Grade10 Economics Textbook

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ausmif;oHk;pmtkyf abm*aA' 'orwef;
tcef;(1)
abm*aA'qdkonfrSm
What Economics is
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t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufudk tajccHoabmw&m;tcsdKUjzifh &Sif;jyrnf/
þtcef;NyD;vQif aqmif&GufEdkifrnfhtaMumif;t&m
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(After studying this chapter, you will be able to do the followings:)
followings
ollowings
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resources) [k ac:jcif;udk ½Si iff;jywwfrnf/

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1.1/ ]]tD;udkYpf}}}} (Ecos) + ]]EdkrD}} (Nomy)

abm*aA'udk t*Fvyd b f momjzifh ]]tDuakd emfrpf}f } (Economics)

onf pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHk odkYr[kwf ]]tDudkEdkrD}} (Economy) [laom pum;vHk;ay:wGif
tajcwnf ay:xGe;f cJjh cif;jzpfonf/ ]]tDuEkd rkd }D }[laom pum;vH;k onf *&dbmomrS ]]tD;udUk pf}}
ESihf ]]Edrk }D }[laom pum;ESpvf ;kH udk aygif;pyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ ]]tD;udUk pf}}\ t"dymÜ ,frmS rdom;pk
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rsufarSmufumvwGif ]]tDudkEdkrD}}\t"dyÜm,frSm rdom;pkpDrHcefYcGJjcif;xufrsm;pGmydkí
us,fjyefYaMumif;awGU&onf/ ]]tDudkEdkrD}} [laoma0g[m&wGif ukefpnfESifh0efaqmifrIrsm;
(Goods and Services)xkwv f yk jf cif;? toH;k jyKjcif;tajctaersm;tm;vH;k tusHK;0ifayonf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHk (The Economy of Myanmar)[kqdkvQif
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;&dS ukefpnfESifh0efaqmifrIrsm;xkwfvkyfjcif;? toHk;jyKjcif;rsm;tm;vHk;udk
qdkvdkygonf/ xdkenf;wllpGm tjynfjynfqdkif&mpD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHk (The International
Economy)[kq& kd mwGiv
f nf; urÇmay:&dES ikd if rH sm;\ ukepf nfEiS 0hf efaqmifrrI sm; xkwv f yk jf cif;?
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]]tDuEkd rkd }D }qdak ompum;vH

um;vH;k rS ]]tDuEkd rkd u kd Zf }f }(Economize) acRwma&;[laom pum;vH;k
ay:xGufvmcJhonf/ acRwma ma&;[k
a&; qdk&mü toHk;p&dwfrsm;oHk;pGJ&mwGifvnf;aumif;? oGif;tm;
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pkrsm; toHk;jyK&mwG wGifvnf;aumif; tavtvGifhr&dSap&ef *½kwpdkufoHk;pGJjcif;udk qdkvdkonf/

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pu kd Zf }f }[laompum; 2 vH;k rS ]]tDuakd emfrpf}f }(Economics)
jrefrmtac:ta0:tm;jzifh abm*aA'[laoma0g[m&udk &&dSonf/ abm*aA'qdkonfrSm
pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHkudk avhvmjcif;ESifhacRwmpGmoHk;pGJa&;wdkYudk avhvmjcif;jzpfonf/
(Economics is the study of the economy and of economizing.) xdkYaMumifh abm*aA'
qdkonfrSm vlom;wdkYtaejzifh ukefpnfESifh0efaqmifrIrsm;udk rnfodkYrnfyHkxkwfvkyfí rnfodkY
rnfyHkcGJa0toHk;jyKonf[laom taMumif;&yfrsm;udk avhvmjcif;jzpfonf[lí t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdk
Edkifygonf/
2
t"dutcsufrsm;
Ź ]]tD;udkYpf}} [laompum;vHk;\ t"dyÜm,fonf *&dbmompum;rS rdom;pk odkYr[kwf

tdrfaxmifpkjzpfonf/
Ź ]]EdkrD}} [laompum;vHk;\ t"dyÜm,fonf *&dbmompum;rS pDrHcefYcGJjcif;jzpfonf/
Ź *&dbmompum;rS xkwfazmfxm;aom]]tDudkEdkrD}} (Economy)[laom pum;vHk;
wdu k ½f ukd t
f "dymÜ ,fziG q
hf ckd surf mS rdom;pk odrYk [kwf tdraf xmifppk rD cH efcY jJG cif; jzpfonf/
Ź EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHkqdkonfrSm xdkEdkifiHtwGif;&dS ukefpnfESifh
0efaqmifrIrsm;xkwfvkyfjcif;? toHk;jyKjcif;rsm;udk qdkvdkonf/
ed
Ź tjynfjynfqdkif&mpD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHkqdkonfrSrSm urÇmay:&SdEdkifiHrsm;\
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ukefpnfESifh 0efaqmifrIrsm;udk xkwfvkyfjcif;? toH o;jyKjcif
k;jyKjcif
Kjcif;rsm
rsm;udk qdkvdkonf/
ro
Ź abm*aA'qdkonfrSm vlom;wdkYtaejzifh ukefpnfESifh0efaqmifrIrsm;udk rnfodkYrnfyHk
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xkwfvkyfí rnfodkYrnfyHkcGJa0toHk;jyKonf ht nfu uddk avhvmjcif;jzpfonf/
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1.2/ vlom;wdkY\tuefYttowf
owfr&dSaomvdktifqE´rsm;ESifh tuefYtowf&dSaom
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t&if;tjrpfrsm;(Unlimi
(Unlimited Human Wants vs. Limited Resources)
vlom;wdkYonf
onf ae aaeYpOfaeYwdkif;pm;aomufrIrsm;twGuf ukefpnfESifh0efaqmifrIrsm;udk
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vdt k yfonf/ xdvk tkd yfcsurf sm;wGif tajccHusaomvdt k yfcsurf sm;(Basic Requirements) ESihf
D
tajccHrusaomvd omv ktyfcsufrsm;(Non-basic Requirements)[lí 2 rsdK;yg0ifaeonf/

tajccHusaomvdt k yfcsufrsm;wGif ukepf nfrsm;jzpfaom pm;aomufz, G &f mrsm;? t0wftxnf
rsm;ESifh tdrf&mtaqmufttHkwdkYtjyif ynma&;? usef;rma&;? o,f,lydkYaqmifa&;paom
0efaqmifrIrsm;vnf;yg0ifonf/ tajccHrusaomvdktyfcsufrsm;wGif aysmfyGJ&TifyGJ? azsmfajzrI?
tem;,ltyef;ajzjcif;ponfwdkYyg0ifonf/ tu,fívlom;wdkY\vdktyfcsufrsm; odkYr[kwf
vdtk ifqE´rsm;onf tueft Y owfjzif&h v Sd Qiaf omfvnf;aumif;? enf;yg;vQiaf omfvnf;aumif;
vlom;wdkY\b0onf tvGefyif½dk;pif;aeayvdrfhrnf/
3
vufawGUü vlom;wdkY\vdktifqE´rsm;onf tuefYtowfr&dS rsm;jym;vSayonf/
vlom;wdkYonf ypönf;wpfpkHwpf&mudk vHkavmufpGm&&dSNyD;jzpfonfhwdkifatmif tjcm;t&mrsm;
udk xyfrHvdkcsifvmwwfMuayonf/ xdkYaMumifh abm*aA'bmom&yfwGif vlom;wdkY\
vdktifqE´tuefYtowfr&dSjcif;onf rjiif;y,fEdkifonfhtrSefw&m;wpf&yftaejzifh vufcH
xm;jcif;jzpfonf/
vlom;wdkY\ vdktifqE´rsm;udk jznfhqnf;&eftwGuf ukefpnfESifh0efaqmifrIrsm;
xkwfvkyf&mwGif ukefxkwftiftm;pkrsm; (Factors of Production)udk toHk;jyK&ayrnf/
abm*aA'bmom&yfwGif vlYvkyftm;? obm0o,HZmwypönf;rsm;? ½kyf0w¬Kypönf;rsm;ESifh
xkwfvkyfrIud&d,mrsm;tm;vHk;udk ukefxkwftiftm;pkrsm; odkYr[kwf ukeeffxkwfpGrf;tm;pkrsm;
d
te
odkYr[kwf xkwfvkyfrIt&if;tjrpfrsm; (Productive Resources)[k ac:on ac:onf/
ec
vlv Y yk t
f m;? obm0o,HZmwypön;f rsm;? ½ky0f w¦Kypön;f rssm;ESESihf ukex f wk u f &d ,
d mrsm;onf
ot
vdkoavmuf r&&dSEdkifay/ xdkYaMumifh xkwfvkyfrIt&if;tjrpf j pfrsm; &&dSEdkifrIonf tuefYtowf
Pr
jzifh wnf&aSd eonf/ tueft Y owfjzif&h aSd eonfh xkwvk htv
f yk rf t I &&if;f tjrpfrsm;udk toH;k jyK&ojzifh
xkwfvkyfrIonfvnf; tuefYtowfjzifhom &&dSEdEdkifonf onf/ o odkY&mwGif vlwdkY\vdktifqE´rsm;rSm
rig
tuefYtowfr&dSonfhtwGuf xkwfvkyfEdkifonf onfxuf ydkrkdrsm;jym;aeonf/ xdkYaMumifh vlwdkY\

py
vdktifqE´rsm;udkjznfhqnf;&ef a&G;cs,frIrIjyKvk jyKvkyf&ef vdktyfonf/

Co
xdkYaMumifh abm*aA'bmom&yfywG wGif rrjiif;y,fEdkifonfhtrSefw&m; 2 &yf&dSonf/

yw
wG
,if;wdkYrSm-
X
BO
(u) xkwfvkyfrIt&if;tjjrpfrsm; &&&SdEdkifrIonf tuefYtowf&dSjcif;?

(c) vlom;wdkY\ vdktifqEr E´rsm;onf tuefYtowfr&Sdjcif;wdkY jzpfonf/
qEr
þtaMumif;t&m 2 &yfukd ,SOw f aJG vhvmjcif;jzifh ydrk w
kd ud saom abm*aA'bmom&yf\
t"dymÜ ,fukd zGiq hf EdEkd ikd o
f nf/ xdaYk Mumifh abm*aA'bmom&yfonf vlom;wdt Yk aejzifh rdrwd \
Ykd
vdktifqE´rsm;udk trsm;qHk;jznfhqnf;Edkif&eftwGuf tuefYtowfjzifhom&&dSEdkifaom
xkwv f yk rf tI &if;tjrpfrsm;udk rnforYdk nfykH pDrcH efcY í JG toH;k jyKonfukd avhvmaombmom&yf
jzpfonf/
txufygt"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufonf ,cift"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufxuf ydkíjynfhpHkaom
t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufjzpfonf/ abm*aA'bmom&yfESifhywfoufí t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsuf 3 rsdK;
&Sif;jycJhaomfvnf; tajccHoabmw&m;rSmtwlwlyifjzpfonf/
4
t"dutcsufrsm;
Ź abm*aA'bmom&yfwiG f xkwv f yk rf t
I &if;tjrpfrsm; &&dES ikd rf o
I nf tueft
Y owfjzifh
&dSaeonf/
Ź abm*aA'bmom&yfwGif vlom;wdkY\ vdktifqE´rsm;onf tuefYtowfr&dSyg/
Ź vlwdkY\vdktyfcsufrsm;wGif tajccHusaomvdktyfcsufrsm;ESifh tajccHrusaom
vdktyfcsufrsm;[lí ESpfrsdK;yg0ifonf/
Ź ydkíwdusaomabm*aA'bmom&yf\ t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufrSm ]]abm*aA' bmom
&yfonf vlwdkY\vdktifqE´rsm;udk jznfhqnf;Edkif&eftwGuf uf tuef
tueYtowfjzifhom
d
te
&&dSEdkifaom ukefxkwft&if;tjrpfrsm;udk rnfodkYrnfyHyHkpDrHrHcefYcGJí toHk;jyKonfudk
ec
avhvmaom bmom&yfjzpfonf/}}
ot
Pr
ed*Hk; ht
þtcef;wGifabm*aA'\ t"dyÜm,fzGzGififhqdkcsuf 3 rsdK;udkazmfjycJhayonf/ abm*aA'
rig
bmom&yfonf vlYtzGJUtpnf;ESifhoufqd qdkififNyD; odyÜHenf;uspl;prf;avhvmrIrsm;udk toHk;jyK

py
ojzifh ,if;udk vlrIa&;odyÜHbmomcGJwpf

wpf&yfftaae aejzifh owfrSwfxm;ayonf/
Co
abm*aA'bmom&yf\t" t"dyÜyÜm,ff? vlwdkY\ tuefYtowfr&SdaomvdktifqE´rsm;ESifh

t
tuefYtowf&Sdaomt&if;tjrpfrsmsm;udk od&Sdem;vnfvmNyD; xdktcsufrsm;aMumifhyif vlwdkY
X
BO
taejzifh acRwm&aMumif; od&Sdem;vnfvmum vufawGUtajctaersm;? rdrdwdkY\&aiGESifh

rdrdwdkY\vdktyfcsuf
ufrsm;udk rddrdtwGuf taumif;qHk;&&Sd&efrnfodkY a&G;cs,foHk;pGJ&onfrsm;udk
BE
pOf;pm;qHk;jzwfvmEdkifrn
nf/
D
-------------------
5
avhusifhcef;rsm;
1/ atmufygar;cGef;rsm;udk rSm; rSef a&G;yg/

(u) tDudkEdkrD [laoma0g[m&wGif ukefpnfESifh0efaqmifrIrsm; xkwfvkyfjcif;? toHk;jyKjcif;
tajctaersm; tm;vHk;tusHK;0ifonf/
(c) acRwma&;[lonf toH;k p&dwrf sm;oH;k pG&J mwGiv f nf;aumif;? pGr;f tm;pkrsm;toH;k jyK&mwGif
vnf;aumif; tavtvGifhr&Sdap&ef *½kwpdkufoHk;pGJjcif;udkqdkvdkon nf/
(*) vlom;wdkYonfaeYpOfpm;aomufrIrsm;twGuf ukefpnfESifh0efaqmifrIrssmsm; rvdktyfyg/
d
te
(C) abm*aA'qdo k nfrmS pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHu k kd avhvmjjcif;ESihf acRwmoH;k pGaJ &;wdu
Yk kd
ec
avhvmjcif;jzpfonf/
ot
(i) tajccHusaomvdktyfcsufrsm;rSm aysmfyGJ&TifyGJ? aazsmf jzrI? tem;,ltyef;ajzjcif;
zsmfajz
Pr
ponfwdkYyg0ifonf/ ht
ig
(p) ukexf wk v f yk &f eftwGuf vlv Y yk t
f m;? obm0o,H
m0o,HZmwypö
bm0o,H m n;f rsm;? ukex
f w
k u
f &d , d mrsm;
yr
udk vdkoavmuf&&SdEdkifygonf/
op
-C
2/ atmufyguGufvyfrsmm;ud ;ud
udkjznfhygg/
X
BO
(u) tDudkEdkrD[laompum;vH um;vHk;\ wdkuf½dkuft"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufrSm rdom;pk odkYr[kwf

tdrfaxmifpk --------
--------------------- jzpfonf/
-------
BE
(c) pD;yGm;a&;taqmuf
taqmuttH[ k qk vkd Qif Edik if t
H wGi;f &dS --------------------- rsm; xkwv
f yk f
D
jcif;? toHk;;jjyKjcif;rsm;udkqdkvdkonf/
(*) tdrfaxmifpk\0ifaiGESifh toHk;p&dwfrsm;pDrHcefYcGJonfhqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk ------------
-------- u jyKvkyf&onf/
(C) tajccHusaomvdktyfcsufrsm;wGif pm;aomufzG,f&mrsm;? t0wftxnfrsm;ESifh
---------------------wdkY yg0ifonf/
(i) vlom;wkdY\ vdktifqE´rsm;onf --------------------- rsm;jym;vSonf/
(p) --------------------- t&if;tjrpfrsm;&&SdEdkifrIonf tuefYtowfjzifh wnf&Sdonf/
6
3/ tajzrSefa&G;yg/
(u) abm*aA'\ t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsuf 3 rsdK;teuf yxrt"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufrSm
(u) rd o m;pk p D r H c ef Y c G J j cif ; (c) uk e f p nf E S i f h 0 ef a qmif r I r sm;cG J a 0toH k ; jyKjcif ;
(*) xkwfvkyfrIt&if;tjrpfrsm;udk pDrHcefYcGJtoHk;jyKjcif; jzpfonf/
(c) abm*aA'qdkonfrSm (u) ukefpnfESifh0efaqmifrI (c) pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHk
(*) ukex f w
k t f iftm;pkrsm;udk avhvmjcif;ESihf acRwmoH;k pGaJ &;wdu Yk kd avhvmjcif;jzpfonf/
(*) tajccHrusaomvdt k yfcsurf sm;wGif (u) pm;aomufz, G &f mrsm;m; (c) tt0wftxnfrsm;
d
(*) aysmfyGJ&TifyGJrsm; yg0ifygonf/
te
ec
(C) abm*aA'bmom&yfonf vlYtzGJUtpnf;ESifhoufq qddkiiffNyD; odyÜHenf;uspl;prf;avhvmrI
ot
rsm;udk toH;k jyKojzifh (u) odyb HÜ mom&yf (c) 0dZmÆ bmom&yf
bmom& (*) vlraI &;odyb HÜ mom&yfcJG
Pr
wpf&yftaejzifh owfrSwfxm;onf/ ht
ig
yr
op
4/ atmufygar;cGef;rsm;udkajzyg/
-C
(u) abm*aA'bmom&yfudk rnf nuJ

uJhodkY t
t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkEdkifoenf;/
(c) vlom;wdkU\ tajccHv vddktyfcsufESifh tajccHrusaomvdktyfcsufrsm;udk udk,fydkifOyrm
X
rsm;ay;íajzqdkyg/
yg/
BO
(*) vlom;wdkYonfonf rdrdrdwdkY vdktifqE´&Sdonfht&m[lorQudk &&SdEdkifrI&Sd r&Sdudk usdK;aMumif;

