Module 3.1 - Alkanes
Module 3.1 - Alkanes
Module 3.1 - Alkanes
A. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Because compounds of carbon are so numerous, it is convenient to organize them into families
that exhibit similarities.
HYDROCARBONS
simplest class of organic compounds.
Compounds composed only of carbon and hydrogen.
The key structural feature of hydrocarbons, is the presence of the stable carbon-carbon bond.
Carbon is the only element capable of forming stable, extended chains of atoms bonded
through single, double or triple bond.
The members of these different classes of hydrocarbons exhibit different chemical nehaviors
but also have similarities.
a. Because carbon and hydrogen do not differ greatly in electronegativity (2.5 for
carbon, 2.1 for hydrogen), hydrocarbon molecules are relatively nonpolar hence are
almost completely insoluble in water, but they dissolve readily in other nonpolar
solvent.
b. They tend to become less volatile with increasing molar mass because of London
dispersion forces.
Carbon combines with other atoms to form characteristics structural units called
FUNCTIONA GROUPS.
1. ALCOHOLS: has the characteristics structural feature of a carbon bonded to the –OH
(hudroxyl) group.
Ex. CH3CH2OH – ethanol
RCOOH RCO2H
SOME FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
B. MOLECULAR AND STRUCTURAL FORMULA
MOLECULAR FORMULA: shows the number of each typeof atom that is present in the molecule
of the compound.
Ex. C2H6
STRUCTURAL FORMULA: shows the detail of the bonding present in the molecule, i.e. which
atom is connected to which other atom.
1. FULL OR EXPANDED STRUCTURAL FROMULA: all the atoms and bonds are indicated.
Example:
4. LINE STRUCTURAL FORMULA: uses lines to show the structure of the compound.
Carbon atoms are present at the intersection of two or more lines wherever a line
begins or ends.
Hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon are not shown. Because carbon always has a
valence of four, we mentally supply the correct number of hydrogens
All atoms other than carbon and hydrogen are shown.
Example:
C. ISOMERISM
Isomers: are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures.
Although isomers are composed of the same collection of atoms, they differ in one or
more physical or chemical properties such as color, solubility, or rate of reaction with
some reagents.
Structural Isomers: are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures.
NOTE: Enantiomers are different compounds hence have different physical properties one which is
their effect on the plane of polarized light.
1. The Prefix: tells what are and when are the substituents.
a. Substituent prefixes: parts that identify what substituents are located on the
main chain or ring.
b. Locants: numbers that tell where substituents are located on the main chain or
ring.
2. The parent part tells how many carbons and what and how many bonds are present. The
infix in the parent name tells what type of carbon-carbon bonds and how many of them are
present in the parent chain.
3. The suffix: tells the class of compounds to which the substance belongs.
Suffic Class of Compound
-e Hydrocarbon
-ol Alcohol
-al Aldehyde
-one Ketone
-oic acid Carboxylic acid
4. HYDROCARBONS
Organic compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms
a. ALKANES
Have a general formula CnH2n+2, where n represents the number of C-atoms.
This general formula shows a homologous series of carbon atoms. Each number in this
series differ from its immediate neighbor by methylene group, CH2, which is called
homologous.
Contains single bond
Also known as the paraffin series
The C atoms are saturated with hydrogen atoms.
Nomenclature
IUPAC System of Naming Branched Alkanes
Brief History
In earlier times, when few pure organic chemicals were known, new compounds were named at
the whim of their discoverer.
Urea (CH4N2O) is a crystalline substance isolated from urine,
morphine (C17H19NO3) is an analgesic (painkiller) named after Morpheus, the Greek god
of dreams.
As the science of organic chemistry slowly grew in the 19th century, so too did the number of
known compounds and the need for a systematic method of naming them.
The system of naming (nomenclature) we’ll use in this book is that devised by the International
Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC, usually spoken as eye-you-pac).
A chemical name typically has four parts in the IUPAC system of nomenclature: prefix,
parent, locant, and suffix.
The prefix specifi es the location and identity of various substituent groups in the molecule,
the parent selects a main part of the molecule and tells how many carbon atoms are in that
part,
the locant gives the location of the primary functional group, and the suffiidentifies the
primary x functional group.
CH3 CH3
CH2CH3 CH2CH3
Named as a hexane with two substituents NOT as a hexane with one substituen
The first branch occurs at C3 in the proper system of numbering but at C4 in the improper system.
Naming an Alkane
What is the IUPAC name of the following alkane?
Strategy :
The molecule has a chain of eight carbons (octane) with two methyl substituents. Numbering
from the end nearer the fi rst methyl substituent indicates that the methyls are at C2 and C6.
C-C-C-C-C-C Hexane
Next, find the substituents (3-isopropyl and 2-methyl), and place them on the proper carbons.
REFERENCES:
The LibreTexts libraries. (2019). Condensed Structural and Line-Angle Formulas. Libretexts
Chemistry. Retrieved from
https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_South_Carolina__Upstate/USC_Upstate
%3A_CHEM_U109_-
_Chemistry_of_Living_Things_%28Mueller%29/11%3A_Organic_Chemistry/11.03_Condens
ed_Structural_and_Line-Angle_Formulas
Xin Liu. IUPAC Naming of Organic Compounds with Functional Groups. Kwantlen Polytechnic
University. Retrieved from https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/organicchemistry/chapter/2-4-
naming-of-organic-compounds-with-functional-groups/