Linear graphical models

1 Consider the conversions graph for miles and kilometres:

a If a car is driving 32 km/hour in a school Miles

2200
zone, at what speed are they travelling
in miles/hour? 1188
1166
b Calculate the conversion rate to change
 km/hour to  miles/h. 1144
1122
c Calculate the gradient of the line.
1100
d A road sign states the speed limit to be
88
128 kilometres per hour. What is this
66
speed limit in miles per hour?
44
e What does the gradient represent in this
22
situation? Kilometres
44 88 1122 1166 2200 2244 2288 3322

2 The graph shows the amount of water

remaining in a bucket that was initially full 3322 Water (L)
before a hole was made in it's side. 3300
2288
2266
a Find the gradient of the line. 2244
2222
b State the y -intercept. 2200
1188
c Hence, write an equation to represent
1166
the amount of water remaining in the 1144
bucket, y , as a function of time, x. 1122
1100
d Find the amount of water remaining in 88
the bucket after 54 minutes. 66
44
e Explain the meaning of the gradient in 22 Time (mins)
this context. 55 1100 1155 2200 2255 3300 3355

f What does the y -intercept represent in

this context?

3 Valentina left for a road trip at midday and

travels at a constant average speed. The Distance (km)
graph shows the total distance travelled (in 557755
kilometres), t hours after midday.
Let the horizontal axis represent the time in
446600
hours and the vertical axis represent the
distance travelled in kilometres.
334455
a State the gradient of the line.
223300
b What does the gradient of the line
represent in this context?
111155

t
11 22 33 © Mathspace
44 55 Pty Ltd 2020
 11 22 33 44 55

4 The graph shows the conversion between

temperatures in Celsius and Fahrenheit. °F
9900
Note that 0°C is 32°F.
8800
a Use the graph to convert 10°C into °F. 7700
b Calculate the gradient of the line as a 6600
decimal number.
5500
c For every increase by 1°C, by how much 4400
does the Fahrenheit temperature
increase? 3300

2200

1100
°C
55 1100 1155 2200 2255 3300 3355

5 The graph shows the conversion between

Country A and Country B's currency: A
1188

a Use the graph to convert 8 of currency A 1166

to currency B. 1144
b Use the graph to convert 2 of currency B 1122
to currency A.
1100
c Calculate the gradient of the line. 88
d Hence, state the exchange rate to 66
convert currency B to currency A.
44

22
B
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 1100

6 A diver starts at the surface of the water and starts to descend below the surface at a
constant rate. The table shows the depth of the diver over 5 minutes.

Number of minutes passed 0 1 2 3 4

Depth of diver in metres 0 0.8 1.6 2.4 3.2

a Graph the linear relationship represented in the table.

b What is the increase in depth each minute?
c State the gradient of the line.
d Calculate the depth of the diver after 24 minutes.

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7 The graph shows the temperature of a room (in degrees Celcius) against the time since the
heater has been turned on (in minutes).

a Find the gradient of the function. Temp (°C)

1166
b State the y -intercept.
1144
c Hence, write an equation to represent
the temperature of the room, y , as a 1122
function of time, x. 1100
d Find the temperature of the room after 88
the heater has been turned on for 30
minutes. 66

e What does the gradient represent in this 44

context? 22

f What does the y -intercept represent in Time (mins)

22 44 66 88 1100 1122 1144 1166 1188 2200
this context?

8 Petrol costs a certain amount per litre. The table shows the cost of various amounts of petrol
in dollars:

Number of litres (x) 0 10 20 30 40
Cost of petrol (y) 0 12.00 24.00 36.00 48.00

a Graph the linear relationship represented in the table.

b How much does petrol cost per litre?
c How much would 75 litres of petrol cost at this unit price?

9 Consider the following table that shows the temperature of a metal plate, in °C, after an
amount of time, measured in minutes:

Time (x) 1 2 3 4 5
Temperature (y) 10 15 20 25 30

a Graph the linear relationship represented in the table.

b By how much is the temperature increasing each minute?
c Find the initial temperature.
d Hence, form an equation relating x and y .
e Find the temperature of the plate after 12 minutes.

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10 Beth’s income is based solely on the number of hours she works, and she is paid a fixed
hourly wage. She earns $750 for working 30 hours. Let y represent Beth’s income after
working x hours.

a Sketch a graph that displays her income against her hours worked.
b Find the gradient of the line.
c Explain the meaning of the gradient in this context.
d Form an equation relating x and y .
e Calculate Beth's income when she works 25 hours.
f Calculate the number of hours that Beth must work to earn $125.

