae (Sphaerophorus), 443, 449 chandans (Salmonella ser.), 381
caviae (Streptobacillus) , 449 chauvie (Clostridium) , 650
celebensis (Pseudomonas), 175 chauvoei (Bacterium) , 650
celebensis (Xanthomonas) , 154, 175 chauvoei (Clostridium), 636, 650
cellasea (Cellulomonas), 602 Chester (Salmonella ser.), 376
cellaseus (Bacillus), 602 Chicago (Salmonella ser.), 382
celledoni (Leptospira ser.), 912 chingola (Salmonella ser.), 381
Cellfalcicula, 228, 252, 1017 chitinovora (Beneckea), 329, 330
fusca, 253 chitinovorus (Bacillus) , 330
mucosa, 252 chittagong (Salmonella ser.), 380
viridis, 252 Chlamydia, 958
cellobioparum (Clostridium), 641, 687 oculogenitalis, 959
cellobioparus (Clostridium) , 687 trachomatis, 958
cellulofiavus (Streptomyces), 746, 764 CHLAMYDIACEAE, 934, 957
Cellulomonas, 579, 601, 1010, 1017, 1019, CHLAMYDOBACTERIACEAE, 262
1021, 1023, 1028 CHLAMYDOBACTERIALES, 10, 12, 33,
acidula, 602, 605 262
aurogena, 602, 603 Chlamydothrix epiphytica, 267
aurogenes, 603 longissima, 851
biazotea, 602 sideropoiis, 265, 266
cellasea, 602 thermalis, 266
fima, 603 trichogenes, 269
fimi, 602, 603 CHLAMYDOZOACEAE, 957
flavigena, 602, 604, 1010 Chlamydozoon columbi, 963
galba, 602, 604 conjunctivae, 959
gelida, 602, 604 conjunctivae-bovis , 960
pusila, 603 conjunctivae galli, 960
pusilla, 602, 603 Jelis, 965 964
uda, 602, 605 hominis,
cellulosae (Actinomyces) , 760 lestoquardi , 960
cellulosae (Streptomyces), 746, 760 lymphophilus , 962
cellulosae dissolvens (Bacillus), 688, 689 nieningophilus , 963
cellulosam fermentans (Bacillus), 686 murinus, 965
cellulosolvens (Clostridium), 641, 686 oculogenitale, 959
cellulosum (Angiococcus), 889, 890 opossumi, 966
cellulosum (Polyangium), 871, 872 pecoris, 959
cellulosum (Sorangium), 867, 868 psittaci, 963
cellulosum. yar ferrugineum (Polyangium), pullorum, 960
873 trachomatis, 958
cellulosum var. fulvum (Polyangium), 874 CHL()R()B.\CTERIACEAE, 36, 38, 61
cellulosum var. fuscum (Polyangium), 873 Chlorobacleriiim, 61, 65, 89, 1006
cellulosum var. luteum (Polyangium), 874 svmbioticum, 65, 66
Cellvibrio, 228, 250, 1017 CHLOROBA KTERIA CEAE, 61
flavescens, 251 Chlorobium, 61, 62, 998, 1006
fulvus, 251 limicola, 62, 63, 64
ochraceus, 250, 251 thiosulfatophilum, 62, 63
vulgaris, 251, 252 Cblorochromatium, 62, 65, 1006
centrale (Anaplasma), 981, 982 aggregatum, 65, 66, 67
cepacia (Pseudomonas), 94, 96, 123 chlororaphis (Bacillus), 103
ceramicola (Agarbacterium), 323, 327 chlororaphis (Pseudomonas), 91, 103
ceramicola (Bacterium), 323, 328 cholerae (Vibrio), 231
cholerae nsiaticdc (Spirilluni) , 231 multiforme, 566, 568

choleraegnlluuinun {Micrococcus), 39G spatulijorme, 568
choleraesuis (Salmoiiollu), 36!), 370 tenuo, 566, 567
cholerae suis (Bacterium), 370 cinnabareus (Micrococcus), 712
choleraesuis (Salmonella scr.), 377 cinnamonensis (Streptomyces), 747, 771
Chondrococciis, S.S3, «8(), !)94 cinnamoneus (Streptomyces), 749, 789
l)lasticus, SS7, ««« circulans (Bacillus), 615, 628
corchriformi.s, SS7, «89 circulatus (Actinomyces) , 783
cirrhosus, 887 circulatus (Streptomyces), 748, 783
columnaris, 887, 889 cirrhosus (Chondrococcus), 887
coralloides, 886, 887 cirrhosus (Myxococcus) , 887
macrosporus, 886, 888 cissicola (Aplanobacter) , 140
megalosporus, 887, 888 /^ cissicola (Pseudomonas), 95, 99, 140
Chondromyces, 870, 879 citrea (Nocardia), 717, 730
apiculatus, 880, 881 ciireus (Actinomyces), 786
aurantiacus, 880 citrous (Arthrobacter), 606, 611
aurantiacus var. frutescens, 881 citreus (Haemophilus), 407, 413
brunneus, 880, 881 citreus (Micrococcus) , 465
catenulatus, 880, 882 citreus (Mycococcus), 708, 711
crocatus, 856, 879, 880, 881 citreus (Proactinomyces) , 730
cylindricus, 880, 881 citreus (Staphylococcus), 465
erectus, 878 citreus (Streptomyces), 749, 786
grncilipes, 878 citreus conglomeratus (Micrococcus) , 459
lanuginosus, 877 citreus subsp. marinae (Proactinomyces) , 740
lichenicolus , 878 citri (Pseudomonas), 160
medius, 880, 882 citri (Xanthomonas), 153, 156, 160
minor, 878 citrimaculans (Bacillus), 358
muscorum, 866 citrimaculans (Erwinia), 350, 358
pediculatus, 880, 882 Citrobacter, 339
serpens, 864, 865 freundii, 339
sessilis, 877 intermedium, 340
thaxteri, Sll citrovorum (Leuconostoc), 531, 532
Chromatium, 39, 42, 50, 51, 1031 citrovorus (Streptococcus) , 532
cuculliferum, 52 Cladothrix, 263, 926, 930, 1004
gobii, 51 asteroides, 718
gracile, 52 dichotoma, 264
linsbaueri, 51 odorifera, 785
minus, 52 pelomyxae, 930
minutissimum, 53 claibornei (Salmonella ser.), 379
molischii, 52 clathratiforme (Aphanothece) , 63
okenii, 50, 51, 52 clathratiforme (Pelodictyon), 63, 64
vinosum, 52 Clathrochloris, 61, 64, 1002
violaceum, 52 sulphurica, 64
warmingii, 51, 52 Clathrocystis, 43
weissei, 51, 52 clavifer (Actinomyces) , 804
Chromobacterium, 285, 292, 1016 clavifer (Streptomyces), 751, 804
amethystinum, 294 clerkenwell (Salmonella ser.), 380
iodinum, 106 clerodendri (Xanthomonas), 153, 156, 160
janthinum, 293, 295 clerodendroni (Xanthomonas) , 160
marismortui, 294, 295, 1016 clifton (Salmonella ser.), 381
violaceum, 294 cloacae (Aerobacter), 342, 343
chromogenes (Clostridium), 641, 681 cloacae (Bacillus), 343
chromogenes (Slreptomyces) , 769 cloacae (Bacterium) , 343
chromogenus {Actinomyces) , 772 Clonothrix, 272, 274, 992, 1003
chroococcum (Azotobacter), 283
chrysanthemi (Erwinia), 350, 353 fusca, 274
putealis, 274
chrysomallus (Streptomyces), 749, 787 Clostridium, 19, 613, 634
cichorii (Phytomonas) , 140 acetobutylicum, 637, 657, 680, 683, 993,
cichorii (Pseudomonas), 95, 97, 140 1011, 1029
Cillobacterium, 542, 566, 1011 acidiurici, 639, 666, 671
combesii, 566, 568 aerofoetidum, 637, 658
endocarditidis, 566, 567 amylolyticum, 636, 649
endocarditis , 567 amylosaccharobutylpropylicum, 636, 647
meningitidis, 566, 567 amylO'Saccharo-butylpropylicum , 647
meningitis, 567 aurantibutyricum, 641, 682
moniliforme, 566 beijerinckii, 635, 643
belfantii, 640, 679 novyi, 637, 652

bifermentans, 638, 665 novvi Type A, 637, 652
botuliuum, 637, 654 novyi Type B, 637, 653
botulinum (Type C), 637, 655 novyi Tj-pe C, 637, 654
botulinum (Type D), 637, 655 oedematiens, 652
botulinum (Type E), 637, 656 omelianskii, 641, 686, 687
bubalorum, 654 parabotulinum, 637, 654, 659
butylicum, 635, 642 parabotulinum Type A, 675
butyricum, 635, 642 parabotulinum bovis, 655
butyricum iodophilum , 644 paraputrificum, 639, 669
cadaveris, 639, 672 pasteurianum, 636, 639, 642, 643, 646, 648,
caloritolerans, 640, 674 657, 662, 671, 678, 692
capitovale, 639, 672 pastorianu m , 646
capitovalis , 672 pectinovorum, 642, 692
caproicum, 506, 660 perenne, 639, 673
carbonei,641, 684 perfringens, 638, 666
carnis, 642, 690 poly my xa, 625
cellobioparum, 641, 687 propionicum, 638, 663
cellobioparus , 687 pseudo-fallax, 645
cellulosolvens, 641, 686 putrefaciens, 640, 678
chauvei, 650 roseum, 640, 680
chauvoei, 636, 650 saccharoacetoperbutjdicum, 638, 660
chromogenes, 641, 681 saprogenes, 639, 673
cochlearium, 639, 670 sartagoformum, 639, 669
corallinum, 641, 681 saturnirubrum, 640, 680
cylindrosporum, 638, 665 saturni-rubrum, 680
difficile, 635, 645 septicum, 636, 650, 653
difficilis, 645 setiense, 638, 663
dissolvens, 641, 688 sphenoides, 639, 667
fallax, 635, 645 sporogenes, 637, 644, 650, 659, 662
felsineum, 641,682, 685 sporosphaeroides, 640, 676
felsineum var. haumanni, 685 spumarum, 641, 685
felsinus, 683 subterminale, 638, 662
filiforme, 639, 668 tale, 638, 664
flavum, 641, 683 tartarivorum, 640, 674, 675
gigas, 652 tertium, 642, 691
granulobacter acetobutylicum, 648 tetani, 640, 676
gummosum, 635, 644 tetanoides, 640, 675
haemolyticum, 636, 651 tetanomorphum, 640, 677
hastiforme, 638, 661 thermoaceticum, 640, 678
haumanii, 641, 684 thermocellulaseum, 641, 689
hemolyticus bovis, 651 thermocellum, 641, 689
histolyticum, 642, 690 thermosaccharolyticum, 640, 673, 676
indolis, 640, 674 • toanum, 636, 647
indologenes, 639, 670 tyrobutyricum, 636, 646
innominatum, 639, 667 venturellii, 640, 679
iodophilum, 635, 644 virens, 641, 685
kaneboi, 638, 662 welchii, 666
kluyveri, 639, 660, 670 werneri, 641, 686, 687
kluyverii, 670 coagulans (Bacillus), 614, 622, 623
lactoacetophilum, 638, 662 coagulans (Bacteroides), 425, 430
lacunarum, 642, 691 coagulans (Pasterirella) , 430
laniganii, 637, 657 COCCACEAE, 7
lentoputrescens, 640, 677 Coccobacillus, 395, 914
leptinotarsae, 641, 686 anaerobicus parvus, 558
lichenifornie, 619 anaerobius perfoetens, 426
limosum, 637, 656 ducreyi, 412
lituseburense, 638, 664
luciliae, 655 mycoides peripneumoniae, 916
madisonii, 636, 648 perfoeians, 426
mangenotii, 638, 664 praeacutus, 439
metabotulinum, 660 Coccobacterium, 360, 435
77iucosum anaerobicum, 435
microsporum, 639, 668
muelleri, 636, 648 coccoides (Eperythrozoon), 977, 978, 979
multifermentans, 635, 643 coccoides (Nitrosocystis), 71
nauseum, 636, 651 Coccothrix, 695
nigrificans, 636, 649 Coccus lanceolatus anaerobius, 537
1051
cochlearium (Clostridium), 639, 670 conjunctivae (Chlamydozoon), 959

cochlearhis (Bacillus), 670 conjunctivae-bovis (Chlamydozoon) , 960
coeliaca (Nocardia), 716, 720, 727, 734 conjunctivae galli (Chlamydozoon) , 960
coeliacum {Mycobacterium), 727 conjunctivae (Colesiota), 959
coeliacus (Proactinomyces), 727 conjunctivae-gallii (Colesiota) , 960
coelicolor (Streptomyces), 745, 756, 820 conjunctivae (Rickettsia), 959
coelicolor (Streptothrix) , 756 conjunctivae-bovis (Rickettsia) , 960
coeln (Salmonella ser.), 377 conjunctivaecaprae (Rickettsia), 960
coerulea (Micromonospora), 822, 823 conjunclivae-galli (Rickettsia) , 960
cohaerea (Pseudomonas), 112 conjunctivae ovis (Rickettsia), 959
cohaerens (Bacillus), 112 conjunctivae suis (Rickettsia) , 960
cohaerens (Pseudomonas), 92, 112 conjunctivae (Ricolesia), 960, 961
Cohnia, 43 conjunctivitidis (Bacterium), 420
Cohnistreptothrix, 742 conjunctivitidis (Hemophilus), 408
cuniculi, 443 conjunctivitis (Bacterium) , 420
Coleomitus, 836, 1003 conori (Dermacentroxenus) , 943
pruvotii, 636 conori (Ixodoxenus) , 943
Coleonema pruvoti, 636 conori (Rickettsia) , 943
Colesiota, 957, 959, 961 conorii (Rickettsia), 936, 943, 944, 945, 947
conjunctivae, 959 constellatus (Diplococcus) , 474, 477
conjunctivae-gallii, 960 constellatus (Peptococcus), 474, 477
Colettsia, 958, 961, 994 contortum (Catenabacterium), 560, 561
pecoris, 961 convexa (Pasieurella), 430
coli (Bacillus), 336 convexa (Pseudomonas), 92, 109
coli communior (Bacillus), 338 convexus (Bacteroides), 425, 430
coli (Bacterium) , 336 coproliticus (Thiobacillus), 83, 85
coli var. cominunior (Bacterium) , 338 coquilhatville (Salmonella ser.), 380
coli var. acidilactici (Bacterium) , 338 corallina (Nocardia), 713, 716, 719, 724, 725,
coli commune (Bacterium) , 338 726
coli var. neapolitamim (Bacterium), 338 corallina (Serratia), 724
coli (Escherichia), 3, 335, 336, 340, 348, 387, corallinum (Clostridium), 641, 681
847 corallinus (Proactinomyces) , 724
coli var. acidilactici (Escherichia), 338 coralloides (Chondrococcus), 886, 887
coli anaerogenes (Escherichia) , 390 coralloides (Myxococcus) , 887
coli var. communior (Escherichia), 338 corneola (Gallionella), 21Q
coli var. communis (Escherichia), 338 corneolus (Siderophacus), 216
coli var. neapolitana (Escherichia), 338 coronafaciens (Bacterium), 124
coli (Vibrio), 231, 246 coronafaciens (Pseudomonas), 94, 96, 124,
coliforme (Paracolobactrum), 347, 348 132
colindale (Salmonella ser.), 378 coronata (Siderocapsa), 218, 219, 220
collinus (Streptomyces), 748, 779 coroniformis (Actinomyces), 812
colombiensis (Rickettsia), 941 coroniformis (Streptomyces), 752, 812
Colombo (Salmonella ser.), 383 corvallis (Salmonella ser.), 379
Colorado (Salmonella ser.), 377 corvlina (Xanthomonas), 153, 155, 160
columbi (Chlamydozoon) , 963 CORYNEBACTERIACEAE, 282, 578
colpogenes (Micrococcus), 456, 460 Corynebacterium, 19, 578, 579, 1010, 1011,
columnaris (Bacillus), 889 1013, 1014
columnaris (Chondrococcus), 887, 889 acnes, 581, 595, 596, 1014
colurnae (Phytomonas), 146 agropyri, 581, 593, 1016, 1021
colurnae (Pseudomonas), 96, 97, 146 avidum, 581, 596, 1013
combesii (Cillobacterium), 566, 568 bovis, 580, 589
comma (Microspira) , 231 creatinovorans, 610
comma (Vibrio), 229, 231, 233, 234, 238, 239 diphtcroides, 597
commimis (Siderococcus), 226 diphtheriae, 579, 581, 596
compositum (Polyangium) , 869 diphtheriae type gravis, 582
compositum (Sorangium), 867, 869 diptheriae type intermedins, 582
concord (Salmonella ser.), 377 diphtheriae type mitis, 447, 582
concretivorus (Thiol)acilhis), 84, 86 diphtheroides, 581, 597, 1013
Conferva ochracea, 265 enzvmicum, 579, 583
confervarum (Sideromonas), 222 equi, 580, 588
conglomerata (Siderosphaera), 220 fascians, 581, 593
conglomeratus (Micrococcus), 456, 459
congregata (Sporocvtophaga), 890, 891 flaccumfaciens,
fimi, 604 594, 1010
conica (Vitreoscilla), 846, 848
conjac (Pseudo7nonas) , 111 flavidum, 584
fxisiforme, 437
conjac (Xanthomonas), 154, 177 granulosum, 581, 596, 1013
helvolum, 502 ctenocephali (Wolbachia), 953, 954

hoagii, 580, 583 cubana (Salmonella ser.), 381
humiferum, 580, 591 cuculliferum (Chromatium), 52
hypertrophicans, 581, 593, 1010 cuctirbitae (Bacterium), 161
insidiosum, 580, 591 cucurbitae (Xanthomonas), 153, 155, 161
kutscheri, 580, 587 culicis (Rickettsia), 954
liqiiefaciens, 585 culicis (Wolbachia), 953, 954
michiganense, 581, 591, 592 cumini (Phytomonas) , 129
murisepticum, 580, 586 cumini (Pseudomonas), 94, 99, 129
nephridii, 580, 590 cuneatus (Vibrio), 231, 243
parvum, 581, 596, 1013 cuniculi (Cohnistreptothrix) , 443
parvum infectiosiim, 596 cuniculi (Nocardia), 717, 732
paurometabolum, 580, 589 cuniculi (Noguchia), 421, 422
phocae, 580, 587 cuniculi (Streptothrix) , 443
poinsettiae, 581, 593, 1010 cuniculi (Treponema), 905, 906
pseudodiphtheriticum, 580, 588 curacao (Salmonella ser.), 378
pseudotuberculosis, 580, 584 cutirubrum (Halobacterium), 208, 209
pyogenes, 580, 585 cyaneus (Actinococcus), 822
rathayi, 581, 592, 593, 594 cyaneus (Actinomyces) , 757
renale, 580, 586, 1013 cyaneus-antibioticxis (Proactinomyces) , 821
sepedonicum, 580, 591 cyaneus (Streptomvces), 745, 757
siviplex, 608 CYANOPHYCEEN, 30
striatum, 445, 447, 580, 584 cycloclastes (Achromobacter), 301, 305
tritici, 581, 594, 1010 cycloclastes (Bacterium) , 305
tumescens, 610 cyclosites (Vibrio), 231, 242
ulcerans, 581 cylindricus (Chondromyces), 880, 881
vesiculare, 580, 590 Cylindrogloea, 38, 62, 66, 1006
xerosis, 580, 585 bacterifera, 66
costicolus (Vibrio), 230, 236 cylindroides (Bacterium), 433
Cowdria, 754, 756, 949, 950, 956 cylindroides (Bacteroides), 425, 433
ruminantium, 950, 951 cylindroides (Ristella), 433
Cowdryia, 950, 956 cylindrosporum (Clostridium), 638, 665
pulex, 954 cxjlindrosporxis (Actinomyces), 777
Coxiella, 935, 947, 957 cylindrosporus (Streptomyces), 748, 777
burncti, 947 cynopteri (Leptospira ser.), 909, 911
burnetii, 933, 940, 947 Cystidiinu bronchopneumoniae miiris, 964
popilliae, 957 gonncrlianum, 964
crassa {Leptothrix) , 266 Cystobacter erectus, 878
crassa (Simonsiella), 833 f^lscus, 875
crassuni (Thiospirillum) , 46, 47 Cytocetes, 968
craterifer (Actinomyces) , 806 Cytophaga, 837, 854, 857, 858, 863, 999, 1007
craterifer (Streptomyces) , 751, 806 albogilva, 859, 861
creatinovorans (Corynebacterium) , 610 aurantiaca, 858, 859
cremoris (Streptococcus), 511, 525 deprimata, 859, 861
Crenothrix, 272, 992, 1003 diffluens, 859, 862
polyspora, 224, 272 ellipsospora, 891
CRENOTRICHACEAE, 262, 272 hutchinsonii, 858, 859
cretus (Caryococcus), 927 johnsonii, 859, 860
crispatum (Eubacterium), 553, 558 krzemieniewskae, 859, 861
cristalliferutn (Bacterium) , 79, 80 krzemieniewskii , 861
cristalliferum (Thiobacterium), 79 lutea, 858, 859
cristatus (Arthromitus), 835 myxococcoides , 890
Cristispira, 19, 893, 895, 993, 999 rubra, 859, 860
anodontae, 895, 896 sensitiva, 859, 862
balbianii, 895 tenuissima, 859, 860
pinnae, 895, 896 ternissima, 860
crocatus(Chondromyces),856,879,880,881 CYTOPHAGACEAE, 855, 858
crocidurae (Borrelia), 898, 903 cytophagus (Mycococcus) , 859
crocidurae (Spirochaeta) , 903
Cromobacterium , 292 dacuuhae (Pseudomonas), 92, 113
violaceum, 294 daiessalaam (Salmonella ser.), 379
croiiposa (Klebsiella) , 344 davidi (Phytomonas), 152
cruciviae (Pseudomonas), 92, 114 daxensis (Spirochaeta), 893, 894
cruentus (Myxococcus), 883, 884 daytona (Salmonella ser.), 377
cryophilus (Micrococcus), 456, 458 decatur (Salmonella ser.), 377
cienocephali (Rickettsia), 954 delbruckii (Bacillus), 547
1053
delbrueckii (Lactobacillus), 543 dichotoma (Cladothrix) , 264

delesseriae (Agarbacterium), 325, 328 dichotomus (Sphaerotilus), 264
delesseria (Bacterium), 323, 328 Dicrobactrum, .360
delicatulus (Achromobacter), 300, 303 DidynuihvUx (crnuiima, 215
delicatulus (Bacillus), 302 dieJhnlHir/iKK i l'ln/h>„ionas) , 162
delmarvae (Achromobacter), 301, 308 dietTenhacliiMc i X.iiit homonas), 153,162
delmarvae (Acitietobacter), 308 difficile (C'lost lidiuin ), 035, 6to
delphinii (Bacillus), 123 difficilis (BiiciUiis). (i45
delphinii (Pseudomonas), 94, 98, 123 diffluens (Cytoiihaga), 859, 862
delplata (Salmonella ser.), 381 diffusum (Plavobacterivmi), 310, 317
denitrificans II (Bacillus), 115 diffusus (Bacillus), 317
denitrificans fluorescens (Bacillus), 116 dilatator (Caryococcus), 928
denitrificans (Micrococcus), 456, 463 djasiman (Leptospira ser.), 909, 911
denitrificans (Pseudomonas), 93, 116 dimorpha (Mycoplana), 204, 205
deyiitrificans (Sulfomonas) , SQ diphteroides (Corynebacterium) , 597
denitrificans (Thiobacillus), 83, 85 diphtheriae (Bacillus) , 581
dentium (Fusifonnis), 437 diphtheriae
596 (Corynebacterium), 579, 581,
dentium (Ramibacterium), 563, 565
denver (Salmonella ser.), 377 diphtheriae type gravis (Corynebacterium),
deprimata (Cytophaga), 859, 861 582 ^
derby (Salmonella ser.), 376 diphtheriae
dermacentrdphild (Rickettsia), 955 terium), type
582 intermedins (Corjmebac-
dermacentrojihila (Wolbachia), 953, 955 diphtheriae type mitis (Corynebacterium),
Dermacentroxenus, 935, 936, 941, 942
conori, 943 diphtheriae vitulorum (Bacillus) , 443
orientalis, 940 diphtheroides (Corynebacterium), 581, 597
pijperi, 943 Diplobacillus liquefaciens, 420
rickettsi, 941 moraxaxenfeld, 420
rickettsi var. brasiliensis, 941 Diplococcus, 506, 507, 1002
rickettsi var. conori, 943 constellatus , 474, 477
rickettsi var. pijperi, 943 glycinophilus , 475, 478
sibericus, 947 iniracellularis , 482
typhi, 938 intracellular is meningitidis, 482
desaiana (Phytomonas) , 129 niagnus anaerobius, 539
desaiana (Pseudomonas), 94, 96, 129 morbillorum, 540
desmodii (Xanthomonas), 153, 155, 161 orbiculus, 489
desmodiigangeticii (Xanthomonas), 153, paleopneumoniae , 540
155, 162 pharyngis siccus, 483
desmodii-gangeticii (Xanthomonas) , 162 plagarunibelli , 540
desmolytica (Pseudomonas), 92, 114 pneumoniae, 507, 508
destillationis (Bacterium) , 434 reniformis, 489
destillationis (Bacteroides), 425, 434 rubeolae, 540
destillationis (Risiella), 434 siccus, 484
Desulfovibrio, 228, 248, 1029 dipodilli (Borrelia), 898, 903
aestuarii, 249 dipodilli (Spirochaeta) , 903
desulfuricans, 248, 249, 1029 disciformans (Bacillus), 559
rubentschikii, 249 disciformans (Eubacterium), 553, .559
desulfuricans (Desulfovibrio), 248, 249 disciformis (Angiococcus), 889
desulfuricans (Spirillum) , 248 disciformis (Myxococcus) , 889
desulfuricans (Sporovibrio) , 248 discoides (Neisseria), 488
deversoir (Salmonella ser.), 383 discoides (Veillonella), 486, 488
devorans (Bacillus) , 320 discophora (Leptothrix), 265, 266
devorans (Flavobacterium), 311, 320 discophora (Megalothrix), 266
de.xtranicum (Leuconostoc), 531, 532 discophorus (Sphaerotilus) , 846
dextranicus (Lactococcus) , 532 dispar (Bacillus), 390
Dialister, 424, 440, 1029, 1030 dispar (Epervthrozoon), 978, 979, 980
granuliformans, 441 dispar (Shigella), 384, 390
pneumosintes, 440, 441 dissolvens (Clostridium), 641, 688
diaporica (Cexiella) , 947 dissolvens (Erwinia), 350, 354
diaporica (Rickettsia) , 947 dissolvens (Pseudomonas) , 354
diaphthirus (Bacillus), 669 distasonis (Bacteroides), 425, 433
diastaticus (Actinomyces), 767 distasonis (Ristella), 433
diastaticus (Streptomyces), 747, 767, 770 djasiman (Leptospira ser.), 909, 911
diasiatochromogenes (Actinomyces) , 773 Donatienella, 949
diastatochromogenes (Streptomyces), 747, donna (Salmonella ser.), 383
773 Donovania granulomatis, 418
dormitator {Bacillus), 314 entericus {Proteus) , 367

dormitator (Flavobacterium), 310, 314 enteritidis {Bacillus), 371
Drepanospiia, 928, 998 enteritidis {Mycobacterium) , 705
muelleri, 928 enteritidis (Salmonella), 370, 371
Mullen, 928 enteritidis (Salmonella ser.), 379
dublin (Salmonella ser.), 379 ENTEROBACTERIACEAE, 282, 332
ducreyi {Coccobacillus) , 412 Enterobryus elegans, 836
ducreyi (Haemophilus), 407, 412 Enterococcus proteiformis, 522
duesseldorf (Salmonella ser.), 378 enzymicum (Corynebacterium), 579, 583
dugesi (Spirochaeta) , 902 enzymicus {Bacillus), 583
dugesii (Borrelia), 898, 902 Eperythrozoon, 968, 969, 977
duisburg (Salmonella ser.) 376 coccoides, 977, 978, 979
dunhari (Microspira) , 238 dispar, 978, 979, 980
duplex (Bacillus), 420 ovis, 978, 979
duplex {Bacterium) , A\% parvum, 978, 980
duplex (Ferribacterium), 221 suis, 978, 979, 980
duplex (Siderobacter), 226, 227 varians, 978
duplex (Siderocystis), 222 wenyonii, 978, 979
duplex {Sideroderma) , 221 ephemerocyanea (Pseudomonas), 90, 102
duplex (Sideromonas), 222 epidemicus {Streptococcus), 512
durans (Streptococcus), 511, 524 epidermidis {Albococczis) , 466
durban (Salmonella ser.), 379 epidermidis {Micrococcus), 466
duttoni {Spirillum) , 900 epidermidis (Staphylococcus), 464, 465
duttoni {Spirochaeta), 900 epidermidis albus {Staphylococcus), 466
dutt07iii {Borrelia), 897, 899, 900, 901, 904 epiphytica {Chlamydothrix) , 265, 267
duval (Salmonella ser.), 383 epiphytica (Leptothrix), 265, 267
Dyer a, 947 epiphytica {Lyngbya), 268
dysenteriae {Bacillus), 384, 387 epiphytica {Streptothrix), 267
dysenteriae (Shigella) , 384 equi (Corynebacterium), 580, 588
dysenteriae (Shigella ser.), 391 equi (Streptococcus), 510, 514
dysgalactiae (Streptococcus), 510, 514 equinus (Streptococcus), 511, 520
dysoxyli (Pseudomonas), 96, 98, 148 equirulis {Bacillus), 415
equirulis {Shigella), 415
eastbourne (Salmonella ser.), 379 equi.similis (Streptococcus), 510, 513
Eberthella, 19, 372 equuli (Actinobacillus), 414, 415, 418
echinata (Leptothrix), 265, 267 equuli (Bacillus), 415
edinburg (Salmonella ser.) 377 erectum (Podangium), 877, 878
effusa (Pseudomonas) , 90, 102 erectus (Chondromyces) , 878
Ehrlichia, 949 erectus (Cystobacter), 878
bovis, 949 eriobotryae (Bacterium), 151
bronchopne umoniae , 964 eriobotryae (Pseudomonas), 96, 98, 151
canis, 949 erodii (Pseudomonas), 94, 97, 129
{Rickettsia) canis, 949 Erwinia, 19, 349, 1010, 1016, 1018, 1020,
felis, 965 1027
illinii, 966 amylovora, 350, 351, 1020, 1027
louisianae, 965 ananas, 350, 356, 1020
lymphogranulomatosis , 962 aroideae, 350, 357, 1020
ovina, 949, 950 atroseptica, 350, 356, 1018
pneumoniae 964 carnegieana, 350, 354, 1010, 1018
psitlaci, 963 carotovora, 334, 350, 355, 1015
EHRLICHIEAE, 935, 948 cassavae, 350, 352, 1026
Eiscnbergia, 364 chrysanthemi, 350, 353, 1018
eisenbergii (Pseudomonas), 92, 110 citrimaculans, 350, 358, 1010, 1026
elegans {Enterohryus) , 836 dissolvens, 350, 354, 1019
elegans (Holospora),929 mangi ferae, 350, 358, 1020
elegans (Thiodictjôn), 42, 45 milletiae, 350, 352, 1020
elizabethville (Salmonella ser.), 380 nimipressuralis, 350, 355, 1019
ellipsospora {Cytophaga) , 891 rhapontica, 351, 359, 1016
ellipsospora (Sporocytophaga), 890, 891 rhapontici, 359
elliptica (Naumanniella), 224 salicis, 850, 352, 1020, 1027
emek (Salmonella ser.), 378 tracheiphila, 350, 353, 1027
emmastad (Salmonella ser.), 383 vitivora, 350, 351, 1020
emphyseynatosus {Bacillus), 666 ERWINIACEAE, 349
endiviae {Pseudomonas), 140 ERWINIEAE, 334, 349
endocarditidis (Cillobacterium), 566, 567 erysipelatos (Streptococcus) , 512
endocarditis {Cillobacterium) , 567 Erysipeloides (Erysipelothrix) , 599
Erysipelothrix, 509, 578, 1010 eusphaera (Siderocapsa), 218, 219