BE
jyí&Sif;j;jyyg/
D
7
tcef;(2)
ukefpnfESifh0efaqmifrIrsm;
Goods and Services
ed'gef;
abm*aA'bmom&yfudk avhvm&mwGif ukefpnfESifh0efaqmifrIrsm;udk odyÜHenf;us
cGJjcm;azmfjy&ef vdktyfvSonf/ þtcef;wGif ukefpnf? 0efaqmifrIrsm;ESifh oufqdkifaom
oabmw&m;rsm;? t"dymÜ ,fowfrw S cf surf sm; ukepf nfEiS 0hf efaqmifrrI sm;\ ta&;ygaomcGjJ cm;
owfrSwfrIrsm;udkyg &Sif;vif;azmfjyoGm;rnf/
d
þtcef;eSifhywfoufí oifod&SdNyD;aomtaMumif;t&m
te
ec
(What you have already known to this chapter)
ot
abm*aA'bmom&yfonf ukefpnfESifh0efaqmifrIrsm;ud
rsm;udk vlom;wdkYu rnfodkYrnfyHk
Pr
toHk;jyKMurnfudk avhvmaombmom&yfjzpfaMumif; od
o&S&dSccJJYNNyDyD;jz
ht jzpfonf/
&m
rig
(After studying this chapter, you will be able to do

d the followings:)
py
Ŷ aeYpOftoH;k jyKaeaom t&m0w¦Krrssm;pGmudk aabm*aA'a0g[m&t& ukepf nf[k ac:qdk

Co
aMumif;? ukefpnftjyif 0efeaq aqmif rIvnf;&SdaMumif;udk &Sif;jywwfvmrnf/

miirv
Ŷ xkwfvkyfjcif;ESifY toHk;j;jyKjcif;udkvdkufí ukefpnfrsm;udk trsdK;tpm;cGJjcm;Edkifvmrnf/
X
BO
Ŷ xdkYjyifukefpnfodkavSmifrIayy:y:rlwnfí ukefvufusefESifh ukefpD;qif;rIudkvnf; cGJjcm;

vmEdkifrnf/
BE
D
2.1/ ukefpnfESifh 0efaqmifrIrsm;\ t"dyÜm,f

'H¿QLWLRQRI*RRGVDQG6HUYLFHV
ukefpnfrsm;(Goods)rSm vlom;wdkYtwGuftoHk;0ifNyD; xdawGUudkifwG,fEdkifonfh j'yf&dS
t&mrsm;(Tangible Things)jzpfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh aetdrftaqmufttHk? y&dabm*?
qef? qD? qm;? t0wftxnf ponfwjYkd zpfonf/ 0efaqmifrrI sm;(Services)rSm vlom;wdt Yk wGuf
toHk;0ifaomfvnf; xdawGUudkifwG,fír&aomj'yfrJht&mrsm;(Intangible Things)jzpfonf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh o,f,yl aYkd qmifjcif;? qufo,
G af y;jcif;? ukeo
f ,
G rf jI yKvyk af y;jcif;? bPfvyk if ef;
8
aqmif&Gufay;jcif;? ynmoifMum;ay;jcif;? azsmfajzrIay;jcif;? aq;ukoay;jcif; ponfwdkY jzpf
onf/
þtcef;wGif wdkwdkESifhvdk&if;od&dSap&ef ukefpnf[koHk;xm;aomfvnf; xdkukefpnf
[lonfha0g[m&wGif ukefpnfESifh0efaqmifrIESpfrsdK;pvHk; tusHK;0ifaMumif; od&dSxm;&efvdktyf
onf/
t"dutcsufrsm;
Ź ukefpnfrsm;onf xdawGUudkifwG,fí &aomt&mrsm;jzpfonf/

Ź 0efaqmifrIrsm;onf xdawGUudkifwG,fí r&aomt&mrsm;jzpfpfonf
onf/
d
te
ec
ot
Pr
2.2/ tcrJhukefpnfESifh &Sm;yg;ukefpnfrsm;
(Free Goods and Scarce Goods)
ht
rig
ukepf nfrsm;udk tcrJu h ek pf nfrsm;(Free
reee Goods) EESihf &Sm;yg;ukepf nfrsm;(Scarce Goods)
py
[lí t"dutm;jzifhESpfrsdK; cGJjcm;Edkifon nf/ vlom;wd

mm; kY\ vkyftm;pdkufxkwf jyKvkyfrIrygbJ
Co
&&Sad omt&mrsm;onf tcrJu h ek pf nfrrsm;jzpf

sm;jzpf
m;jzpfonf
n/ okaYd omf t&m0w¦Kwpfco k nf ae&mwdik ;f ESihf
tcsed wf ikd ;f ü tcrJu h ek pf nfjzpfrraeyg
aeyg// Oyrmtm;j
rae O zihf a&onfr;kd wGi;f umvwGif obm0twdik ;f
X
&&SdaomaMumifh tcrJhuk ukefefpnfjzpfaomfvnf; aEG&moDwGifa&&Sd&ef vlwdkY\vkyftm;jzifh

BO
pdkufxkwf&,l&jcif;aMMummifh tc tcrJhukefpnfrjzpfEdkifyg/
t&m&mwd wdik ;f onftcrJu h ek pf nfrsm;r[kwaf y/ uREykf w f oYkd ;kH pGaJ om t&m0w¦Kwikd ;f vdv
k ydk if
BE
vlwdkY\vkyftm;jziftm;jzifh pdkufxkwfjyKvkyfxm;aomt&m0w¦Krsm; jzpfMuonf/ ukefpnfrsm;

D
xkwfvkyf&eftwGuf &&SdEdkifaomtcsdefumvonf tuefYtowfjzihf&Sdonf/ xdkYjyif ukefpnf

xkwv f yk &f ef vdt
k yfonfu h ek x f wk t f iftm;pkrsm;onfvnf; tueft Y owfjziho
f m wnf&adS om

!#$#%( #$
tuefYtowf&dSonf/ tuefYtowfjzifhom&&dSEdkifaom t&m0w¬Krsm;udk &Sm;yg;ukefpnfrsm;
(Scarce Goods) [kac:onf/ &Sm;yg;ukefpnfrsm;udk wpfenf;tm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;ukefpnfrsm;
(Economic Goods) [kvnf;ac:onf/
9
abm*aA'bmom&yfonf &Sm;yg;ukefpnf[loa&GUESifh ywfoufaomfvnf; &Sm;yg;

ukefpnf[loa&GUonf abm*aA'bmom&yfESifhrywfoufyg/ Oyrmtm;jzifh c&rf;a&mif
iSuaf rG;awmifonf &Sm;yg;aomt&m0w¦Kwpfck jzpfonf/ odaYk omf vlom;wdu Yk xdt k &m0w¦Kukd
toHk;r0ifojzifh rvdkcsifygu c&rf;a&mifiSufarG;awmifonf &Sm;yg;ukefpnf jzpfaomfvnf;
pD;yGm;a&;ukefpnfrjzpfEdkifay/ tdrfwGiftvSxm;&eftwGuf xdkc&rf;a&mifiSufarG;awmifudk
vdck siyf gu wefz;kd jrifrh m;pGmay;í0,f,&l rnf/ xdt k cg tqdyk gc&rf;a&mif iSuaf rG;awmifonf
pD;yGm;a&;ukefpnfjzpfvmonf/
xdkYaMumifh pD;yGm;a&;ukefpnfqdkonfrSm vlwdkY\ vkyftm;pdkufxkwfjyKvkyfrIrS&&Sdonfh
toH;k 0ifwefz;kd ESifh zvS,rf w I efz;kd &Sad omt&mrsm;jzpfonf/ Oyrm-aea&mif mifjcnfEiS hf avwdo
Yk nf
d
te
toHk;0ifwefzdk;&Sdaomfvnf; vlYvkyftm;pdkufxkwfrI rygojzifhpD;yGm;a&;uk a&;ukefpnf[k rqdkEdkifyg/
m;a&;uk
ec
tcrJhukefpnf qdkonfrSm toHk;0ifwefzdk;&Sdaomfvnf; vlwkdY\ vkyftm;pd m kufxkwfjyKvkyfrIESihf
ot
zvS,frIwefzdk;ryg&Sdonfh t&mrsm;jzpfonf/
Pr
t"dutcsufrsm; ht
rig
Ź vlom;wd\ Yk vkyt
f m;pdu
k x
f w k jf yKvyk rrIf rI ygbJ &&daS omt&mrsm;onf tcrJu h ek pf nfrsm;
py
jzpfonf/
Co
Ź t&m0w¦Kwpfckonf ae&mwd &mwm kii;ES

i;f;ESEififYtcsdefwdkif;ü tcrJYukefpnfjzpfraeyg/ vlwdkY
oHk;pJGaom t&m0w¦Kwdkif;vdkvdkyif vkyftm;pdkufxkwfjyKvkyf&aom t&m0w¦Krsm;
X
BO
jzpfonf/
Ź ukefpnfrsm;xk xkwfvkyf&efftcsdefumv? vdktyfonfhukefxkwftiftm;pk(t&if;tjrpf)
BE
rsm;onf tuefYtowfjzifhom&&dSonf/
D
Ź tuefYtowfjzifhom&&dSaom t&m0w¦Krsm;udk &Sm;yg;ukefpnfrsm;[kac:onf/

Ź pD;yGm;a&;ukefpnfqdkonfrSm vlwdkY\ vkyftm;pdkufxkwfjyKvkyfrIrS&&dSonfh toHk;0if
wefzdk;ESifh zvS,frIwefzdk;&dSaomt&mrsm;jzpfonf/
Ź tcrJhukefpnfqdkonfrSm toHk;0ifwefzdk;&dSaomfvnf; vlwdkY\vkyftm;pdkufxkwf
jyKvkyfrIESifh zvS,frIwefzdk;rygaomt&mrsm; jzpfonf/
10
2.3/ oGif;tm;pkrsm;ESihf ukefxGufrsm;

(Inputs and Outputs)
ukefpnfESihf0efaqmifrIrsm; xkwfvkyf&eftwGuf ukefxkwftiftm;pkrsm;udk twlwuG
tcsKd ;us aygif;pyftoH;k jyK&onf/ acwfopfp;D yGm;a&;taqmufttHw k iG f xkwv
f yk rf u
I kd jzpfpOf
(process)wpfct k jzpf tqihrf sm;cJNG y;D avhvmonf/ ajr,m? vkyt f m;? t&if;tES;D wkjYd zihf pwifí
ukefacsmrsm;jzihftqHk;owfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzihfy&dabm*rsm;a&mif;csjcif;vkyfief;wGif
opfyifpu kd yf sK;d xkwv f yk jf cif;? opfcjJG cif;? y&dabm*rsm;a&mif;csjcif;ponh nht f qih
q rf sm;yg0ifonf/
opfyifpu kd yf sK;d xkwv f yk jf cif;jzpfpOf\ aemufq;kH &v'frmS opfv;kH rsm;jjzpfonf/ opfv;Hk rsm;onf
d
te
opfxkwfvkyfief;\ ukefacsmjzpfonf/ xdkaemufqHk;&v'f uef csmopfvHk;onf opfxkwf
ukefacsmo
ec
vkyfief;\ ukefxGufjzpfonf/ xkdYenf;wl opfcGJjcif;vkyfiiefef;\ukefxGufonf opfcGJom;rsm;
ot
Pr
jzpfonf/ y&dabm*vkyfief;\ ukefxGufonf y&dabm*rsm;jzpf m**rsm;jz onf/
bm*r
opfvHk;rsm;onfopfxkwfvkyfjcif;\ ukeeffacsmrsm;jzpf
ht csmrsm;jz aomfvnf; opfcGJjcif;vkyfief;\
csmrsm;j
ig
ukefMurf;jzpfonf/ xkdYenf;wlopfcGJom;rsm;onf nf opfcGJjcif;vkyfief;\ ukefacsmjzpfaomfvnf;
onf
yr
y&dabm*vkyfief;\ukefMurf;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumihfxkwfvkyfrItqihfwpfqihf\ ukefacsmonf

op
tjcm;tqihf\ ukefMurf;jzpfaMumif;awGU&onf &on/

-C
oGif;tm;pkrsm;(Inputs) ts)rSm xw
xkwfvkyfrIjzpfpOfwGif xnfhoGif;toHk;jyKvkdufaom t&m
x
X
rsm;jzpfonf/ xkwv f yk rf jzpf

jI zpfpOf\ aaemufq;kH &v'ftjzpf ay:xGu&f &Sv d maom t&mrsm;onf
BO
ukefxGufrsm;(Outputs) ts)jzpfon
uts) nf/ okdYjzpfí a,bk,stm;jzihf oGif;tm;pkrsm;wGif ukefxkwf
tiftm;pkrsm;ESiifhf ukefMurf u ;rsm;yg0ifaMumif;awGU&onf/ ukefxkwftiftm;pkrsm;udk rlv
BE
oGif;tm;pkrsm; m;(Prim
(Primary Inputs)[kac:NyD; ukefMurf;rsm;udk Mum;oHk;oGif;tm;pkrsm;
D
(Intermediate Inputs)[kac:onf/
t"dutcsufrsm;
Ź oGif;tm;pkrsm;onf ukefpnfxkwfvkyfrIjzpfpOfwGif xnfhoGif;toHk;jyKvkdkufonfh

t&mrsm; jzpfonf/
Ź ukefxGufrsm;onfxkwfvkyfrIjzpfpOfrSay:xGuf&&dSvmaomt&mrsm;jzpfonf/
11
2.4/ ukefacsmrsm;ESihf ukefMurf;rsm;

(Finished Goods and Raw Materials)
ukeaf csmrsm;(Finished Goods)qdo k nfrmS xkwv f yk rf jI zpfpOf\ aemufq;kH &v'ftjzpf
&&Svd monfh ukex f u
G rf sm;jzpfonf/
. #3 # $ 4
ukefpnfrsm;jzpfonf/ xkwfvkyfrIjzpfpOftwGif; xyfqifhjyKjyif&ef rvdktyfawmhonfh ukefpnf
rsm;jzpfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh y&dabm*? t0wftxnf? qef ponfwdkYjzpfonf/
ukeMf urf;rsm;(Raw Materials) rSm ukeaf csmtqifo h rYkd a&mufrcsifi;; x xkwv
f yk rf jI zpfpOf
wGif tqifhqifhjyKjyifae&aom ukefpnfrsm;jzpfonf/ ukefMurf;rsm;\ \ Oyrmtcsd
;\ Oyrm KUrSm pyg;?
d
te
0g*Grf;? csnfcifponfwdkYjzpfonf/ pyg;pdkufysdK;xkwfvkyfonfhvkyfiiefef;wGif pyg;rS p mukefacsmjzpf
ec
aomfvnf; qefpufvkyfief;wGif pyg;onfukefMurf;jzpfonf/ xdkYenf;wl 0g*Grf;ESifh csnfcif
ot
Pr
wdkYonf oufqdkif&mxkwfvkyfrIjzpfpOf\ ukefacsmjzpfpao aaoomfvn nf; txnf&ufvkyf&mwGif
ukefMurf;tjzpfyg0ifNyD; xyfqifhjyKjyifjcif;udkcH&onf nf/ txnf
httxnjzpfvmrSom ukefacsmb0odkY
tx
ig
a&muf&dSonf/ ukefpnfrsm;udk toHk;jyKrItay:rl :rlwwnf nfí uk uefacsm odkYr[kwf ukefMurf;tjzpf
yr
cGJjcm;owfrSwfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh rkefYonf onfwpfOD;onf rkefYvkyf&ef qefudktoHk;jyKygu

op
qefonf ukefMurf;jzpfonf/
-C
ukeaf csmtqifo h aYkd &muf&aa&;tw

dS &;twG
&;twu uf tenf;i,fomtacsmudik &f efvakd om ukepf nfrsm;
X
udk wpf0ufwpfysufNyD; ukeeffacsmrsm;6HPL¿QLVKHG*RRGV[kac:onf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh

