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The program compiles properly but at runtime it will give Main method not public. message.

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What is meant by pass by reference and pass by value in Java?

Pass by reference means, passing the address itself rather than passing the value. Pass by valu copy of the value. If youre overriding the method equals() of an object, which other method you might hashCode() What is Byte Code? Or What gives java its write once and run anywhere nature?

All Java programs are compiled into class files that contain bytecodes. These byte codes can be and hence java is said to be platform independent. Expain the reason for each keyword of public static void main(String args[])? public- main(..) is the first method called by java environment when a program is executed from java environment. Hence the access specifier has to be public. static: Java environment should be able to call this method without creating an instance o must be declared as static. void: main does not return anything so the return type must be void

The argument String indicates the argument type which is given at the command line and arg is a given during command line. What are the differences between == and .equals() ? Or what is difference between == and equals Or Difference between == and equals method Or What would you use to compare two String variables - the operator == or the method e Or How is it possible for two String objects with identical values not to be equal unde The == operator compares two objects to determine if they are the same object in mem memory. == compares references while .equals compares contents. The method public boolean eq

memory location. It is possible for two String objects to have the same value, but located in differ

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provided by the Object class and can be overridden. The default implementation returns true only

compared with itself, which is equivalent to the equality operator == being used to compare alias contain the same character sequence. For the Wrapper classes, value equality means t equal.

String, BitSet, Date, and File override the equals() method. For two String objects, value equality

public class EqualsTest { public static void main(String[] args) { String s1 = abc; String s2 = s1; String s5 = abc; String s3 = new String(abc); String s4 = new String(abc); System.out.println(== comparison : + (s1 == s5)); System.out.println(== comparison : + (s1 == s2)); System.out.println(== comparison : + s3 == s4); } }

System.out.println(Using equals method : + s1.equal

System.out.println(Using equals method : + s3.equal

Output == comparison : true == comparison : true Using equals method : true false Using equals method : true What if the static modifier is removed from the signature of the main method? Or What if I do not provide the String array as the argument to the method? Program compiles. But at runtime throws an error NoSuchMethodError. Why oracle Type 4 driver is named as oracle thin driver?

Oracle provides a Type 4 JDBC driver, referred to as the Oracle thin driver. This driver includes downloaded to a browser at runtime, and does not require any Oracle software on the TNSNAMES entry for the database name. What is the difference between final, finally and finalize? What do you understand b

implementation of a TCP/IP version of Oracles Net8 written entirely in Java, so it is platform inde

requires a TCP/IP listener on the server side, and the client connection string uses the TCP/IP po

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keyword? Or What is final, finalize() and finally? Or What is finalize() method? Or What is the difference between final, finally and finalize? Or What does it mean that a class or member is final? o final - declare constant o finally - handles exception o finalize - helps in garbage collection

Variables defined in an interface are implicitly final. A final class cant be extended i.e., final class

subclassed. This is done for security reasons with basic classes like String and Integer. It also al

make some optimizations, and makes thread safety a little easier to achieve. A final method can

when its class is inherited. You cant change value of a final variable (is a constant). finalize() met

before an object is destroyed and garbage collected. finally, a key word used in exception handlin method. What is the Java API? The Java API is a large collection of ready-made software components that provide ma graphical user interface (GUI) widgets. What is the GregorianCalendar class? The GregorianCalendar provides support for traditional Western calendars. What is the ResourceBundle class?

executed whether or not an exception is thrown. For example, closing of open connections is don

The ResourceBundle class is used to store locale-specific resources that can be loaded by a pro programs appearance to the particular locale in which it is being run. Why there are no global variables in Java?

Global variables are globally accessible. Java does not support globally accessible variables due reasons: The global variables breaks the referential transparency Global variables creates collisions in namespace. How to convert String to Number in java program?

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The valueOf() function of Integer class is is used to convert string to Number. Here is the code ex String numString = 1000; int id=Integer.valueOf(numString).intValue(); What is the SimpleTimeZone class? The SimpleTimeZone class provides support for a Gregorian calendar. What is the difference between a while statement and a do statement?