11 The cost, y , for a business to operate, can be expressed in terms of x, the total number of
hours it has operated for. The cost is $120 an hour.

a Sketch a graph that displays the cost against time.

b State the gradient of the line.
c Form an equation relating x and y .
d Find the total cost for the business to operate for 28 hours.
e Find the number of hours that the business needs to operate to incur a total cost of
$3840.

Table of values
12 A baseball is thrown vertically upward by a baseball player when he is standing on the
ground, and the velocity of the baseball V (in metres per second) after T seconds is given
by V = 120 − 32T .

a Complete the table of values:

Time 0 1 2 3 4
Vertical Velocity

b State the gradient of the linear function.

c Explain the negative value of V when T = 4.

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13 The table shows the linear relationship between the number of plastic chairs manufactured,
x, and the total manufacturing cost, y :

Number of plastic chairs 5 10 15

Cost (dollars) 135 185 235

a State the gradient of the linear function.

b Form an equation relating x and y .
c Find the y -intercept.
d Find the total cost of manufacturing 25 plastic chairs.
e Explain the meaning of the y -intercept in this context.
f Explain the meaning of the gradient of the function in this context.

14 Petrol costs a certain amount per litre. The table shows the cost of various amounts of petrol
in dollars:

Number of litres (x) 0 10 20 30 40
Cost of petrol (y) 0 16.40 32.80 49.20 65.60

a Find the cost of petrol per litre.

b Write an equation linking the number of litres of petrol pumped (x) and the cost of the
petrol (y ).
c Explain the meaning of the gradient in this context.
d Calculate the cost of 47 L petrol.

15 After Sally starts running, her heartbeat increases at a constant rate:

a Complete the table:

Number of minutes passed (x) 0 2 4 6 8 10 11
Heart rate (y) 75 81 87 93 99 105

b State the gradient of the line.

c By how much is her heartbeat increasing each minute?
d Explain the meaning of the y -intercept in this context.

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16 Consider the points in the table, where the time (x) is measured in minutes:

Time (x) 1 2 3 4 5
Temperature (y) 8 13 18 23 28

a By how much is the temperature increasing each minute?

b Find the initial temperature at time 0.
c Find the algebraic rule between x and y .
d Find the temperature after 17 minutes.

17 A racing car starts the race with 250 litres of fuel. From there, it uses fuel at a rate of 5 litres
per minute.

a Complete the table of values:

Number of minutes passed, x 0 5 10 15 20 50
Amount of fuel left in tank, y

b Determine an algebraic rule linking the number of minutes passed, x, and the amount of
fuel left in the tank, y .
c Explain the meaning of the gradient in this context.

18 A dam used to supply water to the neighboring town had the following data recorded for its
volume over a number of months:

Month (M ) 1 2 3 4
Volume in billions of litres (V ) 112 106 110 80

a Is this relationship linear?

b Explain a method to check whether the relationship is linear, without having to plot the
points.

19 The variable cost of running a business is $150 an hour.

a Find the total variable cost if the business operates for a total of 22 hours.
b Express y , the total variable cost of the business, in terms of x, the total number of hours
it has operated.
c Find the number of hours the business has operated if it incurs total variable costs of
$5400.

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Travel graphs
20 Two siblings, Apollo and Artemis, leave
home at different times. They are travelling Distance
to see their favourite sports team compete 3300 km
 km
in the championship. The stadium is 30 km
away and the match starts at 9:00 pm. 2255 km
 km

a At what times did they both leave 2200 km

 km
Artemis
Artemis
home?
1155 km
 km
b Between which two times were Apollo
Apollo
Apollo
and Artemis the same distance from 1100 km
 km
home?
c Who was travelling faster? 55 km
 km

d Did Apollo make it to the stadium on Time (pm)

22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 1100
time?