BO
pkaygif;wyfqifjcif;rjyK&ao;onf
&aao;on
o;o h pufud&d,mtydkif;tprsm;? ta&mifrwif&ao;aom
y&dabm*rsm;? aumfmaZmatm
aZmatmufcHrsm; ponfwdkYjzpfonf/
aZmatm
BE
t"dutcsufrsm;;
D
Ź ukefMurf;rsm;rSm ukefacsmtjzpfodkUra&mufrcsif; xkwfvkyfrIjzpfpOfwGif tqifhqifh

jyKjyifae&aom ukefpnfrsm;jzpfonf/
Ź ukeaf csmtqifah &muf&aSd &;twGuf tenf;i,frQom tacsmudik &f efvakd om ukepf nf
rsm;udk wpf0ufwpfysufNyD;ukefacsm[kac:onf/
Ź ukeaf csmqdo
k nfrmS xkwv f yk rf jI zpfpOf\ aemufq;kH &v'ftjzpf &&Sv
d monfu
h ek x
f u
G rf sm;
jzpfonf/
12
2.5/ aemufqHk;oHk;ukefpnfESifh Mum;oHk;ukefpnfrsm;

(Final Use Goods and Intermediate Use Goods)
aemufqHk;oHk;ukefpnfrsm;rSm oHk;pGJrIjyKvdkufNyD;aemuf xkwfvkyfrIjzpfpOfwGifjyefvnf
yg0ifEdkifjcif;r&dSonfhukefpnfrsm;jzpfonf/ aemufqHk;oHk;ukefpnfrsm;(Final Use Goods)
onf pm;oH;k rItwGuaf omfvnf;aumif;? &if;ES;D jr§KyfErHS t I wGuaf omfvnf;aumif;? ydu Yk ek w
f ifyrYkd I
twGufaomfvnf;aumif; toHk;jyKonfhukefpnfrsm;jzpfonf/ aemufqHk;oHk;ukefpnf[k
qd&k jcif;rSm tqdyk gukepf nfonf vwfwavmumvtwGi;f jynfwiG ;f ütj tjcm;ukepf nfwpfc\ k
tpdwftydkif;tjzpf a&muf&dSrvmEdkifaomaMumifh jzpfonf/
d
te
pm;oHk;rItwGuf toHk;jyKaomukefpnfonf tjcm;uk ukefpnfwpfck jzpfrvmEdkifyg/
ec
6 .#3#$7 < <7
<
ot
Pr
toHk;jyKaomfvnf; ,if;ukefpnf\ tpdwftydkif;jzprv pfrvmEd
v kifyg/ EdkifiHjcm;odkY wifydkYvdkufaom
ukefpnfwpfckonfvnf; jynfwGif;xkwfvkyfrIjzpfpfpOfwGif jjy
ht jyefvnfryg0ifvmEdkifawmhay/
ig
ukefxGufrsm;onf ukefacsmrsm;jzpfpfaaomf omfvnf; ukefacsmwdkif;onf aemufqHk;oHk;
yr
ukefpnfrsm; r[kwfay/ Oyrm- ydkYukefrsm;wG rsm;wG

m;wGif ukefacsmrsm;omru ukefMurf;rsm;vnf;yg0if
op
Edkifonf/ xdkYaMumifhukefacsmrsm;ESifh aemuf emufqHk;o oHk;ukefpnfrsm;udk xyfwlxyfrQxm;í rpOf;pm;

-C
rd&ef ta&;BuD;onf/
X
xkwv f yk rf jI zpfpOfwifiG f tqifqh ifjh yKjyifae&aom ukepf nfrsm;onf ukeMf urf;rsm;jzpfonf/

BO
ukeMf urf;rsm;onf Mum;oH m;o tm;pkrsm;jzpfNyD; ,if;wdUk udk Mum;oH;k ukepf nfrsm;(Intermediate
oH;k oGi;f t
Use Goods)[kac:onf ac:onf/
BE
t"dutcsufrrsm;
sm;
D
Ź aemufq;kH oH;k ukepf nfqokd nfrmS ukepf nfwpfcck u

k kd pm;oH;k rItwGuaf omfvnf;aumif;?
.#3#$7= #$7
toHk;jyKjcif;jzpfonf/
Ź Mum;oHk;oGif;tm;pkrsm;udk Mum;oHk;ukefpnf[kac:onf/
13
2.6/ pm;oHk;ukefpnfrsm;ESifh xkwfvkyfoloHk;ukefpnfrsm;

(Consumer Goods and Producer Goods )
pm;oHk;ukefpnf(Consumer Goods)qdkonfrSm tdrfaxmifpkrsm;rS pm;oHk;&eftwGuf
toHk;jyKonfhukefpnfrsm;jzpfonf/ tpm;tpmrsm;? tdrfoHk;ypönf;rsm;? a&cJaowåm? ½kyfjrif
oHMum;puf ponfhukefpnfrsm;jzpfonf/ xkwfvkyfoloHk;ukefpnfrsm;(Producer Goods)
qdkonfrSm ukefxkwfvkyfief;rsm;wGif toHk;jyKonfhukefpnfrsm;jzpfonf/ xkwfvkyfoloHk;
ukefpnfrsm;wGif &if;ESD;ukefpnfrsm;ESifh ukefMurf;rsm;yg0ifonf/ toHk;jyKrItay:rlwnfí
pm;oHk;ukefpnf? xkwfvkyfoloHk;ukefpnf[lí cGJjcm;onf/ Oyrm-armfawmf awmf,mOfrsm;udk tdrfoHk;
d
te
tjzpftoH;k jyKygu pm;oH;k ukepf nfjzpfonf/ ukexf w
k vf yk if ef;rsm;rSrS toH;k jyK&ef0,f,x
l m;aom
ec
armfawmf,mOfrsm;onf xkwfvkyfoloHk;ukefpnfrsm;jzpfonf/
ot
Pr
t"dutcsufrsm;
ht
ig
Ź pm;oHk;ukefpnfqdkonfrSm pm;oHk;jcif;twGwGuf &nf&G,faom ukefpnfrsm;jzpfonf/
yr
Ź xkwfvkyfoloHk;ukefpnfrSm ukefxkwwffvkyfrIwGif toHk;jyKaom ukefpnfrsm;jzpfonf/

op
xkwfvkyfoloHk;ukefpnfrsm;wGif &if;ESD;ukefpnfrsm;ESifh ukefMurf;rsm; yg0ifonf/

-C
X
BO
2.7/ Mum&SnfoHk;ukefppn w cgokH;ukefpnfrsm;

nfESifh wpf
BE
(Durable Use Good

Goods and Single Use Goods)
Mum&SnfooHHk;ukefpnf
n(Durable Use Goods)qdkonfrSm wm&SnfcHNyD; xyfumxyfum
D
tBudrfBudrftoHk;jyKEdkifaom ukefpnfjzpfonf/ xdkukefpnfrsm;onf pm;oHk;ukefpnfESifh

xkwfvkyfoloHk;ukefpnfESpfrsdK;pvHk; jzpfEdkifonf/ Mum&SnfoHk; xkwfvkyfoloHk; ukefpnfonf
&if;ESD;ukefpnfrsm;jzpfonf/ Mum&SnfoHk;pm;oHk;ukefpnfrSm t0wftxnfrsm;? y&dabm*rsm;?
rdom;pkoHk;armfawmfum;rsm; ponfwdkYjzpfonf/
wpfcgoHk;ukefpnfrsm;(Single Use Goods)rSm wpfBudrfwpfcgom toHk;jyKEdkifaom
ukepf nfrsm;jzpfonf/ wpfcgoH;k pm;oH;k ukepf nfwrYkd mS tpm;tpmrsm;? xif;? rD;aoG;? avmifpmqD
ponfwYkd jzpfonf/ xdu k ek pf nfrsm;udk ukex
f w
k v
f yk &f mwGif toH;k jyKygu wpfcgoH;k xkwv
f yk o
f l
oHk; ukefpnfjzpfonf/
14
t"dutcsufrsm;
Ź Mum&Sno f ;kH ukepf nfrsm;qdo

k nfrmS wm&Sncf aH vh&NSd y;D xyfumxyfum tBurd Bf urd t
f oH;k
jyKEdkifaom ukefpnfjzpfonf/
Ź wpfcgoHk;ukefpnfrsm;rSm wpfBudrfwpfcgom toHk;jyKEdkifaom ukefpnfrsm;jzpfonf/
2.8/ ysufpD;vG,faomukefpnfESifh rysufpD;vG,faomukefpnfrsm;

(Perishable Goods and Non-perishable Goods)
d
te
ysufpD;vG,faomukefpnf(Perishable Goods)qdkonfrSrSm Mum&SnfrcHbJ wdkawmif;
ec
aomtcsed tf wGi;f ysupf ;D oGm;Edik af omukepf nfrsm;jzpfonf/ Oyrm-ig;?
yrm-ig; EdpYk rd ;f ? cl;,lxm;aomyef;
ot
rsm; ponfwdkYjzpfonf/ rysufpD;vG,faomukefpnf(Non-peri Non-perishable Goods) qdkonfrSm
(Non-per
(No
Pr
wdkawmif;aomtcsdeftwGif; ysufpD;vG,faomukefefpnfESifhpmmvQif txdkuftavsmuf Mum&Snf
ht
odr;f qnf;xm;í &aomukepf nfrsm;[k qd&k ayrnf nf/ Oyrm-
n/ Oyrm ykpeG af jcmuf? pnfow G tf pm;tpmrsm;?
ig
yr
t0wftxnfrsm;? opfrsm;? pufqDponf nfwdwdkYjzpfonnf/

op
t"dutcsufrsm;
-C
ysufpD;vG,faomuk ukeeffpnfqdkonfrSm Mum&SnfrcHbJ wdkawmif;aomtcsdeftwGif;

X
Ź
BO
ysufpD;oGm;Edkifaom ukefpnfrsm;jzpfonf/
Ź rysupf ;D vG,
,faf omuk
om epf nfqo kd nfrmS wdak wmif;aomtcsed t
f wGi;f ysupf ;D vG,af om
BE
ukefpnfESifhpmv
mvQif txdkuftavsmuf Mum&Snfodrf;qnf;xm;í&aom ukefpnfrsm;
D
jzpfonf/
2.9/ ukefvufusefESifh ukefpD;qif;rI

(Stocks and Flows)
ukefpnfyrmPudk yHkaooabmt&aomfvnf;aumif;? pD;qif;rIoabmt&aomf
vnf;aumif; avhvmEdik o
f nf/ yHak ooabmt&avhvmvQif owfrw
S x
f m;onfh umvwpfck
15
wGif yHkaojzpfaeonfh tpktyHkyrmPudk avhvm&onf/ pD;qif;rIoabmt& avhvmvQif
ukefpnfyrmPonf yHkaojzpfraebJrnfrQ wdk;yGm;vmonf? rnfrQavsmhoGm;onfudk avhvm
&onf/ Oyrmtm;jzifhb@ma&;ESpf ukefqHk;onfhpufwifbmv 30 &ufaeYwGif&dSonfh
ajr{ursm;? vkyfom;ta&twGuf? pufud&d,mta&twGuf? ukefavSmif½HkwGif odkavSmifxm;
aom pyg;yrmPwdrYk mS ukev f ufuserf sm;jzpfonf/ xdaYk Mumifh ukev f ufusef(Stocks)qdo k nfrmS
owfrw S x
f m;onfh tcsdeu f mvwGi&f aSd eaomukepf nfrsm; odrYk [kwf ukex f wk tf iftm;pkrsm;\
tpktyHkyrmP jzpfonf/
ukefpD;qif;rI (Flows) qdkonfrSm tcsdefumv wpfcktwGif; ukefvufusefwGif
xyfaygif;xnfv h u kd af omyrmP odrYk [kwf xkwEf w k vf ukd af omyrmPjzpfpfo onf nf/ rsm;aomtm;
d
te
jzifh ESpfwpfESpftwGif; ukefpnfta&twGuf rnfrQajymif;vJonfu uddk azmfjyonf/ Oyrm-
ec
ESpt
f pü ukeo f akd vSmif½w kH iG f pyg;wif; 2 oef;&So d nf qdyk gpd/Yk ,if;onf uukev f ufusejf zpfonf/
ot
tu,fí xdkESpftwGif; pyg;wif; 1 oef;udk xkwfvkyfygu u ,if;onf ukefpD;qif;rIjzpfNyD;
Pr
rlvukefvufusefwGif ,if;pyg; 1 oef;udk aygif;&ygrnf htrnfnf/ t tu,fí xdkESpfwGifyif oHk;pGJrIrSm
tu
wif; 1.5 oef;jzpfygu ,if;onfvnf; ukefpD;qifif;rIjzpfNyD; rlvukefvufusefrSEkwf&ygrnf/
ig
yr
xdkYaMumifh
op
ESpfp&Sdukefvufusef + xkwfvk vkyfyfrI - oH

ok;pGJrI = ESpfqHk;ukefvufusef
-C
2 oef; + 1 oef oeeff; - 1.5 oef; = 1.5 oef; jzpfonf/

oe;
þwGif ukefodkavSmif½HkwG wGif&Sdao om ukefpnfonf ukefvufusefjzpfNyD; xkwfvkyfrIonf
X
BO
ukefodkavSmif½HkodkY pD;0ifojzifh ukefpD;qif;rIjzpfonf/ oHk;pGJrIonf ukefodkavSmif½HkrS pD;xGuf

ojzifh ukepf ;D qif;rIjzponfpfonf
onf/ ESEpfpq f ;kH &Sd ukev
f ufuseo f nf aemufEpS t f wGi;f ukex f w
k vf yk rf w
I iG f
BE
toHk;jyKygu t&if &if;tESD;wGifxyfaygif;jcif;jzpfonf/