A while statement (pre test) checks at the beginning of a loop to see whether the next loop iterat The do statement will always execute the loop body at least once. What is the Locale class?

do while statement (post test) checks at the end of a loop to see whether the next iteration of a l

The Locale class is used to tailor a program output to the conventions of a particular geographic, region. Describe the principles of OOPS.

There are three main principals of oops which are called Polymorphism, Inheritance and Encapsu Explain the Inheritance principle.

Inheritance is the process by which one object acquires the properties of another object. Inherita well-tested procedures to be reused and enables changes to make once and have effect What is implicit casting?

Implicit casting is the process of simply assigning one entity to another without any transformatio

compiler. This type of casting is not permitted in all kinds of transformations and may not work fo Example int i = 1000; long j = i; //Implicit casting Is sizeof a keyword in java? The sizeof operator is not a keyword. What is a native method? A native method is a method that is implemented in a language other than Java. In System.out.println(), what is System, out and println? System is a predefined final class, out is a PrintStream object and println is a built-in overloaded object. What are Encapsulation, Inheritance and Polymorphism

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Or Explain the Polymorphism principle. Explain the different forms of Polymorphism. Polymorphism in simple terms means one name many forms. Polymorphism enables one ent

general category for different types of actions. The specific action is determined by the exact nat Polymorphism exists in three distinct forms in Java: Method overloading Method overriding through inheritance Method overriding through the Java interface What is explicit casting?

Explicit casting in the process in which the complier are specifically informed to about transformin Example long i = 700.20; int j = (int) i; //Explicit casting What is the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)? The Java Virtual Machine is software that can be ported onto various hardware-based What do you understand by downcasting?

The process of Downcasting refers to the casting from a general to a more specific type, i.e. cas hierarchy What are Java Access Specifiers? Or What is the difference between public, private, protected and default Access Specifi Or What are different types of access modifiers? Access specifiers are keywords that determine the type of access to the member of a for allowing privileges to parts of a program such as functions and variables. These are: Public : accessible to all classes Protected : accessible to the classes within the same package and any subclasses. Private : accessible only to the class to which they belong Default : accessible to the class to which they belong and to subclasses within the same pack Which class is the superclass of every class? Object.

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Name primitive Java types. The 8 primitive types are byte, char, short, int, long, float, double, and boolean. What is the difference between static and non-static variables? Or What are class variables? Or What is static in java? Or What is a static method?

A static variable is associated with the class as a whole rather than with specific instances of a c

will share a common copy of the static variables i.e. there is only one copy per class, no matter h

are created from it. Class variables or static variables are declared with the static keyword in a c are always called by the class name. This variable is created when the program starts and gets

declared outside a class and stored in static memory. Class variables are mostly used for consta

programs stops. The scope of the class variable is same an instance variable. Its initial value is s

variable and gets a default value when its not initialized corresponding to the data type. Similarly, that any objects of the class have been instantiated.

method that belongs to the class rather than any object of the class and doesnt apply to an obje

Static methods are implicitly final, because overriding is done based on the type of the object, an a subclass, as long as the original method was not declared final. However, you cant override a

are attached to a class, not an object. A static method in a superclass can be shadowed by anot

non-static method. In other words, you cant change a static method into an instance method in a Non-static variables take on unique values with each object instance. What is the difference between the boolean & operator and the && operator?

If an expression involving the boolean & operator is evaluated, both operands are evaluated, whe operator is a short cut operator. When an expression involving the && operator is evaluated, the evaluates to false, the evaluation of the second operand is skipped. How does Java handle integer overflows and underflows?

evaluated. If the first operand returns a value of true then the second operand is evaluated. If the

It uses those low order bytes of the result that can fit into the size of the type allowed by the ope What if I write static public void instead of public static void? Program compiles and runs properly. What is the difference between declaring a variable and defining a variable?

In declaration we only mention the type of the variable and its name without initializing it. Defining

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+ initialization. E.g. String s; is just a declaration while String s = new String (bob); Or String s = definitions. What type of parameter passing does Java support?

In Java the arguments (primitives and objects) are always passed by value. With objects, the obj

is passed by value and so both the original reference and parameter copy both refer to the same Explain the Encapsulation principle.