Erysipeloides , 599 evolutus (Peptostreptococcus), 534, 539
insidiosa, 599 evolutus (Streptococcus) , 539
murisepticus, 599 exanthematofebri (Rickettsia) , 938
porci, 599 exanthematotyphi (Rickettsia), 937
rhusiopathiae , 599 exfoliatus (Actinomyces) , 794
erythra (Pseudomonas), 92, 110 exfoliatus (Streptomyces), 750, 794
erythraeus (Streptomyces), 747, 766 exigua (Ristella) , 431
erythreus {Actinomyces) , 767 exiguus (Bacteroides), 425, 431
Erythrobacillus, 360 extorquens (Bacillus), 243
erythrochromogenes (Actinomyces), 779 extorquens (Pseudomonas) , 243
erythrochromogenes (Streptomyces) , 748, extorquens (Vibrio), 231, 243
767, 779
Erythroconis Uttoralis, 40 fabae (Phytomonas) , 145
erythrogenes (Bacterium), 493 fabae (Pseudomonas), 96, 97, 145
en-throgenes (Brevibacterium), 491, 493 facilis (Hydrogenomonas), 75, 76
erythropolis (Mycobacterium), 720 faecalis (Alcaligenes), 244, 297
erythropolis (Nocardia), 716, 720 faecalis (Streptococcus), 511, 522, 524
erythropolis (Proactinomyces), 720 faecalis alcaligenes (Bacillus), 297, 299
Escherichia, 3, 335, 10i6, 1018, 1019, 1020 faecalis var. liquefaciens (Streptococcus),
acidilactici , 338 511, 523
aurescens, 335, 338, 1016 faecalis var. zymogenes (Streptococcus),
coli, 3, 335, 336, 340, 348, 387, 847 511, 524
coli var. acidilactici, 338 fairtnontensis (Bacillus), 102
coli anaerogenes, 390 fairmontensis (Pseudomonas), 91, 102
coli var. communior, 338 fallax (Bacillus), 645
coli var. communis, 338 fallax (Clostridium), 635, 645
coli var. neapolitana, 338 farcinica (Nocardia), 715, 716, 718
freundii, 335, 339, 347, 1018 farinosus (Actinomyces), 788
intermedia, 207, 335, 340, 341 farinosus (Streptomyces), 749, 788
neapolitana, 338 fascians (Corynebacterium), 581, 593
ESCHERICHIEAE, 334 fasciculus (Actinomyces) , 766
escherichii (Bacillus), 336 fasciculus (Streptomyces), 746, 766
eschweiler (Salmonella ser.), 378 fasciens (Phytomonas) , 593
essen (Salmonella ser.), 376 fayed (Salmonella ser.), 378
ethylicum (Eubacterium), 553, 556 felinis (Miyagawanella) , 965
etousae (Shigella ser.), 393 felis (Chlamydozoon) , 965
EUBACTERIALES, 10, 11, 12, 33, 281 felis (Ehrlichia), 965
Eubacterium, 542, 552, 1012, 1013 felis (Miyagawanella), 962, 965, 967
aerofaciens, 553, 558 felis (Rickettsiaformis), 965
biforme, 553, 557 gonnertianum (Cystidium) , 964
crispatum, 553, 558, 1013 felleus (Streptomyces), 747, 769
disciformans, 553, 559, 1013 felsineum (Clostridium), 641, 682
ethylicum, 553, 556 felsineum var. haumanni (Clostridium) , 685
foedans, 552, 553, 1012 felsineus (Bacillus), 682
lentum, 553, 559 felsinus (Clostridium) , 683
limosum, 553, 556, 1012 fermentans (Mycoplasma), 916, 925
minutum, 553, 559 fermenti (Lactobacillus), 544, 551
niosii, 552, 554, 1011 Ferribacterium, 218, 221, 1006
nitritogenes, 553, 557 duplex, 221
obsti, 554 rectangulare, 221
obstii, 552, 554, 1013 Ferrobacillus, 218, 227, 1005, 1008
parvum, 553, 558, 1013 ferrooxidans, 227, 228, 1005
poeciloides, 553, 559 ferrooxidans (Ferrobacillus), 227, 228
pseudotortuosum, 552, 555 ferrooxidans (Thiobacillus), 83, 84, 228
quartum, 552, 554, 1012 ferruginea (Didymohelix), 215
quintum, 533, 556, 1011 ferruginea (Gaillonella) , 215
rectale, 552, 554, 1012 ferruginea (Gallionella), 215
tortuosum, 552, 555 ferruginea (Toxothrix) , 269
ureolyticum, 553, 557 ferrugineum (Flavobacterium), 310, 313
Eucrenothrix, 274 ferrugineum (Polyangium), 871, 876
Eucystia, 395 fetus (Vibrio) , 231 , 245
europaea (Nitrosomonas), 69 filamcntosum (Catenabacterium), 560, 561
eurydice (Achromobacter), 301, 308 filiforme (Clostridium), 639, 668
evrydice (Bacterium), 308 filiformis (Simonsiella), 834
eurystrepta (Spirochaeta), 893, 894 filiformis (Vitreoscilla), 845, 846
filipendula (Zoogloea), 207, 224, 226 piscicida, 311, 321

fima (Cellulomonas) , 603 rhenanum, 310, 316
fimbrintus (Actinomyces) , 805 rhenanus, 316
fimbriatiis (Streptomyces), 751, 805 rigense, 310, 317
fimi (Bacterium), 603 (Halobacterium) salinarium, 208
fimi (Cellulomonas), 602, 603 solare, 310, 314
fimi (Corynebncterium) , 604 suaveolens, 311, 319, 1010
fimicarius (Actinomyces), 768 sulfureum, 502
fimicarius (Streptomyces), 747, 768, 770 (Halobacterium) trapanicum, 211
firmus (Bacillus), 615, 624 uliginosum, 323, 326
fischeri (Achromobacter), 195 vitarumen, 495
fischeri (Photobacterium), 193, 195 flavochromogenes (Actinomyces), 773
fischeri (Vibrio), 195 flavochromogenes (Streptomyces), 747, 773
flaccumfaciens (Bacterium), 594 flavogriseus (Actinomyces) , 767
flaccumfaciens (Corynebacterium), 581, 594 flavogriseus (Streptomyces), 747, 767
FLAGELLATA, 11 flavovirens (Actinomyces) , 763
flagellum (Microscilla), 849, 850 flavovirens (Streptomyces), 746, 763
flagellum (Vitreoscilla), 850 flavum (Archangium), 864, 865
flava (Hydrogenomonas) , 75, 76 flavum (Clostridium), 641, 683
flava varians (Merismopedia), 460 flavum (Microbacterium), 600, 601
flava (Neisseria), 481, 485 flavum (Polyangium) , 865
flava (Nocardia), 717, 729 flavus (Actinomyces) , 783
flava (Sarcina), 468, 471 flavus (Micrococcus), 456, 458
fiaveolus (Actinomyces) , 759 flavus (Mycococcus), 708, 711
flaveolus (Streptomyces), 746, 759 flavus (Proactinomyces) , 729, 740
flavescens (Cellvibrio), 251 flavus (Streptomyces), 748, 783, 808
flavescens (Neisseria), 481, 484 flavus liquefaciens (Micrococcus), 458
flavescens (Nocardia), 717, 734 fletcheri (Rickettsia), 938
flavescens (Proactinomyces) , 734 Flexibacter, 857, 858, 1007
flavidum (Corynebacterium) , 584 FLEXIBACTERALES, 857
flavidus (Bacillus), 584 flexibilis (Bactoscilla), 848, 849
flavigena (Bacillus), 604 flexneri (Shigella), 384, 387, 388
flavigena (Cellulomonas), 602, 604 flexneri (Shigella ser.), 392
Flavobacterium, 296, 309, 1020, 1021, 1023, Flexoscilla, 858
1024, 1026, 1027 floccosus (Bacillus), 449
acetylicum, 502 floccosus (Bacteroides) , 4:49
amocontactum, 323, 325 floccosus (Sphaerophorus) , 442, 449
aquatile, 309, 311 flocculus (Actinomyces) , 798
aquatilis, 311 flocculus (Streptomyces), 750, 798
arborescens, 310, 313 florida (Salmonella ser.), 381
balustinum, 310, 313 floridana (Thiocapsa), 41
breve, 310, 315 floridana (Thiospirillopsis) , 840
brevis, 315 fluitans (Sphaerotilus), 264
devorans, 311, 320 fluitans (Streptothrix) , 264
diffusum, 310, 317 fluorescens (Azotomonas), 198
dormitator, 310, 314 fluorescens (Pseudomonas), 91, 105, 107, 302
fucatum, 310, 312, 1024 fluorescens convexus (Bacillus), 109
ferrugineum, 310, 313 fluorescens incognitus (Bacillus), 108
halmephilum, 310, 316 fluorescens liquefaciens (Bacillus), 105
(Halobacterium) hulobium, 210 fluorescens non-liquefaciens (Bacillus), 110
halohydrium, 311, 318 fluorescens ovalis (Bacillus), 108
harrisonii, 310, 317, 1027 fluorescens putidus (Bacillus), 107
helvolum, 502 fluorescens schuylkilliensis (Bacillus) , 104
indoltheticum, 331 fluorescens septicus (Bacillus), 106
invisibile, 311, 321 foedans (Bacillus), 553
invisibilis, 321 foedans (Eubacterium), 552, 553
lactis, 311, 320 Joetidum (Strcptobacterium) , 543
lutescens, 310, 314, 1024 foetid IIS (Micrococcus), 535
marinotypicum, 311, 321 foetidus (Pcptostreptococcus), 533, 535
marinovirosum, 311, 319 foetid us (Streptococcus), 535
marinum, 311, 320, 1010 fordii (Actinomyces), 739
maris, 495 'fordii (Nocardia), 717, 739
(Halobacterium) maris-mortui, 210 fordii (Streptomyces) , 739
neptunium, 311, 318 formosanum (Bacterium), 140
okeanokoites, 311, 319 fortuitum (Mycobacterium), 696, 698
peregrinum, 310, 315 fradiae (Streptomyces), 750, 792, 799
1057
fradii (Actinomyces), 799 plauti-vincenti, 437

fragi (Bacterium), 110 polvmorphum, 437, 438, 1030
fragi (Pseudomonas), 92, 110 praeacutum, 437, 439, 1029, 1030
fragilis (Bacillus), 425 vescum, 437, 440, 1030
fragilis (Bacteroides), 424, 425
fragilis (Ristella) , 425 Gafrkva, 455, 466, 1002
freetown (Salmonella ser.), 383 homari, 466, 467
fresno (Salmonella ser.), 379 tetragena, 466
freudenreichii (Micrococcus), 456, 457 Gaillonella ferruginea, 215
freudenreichii (Propionibacterium), 570, galba (Cellulomonas), 602, 604
571, 572, 573, 574, 575, 576 galbus (Barillus), 604
freundii (Bacterium), 339 gallicidus (Micrococcus), 396
freundii (Bacteroides) , 447 gallinarum (Bacillus) , 375
freundii (Citrobacter) , 339 gallinarum (Borrelomyces) , 923
freundii (Escherichia), 335, 339, 347 gallinarum (Haemophilus), 407, 409
freundii (Sphaerophorus), 442, 447 gallinarum (Mycoplasma), 916, 923
friedenau (Salmonella ser.), 381 gallinarum (Salmonella), 370, 375
fructifera (Nocardia), 717, 736 gallinarum (Salmonella ser.), 379
fructiferi (Proactinomyces) , 736 gallinarum-pullorum (Salmonella) , 375
fucatum (Flavobacterium), 310, 312 Gallionella, 212, 214, 1000, 1005
fucicola (Alginomonas), 202, 203 corneola, 216
fucicola (Bacterium), 203 ferruginea, 215
fulgens (Myceliochytrium), 826 infurcata, 215, 216
fulica (Salmonella ser.), 376 major, 215
fulvissimus (Actinomyces) , 787 minor, 215
fulvissimus (Streptomyces), 749, 787 umbellata, 215
fulvum (Brevibacterium), 491, 494 galtieri (Streptomyces), 753, 815
fulvum (Rhodospirillum), 58, 59 Gamasoxenus muris, 944
fulvus (Bacillus), 494 gambia (Salmonella ser.), 383
fulvus (Cellvibrio), 251 gaminara (Salmonella ser.), 382
fulvus (Micrococcus) , 883 7 (Bacillus), 551
fulvus (Myxococcus), 855, 883, 886 gangrenae pulmonaris (Sireptobacillus), 562
fumosum (Polyangium), 871, 876 gardeniae (Pseudomonas), 95, 98, 143
fumosus (Actinomyces) , 796 gardneri (Nocardia), 717, 738
fumosus (Streptomyces), 750, 796 gardneri (Proactinomyces) , 738
funduliforme (Bacterium) , 443 garoli (Salmonella ser.), 377
funduliformis (Bacillus), 443 gatuni (Salmonella ser.), 378
funduliformis (Bacteroides) , 443 gazogenes (Micrococcus) , 487
funduliformis (Spherophorus) , 443 gazogenes (Veillonella), 487
furcosus (Bacillus), 426 gazogenes alcalescens anaerobius (Micrococ-
furcosus (Bacteroides), 424, 426 cus), 487
fusca (Cellfalcicula), 253 gedanensis (Streptomyces), 749, 790
fusca (Clonothrix) , 274 gedanensis (Streptolhrix) , 790
fusca (Micromonospora), 822, 823 gelatica (Pseudomonas), 93, 119
fuscum (Brevibacterium), 491, 496 gelaticus (Actinomyces) , 794
fuscum (Polyangium), 855, 871, 875 gelations (Bacillus), 119
fuscum var. velatum (Polyangium), 875 gelaticus (Streptomyces), 750, 794
fuscus (Bacillus), 496 gelatinosa (Rhodocystis) , 55
fuscus (Cystobacter) , 875 gelatinosa (Rhodopseudomonas), 54, 55
fuscus (Vibrio), 231,241 gelatinosa (Thiothece), 42
fusiforme (Corynebacterium) , 437 gelatinosa (Toxothrix), 269
fusiforme (Fusobacterium), 437, 902 gelida (Cellulomonas), 602, 604
fusiforme (Rhabdochromatium) , 49 gelidus (Bacillus), 604
Fusiformis, 437 genesii (Nocardia), 737
dentium, 437 geniculata (Pseudomonas), 91, 105
fusiformis, 437 geniculatus (Bacillus), 105
ramosus, 563 genitalis (Treponema), 904, 905
termitidis, 437 georgia (Salmonella ser.), 377
vescus, 440 gephyra (Archangium), 863, 864, 876
fusiformis (Bacillus), 437 geranii (Phytomonas) , 172
fusiformis (Fusifonnis) , 437 geranii (Xanthomonas), 153, 155, 172
fusiformis (Rhabdomonas) , 49 giae (Mycobacterium) , 698
Fusobacterium, 424, 436, 1030 gibsonii (Actinomyces), 735
biacutum, 437, 440 gibsonii (Nocardia), 717, 735
fusiforme, 437, 902 gibsonii (Streptomyces) , 735
nucleatum, 437, 439 gigantea (Beggiatoa), 839, 840
giganteum (Rhodospirillum), 59 granii (Bacterium) , 241

gigas {Achromatium) , 852 granii (Vibrio), 231, 241
gigas (Bacillus), 653 granula (Amoebobacter), 45
gigas [Clostridium) , 652 granuliformans (Bacterium) , 441
gingivalis {Micrococcus), 488 granuliformans (Dialister), 441
give (Salmonella ser.), 380 Granulobacter butylicum, 643
gladioli (Pseudomonas), 95, 97, 137 Granulobacter pectinovorum, 692
Glaucothrix putealis, 21 A granulobacter acetobutylicum (Clostridium),
glaucus (Actinomyces) , 795 648
glaucus (Streptomyces), 750, 795 granulomatis (Calymmatobacterium), 418
globerula (Nocardia), 716, 725 granulomatis (Donovania), 418
globerulum (Mycobacterium), 725 granulosis (Bacterium) , 421
gloherxdus (Proactinomyces), 725 granulosis (Noguchia), 421
globiforme (Arthrobacter) , 607 granulosum (Corynebacterium), 581, 596
globiforme (Bacterium), 607 graveolens (Pseudomonas), 108
globiforme var. aurescens (Arthrobacter) , 609 gregarium (Myconostoc), 207, 260
globiformis (Arthrobacter), 606, 607 gregarium (Spirosoma) , 260
globis'porus (Actinomyces), 754, 791 grigoroffi. (Micrococcus) , 474, 477
globisporus (Streptomyces), 745, 754, 791 grigoroffii (Peptococcus), 474, 477
globisporiis strepiomycini (Actinomyces) , 754 grippotyphosa (Leptospira ser.) , 909, 911,912
globosa (Micromonospora) , 822, 823 griseocarneus (Streptomyces), 747, 775, 790
globosus (Actinomyces), 776 griseoflavus (Actinomyces) , 761
globosiis (Streptomyces), 747, 776 griseoflavus (Streptomyces), 746, 761
globulifera (Sideronema) , 221 griseolus (Actinomyces) , 766
globuliferum (Sideronema), 221 griseolus (Streptomyces), 746, 766
glossinae (Borrelia), 898, 902 griseoluteus (Streptomyces), 746, 765
glossinae (Spirillum) , 902 griseus (Actinomyces), 791
glostrup (Salmonella ser.), 378 griseus (Streptomyces), 749, 754, 791, 807,
glutinosa (Ristella), 434 821
glutinosus (Bacillus), 434 grumpensis (Salmonella ser.), 381
glutinosus (Bacteroides), 424, 425 guilliermondii (Oscillospira), 834
glycinea (Pseudomonas), 95, 97, 139 gulosus (Bacteroides) , 446
glycinophilus (Diplococcus) , 475, 478 gulosus (Sphaerophorus), 442, 446
glycinophilus (Peptococcus), 475, 479 gumniisudans (Bacterium), 174
glycolyticus (Sphaerophorus), 443, 450 gummisudans (Xanthomonas), 153, 174
gobii (Chromatium) , 51 gummosum (Clostridium), 635, 644
godesburg (Salmonella ser.), 382 guttatus (Achromobacter), 301, 305
goerlitz (Salmonella ser.), 380 guttatus (Bacillus) , 305
goettingen (Salmonella ser.), 379 gypsophilae (Agrobacterium), 288, 289
gonidiaformans (Bacillus), 447 gypsophilae (Bacterium) , 288, 289
gonidiaformans (Bacteroides) , 447 Gyromorpha, 977
gonidiaformans (Sphaerophorus), 442, 447 musculi, 978
Gonococcus , 481
neisseri, 481 haarlem (Salmonella ser.), 379
gonorrhoeae (Micrococcus,) 481 habana (Salmonella ser.), 381
gonorrhoeae (Neisseria), 481 hadar (Salmonella ser.), 378
gougeroti (Actinomyces) , 788 Haemobartonella, 968, 972
gougeroti (Streptomyces) , 788 blarinae, 973, 977
gougerotii (Streptomyces), 749, 788 bovis, 972, 976
gracile (Chromatium), 52 canis, 973, 974, 976
gracilipes (Chondromyces) , 878 microti, 972, 974
gracilipes (Podangium), 878 muris, 972, 973, 975, 976
gracilis (Actinomyces) , 806 peromvsci, 972, 975
gracilis ethylicus (Bacillus), 556
sciuri,'972, 975
gracilis putidus (Bacillus), 429 sergenti, 976
gracilis (Manas), 49 sturmanii, 973, 976
gracilis (Rhabdomonas), 49 tyzzeri, 972, 975
gracilis (Siderobacter), 226 haemoglobinophilus (Bacterium) , 412
gracilis (Streptomyces), 751, 806 haemoglobinophilus (Haemophilus), 407,
412
Grahamella, 968,' 969, 971
peromysci, 971 haemoglobinophilus canis (Bacillus), 412
talpae, 971 haemolj'sans (Neisseria), 481, 484,
Grahamia, 971 haemolytica (Pasteurella), 395, 397
graingeri (Borrelia), 898, 903 haemolyticum (Clostridium), 636, 651
graingeri (Spirochaeta), 903 haemolyticus (Haemophilus), 407, 409
grandis (Saprospira) , 894, 893 Haemophilus, 394, 406, 1020, 1022, 1025
aegyptius, 407, 408, 1022, 1025 hebdomadis (Leptospira ser.), 909, 911
aphrophilus, 407, 410, 1020 hederae (Bacterium) , 172
bronchisepticus, 403 hederae (Xanthomonas), 153, 155, 172
citreus, 407, 413, 1022, 1025 Heidelberg (Salmonella ser.), 377
ducreyi, 407, 412, 1022, 1025 heliunthi (Bacterium), 148
gallinarum, 407, 409, 1022, 1025 helianthi (Pseudomonas), 96, 97, 148
haemoglobinophilus, 407, 412, 1022, 1025 helmintheca (Neorickettsia) , 951
haemolyticus, 407, 409, 1022, 1025 helminthoeca (Neorickettsia), 951
influenzae, 407, 408, 409, 410, 1022, 1025 helminthoides (Bacillus), 560
influenzae-murium, 407, 411, 1020 helminthoides (Catenabacterium), 560
ovis, 407, 411, 1020 helveticum (Thermobacterium), 545
parahaemolyticus, 407, 410, 1022, 1025 helveticus (Lactobacillus), 543, 545
parainfluenzae, 407, 410, 1022, 1025 helvolum (Bacterium) , 502
parapertussis, 403 helvolum (Brevil)acterium), 492, 502
piscium, 407, 413, 1022, 1025 helvolum (Corynrlxirlrriuui), 502
I)utoriorum, 407, 411, 1022, 1025 helvolum. (Flavdhaclni nm) , 502
suis, 407, 408, 1022, 1025 helvolus (Bacillas), 502
Hafnia, 347 hemmiana (Xanthomonas), 153, 156, 162
alvei, 347 hemniianus (Phytomonas) , 162
haifa (Salmonella ser.), 377 hemoqlobinophilus coryzae gallinarum (Bacil-
halestorga (Pseudomonas), 93, 120 lus), 409
halestorgus (Pseudomonas), 120 hemolyticus (Bacillus), 651
halmephilum (Flavobacterium), 310, 316 hemolyticus (Leptospira ser.), 912
Halobacter, 208 hemolyticus (Streptococcus) , 512
Halobacterium, 89, 207, 208, 994, 1001, hemolyticus bovis (Clostridium) , 651
1016, 1022, 1024, 1028 Hono'philuH bovis, 419, 420
cutirubrum, 208, 209, 994 pnniifilliunzae, 407, 410
halobium, 208, 210 conjuncltritidis, 408
marismortui, 208, 210 influenzae suis, 408
salinarium, 208, 209 pertussis, 402
trapanicum, 208, 211 hepatis (Bacterium) , 598
halobium {Bacterium), 210 hermsi (Spirochaeta), 900
halobium (Halobacterium), 208, 210 hermsii (Borrelia), 897, 899
halobium (Flavobacterium) (Halobacterium) herrejoni (Treponema) , 906
210 hessarek (Salmonella ser.), 376
halobius ruber {Bacillus), 210 heterocea (Phytomonas), 173
Halococcus litoralis, 471 heterocea (Xanthomonas), 153, 156, 173
halodenitrificans (Micrococcus), 456, 463 heves (Salmonella ser.), 381
halohydrium (Flavobacterium), 311, 318 hidalgo (Salmonella ser.), 378
halonltrificans (Vibrio), 230, 236 Hillhousia, 852
Halophilus, 208 mirabilis, 852
halosmophila {Ristella), 428 palustris, 852
halosmophilus (Bacteroides), 424, 428 hindmarch (Salmonella ser.), 379
halstedii (Actinomyces), 795 hirschfeldii (Salmonella), 370, 372
halstedii (Streptomyces), 750, 795 hirschfeldii (Salmonella ser.), 377
hansenii (Sarcina), 468, 472 hispanica (Borrelia), 897, 899
hansenii (Urosarcina), 472 hispanica (Spirochaeta) , 899
hardjo (Leptospira ser.), 909, 911 histolyticum (Clostridium), 642, 690
harrisonburg (Salmonella ser.), 380 histolyticus (Bacillus), 690
harrisonii (Flavobacterium), 310, 317 hoagii (Bacillus), 583
hartford (Salmonella ser.), 378 hoagii (CorynetDacterium), 580, 583
harveyi (Achromobacter) , 197 holcicola (Bacterium), 163
harveyi (Borrelia), 898, 904 holcicola (Xanthomonas), 153, 163
harveyi (Photobacterium), 193, 197 hollandicus (Streptococcus), 526
harveyi (Spirochaeta) , 904 Holospora, 927, 929, 998
hastiforme (Clostridium), 638, 661 elegans, 929
hastilis (Bacillus), 437 obtusa, 929
hato (Salmonella ser.), 376 undulata, 929, 998
haumani (Bacillus), 685 homari (Gaffkya), 467
haumanii (Clostridium), 641, 684 hominis (Chlamydozoon) , 964
haumanni (Clostridium) , 685 hominis, group I, (Micromyces) , 924
Haverhillia, 451 hominis, group II (Micromyces) , 925
moniliformis, 451 hominis (Mycoplasma), 916, 924, 925
multiformis, 451, 453 homosassa (Salmonella ser.), 382
healii (Bacterium), 500 horsham (Salmonella ser.), 382
healii (Brevibacterium), 492, 500 horton (Actinomyces) , 816
hortonensis (Streptomyces), 753, 816 incanae (Xanthomonas), 153, 155, 163