D
t"dutcsufrsm;
Ź ukefvufusefrsm;qdkonfrSm tcsdefumvwpfckwGif&dSaeaom ukefpnfrsm; odkYr[kwf

ukefxkwftiftm;pkrsm;\ tpktyHkyrmPjzpfonf/
Ź ukefpD;qif;rIqdkonfrSm tcsdefumvwpfcktwGif; ukefvufusefwGif xyfaygif;xnfh
vdkufaomyrmP odkYr[kwf ukefvufusefrS xkwfEkwf,lvdkufaom yrmPjzpfonf/
16
ed*Hk;
ukepf nfwpfrsKd ;wnf;udyk if trsKd ;tpm;trsKd ;rsKd ;cGjJ cm;Edik o
f nf/ xkwv
f yk jf cif;ESihf toH;k
jyKjcif;udkvdkufí ukefpnftrsdK;tpm;rsm; uGJjym;jcm;em;rI&dSaMumif; awGU&dS&onf/ xdkYaMumifh
þtcef;wGif ukefpnftrsdK;tpm;cGJjcm;yHkudk wifjyaqG;aEG;jcif;jzpfonf/
xdkYaMumifh ausmif;om;rsm;onf rdrdwdkYywf0ef;usif&Sd ukefpnfESifh0efaqmifrIrsm;udk
cGJjcm;vmEdkifonfhtjyif xkwfvkyfrI? toHk;jyKrIESifh odkavSmifrIwdkYay:rlwnfí ukefpnftrsdK;
tpm;rsm;udk uGJjym;pGmtuJjzwf oHk;oyfEdkifvmrnf/
--------------------------------
avhusifhcef;rsm;
d
te
ec
ot
(u) aetdrftaqmuftOD? y&dabm*? qef? qD? qm;?;? t0wftxnfwdkYonf ukefpnfrsm;
Pr
jzpfMuonf/ ht
(c) ukex f uG rf sm;onf ukeaf csmrsm;jzpfNy;D ? ukeefaf csmwkid ;f onfvnf; aemufq;kH oH;k ukepf nfrsm;
ig
yr
jzpfonf/
op
(*) ukex f wk vf yk if ef;rsm;rS 0,f,x

l m;aom armf
xm;aom a awmf,mOfrsm;onf pm;oH;k olo;kH ukepf nfrsm;
ar
-C
jzpfonf/
(C) Mum&SnfoHk;xkwfvkyyffoloHk;uk uefpnfonf &if;ESD;ukefpnfrsm;jzpfonf/
X
BO
(i) t&m0w¦Kwpfcko onf nf ae&mwk

ae dif;ESifh tcsdefwdkif;ü tcrJhukefpnf jzpfaeEdkifygonf/
BE
D
2/ atmuf guGufvyfrsm;udkjznfhyg/
ufygu
ygu
(u) pkaygif;wyfqifjcif;rjyK&ao;onfh pufu&d ,
d mtydik ;f tprsm;? ta&mifrwif&ao;aom
y&dabm*rsm;? aumfaZmatmufcrH sm; ponfwu Ykd kd -------------------- [k ac:onf/
(c) ---------------------- qdkonfrSm owfrSwfxm;aom tcsdefumvwGif &Sdaeaom
ukefpnfrsm; odkYr[kwf ukefxkwftiftm;pkrsm;\ tpktyHkyrmPyifjzpfonf/
(*) xkwfvkyfrItqifhwpfqifh\ ukefacsmonf tjcm;xkwfvkyfrI wpfck\ -------------
--------- jzpfaMumif;awGU&onf/
(C) tuefYtowfjzifhom&&SdEdkifaom &Sm;yg;aomukefpnfrsm;udk -------------------
[kvnf; ac:qdkEdkifygonf/
17
(i) qefonf pm;oHk;rIjyKvdkufojzifh xkwfvkyfrIjzpfpOfwGif jyefvnfyg0ifEdkifjcif;r&Sdojzifh

]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ^<_`
3/ tajzrSefa&G;yg/
(u) ukefxkwftiftm;pkrsm;udk (u) rlvoGif;tm;pkrsm; (c) Mum;oHk;oGif;tm;pkrsm;
(*) Mum;oHk;ukefpnfrsm;[kac:onf/
(c) Mum&Sno f ;kH pm;oH;k ukepf nfrsm;rSm (u) t0wftxnfrsm; (c) rD;aoG oG; ((*) avmifpmqD
wdkU jzpfonf/
d
te
(*) Mum;oHk;oGif;tm;pkrsm;rSm (u) vkyftm; (c) t&if;tEDS; (*) ukefMurf; wdkYjzpfonf/
ec
(C) c&rf;a&mifiSufarG;awmifonf toHk;0ifwefzdk;ESifh zvS,frIwefzdk;r&Sdygu (u) tcrJh
ot
Pr
ukefpnf (c) pD;yGm;a&;ukefpnf (*) &Sm;yg;ukefpno pnnfomjzpf
omjzpfygonf/
(i) 2017 ckESpfwGif v,form;wpfOD;\ pyg;usD
ht pyg;wif; (150)&SdNyD; xdkESpfwGifyif
usDwGif py
pyg
ig
wif; (50)udk a&mif;csvdkufygu ESppffq qHHk;wGif uk
uefvufusefrSm (u) 150 wif;
yr
(c) 100 wif; (*) 50 wif; jzpfonf onf/

op
-C
X
4/ atmufygar;cGef;rsm;ud udkajzyg yg/

BO
(u) ukefpnfESifh0efaqm qmif sm;udk rnfodkYcGJjcm;Edkifoenf;/ oifhywf0ef;usifwGif wnf&Sd

mifrIrsmsm;
aeonfrsm;ud udk Oyrmay;íaj
Oyrm zqdkyg/
BE
(c) pD;yGm;a&;ukukefpnfqdkonfrSmtb,fenf;/ Oyrmay;íajzqdkyg/

D
(*) aemufq;kH oH;k ukepf nfwikd ;f onf ukeaf csmjzpfaomfvnf; ukeaf csmwdik ;f onf aemufq;kH
oHk;ukefpnf rjzpfaMumif;udk ay:vGifatmif&Sif;jyyg/
(C) ausmif;om;wpfOD;taejzifh aeYpOftoHk;jyKaeaom ukefpnfrsm;onf wpfcgoHk;
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18
tcef;(3)
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pD;yGm;a&;pepfESifh pD;yGm;a&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;
Economic Activities, Economic Structure, Economic System
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ed'gef;
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19
Ŷ pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHkyHkoP²mefudk od&Sdem;vnfvmNyD; ,if;tay:rlwnfí pD;yGm;
a&; vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk tqifhqifhazmfxkwfwwffrnf/
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20
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21
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onf aygifrkefYig;vHk;[kajymqdkEdkifNyD; aygifrkefYwpfvHk;\aps;EIef;onf ig; 20 usyfom;[k ajym
Edkifonf/ xdkaps;EIef;onf EdIif;,SOfaps;EIef;(Relative Price)jzpfonf/
EdIif;,SOfaps;EIef;qdkonfrSm ukefpnfwpfrsdK;\wefzdk;udk tjcm;ukefpnfwpfrsdK;\
wefz;kd ESihf EdiI ;f ,SOaf zmfjyjcif;jzpfonf/ aiGaMu;aps;EIe;f (Money Price)onf ,if;ukepf nfEiS hf
aiGaMu;wdkYvJvS,faomEIef;yifjzpfjyD; trnfcHaps;EIef;(Nominal Price )[kvnf;ac:onf/
24
aiGaMu;udk toHk;jyKaomtcg aps;EIef;rsm;udk ydkrdkvG,fulpGmazmfjyEdkifonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh
aygifrkefY wpfvHk;(1000)usyf? ig;wpfydóm(5000)usyf ponfjzifh jzpfonf/
o,f,lydkYaqmifa&;? vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;ESifh odkavSmifrIvkyfief;rsm; aumif;rGefygu
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yJcl;wdkif;a'oBuD;wGif a&mif;csEdkifrnfjzpfonf/ wdkif;jynfwpfjynfESifhwpfjynf ukefpnfrsm;
vJvS,fMu&mrS tjynfjynfqdkif&mukefoG,frI jzpfay:vmonf/ xdkYaMumifh tjynfjynfqdkif&m
ukeo f ,G af &;onf Edik if t
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Ź vJvS,fjcif;qdkonfrSm vkyfom;wdkY\ pl;pdkufaZmuf mufcsvkyfudkifrIaMumifh &&dSvmaom
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ukepf nftydt k vQrH sm;udk rdrwd t
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Ź tjynf nfjynfqdkif&mukefoG,fa&;onf EdkifiHtvdkufukefpnfrsm;udk pl;pdkufaZmufcs

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pm;oHk;jcif;qdkonfrSm vlyk*d¾Kvftaejzifhvnf;aumif;? tdrfaxmifpktaejzifhvnf;
aumif;? tzGUJ tpnf;taejzifvh nf;aumif; xkwv f yk rf t
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udk pm;oHk;vdkufaomtcg tjcm;ukefpnfwpfckjzpfrvmawmhay/ Oyrmtm;jzifh qefudk
tdraf xmifpwk pfc\
k tpm;tpmtjzpftoH;k jyKvu kd af omtcg tqdyk gpm;oH;k vdu
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25
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wpfcgoH;k ukepf nfjzpfonf/ aemufq;kH toH;k jyKjcif; (Final Use)$ ! %

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!+# . 7 8!7<!(Individual or Household
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k aq;0g;0,f ,f,l ,rl wI Ykd jzpfonf/ pkaygif;
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a&;t ;k p&dwrf sm;? aq;½Hrk sm;
Pr
ESifh a&m*gumuG,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf toHk;p&dw wffrsm;jzpf
ht sm;jz fonf/
abm*aA'bmom&yfwiG f pm;oH;k jcif;ESipaqmif phf ak qmif;jciif;wdu Yk kd '*Fg;jym;wpfc\ k rsuEf mS jyif
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xdaYk Mumifh pkaqmif;rIonfpm;oH;k jcif;rjyKaomt omtydik ;f jzpfNy;D pm;oH;k jcif;onf pkaqmif;rIrjyKaom

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tydkif;yifjzpfonf/ ydkíem;vnf nfap&ef o om"uwpfckjzifh &Sif;jyygrnf/ tu,fí v,form;
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wpfOD;onf pyg;wif; 3000 xkwfvkyfNyD; wif; 100 udk 0rf;pmtjzpf toHk;jyKí tjcm;
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u pkpkaygif;xkwfvkyfaompyg;wif; 300 onf 0ifaiGusyf odef; 120 ESifh nDrQayonf/
26
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tb,faMumifhqdkaomf
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p&dwfjzpfonf/
27
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(Economicc Organi
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jcif;rSm tvGev f tkd yfayonf/ tb,faMumifq h akd omf ,if;tzGUt J pnf;rsm;onf ukex f w k vf yk rf I
jzpfpOfukd xda&mufaompDrcH efcY rJG EI iS hf xde;f csKyrf wI u
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30
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Enterprises)[k vnf;ac:Muonf/
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jzpfjcif;? tvGefBuD;rm;jcif;ponfjzifhjzpfEdkifonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh awmifolv,form;wpfOD;
ydkifqdkifonfh tvGefao;i,faom v,f,mpdkufcif;? tv,ftvwft&G,ftpm;&Sdonfh
bwfpum;or0g,rtoif;ESifh tvGefBuD;rm;onfh avaMumif;ukrÜPD ponfwdkYjzpfonf/
pifppf EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHudkyif pD;yGm;a&;tzGJUtpnf;wpfcktjzpf oabmx oabmxm;Ed
abmx kifayonf/
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31
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ufay; y;jcif;? p&dwfpuBuD;rm;NyD; tNrJwapwyfqifxm;&onhf
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pD;yGm;a&;pepfrsm;udk aqG;aEG;cJhonf/ ,if;wdkYonf abm*aA'bmom&yfudk avhvm&mü
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qufqaH &;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;pepfwo
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pm;0wfaea&;twGuf vkyfaqmifaeorQonf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; jzpfaMumif;
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Edik if rH sm;\ pD;yGm;a&;vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;ay:tajccHí rnfonfh pD;yGm;a&;pepfusio hf ;kH aeonfukd
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qufoG,fí vJvS,fjcif;udk ----------------------- pepf[kac:onf/
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(p) ukefpnfrsm;udk aemufqHk;toHk;jyKjcif;wGif pm;oHk;jcif;? --------------------ESifh

jynfyydkYukeftjzpf wifydkYa&mif;csjcif;wkdYyg0ifonf/
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ukefpnfESifh 0efaqmifrIrsm;udk xkwfvkyfaqmif&Gufay;ygonf/
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(c) pD;yGm;a&;vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;wGif pm;oH;k jcif;onfrnfot Ykd a&;ygoenf;? usKd ;aMumif;jy
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jrefrmEdkifiH\vlOD;a&
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avhvm&efvdktyfonf/ vlOD;a&onf EdkifiH\vkyfom;tiftm;udk jznfhwif;ay;ouJhodkY
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ta&;Bu;D ayonf/ þtcef;wGif jrefrmEdik if \ H vlO;D a&udk xkwv f yk ol
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(After studying this chapter, you will be able too do the followings:)
foll
fol
Ŷ jrefrmEdkifiH\ vlOD;a&wnfaqmufyHkESifh ywf wfoufaom tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;udk
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py
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pD;yGm;a&;pepf
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a& pepftwGi;f xkwv f yk o f t
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Ŷ vlOD;a&onf EdkififiH\vkyfom;tiftm;udk jznfhwif;ay;EdkifaMumif; aqG;aEG;Edkifrnf/

Ŷ wdik ;f jynf\vl
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onf/
(u) pkpkaygif;vlOD;a&yrmPESifh wdk;wufrIEIef;
Size and Rate of Growth of the Total Population
37
(c) toufESifh usm; rtvdkufvlOD;a&ysHUESHUyHk
Age and Sex Distribution of the Population
(*) a'otvdkufysHUESHUyHk
Geographical Distribution of the Population
(C) tvkyftudkiftvdkufESifh u@tvdkuf vlOD;a&ysHUESHUyHk
Occupational and Sectoral Distribution of the Population
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rIjyóemyifjzpfonf/
}
$}%!$= R L#V%
BE
t&if;tjrpfrsm; &&SEd ikd rf aI y:

y:rlwnfonf/ ½ky0f w¦Kqidk &f m pD;yGm;a&;t&if;tjrpfrsm;wGif obm0
D
t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESifihf v vlom;wdzYk efw;D xm;onfh t&if;tjrpfrsm;yg0ifonf/ obm0t&if;tjrpf

rsm;wGif ajray: (Oyrm- opfawmrsm;ESifh wd&pämefrsm;) ESifh ajratmuf (Oyrm- owåKrsm;)?
jrpfrsm;? uefrsm;? yifv,fa&ydkifeufrsm;ESifh a&atmuf&Sdt&mrsm; tm;vHk;yg0ifonf/
tjynfjynfqdkif&myifv,fa&jyifydkifeufOya't& jrefrmEdkifiH\ydkifeufonf 12 rdkifwdk;csJUNyD;
yifv,fa&jyifydkifeuf oD;oefYpD;yGm;a&;Zkefonf yifv,furf;½dk;wef;rS rdkif 200 xd&Sdonf/
wnfae&mtaetxm;onfvnf;obm0t&if;tjrpfyifjzpfonf/ Oyrm- ql;tuf
a'o? yem;rm;a'o? pifumylwdkYonf o,f,lydkYaqmifa&;ESifh ukefoG,fa&;wdkYtwGuf tcsuf
tcsmusonfh ae&mjzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm wnfae&mESifhoufqdkifonfh tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;&&Sd
aeayonf/
56
vlom;wdzYk efw;D xm;aom t&if;tjrpfrsm;wGif puf½t kH vky½f rkH sm;? o,f,yl aYkd qmifa&;?
a&vTrf;rdk;rIumuG,fa&;ESifhqnfajrmif;vkyfief;rsm;? tdrf&mtaqmuftODrsm; ponfwdkY
yg0ifonf/ wpfcgwpf&H t&if;tjrpfrsm;onf obm0t&if;tjrpfavm odkYwnf;r[kwf
vlom;wdzYk efw;D xm;onfh t&if;tjrpfrsm;avm[lí aumif;pGmcGjJ cm;r&Edik o f nfh tajctaersKd ;
vnf;&Sdonf/ Oyrm- jyefvnfpdkufysdK;xm;aomopfawmrsm;? yifv,fjyifrS jyefvnfazmfxkwf
xm;aomajr,mrsm; ponfwjYdk zpfonf/ xdt k ajctaersm;onf csKd UwJah om obm0t&if;tjrpf
wdkYudkyif ydkrdkaumif;rGefvmatmif vlom;wdkYu (wwfuRrf;vdr®mygu) jyKjyifEdkifpGrf;&SdaMumif;
azmfjyonf/
xdkYaMumifhobm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;&&SdEdkifrIonf yHkao,lqír&a qír&a
ír&ay/ vlom;wdkY\
d
te
$%$( R$=$ $#!W=( %%
ec
Edik af yonf/ enf;ynmqdik &f mzGUH NzKd ;rIu ajrMoZmraumif;aomaj omajajrrsm;u
;udk ajrMoZmaumif;aom
ot
ajrtjzpf toGiaf jymif;apjcif;? vlom;wdaYk &muf&&dS efcufcaoma'o aJ oma'orsm;tm; a&muf&adS pEdik jf cif;?
Pr
Zmpfjrpftm;vHk;rS pGrf;tifudk&,lEdkifjcif;? oD;ESHrsm;ESEif htESifh wd& pämeftxGufEIef;udk jrifhrm;apjcif;
ponfhtusdK;xl;rsm;&&Sdaponf/ enf;ynmopfpfw wpfpfckzGHUNzd
N K;wdkif; urÇmay:wGif ½kyf0w¦Kqkdif&m
ig
yr
pD;yGm;a&;t&if;tjrpfrsm;wdk;vmonf/
op
a'owpfckwGif vlOD;a&yrmPonf mPonf

Ponf x xdka'otwGif;&Sd ½kyf0w¦Kqkdif&m pD;yGm;a&;
-C
t&if;tjrpfrsm;u rnfrQaxmufyHhEkEdkififonf[laom tcsufay:rlwnfonfudk vufcHxm;

