Green synthesis of nanoparticles: Their advantages and disadvantages

Khadeeja Parveen, Viktoria Banse, and Lalita Ledwani

Citation: 1724, 020048 (2016); doi: 10.1063/1.4945168

Khadeeja Parveen1 , Viktoria Banse2, Lalita Ledwani1

1
Manipal University, Jaipur India
2
Technical University Clausthsal, Germany
1)
khdjparveen@gmail.com
1)
lalita.ledwani@jaipur.manipal.edu
2)
Victoria.banse@googlemail.com

Abstract. The nanotechnology and biomedical sciences opens the possibility for a wide variety of biological research
topics and medical uses at the molecular and cellular level. The biosynthesis of nanoparticles has been proposed as a
cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to chemical and physical methods. Plant-mediated synthesis of
nanoparticles is a green chemistry approach that connects nanotechnology with plants. Novel methods of ideally
synthesizing NPs are thus thought that are formed at ambient temperatures, neutral pH, low costs and environmentally
friendly fashion. Keeping these goals in view nanomaterials have been synthesized using various routes. Among the
biological alternatives, plants and plant extracts seem to be the best option. Plants are nature’s “chemical factories”. They
are cost efficient and require low maintenance. The advantages and disadvantages of nanotechnology can be easily
enumerated. This study attempts to review the diversity of the field, starting with the history of nanotechnology, the
properties of the nanoparticle, various strategies of synthesis, the many advantages and disadvantages of different
methods and its application.

Keywords: Green Synthesis, Nanoparticles, Eco-friendly.

INTRODUCTION
Nanoparticles are very important in developing sustainable technologies for the future, for humanity and the
environment. Synthesis of Nanoparticles by plants is a green chemistry approch that interconnects nanotechnology
and plant biotechnology. Plant extracts are used for the metal ions bioreduction to form nanoparticles. It has been
demonstrated that plant metabolites like sugars, terpenoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, phenolic acids, and proteins play
an important role in metal ions reduction into nanoparticles and in supporting their subsequent stability. Properties
of the nanometric materials atoms are quite different from those of the bulk materials. Conventionally synthesizing
nanoparticles by chemical method in which chemicals are used because of their general toxicity; engendering the
serious concern to develop environment friendly processes. Thus, to solve the aim; biological approaches are
coming up to fill the void; for instance green synthesis using biological as the molecules of extracts derived from
plant sources exhibiting superiority over chemical and/or biological methods. Nano medicine presents many
revolutionary opportunities in the fight against all types of cancer, neurodegenerative disorders and other diseases.

2nd International Conference on Emerging Technologies: Micro to Nano 2015 (ETMN-2015)

020048-1
The biosynthesized nanomaterials have been effectively controlling the various endemic diseases with less adverse
effect. The trend of using natural products has increased and the active plant extracts are frequently screened for new
drug discoveries. Thus, green synthesis using biological molecules derived from plant sources in the form of extracts
exhibiting superiority over chemical methods. It is significant that the nanoparticle production using plants displays
important advantages and disadvantages over other systems.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Recently, many studies have proven that the plant extracts act as a potential precursor for the synthesis of the
nanomaterials in non-hazardous ways. The plants are used successfully in the synthesis of several greener
nanoparticles such as cobalt, copper, silver, gold, palladium, platinum, zinc oxide and magnetite.
During the past decade, it has been demonstrated that many biological systems, including plants and algae [1],
diatoms [2, 3], bacteria [4], yeast [5], fungi [6], and human cells [7] can transform inorganic metal ions into metal
nanoparticles by the reductive capacities of the proteins and metabolites present in these organisms. Synthesis of
metallic nanoparticles using biological entities has great interest due to their unusual optical [8], chemical properties
[9].
Several plants have successfully used for efficient and rapid extracellular synthesis of gold and silver
nanoparticles. Geranium(Pelargonium graveolens)[10], leaf extracts of lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) [11],
Cinnamommum camphora, [12] neem (Azadirachta indica) [13], Aloe vera, [14] tamarind (Tamarindus indica) [15]
and fruit extract of Emblica officinalis [16] have proven potential in reducing Au(III) ions to form gold
nanoparticles Au(0) and silver nitrate to form silver nanoparticles Ag(0). Biomasses of wheat (Triticum aestivum)
and oat (Avena sativa), [17] alfalfa (Medicago sativa) [18], native and chemically modified hop biomass [19] and
remnant water collected from soaked Bengal gram bean (Cicer arietinum) [20] have also been used for gold
nanoparticles synthesis. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa), Chilopsis linearis and Sesbania seedlings showed synthesis of
gold nanoparticles inside living plant parts. However, alfalfa (Medicago sativa) [21] sprouts and Brassicajuncea
germinating seeds are used for silver and Ag–Au–Cu alloy nanoparticle synthesis.
7KHV\QWKHVLVDQGDVVHPEO\RIPHWDOOLFQDQRSDUWLFOHVZRXOGEHQH¿WIURPWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIFOHDQQRQWR[LFDQG
environmentally acceptable ‘‘green chemistry’’ procedures, probably involving organisms ranging from bacteria to
fungi and even plants [10, 11].