hoshigaki (Acetobncter) , 188 incertum (Bacterium) , 500
hoshigaki var. ylucuronicum I, II and III incertum (Brevibacterium), 492, 500
(Bacterium), 188 incognita (Pseudomonas), 92, 108,
hoshigaki var. rosea (Bacterium) , 188 incommunis (Bacteroides), 424, 426
hull (Salmonella ser.), 382 incommunis (Risiella), 426
humifenim (Corynebacterium), 580, 591 inconstans (Bacillus), 367
hutchinsonii (Cytophaga), 858, 859 inconstans (Proteus), 365, 367
hvittingfoss (Salmonella ser.), 382 Indiana (Salmonella ser.), 377
hyacinthi (Bacterium) , 156 indica (Nocardia), 737
hyacinth! (Xanthomonas), 153, 156 indica (Serratia), 361
hyalina (Pelonema) , 271 indicum (Photobacterium) , 238
hyalinum (Pelonema), 271 indicus (Azotobacter), 284
Hyalococcus pneumoniae, 344 indicus (Bacillus), 361
Hydrogenomonas, 74,75, 77, 1024, 1027, 1028 indicus (Micrococcus), 361
facilis 75, 76 indicus (Vibrio) 230, 238
flava, 75, 76 Indiella somaliensis, 819
pantotropha, 75 Indiellopsis, 819
vitrea, 75, 76, 77 somaliensis , 819
hydrophila (Aeromonas), 190, 191 indivisum (Polj'angium), 871, 876
hydrophihis (Bacillus) , 191 indolis (Clostridium), 640, 674
hydrophilus (Proteus), 191 indologenes (Clostridium), 639, 670
hydrophilus fuscus (Bacillus), 191 indologenes (Plectridium) , 670
hydrosulfureum ponticum (Bacterium) , 249 indologenes (Terminosporus) , 674
Hygrocrocis intestinalis , 835 indoloxidans (Pseudomonas), 93, 117
hygroscopicus (Actinomyces) , 796 indolthetica (Beneckea), 329, 331
hygroscopicus (Streptomyces), 750, 796 indoliheticum (Flavobacterium) , 331
hvorhinis (Mycoplasma), 915, 920 industrium. var. hoshigaki (Bacterium) , 188
hyos (Borrelia), 898, 903 infantis (Salmonella ser.), 378
hyos (Leptospira ser.), 910, 911 Inflabilis litus-eburensis, 664
hyos (Spirochaeta) , 903 mangenoti , 664
hyperoptica (Beneckea), 329, 330 setiensis, 663
hyperopticum (Achromohacier) , 330 talis, 664
hypertrophicans (Corynebacterium) , 581 , 593 influenzae (Bacterium) , 407
hypertrophicans (Pseudomonas), 593 influenzae murium (Bacterium), 411
hypertrophicus (Caryococcus), 927 influenzae (Haemophilus), 407, 408, 409, 411
hyphalus (Vibrio), 231, 245 influenzaeformis (Bacillus), 448
HYPHOMICROBIACEAE, 276 influenzaeformis (Sphaerophorus), 442, 448
HYPHOMICROBIALES, 10, 12, 33, 276 influenzae-murium (Haemophilus), 407, 411
Hyphoniicrobiuiii, 276, 277, 997 influenzae suis (Hemophilus), 408
vulgare 37, 277 infurcata (Gallionella), 215, 216
infurcatum (Spirophyllum) , 216
ibadan (Salmonella ser.), 381 ingrica (Thioploca), 841, 842
ichthyodermis (Achroniobacter) , 118 innominatum (Clostridium), 639, 667
ichthyodermis (Pseudomonas), 93, 118 insectiphilium (Bacterium), 494
icterohaemorrhagiae (A) (Leptospira ser.), insectiphilium (Brevibacterium), 491, 494
909, 911 insidiosa (Erysipelothrix), 599
icterohaemorrhagiae (AB) (Leptospira ser.), insidiosum (Aplanobacter) , 591
909, 911 insidiosum (Corynebacterium), 580, 591
icterohaemorrhagiae (Spirochaeta) , 907 insidiosus (Bacillus), 599
ictero-haemorrhagiae (Spirochaeta), 907, 912 insolita (Azotomonas), 198
ictero-haemorrhagiae japonica (Spirochaeta), insolita (Ristella), 427
912 insolitus (Bacteroides), 425, 427
icterohaemorrhagica japonica (Spirochaeta), intermedia (Escherichia), 207, 335, 340, 341
912 intermedia (Oospora) , 813
illinii (Ehrlichia), 966 intermedium (Citrobacter) , 340
illinii (Miyagawanella), 962, 966 intermedium (Paracolobactrum), 347
illinois (Salmonella ser.), 380 intermedius (Actinomyces) , 813
imetrofa (Zoagalactina) , 361 intermedins (Peptostreptococcus), 534, 538
immotum (Bacterium) , 497 intermedius (Streptococcus) , 538
immotum (Brevibacterium), 491, 497 intermedius (Streptomyces), 752, 813
imperiale (Bacterium) , 501 intestinalis (Arthromitus), 835
imperiale (Brevibacterium), 491, 501 intestinalis (Hygrocrocis) , 835
inaequalis (Bacteroides) , 442, 444 intracellularis (Diplococcus) , 482
inaequalis (Sphaerophorus), 442, 444 intracellularis (Micrococcus), 482
incanae (Phytomonas) , 163 intracellularis (Neisseria) , 482
intmceUiihiri^ (Streptococais), 482 kiambii (Salmonella ser.), 377

intracellulnris iiivningitidis (Diplococcus) , i82 kibu.si (Salmonella ser.), 382
kilicuse (Bacterium), 363
iniybl [I'/njluninNas), 135
invadens (Caryococcus), 928 kiliensis (Serratia), 361, 363
inverness (Salmonella ser.), 383 kiiuberi (Actinomyces) , 818
invisibile (Flavobacterium), 311, 321 kimberi (Streptomyces), 753, 818
invisibUis (Bacillus), 321 kimuenza (Salmonella ser.), 376
invisibilis {Flavobacterium), 321 kingabwa (Salmonella ser.), 383
invulnerabilis {Actinomyces) , 804 kingston (Salmonella .ser.), 376
iodinum {Chromobacterium) , 106 kinshasa (Salmonella ser.), 380
iodinum (Pseudomonas), 91, 106 kirkee (Salmonella ser.) 382
iodophilum (Clostridium), 635, 644 kisangani (Salmonella ser.), 376
iophagum (Bacterium) , 302 Klebsiella, 335, 344, 1020, 1021, 1022
iophagus (Achromobacter), 300, 302 crouposa, 344
ipomoea (Actinomyces), 813 ozaenae 344, 345
ipomoeae (Streptomyces), 752, 813 pneumoniae, 333, 344, 345
iridescens (Pseudomonas), 93, 94, 120 rhinoscleromatis, 344, 346
iridicola (Bacterium), 146 kluyverii (Clostridium) , 639, 660, 670
iridicola (Pseudomonas), 96, 97, 146 kochi (Spirochaeta) , 901
irumu (Salmonella ser.), 377 kochii (Borrelia), 897, 901
israel (Salmonella ser.), 379 korovi (Salmonella ser.), 383
israeli (Actinomyces), 743 kottbus (Salmonella ser.), 378
Israeli (Streptothrix) , 743 kralendyk (Salmonella ser.), 378
israelii (Actinomyces), 742, 743, 744 krefeld (Salmonella ser.), 381
itersonii (Spirillum), 254, 255 krzemieniewskae (Cytophaga), 859, 861
ituri (Salmonella ser.), 377 krzemieniewskii (Cytophaga) , 861
Ixodoxenus, 941 kuetzingianus (Acetobacter), 184, 185, 187
austraUs, 944 Kurlovia, 950
conori, 943 (Ehrlichia) bovis, 950
rickettsi, 941 (Ehrlichia) canis, 949
(Ehrlichia) ovina, 950
Jacksonville (Salmonella ser.), 382 (Cowdria) ruminantium , 951
Jaffna (Salmonella ser.), 379 kuroishi (Nocardia), 717, 739
janthinnm (Bacterium) , 295 Kurthia, 490, 503, 1010
janthinum (Chromobacterium), 294, 295 bessonii, 504, 505
japonicum (Rhizobacterium) , 287 variabilis, 504
japonicum (Rhizobium), 286, 287 Zenker i, 504
javanensis (Nitrosocystis), 71 zopfii, 504
javanensis (Nitrosomonas) , 71 kutscheri (Bacterium), 587
javanica (Leptospira ser.), 909, 911 kutscheri (Corynebacterium), 580, 587
javiana (Salmonella ser.), 379 kutscheri (Spirillum), 254, 256
jejuni (Vibrio), 231, 246 kiltzingianum (Bacterium), 187
jenense (Thiospirillum), 46, 47, 48
jenensis (Ophidomonas) , 46 labra (Beneckea), 328, 329
jensenii (Propionibacterium), 570, 575 labrum (Achromobacter) , 329
jensenii var. raffinosaceum (Propionibac- lachrymans (Bacterium), 125
terium), 574 lachrymans (Pseudomonas), 94, 97, 125
Jerusalem (Salmonella ser.), 377 lacticola (Mycobacterium) , 697
jez (Leptospira ser.), 912 lacticum (Microbacterium), 600, 601
Johannesburg (Salmonella ser.), 383 lactis No. 1 (Bacillus), 630
johnei (Mycobacterium) , 705 lactis (Bacterium) , 525
johnsonii (Cytophaga), 859, 860 lactis (Flavobacterium), 311, 320
juglandis (Pseudomonas), 164 lactis (Lactobacillus), 543, 544
juglandis (Xanthomonas), 153, 155, 164 lactis (Streptococcus), 511, 525, 709
lactis B (Streptococcus) , 526
kaapstad (Salmonella ser.), 376 lactis (Thermobacterium) , 544
kabura (Leptospira ser.), 912 lactis acidi {B(wilhis) , 544
kairo (Rickettsia), 937 /ar//.s' avnujciiv^ (iinkterium), 342
kaltenhausen (Salmonella ser.), 382 Inrlis cn/llin,(/rnr.s {Bacterium), 493
kaiuititqu {Leptospira ser.), 912 larhs hiirnsnnn [Bar ill, is), 317
kaneboi (Clostridium), 638, 662 Inrli^ niurshalli (Bnrlrri inn) , 300
kapeml)a (Salmonella ser.), 379 larli.'< niqvr {Biwillus), (i21
kaposvar (Salmonella ser.), 376 Inclix ri.sc.Kii.s {B(willuti), 298
kasenyi (Salmonella ser.), 383 lacloacctophilum (Clostridium), 638, 662
keilensis (Serratia) , 363 LACTOBACILLACEAE, 282, 505
kentucky (Salmonella ser.), 378 LACTOBACILLEAE, 506, 541
Lactobacillus, 19, 541, 542, 1011, 1013 leprae murium (Mycobacterium) , 706
acidophilus, 543, 545 lepraemurium (Mycobacterium), 696, 706
arabinosus, 549 lepta (Saprospira), 894, 895
bifidus, 543, 546, 1013 leptinotarsae (Clostridium), 641, 686
brevis, 217, 544, 551, 1011, 1012 leptomitiformis (Beggiatoa), 839, 841
buchneri, 544, 550 Leptospira, 896, 907, 999
bulgaricus, 543, 546 serotype alexi, 912
casei, 543, 548 serotype andaman A, 910, 911
caucasicus, 543, 544, 1013 serogroup australis A, 909, 911
delbrueckii, 543, 1011 serotype australis A, 909, 911
fermenti, 544, 551 serotype australis B, 909, 911
helveticus, 543, 545 serogroup autumnalis, 909
lactis, 543, 544 serotype autumnalis (A), 909, 911
leichmannii, 543, 548 serotype autumnalis (AB), 909, 911
pastorianus, 544, 549 serotype bafani, 912
pentosus, 549 serotype ballum 909, 911, 912
plantarum, 542, 543, 549 serotype bangkinang, 909, 911
thermophilus, 543, 547 serogroup bataviae, 910, 911
LACTOBACTERIACEAE, 505 serotype bataviae, 910, 911
Lactobacterium, 542 serotype benjamin, 909, 911
Lactococcus dextranicus, 532 biflexa, 907, 912, 913
lacunarum (Clostridium), 642, 691 serotype borincana, 912
lacunata (Moraxella) , 419 serotype butembo, 912
lacunatus {Bacillus), 419 canicola, 211 , 907
lacunogenes (Pseudomonas) , 178, 182 serotype canicola, 909, 911
laidlawi AB {Sa'promyces) , 926 serotype celledoni, 912
laidlawi C (Sapromyces) , 926 serotype cynopteri, 909, 911
laidlawii (Mycoplasma), 916, 926 serotype djasiman, 909, 911
Lamprocystis, 39, 43, 44, 50, 1031 serotype grippotyphosa, 909, 911, 912
roseopersicina, 44 serotype hardjo, 909, 911
lanceolatus (Peptostreptococcus), 534, 537 serogroup hebdomadis, 909
lanceolatus (Streptococcus), 537 serotype hebdomadis, 909, 911
lanceolatus anaerobius (Coccus), 537 serotype hemolyticus, 912
landau (Salmonella ser.), 383 serotype hyos, 910, 911
langford (Salmonella ser.), 382 icterohaemorrhagiae, 907, 909, 913
laniganii (Clostridium), 637, 657 serogroup australis A, 909
lanuginosum (Synangium), 877 serotype australis A, 909, 911
lamiginosus (Chondromyces) , 877 serotype grippotyphosa, 909, 911
lapsa (Pseudomonas), 94, 96, 130 serotype muenchen, 909, 911
larvae (Bacillus), 615, 630, 631 serotype pomona, 907, 909, 911
lasia (Pseudomonas), 93, 115 serogroup autumnalis, 909, 911
latens (Sphaerothrix) , 215 serotype autumnalis (A), 909, 911
laterosporus (Bacillus), 615, 629, 630 serotype autumnalis (AB), 909, 911
latum (Carvophanon), 831, 832 serotype bangkinang, 909, 911
latus (Siderobacter), 226, 227 serotype djasiman, 909, 911
latyschewi (Spirochaeta) , 903 serogroup bataviae, 910
latyschewii (Borrelia), 898, 903 serotype andaman A, 910, 911
lavendulae (Actinomyces) , 780 serotype bataviae, 910, 911
lavendulae (Streptomyces), 748, 780 serotype hyos, 910, 911
lectularia (Rickettsia), 954, 956 serotype mitis, 910
leclularia (Symbiotes) , 956 serotype paidjan, 910, 911
lectularius (Symbiotes), 955, 956 erotype semarang, 910, 911
leguminosarum (Rhizobium), 286, 287 serogroup hebdomadis, 909
leichmanni I (Bacillus), 548 serotype hardjo, 909, 911
leichmannii (Lactobacillus), 543, 548 serotype hebdomadis, 909, 911
leishmanii (Nocardia), 716, 720 serotype medanensis, 909, 911
lentimorbus (Bacillus), 615, 632 serotype saxkoebing, 909, 911
lentoputrescens (Clostridium), 640, 677 serotype sejroe, 909, 911
911,
serotype wolffii, 909, 911
lentum (Eubacterium), 553, 559
lentus (Bacillus), 615, 624 serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae, 909, 911
sero<i/pe icterohaemorrhagiae (A), 909,
lentus (Bacteroides), 559
leonardii (Vibrio) , 230, 235 serotype icterohaemorrhagiae (AB),
leopoldville (Salmonella ser.), 377 909 911
leprae (Bacillus), 706 serotype mankarso, 909, 911
leprae (Mycobacterium), 696, 706 serotype naam, 909, 911
1063
serogroup javanica, 909 lestoquardii (Ricolesia), 960

serotype ballum, 909, 911 lestoquardi {Rickettsia), 960
serotype benjamin, 909, 911 Leuconostoc, 507, 531, 1002
serotype canicola, 909, 911 citrovorum, 531, 532
serotype javanica, 909, 911 dextranicum, 531, 532
serotype poi, 909, 911 mesenteroides, 531, 532
serotype sarmin, 909, 911 LEUCO-THIOBACTERIA, 837
serotype achiiffneri, 909, 911 Leucothrix, 850, 991, 992, 1004
serot/rdup |i\ r(>ij;enes, 909 mucor, 850, 851
sciol'ii" .■Hi.tralis B, 909, 911 LEUCOTRICHACEAE, 837, 850
seruli/i>, (■> iiopteri, 909, 911 levistici (Pseudomonas), 96, 99, 147
serotype i)yrogenes, 909, 911 lexington (Salmonella ser.), 380
serotype sentot, 909, 911 lichenicolum (Podangium), 878
serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae (A), 909, lichenicolus {Chondromyces) , 878
911 lichenifornie (Clostridium), 619
serotype icterohaemorrhagiae (AB), 909, licheniformis (liacilhis), 614, 619
911 lieskei {Actinomyces), 763
serogroup javanica, 909 lieskei (Streptomyces), 746, 763
serotype javanica, 909, 911 lignicola (Pseudomonas), 96, 98, 150
serotype jez, 912 Lignieresi {Actinobacillus) , 414
serotype kabura, 912 lignieresii (Actinobacillus), 414, 418, 742
serotype kamituga, 912 ligustri {Bacterium), 134
serotype malaya, 912 ligustri (Pseudomonas), 95, 98, 134
serotype mankarso, 909, 911 lille (Salmonella ser.), 378
serotype medanensis, 909, 911 limete (Salmonella ser.), 376
serotype mini, 912 limicola (Chlorobium), 62, 63, 64
serotype mitis, 910 limneticum {Sideroderma) , 225
serotype muenchen, 909, 911 limoniticus (Siderococcus) , 225
serotype naam, 909, 911 limosum (Clostridium), 637, 656
serotype ndambari, 912 limosum (Eubacterium), 553, 556
serotype paidjan, 910, 911 limosus {Bacteroides) , 556
serotype poi, 909, 911 limosus (Streptomyces), 746, 764
pomona, 907 lindenburg (Salmonella ser.), 378
serotype pomona, 909, 911 lindi (Salmonella ser.), 383
serogroup pyrogenes, 909 lindneri {Pseudomonas), 199
serotype pyrogenes, 909, 911 lindneri (Saccharomonas) , 199
serotype sarmin, 909, 911 linearis (Siderobacter), 226
serotype saxkoebing, 909, 911 linens {Bacterium), 492
serotype schiiffneri, 909, 911 linens (Brevibacterium), 491, 492
serotype sejroe, 909, 911 Lineola, 830, 832, 1015
serotype semarang, 910, 911 articulata, 833, 849
serotype sentot, 909, 911 longa, 832
serotype sorex, 912 linognathi {Rickettsia) , 955
serotype wolffii, 909, 911, 912 linognathi (Wolbachia), 953, 955
leptothricoides {Cutenahacterium) , 562 linsbaueri (Chromatium) , 51
Leptothrix, 263, 264, 992, 998, 1003 linsbaiieri {Hhabdochromatium) , 49
crassa, 266 linsbau(>ri (Khabdomonas), 49, 51
discophora, 265, 266 lipmaiiii {Actinomyces), 796
echinata, 264, 267 lipmanii (Streptomyces), 750, 756, 796, 803
epiphytica, 265, 267, 268 lipoferum (Spirillum), 254, 257
lophoiea, 265, 267 lipolylicum {Bactridium) , 501
major, 265, 267 lipolyticum (Brevibacterium), 491, 501
ochracea, 265 lipolyticus {Bacterium), 589
pseudovacuolata, 265, 268 lipophaga (Beneckea), 329, 331
sideropous, 265, 266 lipophagum{Achromohacter) , 331
skujae, 265, 268 liquefaciens (Achromobacter), 300, 301
tenuissima, 268 liquefaciens (Aeromonas), 190, 191, 193
thermalis, 265, 266 liquefaciens {Bacillus), 301
triehogenes , 269 liquefaciens {Corynehacterium) , 595, 596
volubilis, 265, 268 liquefaciens {Diplobacillus) , 420
winogradskii, 265, 268 liquefaciens (Moraxella), 419, 420
Leptotrichia, 264 liquefaciens {Streptococcus) , 523
leptotrichoides (Catenabacterium), 560, 562 liquefaciens pyogenes bovis {Bacillus) , 585
lespedezae (Phytomonas) , 164 Liquidobacterium , 364
lespedezae (Xanthomonas), 153, 155, 164 liquidus {Bacillus), 302
lestoquardi {Chlamydozoon) , 960 lisboa (Salmonella ser.), 382
10G4 INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES
Listerella bessoni, 505 macrosporus (Chondrococcus), 886, 888

listen {Actinomyces) , 815 maculafoliumgardeniae {Xanthomonas) , 164
listen (Streptomyces), 753, 815 maculata (Nocardia), 717, 737
Listeria, 578, 596, 1010 maculatus {Actinomyces), 737, 811
monocytogenes, 597, 598 maculatus {Proactinomyces) , 737
maculatus (Streptomyces), 752, 811
litchfeld" (Salmonella , scr.),
litornlis (Halococcus) 471 378 maculicola (Pseudomonas), 94, 97, 125
litoralis (Sarcina), 468, 471 maculicolum {Bacterium), 125
littoralis (Erythroconis), 40 maculifoliigardeniae (Xanthomonas), 153,
lituseburense (Clostridium), 638, 664 156, 164
litus-ehtirensis (Inflabilis) , 664 niaculifoliumgardeniae {Phytomonas) , 164
livingston (Salmonella ser.), 377 maculosum (Mycoplasma), 915, 919
Loefflerella pseudo mallei, 100 madelia (Salmonella ser.), 382
loidensis {Actinomyces), 808 madisonii (Clostridium), 636, 648
loidensis (Streptomyces), 752, 808, 809 madurae (Nocardia), 717, 730, 737
lomalinda (Salmonella ser.), 379 madurae {Streptothrix) , 730
lomita (Salmonella ser.), 377 magnus (Peptostreptococcus), 534, 539
london (Salmonella ser.), 380 rnagmis anaerobius {Diplococcus) , 539
longa (Lineola), 832 major (Gallionella), 215
longiarticulata (Thiothrix), 843, 844 major (Leptothrix), 265, 267
longisporoflavus (Streptomj'ces), 750,797 major (Siderocapsa), 218, 219
longispororuber (Streptomyces), 751, 801 major (Sideromonas) , 223
longisporus {Actinomyces) , 754 major {Siderolhece) , 223
longisporus (Streptomyces), 745, 754 major (Vitreoscilla), 846, 848
longisporus flaviis {Actinomyces) , 797 majus (Thiovulum), 82
longisporus ruber {Actinomyces) , 801 makiso (Salmonella ser.), 377
longissima {Chlamydoihrix) , 851 malaya (Leptospira ser.), 912
longissima (Pontothrix) , 851 mallei (Actinobacillus), 414, 417
longissimus {Actinomyces) , 791 mallei {Bacillus) , 417
longissimus (Streptomyces), 749, 791 mallei {Malleomyces) , 417
lopholea (Leptothrix), 265, 267 mallei (Pfeifferella) , ill
lottii (Catenabacterium), 560, 562 Malleomyces, 417
louisianae (Miyagawanella) , 962, 965 mallei, 417
lousianae {Ehrlichia), 965 pseudomallei , 100
luciana (Salmonella ser.), 381 malvacearum {Pseudomonas) , 165
luciliae {Clostridium) , 655 malvacearum (Xanthomonas), 153, 155, 165
huninosa {Microspira) , 237 manchester (Salmonella ser.), 378
luminosum {Photobacterium) , 237 manchuriae {Rickettsia), 938
luminosus (Vibrio) , 230, 237 mangenoti {Inflabilis) , 664
lupini {Phytomyxa) , 287 mangenotii (Clostridium), 638, 664
mangiferae {Bacillus), 358
lupini (Rhi'zobium), 858,
lutea (Cytophaga), 286, 859
287 mangiferae (Erwinia), 351, 358
lutea (Nocardia), 717, 731 mangiferaeindicae (Pseudomonas), 94, 97, 126
lutea (Sarcina), 468, 470 mangijerae-indicae {Pseudomonas) , 126
luteola {Aphanothece), 64 manhattan (Salmonella ser.), 378
luteola {Schmidlea), 67 manihotis (Xanthomonas), 154, 155, 176
lutescens {Bacterium) , 314 manihotus {Bacillus), 176
lutescens (Flavobacterium) , 310, 314 manila (Salmonella ser.), 380
luteum {Bacteridium) , 457 mankarso (Leptospira ser.), 909, 911
luteum (Polyangium), 871, 872 maracaibo (Salmonella ser.), 381
luteus (Micrococcus), 455, 457 marcescens (Serratia), 360, 361, 363
luteus (Mycoccus), 708, 711 marginale (Anaplasma), 981, 983
lymphogranulomatis {Miyagawanella) , 962 marginale {Bacterium), 135
lymphogranulomatis {Rickettsiaformis) , 962 marginalis (Pseudomonas), 95, 97, 135
lymphogranulomatosis {Ehrlichia) , 962 marginata (Pseudomonas), 94, 97
lymphogranulomatosis (Miyagawanella) , marginatus {Actinomyces) , 810
959 , 961 , 962 , 963 , 964 , 965 , 966 , 967 marginatus (Streptomyces), 752, 808, 810
lymphophilus {Chlamydozoon) , 962 marina (Microscilla), 849
Lyngbya epiphytica, 268 marina (Nocardia), 718, 740
marina (Spirochaeta), 893, 894
macallen (Salmonella ser.), 380 marina (Thiothrix), 843, 844
macerans (Bacillus), 615, 626 mariria {Vitreoscilla), 849
Macromonas, 78, 80, 995 marinoglutinosa (Pseudomonas), 93, 118
bipunctata, 80, 81 marinoglutinosus {Achromobacter) , 118
mobilis, 80 marinopiscosum (Brevibacterium), 491, 498
macrophysa {Thiophysa) , 852, 853 marinopiscosus {Bacterium), 498
marinopraesens (Vibrio), 230, 235 meningitis {Cillobacterium) , 567

marinotypicum (Flavobacterium) , 311, 321 meningophilus {Chlamydozoon) , 963
marinovirosum (Flavobacterium), 311, 319 menston (Salmonella ser.), 377
marinum (Flavobacterium), 311, 320 mephitica (Pseudomonas), 92, III
marinum (Mycobacterium), 696, 699 merismoides (Nitrosogloea), 71
marinus (Actino?nyces) , 793 Merismopedia flava varians, 460
marinus (Streptomyces), 749, 793 mesenterica (Nocardia), 716, 728
maris (Brevibacterium), 491, 495 mesentericum (Agarbacterium), 323, 324
maris {Flavobacterium), 495 mesentericum {Microbacterium), 728
marismortui (Chromobacterium), 294, 295 mesentericus {Agarbacterium) , 323, 324
marismortui (Halobacterium), 208, 210 mesentericus (Proactinomyces) , 728
maris-morhd {Flavobacterium) {Halobacte- mesenteroides {Ascococcus) , 531
rium), 210 mesenteroides (Leuconostoc), 531, 532
marshallii (Alcaligenes), 297, 300 metabotulinum (Clostridium), 660
marsielle (Salmonella ser.), 381 metalcaligenes (Alcaligenes), 297, 299
martyniae {Bacterium) , 130 methanica (Methanomonas), 74
martyniae (Pseudomonas), 94, 98, 130 methanica (Sarcina), 468, 469
marylebone (Salmonella ser.), 379 methanica {Zymosarcina) , 469
mastitidis {Streptococcus), 517 methanicus {Bacillus), 74
matadi (Salmonella ser.), 382 Methanobacterium, 228, 250, 1011, 1029
matopeni (Salmonella ser.), 383 omelianskii, 671, 693, 1011, 1029
matthiolae (Bacterium), 130 soehngenii, 250, 693, 1029
matthiolae (Pseudomonas), 94, 97, 130 Methanococcus, 455, 473, 994, 1001
maublancii {Bacterium), 147 mazei, 473
maublancii (Pseudomonas), 96, 97, 147 vannielii, 473, 994
viaxima {Beggiatoa) , 840 METHANOMONADACEAE, 67, 74
maxima (Sarcina), 468, 469 Methanomonas, 74
mazei (Methanococcus), 473 methanica, 74
mbandaka (Salmonella ser.), 378 Methanosarcina, 468
medanensis (Leptospira ser.), 909, 911 metschnikovi {Vibrio), 233
medicaginis (Pseudomonas), 94, 98, 127 metschnikovii (Vibrio), 230, 233
medicaginis var. phaseolicola {Phytomonas) , mgulani (Salmonella ser.), 383
127 miami (Salmonella ser.), 379
medius (Chondromyces), 880, 882 michigan (Salmonella ser.), 382
megalosporus (Chondrococcus), 887, 888 michiganense (Corynebacterium), 581, 591,
Megalothrix discophora, 266 592
megaterium (Bacillus), 614, 616 Microbacterium, 579, 600, 1010
megatherium {Bacillus) , 616 flavum, 600, 601
megawi {Rickettsia), 939 lacticum, 600, 601
megawi var. fletcheri {Rickettsia) , 939 mesentericum, 728
megawi var. pijperi {Rickettsia), 943 multiforme psittacosis, 963
melaninogenica {Ristella), 429 MICROCOCCACEAE, 282, 454
melaninogenicum {Bacterium) , 429 Micrococcus, 19, 454, 455, 926, 994, 995,
melaninogenicus (Bacteroides), 425, 429 1001, 1002
melanocyclus {Micrococcus) , 801 aerogenes, 474, 476
melanocyclus (Streptomyces), 751, 801 agilis, 456, 462
melanogenus (Acetobacter), 185, 187 albus, 465
meleagridis (Salmonella ser.), 380 amylovorus , 351
meliloti (Rhizobium), 286, 288 anaerobius , 475, 479
melitensis (Brucella), 404, 405 asaccharolyticus, 474, 476
melitensis {Micrococcus) , 405 aureus, 465
Melittangium boletus, 879 batrachorum, 929, 1001
mellea (Pseudomonas), 95, 98, 137 balrochorum, 929
melolonthae {Rickettsia) , 957 branhamii , 487
m.elophagi {Rickettsia) , 955 butyri-aromafaciens, 307
melophagi (Wolbachia), 953, 955 candicans , 709
melophthora (Pseudomonas), 96, 98, 149 candidus, 456, 458
membranacea (Nitrosogloea), 72 caseolyticus, 456, 460
membranaceus amethystinus {Bacillus), 294 catarrhalis, 483
membranojormis {Achromobacter) , 118 choleraegallinarum, 396
membranoformis (Pseudomonas), 93, 118 cinnabareus, 712, 1001
memphis (Salmonella ser.), 382 citreus, 465
mendoza (Salmonella ser.), 379 citreus conglomeratus, 459
meningitidis (Cillobacterium), 566, 567 colpogenes, 456, 460
meningitidis {Micrococcus), 482 conglomeratus, 456, 459
meningitidis (Neisseria), 481, 482 cryophilus, 456, 458, 994
denitrificans, 456, 463 micros (Streptococcus) , 537