$}=W}=W % RV( $$(=W }>
X
BO
$( W% % X# $X> WX RL #V %
$$=$
"
! W$ ! %( R $W
tNrJajymif;vJaevd aevdrfhrnfjzpfonf/
rnfodkUyif&Sdap urÇmhpD;yGm;a&;ordkif;wGif vlOD;a&ESifh½kyf0w¦Kqkdif&m pD;yGm;a&;t&if;
tjrpfrsm; bufrnDonffhom"ursm;&SdcJhonf/ a'owpfckwGif vlOD;a&rsm;jym;vGef;ojzifh

#$ #%+< - +=
+- >$ -A +F
#$L $ #RT+F tvm;wlyif &&SdEdkifonfh pD;yGm;a&;
#$V + #+ A-+F #$L
enf;vGef;jcif;[kac:onf/ vlOD;a&rsm;vGef;jcif;ESifh vlOD;a&enf;vGef;jcif; tajctae
ESpfrsdK;pvHk;onf rvdkvm;tyfay/ vlOD;a&rsm;vGef;vQif vkyfom;wpfOD;pDtwGuf &&SdEdkifaom
o,HZmwrsm;enf;yg;vGef;ojzifh xda&mufpGmxkwfvkyfEdkifvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/ xdkUjyif vlOD;a&
57
pkjyHKusyfwnf;rIaMumifh aexdkifrItajctaersm;qdk;&Gm;Ekdifonf/ xdkYtwl vlOD;a&enf;vGef;
vQiv f nf; aZmufcsvyk u f ikd jf cif;ESihf pau;Bu;D xkwv
f yk rf w
I t
Ykd wGujf zpfEidk af jcrsm; enf;yg;ojzifh
xkwfvkyfrIrxda&mufEdkifay/ vlOD;a&rsm;vGef;jcif; odkYr[kwf vlOD;a&enf;vGef;jcif; r&Sdaom
tajctaeudk taeawmfvlOD;a&tajctae[kac:onf/ R
bmom&yfwiG f tvGet f oH;k 0ifonf/ vlO;D a&onf obm0tavsmuf wd;k vmrnft h vm;tvm
&SdaomaMumifh taeawmfvlOD;a&oabmw&m;onf wdk;vmrnfhvlOD;a&twGuf enf;ynm
zGHUNzdK;rIESifh vlwdkYzefwD;xm;aomt&if;tjrpfrsm;jzifh axmufyhH&efvdktyfaMumif;udk xif&Sm;
aponf/
t"dutcsufrsm;
d
te
ec
Ź vlO;D a&odyo f nf;rIukd ajr{&d,mwpf,el pfwiG af exdik af omm vlO;D aa&jzifw
h ikd ;f wmonf/
ot
Ź abm*aA'bmom&yf w G i f a'owpf c k t wG i f ; rS e f u ef a omvl O D ; a&yrmPud k
Pr
R $W| ht
Ź a'owpfck&Sd xkwfvkyfEdkifrItcGifhtvrf;rsm;onfm;onf xdka'o&Sd½kyf0w¦Kqkdif&mpD;yGm;a&;
rig
t&if;tjrpfrsm; &&SdEdkifrIay:rlwnfonf onf/

py
Ź ½kyf0w¦Kqkdif&m pD;yGm;a&;t&if;tjrpfrsm;wGif obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESifh vlom;wdkY

Co
zefwD;xm;onfh t&if;tjrpfrsm;yg0if m;yg0if

m;yg
g fonf/
Ź obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm m;wG
;wGif ajray:ajratmuf
ajr &Sd t&mrsm;tm;vHk;yg0ifonf/
X
BO
Ź vlom;wdz Yk efw;D xm;aom

;aom t&if
t ;tjrpfrsm;wGif puf½t kH vky½f rkH sm;? o,f,yl aYkd qmifa&;?
a&vTrf;rdk;rIumuG
umuG, a&&;ESifh qnfajrmif;vkyfief;rsm;? tdrf&mtaqmuftODrsm;
,ffa&
BE
ponfwdkY yg0ifon nf/

D
Ź t&if;tjrpf
jrpfpfrsm;onf
sm obm0t&if;tjrpfavm odkYwnf;r[kwf vlom;wdkYzefwD;
xm;onfh t&if;tjrpfrsm;avm[lí aumif;pGmcGJjcm;r&Edkifonfh tajctaersKd;
vnf;&Sdonf/
Ź =%W}V }% =%W! R
pD;yGm;a&;t&if;tjrpfrsm;jzifh aumif;pGmrjznfhqnf;Edkifonfh tajctaersdK;udk

qdkvdkonf/
Ź vlOD;a&enf;vGef;jcif;qdkonfrSm a'owpfckwGif pD;yGm;a&;t&if;tjrpfrsm;xuf
vlOD;a&enf;vGef;jcif;rsdK;udkqdkvdkonf/
58
ed*Hk;
þtcef;wGif EdkifiH\pD;yGm;a&;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ESifh qufpyfaeaom vlOD;a&ESifh
ywfoufonfh tcsufrsm;udk aqG;aEG;cJhonf/
vlOD;a&udkavhvm&mwGif toHk;jyKaom twdkif;twmtcsdKUudkvnf;azmfjycJhonf/
R %%W VW $ (= $}=# }$}=#!
vkyo f m;tiftm;yg0ifrt I csKd ;Murf; wdjYk zpfonf/ vkyo f m;tiftm;udk vkyo f m;tiftm;yg0ifrEI eI ;f ?
tvkyfvufrJhEIef;? tvkyftudkif&&SdrIESifh vlOD;a&tcsdK;? vkyfom;trsdK;tpm;tvdkuf vkyfom;
tiftm;? tvkyt f udik t
f rsKd ;tpm;tvdu k f NrKd UjyESihf aus;vuf&mcdik Ef eI ;f ? jynf
ne,fEiS w
hf ikd ;f a'oBu;D
tvdkufESifh usm; r tvdkuf vkyfom;tiftm;wdkYudk azmfjyxm;onf nf/ xdkYaemuf taeawmf
d
te
vlOD;a&udk azmfjy&mwGif jynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'oBuD;tvdkuf vlOD;a&od ;a&odyfonf;qESifh vlOD;a&
ec
rsm;vGef;jcif;? enf;vGef;jcif;wdkUudk azmfjycJhonf/ xdkUaMumif mifh ukefxkwfvkyfrIwGif t"du
Mumif
ot
oGif;tm;pkjzpfaom vkyfom;tiftm;udkavhvm&mwGif ta&;yg ta&;ygonfh vlOD;a&\ tcef;u@
Pr
udk NcKH irkH Ed ikd Nf y;D jrefrmEdik if \
H vlO;D a&tajctaeESifihf vkyo
ht f mm;tiftm;tajctaewdu Yk kd avhvm
oHk;oyfEdkifonf/
ig
yr
-------------------
---------
-----
op
avhusifhcef;rsm;
-C
X
BO
1/ atmufygar;cGefef;rsm;udk rSm; rSef a&G;yg/

(u) jynfyrSa&TUajymif;0ifvmolESihf jynfyodkYa&TUajymif;xGufoGm;olwdkY\ jcm;em;rIudk
BE
tom;wifm;wifa&TUaj a ymif;rI[kac:onf/
D
(c) 2014 ckcEpfEpS f jrefrmEkid if \

H a'otvdu k v
f Ol ;D a&ysUH ESUH aexdik rf w
I iG f rEÅav;wdik ;f a'oBu;D
onf vlOD;a&trsm;qHk;aexdkif&ma'ojzpfonf/
(*) 2014 ckESpf vkyfom;tiftm; avhvmcsufppfwrf;t& jrefrmEdkifiHvkyfom;tiftm;\
56.5 &mcdkifEIef;onf yxrtqifhu@rsm;wGif vkyfudkifMuaMumif;awGU&Sd&onf/
(C) jrefrmEdik if w
H iG v
f Ol ;D a&odyof nf;rIukd ajr{&d,mpwk&ef;rkid w f iG af exdik af om vlO;D a&jzifh
wdkif;wmonf/
(i) vlOD;a&enf;vGef;vQif aZmufcsvkyfudkifjcif;ESifh pau;BuD;xkwfvkyfrIwdkYtwGuf
jzpfEdkifajcenf;yg;ojzifh xkwfvkyfrIrxda&mufEdkifay/
59
4/ atmufygar;cGef;rsm;udkajzyg/
(u) 2014 ckESpfvlOD;a& pm&if;t&MunfhvSsif oifaexdkif&mwdkif;a'oMuD; odkYr[kwf
jynfe,fwGif vlOD;a&rnfrSs&Sdoenf;/ enf;yg;ovm;? rsm;jym;ovm;/ tb,fhaMumifh
vlOD;a&enf;yg; rsm;jym;&onfudk a0zefoHk;oyfjyyg/
(c) ESpfpOf vlOD;a&wdk;wufrIEIef;onf rnfonfhtcsufrsm;ay:wGif wnfrDSaeonfudk
&Sif;jyyg/
(*) toufEiS hf usm; rtvdu k f vlO;D a&ysUH ESrYH o
I nf tvGet f a&;ygaompD
omp;yGm;a&;taMumif;
omp;
d
t&mrsm;ESifh rnfodkYqufET,faeonfudk oHk;oyfajzqdkyg/
te
(C) jrdKUjywdk;wufrIEIef;onf vlOD;a&\pm;oHk;rIyHkoP²mefud udk rnfodkYajymif;vJapaMumif;
ec
ot
qufpyfí&Sif;jyyg/
Pr
(i) taeawmfvlOD;a&qdkonfrSm tb,fenf;/ jref jreefrmEdkifiH\vlOD;a&onf taeawmf
vlOD;a& jzpf rjzpfoHk;oyfajzqdkyg/
ht
ig
yr
op
-C
X
BO
BE
D
61
tcef;(5)
jrefrmEdkifiH\ pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHk
(FRQRPLF6WUXFWXUHRI0\DQPDU
ed'gef;
þtcef;wGif jrefrmEdkifiH\pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHkudk avhvmrnf/ EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\
pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHq k o
kd nfrmS xdEk ikd if \
H xkwv
f yk rf ?I pm;oH;k rIEiS phf ak qmif;rI? &if;ES;D jr§KyfErHS I
ESifhjzefYjzL;rIponfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; (Economic Activities)udk aqmif&Gufonfh
yH k pH j zpf o nf/ xkwfvkyfrIESifhywfoufí wdkif;jynf\xkwfvkyfrIyHkoP²meef (Productive
Structure)udk avhvm&efvdkonf/ xkwfvkyfrIyHkoP²mefudk pD;yGm;a&;u@rsm; u@rsm (Economic
u@rsm;
d
te
Sectors)cGJí avhvmEdkifonf/
ec
ot
þtcef;ESifYywfoufí oifod&dSjyD;aomtaMumif;t&m
Pr
tcef;(3)wGif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;?
m;?;? pD;yGm;;a&
ht
;a&;taqmufttHkyHkoP²mefESifh
ig
pD;yGm;a&;pepfwdkY\ oabmw&m;udkavhvmcJhNyDNyD;jzpfonf/
yr
op
þtcef;NyD;vQif aqmif&GufEdkifrnfhtaMumif
Mumif;t&m
-C
(After studying this chapter, you

ou will
will be
b able
aab to do the followings:)
Ŷ wdkif;jynf0ifaiG\ tajjccHoab abmudk &Sif;jyEdkifrnf/
X
BO
Ŷ wdkif;jynf\xkwfvkyfyfrIonf wdkif;jynf\0ifaiGESifh wlnDonfudk aqG;aEG;Edkifrnf/

Ŷ jrefrmEdik if \
H pD;yGm;a
;a&
;a&;taqmufttHyk o kH P²mefukd avhvmoH;k oyfNy;D ukex
f w
k v
f yk &f m
BE
wGif rnfnfonfhu@rsm;jzif
@ h wdkif;jynf\pD;yGm;a&;udk azmfaqmifaeonfudk oHk;oyf
D
Edkifrnf/
Ŷ pD;yGm;a&;u@rsm;tm;vHk;rS rnfonfhu@onf ta&;tBuD;qHk;jzpfonfudk pm&if;
Z,m;rsm;jzifh wGufcsufoHk;oyfvmEdkifrnf/
Ŷ ukefxkwfvkyfrIaMumifh&&Sdvmaom wdkif;jynf0ifaiGudkrnfodkYcGJa0&onfudk wGufcsuf
Edkifrnf/
62
5.1/ wdkif;jynf0ifaiG
(National Income)
wdkif;jynf0ifaiGudkravhvmrD OD;pGm pD;yGm;a&;u@qdkonfudk avhvmrnf/ pD;yGm;a&;
u@qd k o nf r S m uk e f x k w f v k y f r I w G i f xk w f v k y f r I E S i f h y wf o uf o nf h vu© P m&yf r sm;
(Characteristics) wlnDonfhpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk pkaygif;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ Oyrm-
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;onf oD;ESHyifrsm;udk pkdufysdK;jcif;jzifh ukefxkwfvkyfrIudk aqmif&Gufygu
xdok abmobm0vu©Pm&So d nfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk pkaygif;Ny;D v,f v,,
,, ,mpdu k yf sKd ;a&;u@
[k owfrw S o f nf/ xked nf;wl puf½rkH sm;wGif ukeMf urf;ESiu hf ek x f w
k f t&if
&if;tES;D rs
r m;udk aygif;pyfNy;D
d
te
ukefxkwfvkyfrIudk aqmif&Gufygu xdkpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk pkaygif;NyD; pufrIvufrIu@[k
ec
ac:onf/ xdkodkYcGJjcm;owfrSwf&mwGif jrefrmEdkifiH\ pD;yGmm;a&;u@ ;a&;u@rsm;ud
;a&;u@ k atmufygtwdkif;
ot
Pr
14 ck cGJxm;onf/
1/ v,f,m
ht
ig
2/ om;ig;
yr
3/ opfawm
op
4/ owåKESifhwGif;xGufypön nff;
-C
5/ pGrf;tif
X
6/ pufrIvufrI
BO
7/ vQyfppf""mmwftm;
8/ aqmufqmufvkyfa&;
BE
9/ ydkYaqmifa&;
D
10/ qufoG,fa&;
11/ aiGa&;aMu;a&;
12/ vlrIa&;ESifhpDrHcefYcGJa&;
13/ tdrfiSm;cESifhtjcm;0efaqmifrI
14/ ukefoG,fa&;
abm*aA'bmom&yfwGif xkwfvkyfrI (Production)ESifh 0ifaiG (Income) udktwlwl
jzpfonf[k owfrSwfxm;onf/ xkdYaMumifh wdkif;jynf\pD;yGm;a&;u@rsm;rS xkwfvkyfonfh
xkwfukefwefzdk;rsm;udk avhvmoHk;oyfEdkif&ef wdkif;jynf0ifaiGoabmudk wifjyoGm;rnf/
63
wdik ;f jynf0ifaiGwu G cf su&f mwGif ukex f wk vf yk rf rI S &&So d nf0h ifaiGuo kd m toH;k jyKonf/ xdaYk Mumifh
Edik if w
H pfEikd if \H wdik ;f jynf0ifaiGqo kd nfrmS xdEk ikd if \ H Edik if o
H m;rsm;(Nationals)rS wpfEpS t f wGi;f
xkwfvkyfrIrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiGrsm;udk pkaygif;xm;onfh pkpkaygif;0ifaiGjzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí
wdkif;jynf0ifaiG(National Income)udk wdkif;jynfxkwfukef (National Product) [kvnf; ac:
onf/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;rS EdkifiHjcm;om;ydkifvkyfief;? EdkifiHom;ydkifvkyfief; [lírcGJjcm;bJ
EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHtwGif;&Sd xkwfvkyfonfhxkwfukefrsm;udk jynfwGif;xkwfukef (Domestic
Product) odkYr[kwf jynfwGif;0ifaiG (Domestic Income)[k ac:onf/ jynfwGif;&Sd
EdkifiHjcm;om;ydkifvkyfief;rsm;\ xkwfukefrsm;ryg0ifonfh jynfwGif;jynfy&SdEdkifiHom;rsm;\
xkwu f ek rf sm;pkaygif;xm;jcif;udk wdik ;f jynfxw k u f ek f (National Product) ct) odr Yk [
[kwf wdik ;f jynf
d
te
0ifaiG(National Income) [kac:onf/
ec
ESpfwpfESpftwGif; EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH&Sd pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;toD oD;oD;rS xkwfvkyfvdkufonfh
ot
ukefpnfESifh0efaqmifrIwefzdk;pkpkaygif;udk pkpkaygif;ukefxGu uffwefzdk;9
uwef 9DOXHRI7RWDO2XWSXW
Pr
[kac:onf/ xdkwefzdk;udk xkwfvkyfrIrS&&Sdaom pkpkaygif htaygif;xkwfukefwefzdk; (Value of Total
Product)[k rowfrSwfEdkifay/ tb,faMumifhqd qdkaomf
aomf u ukefxGufwefzdk;rsm;wGif ukefMurf;
rig
wefz;kd rsm; odrYk [kwf Mum;oH;k ukepf nfrsm;\ wefefz;kd rsm;y ;yg0ifaeaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ ukex
;yg0 f u
G f
py
wefz;kd rS ukeMf urf;wefz;kd EkwNf y;D &&So d nfh wefz;kd on onfom xkwv f yk rf rI &S &Sad om xkwu f ek wf efz;kd
Co
jzpfonf/ xdUk aMumifh pkpak ygif;xkwu f ekwe

f efzf ;kd uko
w kd v d ykd gu pkpak ygif;ukex f u G w
f efz;kd rS ukeMf urf;
wefz;kd pkpak ygif;udk Ekw&f rnf/ xdaM aYk Mumifh ESEpwf pfEpS t f wGi;f jynfwiG ;f &Sd pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;toD;oD;rS
X
BO
xkwv f yk vf ukd af om xkwuef u

f ek w
uk f efz;kd rrsm; pkaygif;xm;jcif;udk pkpak ygif;jynfwiG ;f xkwu f ek wf efz;kd
(Gross Domestic Product-GDP Product
Product-
uct-G
ct-G )[k ac:onf/
BE
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Ź a,bk,stm;jzifh Edik if wH pfEikd if \
H pD;yGm;a&;wd;k wufru
I kd GDPwd;k wufrjI zifh wdik ;f wm
Edkifygonf/
Ź GDPwdk;wufrIEIef;onf vlOD;a&wdk;wufrIEIef;xufydkíjrifhrm;ygu wpfOD;us GDP
wdk;wufvmEdkifonf/
Ź EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ ukefypönf;xkwfvkyfrIyHkoP²mefudk rlvukefpnfrsm; rsm; x
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5.3/ jrefrmEdkifiH\GDP udkcGJa0toHk;jyKyH