21 This travel graph represents a train's journey

between the airport and a nearby station: Distance (km)
1100

a How far did the train travel over the 10 99

minute period? 88

b When was the train travelling the 77

fastest? 66

55
44

33

22
11
Time (mins)
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 1100

22 Kenneth works for a delivery company. The

following graph shows his distance from the Distance (km)
99
warehouse throughout his shift:
88
a How far was Kenneth from the 77
warehouse at the start?
66
b How far was he from the warehouse
55
after 8 hours?
44
c How many times did he visit the
warehouse during this time period? 33

22
d Calculate the total distance that he
traveled between 1 and 4 hours. 11
Time (hours)
e When was Kenneth travelling the 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99
fastest?

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23 The travel graph shows the first ten minutes
of a student's journey home from school: Distance (km)
1100
Describe their travel between the following
99
times:
88
a 0 to 3 minutes 77

b 3 to 6 minutes 66

c 6 to 9 minutes 55
44
d 9 to 10 minutes
33

22
11
Time (mins)
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 1100

24 The Weber family travel 600 km every year

for their annual holidays. Distance (km)
Their distance from home on the trip this 660000
year is given in the following travel graph:
550000
a When did they stop for a break?
440000
b How far from their destination were they
after 2 hours?
330000
c Identify two time periods when they
were travelling at the same speed. 220000

110000

Time (hours)
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88

25 Castor and Pollux are working on a bushfire

prevention team. Over the course of their Distance (km)
1100
10-hour shift they move along a boundary
99
and remove any flammable material they
find. 88

The following travel graph shows their 77

distance from the base throughout their 66
shift: 55
Pollux
Pollux
44
a How far from the base was Pollux when
the shift began? 33
Castor
Castor
22
b How far apart were Castor and Pollux
after 2 hours? 11
Time (hours)
c When did Castor and Pollux meet up? 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 1100

d When was Pollux travelling the same

speed as Castor's speed in his first three
hours?
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26 Paul is driving his child home from school. They travel 6 km in 10 minutes. After 5 minutes,
the car slows down.
Construct a travel graph to represent this journey.

27 The manufacturer of a dishwasher wants to create a graph showing how one of their
dishwasher models work. The stages of its operation are given below:

1. The dishwasher quickly fills to half-way and performs a short wash.

2. The dishwasher empties completely.
3. The dishwasher completely fills up quickly and remains full over the course of the
wash.
4. The dishwasher empties completely.

Which of the following graphs match the water level inside the dishwasher throughout a
cycle:

A B
y y

Full
Full Full
Full

Empty
Empty Time (mins) Empty
Empty Time (mins)
1100 2200 3300 4400 5500 1100 2200 3300 4400 5500

C D
y y
Full
Full Full
Full

Empty
Empty Time (mins) Empty
Empty Time (mins)
1100 2200 3300 4400 5500 1100 2200 3300 4400 5500

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Break-even point
28 The graph shows the cost C (x) and the
revenue R (x) from making and selling x $ (thousands)
units of a certain good: 7700

6600
a State which line corresponds to the
following functions: 5500
Line A
Line A
i C (x) iiR (x) 4400

b How many units must be sold to reach 3300

the break-even point? 2200

c What is the revenue at the break-even Line B
Line B
1100
point?
x
1100 2200 3300 4400 5500 6600 7700 8800 9900

29 For each of the following cost revenue graphs:

i State the coordinates of the break-even point.

ii State the fixed cost.
iii State which is the higher rate: the cost per unit or the revenue per unit.

a b
$ $
4400
5500
3355

4400 3300 Cost

Cost

Cost
Cost 2255
3300
2200

2200 Revenue
Revenue 1155

1100  Revenue 
 Revenue 
1100
55
units units
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99

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30 The following graph shows the cost of producing drink bottles and the income from the
sales of the drink bottles for a particular company:

a For the line representing the cost of ($)

producing the drink bottles, find the:
225500

i y -intercept ii gradient
220000
b Hence, state the equation of the line
representing the cost of producing the Cost
Cost
115500
drink bottles.
c State the equation of the line 110000 Income
Income
representing the income from the sales
of the drink bottles. 5500

d Find the quantity of bottles that need to Bottles

be sold to break-even.
5500 110000 115500 220000 225500

31 The following graph shows two lines that

represent the revenue and cost from selling y
880000
sandwiches at a local fair:
770000
a State the coordinates of the break-even   
Cost
Cost
point. 660000

b Find the equation of the line 550000   

representing the revenue, y , from the Revenue
Revenue
440000
sale of x sandwiches.
330000
c Find the equation of the line
220000
representing the cost, y , of making x
sandwiches. 110000
x
d Would the stand make a profit or a loss if
2200 4400 6600 8800 110000 112200
they sold 70 sandwiches?