epidermidis, 465 Microscilla, 845, 849, 1007
flavus, 456, 458 agilis, 849, 850
flavus liquefaciens , 458 flagellum, 849, 850
foetidus, 535 marina, 849
freudenreichii, 456, 457 Microspira, 229, 928
fulvus, 883 aestuarii, 249
gallicidus, 396 agar -liquefaciens, 239
gazogenes, 487 comma, 231
gazogenes alcalescens anaerobius , 487 dunbari, 238
gingivalis, 488 luminosa, 237
gonorrhoeae, 481 sputigena, 234
grigoroffi, 474, 477 MICROSPIROCHAETACEAE, 896
halodenitrificans, 456, 463 microsporum (Clostridium), 639, 668
indicus, 361 MICROTATOBIOTES, 10, 11, 29, 931, 933,
intracellularis , 482 994, 996, 1001
luteus, 455, 457 microti (Haemobartonella) , 972, 974
luteus, 457 microti (Mycobacterium), 696, 703
7nelanocychis , 801 mikawashima (Salmonella ser.), 378
melitensis, 405 mildenbergii (Pseudomonas), 92, 109
meningitidis, 482 Miletensis (Streptococcus), 405
minutissimus, 488 milletiae (Bacillus), 352
niorrhuae, 456, 462, 1002 milletiae (Erwinia) , 350, 352
{Diplococcus) niorrhuae, 462 milwaukee (Salmonella ser.), 383
niger, 475 minetli (Mycobacterium) , 698
nitrosus, 69 mini (Leptospira ser.), 912
ovalis, 522 minima (Beggiatoa), 839, 840
pelletieri, 737 minima (Nocardia), 716, 722, 724
phosphoreus, 193, 195 minima (Thioploca), 841, 842
pierantonii, 195 minimum (Proactinomyces) , 724
prevotii, 474, 477 minimus (Staphylococcus), 487
pyogenes, 465 minneapolis (Salmonella ser.), 380
reniformis, 489 minnesota (Salmonella ser.), 382
ihodochrous, 712, 1001 minor (Chondromyces) , 878
roseus, 456, 461, 1002 minor (Gallionella), 215
rubens, 456, 461 minor (Naumanniella), 223, 224
saccharolyticus , 474, 478 minor (Siderocystis) , 223
scarlaiinae, 513 minor (Siderolhece) , 223
syzygios, 488 minus (Chromatium), 52
syzygios scarlatinae, 488 minus (Polyangium), 871, 872
tetragenus, 466 minus (Rhabdochromatium) , 49
tetragenus ruber, 461 minus (Spirillum), 254, 256, 454
ureae, 456, 457 minus (Thiovulum), 82
variabilis, 475, 479 minutiferula (Bacterium) , 496
varians, 456, 460 minutiferula (Brevibacterium), 491, 496
zymogenes, 524 minutissimum (Chromatium), 53
Microcyclus, 228, 253, 1017 minutissimus (Micrococcus), 488
aquaticus, 253 minutum (Eubacterium), 553, 559
microdentium (Treponema), 905, 906 minutum (Treponema) , 905
microflavus (Actinomyces) , 792 minutus (Bacteroides) , 559
microflavus (Streptomyces), 749, 786, 789, mira (Pseudomonas), 93, 117
792 mirabilis (Bacterium) , 366
Micromonospora, 744, 822, 826 mirabilis (Beggiatoa), 839, 840
chalcea, 822, 1009 mirabilis (Hillhousia), 852
coerulea, 822, 823 mirabilis (Proteus), 365, 366
fusca, 822, 823 mirabilis (Streptomyces), 747, 774
globosa, 822, 823 mishmarhaemek (Salmonella ser.), 381
parva, 822, 823 mission (Salmonella ser.), 377
vulgaris, 824 mississippi (Salmonella ser.), 381
Micromyces, 914 mitis (Leptospira ser.), 910
hominis, group I, 924 mitis (Streptococcus), 511, 519
hominis, group II, 925 mixta (Thioploca), 841, 842
peripneumoniae bovis contagiosae, 916 Miyagawanella, 958, 961
micropunctata (Nitrocystis), 73 bovis, 962, 967
niicropunctata (Nitrogloea), 73 bronchopneumoniae, 962, 964
micros (Peptostreptococcus), 534, 537 felinis, 965
felis, 962, 965, 967 mucor (Leucothrix), 850, 851

illinii, 962, 966 mucosa (Cellfalcicula), 252
louisianae, 962, 965 nnicosum (Bacterium) , 435
hjmphogranulomatis , 962 mucosum (Treponema), 905, 906
Ivmphogranulomato.sis, 959, 961, 962, 963, mucosum anaerobicum. (Coccobacterium) , 435
mucosus (Capsular is), 435
' 964, 965, 962,
opossumi, 966, 966
967 mucosus ozaenae (Bacillus), 345
ornithosis, 961, 963, 964, 965, 966 muelleri (Clostridium), 636, 648
ovis, 962, 966 muelleri (Drepanospira) , 928
pecoris, 962, 967 muelleri (Simonsiella), 833
pneumoniae, 961, 964, 965, 966 muenchen (Leptospira ser.), 909, 911
psittaci, 961, 963, 964, 965, 966 muenchen (Salmonella ser.), 378
mobile (Achromatium) , 80 muenster (Salmonella ser.), 380
mobile {Termobacterium), 199 Miilleri (Drepanospira) , 928
mobile {Zymomonas), 199 Miilleri (Simonsiella), 833
mobilis (Buctoscilla) , 849 mulleri (Thiovulum), 82
mobili.s (Macromonas), 80 Mullerina, 928
mobilis (Zj^momonas), 199 paramecii, 928
molischianum (Rhodospirillum), 58, 60 multifermentans (Clostridium), 635, 643
molischii (Chromatium), 52 multifermentans tenalbus (Bacillus), 643
molischii (Pseudomonas), 52 multiforme (Cillobacterium), 566, 568
MOLLICUTALES, 914 multiforme psittacosis (Microbacierium) , 963
Monas gracilis, 49 multiformis (Bacillus), 568
okenii, 51 multiformis (Haverhillia), 451, 453
prodigiosa, 361 multiseptata (Beggiatoa) , 274
vinosa, 52 multiseptata (Phragmidiothrix), 274
warmingii, 51 multocida (Pasteurella), 395, 396
moniliforme (Cillobacterium), 566 multocidurn (Bacterium), 396
moniliformis {Bacillus), 566 multocidum (Pasteurella) , 396
moniliformis {Haverhillia) , 451 mundonobo (Salmonella ser.), 382
moniliformis {Streptobacillus) , 417 muricola (Rickettsia) , 938
moniliformis (Vitreoscilla), 846, 848 Murimyces arthritidis, 921
monocella (Nitrosomonas), 69 pulmonis, 921
monocytogenes (Bacterium) , 598 murina (Rickettsia), 938
monocytogenes (Listeria), 597, 598 murina mooseri (Rickettsia) , 938
monoeca (Siderocapsa), 218, 220 murinus (Chlamydozoon) , 965
monoica (Siderocapsa), 220 muris (Actinomyces), 451
monospora (Thermoactinomyces) , 825 7nuris (Asterococcus) , 451
monosporus (Actinomyces) , 825 muris (Bartonella) , 973
monosponis (Thermoactinomyces), 824, 825 muris (Gamasoxenus) , 944
monschaui (Salmonella ser.), 383 muris (Haemobartonella), 972, 973, 975, 976
montevideo (Salmonella ser.) 377 muris (Mycobacterium) , 703
mooseri (Rickettsia) , 938 muris (Nocardia) , 451
moraxaxenfeld (Diplobacillus), 420 muris (Proactinomyces) , 451
Moraxella, 394, 419, 1024 muris (Rickettsiaformis), 965
bovis, 419, 420 muris (Spirochaeta) , 256
lacunata, 419 murisepticum (Corynebacterium), 580, 586
liquefaciens, 419, 420 murisepticus (Erysipelothrix) , 599
morbillorum (Diplococcus) , 540 muris ratti (Actinomyces), 451
morbillorum (Peptostreptococcus), 534, 540 muris ratti (Streptothrix) , 451, 453
morehead (Salmonella ser.), 383 muris ratti (Bartonella) , 973
morgani (Bacillus), 366 muscorum (Chondromyces) , 866
morgani (Bacterium) , 366 muscorum (Stelangium), 866
morgani (Salmonella), 366 musculi (Gyromorpha) , 978
morganii (Proteus), 365, 366 Musculomyces neurolyticus, tj^pe A, 922
mori (Bacterium), 142 Mycelia sterilia, 1009
mori (Pseudomonas), 95, 98, 142 Myceliochytrium fulgens, 826
morotai (Salmonella ser.), 382 MYCHOTA, 33
morrhuae (Micrococcus), 456, 462 MYCOBACTERIACEAE, 694, 695
morrhuae (Micrococcus) (Diplococcus) , 462 Mycobacterium, 695, 1009, 1010
morsprunorum (Pseudomonas), 94, 98, 131 actinomorphum , 734
mors-pru7iorum (Pseudomonas), 131 ac/reste, 724
mortiferus (Bacillus) , 447 albus, 709
mortiferus (Sphaerophorus), 442, 447 avium, 696, 702, 704
morula (Polyangium), 871, 872, 875 bovis, 696, 702
moscow (Salmonella ser.), 379 brevicale, 710
coeliacuni, 727 fermentans, 916, 925

enteritidis , 705 gallinarum, 916, 923
erythropolis, 720 hominis, 916, 924, 925
fortuitum, 696, 698 hyorhinis, 915, 920
giae, 698 laidlawii, 916, 926
gloherulum, 725 maculosum, 915, 919
johnei, 705 mycoides, 915, 916
lacticola, 697 mycoides var. capri, 917
leprae, 696, 706 mycoides var. mycoides, 917, 918
leprae murium, 706 neurolyticum, 916, 922
lepraemurium, 696, 706 peripneumoniae, 916
marinum, 696, 699 pulmonis, 916, 921
microti, 696, 703 salivarium, 916, 925
minetti, 698 spumans, 915, 919
muris, 703 MYCOPLASMATACEAE, 914
opacum, 719 MYCOPLASMATALES, 11, 13, 33, 34, 914
paratuberculosis, 696, 705 Myxobacter aureus, 871
phlei, 696, 697,701,705 simplex, 874
planum, 710 MYXOBACTER ALES, 11, 13, 33, 34, 854,
platypoecilus, 696, 700 858
ranae, 701 MYXOBACTERIACEAE, 854
salmonicolor , 725 MYXOBACTERIALES,
1007 10, 994, 997, 999,
smegmatis, 696, 697
thamnopheos, 696, 699 MYXOBACTRALES, 854
tuberculosis, 696, 701, 703 MYXOCOCCACEAE, 855, 856, 857, 858, 882
tuberculosis avium, 704 myxococcoides {Cytophaga), 890
tuberculosis typus bovinus, 703 myxococcoides (Sporocytophaga), 890
tuberculosis var. bovis, 703 Myxococcus, 883, 886, 926, 994, 1026
tuberculosis typus gallinaceus, 704 albus, 886
tuberculosis var. hominis, 701 brevipes, 886
tuberculosis typus humanus, 701 cerebrijormis, 889
tuberculosis var. muris, 703 cirrhosus, 887
ulcerans, 696, 700 coralloides, 887
Mycococcus, 695, 707, 1001, 1009 cruentus, 883, 884
albus, 707, 708 disciformis, 889
albus subsp. albidus, 707, 708 fulvus, 855, 883, 886
albus subsp. lactis, 707, 708 ovalisporus, 883, 885
capsulatus, 708, 710 pelomyxae, 930, 1026
capsulatus subsp. mucosus, 708, 710 stipitatus, 883, 885
citreus, 708, 711 viperus, 886
cyiophagus, 859 virescens, 883, 884, 886
flavus, 708, 711 xanthus, 883, 884, 886
luteus, 708, 711 myxogenes (Pseudomonas), 91, 103
ruber, 707, 709 MYXOPHYCEAE, 30
ruber subsp. tetragenus, 708, 710
Mycoderma aceti, 185 naam (Leptospira ser.), 909, 911
pasteurianum, 187 nachshonim (Salmonella ser.), 381
mycoides {Asterococcus),QlQ nagoya (Salmonella ser.), 378
mycoides (Bacillus) , 617 nakaiae {Bacterium), 170
mycoides (Mycoplasma), 915, 916 nakatae (Xanthomonas) , 153, 156, 170
mycoides corallinus {Bacillus), 724 napoli (Salmonella ser.), 379
mycoides peripneumoniae (Coccobacillus) , 916 narashino (Salmonella ser.), 378
mycoides var. capri (Asterococcus) , 917 natans (Sphaerotilus), 263
mycoides var. capri {Mycoplasma) , 917, 918 Naumanniella, 218, 223, 993, 998, 1005
mycoides var. mycoides {Mycoplasma), 917, catenata, 224
918 elliptica, 224
Myconostoc, 229, 260, 998, 1017 minor, 223, 224
gregarium, 207, 260 neustonica,223,224
Mycoplana, 89, 204, 205, 1017, 1027
bullata, 205 nauseum
pygmaea,(Clostridium),
224 636, 651
dimorpha, 204, 205 nchanga (Salmonella ser.), 380
Mycoplasma, 13, 914, 996 ndambari {Leptospira ser.), 912
agalactiae, 915, 918 ndolo (Salmonella ser.), 379
arthritidis, 916, 921 neapolitana {Escherichia), 338
bovigenitalium, 915, 918 neapolitanus {Bacillus), 338
canis, 915, 919 neapolitanus (Thiobacillus), 82, 86
1069
neasden (Salmonella ser.), 379 nigra {Streptolrix) , 784

Necrobacterium, 441 nigrescens (Sorangium), 867, 869
necrophorum, 442 nigrifaciens (Pseudomonas), 93, 117
necrophorus, 443 nigrificans (Clostridium), 636, 649
necrogenes {Bacillus), 445 nigromaculans (Bacterium) , 174
necrogenes (Sphaerophorus), 442, 415 nigromaculans (Xanthomonas), 153, 155, 174
necrophorum (Necrobacterium), 442 nigrum (Catenabacterium), 560, 562
necrophorus (Bacillus), 443 nigrum (Sorangium), 867, 869
necrophorus (Necrobacterium), 443 nigrum (Spirillum), 247
necrophorus (Sphaerophorus), 442, 443 niloese (Salmonella ser.), 380
necroticus {Bacillus), 445 nimipressuralis (Erwinia), 350, 355
necroticus (Sphaerophorus), 442, 445 niosii {Bacteroides) , 554
nectarophila (Pseudomonas), 95, 98, 141 niosii (Eubacterium), 552, 554
nectarophilum {Bacterium), 141 nitidus (Arthromitus), 835
neisseri {Gonococcus) , ASl nitritogenes (Eubacterium), 553, 557
Neisseria, 480, 1002 Nitrobacter, 68, 72, 1008
catarrhalis, 481, 483 agilis, 72
caviae, 481, 484 winogradskyi, 72
discoides, 488 nitrobacter {Bacterium) , 72
flava, 481, 485 NITROBACTERACEAE, 67, 68
flavescens, 481, 484 Nitrocystis, 68, 73, 1008
gonorrhoeae, 481 Nitrocystis B.A., 73
haemolysans, 481, 484 micropunctata, 73
intracellularis, 481, 482 sarcinoides, 73
meningitidis, 481, 482 nitrogenes {Bacillus), 115
orbiculata, 489 Nitrogloea micropunctata, 73
perflava, 481, 485 Nitrosococcus, 68, 69, 1001
reniformis, 489 nitrosus, 69
sicca, 481, 483 Nitrosocystis, 68, 70, 1008
subflava,481,484 "/", 71
vulvovaginitis, 489 coccoides,
a, 71 71
weichselbaumii , 482 "77", 72
javanensis, 71
NEISSERIACEAE, 282, 480
neocistes (Vibrio), 231, 242 "777", 72, 73
Neorickettsia, 949, 951
helmintheca, 951 Nitrosogloea, 68, 71, 1008
helminthoeca, 951 membranacea, 72
neotropicalis (Borrelia) , 900 merismoides, 71
neotropicalis {Spirochaetci) , 900 schizobacteroides, 72
nephridii (Corynebacterium), 580, 590 Nitrosomonas, 68, 70, 1008
nephritidis equi {Bacillus), 415 europaea, 69
neptunium (Flavobacterium), 311, 318 javanensis , 71
nessziona (Salmonella ser.), 377 monocella, 69
netropsis (Streptomyces), 748, 782 Nitrosospira, 68, 70, 998
neurolyticum (Mycoplasma), 916, 922 antarctica, 70
neurolyticus, type A (Mi/sculomyces), 922 briensis, 70
neustonica (Naumanniella), 223, 224 nitros^ts {Micrococcus) , 69
Nevskia, 213, 216, 993, 1005 nitrosus (Nitrosococcus), 69
pediculata, 217 nivea (Beggiatoa), 843
ramosa, 207, 216 nivea (Thiothrix), 842, 843
newbrunswick (Salmonella ser.), 380 nocardi (Streptococcus), 517
newcastle (Shigella ser.), 392 Nocardia, 713, 715, 1008
newington (Salmonella ser.), 380 actinomorpha, 207, 717, 720, 734
newlands (Salmonella ser.), 380 africana, 717, 736
newport (Salmonella ser.), 378 alba, 717, 734
niarembe (Salmonella .ser.), 383 albicans, 717, 729
Nicollea, 949, 950 asteroides, 713, 716, 718
canis, 949 atlantica, 718, 741
niger {Actinomyces), 784 blackwellii, 717, 731
niger {Bacillus), 621 caprae, 716, 721
niger (Micrococcus), 475 caviae, 717, 733
niger (Peptococcus), 474, 475 citrea, 717, 730
niger {Proactinomyces), 730 coeliaca, 716, 720, 727, 734
niger (Streptomvces), 748, 784 corallina, 713, 716, 719, 724, 725, 726
niger (Vibrio), 231, 247 cuniculi, 717, 732
nigra (Nocardia), 717, 730 erythropolis, 716, 720
farcinica, 715, 716, 718 oculogenitale (Chlamydozoon) , 959

flava, 717, 729 oculogenitalis (Chlamydia), 959
flavescens, 717, 734 odorifer (Actinomyces) , 785
fordii, 717, 739, 1009 odorifer (Streptomyces), 749, 785
fructifera, 717, 736 odorifera (Cladothrix) , 785
gardneri, 717, 738 oedematiens (Clostridium), 652
genesii, 737 oedematis maligni No. II (Bacillus), 652
gibsonii, 717, 735 oedematis thermophilus (Bacillus), 652
globerula, 716, 725, 1008 oidiosporus (Actinomyces) , 801
indica, 737 oidiosporus (Streptomyces), 751, 801
kuroishi, 717, 739 okeanokoites (Flavobacterium), 311, 319
leishmanii, 716, 720 okenii (Chromatium), 50, 51, 52
lutea, 717, 731 okenii (Monas), 51
maculata, 717, 737 oleovorans (Pseudomonas), 92, 113
madurae, 717, 730, 737 oligocarbophila (Carboxydomonas), 77
marina, 718, 740 oligocarhophilus (Bacillus), 77
mesenterica, 716, 728 olivaceus (Actinomyces) ,1^2
minima, 716, 722, 724 olivaceus (Streptomyces), 749, 792
muris, 451 olivochromogenes (Streptomyces), 747, 772
nigra, 717, 730 olivochromogenus (Actinomyces) , 772
opaca, 716, 719 olivochromogenus (Streptomyces) , 772
paraffinae, 716, 723, 1009 omelianskii (Bacillus) , 687
pelletieri, 717, 737 omelianskii (Clostridium), 641, 686, 687
polychromogenes, 716, 718, 719 omelianskii (Methanobacterium) , 671, 693
pretoriana, 716, 722 onarimon (Salmonella ser.), 379
pulmonalis, 716, 723 onderstepoort (Salmonella ser.), 381
rangoonensis, 717, 732 Oospora intermedia, 813
rhodnii, 717, 738 pelletieri, 737
rubra, 714, 716, 727, 736, 801 scabies, 809
rubropertincta, 716, 726, 1008 opaca (Nocardia), 716, 719
salmonicolor, 716, 725 opacum (Mycobacterium), 719
transvalensis, 716, 728 opacus (Proactinomyces) , 719
vaccinii, 716, 722 Ophidomonas , 46
viridis, 717, 730 jenensis, 46
Noguchia, 394, 421, 1019, 1026, 1027 sanguinea, 47
cuniculi, 421, 422 opossumi (Chlamydozoon), 966
granulosis, 421 opossumi (Miyagawanella), 962, 966
simiae,421,422 opposum (Rickettsiaformis), 966
nonfermentans (Alginomonas), 202 oranienburg (Salmonella ser.), 377
non-liquefaciens {Pseudomonas), 110 orbicula (Veillonella), 486, 489
norwich (Salmonella scr.), 377 orbiculata (Neisseria), 480
nottingham (Salmonella ser.), 382 orbiculus (Diplococcus) , 489
noursei (Streptomyces), 747, 770 orientalis (Dermacentroxenus) , 940
novaecaesareae (Streptomyces), 750, 794 orientalis (Rickettsia), 940
novellus (Thiobacillus), 83, 85 orientalis (Rickettsia (Rickettsia)) , 9-iO
novicida (Pasteurella), 395, 401 orientalis (Salmonella ser.), 382
novyi {Bacillus), 652 orientalis (Trombidoxenus) , 940
novyi (Borrelia), 897, 901 orientalis (Zinssera), 940
novyi (Clostridium), 637, 652 orientalis var. schiiffneri (Rickettsia) , 939
7iovyi (Spirochaeta) , 901 orientalis var. tropica (Rickettsia), 940
nucleatum (Fusobacterium), 437, 439 orion (Salmonella ser.), 380
nucleophagus (Caryococcus), 928 ornithosis (Miyagawanella), 961, 963, 964,
nyborg (Salmonella ser.), 380 965, 966
ornithosis (Rickettsiaformis), 963
obsti (Eubacterium), 554 oroticum (Zymobacterium), 577, 578
obstii (Eubacterium), 552, 554 oryzae (Pseudomonas), 175
obtusa (Holospora), 929 oryzae (Xanthomonas), 154, 175
ochracea (Conferva), 265 Oscillatoria, 838
ochracea (Leptothrix) , 265 alba, 839
ochracea (Pseudomonas), 178, 181 arnchnoidrn, 839
ochraceum (Polyangium), 871, 874 OSCILLATORIACEAE, 839, 840, 857
ochraceus (Bacillus), 181 Oseillospira, 834, 991
ochraceus (Cellvibrio), 250, 251 guilliermondii, 834
Ochrobium, 218, 225, 993, 1005 OSCILLOSPIRACEAE, 830, 834
tectum, 225 Oslo (Salmonella ser.), 377
Octopsis, 395 osteomyelitis bubularum (Bacillus), 654
ovalis (Micrococcus) , 522 aerogenoides, 207, 347, 1018, 1019, 1022,
ovalis (Pseudomonas), 91, 108 1026
ovalis (Streptococcus), 522 arizonae, 347, 1018
ovalisporus (Myxococcus), 883, 885 coliforme, 347, 348, 1019, 1020, 1026
ovata (Pasteurella) , 430 intermedium, 347, 1018, 1019, 1026
ovatus (Bacteroides), 425, 430 paradysenteriae (Bacillus), 387
ovina (Ehrlichia), 949, 950 paradysenteriae (Shigella), 387
ovina (Kurlovia (Ehrlichia)) , 950 paraffinae (Nocardia), 716, 723
ovina (Rickettsia) , 950 paraffinae (Proactinomyces) , 723
ovis (Anaplasma), 981, 983 parahaemolyticus (Haemophilus), 407, 410
ovis (Eperythrozoon), 978, 979 parainfluenzae (Haemophilus), 407, 410
ovis (Haemophilus), 407, 411 parainfluenzae (Hemophilus) , 410
ovis (Miyagawanella), 962, 966 parallela (Aphanothece) , 64
ovis (Rickettsiaformis) , 966 parallelum (Pelodictyon), 63, 64
0X2 (Proteu s),9i3, 944, 970 paraluis cuniculi (Spirochaeta) , 906
0X,9 (Proteus), 943, 944, 970, 974 paramecii (Miillerina) , 928
oxaliferum (Achromatium), 852 parapelomyxae (Bacterium), 929
oxaliticus (Vibrio), 231, 242 para-pertussis (Bacillus), 403
oxford (Salmonella ser.), 380 parapertussis (Bordetella), 402, 403
OXK (Proteus) , 940, 943, 970 parapertussis (Haemophilus) , 403
oxydans (Acetobacter), 185, 189 paraputrificum (Clostridium), 639, 669
oxydans (Arthrobacter), 606, 608 paraputrificus (Bacillus), 669
oxydans (Bacterium) , 185, 189 parasiticum (Polyangium), 871, 876
OX YDOBA C TERIA CEAE, 74 Paraspirillum, 229, 257, 999
ozaenae (Bacillus), 345 vejdovskii, 257
ozaenae (Bacterium) , 345 paratuberculosis (Bacterium) , 705
ozaenae (Klebsiella), 344, 345 paratuberculosis (Mycobacterium), 696, 705
paratyphi (Bacterium) , 373
Pacinia, 229 paratyphi (Salmonella), 370, 373
paidjan (Leptospira ser.), 910, 911 paratyphi (Salmonella ser.), 376
paleopneumoniae (Diplococcus), 540 paratyphi abortus ovis (Bacillus), 374
paleopneumoniae (Peptostreptococcus, 534, paratyphi alcaligenes (Bacillus), 373
540 paratyphosus (Bacillus), 373
pallida (Spirochaete) , 905 parkeri (Borrelia), 897, 900
pallidum (Treponema), 902, 904, 905, 906, parkeri (Spirochaeta) , 900
907 parva (Micromonospora), S22, 823
palpitans (Selenomonas), 258 PARVOBACTERIACEAE, 394
paludosa (Vitreoscilla), 845, 847 parvula (Veillonella), 486
palustris (Hillhousia) , 852 parvula var. branhamii (Veillonella), 487
palustris (Rhodobacillus) , 55 parvula var. minima (Veillonella), 487
palustris (Rhodopseudomonas), 54, 55, 56, parvula war. thomsonii (Veillonella), 487
57,58 parvulum (Bacterium) , 309
panacis (Pseudomonas), 95, 97, 137 parvulus (Achromobacter), 301, 309
panama (Salmonella ser.), 379 parvulus (Peptostreptococcus), 534, 538
panaxi (Bacterium), 137 parvulus (Staphylococcus) , 486
panici (Bacterium), 175 parvulus (Streptococcus) , 538
panici (Xanthomonas), 154, 175 parvulus non liquefaciens (Streptococcus) , 538
panici -miliacei (Bacterium), 151 parvum (Corynebacterium), 581, 596
panici -miliacei (Pseudomonas), 151 parvum (Eperythrozoon), 978, 980
panicimiliacei (Pseudomonas), 96, 151 parvum (Eubacterium), 553, 558
panja (Actinomyces) , 819 parvum infectiosum (Corynebacterium) , 596
panjae (Streptomyces), 753, 819 parvus (Actinomyces), 760, 766
pantothenicus (Bacillus), 615, 632 parvus (Rhodovibrio), 55
pantothenticus (Bacillus), 632 parvus (Streptomyces), 746, 760
pantotropha (Hydrogenomonas), 75 parvus liquefaciens (Bacillus) , 595
pantotrophus (Bacillus), 75 pascens (Arthrobacter), 606, 607
papavericola (Bacterium) , 170 passiflorae (Phylomonas) , 144
papavericola (Xanthomonas), 153, 155, 170 passiflorae (Pseudomonas), 95, 98, 144
Pasteurella, 19, 394, 395, 1001, 1020, 1022,
papuana (Salmonella ser.), 378 1023, 1024, 1026
papulans (Pseudomonas), 94, 98, 131 anatipestifer, 395, 397
parabotulinum (Clostridium), 637, 659 convexa, 430
parabotulinum Type A (Clostridium), 675 coagulans, 430
parabotulinum bovis (Clostridium) , 655 haemolytica, 395, 397
Paracolobactrum, 335, 346, 1018, 1019, multocida, 395, 397
1020, 1022, 1026 multocidum, 396
novicida, 395, 401 PELOPLOCACEAE, 262, 270