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jynfwGif;oHk;&ef vuf ufusefudk wdkif;jynf\ GDP wGif jynfyrSwifoGif;aom oGif;ukefwefzdk;
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jrefrmEdkifiH\GDP #R<F < #=+<#RX] +#R#L .^
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2014-15 ckESpf 2015-16 ckESpf

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r&dSay/ GDP wdk;wufvmonfhenf;wl jynfyodkY ykdYukefwefzdk; wdk;wufvmouJhodkY jynfyrS
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ttHkyHkoP²mefudk az azmf
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Ź jynfwGif;oHk;&efvuf uusefudk wdkif;jynf\ GDP wGif jynfyrS wifoGif;aom oGif;ukef

D
wefz;kd rsm;ud
udk aygif
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f efz;kd rsm;udk Ekwjf cif;jzifh &&Syd gonf/
Ź #R<F < #=+<#R < L^
aMumifh ukefypönf;vufusefwdk;vmonf/
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ed*Hk;
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Edkifonfudk &Sif;jyxm;onf/ 2014-15 ckESpfESifh2015-16 ckESpf 2 ESpfwm umvtwGif;
pD;yGm;a&;u@toD;oD;\ xkwfvkyfrIwdk;wufjcif;aMumifh pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufvmaMumif;udk
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f w k vf yk &f mwGif xkwv f yk rf EI iS yhf wfoufonfh vu©Pm&yfrsm;wlno D nfh pD;yGm;a&;
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75
< #=+<#R<F GDP tcsdK;udk -------------------- [kac:onf/
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wkdif;wmEdkifygonf/
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yg0ifrItcsdK;tpm; jrifhrm;aMumif; awGU&onf/
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(After studying this chapter, you will be able
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th followings:)
rig
Ŷ jrefrmEdik if \ H v,f,mu@? om;ig;u@wd u@wd\ Yk t"d

t uxkwu f ek rf sm;? t"duoGi;f tm;pk
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v,,ff,mmu@? om;ig;u@wdkY\ tajctaersm;udk
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t"dutcsufrsm;
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t aom pD;yGm;a&;pepfjzpfonfESifhtnD
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Ź v,f,mu@ESifho om;ig;u@
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t f ek t
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cGJjcm;um xdef;odrf;apmif mififha&Smufonf/ 2016-17 b@mESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiH\BudK;0dkif;

BO
opfawmESiBhf uKd ;jyifumuG

umuG
umu uG,af w wm{&d,mrSm 65528.71 pwk&ef;rdik Ef iS hf obm0 xde;f odr;f a&;
BE
e,fajrwGif 15127.61 27.61 pwk&ef;rdkif? pkpkaygif; 80656.32 pwk&ef;rdkif&Sdí jrefrmEdkifiHajr

127.61
{&d,m\ 30.88 88 &mcdik Ef eI ;f ? pkpak ygif;opfawm{&d,m\ 73.31 &mcdik Ef eI ;f jzpfonf/ obm0
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obm0BudK;0dkif;? awm½dkif;wd&pämefab;rJhawm? blrd½kyfoGifxl;jcm;onfhe,fajrESifh a'ocH
tpktzGJUobm0xdef;odrf;a&;e,fajrrsm;udk pkaygif;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/
EdkifiHawmftpdk;&onf opfawmjyKef;wD;rIudkumuG,f&ef t"duxm;aqmif&Gufvsuf
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jyKpkysdK;axmifjcif;rsm;tjyif obm0awmrsm;udkxdef;odrf;jyKpkysdK;axmif&ef opfawmu@
twGuf &nfrSef;csufrsm;? ay:vpDrsm;csrSwfaqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf/ opfawmu@ESihf
ywfoufonhf Oya'? enf;Oya'? vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;udkvnf; owfrSwfjy|mef;xm;onf/
101
t"dutcsufrsm;
Ź jrefrmhopfawmrsm;onf tzd;k wefobm0o,HZmw t&if;tjrpfrsm;wGif wpfct k yg

t0ifjzpfonf/
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trsdK;om;O,smOf? obm0BudK;0dkif;? awm½dkif;wd&pämefab;rJhawm? blrd½kyfoGif
xl;jcm;onfhe,fajrESifh a'ocHtpktzGJU obm0xdef;odrf;a&;e,fajrrsm;udk pkaygif;
xm;jcif;jzpfonf/
d
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7.2/ opfawmu@\ t"duxkwfukefrsm;
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opfawmu@\t"duxkwfukefrSm uRef;opfpfEESSifh opf
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rig
aps;uGufaps;EIef;t& usyfoef;aygif; 58726.8

26.8.8 jzpfí pkpkaygif;jynfwGif;xkwfukef GDP
py
\ 0.07 &mcdkifEIef;jzpfonf/
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opfawmvkyfief;onf v,f ,m? om

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usmaxmu
X
BO
xGufypönf;rsm;onf tzdk;wefydkYukeftjzpf wifydkUa&mif;csEdkifonfomru tdrf&mtaqmuf

tODrsm; aqmufvkyf&mwG
&mwGifvnf;aumif;? v,f,moHk;ud&d,mrsm; jyKvkyf&mwGifvnf;aumif;
ukefMurf;rsm;tjzpf
jzpf toHk;jyKEdkifonf/ xif;? rD;aoG;? &Sm;ap;? tifwGJ? yGJUvsuf? oeyfcg;?
xif;½SL;qD? ysm;&nf
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tcGihftvrf;rsm;yGifhvmap&efESifh aps;uGufus,fjyefYvmap&ef opfawmrsm;xdef;odrf;jcif;
vkyfief;udkaqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf/ jrefrmhopfawmrsm;onf jynfolrsm;\vlaerIudk jrihfrm;
ap½Hkomru obm0ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&;udk taxmuftuljyKonf/
Z,m;(7.3)wGif uRef;opfESifh opfrmxkwfvkyfrIrsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf/
102
Z,m;(7.3) uRef;opfESifhopfrmxkwfvkyfrI
trsdK; uRef;opf opfrm pkpkaygif;
trnf
ckESpf ukAwef wdk;wufrIEIef; ukAwef wdk;wufrIEIef; ukAwef wdk;wufrIEIef;
2010-11 232517 - 1297885 - 1530402 -
2011-12 300083 29.05% 1558104 20.05% 1858187 21.40%
2012-13 329315 9.74% 1284424 (-)17.56% 1613739 (-)13.16%
2013-14 128220 (-)61.06% 613527 (-)52.23% 741747
741 (-)54.04%
d
2014-15 70826 (-)44.76% 621240 1.26% 692066
692 (-)66.98%
te
ec
2015-16 50786 (-)28.29% 473802 (-)23.73%
3% 524588 (-)24.20%
ot
Pr
Z,m;(7.3)t& uRef;opfxkwfvkyfrIrSm 2010-11 2010- ckESpfrS 2012-13 ckESpftxd
2010-1
ht
wd;k wufvmaomfvnf; ,if;aemufyikd ;f wGif ESpfppOf pf Ofusqif;vsu&f o dS nfuvkd nf;aumif;? opfrm
rig
xkwv f yk rf o
I nf 2010-11 ckEpS rf S 2011-12
-122 ckEpS wf iG f wd;k wufaomfvnf; 2013-14 ckEpS Ef iS hf
py
2014-15 ckESpfwGif ESpfpOfusqif;vsuf 2015-16 ckESpfwGif tenf;i,fjyefwufvmum

uf&SdNyD; 20
Co
2016-17 ckESpfwGifrl usqif;aMu ;aaMumif

umiff;udkvnf;aumif;awGU&Sd&onf/ opfxkwfvkyfrIonf
umi
tcsed uf mvtwefMum xkw wfv
f yk &f onf
vk ont h jyif opfawmzH;k vTr;f rI{&d,m usqif;vmonfEiS t hf rQ
X
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opfxkwfvkyfrIonfvnf; usqif;vmjcif;jzpfaMumif; csdefxdk;avhvmEdkifonf/

opfawmxG xGufypönf;rsm; (Forest products) onf jrefrmEdkifiH\ ta&;ygaomydkYukef
BE
wpfrsKd;jzpfonf/ opfawmxGufypönf;rsm;\ ydkYukefwefzdk;rSm 2015-16 ckESpfwGif usyf

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500
tjcm;opfawmxGuyf pön;f rsm;rSm xif;? rD;aoG;? 0g;? Burd ?f "ed? oufi,frsm;onfvnf;
ta&;ygonfh opfawmxGufypönf;rsm;jzpfonf/ xdkYjyif &Sm;ap;? tifwGJ? yGJUvsuf? oeyfcg;?
xif;½SL;? unifq?D wmyifwikd q f ?D ysm;&nf? ysm;za,mif;? vif;EdaYk cs;? iSuo f u kd ?f yef; ponfwu Ykd kd
vnf; xkwfvkyfonf/
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uRef;opfESifh opfrmtyifrsm;udka&G;cs,fNyD;oif;owf&ygonf/ oif;owfjcif;qdkonfrSm
ajrjyifrS aytenf;i,ftjrihfwGif yifpnfywfvnfudk tESpfay:atmif tacgufcGmay;jcif;
jzpfonf/ oif;owf&jcif;rSm tyifudktajcmufcHjcif;jzpfonf/ uRef;yifrsm;udk oif;owfNyD;
103
3 ESpfcefY xm;&onf/ oif;owfNyD; 3 ESpfMumaomtcg uRef;yifudk ckwfvSJNyD;aemuf
opf v H k ; tjzpf yd k i f ; jzwf & onf / ck w f N yD ; aomopf v H k ; rsm;ud k qif r sm;jzih f v nf ; aumif ; ?
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arQmcs&onf/
opfpufrsm;u opfcGJom;tjzpf cGJpdwfay;onf/ uRef;opfrsm;udk ckwfvSJNyD;onfrS
opfpufrsm;&Sd&modkY a&mufonftxd tenf;qHk; 5 ESpfcefYMumonf[k cefYrSef;xm;onf/
uRef;opfrsm;udk oif;owfjcif;rjyKao;onhf uRef;pdkyifrsm;taejzihfvnf; xkwf,lonf/
uRe;f pdrk sm;xkw,f jl cif;onf xkwv f yk o
f nht f csed u f kd avsmeh nf;apaomfvnf;xkwv f yk rf pI &dwu
f kd
ydkrkdjrihfrm;aponf/ uRef;opfrSty tjcm;opfrmrsm;udkckwf,l&mwG wGif o
omreftm;jzihf
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tpdrf;vdkufckwf,lavh&Sdonf/ opfrmrsm;udk ckwfvSJNyD;aomtcg uRefef;opfuJhodkYyif qif? uRJ
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rsm;jzihf awmifusa&&Srd nhaf csmif;rsm;odYk qGí J ydUk &onf/ opfrmrs rsm;rSm a&ay:ü
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yr
Z,m;(7.4) uRef;ESihfopfrmckwfvSJrIESihf opfpfpufodkYa&muf &m

& &SdrI(ukAwef)
op
uRef;opf opfrm
-C
ckESpf
ckwfvSJrI opfpufa&muf&SdrI ckwfvSJrI opfpufa&muf&SdrI
X
BO
2009-10 208624
24 201312 1562697 1447656
2010-11 287807 232517 1501100 1297885
BE
2011-12 263982
263 287293 1506390 1405115
D
2012-13 258124 300083 1478221 1558104

2013-14 176676 325315 761853 1284424
2014-15 81930 128220 695775 613527
2015-16 58737 70826 650986 621240
Z,m;(7.4)udak vhvmjcif;tm;jzihf uRe;f opfEiS fh opfrmckwv
f rJS ?I opfpufoaYkd &muf&rdS rI mS
2013-14 ckEpS t
f xd wd;k wufvmcJoh nf/ opfxw k v
f yk jf cif;\ oabmobm0rSm wpfEpS t f wGi;f
104
tNy;D rxkwv f yk Ef ikd jf cif;? xkwv
f yk Nf y;D opfrsm;udk o,f,yl aYkd qmif&mwGif qif? uRpJ aom wd&pämef
tiftm;udt k oH;k jyK&jcif;? awmifusacsmif;a&rSarQmcs&ojzihf acsmif;a&&&Scd sed u f akd pmihí
f arQm&
jcif;wdkYaMumifh opfxkwfvkyfrIyrmPtwuftusrsm;onf/ xdkYaMumifh 2014-15 ckESpfESifh
2015-16 ckESpfrsm;wGifrl usqif;oGm;ygonf/
tjcm;opfawmxGufypönf;rsm;\ xkwfvkyfrIudk Z,m;(7.5)wGif azmfjyxm;onf/
Z,m;(7.5) tjcm;opfawmxGufypönf;rsm;(axmifaygif;)
taMumif; a&wGuf
2010-11 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17
t&m yHk
xif; ukAwef 20683 22747 23020 23320 20911 21001
2
ed
rD;aoG; ukAwef 212 217 229 231 233
33 180
ct
te
0g; vHk;a& 1346156 1273018 1291093 1308804 1213301
12133 1164285
ro
Mudrf vHk;a& 38506 40133 37690 40944
944 35769 32062
P
&Sm;ap; ydóm 406 365 336 ht 172 153 179
tifwGJ-
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yGJUvsuf ydóm 233 221 230 258 260 198
yr
unifqD ydóm 0.65 0.65 0.66

0.6 0.67 0.68 0.47
op
wmyif
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ydóm 45 0.77 0.1 13 0.6 2

wdkif
"ed
X
yspfa& 10640077 1003902

100 1022295 1037315 932263 920010
oufi,f
BO
ysm;&nf ydóm 43
4 49 50 51 50 47
BE
ysm;
ydó
ómm 1.12 1.1 1.13 1.15 1.19 2.68
za,mif;
D
vif;EdkUacs; ydóm 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.34 0.38 0.20