HISTORY
The birth of matter at the nanoscale has created much excitement to researchers and promises to transform many
aspects of materials sciences in the 21st century and beyond. The word “Nano” is derived from Greek word Dwarf,
means “a billionth”. A Nanometer is billionth of a meter, which is 250 millionth of an inch, about 1/80,000 of the
diameter of a human hair or 10 times of the diameter of hydrogen atom. The term ‘Nanotechnology’ was coined by
Prof. Norio Taniguchi, Tokyo Science University in 1974 to describe the precision manufacture of materials with
nanometers tolerances and was unknowingly appropriated by Drexler in his 1986 book ‘Engines of creation: The
Coming Era of Nanotechnology [22].

Although, in general, nanoparticles are considered a discovery of modern science, they actually have a very long
history. Nanoparticles were used by artisans as far back as the ninth century in Mesopotamia for generating a glittering
effect on the surface of pots [23, 24]. Even these days, potteries from the middle age and Renaissance often retain a
different gold- or copper-colored metallic glitter. This luster is caused by a metallic film that was applied to the
transparent surface of a glazing. The brightness can still be visible if the film has resisted atmospheric oxidation and
other weathering [23, 24].The luster originated within the film itself, which contained silver and copper
nanoparticles dispersed homogeneously in glassy matrix of the ceramic glaze. These nanoparticles were created by
the artisans by adding silver and copper salts and oxides together with vinegar, ochre, and clay on the surface of
previously-glazed pottery. The object was then placed into a kiln and heated to about 600 °C in a reducing
atmosphere [24].
In the heat the glaze would soften, causing the copper and silver ions to migrate into the outer layers of the glaze.
There is the reducing atmosphere reduced the ions back to metals, which then came together forming the
nanoparticles that give the colour and optical effects [24]. Luster technique showed that ancient craftsmen had a

020048-2
rather sophisticated empirical knowledge of the materials. The technique originated in the Muslim world. As Muslims
were not allowed to use gold in artistic representations, they sought a way to create a similar effect without using
real gold. The solution they found was using luster [24, 25].
Michael Faraday provided the first description, in scientific terms, of the optical features of nanometer-scale
metals in his classic 1857 paper. In a subsequent paper, the author (Turner) points out that: "It is well known that
when thin leaves of the gold or silver are mounted upon glass and heated to a temperature that is well below a red
heat (~500 °C), a remarkable change of properties takes place, whereby the continuity of the metallic film is
destroyed. The result is that white light is now freely transmitted, reflection is correspondingly diminished, while the
electrical resistivity is enormously increased."[26-28].

NANO-SCIENCE
It has long been known that the plants are able to reduce metal ions both on their surface and in various organs and
tissues remote from the ion penetration site. The field of nanotechnology mainly encompasses with biology, physics,
chemistry and material sciences and it develops novel therapeutic nano sized materials for biomedical and
pharmaceutical applications. Nanoparticle has multifunctional characteristics and very interesting applications in
various fields such as medicine, nutrition and energy [29]. The biogenic syntheses of the mono dispersed
nanoparticles with specific sizes and shapes have been a challenge in biomaterial science. Also, it has made
remarkable advantages in the pharmacological industry to cure various bacterial and viral diseases [30].
Nanomedicine makes a huge impact in health care sector in treating various chronic diseases. Hence, environment
friendly synthesis of nanoparticles is considered as building blocks of the forthcoming generations to control various
diseases [31]. Additionally, nanoparticles have broad applications in agriculture industry and plant sciences. For
instance, the nanoparticle using bio processing technology converts the agricultural and food wastes into energy and
useful by-products. Based on that, the review focused on biosynthesized metallic nanoparticles from plant
derivatives and its application in the medical and commercial sectors including waste water treatment, cosmetics and
food industry and also their advantages and disadvantages in many fields. One limitation in moving from bench to
bedside with the nanoparticle diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in mainstream medicine has been concern about
the potential toxicity of the nanomaterials. Some nanoparticles are especially likely to accumulate in bodily tissues.
For instance, unmodified copper or silver nanoparticles can exhibit toxicity risks [32]. Surface modifications of
nanoparticles can create agents with very distinct chemical and/or biological properties from the “same”
nanoparticles with unmodified surfaces [33-35].