ovata, 430 pendens (Rhodothece), 50
pestis, 395, 398 pensacola (Salmonella ser.), 379
pfaffii, 395, 399 pentosaceum (Propionibacterium), 570, 576
pseudotuberculosis, 395, 399 pentosus (Lactobacillus), 549
salmoni, 370 Peptococcus, 455, 474, 995, 1002
septica, 396 activus, 474, 475
septicaemiae, 395, 397 aerogenes, 474, 476
tularensis, 395, 400 anaerobius, 475, 479
vulgata, 432 asaccharolyticus, 474, 476
Pasteuria, 279, 993, 1005 constellatus, 475, 477, 1002
ramosa, 279 glycinophilus, 475, 479, 995
PASTEURIACEAE, 276, 279 grigoroffii, 475, 477
pasteurianum (Clostridium), 636, 639, 642, niger, 474, 475
643, 646, 648, 657, 662, 671, 678, 692 prevotii, 474, 477
pasteurianum (Mycoderma) , 187 saccharolyticus, 474, 478
pasteurianus (Acetobacter), 185, 187 variabilis, 475, 479
pasteurii (Bacillus), 615, 633 Peptostreptococciis, 507, 533, 1001
pasteurii (Urobacilliis) , 633 anaerobius, 533, 534
pasteurii {Vibrio), 650 evolutus, 534, 539
pastinator (Achromobacter) , 326 foetidus, 533, 535
pastinator (Agarbacterium), 323, 325 intermedius, 534, 538
pastorianus (Lactobacillus), 544, 549 lanceolatus, 534, 537
pastorianus {Saccharobacillus) , 543, 549 magnus, 534, 539
paurometabolum (Corynebacterium), 580, micros, 534, 537
589 morbillorum, 534, 540
pavlovskii (Rickettsia) , 947 paleopneumoniae, 534, 540
pavonacea (Pseudomonas) , 91, 105 parvulus, 534, 538
pecoris (Chlamydozoon) , 959 plagarumbelli, 534, 540
pecoris (Colettsia), 961 productus, 534, 536
pecoris (Miyagawanella) , 962, 967 putridus, 534, 535
pectinovorum (Clostridium), 642, 692 percolans (Vibrio), 231, 244
pectinovorum (Granulobacter) , 692 peregrinum (Flavobacteriimi), 310, 315
pectinovorum (Plectridium) , 692 perenne (Clostridium), 639, 673
Pectobacterium, 350 perennis (Acuformis), 673
ananas, 366 perflava (Neisseria), 481, 485
atrosepticum, 356 perfoetans (Coccobacillus), 426
carotovorum, 355 perfoetens (Bacteroides), 424, 426
rhapontici, 359 perfoetens (Ristella), 426
pediculata (Nevskia), 217 perfringens (Bacillus), 665, 666
pediculatus (Chondromyces), 880, 882 perfringens (Clostridium), 638, 666
pediculi (Rickettsia), 946 peripneumoniae (Borrelomyces) , 916
Pediococcus, 506, 529, 1002 peripneumoniae (Mycoplasma), 916
acidilactici, 529, 530 peripneumoniae bovis (Asteromyces) , 916
cerevisiae, 529, 530 peripneumoniae bovis contagiosae (Micro-
pelargoni (Bacterium), 165
myces), 916
pelargonii (Xanthomonas), 153, 155, 165, 173 peripneumoniae caprae (Borrelomyces) , 917
pelletieri (Micrococcus) , 737 perlurida (Pseudomonas), 178, 181
pelletieri (Nocardia), 717, 737 perolens (Achromobacter) , 111
pelletieri (Oospora), 737 perolens (Pseudomonas), 92, 111
pelletieri (Slreptomyces) , 737 peromysci (Grahamella), 971
Pelodictyon, 61, 63, 1002, 1006 peromysci (Haemobartonella), 972, 975
aggregatum, 63, 64, 67 persica (Borrelia), 897, 901
clathratiforme, 63, 64 persica (Spirochaeta) , 901
parallelum, 63, 64 pertenue (Treponema) , 904, 905
pelomyxae (Cladothrix), 930 pertussis (Bordetella), 402, 403
pelomyxae (Myxococcus), 930 pertussis (Hemophilus), 402
Pelonema, 270, 271, 991, 992, 1004 pestifer (Achromobacter), 301, 306
hyalina, 271 pestifer (Bacillus), 306
hyalinum, 271 pestis (Bacterium), 395, 398
pseudovacuolatum, 271 pestis (Pasteurella), 395, 398
spirale, 271, 272 petasitis (Bacterium), 150
tenue, 271 petasitis (Pseudomonas), 96, 97, 150
Peloploca, 270, 991, 998, 1004 peterssonii (Propionibacterium), 574
taeniata, 270
undulata, 270 pfaffi (Bacterium) , 399
pfaffi (Pasteurella) , 399
1073
pfaffii (Pasteurella), 395, 399 medicaginis var. phaseolicola, 127

Pfeifferella, 417 passi florae, 144
anatipestifer, 397 plantaginis, 166
mallei, 417 polygoni, 147
phaeochromogenes (Streptomj'ces), 748, primulae, 122
778, 781 rhapontica, 359
phaeochroningenus (Streptoniyces), 778 rM6^ 290
Fhaeospir ilium, 58 rubrilineans, 157
pharr (Salmonella ser.), 381 rubrisubalbicans , 176
pharyngis siccus (Diplococcus), 483 viburni, 141
phaseoli (Bacillus), 166 viridiflava, 133
phaseoli (Rhizobium), 286, 287 washingtoniae , 136
phaseoli (Xanthomonas), 153, 155, 166 Phytomyxa, 285
phaseolicola (Pseudomonas), 94, 98, 127 lupini, 287
pheochromogenus (Actinomyces) , 778 phytoplanktis (Vibrio), 230, 235
philippinensis (Actinoplanes), 827 piclor (Treponema), 906
phlegniones emphysematosae (Bacillus), 666 pictorum (Pseudomonas), 178, 182
phlei (Mycobacterium), 696, 697, 701, 705 pierantonii (Bacillus) , 239
phocae (Corynebacterium), 580, 587 pierantonii (Micrococcus) , 195
phormicola (Bacterium) , 172 pierantonii (Photobacterium), 193, 195
phormicola (Xanthomonas), 153, 172 pierantonii (Vibrio), 230, 239
phosphorescens (Bacillus), 194, 195, 238 pijperi (Dermacentroxenus) , 943
phosphorescens (Bacterium), 194, 195 pinnae (Cristispira), 895, 896
phosphorescens (Photobacterium) , 193, 238 pinnae (Spirochaete) , 896
phosphorescens (Pseudomonas), 238 pintae (Treponema) , 90Q
phosphorescens (Vibrio), 239 pipientis (Wolbachia), 953, 954
phosphoreum (Photobacterium), 193 piscatorum (Bacterium), 363
phosphoreus (Micrococcus), 193, 195 piscatorum (Serratia), 361, 363
Photobacter phosphoreum, 194 piscicida (Flavobacterium), 311, 321
Photobacterium, 89, 193, 1001, 1019, 1020, piscium (Haemophilus), 4()7, 413
1021, 1025, 1026, 1027 piscium (Vibrio), 231, 244
fischeri, 193, 195 pisi (Pseudomonas), 94, 98, 127
harveyi, 193, 197 plagarumbelli (Diplococcus) , 540
indicum, 238 plagarumbelli (Peptostreptococcus), 534,
luminosum, 237 540
phosphorescens, 193, 238 Planosarcina ureae, 472
phosphoreum, 193 plantaginis (Phytomonas) , 166
pierantonii, 193, 195 plantaginis (Xanthomonas), 153, 155, 166
photometricum (Rhodospirillum) , 58, 60 plantarum (Lactobacillus), 542, 543, 549
Phragmidiothrix, 272, 273, 992, 1003 plantarum (Streptobacterium) , 549
multiseptata, 274 planum (Mycobacterium) , 710, 711
PH YCO CHROMO PH YCEA E , 30 platypoecilus (Mycobacterium), 696, 700
Phylomonas, 152 plauti-vincenti (Fusobacterium) , 437
aceris, 121 Plectridium amarillum, 685
alliicola, 143 cadaveris, 672
asplenii, 124 indologenes, 670
berberidis, 124 pectinovorum, 692
belae, 151 saprogenes , 673
bowlesii, 134 snieszkoi, 689
carotae, 171 spumarum, 685
caryophylli , 143 virens, 685
cichorii, 140 pleuriticum (Ramibacterium), 563, 561
colurnae, 146 Pleuropneumonia, 914
cumini, 129 agalactiae, 918
davidi, 152 arthritidis muris, 921
desaiana, 129 bovigenitalis, 918
dieffenbachiae , 162 bovis, 916
fabae, 145 capri, 917
fascians, 593 cerebri-muris, 922
geranii, 172 PLEUROPNEUMONIACEAE, 914
hemmianus, 162 pleuropneumoniae (Bovimyces) , 916
heterocea, 173 PLEUROPNEUMONIALES, 914
incanae, 163 plicatilis (Spirochaeta), 850, 893, 894
intybi, 135 plicatilis eurystrepta (Spirochaeta), 894
lespedezae, 164 plicatilis marina (Spirochaeta), 894
maculifoliumgardeniae, 164 pluricolor (Actinomyces), 757
pluricolor (Streptomyces) , 745, 757 Pontothrix, 850

phiricolor diffundens {Actinomyces) , 15il longissima, 851
plymuthica (Serratia), 361, 362 poolensis (Actinomyces) , 814
plymuihicum (Bacterium) , 362 poolensis (Streptomyces), 752, 807, 814
pneumoniae (Bacillus), 344 poona (Salmonella) , 388
pneumoniae (Diplococcus), 507, 508 poona (Salmonella ser.) , 381
pneumoniae (Ehrlichia), 964 popilliae (Bacillus), 615, 632
pneumoniae (Hyalococcus) , 344 popilliae (Coxiella), 957
pneumoniae (Klebsiella), 333, 344 popilliae (Rickettsiella), 957
pneumoniae (Miyagawanella), 961, 964, 965, porci (Erysipelothrix) , 599
966 Portland (Salmonella ser.), 379
pneumoniae (Rickettsiaformis) , 964 potsdam (Salmonella ser.), 377
pneumonic crouposae (Bacterium) , 344 praeacuta (Zuberella) , 439
pneumosintes (Bacterium) , 441 praeacutum (Fusobacterium), 437, 440
pneumosintes (Dialister), 441 praeacutus (Coccobacillus) , 439
Podangiiim, 870, 877 praecox (Actinomyces) , 807
boletus, 878, 879 praecox (Streptomyces), 751, 807
erectum, 877, 878 praefecundus (Actinomyces), 808
gracilipes, 878 praefecundus (Streptomyces), 751, 808
lichenicolum, 878 praha (Salmonella ser.), 378
pocciloides (Bacillus) , 559 Pretoria (Salmonella ser.) , 381
poeciloides (Eubacterium), 553, 559 pretoriana (Nocardia), 716, 722
poi (Leptospira ser.), 909, 911 prevotii (Micrococcus) , 474, 477
poinsettiae (Corynebacterium), 581, 593 prevotii (Peptococcus), 474, 477
POLYANGIACEAE, 854, 855, 857, 870 primigenium (Archangium), 864
Polyangium, 855, 870 primigenium (Polyangium) , 864
aureum, 871, 875 primigenium var. assurgens (Archangium),
cellulosum, 871, 872 865
cellulosum var. ferrugineum, 873 primulae (Phytomonas), 122
cellulosum var. fulvum, 874 primulae (Pseudomonas), 94, 98, 122
cellulosum var. fuscum, 873 Proactinomyces, 451, 713
cellulosum var. luteum, 874 actinomorphus , 734
compositum, 869 agrestis, 724
ferrugineum, 871, 876 albicans, 729
flavum, 865 albus, 734
fumosum, 871, 876 atlanticus, 741
fuscum, 855, 871, 875 citreus, 730
fuscum var. velatum, 875 citreus subsp. marinae, 740
indivisum, 871, 876 coeliacus, 727
luteum, 871, 872 corallinus, 724
minus, 871, 872 cyaneus-antibioticus , 821
morula, 871, 872, 875 erythropolis , 720
ochraceum, 871, 874 flavescens, 734
parasiticum, 871, 876 flavus, 729, 740
primigenium, 864 fructiferi, 736
septatum, 868 gardneri, 738
simplex, 871,874 globerulus, 725
sorediatum, 867 maculatus, 737
spumosum, 871, 876 mesentericus , 728
stellatum, 871, 875 minimum, 724
vitellinum, 870, 871, 875 muris, 45 1
polychromogenes (Nocardia), 716, 718, 719 niger, 730
polychromogenes (Proactinomyces) , 718 opacus, 719
polychromogenes (Streptothrix) , 718 paraffinae, 723
polycolor (Pseudomonas), 94, 98, 99, 133 polychromogenes , 718
polygoni (Phytomonas) , 147 ruber, 727
polygoni (Pseudomonas), 96, 98, 147 rubropertinctus , 726
polymorphum (Fusobacterium), 437, 438 salmonicolor , 725
polymyxa (Bacillus), 615, 625 viridis, 730
polymyxa (Clostridium), 625 PROACTINOMYCETACEAE, 695
polysiphoniae (Agarbacterium), 323, 327
polysiphoniae (Bacterium) , 323, 328 prodigiosa (Monas), 361
polyspora (Crenothrix), 224, 272 productus (Peptostreptococcus), 534, 536
pomona (Leptospira), 907 productus (Streptococcus), 536
pomona (Leptospira ser.), 909, 911 Promyxobacterium, 858
pomona (Salmonella ser.), 382 PROPIONIBACTERIACEAE, 282, 569
1075
Propionibacterium, 569, 1001, 1009, 1011, PSEUDOMONADACEAE, 67, 88, 968

1012, 1013, 1014 PSEUDOAIONADALES, 10, 12,13,33,35, 37
acnes, 595 PSEUDOMONADINEAE, 35, 67, 212
arabinosum, 570, 575, 1011 Pseudomonas, 88, 89, 90, 200, 1010, 1016,
freudenreichii, 570, 571, 572, 573, 574, 575, 1018, 1019, 1020, 1026, 1027, 1028
576 aceris, 94, 97, 121
jensenii, 570, 575 acernea, 171
jensenii var. raffinosaceum, 574 aeruginosa, 90, 92, 99
pentosaceum, 570, 576 alboprecipitans, 96, 149
peterssonii, 574 aleuritidis, 95, 97, 138
raffinosaceum, 570, 574 alliicola, 95, 96, 142
rubrum, 570, 572, 575 ambigua, 92, 112
shermanii, 570, 571, 572, 573, 575 ananas, 95, 96, 134
technicum, 570, 573 andropogoni, 96, 149
thoenii, 570, 572 angulata, 94, 98, 121
zeae, 570, 573 antirrhini, 173
propionicum (Clostridium), 638, 663 apii, 94, 98, 123
Proshigella alkalescens, 388 aptata, 94, 99, 122
sonnei, 389 arguta, 178, 182, 1019
Protaminobacter, 89, 200, 1016, 1024, 1025 arvilla, 92, 113
alboflavus, 200, 201 asplenii, 94, 96, 124
ruber, 200, 201 astragali, 96, 97, 146
proteainaculans (Pseudomonas), 176 atrofaciens, 94, 96, 128
proteamaculans (Xanthomonas), 154, 155, barkeri, 95, 98, 136, 141
176, 193 beijerinckii, 93, 121, 1016
proteiformis (Enterococcus) , 522 berberidis, 94, 97, 124
Proteus, 364, 1026 betle, 95, 98, 136
entericus, 367 bipunciata, 81
hydrophilus, 191 boreopolis, 90, 101
incoDstans, 365, 367 bowlesiae, 95, 99, 134
mirabilis, 365, 366 calciprecipitans, 93, 119
morganii, 365, 366 calcis, 93, 119
OX, 936 calendulae, 95, 97, 140
0X2 , 943, 944, 970 caryophylIi,95, 97, 143
0X19 , 938, 939, 943, 944, 970, 974 castaneae, 95, 97, 144
OXK, 940, 943, 970 cattleyae, 96, 97, 148
rettgeri, 365, 367 caudata, 178, 180, 1027
vulgaris, 364, 365 caviae, 90, 101
proteus (Vibrio), 230, 234 celebensis, 175
PROTOB ACT ERIE AE, 74 cepacia, 94, 96, 123, 1019
Protococcus roseopersicinus , 44 cerevisiae, 178, 181, 1027
Protomycetum recurrentis, 898 chlororaphis, 91, 103
PROTOPHYTA, 9, 10, 29 cichorii, 95, 97, 140
PROTOZOA, 11,13,926 cissicola, 95, 99, 140
Providencia, 368 citri, 160
Prowazekia, 958 cohaerea, 112
prowazekii (Rickettsia), 936, 937, 939, 941, cohaerens, 92, 112
942, 944, 947 colurnae, 96, 97, 146, 1026
prowazeki subsp. prowazeki (Rickettsia), 938 conjac, 177
prowazeki suhsp. typhi (Rickettsia), 938 convexa, 92, 109
prowazeki var. mooseri (Rickettsia), 938 coronafaciens, 94, 96, 124, 132
prowazeki var. prowazeki (Rickettsia) , 937 cruciviae, 92, 114
pruni (Pseudomonas), 156 cumini, 94, 99, 129
pruni (Xanthomonas), 152, 155, 156 dacunhae, 92, 113
pruvoti (Coleonema) , 636 delphinii, 94, 98, 123
pruvotii (Coleomitus), 636 denitrificans, 93, 116
Pseudanabaena tenuis, 847 desaiana, 94, 96, 129
pseudoagalactiae (Streptococcus) , 514 dissolvens, 354
pseudodiphtheria (Bacillus), 580 dysoxyli, 96, 98, 148
pseudodiphtheriticum (Corynebacterium) , effusa, 90, 102
580, 588 eisenbergii, 92, 110
pseudo-fallax (Clostridium), 645 endiviae, 140
pseudomallei (Bacillus), 100 ephemerocyanea, 90, 102, 1019
pseudomallei (Loefflerella) , 100 eriobotryae, 96, 98, 151
pseudomallei (Malleomyces), 100 erodii, 94, 97, 129
pseudomallei (Pseudomonas), 90, 92, 100 erythra, 92, 110
extorquens, 243 petasitis, 96, 97, 150, 1019

fabae, 96, 97, 145 phaseolicola, 94, 98, 127
fairmontensis, 91, 102 phosphorescens, 238
fluorescens, 91, 105, 302 pictorum, 178, 182, 1026
fragi, 92, 110 pisi, 94, 98, 127
gardeniae, 95, 98, 143 polycolor, 94, 98, 99, 133
gelatica, 93, 119, 1016, 1028 polygoni, 96, 98, 147, 1010, 1026
geniculata, 91, 105 primulae, 94, 98, 122
gladioli, 95, 97, 137 proteamaculans, 176
glycinea, 95, 97, 139 pruni, 156
graveolens, 108 pseudomallei, 90, 92, 100, 1019, 1026
halestorga, 93, 120 pseudozoogloeae, 94, 98, 131, 137
halestorgus, 120 punctata, 190
helianthi, 96, 97, 148 putida, 91, 107
hypertrophicans, 593 putrefaciens, 92, 112
ichthyodermis, 93, 118 pyocyanea,
incognita, 92, 108 radiciperda,99 96, 98, 147, 1016, 1019, 1026
indoloxidans, 93, 117 rathonis, 92, 114
iodinum, 91, 106, 1016 reptilivora, 90, 100
iridicola, 96, 97, 146, 1021 reptilivorous, 100
juglandis, 164 ribicola, 95, 98, 138
lachrymans, 94, 97, 125 riboflavina, 93, 116
lacunogenes, 178, 182, 1018 riboflavinus, 116
lapsa, 94, 96, 130 rimaefaciens, 94, 132
lasia, 93, 115, 1027 rugosa, 92, 109
levistici, 96, 99, 147, 1016, 1027 saliciperda, 96, 98, 151
lignicola, 96, 98, 150 salinaria, 208
ligustri, 95, 98, 134 salopia, 92, 114
lindneri, 199 salopium, 114
maculicola, 94, 97, 125 savastanoi, 95, 98, 139
malvaceariiin, 165 schuylkilliensis, 91, 104
mangiferaeindicae, 94, 97, 126 segnis, 178, 183, 101_8
mangiferae-indicae, 126 seminum, 95, 98, 145
marginalis, 95, 97, 135 septica, 91, 106
marginata, 94, 97, 126 sesami, 95, 98, 135 _
marinoglutinosa, 93, 118 setariae, 95, 96, 135
martyniae, 94, 98, 130 smaragdina, 91, 107
matthiolae, 94, 97, 130 solanacearum, 95, 99, 144
maublancii, 96, 97, 147 stizolobii, 95, 98, 142
medicaginis, 94, 98, 127 striafaciens, 94, 96, 132
mellea, 95, 98, 137 striata, 91, 107
melophthora, 96, 98, 149, 1016 stutzeri, 92, 115
membranoformis, 93, 118 subcreta, 178, 182, 1019
mephitica, 92, 111 syncyanea, 91, 106
mildenbergii, 92, 109 synxantha, 91, 104
mira, 93, 117, 1028 syringae, 94, 99, 128, 132
molischii, 52 tabaci, 94, 98, 132, 133
mori, 95, 98, 142 taetrolens, 91, 108
morsprunorum, 94, 98, 131 tolaasii, 95, 96, 136
mors-prunorum, 131 tomato, 94, 98, 128
myxogenes, 91, 103 tonelliana, 95, 97, 139
nectarophila, 95, 98, 141 tralucida, 93, 115, 1019
nigrifaciens, 93, 117 trifolii, 178, 180, 1016, 1026
non-liquefaciens, 110 tritici, 594
ochracea, 178, 181, 1027 viburni, 95, 97, 141
oleovorans, 92, 113 viciae, 95, 98, 142
oryzae, 175 viridiflava, 95, 98, 133
ovalis, 91, 108 viridilivida, 94, 97, 122
panacis, 95, 97, 137 vitiswoodrowii, 95, 145
panicimiliacei, 96, 151, 1016, 1027 washingtoniae, 95, 97, 136
panici-miliacei , 151 wieringae, 96, 97, 151
papulans, 94, 98, 131 vvoodsii, 96, 97, 150
passiflorae, 95, 98, 144 xantha, 178, 180, 1026
pavonacea, 91, 105 xanthe, 180
perlurida, 178, 181, 1019 xanthochlora, 95, 99, 138
perolens, 92, 111 zingiberi, 177
pseudoramosum (Ramibacterium), 563, 565 putrefaciens (Achromobacter) , 112

pseudoramosus (Bacillus), 565 putrefaciens (Bacillus), 678
pseudo-tetanus, Type No. IX (Bacillus), 677 putrefaciens (Clostridium), 640, 678
pseudotortuosum (Eubacterium), 552, 555 putrefaciens (Pseudomonas), 92, 112
pseudotsugae (Agrobacterium), 288, 290 putridus (Peptostreptococcus), 534, 535
pseudotsugae (Bacterium) , 290 putridus (Streptococcus), 535
pseudotuberculosis (Bacillus), 584 putrificans (Streptomyces) , 786
pseudotuberculosis inurium (Bacillus), 587 putrificus (Actinomyces), 786
pseudotuberculosis (Corynebacterium), 580, putrificus (Streptomyces), 749, 786
584
pj'^gmaea (Naumanniella), 224
pseudotuberculosis (Pasteurella), 395, 399 pyocyanea (Pseudomonas) , 99
pseudotuberkulosis (Bacillus), 399 pyocyaneus (Bacillus), 99
pseudotyphi (Rickettsia), 939 pyocyaneus saccharum (Bacillus), 129
pseudovacuolata (Leptothrix), 265, 268 pyogenes (Bacillus) , 585
pseudovacuolata (Spirothrix) , 268 pyogenes anaerobius (Bacillus), 448
pseudovacuolatum (Pelonema), 271 pyogenes (Bacteroides) , 448
pseudozoogloeae (Bacterium), 131 pyogenes (Corynebacterium), 580, 585
pseudozoogloeae (Pseudomonas), 94, 98, pyogenes (Micrococcus), 465
131, 137 pyogenes (Sphaerophorus), 442, 448
psittaci (Chlamydozoon) , 963 pyogenes albus (Staphylococcus), 466
psittaci (Ehrlichia) , 963 pyogenes aureus (Staphylococcus), 465
psittaci (Miyagawanella) , 961, 963, 964, 965, pyogenes citreus (Staphylococcus) , 465
966 pyogenes floccosus (Streptobacillus) , 449
psittaci (Rickettsia), 963 pyogenes (Streptococcus), 509, 510, 512
psittacosis (Rickettsiaformis), 963 pyogenes animalis (Streptococcus), 513
Pteromonas, 225 pyosepticum viscosum (Bacterium), 415
pulex (Cowdnjia) , 954 pyrogenes (Leptospira ser.), 909, 911
pulex (Wolbachia), 953, 954
pullorum (Bacterium) , 375 quale (Brevibacterium), 491, 499
pullorum (Chlamydozoon), 960 qualis (Bacteririm) , 499
pullorum (Salmonella), 375 quartum (Eubacterium), 552, 554
pullorum (Salmonella ser.), 379 quiniela (Salmonella ser.), 378
pulmonalis (Actinomyces) , 723 quintana (Rickettsia), 933, 936, 946
pulmonalis (Nocardia), 716, 723 quintanae (Wolhynia) , 946
pulmonis (Murimyces) , 921 quintum (Eubacterium), 533, 556
pulmonis I (Canomyces) , 920
pulmonis II (Canomyces) , 920 rabaulensis (Shigella), 388
pulmonis (Mycoplasma), 916, 921 radiciperda (Bacterium), 147
pulvifaciens (Bacillus), 615, 629 radiciperda (Pseudomonas), 96, 98, 147
pumilus (Bacillus), 614, 622 radiobacter (Agrobacterium), 289, 291, 292
puncta (Saprospira) , 895 raffinosaceum (Propionibacterium), 570, 574
punctans sulfureum (Bacterium) , 502 Ramibacterium, 542, 563, 1012, 1013
punctata (Aeromonas), 190, 334 alactolyticum, 563, 565, 1012
punctata (Beggiatoa) , 839 dentium, 563, 565, 1012
punctata (Pseudomonas) , 190 pleuriticum, 563, 564, 1013
punctatum (Bacterium), 190 pseudoramosum, 563, 565, 1012
pxinctatus (Bacillus), 190 ramosoides, 563, 564, 1012
punctum (Saprospira), 894, 895 ramosum, 563, 1012
purpeochromogenus (Actinomyces) , 111 ramigera (Zoogloea), 206, 207
purpeochromogenus (Streptomyces) , 111 ramosa (Nevskia), 207, 216
purpureochromogenes (Streptomyces), 748, ramosa (Pasteuria), 279
777 ramosoides (Bacillus), 564
purpurescens (Streptomj^ces) , 750, 800 ramosoides (Ramibacterium), 563, 564
pusila (Cellulomonas) , 603 ramosum (Ramibacterium), 563
pusilla (Cellulomonas), 602, 603 ramosus (Bacillus), 563
pusilus (Bacillus), 603 ramosus (Fusiformis) , 563
putealis (Clonothrix), 274 ranae (Mycobacterium) , 701
putealis (Glaucothrix) , 274 rancens (Acetobacter), 185, 186
putida (Pseudomonas), 91, 107 rancens (Bacterium), 185, 186
putida (Ristella), 429 rangoon (Actinomyces) , 732
putidus (Bacillus), 107, 429 rangoonensis (Nocardia), 717, 732
putidus (Bacteroides), 424, 429 rathayi (Aplanobacter) , 592
putoriorum (Haemophilus), 407, 411 rathayi (Corynebacterium), 581, 592, 593,
putredinis (Bacillus), 430 594
putredinis (Bacteroides), 425, 430 rathonis (Pseudomonas), 92, 114
putredinis (Ristella), 430 reading (Salmonella ser.), 376
rectale (Eubacterium) , 552, 554 RHODOBACTERIINEAE, 35, 36