Z,m;(7.5)udak vhvmjcif;tm;jzihf tjcm;opfawmxGuyf pön;f rsm; xkwv f yk rf w
I ;kd wuf
vmonf/ xif;? rD;aoG;? 0g;? Burd x f w k v
f yk rf I wd;k wufvmonf/ Burd jf zihjf yKvyk af om y&dabm*
rsm;ESifh toH;k taqmifypön;f rsm;udk jynfwiG ;f üomru jynfyodYk wifyaYkd &mif;csvmEdik jf cif;aMumihf
BudrfxkwfvkyfrI wdk;wufvm&jcif;jzpfonf/ aus;vufvlOD;a& wdk;wufvmjcif;aMumihf xif;?
rD;aoG;? 0g;? "ed? oufi,fwdkY\ xkwfvkyfrIrsm;vnf; wdk;wufvmonf/
105
t"dutcsufrsm;
Ź opfawmu@\ t"duxkwfukefrSm uRef;opfESifhopfrmjzpfNyD; tjcm;opfawmxGuf

ypönf;rsm;vnf; xGuf&Sdonf/
Ź opfawmvkyfief;onf v,f,m? om;ig;vkyfief;rsm;enf;wl jrefrmEdkifiH aus;vuf
a'orsm;\ ta&;ygaom ausmaxmufaemufcH pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wpfckjzpfonf/
Ź opfawmxGufypönf;rsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiH\ta&;ygaom ydkYukefwpfrsKd;jzpfonf/
Ź jrefrmhopfawmrsm;onf jynforl sm;\vlaerIukd jrihrf m;ap½Ho
k mru obm0ywf0ef;
usifxdef;odrf;a&;udk taxmuftuljyKonf/
d
te
Ź oif;owfjcif;qdkonfrSm ajrjyifrSaytenf;i,ftjrihfw wGGiiff yifpnfywfvnfudk
ec
tESpfay:atmif tacgufcGmay;jcif;jzpfonf/
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n/
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Ź uRef;opfrSty tjcm;opfrmrsm;udkckwf, ,ll&&mwG
mwGif omreftm;jzihf tpdrf;vdkuf
ht
ckwf,lavh &Sdonf/
rig
py
Co
7.3/ opfawmu@twGuf oGif;tm;pk

tm;prsm
tm; rsm;
,QSXWVIRUWKH)RUHVWU\6HFWRU
HVWU\6H
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BO
ckwvf v JS ukd o
f nhtf yifrsm;ae&mwG
;ae if tyiftopfrsm;udk wpfzefjyefvnf pdu k yf sKd ;Edik af om
aMumihf opfawmrsm;onf ;onf jyef
j vnfjynfhNzdK;NrJ obm0o,HZmwypönf;rsm; (Renewable
BE
Natural Resources) rces)jzpfonf/ opfawmrsm;udk pnf;urf;rJy h &rf;ywm ckwv f yJS gu opfawmrsm;

D
jyKe;f wD;oGm;Edik o f nfn// tzd

t ;k wefopfyifrsm;udk oihaf vsmaf om t&G,af &mufrS ckwv f &JS efoiho f nf/
vdtk yfygu ckwNf y;D aomopfyifrsm;tpm; jyefvnf&&Sad &;twGuf opfyifrsm; jyefvnfpu kd yf sKd ;&ef
vdo k nf/ odrYk o S mvQif opfawmrsm;rS tpOfrjywf opfrsm;trsm;qH;k &&SEd ikd rf nf/ opfawmrsm;
jyKef;wD;roGm;ap&efESihf pepfwusckwfvSJa&;udpörsm;udk opfawmOD;pD;Xmeu wm0ef,l
aqmif&Guf&onf/ xkdYjyif opfawmXmeonf opfyifrsm;pepfwus &Sifoefap&efESihf zGHUNzdK;a&;
vkyfief;rsm;ESihfydk;rTm;a&m*g? rD;ab;tEÅ&m,f umuG,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;udkvnf; xrf;aqmif
&onf/ xkv d yk if ef;rsm;udpk ak ygif;Ny;D opfawmxde;f odr;f a&;vkyif ef;rsm;(Forest Conservation)
[kac:onf/
106
opfawmxdef;odrf;a&;vkyfief;onf jrefrmEdkifiHopfawmu@twGuf ta&;ygonhf
oGif;tm;pkwpfckjzpfonf/ opfawmrsm;onfwdkif;jynf\pD;yGm;a&;twGufomru tjcm;
ta&;Bu;D aom tcsurf sm;vnf;&Sod nf/ xkt
d csurf sm;rSm ajrqDvmT udk av? a& wdu
k pf m;rI'PfrS
umuG,fay;jcif;? pdrfha&prf;a&aygrsm;ap&ef zefwD;ay;jcif;? &moDOwkudk rQwapjcif; ponf
wdkY jzpfonf/
(u) opfawmxdef;odrf;a&;vkyfief;rsm;
opfawmxdef;odrf;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk BudK;0dkif;opfawmrsm;(Reserve Forests)
twGufom aqmif&Gufonf/ BudK;0dkif;opfawmqdkonfrSm opfawmtjzpf tpOftNrJxm;&Sd&ef
&nf&G,fxm;aomopfawmrsm;jzpfonf/ BudK;0dkif;opfawmrsm;udk opfpfxkwfvkyf&ef BudK;0dkif;
d
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opfawmESihf umuG,fa&;BudK;0dkif;opfawm[lí 2 rsdK;cGJxm;onf nf/ xkwfvkyf&ef owfrSwfxm;
ec
onhf BudK;0dkif;opfawmrsm;rS tzdk;wefopfrsm;udkpepfwusckckwf wf,lonf n/ umuG,fa&;BudK;0dkif;
ot
opfawmrsm;onf ajrqDvTmrsm;udka&wdkufpm;jcif;rSumuG,f&ef? a&a0a&vJ xdef;odrf;&ef?
Pr
a&vTrf;rdk;jcif; umuG,f&ef? oJEkef;usqif;rI umuG uG,f&efwdkYtwGuf owfrSwfonhf BudK;0dkif;
ht
opfawmrsm;jzpfonf/ BuKd ;0dik ;f opfawm{&d,mpkppkak ygif;rSrm2012-13 ckEpS w f iG 5f 4759 pwk&ef;
rig
rdkif&Sd&mrS 2016-17 ckESpfwGif 463699 pwk&ef;rdkifodkY usqif;oGm;ojzihf 4 ESpftwGif;

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15.32 &mcdkifEIef;usqif;oGm;aMumifif; awGU&o &onf/

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opfawmxGuyf pön;f rsm; a&&S &&n nx

nff wk v
f yk Ef ikd af &; twGuf "r®wmrsKd ;qufenf; (Natural
Regeneration)jzihf opfawmrs mrsm;udk xdef;odrf;umuG,fjcif;ESihf y0w¦drsdK;qufenf; $UWL¿FLDO
X
BO
Regeneration) jzihfopawmpd pfawmpdkufcif;rsm;udk jyKpkysdK;axmifjcif;rsm; aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf/

Z,m;(7.6)ESifh(7.7)wd 7)wdkYw wifGif opfawmpdkufcif;rsm; jyKpkysdK;axmifjcif;ESifh tylydkif;Zkefa'o
BE
opfawmpdkufcif cif;rsm; jyKpkysdK;axmifjcif;wdkYudk avhvmEdkifonf/

D
Z,m;(7.6)ud
7.6 kavhvmjcif;tm;jzihf jrefrmEdkifiHopfawmu@wGif opfxkwfvkyf
a&;vkyif ef;rsm;udo k mru opfawmrsm;a&&Snw f nfwchH ikd Nf raJ &;ESifh opfawmxGuyf pön;f rsm;udk
pOfqufrjywfxw k vf yk Ef ikd af &;twGuf opfawmpdu k cf if;rsm;udk jyKpyk sKd ;axmif pdu
k yf sKd ;vsu&f o
dS nf/
opfrmpdkufcif;rsm;wGif ysOf;uwdk;? ydawmuf? xif½SL;yifponhfpD;yGm;a&;pdkufcif;ESihf pufrI
ukefMurf;pdkufcif;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? xif;rD;aoG;vdktyfcsufudk jznhfqnf;Edkif&efaus;&GmoHk;
pdkufcif;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? a&a0a&vJpdkufcif;tjzpf jrpf0uRef;ay:a'orsm;wGif 'Da&awm
pdkufcif;rsm;udkvnf;aumif; pdkufysdK;xm;onf/
107
Z,m;(7.6) opfawmpdkufcif;rsm;jyKpkysdK;axmifjcif;({u)
taMumif;t&m 2010-11 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17
pkpkaygif; 37065 15400 15000 8000 4900 7600

pD;yGm;a&;pdkufcif; 34250 13550 13325 7100 3850 5700
uRef;pdkufcif; 30885 12300 11900 6150 2750 4600
opfrmtkyfpk 1 2415 850 825 600 1100 1100
u.ysOf;uwdk; 2115 700 575 500 600
60 500
ed
c.ydawmuf 300 150 250 100 300 200
ct
te
xif;&SL;rsdK;pdwf 950 400 600 350 200 400
P ro
aus;&GmoHk;pdkufcif; 2265 1000 1100 600 700 1000
ht
vrkyif 2265 1000 1100 600 700 1000
ig
yr
a&a0a&vJpdkufcif; 550 850 575 300 350 900

op
Zmpfjrpf / / CSO, Statistical Yearbook

earbook
arbook (2017)
(201
-C
Z,m;(7.7) tylydkif;Zkefa'oopf
opfawmpdkufcif;rsm;jyKpkysdK;axmifjcif;({u)
X
BO
a'o 2009-10 2010-11

010 1 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17
BE
pkpkaygif; 21525
25 17307
17 12000 7400 7000 5000 5000 4900
D
ppfudkif; 3200 3500 2700 1600 1500 1000 1000 1000

rEÅav; 4925 4750 2800 1700 2000 1500 1500 1400
rauG; 13400 9057 6500 4100 3500 2500 2500 2500
pdu
k yf sKd ;xde;f odr;f xm;aom opfawmrsm;&Sio
f efBu;D xGm;&eftwGuf tkyrf ;kd umqdik ;f vSjJ cif;?
aygif;oif&Sif;vif;jcif;? yifusyfEkwfjcif;vkyfief;wkdYudk vnf;aqmif&Gufonf/ xkdYjyif opfawm
vrf;rsm; jyifqifjcif;vkyfief;? opfawmrD;ab;rS umuG,fjcif;vkyfief;toD;oD;wdkYudkvnf;
aqmif&Gufonf/ awm½dkif;wd& pämefESihf obm0tyifrsm;umuG,fjcif;ESihf obm0e,fajr
108
xde;f odr;f jcif;vkyif ef;rsm;udk ab;rJo
h pfawm 32 ck owfrw
S í
f vnf;aumif;? trsKd ;om;O,smOf
9 ck ESihf ½kua© A'O,smOf 1 ck udk wnfaxmifívnf;aumif; xde;f odr;f apmihaf &Smufxm;onf/
(c) tylydkif;a'opdrf;vef;pdkjynfa&;
jrefrmjynftv,fyikd ;f &St d ylyikd ;f a'opdr;f vef;pdjk ynfa&;twGuf vkyif ef;pOfrsm;udk csrw S f
taumiftxnfazmfcJhonf/ 2001 ckESpfwGif tylydkif;a'opdrf;vef;pdkjynf&eftwGuf ESpf 30
ESp&f n
S (f bufp)kH pDru H ed ;f udk csrw
S cf ohJ nf/ xkpd rD u
H ed ;f Ny;D qH;k oGm;ygu Edik if {H &d,m 9.2 &mcdik Ef eI ;f
&Sad om tylyikd ;f rd;k enf;a'owpfcv k ;kH pdr;f vef;oGm;rnfjzpfonf/ Edik if aH wmftpd;k &\ qnfajrmif;
wmwrHrsm;? a&pkyfpufrsm;jzihf jrpfa&wifjcif;vkyfief;rsm;onf v,f,m ,mpdkufysdK;a&;twGuf
a&&&S½d o kH mru pdr;f vef;pdjk ynfa&;twGuyf grsm;pGmtaxmuftuljyKo onf nf/ pdr;f vef;pdjk ynfa&;
d
te
vkyif ef;wm0efrsm;jzpfonhf opfawmjyKpyk sKd ;axmifa&;? obm0opf opfawmrs
0opf wm m; xde;f odr;f jcif;ESifh
ec
xif;tpm;xdk;avmifpmpdkufcif;a&&&Sdatmif aqmif&Gufay;jcif ay;jcif;w
wdkYudk c½dkif 13 ck? NrdKUe,f
ot
Pr
57 NrdKUe,f(ppfudkif;wdkif;a'oBuD;wGif 17 NrdKUe,f? rEÅÅaav;wd v kif;a'oBuD;wGif 16 NrdKUe,fESifh
v;wd
rauG;wdkif;a'oBuD;wGif 24 NrdKUe,f)wGif aqmifif&Gufay;cJhonf/
ht
ig
(*) tjcm;oGif;tm;pkrsm;
yr
op
opfawmxde;f odr;f a&;vkyif ef;rsm;tjyif t tjcm;vdt

k yfonho f iG ;f tm;pkrsm;rSmopfyifrsm;
-C
ckwfvSJ&mwGifvnf;aumif;? opfvHk;rsm;ud sm;udk o

o,f,l&mwGifvnf;aumif; toHk;jyK&onhf t&if;
tESD;ud&d,mrsm;(capital goods)
(chainsaws)? ig;ref;vTrsm;
X
(cross- cut saws)? x&ufwmrsm; mr (tractors)? pupf'grsm;(skidders)? qifESihf uRJrsm;?

BO
x&yfum;rsm;(trucks) cks) po ponf

onfwjYkd zpfonf/ xkt d &if;tES;D ud&, d mrsm;rSmwefz;kd Bu;D ojzihf t&if;
BE
tESD;ajrmufjrm;pG
;pGmvdktyfonf/ xkdYaMumihf opfvkyfief;onf t&if;tESD;ajrmufjrm;pGmvdkaom
D
vkyfief;(capital
pital intensive industry )jzpfonf/
ital inte
opfc kwfj cif; ESi hf opfxkwf v k y f jcif ; wd k Y o nf tcsd e f E S i h f t &if ; tES D ; ajrmuf jrm;pGm
!# $+ $<= #> < $ + $
$ $<= #> <
C
# < V W$]
xkwfvkyfEdkifrnfr[kwfay/
opfckwf? opfxkwf? opfwdkufvkyfief;rsm;wGif t&if;tESD;ud&d,mypönf;rsm;omru
omrefoGif;tm;pkrsm;jzpfonhfavmifpm(fuel)? pufud&d,mtydkypönf;rsm;(spare parts)?
wd&pämefrsm;twGuf aq;0g;ESihftpm;tpmrsm; vdktyfonf/ xkdYjyif opfwHk;rsm;qGJ&efBudK;ESihf
Budrfrsm;vnf; vdktyfonf/
109
(C) vkyftm;oGif;tm;pk
ukefxkwfpGrf;tm;pkrsm;wGif vlonf y"meusojzihf opfawmu@wGif vkyftm;
oGi;f tm;pkonf ta&;Bu;D onf/ opfyifrsm;udk ckwv f NJS y;D aemuf opfw;kH tjzpf ydik ;f jzwf&onf/
xko d Ykd ydik ;f jzwf&mwGif uRr;f usirf I tvGev f tkd yfonf/ uRr;f usiv f yk of m;rsm;\ vkyt f m;jziho
f m
opfvHk;rsm;udk tavtvGihfr&Sd taumif;qHk; ydkif;jzwfEdkifonf/ xkdenf;wl opfvHk;rsm;udk
a&wGifarQmí opfpuf&Sd&modkY o,f,l&onhf vkyfief;rSmvnf; tEÅ&m,frsm;onhfvkyfief;
jzpfonf/ opfwHk;rsm;udk pkraeatmif cGJay;&onhfvkyfief;rSm vG,fulaom vkyfief;r[kwfyg/
xkaYd Mumihf tqihjf rihjf rihf avhusiafh y;xm;onhf vkyo f m;rsm; (Trained Labour)ESifh uRr;f usirf I
&Sdonhf vkyfom;rsm; (Skilled Labour) vdktyfonf/ txl;ojzihf opfx xkkw
wffvkyfrIESihf o,f,l
d
te
ydkYaqmifrIwdkYwGif uRrf;usifvkyfom;rsm; tavhtusihf&Sdonhf vkyfom;r m;rsm;vdktyfonf/
ec
puf,EÅ&m;rsm;udv k nf; uRr;f usipf mG udik w
f , G t
f oH;k jyKEikd rf nhf vkyyfo
f m;rsm;? puf,EÅ&m;rsm;ESifh
ot
pufud&d,mypönf;rsm; ysufpD;yguvnf; jyKjyifxdef;odrf;Edkififolrsm; vdktyfonf/ uRJ? qifrsm;
Pr
< ^
#_ `_ $ ht $} W~==
vdktyfonf/
rig
t"dutcsufrsm;
py
Co
Ź ckwfvSJvdkufonhftyifrsm;ae&mwG
ae mwG
ae& mwwifif tyif
t topfrsm;udk wpfzefjyefvnf pdkufysdK;Edkif
aomaMumihf opfawmrsm;on
wmrsm;onf
mrsm;on jyefvnfjynfhNzdK;NrJobm0o,HZmwypönf;rsm;
X
BO
jzpfonf/
Ź opfawmrsm;ud udk pnf;urf
u ;rJyh &rf;ywm ckwv f yJS gu opfawmrsm;jyKe;f wD;oGm;Edik o
f nf/
BE
Ź ckwfNyD;aomopf
omopfyifrsm;tpm;jyefvnf&&Sda&;twGuf opfyifrsm; jyefvnfpdkufysdK;
D
rSomvQif opfawmrsm;rS tpOfrjywf opfrsm;trsm;qHk; xkwfvkyf&&SdEdkifrnf/