GREEN SYNTHESIS
Nature has devised various processes for the synthesis of nano and micro length scaled inorganic materials which
have contributed in the development of relatively new and largely unexplored area of research based on the
biosynthesis of the nanomaterials. Synthesis using bio-organisms is compatible with the green chemistry principles.
“Green synthesis” of nanoparticles makes use of environmental friendly, non-toxic and safe reagents. Nanoparticles
synthesized using biological techniques or green technology have diverse natures, with greater stability and
appropriate dimensions since they are synthesized using a one-step procedure. Nanoparticles can be synthesized
using a variety of methods including chemical, physical, biological, and hybrid techniques (Figure 1) [36-38].
3K\VLFDOPHWKRGVLQFOXGLQJSODVPDDUFLQJEDOOPLOOLQJWKHUPDOHYDSRUDWHVSUD\S\URO\VLVXOWUDWKLQ¿OPVSXOVHG
laser desorption, lithographic techniques, sputter deposition, layer by layer growth, molecular beam epitasis and
GLIIXVLRQ ÀDPH V\QWKHVLV RI QDQRSDUWLFOHV Similarly, chemical methods are used to synthesize NPs by electro
deposition, sol–gel process, chemical solution deposition, chemical vapour deposition soft chemical method,
Langmuir Blodgett method, catalytic route, hydrolysis co-precipitation method and wet chemical method. Chemical
and Physical methods have been using high radiation and highly concentrated reductants and stabilizing agents that
are harmful for the environmental and to human health. Hence, biological synthesis of nanoparticles is a single step
bio-reduction method and less energy is used to synthesize eco-friendly.

020048-3
 Fig 1. Different approaches and methods for synthesizing nanoparticles.[36-38]

In general, green nano-biotechnology means synthesizing nanoparticles or the nanomaterials using biological
routes such as those involving microorganisms, plants, and viruses or their by products, such as proteins and lipids,
with the help of various biotechnological tools. Nanoparticles made by green technology are far superior to those
manufactured with physical and chemical methods based on various aspects. For example, green techniques
eliminate the use of expensive chemicals, consume less energy, and generate environmentally benign products and
by products. The 12 principles of green chemistry have now become a reference guide for researchers, scientists,
chemical technologists, and chemists around the world for developing less hazardous chemical products and by
products [39, 40]. Accordingly, green nanobiotechnology is a promising alternate route for synthesis of
biocompatible stable nanoparticles [41]. The general procedure using plants to produce metallic nanoparticles
employs the dried biomass of the plants and metallic salt, as bio reducing agent and precursor, respectively. The
medicinal and preservative characteristics of silver have been known for over 2,000 years. Biological-based
synthesis of nanoparticles utilizes a bottom-up approach in which synthesis occurs with the help of reducing and
stabilizing agents. Three main steps are followed for the synthesis of nanoparticles using a biological system: the
choice of solvent medium use, the choice of an eco friendly and environmentally benign reducing agent, and the
choice of a nontoxic material as a capping agent is to stabilize the synthesized nanoparticles [42].

PROPERTIES OF NANOPARTICLES

Physical properties of nanoparticles

Nanoparticles are unique because of their large surface area and this dominates the contributions are made by the
small bulk of the material [43]. Nanoparticles have different colors like yellow, gold and gray. The gold ones are

020048-4
melting at much lower temperatures (~300°C for 2.5nm size) than the gold slabs (1064°C) [43]. Especially silver
nanoparticles have distinctive physico-chemical properties, including a high electrical and thermal conductivity,
surface-enhanced Raman scattering, catalytic activity and chemical stability, and non linear optical behavior [44].
Absorption of solar radiation in the photovoltaic cells is much higher in nanoparticles than it is in thin films of
continuous sheets of the bulk material - since the particles are smaller, they absorb greater amount of solar radiation
[43].