rectalis (Bacteroides) , 554 RHODOBACTERIOIDEAE, 38
rectangulare (Ferribacterium), 221 Rhodobacterium, 35, 53
rectangulare (Sideroderma) , 221 capsulatum, 55
recti (Alcaligenes), 297, 299 Rhodocapsa suspensa, 49
recti (Bacterium) , 299 rhodochrous (Micrococcus), 712
recurrentis (Borrelia), 897, 898, 899, 901, rhodochrous (Rhodococcus) , 712
902, 904 Rhodococcus, 53
recurrentis (Protornycetum) , 898 capsulatus, 57
recurrentis (Spiroschaudinnia) , 898 rhodochrous, 712
reducans (Agarbacterium), 323, 325 Rhodocystis, 53
refringens (Borrelia), 897, 902 gelatinosa, 55
refringens (Spirochaeta) , 902 rhodomelae (Agarbacterium), 322, 324
regularis filiformis (Bacillus), 668 rhodomelae (Bacterium) , 322, 324
renale (Bacterium) , 586 Rhodomicrobium, 277, 997
renale (Corynebacterium), 580, 586 vannielii, 37, 278
renalis bovis (Bacillus), 586 Rhodomonas, 53
reniformis (Diplococcus) , 489 Rhodonostoc, 53
reniformis (Micrococcus) , 489 capsulatum, 56
reniformis (Neisseria) , 489 Rhodopseudonionas, 53, 54, 1031
reniformis (Veillonella), 486, 489 capsulata, 54, 56, 57, 58
reptilivora (Pseudomonas), 90, 100 capsulatus, 56
reptilivorous (Pseudomonas), 100 gelatinosa, 54, 55
resistomycificus (Streptomyces), 747, 772 palustris, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58
reticuli (Actinomyces) , 781 spheroides, 54, 57
reticuli (Streptomyces), 748, 781 Rhodorhagus, 53
reticulus (Actinomyces) , 783 Rhodorrhagus , 53
reticulus-ruher (Actinomyces) , 783 Rhodosphaera, 53
retiformans (Bacterium), 80 Rhodospirillum, 53, 58, 992, 998
retiformans (Thiobacterium), 79, 80 fulvum, 58, 59
rettgeri (Bacterium) , 367 giganteum, 59
rettgeri (Butyribacterium) , 577 molischianum, 58, 60
rettgeri (Proteus), 365, 367 photometricum, 58, 60
rettgeri (Shigella), 367 rubrum, 58, 59, 60, 61
Rhabdochromatium, 48 Rhodothece, 39, 51, 1031
f7isiforme, 49 pendens, 50
linsbaueri, 49 Rhodovibrio, 53
minus, 49
roseum, 49 parvus, 55 (Erysipelothrix) , 599
rhusiopathiae
Rhabdomonas, 39, 48, 1031 ribicola (Pseudomonas), 95, 98, 138
fiisiformis, 49 riboflavina (Pseudomonas), 93, 116
gracilis, 49 richmond (Salmonella ser.), 378
rosea, 48, 49, 50 ricini (Bacterium) , 166
rhapontica (Erwinia), 351, 359 ricinicola (Bacterium), 167
rhapontica (Phytomonas) , 351 ricinicola (Xanthomonas), 153, 155, 166
rhapontici (Erwinia), 351 rickettsi (Dermacentroxenus) , 941
rhapontici (Pectobacterium) , 359 rickettsi var. brasiliensis (Dermacentroxe-
rhenanum (Flavobacterium) , 310, 316 nus), 941
rhenanus (Bacillus), 317 rickettsi var. conori (Dermacentroxenus), 943
rhenanus (Flavobacterium) , 317 rickettsi var. pijperi (Dermacentroxenus), 943
rhinoscleromatis (Klebsiella), 344, 346 rickettsi (Ixodoxenus) , 941
Rhizobacterium japonicum, 287 rickettsi (Rickettsia (Dermacentroxenus)) , 941
RHIZOBIACEAE, 281, 285 Rickettsia, 935, 937
Rhizobium, 11, 285, 1015 Rickettsia (subgenus), 936, 937
japonicum, 286, 287, 1028 akamushi, 939
leguminosarum, 286, 287, 1020 Rickettsia akari, 936, 944
lupini, 286, 287 australis, 936, 944
meliloti, 286, 288, 1020, 1027 blanci, 943
phaseoli, 286, 287, 1020 (Dermacentroxenus) akari, 944
trifolii, 286, 287, 1020 (Dermacentroxenus) australis, 944
rhizogenes (Agrobacterium), 288, 290 bovis, 949
rhodnii (Actinomyces), 738 brasiliensis, 941
rhodnii (Nocardia), 717, 738 burneti, 947
Rhodobacillus , 53 (Coxiella) burneti, 947
palustris, 55 burneti var. americana, 947
RHODOBACTERIACEAE, 35, 36, 37 burneti var. caprina, 947
1079
burneii var. henzerling , 947 Rickettsiaformis, 961, 962

canis, 949 boi'is, 967
colomhiensis, 941 /eiis, 965
conjunctivae, 959 lymphogranulomatis, 962
conjunctivae-bovis, 960 muris, 965
conjunctivaecaprae , 960 opposum,
conjunctivae-galli, 960 ornithosis, 966
963
conjunctivae ovis, 959 oi;zs, 966
conjunctivae suis, 960 pneumoniae, 964
conori, 943 psittacosis, 963
conorii, 936, 943, 944, 945, 947 RICKETTSIALES, 9, 10, 11, 927, 933, 934
ctenocephali , 954 RICKETTSIEAE, 935
culicis, 954 Kickettsiella, 953, 957
dermacentrophila, 955 popilliae, 957
diaporica, 947 rickettsii (Rickettsia), 936, 940, 941, 945
exajithematofebri, 938 Kicolesia, 958, 959, 961
exanthematotiiphi , 937 bovis, 960
caprae, 960
te'ro, 947 938'
fletcheri, conjunctivae, 960, 961
lectularia, 954 lestoquardii, 960
lestoquardi, 960 ridiculosus (Sphaerophorus), 442, 446
Unognathi, 955 rigense (Flavobacterium) 310, 317
manchuriae, 938 rimaefaciens (Pseudomonas), 94, 132
megawi, 939 rimosus (Streptomyces), 746, 761
megawai var. fletcheri, 939 rio (Shigella), 388
megawi var. pijperi, 943 rio (Shigella ser.), 392
melolonthae, 957 riogrande (Salmonella ser.), 383
melophagi, 955 Ristella, 424
mooseri, 938 capillosa, 433
muricola, 938 cylindroides , 433
murina, 938 destillationis , 434
murina mooseri, 938 distasonis, 433
orientalis, 940 exigua, 431
(Rickettsia) orientalis, 940 fragilis, 425
orientalis var. schuffneri, 939 ghUinosa, 434
orientalis var. tropica, 940 halosmophila, 428
ovina, 950 incommunis, 426
pavlovskii, 947 insolita, 427
pediculi, 946 melaninogenica, 429
prowazekii, 936, 937, 939, 941, 942, 944, perfoetens, 426
947
putida, 429
prowazeki subsp. prowazeki, 938 putredinis, 430
prowazeki subsp. typhi, 938 terebrans, 428
prowazeki var. 7nooseri, 938 trichoides, 427
prowazeki var. prowazeki, 937 tumida, 431
pseudotyphi, 939 uncata, 431
psittaci, 963 unijormis, 432
quintana, 933, 936, 946 Rocha-Limae (subgenus), 945
rickettsii, 936, 940, 941, 945 rochalimae (Rickettsia), 946
(Derniacentroxenus) rickettsi, 941 Rochalimaea (subgenus), 936, 945
rochalimae, 946 rochei (Streptomyces), 745, 755
ruminantium, 951 roseochromogenes (Streptomyces), 747, 770,
(Coivdria) ruminantium, 951 772
sericea, 956 rosea (Rhabdomonas), 48, 49, 50
sumatranus, 939 rosea (Sarcina), 40
trachoynae, 958 rosea (Thiopedia), 40
trachomatis, 958 rosea (Thiosarcina), 40
trichodectae , 954 rosenbergii (Spirillum), 47
tsutsugamushi, 936, 939, 944 rosenbergii (Thiospirillum), 46, 47
roseochromogenus (Actinomyces) , 771
(Zinssera) tsutsugamushi, 940
roseochromogenus (Streptomyces) , 111
tsutsugamushi -orientalis , 939 roseoflavus (Streptomyces), 749, 786
typhi, 936, 938, 940, 941, 942, 944 roseo-persicina (Beggiatoa) , 49
weigli, 946
roseopersicina (Lamprocj^stis), 44
wolhynica, 946 roseopersicina (Thiocapsa), 41
RICKETTSIACEAE, 934 roseopersicinus (Protococcus) , 4A
roseum (Clostridium), 640, 680 saccharolyticus (Micrococcus), 474, 478

roseum (Rhabdochrotnatium) , 49 saccharolyticus (Peptococcus), 474, 478
roseum (Streptosporangium), 828 Saccharomonas , 199
roseum (Thioderma), 45, 52 anaerobia, 199
roseus (Acetobacter), 185, 188 lindneri, 199
roseus (Actinomyces), 770 saigonensis (Shigella), 388
roseus (Amoebobacter), 44, 45 saigonensis (Shigella ser.), 392
roseus (Micrococcus), 456, 461 saintpaul (Salmonella ser.), 376
rossicum (Anaplasma) , 981 salford (Salmonella ser.), 382
rostock (Salmonella ser.), 379 saliciperda (Pseudomonas), 96, 98, 151
rowbarton (Salmonella ser.), 382 salicis (Bacterium) , 352
rubens (Micrococcus), 456, 461 salicis (Erwinia), 350, 352
rubentschikii (Desulfovibrio), 249 salinaria (Pseudomonas) , 208
rubentschickii (Vibrio), 249 salinarium (Flavobacterium) (Halobacte-
rubeolae (Diplococcus) , 540 rium), 208
ruber (Actinomyces) , 784 salinarium (Halobacterium), 208, 209
ruber (Mycococcus), 707, 709 salinatis (Salmonella ser.), 376
ruber (Proactinomyces) , 727 salivarium (Mycoplasma), 916, 925
ruber (Protaminobacter), 200, 201 salivarius (Streptococcus), 511, 518
ruber (Streptomyces), 564, 748, 784, 801 Salmonella, 16, 17, 368, 1021, 1023, 1026
ruber (Thiopolycoccus), 46 ser. abaetetube, 381
ruber balticus (Bacillus), 363 ser. aberdeen, 381
ruber subsp. tetragenus (Mycococcus), 708, ser. abony, 376
710 abortivoequina, 370, 374
rubescens (Streptomyces), 751, 802 ser. abortivoequina, 376
rubescens (Streptothrix) , 802 ser. abortusbovis, 376
rubi (Agrobacterium), 288, 290 abortus-equi, 374
rubi (Phytomonas), 290 abortusovis, 370, 374
rubislaw (Salmonella ser.), 381 ser. abortusovis, 376
rubra (Cytophaga), 859, 860 ser. adelaide, 383
rubra (Nocardia), 714, 716, 727, 736, 801 ser. aequatoria, 378
rubrilineans (Phytomonas), 157 ser. ahuza, 383
rubrilineans (Xanthomonas), 154, 157 ser. alabama, 379
rubrireticuli (Streptomyces), 748, 783 ser. alachua, 383
rubrisubalb icons (Phytomonas), 176 ser. albany, 379
rubrisubalbicans (Xanthomonas), 154, 176 ser. albuquerque, 381
rubropertincta (Nocardia), 716, 726 ser. allandale, 383
rubropertinctus (Bacillus), 726 ser. altendorf, 376
rubropertinctus (Proactinomijces) , 726 ser. amager, 380
rubrum (Propionibacterium), 570, 572, 575 ser. amersfoort, 377
rubrum (Rhodospirillum), 58, 59, 60, 61 ser. amherstiana, 379
rubrum (Spirillum), 59 ser. anatum, 380
rufa (Thiocystis) , 43 ser. arechavaleta, 376
rufum (Spirillum) , 48 arizona, 347
rufum (Thiospirillum), 46, 48 ser. atlanta, 381
rugosa (Pseudomonas), 92, 109 ser. austin, 377
rugosus (Bacillus), 109 ser. ball, 377
ruminantium (Ancyromonas) , 260 ser. banalia, 378
ruminantium (Cowdria), 950, 951 ser. banana, 377
ruminantium (Kurlovia (Cowdria)), 951 ser. bareilly, 378
ruminantium (Rickettsia (Coivdria)) , 951 ser. belem, 378
ruminantium (Selenomastix) , 260 ser. berkeley, 383
ruminantium (Selenomonas), 258, 260 ser. berta, 379
ruminantium (Rickettsia) , 951 ser. binza, 380
russi (Bacteroides) , 448 ser. birkenhead, 377
rutgersensis (Actinomyces) , 795 ser. bispebjerg, 376
rutgersensis (Streptomyces), 750, 795 ser. bleadon, 282
ser. blegdam, 379
saarbruecken (Salmonella ser.), 379 ser. blukwa, 382
ser. bodjonegoro, 383
saccharoacetoperbutylicum (Clostridium) , ser. boecker, 381
638, 660 ser. bolton, 380
Saccharobacillus, 542, 543 ser. bonariensis, 378
pastorianus, 544, 549 ser. bonn, 377
Saccharobacterium, 1016 ser. borbeck, 381
saccharobutyricus (Bacillus), 662 ser. bovismorbificans, 378
ser. braenderup, 377 ser. fresno, 379
ser. brancaster, 377 ser. friedenau, 381
ser. brandenburg, 376 ser. fulica, 376
ser. brazil, 382 gallinarum, 370, 375, 1023
ser. brazzaville, 377 ser. gallinarum, 379
ser. bredene}', 376 gallinarum-pullorum, 375
ser. bristol, 381 ser. gambia, 383
ser. bronx, 378 ser. gaminara, 382
ser. budapest, 376 ser. garoli, 377
ser. bury, 376 ser. gatuni, 378
ser. butantan, 380 ser. georgia, 377
ser. cairina, 380 ser. give, 380
ser. Cairo, 376 ser. glostrup, 378
ser. California, 376 ser. godesburg, 382
ser. Cambridge, 380 ser. goerlitz, 380
ser. canastel, 379 ser. goettingen, 379
ser. canoga, 380 ser. grumpensis, 381
ser. Caracas, 381 ser. haarlem, 379
ser. carmel, 382 ser. habana, 381
ser. carrau, 382 ser. hadar, 378
ser. cerro, 382 ser. haifa, 377
ser. champaign, 383 ser. harrisonburg, 380
ser. chandans, 381 ser. hartford, 378
ser. Chester, 376 ser. hato, 376
ser. Chicago, 382 ser. heidelberg, 377
ser. chingola, 381 ser. hessarek, 376
ser. chittagong, 380 ser. heves, 381
choleraesuis, 370 ser. hidalgo, 378
ser. choleraesuis, 377 ser. hindmarsh, 379
ser. claibornei, 379 hirschfeldii, 370, 372
ser. clerkenwell, 380 ser. hirschfeldii, 377
ser. Clifton, 381 ser. homosassa, 382
ser. coeln, 377 ser. horsham, 382
ser. colindale, 378 ser. hull, 382
ser. Colombo, 383 ser. hvittingfoss, 382
ser. Colorado, 377 ser. ibadan, 381
ser. concord, 377 ser. illinois, 380
ser. coquilhatville, 380 ser. Indiana, 377
ser. corvallis, 379 ser. infantis, 378
ser. cubana, 381 ser. Inverness, 383
ser. curacao, 378 ser. irumu, 377
ser. daressalaam, 379 ser. Israel, 379
ser. daytona, 377 ser. ituri, 377
ser. decatur, 377 ser. Jacksonville, 382
ser. delplata, 381 ser. Jaffna, 379
ser. denver, .377 ser. javiana, 379
ser. derb}', 376 ser. Jerusalem, 377
ser. deversoir, 383 ser. Johannesburg, 383
ser. donna, 383 ser. kaapstad, 376
ser. dublin, 379 ser. kaltenhausen, 382
ser. duesseldorf, 378 ser. kapemba, 379
ser. duisburg, 376 ser. kaposvar, 376
ser. durban, 379 ser. kasenyi, 383
ser. duval, 383 ser. kentucky, 378
ser. eastbourne, 379 ser. kiambu, 377
ser. edinburg, 377 ser. kibusi, 382
ser. elizabethville, 380 ser. kimuenza, 376
ser. emek, 378 ser. kingabwa, 383
ser. emmastad, 383 ser. kingston, 376
enteritidis, 370, 371 ser. kinshasa, 380
ser. enteritidis, 379 ser. kirkee, 382
ser. eschweiler, 378 ser. kisangani, 376
ser. essen, 376 ser. korovi, 383
ser. fayed, 378 ser. kottbus, 378
ser. florida, 381 ser. kralendyk, 378
ser. freetown, 383 ser. krefeld, 381
ser. landau, 383 ser. onarinaon, 379

ser. langford, 382 ser. onderstepoort, 381
ser. oranienburg, 377
ser. leopoldville, 377 ser. orientalis, 382
ser. lexington, 380
ser. lille, 378 ser. orion, 380
ser. limete, 376 ser. Oslo, 377
ser. lindenburg, 378 ser. oxford, 380
ser. lindi, 383 ser. panama, 379
ser. lisboa, 382 ser. papuana, 378^
ser. litchfeld, 378 373
yphi, 371, 376
ser. livingston, 377 paratparatyphi,
ser.
ser. lomalinda, 379 ser. pensacola, 379
ser. lomita, 377 ser. pharr, 381
ser. london, 380 ser. pomona, 382
ser. luciana, 381 poona, 388
ser. macallen, 380 ser. poona, 381
ser. madelia, 382 ser. Portland, 379
ser. makiso, 377 ser. potsdam, 377
ser. manchester, 378 ser. praha, 378
ser. manhattan, 378 ser. Pretoria, 381
ser. manila, 380 rum, 375, 1021
pullopullorum,
ser. 379
ser. maracaibOj 381
ser. marsielle, 381 _ ser. quiniela, 378
ser. marylebone, 379 ser. reading, 376
ser. matadi, 382 ser. richmond, 378
ser. matopeni, 383 ser. riogrande, 383
ser. mbandaka, 378 ser. rostock, 379
ser. meleagridis, 380 ser. rowbarton, 382
ser. memphis, 382 ser. rubislaw, 381
ser. mendoza, 379 ser. saarbruecken, 379
ser. menston, 377 ser. saintpaul, 376
ser. mgulani, 383 ser. salford, 382
ser. miami, 379 ser. salinatis, 376
ser. michigan, 382 ser. sandiego, 376
ser. sanga, 378^
ser. mikawashima, 378
ser. milwaukee, 383 ser. sanjuan, 376
ser. minneapolis, 380 ser. sarajane, 376
ser. minnesota, 382 ser. schleissheim, 376
ser. mishmarhaemek, 381 ser. schoeneberg, 381
ser. mission, 377 schottmuelleri, 370, 373
ser. niississippi, 381 ser. schottmuelleri, 376^
ser. monschaui, 383 ser. schwarzengrund, 376
ser. montevideo, 377 ser. Seattle, 382
ser. morehead, 383 ser. selandia, 380
morgani, 366 ser. sendai, 379
ser. morotai, 382 ser. Senegal, 381
ser. moscow, 379 ser. senftenberg,^380
ser. muenchen, 378 ser. seremban, 379
ser. muenster, 380 ser. shangani, 380
ser. mundonobo, 382 ser. shanghai, 382
ser. nachshonim, 381 ser. Shipley, 378
ser. nagoya, 378 ser. shoreditch, 379
ser. napoli, 379 ser. siegburg, 382
ser. narashino, 378 ser. simi,
ser. 380 38J_
simsbury,
ser. nchanga^ 380
ser. ndolo, 379 ser. Singapore, 377
ser. neasden, 379 ser. solt, 381
ser. nessziona, 377 ser. Stanley, 376
ser. newbrunswick, 380 ser. Stanleyville, 377
ser. newington, 380 ser. Stockholm, 380
ser. newlands, 380 ser. Strasbourg, 379
ser. newport, 378 ser. sundsvall, 382
ser. niarembe, 383 ser. szentes, 382
ser. niloese, 380 ser. takoradi, 378
ser. norwich, 377 ser. taksony, 381
ser. nottingham, 382 ser. tallahassee, 378
ser. nyborg, 380 ser. tananarive, 378
1083
ser. taunton, 382 Saprospira, 893, 894, 999

ser. telaviv, 382 grandis, 894, 895
ser. telelkebir, 381 lepta, 894, 895
ser. telhashomer. 381
puncta, 895
ser. tennessee, 378 punctum, 894, 895
ser. texas, 376 sarajane (Salmonella ser.), 376
ser. thomasville, 380 Sarcina, 19, 455, 993, 994, 1001, 1002
ser. thompson, 377 aurantiaca, 468, 471
ser. tinda, 376 barkeri, 468, 470
ser. tuebingen, 380 barkerii, 470
typhi, 372 flava, 468, 471
typhimurium, 370, 371 hansenii, 468, 472
ser. tj'phimurium, 376 litoralis, 468, 471
ser. typhisuis, 377 lutea, 468, 470
typhosa, 370, 372, 1026 ma.xima, 468, 469
ser. typhosa, 379 methanica, 468, 469
ser. Uganda, 380 rosea, 40
ser. uphill, 383 ureae, 468, 472
ser. urbana, 382 ventriculi, 468
ser. usumbura, 382 Sarcinococcus, 468
ser. Utah, 378 sarcinoides (Nitrocystis) , 73
ser. uzaramo, 382 sarmin (Leptospira ser.), 909, 911
ser. Vancouver, 382 sartagoformum (Clostridium), 491, 639, 669
ser. vejle, 380 saturnirubrum (Clostridium), 640, 680
ser. veneziana, 381 saturni-rubrum (Clostridium) , 680
ser. virchow, 377 savastanoi (Bacterium), 139
ser. Virginia, 378 savastanoi (Pseudomonas), 95, 98, 139
ser. wagenia, 376 saxkoebing (Leptospira ser.), 909, 911
ser. wangata, 379 scabies (Oospora), 809
ser. waycross, 383 scabies (Streptomj^ces), 751, 807, 809
ser. weltevreden, 380 scarlatinae (Micrococcus), 513
ser. weslaco, 383 scarlatinae (Streptococcus) , 512
ser. westhampton, 380 scarlatinae (Syzygiococcus) , 488
ser. weston, 382 schizobacteroides (Nitrosogloea), 72
ser. wichita, 381 SCHIZOM YCETA CEA , 33
ser. wien, 376 SCHIZOMYCETACEAE, 33
ser. Worcester, 381 SCHIZOM YCETAE, 33
worthington, 388 SCHIZOMYCETES, 9, 10, 13, 29, 33, 857,
ser. worthington, 381 926
ser. Zanzibar, 380 SCHIZOPHYCEAE, 9, 10, 13, 29, 30, 838
ser. zega, 379 SCHIZOPHYTA, 6, 10
SALMONELLEAE, 334, 368 schleissheim (Salmonella ser.), 376
salmoni (Pasteurellu) , 370 Schmidlea luteola, 67
salmonicida (Aeromonas), 190, 192 schmidlei (Thioploca), 841
salmonicida (Bacterium) , 192 schmitzii (Shigella ser.), 391
sahnonicolor (Actinomyces) , 811 schoeneberg (Salmonella ser.), 381
salmonicolor (Mycobacterium) , 725 schottmuelleri (Bacillus), 373
salmonicolor (Nocardia), 716, 725 schottmuelleri (Salmonella), 370, 373
sahnonicolor (Proactinomyces) , 725 schottmuelleri (Salmonella ser.), 376
salmonicolor (Streptomyces), 752, 811 schroeteri (Sorangium), 867
salopia (Pseudomonas), 92, 114 schiiffneri (Leptospira ser.), 909, 911
salopium (Pseudomonas) , 114 schuylkilliensis (Pseudomonas), 91, 104
sampsonii (Actinomyces), 813 Schwarzenbeck (Streptococcus) , 539
sampsonii (Streptomyces), 752, 812 schwarzengrund (Salmonella ser.), 376
sandiego (Salmonella ser.), 376 sciuri (Haemobartonella), 972, 975
sanga (Salmonella ser.), 378 Sclerothrix, 695
sanguinea (Ophidomonas) , 47 Seattle (Salmonella ser.), 382
sanguineum (Thiospirillum), 46, 47, 48 segnis (Pseudomonas), 178, 183
sanguis (Streptococcus), 510, 515 sejroe (Leptospira ser.), 909, 911
sanjuan (Salmonella ser.), 377 selandia (Salmonella ser.), 380
saprogenes (Bacillus), 673 Selenoma.'^lix rnminantium, 260
Seienomonas, 229, 258, 995, 1029
saprogenes (Clostridimn), 639, 673
saprogenes (Plectridium) , 673 palpitans, 258 258, 260
rnminantium,
saprogenes carnis (Bacillus), 673 sputigena, 258, 259, 438
Sapromyces laidlawi AB, 926 semarange (Leptospira ser.), 910, 911
laidlawi C, 926 seminum (Pseudomonas), 95, 98, 145
sendai (Salmonella ser.), 379 ser. etousae, 393