Ź opfawmxdef;odrf;a&;vkyfief;onf jrefrmEdkifiHopfawmu@twGuf ta&;ygonhf
oGif;tm;pkwpfckjzpfonf/
Ź opfawmxde;f odr;f a&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk BuKd ;0dik ;f opfawmrsm;twGuo f maqmif&u G o f nf/
Ź BudK;0dkif;opfawmqdkonfrSm opfawmtjzpf tpOftNrJxm;&Sd&ef &nf&G,fxm;aom
opfawmrsm;jzpfonf/
Ź BudK;0dkif;opfawmrsm;udk opfxkwfvkyf&ef BudK;0dkif;opfawmESihf umuG,fa&;BudK;0dkif;
opfawm[lí 2 rsdK; cGJxm;onf/
110
7.4/ tjcm;pD;yGm;a&;u@rsm;ESihf qufpyfyHk

opfawmu@ESit fh jcm;pD;yGm;a&;u@rsm; qufpyfro I nf jrefrmEdik if \ H pD;yGm;a&;wGif
opfawmu@ rnfrQta&;ygonfudk azmfjyonf/ a,bk,stm;jzihf opfawmu@onf
uk e f M urf ; ypö n f ; rsm;ud k xk w f v k y f a y;onf / opf a wmu@\ t"d u xk w f u k e f r sm;rS m
tdrf&maqmufvkyfa&;twGufvdktyfonhf ukefMurf;ypönf;rsm;jzpfonf/ xkdYjyif y&dabm*
vkyfief;rsm;? oabFmwnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;rsm; ? v,f,moHk;ud&d,mrsm; xkwfvkyfa&;
vkyif ef;rsm;twGuf vdt k yfaomukeMf urf;ypön;f rsm;udv k nf; jznhq f nf;ay;onf ;o / opfawmxGuf
y;o
ypönf;rsm;udk tusdK;trsm;qHk;&&Sdatmif toHk;csEdkif&ef opfpuf? opfpfaygif;zdk? aq;oGif;puf½Hk?
d
te
opf y g;vT m puf ½ H k ? opf z wf j ym;puf ½ H k ? opf o m;pyf p uf ½ H k wd w d k Y t wG u f v nf ; vd k t yf o nh f
ec
opfuek Mf urf;rsm;udk yHyh ;kd ay;onf/ pufru I ek Mf urf;rsm;omru u pm;oH;k olrsm;\ aeYpOfvt kd yfcsuf
ot
Pr
rsm; jzpfonhf xif;? rD;aoG;wdkYudkvnf; xkwfvkyfay;onf on 0g;ESihf BudrfwdkYonf pm;oHk;olrsm;
nf/ 0g;
aeYpOftoHk;jyKaeonhf tdrfoHk;ypönf;rsm; xkwfvk
ht
vkyf&eftw wGuf ukefMurf;ypönf;jzpfonf/
ig
uRe;f opfukd jynfyodt Yk "duxm;a&mifif;csNy;D tjcm;opf m rmrsm;udk jynfwiG ;f ü t"duxm;
yr
a&mif;csonf/ uRe;f opfrsm;ESifh tjcm;opf opfrmrsm;u ;udk Edik if jH cm;odYk opfco JG m;tjzpfvnf;aumif;?
op
opfvHk;twdkif;vnf;aumif; wifydkYonf/
-C
< <

= V^ >
X
vuf,Sufopfacsmif;ypönf nf;rsm;? Murf;cif;wHk;rsm;? txyfom;rsm;? opfyg;vTmrsm;ESihf

BO
wHcg;aygifrsm;xkwfvk vkyfí jy jynfwGif;jynfyjzefYjzL;a&mif;csvsuf&Sdonf/ xkdYjyif EdkifiHwum

jyn
+W
W
= > < $ + +
BE
pufrIvkyfief;rsm;\ o opfukefMurf;vdktyfcsufudk jznhfqnf;ay;Edkif&ef BudK;yrf;aqmif&Gufvsuf

D
&So
d nf/ jrefrmEdik if w H iG f toH;k enf;opfrsKd ;rsm;udk urÇmah ps;uGuüf wGiu f s,v f mapa&;pDru H ed ;f ESifh
acwfrDpufud&d,mrsm;jzihf y&dabm*rsm;xkwfvkyfonhf enf;ynmrsm;udk okawoejyK
aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf/ xkdYjyif EdkifiHjcm;0ifaiG&&Sdap&ef yJcl;½dk;r&Sd pdrfa&opfawmpcef;ESihf
ykygÜ ;awmiftqihjf riht f em;,lpcef;wdu Yk kd obm0tajccHc&D;oGm;vkyif ef;rsm;tjzpf aqmif&u G f
xm;onf/
111
t"dutcsufrsm;
Ź opfawmu@\ t"du xkwfukefrsm;rSm tdrf&maqmufvkyfa&;twGufvdktyfonhf

ukefMurf;ypönf;rsm;jzpfonf/
Ź y&dabm*vkyfief;rsm;? oabFmwnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;rsm;? v,f,moHk;ud&d,m
xkwv f yk af &;vkyif ef;rsm;twGuf vdt
k yfaom ukeMf urf;ypön;f rsm;udv
k nf; jznhq
f nf;
ay;onf/
Ź pufrIukefMurf;rsm;omru pm;oHk;olrsm;\ aeYpOfvdktyfcsufrsm;jzpfonhf xif;?
rD;aoG;wdkYudkvnf; xkwfvkyfay;onf/
d
te
Ź uRef;opfrsm;ESihf tjcm;opfrmrsm;udk EdkifiHjcm;odkYopfcGJo
om;tjz
om;tjzp
m;tjzpfvnf;aumif;?
ec
opfvHk;twdkif;vnf;aumif; wifydkYonf/
ot
Pr
ed*Hk; ht
opfawmu@\ta&;ygyHkudk pD;yGm;a&;½I½Iaaxmif xmifhrS o oHk;oyfwifjy&mwGif jrefrmEdkifiH\
rig
opfawmrsm;onf tzd;k wefobm0o,HZmwypö ypön;f rsm;;jzpfNy;D opfawmxde;f odr;f a&;vkyif ef;

wypö
py
rsm;jzihf jyefvnfjynfhNzdK;NrJobm0o,HZmwj wjzpfaMumif;? opfckwf? opfxkwf? opfo,fvkyfief;

Co
rsm;wGif puf,EÅ&m;rsm;udktoHk;jyK&aomaMumih
jy ao
jyK& omaM f t&if;tESD;rsm;pGmvdktyfonhfvkyfief;
jzpfaMumif;&Sif;jyxm;onf/ ta&;ygonh
ta&;ygo fopfawmxGufypönf;rsm;? xdku@wGifvdktyfonhf
X
BO
oGif;tm;pkrsm;? tjcm;pD;yGmm;a&;u@
;a&;u@rsm;ES
;a&;u@ ihf qufpyfrIrsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf/
-----------------
BE
avhusifhcef;rsm;
D

(u) opfawmxGufypönf;rsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiH\ta&;ygaom ydkYukefwpfrsKd;jzpfygonf/
(c) uRe;f opfrsm;udck w
k v
f NSJ y;D onfrS opfpufrsm;&S&d modaYk &mufonftxd tenf;qH;k 3 ESpf
cefUMumonf[k cefYrSef;xm;onf/
(*) opfawmrsm;jyKe;f wD;roGm;ap&efEiS phf epfwuscw k v
f aJS &;udprö sm;udk tpd;k &rS wm0ef,l
aqmif&Gufjcif;rsm; rjyKvkyfyg/
112
(C) opfawmxGufypönf;rsm; a&&SnfxkwfvkyfEdkifa&;twGuf y0w¦drsdK;qufenf;jzifh
opfawmrsm;udk xdef;odrf;umuG,fjcif;rsm; aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf/
(i) opfckwf? opfxkwf? opfwdkufvkyfief;rsm;wGif avmifpm? pufud&d,mtydkypönf;rsm;
ponfwdkYonf omrefoGif;tm;pkrsm;taejzifh vdktyfonf/
2/ atmufyguGufvyfrsm;udkjznfhpGufyg/
(u) opfawmonf jrefrmEdkifiH\ta&;ygaom --------------------- wpfckjzpfonf/
(c) 2016-2017 ckEpS f jrefrmEdik if pH pk ak ygif;ajr{&d,m\ -------------------&mcd
---------
------ ik Ef eI ;f onf
d
te
opfawmrsm;jzifh zkH;vTrf;vsuf&Sdonf/
ec
(*) uRef;pdkrsm;xkwf,ljcif;onf xkwfvkyfonfhtcsdefudk avsmhenf n;apaomfvnf; -------
ot
udk ydkrdkjrifhrm;aponf/
Pr
(C) ckwv f vJS u
kd of nft
h yifrsm;ae&mwGif tyiftopf topfrsm;;udk wpfzefjyefvnf pdu
ht k yf sKd ;Edik af om
aMumifh opfawmrsm;onf ---------------------obm0o,H
----------o
-------- Zmwypön;f rsm;jzpfonf/
rig
(i) opfawmypönf;rsm; a&&Snfxkwf wfv vkkyfEdkifa&&;twGuf ------------------ enf;jzifh

py
opfawmrsm;udk xdef;odrf;umuG muG

uG,fjcif;jy jyKvkyfonf/
Co
(p) EdkifiHjcm;0ifaiG &&Sdap&efetwGu uff yJcl;½dk;r&Sd -------------------- opfawmpcef;ESifh

ykyÜg;awmiftqifhjrif jrififhtem;,
em;,lpcef;wdkYudk obm0tajccHc&D;oGm;vkyfief;rsm;tjzpf
X
BO
aqmif&Gufxm;onf onf/
BE
D
3/ tajzrSrefeeffa&&G;yg/
(u) opfawmxdef;odrf;a&;vkyfief;onf jrefrmEdkifiHopfawmu@twGuf ta&;ygaom
(u) ukefxGuf (c) xkwfukef (*) oGif;tm;pkwpfck jzpfonf/
(c) awm½dkif;wd& pämefESifhobm0tyifrsm;umuG,fjcif;ESifhobm0e,fajrrsm;xdef;odrf;
jcif;vkyfief;rsm;udktrsdK;om;O,smOf (u) 5ck (c) 6ck (*) 7ck owfrSwfí xdef;odrf;
apmifha&Smufxm;onf/
(*) opfawmpdkufcif;rsm;jyKpkysKd;axmif&mwGif xif;rD;aoG;vdktyfcsufudk jznfhqnf;Edkif&ef
(u) aus;&Gmpdkufcif; (c) pD;yGm;a&;pdkufcif; (*) pufrIukefMurf;pdkufcif; tjzpfpdkufysKd;
xm;onf/
113
(C) 2001 ckESpfwGif tylydkif;a'opdrf;vef;pdkjynfap&eftwGuf (u) 20ESpf (c) 25ESpf
(*) 30ESpf ESpf&SnfbufpHkpDrHudef; csrSwfcJhonf/
(i) opfxw k v
f yk af &;vkyif ef;rsm;wGiv
f t
kd yfaomomrefoiG ;f tm;pkrsm;wGif (u) avmifpm
(c) qif? uRJ (*) x&yfum;onf wpfcktygt0ifjzpfonf/
(u) opfawmu@onf jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHkwGif ta&;ygonfudk rnfonfh
tcsufrsm;u ay:vGifapoenf;/ ,if;tcsufrsm;udk azmfxkw wffaqG;aEG;yg/
d
te
(c) jrefrmEdkifiH opfawmu@\ t"duxkwfukefrsm;taMumifif;udk &Sif;jyyg/ jjy
ec
(*) opfxkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;onf tcsdef,lxkwfvkyf&&aom aom om vk
v yfief;jzpfaMumif;udk
ot
xkwfvkyfrI tqifhrsm;jzifh o½kyfazmfoHk;oyfjyyg/
Pr
(C) opfawmxde;f odr;f a&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk opfawmu@\
mu@\
u@\ \ oGi;f tm;pkwpfct
ht k jzpf tb,f
aMumifh owfrSwfonfudk usdK;aMumif;jyíajzqdajzqdkyg/
íajzqd
rig
(i) opfawmu@onf tjcm;pD;yGm;a&;u@rs @rsm;ESihf rnfoq

u@rs Ykd ufpyfvsu&f o dS nfu&kd iS ;f vif;
py
ajzqdkyg/
Co
(p) opfawmu@wGif vlonf nt tv

tvGvGefta&;ygaom vkyftm;oGif;tm;pkjzpfaMumif;
opfawmu@\ yg0ifaaqmif qmif&u G &f aom vkyif ef;½Iaxmift h rsK;d rsK;d jzifoh ;kH oyfwifjyyg/
X
BO
BE
D
114
tcef;(8)
jrefrmEdkifiH\owåKwGif;xGufypönf;u@ESifhpGrf;tifu@
0LQLQJDQG(QHUJ\6HFWRUVRI0\DQPDU
ed'gef;
þtcef;wGif jrefrmEdik if \
H owåKwiG ;f xGuyf pön;f u@ESihf pGr;f tifu@udk &Si;f vif;rnf/
owåKwGif;xGufypönf;u@onf pD;yGm;a&;zlvHkrItwGuf ta&;ygaomowåKtrsdK;rsdK;ESifh
tzd;k wefausmufrsu&f wemwdUk udk xkwvf yk af y;Ny;D pGr;f tifu@rS a&eHEiS o
hf bm0"mwfaiGUwduYk kd
xkwfvkyfonf/ ,if;wdkYonfoHk;pGJNyD;ygu jyefvnfrjynfhNzdK;Edkifaom obm0t&ifb ;tjrpfrsm;
(Non-renewable Resources)jzpfMuonf/
d
te
ec
ot
Pr
tcef;(5)wGif jrefrmEdkifiH\pD;yGm;a&;taqmuf
qmuf
qmu uft
ht ttt
tHkyHkoP²mefESifh pD;yGm;a&;u@
toD;oD;rS wdkif;jynf\xkwfukefrsm;udk avhv vmod
mod&SdcJhMu&ygonf
u
u& / ,if;u@toD;oD;wGif
rig
owåKwGif;xGufypönf;u@ESifh pGrf;tifu@wd
u@wdkYrSpkpkaygif;xkwfvkyfrIwGif yg0ifyrmPudk
py
tusOf;rQod&dSNyD;jzpfonf/
Co
þtcef;NyD;vQif aqmif&GufEdkifrrnh
nfht
rn taaMumif
aMum
M ;t&m
(After studying this chapter,
apter, you will
w be able to do the followings:)
X
BO
jrefrmEdkifiH\ owåKwGif;xGufypönf;u@? pGrf;tifu@wdkYESifhpyfvsOf;í t"du

xkwfukefrsm;? toH oHk;jyKaomoG
jyKa if;tm;pkrsm;? tjcm;pD;yGm;a&;u@rsm;ESifhqufpyfyHkwdkYudk
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2010-11 6788 450379
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2012-13 6197 467025

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ausmufrsuf&wemrsm;udk EdkifiHjcm;aiG&&Sda&;twGuf jynfyodkYwifydkYa&mif;csvsuf&Sdonf/
aqmufvkyfa&;u@wGif tokH;jyKaomt"duukefMurf;rsm;udk owåKwGif;xGufypönf;
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125
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2/ atmufyguGufvyfrsm;udkjznfhpGufyg/
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----------------- rsm;jzpfonf/
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127
(u) owåKwGif;xGufypönf;u@\ t"duxkwfukefrsm;udk azmfjyaqG;aEG;yg/
(c) owåKwGif;xGufypönf;rsm;udk a'otvdkufxGuf&SdrIrsm;udk &Sif;jyyg/
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tcef;(9)
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