Advantages
The advantages of using nanoparticles for the drug delivery result from their two main basic properties. First
nanoparticles, because of their small size, nanoaparticles can penetrate through smaller capillaries and are taken up
by cells, which allow efficient drug accumulation at the target sites. Second, the use of biodegradable materials for
nanoparticle preparation allows sustained drug release within the target site over the period of days or even weeks
[45]. But not only for drugs are nanoparticles very important. Nanotechnology can actually revolutionize a lot of
electronic products, procedures, and applications. The areas that benefit by the continued development of
nanotechnology when it comes to electronic products include nano diodes, nano transistors, OLED, plasma displays,
quantum computers, and many more. Nanotechnology can also benefit the energy sector. Such items like batteries,
fuel cells, and solar cells can be built smaller but can be made to be more effective with this technology. Another
industry that can benefit from nanotechnology is the manufacturing sector that will need materials like aerogels,
nanotubes, nano particles, and other similar items to produce their products with. These materials are often more
durable, stronger and lighter than those that are not produced with the help of nanotechnology [46].
There are some more advantages of nanoparticles over their production and their drug delivery process.
Nanoparticles are fairly easy to prepare that’s why they are used in drug after targeting the area. Due to their small
size Nanoparticles penetrate small capillary and are taken up by the cell which allows for efficient drug
accumulation at the target sites in the body. Using Nanoparticles in drug delivery give good control over size and
give good protection of the encapsulated drug. Retention of the drug at the active site has longer clearance time.
Nanoparticles increased the therapeutic efficiency as well as bioavailability. They reduced fed/fasted variability that
increased drug stability. Stable dosage forms of drug which are either unstable or have unacceptably low
bioavailability in non-nanoparticulate dosage form.
While carrying drug with nanoparticles have no biotoxicity of the carrier. Nanoparticles are do not show any
problem in large scale production and sterilization but they only avoid organic solvent [45-47].

Disadvantages
When tackling the advantages and disadvantages of nanotechnology, we will also need to point out what can be
seen as the negative side of this technology: Included in the list of disadvantages of this science and its development
is the possible loss of jobs in the traditional farming and manufacturing industry. Atomic weapons can now be more
accessible and made to be more powerful and more destructive. These can also become more accessible with
nanotechnology. Nanotechnology has increased risk to the health also, nanoparticles due to there their small size can
cause inhalation problem and many other fatal diseases by just inhaling for 60 seconds in the air contain nano
particles can damage lungs easily. Presently, nanotechnology is very expensive and developing it can cost you a lot
of money. It is also pretty difficult to manufacture, which is probably why products made with nanotechnology are
more expensive [46]. Nanotechnology has raised the standard of living but at the same time, it has increased the
pollution, which includes water pollution, air pollution. The pollution caused by nanotechnology is known as nano
pollution. This kind of pollution is very dangerous for living organisms. The disadvantages of nanoparticles are very
poorly explored. So there are only a few more of them based on drugs delivery.
Producing Nanoparticles for drug delivering extensive use of polyvinyl alcohol as a detergent that create an issue
on toxicity. Nanoparticles have only limited targeting abilities that’s why discontinuation of therapy is not possible.
Drug delivery with Nanoparticles shows cytotoxicity, alveolar inflammation. The disturbance of autonomic
imbalance by nanoparticles having direct effect on heart and vascular function. Nanoparticles show particle growth,
unpredictable gelation tendency, unexpected dynamic of polymeric transmitions and sometimes burst release [45-
47].