Senegal (Salmonella ser.), 381 flexneri, 384, 387, 1021
senftenberg (Salmonella ser.), 380 ser. flexneri, 392
sensitiva (Cytophaga), 859, 862 ser. newcastle, 392
sentot (Leptospira ser.), 909, 911 paradysenteriae, 387
sepedonicum {Bacterium), 591 rabaulensis, 388
sepedonicum (Corynebacteriiim) , 580, 591 rettgeri, 367
septatum {Polyangium) , 868 rio, 388
septatum (Sorangium), 867, 868 ser. rio, 392
septatum var. microcystum (Sorangium), saigonensis, 388
869 ser. saigonensis, 392
septica (Pasteurella) , 396 ser. schmitzii, 391
septica (Pseudomonas) , 91, 106 sonnei, 384, 388
septicaemiae (Pasteurella), 395, 397 ser. sonnei, 393
septicaemiae anserum exsudativae {Bacillus), shipley (Salmonella ser.), 378
397 shorediteh (Salmonella ser.), 379
septicaemiae haemorrhagicae {Bacillus), 396 sibericus {Dermacentroxenus) , 947
septicum (Clostridium), 636, 650, 653 sicca (Neisseria), 481, 483
septicus {Bacillus), 650 siccus {Bacteroides), 445
seremban (Salmonella ser.), 379 siccus {Diplococcus) , 48^
sergenti {Bartonella), 97 Q siccus (Sphaerophorus), 442, 445
sergenti {Haemohartonella) , 976 Siderobacter, 218, 226, 994, 1005
sericea {Rickettsia) , 956 b re vis, 226
sericea (Wolbachia), 953, 956 duplex, 226, 227
serpens (Archangium), 864, 865 gracilis, 226
serpens {Bacillus) , 436 latus, 226, 227
serpens (Bacteroides), 425, 436 linearis, 226
serpens {Chondromyces) , 864, 865 Siderocapsa, 218, 994, 1000
serpens (Spirillum), 254 botryoides, 218, 220
serpens {Vibrio), 254 coronata, 218, 219, 220
serpens {Zuberella) , 436 eusphaera, 218,219
Serratia, 339, 1016 major, 218, 219, 1006
corallina, 724 monoeca, 218, 220
indica, 360, 361 monoica, 220
keilensis, 363 treubii, 218, 219
kiliensis, 361 SIDEROCAPSACEAE, 67, 217
marcescens, 360, 361, 364 SIDEROCAPSEAE, 217
piscatorum, 361 Siderococcus, 218, 225, 1000
plymuthica, 361, 362 communis, 226
urinae, 363 limoniticus, 225
SERRATIEAE, 334, 359 Siderocystis, 222
sesami (Pseudomonas), 95, 98, 135 duplex, 222
sesbaniae (Xanthomonas), 153, 155, 167 minor, 223
sessile (Synangium), 877 vulgaris, 222
sessilis {Chondromyces), 877 Sideroderma, 221, 225
setariae {Bacterium) , 135 diiplex, 221
setariae (Pseudomonas), 95, 96, 135 limneticum, 225
setiense (Clostridium), 638, 663 rectangulare, 221
setiensis {Inflabilis) , 663 ienue, 221
setonii {Actinomyces) ,807 Sideromonas, 218, 222, 1006
setonii (Streptomyces), 751, 807 confervarum, 222
shangani (Salmonella ser.), 380 duplex, 222
shanghai (Salmonella ser.), 382 major, 223
shermanii (Propionibacterium), 570, 571, vulgaris, 222
572, 573, 575 Sideronema, 217, 220, 994
shigae {Bacillus), 384 globulifera, 221
Shigella, 368, 384, 1021, 1023 globuliferum, 221
alkalescens, 384, 388 Siderophacus, 212, 216, 1005
ser. ambigua, 391 corneolus, 216
ser. arabinotarda, 391 sideropous {Chlamydothrix) , 265, 266
l)oydii, 384, 386, 389 sideropous (Leptothrix), 265, 268
ser. boydii, 386, 392 Siderosphaera, 217, 220, 1000
ser. ceylonensis, 393 conglomerata, 220
dispar, 384, 390 Siderothece, 222
dysenteriae, 384 major, 223
ser. dysenteriae, 391 minor, 223
equirulis, 415 siegburg (Salmonella ser.), 382
1085
simi (Salmonella ser.), 380 glycolyticus, 443, 450, 1030

simiae (Bacterium) , 422 gonidiaformans, 442, 447, 1029
simiae (Noguchia), 421, 422 gulosus, 442, 446, 1030
Simonsiella, 831, 833, 991, 1004 inaequalis, 442, 411, 1029
crassa, 833 influenzaeforniis, 112, 118, 1029
filiformis, 834 mortiferus, 442, 117, 1020
muelleri, 833 necrogenes, 442, 415, 1030
Mulleri, 833 necrophorus, 442, 413, 1030
simplex (Arthrobacter), 606, 608 necroticus, 442, 415, 1029
simplex (Conjnebacterium), 608 pyogenes, 442, 448, 1029
simplex (Myxobacter) , 874 ridiculosus, 442, 446, 995, 1029
simplex (Polyangium), 871, 874 siccus, 442, 445, 1030
simsbur}^ (Salmonella ser.), 381 varius, 442, 444, 1030
Singapore (Salmonella ser.), 377 Sphaerothrix latens, 215
skujae (Leptothrix) , 265, 268 Sphaerotilus, 263, 926, 992
smaragdina (Pseudomonas), 91, 107 dichotomus, 264
smaragdinum {Bacterium), 107 discophorus, 846
smaragdinus foetidus (Bacillus) , 107 fluitans, 264
smegmatis (Bacillus), 697 natans, 263, 992
smegmatis (Mycobacterium), 696, 697 trichogenes, 269
snieszkoi (Plectridium) , 689 sphenoides (Bacillus) , 666
sociovivum (Bacterium) , 497 sphenoides (Clostridium), 639, 667
sociovivum (Brevibacterium), 491, 497 Spherocillus , 441
soehngenii (Methanobacterium), 250, 693 spheroides (Rhodopseudomonas), 54, 57
solanacearum (Bacillus), 144 Spherophorus, 441
solanacearum (Pseudomonas), 95, 99, 144 funduliformis , 443
solare (Bacteriwn) ,'SH spirale (Pelonema) , 271 , 272
solare (Flavobacterium), 310, 314 spiralis (Actinomyces), 812
solt (Salmonella ser.), 381 spiralis (Streptomyces), 752, 812
somaliensis (Indiella), 819 Spirilina, 364
somaliensis (I ndiellopsis) , 819 SPIRILLACEAE, 67, 228, 928
somaliensis (Streptomyces), 753, 819 Spirillum, 13, 228, 253, 928, 999
sonnei (Bacterium) , 389 bipunctatum, 82
sonnei (Proshigella) , 389 cholerae asiaticae, 231
sonnei (Shigella), 384, 388, 389 desulfuricans , 248
sonnei (Shigella ser.), 393 duttoni, 900
SORANGIACEAE, 854, 855, 857, 866 glossinae, 902
Sorangiuiii, 855, 866 itersonii, 252, 253
cellulosum, 867, 868 kutscheri, 254, 256
compositum, 867, 869 lipoferum, 254, 257
nigrescens, 867, 869 minus, 254, 256, 454
nigrum, 867, 869 nigrum, 247
schroeteri, 867 rosenbergii , 47
septatum, 867, 868 rubrum, 59
septatum var. microcj'stum, 869 rufum, 48
sorediatum, 867 serpens, 254
sorediatum var. macrocystum, 868 sputigenum, 259
spumosum, 867, 868 teniie, 254, 255
sorediatum (Polyangium), 867 undula, 254
sorediatum (Sorangium), 867 undula majus, 256
sorediatum var. macrocystum (Sorangium) , violaceum, 47
868 virginianum, 254, 255
sorex (Leptospira ser.), 912 volutans, 254, 256, 257
spatuliforme (Cillobacterium) , 508 spirillum (Azotobacter), 257
SPERMAPHYTA, 11 spirillum (Vibrio), 25Q
SPERMATOPHYTA, 11 Spirochaeta, 893, 993, 999
sphaerica (Blastocaulis),279 anodontae, 896
sphaericus (Bacillus), 615, 633 anserina, 898
Sphaerocillus, 441 babylonensis , 903
Sphaerophorus, 424, 441, 442, 995, 1001, berbera, 899
1029, 1030 biflexa, 907, 913
abscedens, 443, 449, 1030 buccalis, 902
bullosus, 443, 450, 1030 carteri, 899
caviae, 443, 449, 1030 caucasica, 901
floccosus, 442, 449, 1029, 1030 crocidurae, 903
freundii, 442, 447, 1029 daxensis, 893, 894
funduliformis, 443 dipodilli, 903
dugesi, 902 Stanleyville (Salmonella ser.) , 377

duttoni, 900 Staphylococcus, 454, 464, 1002
eurystrepta, 893, 894 activus, 474, 475
graingeri, 903 aerogenes, 474, 476
harveTji, 904 albus, 465
hermsi, 900 anaerobius, 475, 479
hispanica, 899 asaccharolyticus, 476
Mjos, 903 aureus, 464, 465, 1002
icterohaemorrhagiae, 907 citreus, 465
ictero-haemorrhagiae, 907, 912 epidermidis, 464, 465, 1002
ictero-haemorrhagiae japonica, 912 epidermidis albus, 465
icterohaemorrhagica japonica, 912 minimus, 487
kochi, 901 parvulus, 486
latyschewi, 903 pyogenes albus, 465
marina, 893, 894 pyogenes aureus, 465
niuris, 256 pyogenes citreus, 465
neotropicalis , 900 stationis {Achromobacter) , 498
novyi, 901 stationis (Brevibacterium), 491, 498
paraluis cuniculi, 906 stearothermophilus (Bacillus), 615, 627
parkeri, 900 Stelangiuni, 836, 866
muscorum, 866
persica, 901
plicatilis, 850, 893, 894 stellatum (Polyangium), 871, 875
plicatilis eurystrepta, 894 stellulatum (Agrobacterium), 289,291
plicatilis marina, 894 stenohalis (Achromobacter), 301,307
refringens, 902 stenohalis {Acinetobacier) , 307
stenostrepta, 893, 894 stenostrepta (Spirochaeta), 893, 894
SMis, 903 stercoraria (Vitreoscilla), 845, 846
theileri, 904 sterilis albus {Streptomyces) , 821
turicatae, 901 sterilis flavus {Streptomyces), 821
vincenti, 902 sterilis ruber {Streptomyces) , 821
SPIROCHAETACEAE, 892 sterilis viridis {Streptomyces) , 821
SPIROCHAETALES, 10, 11, 13, 34, 892 stewarti {Bacterium) , 178
Spirochaete, 893 stewarti {Xanthomonas) , 178
pallida, 905 stewartii (Xanthomonas), 178
pinnae, 896 Stigmatella aurantiaca, 880
Spirochoeta, 893 stipitatus (Myxococcus), 883, 885
stizolobiicola (Xanthomonas), 153, 155, 167
Spironema, 17, 897 stizolobii {Aplanobacter) , 142
Spirophyllum infurcaium, 216 stizolobii (Pseudomonas), 95, 98, 142
Spiroschaudinnia, 897 Stockholm (Salmonella ser.), 380
anserina, 898 Strasbourg (Salmonella ser.), 379
recurreniis, 898 Streptobacillus, 424, 451, 1021, 1022
Spirosoma, 928 caviae, 449
gregarium, 260 gangrenae pulmonaris , 562
Spirothrix pseudovacuolata, 268 moniliformis, 417, 1021, 1022
Sporocytophaga, 855, 857, 858, 884, 890 pyogenes floccosus, 449
congregata, 890, 891 terrae, 451
ellipsospora, 890, 891 STREPTOBACTERIACEAE, 505
myxococcoides, 890 Streptobacterium, 542
sporogenes (Clostridium), 637, 644, 650, casei, 548
659, 662 foetidum, 543
sporosphaeroides (Clostridium), 640, 676 plantarum, 549
Sporovibrio, 248 STREPTOCOCCEAE, 506
desuljuricans , 248 Streptococcus, 506, 508, 1002
spumans (Mycoplasma), 915, 919 acidominimus, 510, 518
spumarum (Clostridium), 641, 685 agalactiae, 510, 517
spumarum (Pleclridium) , 685 agalactiae contagiosae, 517
spumosum (Polyangium) , 871, 876 anaerobius, 534
spumosum (Sorangium), 867, 868 anaerobius micros, 537
sputigena (Microspira), 234 anginosus, 510, 516
sputigena (Selenomonas) , 259, 438 bovis, 511, 520
sputigenum {Spirillum) , 259 citrovorus, 532
sputigenus (Vibrio), 230, 234 cremoris, 511, 525
sputigenus {Vibrio), 259 durans, 511, 524
sputorum (Vibrio), 231, 247 dysgalactiae, 510, 514
Stanley (Salmonella ser.), 376 epidemicus, 512
1087
equi, 510, 514 celluloflavus, 746, 764

equinus, 511, 520 cellulosae, 746, 760
equisimilis, 510, 513 chromogenes, 769
erysipelatos, 512 chrysomallus, 749, 787
evoluius, 539 chrysomallus, ISl
faecalis, 511, 522, 524 cinnamonensis, 747, 771
faecalis var. liquefaciens, 511, 523 cinnamoneus, 749, 789
faecalis var. zymogenes, 511, 524 circulatus, 748, 783
foetidus, 535 citreus, 749, 786
hemolyticus, 512 clavifer, 751, 804
hollandicus , 526 coelicolor, 745, 756, 820
inlermedius , 538 collinus, 748, 779
intracellularis, 482 coroniformis, 752, 812
lactis, 511, 525, 709 craterifer, 751, 806
lactis B, 526 cyaneus, 745, 757
lanceolalus, 537 cylindrosporus, 748, 777
liquefaciens , 523 diastaticus, 747, 767, 770
mastitidis, 517 diastatochromogenes, 747, 773
MG, 528 erythraeus, 747, 766
micros, 537 erythrochromogenes, 748, 767, 779
Miletensis , 405 exfoliatus, 750, 794
mitis, 511, 519 farinosus, 749, 788
nocardi, 517 fasciculus, 746, 766
ovalis, 522 felleus, 747, 769
parvulus, 538 fimbriatus, 751, 805
parvulics non liquefaciens, 538 fimicarius, 747, 768, 770
productus, 536 fiaveolus, 746, 759
pseudoagalacliae, 514 flavochromogenes, 747, 773
pulridus, 535 flavogriseus, 747, 767
pyogenes, 509, 510, 512 flavovirens, 746, 763
pyogenes animalis, 513 flavus, 748, 783, 808
salivarius, 511, 518 fiocculus, 750, 798
sanguis, 510, 515 fordii, 739
fradiae, 750, 792, 799
scarlatinae, 512 •■ fulvissimus, 749, 787
Schwarzenbeck, 539
thermophilus, 511, 521 fumosus, 750, 796
uberis, 511, 521 galtieri, 753, 815
zooepidemicus, 510, 513 gedanensis, 749, 790
zymogenes, 524 gelaticus, 750, 794
Streptomyces, 17, 741, 829, 1009 gibsonii, 735
abikoensis, 748, 785 glaucus, 750, 795
abikoensum, 785 globisporus, 745, 754, 791
achromogenes, 747, 769 globosus, 747, 776
acidophilus, 751, 802 gougeroti, 788
africanus, 736 gougerotii, 749, 788
albidoflavus, 746, 755, 762, 763 gracilis, 751, 806
albidus, 749, 789 griseocarneus, 747, 775, 790
alboflavus, 750, 763, 798 griseoflavus, 746, 761
alboniger, 748, 784 griseolus, 746, 766
albosporeus, 750, 800 griseoluteus, 746, 765
albus, 745, 753, 755, 763, 769, 788, 789 griseus, 749, 754, 791, 807, 821
antibioticus, 747, 774, 779 halstedii, 750, 795
antimycoticus, 750, 799 hortonensis, 753, 816
anulatus, 745, 755 hygroscopicus, 750, 796
aurantiacus, 746, 765 intermedius, 752, 813
aureofaciens, 746, 762 ipomoeae, 752, 813
aureus, 748, 778, 779 kimberi, 753, 818
beddardii, 753, 817 lavendulae, 748, 780
lieskei, 746, 763
bikiniensis, 747, 773 limosus, 746, 764
bobiliae, 746, 765 lipmanii, 750, 756, 796, 803
cacaoi, 749, 792 listeri, 753, 815
californicus, 745, 755, 759 loidensis, 752, 808, 809
candidus, 750, 766, 797 longisporoflavus, 750, 797
canescens, 747, 768 longispororuber, 751, 801
carnosus, 751, 805 longisporus, 745, 754
casei, 751, 804 longissimus, 749, 791
maculatus, 752, 811 viridis, 751, 803

marginatus, 752, 808, 810 viridis sterilis, 803
marinus, 749, 793 viridochromogenes, 748, 777
melanocyclus, 751, 801 viridoflavus, 747, 776
microflavus, 749, 786, 789, 792 viridogenes, 752, 808
mirabilis, 747, 774 wedmorensis, 752, 809
netropsis, 748, 782 willmorei, 753, 820
niger, 748, 784 xanthophaeus, 746, 760
noursei, 747, 770 STREPTOMYCETACEAE, 695, 744
novaecaesareae, 750, 794 Streptosporangiiiin, 826, 828, 1009
odorifer, 749, 785 roseum, 828
oidiosporus, 751, 801 Streptothrix, 451, 744
olivacevis, 749, 792 annulatus, 755
olivochromogenes, 747, 772 Candida, 797
olivochromogenus, 772 caprae, 721
panjae, 753, 819 chalcea, 822
parvus, 746, 760 coelicolor, 756
pelletieri, 737 cuniculi, 443
phaeochromogenes, 748, 778, 781 epiphytica, 267
phaeochromogenus , 778
fluitans, 264
pluricolor, 745, 757 gedanensis, 790
poolensis, 752, 807, 814 israeli, 743
praecox, 751, 807 madurae, 730
praefecundus, 751, 808 muris ratti, 451, 453
purpeochromogenus , 111 polychromogenes, 718
purpureochromogenes, 748, 777 rubescens, 802
purpurescens, 750, 800 viridis, 803
pulrificans , 786 Streptotrix alba, 753
putrificus, 749, 786 albido-flava, 762
resistomycificus, 747, 772 aurantiaca, 765
nigra, 784
reticuli,"748,
rimosus, 746, 781761 violacea, 758
rochei, 745, 755 siriafaciens (Bacterium), 132
roseochromogenes, 747, 770, 772 striafaciens (Pseudomonas) , 94, 96, 132
roseochromogenus , 111 striata (Pseudomonas), 91, 107
roseoflavus, 749, 786 striatum (Bacterium), 584
ruber, 748, 784, 801 striatum (Corynebacterium) , 580, 584
rubescens, 751, 802 striatus albus (Bacillus) , 584
rubrireticuli, 748, 783 striatus flavus (Bacillus) , 584
rutgersensis, 750, 795 striatus viridis (Bacillus), 107
salmonicolor, 752, 811 stricta (Vitreoscilla), 845, 847
sampsonii, 752, 812 sturmani (Bartonella), 916
scabies, 751, 807, 809 sturmanii (Haemobartonella), 973, 976
setonii, 751, 807 stutzeri (Bacterium), 115
somaliensis, 753, 819 stutzeri (Pseudomonas), 92, 115
spiralis, 752, 812 suaveolens (Flavobacterium) , 311, 319
sterilis albus, 821 subcreta (Pseudomonas) , 178, 182
sterilis flatus, 821 subflava (Neisseria), 481, 484
sterilis ruber, 821 suboxydans (Acetobacter), 185, 188
sterilis viridis, 821 subterminale (Clostridium) , 638, 662
tanashiensis, 748, 778 subterminalis (Bacillus), 662
tenuis, 752, 808, 810 subtilis (Bacillus), 18, 613, 614, 620
thermodiastaticus, 751, 803 subtilis var. aterrimus (Bacillus), 614, 621
thermofuscus, 751, 804 subtilis var. niger (Bacillus), 614, 621
thermophilus, 751, 803, 804 succinogenes (Bacteroides), 425, 434
tumuli, 752, 807, 814 suis (Brucella), 404, 406
upcottii, 753, 816 suis (Eperythrozoon), 978, 979, 980
venezuelae, 748, 780 suis (Haemophilus), 407, 408
verne, 745, 758, 803 stiis (Spirochaeta) , 903
verticillatus, 748, 782 Sulfomonas, 83
verticillatus viridans, 782 denitrifi.cans, 86
vinaceus, 745, 757 Sulfospirillum , 82
violaceoniger, 749, 790 sulfureum (Brevibacterium), 492, 502
violaceus, 745, 758 sulfureum (Flavobacterium) , 502
virgatus, 746, 759 sulphurica (Aphanothece) , 64
virginiae, 748, 781 sulphurica (Clathrochloris), 64
viridans, 745, 758 sumatranus (Rickettsia) , 939
sundsvall (Salmonella ser.), 382 Termobacterium mobile, 199

superficialis (Achromobacter), 301, 306 ternissima (Ciitophaiio) , 860
superficialis {Bacillus), 306 terrae (Strcploharilhis), 451
stispensa (Rhodocapsa) , 49 terregens (A il/inil»irlrr) , 606, 611
Symbiotes, 953, 9o6 terrestralgiiiic.i (AI}i;iiiomonas), 202, 203
lectularivis, 955, 956 terrestraU/iniciiiii (Hoctcrium) , 203
lectularia, 956 tertium (Clostridium), 642, 691
symbioticum (Chlorobacterium) , 65, 66 tertius (Bacillus) ,m\
Synangium, 870, 877 tetani (Bacillus) , 676
lanuginosum, 877 tetani (Clostridium), 640, 676
sessile, 877 tetanoides (A) (Bacillus) ,G75
thaxteri, 877 tetanoides (Clostridium), 640, 675
syncyanea (Pseudomonas), 91, 106 tetanomorphum (Clostridium), 640, 677
syncyaneus (Vibrio), 106 tetanomorphus (Bacillus), 677
synxantha (Pseudomonas), 91, 104 Tetracoccus, 466
syringae (Pseudomonas), 94, 99, 128, 132 tetragena (Gaffkya), 466
Syzygiococcus scaiiatinae, 488 tetragenus (Micrococcus) , 4QQ
syzygios (Micrococcus) , 488 tetragenus ruber (Micrococcus) , 461
syzygios scarlatinae (Micrococcus) , 488 texas (Salmonella ser.), 376
szentes (Salmonella ser.), 382 thalassius (Achromobacter), 300, 303
THALLOPHYTA, 10, 11, 30
tabaci (Pseudomonas), 94, 98, 132, 133 thalpophilus (Thermoactinomyces) , 824
tabacum (Bacterium), 131 thamnopheos (Mycobacterium), 696, 699
taeniata (Peloploca), 270 thaxteri (Archangium), 864, 865
taetrolens (Pseudomonas), 91, 108 thaxteri (Chondromyces), 877
takoradi (Salmonella ser.), 378 thaxteri (Synangium), Hll
taksony (Salmonella ser.), 381 theileri (Anaplasma), 981
tale (Clostridium), 638, 664 theileri (Borrelia), 898, 904
talis (Inflabilis) , 664 theileri (Spirorhaeta), 904
tallahassee (Salmonella ser.), 378 Theileria t-'ûtsui/annishi, 939
talpae (Grahamella), 971 thermalis {('hhinn/d,,tliri.i) ,2m
tananarive (Salmonella ser.), 378 thermalis (Leptothrix), 265, 266
tanashiensis (Streptomyces) , 748, 778 thermoaceticum (Clostridium), 640, 678
taraxaci (Xanthomonas), 153, 155, 167 Thermoactinomyces, 744, 824, 1009
tardier escens (Bacterium) , 179 monospora, 825
tardicrescens (Xanthomonas), 178, 179 monosporus, 824, 825
tartarivorum (Clostridium), 640, 674, 675 thalpophilus, 824
taunton (Salmonella ser.) . 382 vulgaris, 824
technicum (Propionibacterium), 570, 573 Thermobacterium , 542
tectum (Ochrobivim), 225 helveticum, 545
tegumenticola (Bacterium) , 498 lactis, 544
tegumenticola (Brevibacterium), 491, 498 thermocellulaseum (Clostridium), 641, 689
telaviv (Salmonella ser.), 382 thermocellum (Clostridium), 641, 689
telelkebir (Salmonella ser.), 381 thermocellus (T erminosporus) , 689
telhashomer (Salmonella ser.) , 381 thermodiastaticus (Actinomyces) , 803
tennessee (Salmonella ser.), 378 thermodiastaticus (Streptomyces), 751, 803
tenue (Caryophanon), 832 thermofuscus (Actinomyces) , 804
tenue (Cillobacterium), 566, 567 thermofuscus (Streptomyces), 751, 804
tenue (Pelonema), 271 thermophilus (Actinomyces) , 803
tenue (Siderodernia) , 221 thermophilus (Lactobacillus), 543, 547
tenue (Spirillum), 254, 255 thermophilus (Streptococcus), 511, 521
tenuis (Actinomyces), 810 thermophilus (Streptomyces), 751, 803, 804
tenuis (Bacteroides) , 568 thermosaccharolyticum (Clostridium), 640,
tenuis (Pseiidanabaena) , 847 673, 676
tenuis (Streptomyces), 752, 808, 810 thetaiotaomicron (Bacillus), 427
tenuis (Thiothrix), 842, 843 thetaiotaomicron (Bacteroides), 424, 427
tenuis spatuliforniis (Bacillus), 507 thetoides (Bacillus) , 443
tenuissima (Cytophaga), 859, 860 Thiobacillus, 37, 78, 83, 1005, 1008, 1017,
tenuissima (Leptothrix) , 268 1025, 1028
tenuissima (Thiothrix) , 843 concretivorus, 84, 86
terebrans (Bacillus), 428 coproliticus, 83, 85
terebrans (Bacteroides), 424, 428 denitrificans, 83, 86
terebrans (Ristella), 428 ferrooxidans, S3, 84, 228, 1005
T erminosporus indologenes , 674 neopolitanus, 83, 86
thermocellus , 689 novellus, 83, 85, 1025
termitidis (Fusiformis) , 437 thiooxidans, 84, 87
termo (Zoogloea), 206 thioparus, 83, 84, 85, 86
trautweinii, 84, 87 thoenii (Propionibacterium), 570, 572

X, 86 thomasville (Salmonella ser.), 380
THIOBACTERIA, 36 thompson (Salmonella ser.) , 377
THIOBACTERIACEAE, 35, 67, 78 thuringiensis (Bacillus), 614, 619
THIOBACTERIALES, 36, 37 tinda (Salmonella ser.), 376
Thiobacterium, 78, 79, 997 toanum (Clostridium), 636, 647
bovista, 79 tolaasii (Pseudomonas), 95, 96, 136
cristalliferum, 79 tomato (Bacterium) , 128
retiformans, 79, 80 tomato (Pseudomonas), 94, 98, 128
Thiocapsa, 39, 41, 44, 1031 tonelliana (Pseudomonas), 95, 97, 139
floridana, 41 tonellianum (Bacterium) , 139
roseopersicina, 41 tortuosum (Eubacterium) , 552, 555
Thiocystis, 39, 43, 44, 1032 tortuosus (Bacillus), 555
rufa, 43 Toxothrix, 263, 269, 1003
violacea, 43 ferruginea, 269
Thioderma roseum, 45, 52 gelatinosa, 269
Thiodictyon, 39, 41, 1032 trichogenes, 269
elegans, 42, 45 tracheiphila (Erwinia), 350, 353
thiogenes (Bacterium) , 87 tracheiphilus (Bacillus) , 353
thiooxidans (Thiobacillus), 84, 87 trachomae (Rickettsia), 958
thioparus (Thiobacillus), 83, 84, 85, 86 trachomatis (Chlamydia), 958
Thiopedia, 39, 40, 50, 1031 trachomatis (Chlamydozoon) , 958
rosea, 40 trachomatis (Rickettsia) , 958
Thiophysa 7nacrophysa, 852, 853 tralucida (Pseudomonas), 93, 115
volutans, 852, 853 translucens (Bacterium), 168
Thioploca, 838, 841, 1003 translucens (Xanthomonas) , 153, 168
ingrica, 841,842 transvalensis (Nocardia), 716, 728
minima, 841, 842 trapanicum (Bacterium), 211
mixta, 841, 842 trapanicum (Halobacterium), 208, 211
schmidlei, 841 trapanicum (Flavobacterium) (Halobacter-
Thiopolycoccus, 39, 45, 1032 ium), 211
ruber, 46 trautweinii (Thiobacillus) , 84, 87
THIORHODACEAE, 36, 38, 39 Treponema, 896, 904, 999
Thiosarcina, 39, 1031 americanus, 906
rosea, 40 calligyrum, 904, 905
Thiosphaerella amylifera, 852, 853 carateum, 905, 906
Thiospira, 78, 82, 271, 993, 999, 1018, 1028, cuniculi, 905, 906
1029 genitalis, 904, 905
bipunctata, 82 herrejoni, 906
winogradskyi, 82 microdentium, 905, 906
ThiospiriUopsis, 838, 840, 991, 998 minutum, 905
floridana, 840 mucosum, 905, 906
Thiospirillum, 39, 46, 82, 992, 998 pallidum, 902, 904, 905, 906, 907
crassum, 46, 47 pertenue, 904, 905
jenense, 46, 47, 48 pictor, 906
rosenbergii, 46, 47
rufum, 46, 48 pintae, 906 , 900
venezuelense
sanguineum, 46, 47, 48 TREPONEMATACEAE, 892, 896
violaceum, 46, 47, 1031 TREPONEMIDAE, 896
winogradskyi, 82 treubii (Siderocapsa), 218, 219
thiosulfatophilum (Chlorobium), 62, 63 trichodectae (Rickettsia), 954
Thiothece, 39, 42, 45, 1032 trichodectae (Wolbachia), 953, 954, 955
gelatinosa, 42 trichogenes (Chlaniydothrix) , 269
Thiothrix, 838, 842, 991, 992, 1003, 1004 trichogenes (Leptothrix) , 269
annulata, 844 trichogenes (Sphaerotilus) , 269
anulata, 843, 844 trichogenes (Toxothrix), 269
longiarticulata, 843, 844 trichoides (Bacillus) , 427
marina, 843, 844 trichoides (Bacteroides), 424, 427
nivea, 842, 843 trichoides (Ristella) , 427
tenuis, 842, 843 tricolor (Actinomyces), 756
tenuissima, 843 trifolii (Pseudomonas), 178, 180
voukii, 843 trifolii (Rhizobium), 286, 287
Thiovibrio, 80 trifolii (Xanthomonas), 180
Thiovulum, 78, 81, 994 tritici (Corynebacterium), 581, 594
majus, 82 tritici (Pseudomo?ias),594
minus, 82 Trombidoxenus, 940
mulleri, 82 orientalis, 940
Trypanosoma halhianii, 895 undula majus (Spirillum) , 256