32 The cost of manufacturing toys, C , is related to the number of toys produced, n, by the
formula C = 400 + 2n. The revenue, R, made from selling n toys is given by R = 4n.

a Sketch the graph of the cost and the revenue on the same number plane.
b How many toys need to be produced for the revenue to equal the cost?
c Explain the meaning of the y -coordinate of the point of intersection.

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33 Consider the following phone plans:

GO SMALL plan: This plan has a $20 monthly base charge and charges 90c per minute
for all calls.
GO MEDIUM plan: This plan has a $26 monthly base charge and then charges 70c per
minute for all calls.

a Complete the table of values for various total monthly call times for the two plans:

Call time Total cost for Total cost for

(in minutes) GO SMALL plan (S) GO MEDIUM plan (M )
20
30
40
50

b Sketch a graph for the two plans on the same set of axes.
c Hence, find how many minutes of calls would need to be made so that the monthly bill
costs the same on both plans.

34 The cost of manufacturing car parts (C ) is related to the number of car parts produced (n)
by the formula C = 6000 + 4n.
The revenue (R) made from selling n car parts is R = 8n − 2000.

a Complete the following table:

Number of car parts Cost (in dollars) Revenue (in dollars)

1000
2000
3000
4000

b Sketch the graph of the cost and the revenue functions on the same set of axes.
c Find the number of car parts that need to be produced for revenue to equal cost.
d Explain the meaning of the y -coordinate of the break-even point.

35 The two equations y = 3x + 35 and y = 4x represent Laura’s living expenses and income
from work respectively.

a Sketch both equations on the same number plane.

b Find the point of intersection of the two equations.
c Explain the meaning of the point of intersection of the two lines.

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36 The two equations y = 4x + 400 and y = 6x represent a company's revenue and
expenditure respectively.

a Sketch both equations on the same number plane.

b Find the point of intersection of the two equations.
c Explain the meaning of the point of intersection of the two lines.

37 An electronics manufacturer has found the cost of creating circuits is represented by the
equation C = 80 + 2x, and the income received from selling them is represented by the
equation I = 2.8x, where x represents the number of circuits.

a Complete the table of values for both the cost and income functions:

x 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Cost in dollars (C)
Income in dollars (I)

b Graph the cost and income functions on the same set of axes.
c Hence, find the point that satisfies both equations simultaneously.
d Interpret the meaning of the point of intersection in this context.

38 The cost for a printing company to make a large banner is $500 per banner plus a fixed setup
cost of $3500. The banners will sell for $650 each.

a Write an expression to represent the cost of manufacturing x banners.

b Write an expression to represent the revenue generated from the sale of x banners.
c Find the x-coordinate of the break-even point.
d Explain the meaning of the x-coordinate of the break-even point.

39 The cost for a furniture manufacturer to make an armchair is $600 per armchair plus a fixed
setup cost of $8500. The armchairs will sell for $850 each.

a Write an expression to represent the cost of manufacturing x armchairs.

b Write an expression to represent the revenue generated from the sale of x armchairs.
c Find the break-even point.
d Explain the meaning of the break-even point.

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40 The cost for a furniture manufacturer to make a dining table is $450 per dining table plus a
fixed setup cost of $6000. The dining tables will sell for $700 each.

a Calculate the cost of manufacturing 42 dining tables.

b Write an expression to represent the cost of manufacturing x dining tables.
c Find the revenue that is generated by the sale of 42 dining tables.
d Write an expression to represent the revenue generated from the sale of x dining tables.
e If n is the whole number of dining tables that need to be sold for the company to break-
even, find n.

41 The monthly cost, C (x), revenue, R (x) and profit, P (x) functions for a cleaning company
are given below, where x represents the number of clients in a month:

C (x) = 21x + 5760; R (x) = 57x; P (x) = 36x − 5760

a What is the company's fixed cost, even with no clients?

b How much per month does the company charge each client?
c Find the value of x, the number of services provided that allows them to break-even.

42 For each pair of cost, C (x), and revenue functions, R (x), find the number of units, x, that
must be sold to break-even:

a C (x) = 20x + 8100 b C (x) = 0.3x + 1275

 R (x) = 32x  R (x) = 2x
c C (x) = 0.4x + 2015
R (x) = 3x

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