020048-5
 REFERENCES

1. Govindaraju K, Khaleel Basha S, Ganesh Kumar V, Singaravelu G., J. Materials Sci. 2008, V. 43. P. 5115–
5122.
2. 6FDUDQR*0RUHOOL(%LRPHWDOV9ʋ3±6FDUDQR*0RUHOOL(3ODQW6F9
165. P. 803–810.
3. /HQJNH0))OHHW0(6RXWKDP*/DQJPXLU9ʋ3±
4. Kowshik M, Deshmukh n, Vogel W, urban J, Kulkarni S.K, Paknikar K.M, Biotechnol. Bioeng, 2002, V. 78.
ʋ3±
5. 5DXWDUD\'$KPDG$6DVWU\0-$PFKHP6RF9ʋ3±
6. Anshup A, Venkataraman J.S, Subramaniam C, Kumar R.R, Priya S, Kumar T.R, Omkumar R.V, John A,
3UDGHHS7/DQJPXLU9ʋ3±
7. Sastry M, Ahmad A, Khan M.I, and Kumar R, Microbial nanoparticle production in Nanobiotechnology, ed. by
Niemeyer C.M, and Mirkin C,Wiley-VCH,Weinheim, 2004, pp.126–135.
8. Krolikowska A, Kudelski A, Michota A, Bukowska J, SERS studies on the structure of thioglycolic acid
monolayers on silver and gold. Surf Sci, 2003, 532:227–232
9. Kumar A, Mandal S, Selvakannan P.R, Parischa R, Mandale A.B, Sastry M, Investigation into the interaction
between surface-bound alkylamines and gold nanoparticles. Langmuir, 2003, 19:6277–6282
10. Shankar S.S, Ahmad A, Pasrichaa R, and Sastry M, Bioreduction of chloroaurate ions by geranium leaves and
its endophytic fungus yields gold nanoparticles of different shapes. J Mater Chem, 2003, 13:1822–1826.
11. Shankar S.S, Rai A, Ahmad A and Sastry M, Controlling the optical properties of lemongrass extract
synthesized gold nanotriangles and potential application in infrared-absorbing optical coatings. Chem Mater
2005, 17:566–572.
12. Huang J, Li Q, Sun D, Lu Y, Su Y, Yang X, et al, Biosynthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles by novel
sundried Cinnamomum camphora leaf. Nanotechnology, 2007, 18:105104–105114.
13. Shankar S.S, Rai A, Ahmad A and Sastry M, Rapid synthesis of Au, Ag, and bimetallic Au core–Ag shell
nanoparticles using neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf broth. J Colloid Interf Sci, 2004, 275:496–502.
14. Chandran S.P, Chaudhary M, Pasricha R, Ahmad A and Sastry M, Synthesis of gold nanotriangles and silver
nanoparticles using Aloe vera plant extract. Biotechnol Prog, 2006, 22:577–583.
15. Ankamwar B, Chaudhary M and Sastry M, Gold nanotriangles biologically synthesized using tamarind leaf
extract and potential application in vapor sensing. Synth React Inorg Metal-Org Nano-Metal Chem, 2005,
35:19–26.
16. Ankamwar B, Damle C, Ahmad A and Sastry M, Biosynthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles using Emblica
officinalis fruit extract, their phase transfer and transmetallation in an organic solution. J. Nanosci
Nanotechnol, 2005, 5:1665–1671.
17. Armendariz V, Gardea-Torresdey J.L, Jose-Yacaman M, Gonzalez J, Herrera I and Parsons J.G, Gold
nanoparticles formation by oat and wheat biomasses, in Proceedings – Waste Research Technology Conference
at the Kansas City, Mariott-Country Club Plaza July30–Aug1 (2002).
18. Gardea-Torresdey J.L, Gomez E, Peralta-Videa J.R, Parsons J.G, Troiani H and Jose-Yacaman M, Alfalfa
sprouts: a natural source for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Langmuir, 2003, 19:1357–1361.
19. L´opeza M.L, Parsonsb J.G, Peralta Videab J.R and Gardea-Torresdey T.L, An XAS study of the binding and
reduction of Au(III) by hop biomass. Microchem, 2005, J 81:50–56.
20. Ghule K, Ghule A.V, Liu J.Y and Ling Y.C, Microscale size triangular gold prisms synthesized using Bengal
gram beans (Cicer arietinum L.) extract and HAuCl4 × 3H2O: a green biogenic approach. J Nanosci
Nanotechnol, 2006, 6:3746–3751.
21. Gardea-Torresdey J.L, Parsons J.G, Gomez E, Peralta-Videa J, Troiani H.E, Santiago P, et al, Formation and
growth of Au nanoparticles inside live alfalfa plants. Am Chem Soc, 2002, 2:397–401.
22. Shinde, N. C, Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. Nanoparticles:
Advances in Drug Delivery Systems,2012.
23. Reiss, Gunter; Hutten, Andreas, "Magnetic Nanoparticles". In Sattler, Klaus D. Handbook of Nanophysics:
Nanoparticles and Quantum Dots. CRC Press. 2010, pp. 2–1. ISBN 9781420075458.
24. Khan, Firdos Alam, Biotechnology Fundamentals. CRC Press. 2012, p. 328. ISBN 9781439820094.
25. Rawson, Philip S, Ceramics. University of Pennsylvania Press. 1984, ISBN 0-8122-1156-1.