tsutsugamushi (Rickettsia), 936, 939, 944 undulata (Holospora), 929
tsutsugamushi-orientalis (Rickettsia) , 939 undulata (Peloploca), 270
tsutsugamushi (Theileria) , 939 uniformis (Bacteroides) , 425, 432
tsutsugamushi (Rickettsia (Zinssera)) , 940 uniformis (Ristella), 432
tuberculosis (Bacillus), 701 upcottii (Actinomyces) , 816
tuberculosis (Bacterium), 701 upcottii (Streptomyces) , 753, 816
tul)erculosis (Mj-cobacterium), 696, 701, 703 uphill (Salmonella ser.), 383
tuberculosis avium (Mycobacterium), 704 uppalii (Xanthomonas), 153, 155, 168
tuberculosis gallinarum (Bacillus), 704 urbana (Salmonella ser.), 382
tuberculosis ovis (Bacillus) , 384 ureae (Micrococcus), 456, 457
tubercidosis tyTpus bovinus (Mycobacterium), ureae (Planosarcina) , 472
703 ureae (Sarcina), 468, 472
tuberculosis typus gallinaceus (Mycobac- ureafaciens (Arthrobacter), 606, 610
terium), 704 ureasophora (Beneckea), 329
tuberc^dosis tyipus himanus (Mycobacterium), ureasophorum (Achromobacter) , 330
701 ureolyticum (Eubacterium), 553, 557
tuberculosis var. bovis (Mycobacterium), 703 urinae (Serralia) , 363
tuberculosis var. hominis (Mycobacterium) , Urobacillus pasteurii, 633
701 Urococcus, 455
tuberculosis var. muris (Mycobacterium), 703 Urosarcina, 468
tuebingen (Salmonella ser.), 380 hansenii, 472
iularense (Bacterium) , 400 usumbura (Salmonella ser.), 382
tularensis (Pasteurella), 395, 400 Utah (Salmonella se/-.), 378
tumefaciens (Agrobacterium), 288, 289, 292 uzaramo (Salmonella ser.), 382
tiimefaciens (Bacterium) , 289
tumescens (Arthrobacter), 606, 610 vaccinii (Nocardia), 716, 722
tumescens (Corynebacterium) , 610 Vancouver (Salmonella ser.), 382
tumida (Ristella) , 431 vannielii (Methanococcus), 473
tumidus (Bacteroides) , 425, 431 vannielii (Rhodomicrobium), 37, 278
tumuli (Actinomyces) , 804, 814 variabilis (Bacillus), 435
tumuli (Streptomyces), 752, 807, 814 variabilis (Bacteroides), 425, 435
turicatae (Borrelia), 897, 901, 903 variabilis (Capsularis), 435
turicatae (Spirochaeta) , 901 variabilis (Kurthia) , 501
typhi (Bacillus), 372 variabilis (Micrococcus), 475, 479
typhi (Dermacentroxenus) , 938 variabilis (Peptococcus), 474, 479
typhi (Bacterium (Eberthella)) , 372 varians (Eperythrozoon) , 978
typhi (Rickettsia), 936, 938, 940, 941, 942, varians (Micrococcus), 456, 460
944 variegata (Zuberella), 436
typhi (Salmonella), 372 variegatus (Bacillus) , 436
typhi abdominalis (Bacillus) , 372 variegatus (Bacteroides), 425, 436
typhi murium (Bacillus), 371 varioleidis (Acaroxenus) , 944
typhimurium (Salmonella), 370, 371 varius (Bacteroides) , 444
typhimurium (Salmonella ser.), 376 varius (Sphaerophorus), 442, 444
typhisuis (Salmonella ser.), 377 vascularum (Bacillus), 169
typhosa (Salmonella), 370, 372 vascularum (Xanthomonas) , 169
typhosa (Salmonella ser.) 379 vasculorum (Xanthomonas), 153, 169
typhosum (Bacterium.) , 372 Veillonella, 480, 485, 1001
typhosus (Bacillus) , 372 alcalescens, 486, 487
tyrobutjTicum (Clostridium), 636, 646 alcalescens var. gingivalis, 488
tyzzeri (Bartonella) , 975 alcalescens var. minutissima, 488
tyzzeri (Haemobartonella), 972, 975 alcalescens var. syzygios, 488
discoides, 486, 488
uberis (Streptococcus), 511, 521 gazogenes, 487
uda (Cellulomonas), 602, 605 orbicula 486, 489
uduyn (Bacterium) , 605 parvula, 486
Uganda (Salmonella ser.), 380 parvula var. branhamii, 487
ulcerans (Corynebacterium) , 581 parvula var. minima, 487
ulcerans (Mycobacterium), 696, 700 parvula var. thomsonii, 487
ulceris cancrosi (Bacillus), 412 reniformis, 486, 489
uliginosum (Agarbacterium), 323, 326 vulvovagiiiitidis, 486, 489
uliginosum (Flavobacterium) , 323, 326 vejdovskii (Paraspirillimi), 257
umbellata (Gallionella), 215 vejle (Salmonella ser.), 380
uncata (Ristella), 431 veneziana (Salmonella ser.), 381
\mcatus (Bacteroides), 425, 431 venezuelae (Streptomyces), 748, 780
undula (Spirillum) , 254 venezuelense (Treponema) , 900
undula (Vibrio), 254 venezuelensis (Borrelia), 897, 900
ventriculi (Sarcina), 468 viciae (Pseudomonas), 95, 98, 142

ventriculi (Zymosarcina) , 468 vignicola (Xanthomonas), 153, 155, 170
venturelli (Bacillus), 679 vinaceus (Streptomyces), 745, 757
venturellii (Clostridium), 640, 679 vincenti (Spirochaeta) , 902
vermiforme [Betabacterium) , 217 vincentii (Borrelia), 897, 902
verne (Actinomyces) , 758 vinosa (Monas), 52
verne (Streptomyces), 745, 758, 803 vinosum (Chromatium), 52
verticillatus (Actinomyces) , 782 violacea (Streptotrix) , 758
verticillatiis (Streptomyces), 748, 782 violacea (Thiocystis), 43
verticillatus viridans (Streptomyces) , 782 violaceoniger (Streptomyces), 749, 790
vescum (Fusobacterium), 437, 440 violaceum (Bacteridium) , 294
vescus (Bacteroides) , 440 violaceum (Chromatium), 52
vescus (Fîsiformis) , 440 violaceum (Chromobacterium) , 294
vesicatoria (Xanthomonas), 153, 155, 156, violaceum (Cromobacterium) , 294
169 violaceum (Spirillum) , 47
vesicatorium (Bacterium), 169 violaceum (Thiospirillum), 46, 47
vesiculare (Corynebacterium), 580, 590 violaceus (Actinomyces) , 756, 758
Vibrio, 228, 229, 928, 1018, 1029 violaceus (Streptomyces), 745, 758
adaptatus, 231, 244 violaceus-caeseri (Actinomyces) ,79A
agarliquefaciens, 230, 239, 1017 violaceus-niger (Actinomyces), 790
albensis, 230, 238 violaceus-ruber (Actinomyces) , 756
alcaligenes, 244 viperus (Myxococcus), 886
andoii, 230, 240
beijerinckii, 230, 240 VIRALES,'9,
virchow 10, 934, ser.),
(Salmonella 985, 377
996
berolinensis, 229, 233 virens (Clostridium), 641, 685
cholerae, 231 virens (Plectridium) , 685
coli, 231, 246, 991 virescens (Myxococcus), 883, 884, 886
comma, 229, 231, 233, 234, 238, 239 virgatus (Actinomyces), 759
costicolus, 230, 236 virgatus (Streptomyces), 746, 759
cuneatus, 231, 243 Virginia (Salmonella ser.) , 378
cyclosites, 231, 242 virginiae (Streptomyces), 748, 781
extorquens, 231, 243, 1016 virginianum (Spirillum), 254, 255
fetus, 231, 245 viridans (Actinomyces), 758
fischeri, 195 viridans (Streptomyces), 745, 758
fuscus, 231,241, 1016, 1017 viridiflnva (Phytomonas) , 133
granii, 231, 241 viridiflava (Pseudomonas), 95, 98, 133
halonitrificans, 230, 236 viridilivida (Pseudomonas), 94, 97, 122
hyphalus, 231,245, 1016 viridiliriduin (Burtcrium), 122
indicus, 230, 238, 999 r/r/(//.s- [Arlinnnnices), 803, 808
jejuni, 231, 246, 999 viridis (Cellfak-icula), 252
leonardii, 230, 235 viridis (Nocardia), 717, 730
luminasus, 230, 237, 999 viridis (Proactinomyces) , 730
marinopraesens, 230, 235, 999 viridis (Streptomyces), 751, 803
metschnikovi , 233 viridis (Streptothrix) , 803
metschnikovii, 230, 233 viridis sterilis (Actinomyces), 821
neocistes, 231, 242 viridis sterilis (Streptomyces) , 803
niger, 231, 247, 1029 viridochromogenes (Actinomyces) , 777
oxaliticus, 231, 242 viridochromogenes (Streptomyces), 748, 777
pasteurii, 650 virodoflavus (Streptomyces), 747, 776
percolans, 231, 244 viridogenes (Streptomyces), 752, 808
phosphorescens, 239 viscolactis (Alcaligenes), 297, 298
phytoplanktis, 230, 235 riscosum eqvi (Bacterium) , 415
pierantonii, 230, 239 viscosus (Bacteroides) , 425, 435
piscium, 231, 244 vitarumen (Brevibacterium), 491, 495
proteus, 230, 234 vitarumen (Flavobacterium) , 495
rubentschickii , 249 vitellinum (Polyangium), 870, 871, 875
serpens, 254 vitians {B(u-terium), 157
spirillum, 256 vitians (Xanthomonas), 152, 155, 157
sputigenus, 230, 234, 999 vitiswoodrowii (Pseudomonas), 95, 145
sputigenus, 259 viiivora (Bacillus), 351
sputorum, 231, 247, 1029 vitivora (Erwinia), 350, 351
syncyaneus, 106 vitrea (Hydrogenomonas), 75, 76, 77
undula, 254 Vitreoscilla, 845, 1004
xenopus, 230, 234 beggiatoides, 845, 846
vibrioides (Caulobacter), 213 catenula, 845, 847
vihurni (Phytomonas) , 141 conica, 846, 848
viburni (Pseudomonas), 95, 97, 141 filiformis, 845, 846
flagellum, 850 pulex, 953, 954

major, 846, 848 sericea, 953, 956
marina, 849 trichodectae, 953, 954, 955
moniliformis, 846, 848 WOLBACHIEAE, 935, 952
paludosa, 845, 847 wolffii (Leptospira ser.), 909, 911, 912
stercoraria, 845, 846 Wolhtjnia, 945
stricta, 845, 847 quintanae, 946
VITREOSCILLACEAE, 837, 844 wolhynica (Rickettsia) , 946
volubilis (Leptothrix), 265, 268 wolhynica (Burnetia (Rocha-Limae)) , 946
volutans (Achromatium), 852, 853 woodsii (Bacterium), 150
volutans (Spirillum), 254, 256, 257 woodsii (Pseudomonas), 96, 97, 150
volutans (Thiophysa) , 852, 853 Worcester (Salmonella ser.), 381
voukii (Thiot hrix) , 843 worthington (Salmonella) , 388
vuhjare (Bacterium) , 365 worthington (Salmonella ser.), 381
vulgare (Caseobacterium) , 548
vulgare (Hyphomicrobium), 37, 277 xantha (Pseudomonas), 178, 180
vulgaris (Cellvibrio), 251, 252 xanthe (Pseudomonas), 180
vulgaris (Micromonospora) , 824 xanthochlora (Pseudomonas), 95, 99, 138
vulgaris (Proteus), 365 xanthochlorum (Bacterium) , 138
vulgaris (Siderocystis) , 222 Xanthomonas, 89, 152, 1010, 1016, 1018,
vulgaris (Sideromonas), 222 1019, 1025, 1026, 1027
vulgaris (Thermoactinomj'ces), 824 acernea, 153, 154, 171
vulgata (Pasteurella) , 432 albilineans, 178, 179
vulgatus (Bacteroides), 425, 432 alfalfae, 153, 155, 171
vulvovaginitidis (Veillonella), 486, 489 antirrhini, 153, 156, 173
' vulvovaginitis (Neisseria), 489 axonopodis, 154, 174
badrii, 153, 155, 173
I wagenia (Salmonella ser.), 376 barbareae, 152, 155, 158
; wangata (Salmonella ser.), 379 begoniae, 152, 155, 158
beticola, 152, 155, 157
' warmingii (Chromatium), 51, 52 betlicola, 152, 155, 158
war niingii (Monas), 51
I washingtoniae (Phytomonas) , 136 cajani, 153, 155, 159
washingtoniae (Pseudomonas), 95, 97, 136 campestris, 152, 155, 159, 163
waj^cross (Salmonella ser. ), 383 cannae, 154, 177, 1016, 1028
wedmorensis (Actinomyces) , 809 carotae, 153, 156, 171
wedmorensis (Streptomyces), 752, 809 cassiae, 153, 155, 159
; weichselbaumii (.Neisseria) , 482 celebensis, 154, 175
weigh (Rickettsia), 946 citri, 153, 156, 160
weigh (Burnetia (Rocha-Limae)) ,9A& clerodendri, 153, 156, 160, 1016, 1018
weissei (Chromatium), 51, 52 clerodendroni, 160
welchii (Bacillus), 666 conjac, 154, 177, 1010, 1019, 1025
welchii (Clostridium) , 666 corylina, 153, 155, 160
Welhynia, 945 cucurbitae, 153, 155, 161
; weltevreden (Salmonella ser.), 380 desmodii, 153, 155, 161
wenyonii (Eperythrozoon), 978, 979 desmodiigangeticii, 153, 155, 162
werneri (Clostridium), 641, 686, 687 desmodii-gangeticii , 162
weslaco (Salmonella ser.), 383 dieffenbachiae, 153, 162
westhampton (Salmonella ser.), 380 geranii, 153, 155, 172
weston (Salmonella ser.), 382 gummisudans, 153, 174
whitmori (Bacillus), 100 hederae, 153, 155, 172
wichita (Salmonella ser.), 381 hemmiana, 153, 156, 162, 1018
wien (Salmonella ser.) , 376 heterocea, 153, 156, 173
wieringae (Bacterium) , 151 holcicola, 153, 163
wieringae (Pseudomonas), 96, 97, 151 hyacinthi, 153, 156
willmorei (Actinomyces) , 820 incanae, 153, 155, 163
willmorei (Streptomyces), 753, 820 juglandis, 153, 155, 164
winogradskii (Leptothrix), 265, 268 lespedezae, 153, 155, 164
winogradskyi (Nitrobacter), 72 maculafoliumgardeniae, 164
winogradskyi (Thiospira), 82 maculifoliigardeniae, 153, 156, 164
winogradskyi (Thiospirillmn) , 82 malvacearum, 153, 155, 165
Wolbachia, 952, 953, 1015 manihotis, 154, 155, 176, 1016, 1027
ctenocephali, 953, 954 nakatae, 153, 156, 170
culiris, 953, 954 nigromaculans, 153, 155, 174
dermacentrophila, 953, 955 oryzae, 154, 175
linognathi, 953, 955 panici, 154, 175, 1016, 1028
inelophagi, 953, 955, 1015 papavericola, 153, 155, 170
pipientis, 953, 954 pelargonii, 153, 155, 165, 173
ventriculi (Sarcina), 468 viciae (Pseudomonas), 95, 98, 142

ventriculi (Zymosarcina) , 468 vignicola (Xanthomonas), 153, 155, 170
veniurelli {Bacillus), 679 vinaceus (Streptomyces), 745, 757
venturellii (Clostridium), 640, 679 vincenti (Spirochaeta) , 902
vermiforme (Betabacterium) , 217 vincentii (Borrelia), 897, 902
verne (Actinomyces) , 758 vinosa (Manas), 52
verne (Streptomyces), 745, 758, 803 vinosum (Chromatium), 52
verticillatus (Actinomyces) , 782 violacea (Streptotrix) , 758
verticillatiis (Streptomyces), 748, 782 violacea (Thiocystis), 43
verticillatus viridans (Streptomyces) , 782 violaceoniger (Streptomyces), 749, 790
vescum (Fusobacterium), 437, 440 violaceum (Bacteridium) , 294
vescus (Bacteroides) , 440 violaceum (Chromatium), 52
vescus (Fusiformis) , 440 violaceum (Chromobacterium) , 294
vesicatoria (Xanthomonas), 153, 155, 156, violaceum (Cromobacterium) , 294
169 violaceum (Spirillum), 47
vesicatorium (Bacterium), 169 violaceum (Thiospirillum), 46, 47
vesiculare (Corynebacterium), 580, 590 violaceus (Actinomyces) , 756, 758
Vibrio, 228, 229, 928, 1018, 1029 violaceus (Streptomyces), 745, 758
adaptatus, 231, 244 violaceus-caeseri (Actinomyces) ,794:
agarliquefaciens, 230, 239, 1017 violaceus-niger (Actinomyces), 790
albensis, 230, 238 violaceus -ruber (Actinomyces), 756
alcaligenes, 244 viperus (Myxococcus) , 886
andoii, 230, 240 VIRALES, 9, 10, 934, 985, 996
beijerinckii, 230, 240 virchow (Salmonella ser.), 377
berolinensis, 229, 233 virens (Clostridium), 641, 685
cholerae, 231 virens (Plectridium) , 685
coli, 231, 246, 991 virescens (Myxococcus), 883, 884, 886
comma, 229, 231, 233, 234, 238, 239 virgatus (Actinomyces), 759
costicolus, 230, 236 virgatus (Streptomj^ces), 746, 759
cuneatus, 231, 243 Virginia (Salmonella ser.) , 378
cyclosites, 231, 242 virginiae (Streptomyces), 748, 781
extorquens, 231, 243, 1016 virginianum (Spirillum), 254, 255
fetus, 231, 245 viridans (Actinomyces) , 758
fischeri, 195 viridans (Streptomyces), 745, 758
fuscus, 231, 241, 1016, 1017 viridifiava (Phytomonas), 133
granii, 231, 241 viridiflava (Pseudomonas), 95, 98, 133
halonitrificans, 230, 236 viridilivida (Pseudomonas), 94, 97, 122
hyphalus, 231,245, 1016 viridilividum (Bacterium), 122
indicus, 230, 238, 999 viridis (Actinomi/ces) , 803, 808
jejuni, 231, 246, 999 viridis (Cellfalcicula), 252
leonardii, 230, 235 viridis (Nocardia), 717, 730
luminosus, 230, 237, 999 viridis (Proactinomyces) , 730
marinopraesens, 230, 235, 999 viridis (Streptomyces), 751, 803
metschnikovi , 233 viridis (Sireptothrix) , 803
metschnikovii, 230, 233 viridis sterilis (Actinomyces) , 821
neocistes, 231, 242 viridis sterilis (Streptomyces) , 803
niger, 231,247, 1029 viridochromogenes (Actinomyces), 777
oxaliticus, 231, 242 viridochromogenes (Streptomyces), 748, 777
pasteurii, 650 virodoflavus (Streptomyces), 747, 776
percolans, 231, 244 viridogenes (Streptomyces), 752, 808
phosphorescens, 239 viscolactis (Alcaligenes), 297, 298
phytoplanktis, 230, 235 viscosum equi (Bacterium) , 415
pierantonii, 230, 239 viscosus (Bacteroides), 425, 435
piscium, 231, 244 vitarumen (Brevibacterium), 491, 495
proteus, 230, 234 vitarumen (Flavobacterium) , 495
rubentschickii , 249 vitellinum (Polyangium), 870, 871, 875
serpens, 254 vitians (Bacterium), 157
spirillum, 256 vitians (Xanthomonas), 152, 155, 157
sputigenus, 230, 234, 999 vitiswoodrowii (Pseudomonas), 95, 145
sputigenus, 259 vitivora (Bacillus) , 351
sputorum, 231, 247, 1029 vitivora (Erwinia), 350, 351
syncyaneus, 106 vitrea (Hvdrogenomonas), 75, 76, 77
undula, 254 Vitreoscilla, 845, 1004
xenopus, 230, 234 beggiatoides, 845, 846
vibrioides (Caulobacter), 213 catenula, 845, 847
viburni (Phytomonas) , 141 conica, 846, 848
viburni (Pseudomonas), 95, 97, 141 filiformis, 845, 846
flagellum, 850 pulex, 953, 954

major, 846, 818 sericea, 953, 956
marina, 849 trichodectae, 953, 954, 955
moniliformis, 846, 848 WOLBACHIEAE, 935, 952
paludosa, 845, 847 wolffii (Leptospira ser.), 909, 911, 912
stercoraria, 845, 846 Wolhynia, 945
stricta, 845, 847 quintanae, 946
VITRP:0SCILLACEAE, 837, 844 wolhynica (Rickettsia), 946
volubilis (Leptothrix), 265, 268 wolhynica (Burnetia (Rocha-Limae)) , 946
volutans (Achromatium) , 852, 853 woodsii (Baclerizim) , 150
volutans (Spirillum), 254, 256, 257 woodsii (Pseudomonas), 96, 97, 150
volutans (Thiophysa), 852, 853 Worcester (Salmonella ser.), 381
voukii (Thiothrix), 843 worthington (Salmotiella), 288
vulgare (Bacterium) , 365 worthington (Salmonella ser.), 381
vulgare {Caseobacterium) , 548
vulgare (Hyphomicrobium) , 37, 277 xantha (Pseudomonas), 178, 180
vulgaris (Cellvibrio), 251, 252 xanthe (Pseudomonas), 180
vulgaris (Micromonospora) , 824 xanthochlora (Pseudomonas), 95, 99, 138
vulgaris (Proteus), 365 xanthochlorum (Bacterium) , 138
vulgaris (Siderocystis) , 222 Xanthomonas, 89, 152, 1010, 1016, 1018,
vulgaris (Sideromonas) , 222 1019, 1025, 1026, 1027
vulgaris (Thermoactinomyces), 824 acernea, 153, 154, 171
vulgata (Pasteurella) , 432 albilineans, 178, 179
vulgatus (Bacteroides), 425, 432 alfalfae, 153, 155, 171
vulvovaginitidis (Veillonella), 486, 489 antirrhini, 153, 156, 173
vulvovaginitis (Neisseria) , 489 axonopodis, 154, 174
badrii, 153, 155, 173
wagenia (Salmonella ser.), 376 barbareae, 152, 155, 158
wangata (Salmonella ser.), 379 begoniae, 152, 155, 158
warmingii (Chromatium) , 51, 52 beticola, 152, 155, 157
warmingii (Monas),b\ betlicola, 152, 155, 158
washingtoniae (Phytomonas) , 136 cajani, 153, 155, 159
washingtoniae (Pseudomonas), 95, 97, 136 campestris, 152, 155, 159, 163
waj^cross (Salmonella ser.) , 383 cannae, 154, 177, 1016, 1028
wedmorensis (Actinomyces) , 809 carotae, 153, 156, 171
wedmorensis (Streptomyces), 752, 809 cassiae, 153, 155, 159
weichselbaumii (Neisseria) , 482 celebensis, 154, 175
weigh (Rickettsia), 946 citri, 153, 156, 160
weigh (Burnetia (Roc}m-Limae)),9-iQ clerodendri, 153, 156, 160, 1016, 1018
weissei (Chromatium), 51, 52 clerodendroni, 160
welchii (Bacillus), 666 conjac, 154, 177, 1010, 1019, 1025
welchii (Clostridium) , 666 corylina, 153, 155, 160
Welhynia, 945 cucurbitae, 153, 155, 161
weltevreden (Salmonella ser.), 380 desmodii, 153, 155, 161
wenyonii (Eperythrozoon), 978, 979 desmodiigangeticii, 153, 155, 162
werneri (Clostridium), 641, 686, 687 desmodii-gangeticii , 162
weslaco (Salmonella ser.), 383 dieffenbachiae, 153, 162
westhampton (Salmonella ser.), 380 geranii, 153, 155, 172
weston (Salmonella ser.), 382 gummisudans, 153, 174
whitmori (Bacillus) , 100 hederae, 153, 155, 172
wichita (Salmonella ser.), 381 hemmiana, 153, 156, 162, 1018
wien (Salmonella ser.), 376 heterocea, 153, 156, 173
wieringae (Bacterium) , 151 holcicola, 153, 163
wieringae (Pseudomonas), 96, 97, 151 hyacinthi, 153, 156
willmorei (Actinomyces) , 820 incanae, 153, 155, 163
willmorei (Streptomyces), 753, 820 juglandis, 153, 155, 164
winogradskii (Leptothrix), 265, 268 lespedezae, 153, 155, 164
winogradskyi (Nitrobacter), 72 maculafoliumgardeniae, 164
winogradskyi (Thiospira), 82 maculifoliigardeniae, 153, 156, 164
winogradskyi (Thiospirillum) , 82 malvacearum, 153, 155, 165
Wolbachia, 952, 953, 1015 manihotis, 154, 155, 176, 1016, 1027
ctenocephali, 953, 954 nakatae, 153, 156, 170
culiris, 953, 954 nigromaculans, 153, 155, 174
dermacentrophila, 953, 955 oryzae, 154, 175
linognathi, 953, 955 panici, 154, 175, 1016, 1028
melophagi, 953, 955, 1015 papavericola, 153, 155, 170
pipientis, 953, 954 pelargonii, 153, 155, 165, 173
phaseoli, 153, 155, 166 Zanzibar (Salmonella ser.), 380

phormicola, 153, 172 zeae (Propionibacterium), 570, 573
plantaginis, 153, 155, 166, 1025 zega (Salmonella ser.), 379
proteamaculans, 154, 155, 176, 193, 1010, zenkeri (Kurthia) , 504
1016, 1027 zingiheri (Pseudomonas) 177
pruni, 152, 155, 156 zingiber! (Xanthomonas), 154, 177
Zinssera, 935, 939
ricinicola, 153, 155, 166 orienialis, 940
rubrilineans, 154, 157 Zoagalactina, 359
rubrisubalbicans, 154, 176, 1016, 1028 imetrofa, 361
sesbaniae, 153, 155, 167, 1016, 1018 zooepidemicus (Streptococcus), 510, 513
stewarti, 178 Zoogloea, 89, 206, 271, 1025, 1028
stewartii, 178 filipendula, 207, 224, 226
stizolobiicola, 153, 155, 167 ramigera, 206, 207
taraxaci,153, 155, 167 termo, 206
tardicrescens, 178, 179 zopji {Bacterium) , 504
translucens, 153, 168, 1016 zopfii (Kurthia),504
trifolii, 180 Zopfius, 19, 503
uppalii, 153, 155,168 Zuberella, 425
vascularum, 169 praeacuta, 439
vasculorum, 153, 169 serpens, 436
vesicatoria, 153, 155, 156, 169 variegata, 436
vignicola, 153,155,170 Zymobacterium, 569, 577, 1011, 1012
vitians, 152, 155, 157 oroticium, 577, 578, 1012
zingiber!, 154, 177, 1016, 1028 zymogenes (Micrococcus), 524
xanthophaeus (Streptomyces), 746, 760 zymogenes {Streptococcus) , 524
xanthus (Myxococcus), 883, 884, 886 Zymomonas, 67, 89, 199, 995, 1015, 1029
anaerobia, 199
xenopus (Vibrio), 230,234 mobile, 199
xerosis (Achromobacter), 300, 304 mobilis, 199
xerosis (Corynebacterium), 580, 585 Zymosarcina, 468
xylinum (Acetobacter), 185, 186 methanica, 469
xylinum {Bacterium), 186 veniriculi, 468
■%•%

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THE WILLIAMS & WILKINS COMPANY

Made in United States of America

COMPOSED AND PRINTED AT THE

Buchanan, R. E. How Bacteria are Named and Identified 15

Rake, Geoffrey W. Chlamydiaceae 957

"The assistance of all bacteriologists is earnestly solicited in the correction of possible

The elaborate system of classification of the bacteria into families, tribes

Genus IV. Thiospira Vislouch, 1914 82

Genus II. Phragmidiothrix Engler, 1883 273

Family VII. Micrococcaceae Pribram, 1929 454

Family I. Mycobacteriaceae Chester, 1901 695

Genus III. Angiococcus Jahn, 1924 889

Suggestions for the Use of the Manual In Classifying

For example, if one wishes to identify a short, peritrichous. Gram-negative,

The development of the classification systems used in the various editions of

It is true that the chemoautotrophic organisms are able to Hve on simple

work (Professor R. S. Breed, Professor E. G. D. Murray and Dr. N. R. Smith)

Supplements: Groups whose relationships were regarded as uncertain.

Division I. Protophyta Sachs, 1874, emend. Krassilnikov, 1949.* (Primitive plants.)

* Protophyta was previously used by Endlicher, S. (Genera Plantarum, Vindobonae,

Order V. Actinomycetales Buchanan, 1917.

It has been felt desirable to subdivide the Order Eubacteriales, as defined in

with the principles of the Bacteriological Code of Nomenclature, and it should

generic name. A member of the genus Spironema may be termed a spironema

(Welch's Clostridium), Salmonella pullorum (the Salmonella of chicks), Strepto-

to the differentiation of larger natural groups or genera should, in addition to

c. A legitimate name is one that conforms to all the nomenelatural rules.

9. Spelling and gender of names of taxa.

Prof. Dr. Torsten Wiken, Permanent Secretary of the International Commit-

Key to the classes of division Protophyta.

Specialists whose names appear on the following pages

Key to the orders of class Schizomycetes.

(Jour. Bact., 6, 1921, 270.)

Kerj to the sub -orders of order Pseudomonadales.

Suborder I. Rhodobacteriineae Breed, Murray and Kitchens, 1944.*

Key to the families of suborder Rhodobacteriineae.

FAMILY I. THIORHODACEAE MOLISCH, 1907.

Key to the genera of family Thiorhodaceae.

Genus I. Thiosarcina Winogradsky, 1888.

(Zur Morphologie und Phj'siologie der Bacterien, I. Schwefelbacterien, Leipzig, 1888,

1. Thiosarcina rosea (Schroeter, 1886) Anaerobic.

Genus II. Thiopedia Winogradsky , 1888.

1. Thiopedia rosea Winogradsky, 1888. teristic the common presence of a relatively

Genus III. Thiocapsa Winogradsky, 1888.

1. Thiocapsa roseopersicina Winograd- Illustration: Winogradsky, loc. cit., Plate

Genus IV. Thiodictyon Winogradsky, 1888.

The type species is Thiodictyon elegans Winogradsky.

1. Thiodictyon elegans Winogradsky, Issatchenko (Etudes niicrobiologiques des

Sulfur droplets generally quite small; light; sulfur springs,

Genus V. Thiothece Winogradsky, 1888.

1. Thiothece gelatinosa Winogradsky, in outermost layers of protoplasm and

Genus VI. Thiocystis Winogradsky, 1888.

Key to the species of genus Thiocystis.

1. Thiocystis violacea Winogradsky, taining hydrogen sulfide and exposed to

Genus VII. Lamprocystis Schroeter, 1886.

Genus VIII. Amoebobacter Winogradsky , 18SS.

1. Anioebobacler roseus Winogradsky, tically certain that it is identical with

Genus IX. Thiopolycoccus Winogradsky, 1888.

(Schwefelbacterien, Leipzig, 1888, 79.)