Encapsulation is a process of binding or wrapping the data and the codes that operates on the d

entity. This keeps the data safe from outside interface and misuse. Objects allow procedures to b

with their data to reduce potential interference. One way to think about encapsulation is as a pro

prevents code and data from being arbitrarily accessed by other code defined outside the wrapp What do you understand by a variable?

Variable is a named memory location that can be easily referred in the program. The variable is u and it can be changed during the course of the execution of the program. What do you understand by numeric promotion?

The Numeric promotion is the conversion of a smaller numeric type to a larger numeric type, so t floating-point operations may take place. In the numerical promotion process the byte, char, and converted to double values, as required. What do you understand by casting in java language? What are the types of casting?

converted to int values. The int values are also converted to long values, if necessary. The long a

The process of converting one data type to another is called Casting. There are two types of cas are implicit casting and explicit casting. What is the first argument of the String array in main method?

The String array is empty. It does not have any element. This is unlike C/C++ where the first elem the program name. If we do not provide any arguments on the command line, then the S will be empty but not null. How can one prove that the array is not null but empty?

Print array.length. It will print 0. That means it is empty. But if it would have been null then it would NullPointerException on attempting to print array.length. Can an application have multiple classes having main method?

Yes. While starting the application we mention the class name to be run. The JVM will look for th method. When is static variable loaded? Is it at compile time or runtime? When exactly a sta Java?

in the class whose name you have mentioned. Hence there is not conflict amongst the multiple cla

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Static variable are loaded when classloader brings the class to the JVM. It is not necessary that loaded/executed only once i.e. when the class is first initialized. A class can have any number of contain this or super. They are primarily used to initialize static fields. Can I have multiple main methods in the same class?

created. Static variables will be allocated memory space when they have been loaded. The code

block is not member of a class, they do not have a return statement and they cannot be called di

We can have multiple overloaded main methods but there can be only one main method with th signature : public static void main(String[] args) {}

No the program fails to compile. The compiler says that the main method is already defined in the Explain working of Java Virtual Machine (JVM)?

JVM is an abstract computing machine like any other real computing machine which first converts file by using Compiler (.class is nothing but byte code file.) and Interpreter reads byte codes. How can I swap two variables without using a third variable?

Add two variables and assign the value into First variable. Subtract the Second value with the res Variable. Example: int a=5,b=10;a=a+b; b=a-b; a=a-b; An other approach to the same question You use an XOR swap. for example: int a = 5; int b = 10; a = a ^ b; b = a ^ b; a = a ^ b; What is data encapsulation? Encapsulation may be used by creating get and set methods in a class (JAVABEAN) which are

assign to Second variable. Subtract the Result of First Variable With Result of Second Variable a

fields of the object. Typically the fields are made private while the get and set methods are public

be used to validate the data that is to be stored, to do calculations on data that is stored in a field

use in introspection (often the case when using javabeans in Struts, for instance). Wrapping of da

a single unit is called as data encapsulation. Encapsulation is nothing but wrapping up the data an Encapsulation provides data security. It is nothing but data hiding. What is reflection API? How are they implemented?

methods into a single unit in such a way that data can be accessed with the help of associated m

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Reflection is the process of introspecting the features and state of a class at runtime and dynami Example: Using Java Reflection API we can get the class name, by using the getName m Does JVM maintain a cache by itself? Does the JVM allocate objects in heap? Is this heap maintained by the JVM? Why

run time. This is supported using Reflection API with built-in classes like Class, Method, Fields, C

Yes, the JVM maintains a cache by itself. It creates the Objects on the HEAP, but references to t the STACK. What is phantom memory? Phantom memory is false memory. Memory that does not exist in reality. Can a method be static and synchronized? A static method can be synchronized. If you do so, the JVM will obtain a lock on the java.lang. Class instance associated with the object. It is similar to saying: synchronized(XYZ.class) { } What is difference between String and StringTokenizer? A StringTokenizer is utility class used to break up string. Example: StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer(Hello World); while (st.hasMoreTokens()) { System.out.println(st.nextToken()); } Output: Hello World

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