020048-6
26. Faraday, Michael, "Experimental relations of gold (and other metals) to light". Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London,
1857, 147: 145–181. doi:10.1098/rstl.1857.0011.
27. Beilby, G.T, "The Effects of Heat and of Solvents on Thin Films of Metal". Proceedings of the Royal Society
A 1903, 72 (477–486): 226–235. doi:10.1098/rspl.1903.0046. JSTOR 116470.
28. Turner, T, "Transparent Silver and Other Metallic Films". Proceedings of the Royal Society A (Transparent
silver and other metallic films 1908,|format= requires |url= (help) 81 (548): 301–310.
Bibcode:1908RSPSA..81..301T. doi:10.1098/rspa.1908.0084. JSTOR 93060.
29. Chandran, S.P, Chaudhary, M, Pasricha, R, Ahmad, A, Sastry, M, Synthesis of gold nanotriangles and silver
nanoparticles using Aloe vera plant extract. Biotechnol.Prog, 2006, 22, 577–583.
30. Song J.Y, Kim B.S, Biological synthesis of bimetallic Au/Ag nanoparticles using Persimmon (Diospyros kaki)
leaf extract. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 2009, 25, 808–811.
31. Cruz D, Fale P.L, Mourato A, Vaz P.D, Serralheiro M.L, Lino A.R.L, Preparation and physicochemical, 2010.
32. Bowman C.R, Bailey F.C, Elrod-Erickson M, Neigh A.M, Otter R.R, Effects of silver nanoparticles on
zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922): a comparison of toxicity based on total surface
area versus mass concentration of particles in a model eukaryotic and prokaryotic system. Environ Toxicol
Chem.August2012; 31(8): 1793–1800
33. Sur I, Cam D, Kahraman M, Baysal A, Culha M, Interaction of multi-functional silver nanoparticles with
living cells. Nanotechnology. Apr 30 2010; 21(17): 175104.
34. Van Hoecke K, De Schamphelaere KA, Ramirez-Garcia S, Van der Meeren P, Smagghe G, Janssen CR.
Influence of alumina coating on characteristics and effects of SiO2 nanoparticles in algal growth inhibition
assays at various pH and organic matter contents, Environ Int. Aug 2011; 37(6): 1118– 25.
35. Christen V, Fent K. Silica nanoparticles and silver-doped silica nanoparticles induce endoplasmatic reticulum
stress response and alter cytochrome P4501A activity. Chemosphere. April2012; 87(4): 423–34.
36. Mohanpuria P, Rana N.K, and Yadav S.K, “Biosynthesis of nanoparticles: technological concepts and future
applications,” Journal ofNanoparticle Research, 2008, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 507–517.
37. Tiwari D.K, Behari J, and Sen P, “Time and dose-dependent antimicrobial potential of Ag nanoparticles
synthesized by topdown approach,” Current Science, 2008, vol. 95, no. 5, pp. 647–655.
38. Luechinger N.A, Grass R.N, Athanassiou E.K, and Stark W.J, “Bottom-up fabrication of metal/metal
nanocomposites from nanoparticles of immiscible metals,” Chemistry of Materials, 2010, vol. 22, no. 1, pp.
155–160.
39. Anastas P.T, and Warner J.C, Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice, Oxford University Press, New York, NY,
USA, 1998.
40. Kharissova O.V, Dias H.V.R, Kharisov B.I, P´erez B.O, and P´erez V.M.J, “The greener synthesis of
nanoparticles,” Trendsin Biotechnology, 2013, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 240–248.
41. Narayanan K.B, and Sakthivel N, “Green synthesis of biogenic metal nanoparticles by terrestrial and aquatic
phototrophic and heterotrophic eukaryotes and biocompatible agents,” Advances in Colloid and Interface
Science, 2011, vol. 169, no. 2, pp. 59–79.
42. Singh M, Manikandan S, and Kumaraguru A.K, “Nanoparticles: a new technology with wide applications,”
Research Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2011, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–11.
43. News Medical. (2015, 08 19). Retrieved from Life Science & Medicine: http://www.news-
medical.net/health/Properties-of-Nanoparticles.aspx
44. Krutyakov Y.A, Russian Chemical Reviews. Synthesis and properties of silver nanoparticles: advances and
prospects, 2008.
45. Shinde N.C, Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. Nanoparticles: Advances
in Drug Delivery Systems,2012.
46. Nanogloss.(2015,08).Retrievedfromhttp://nanogloss.com/nanotechnology/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-
nanotechnology/#ixzz3hk6BD3SV.
47. Yadav N, (2013, 02 05). International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics. Solid lipid nanoparticles- A Reviw.

020048-7