1 a 86 ee General or scientific facts and definitions ‘when/whenever + present tense, present tense) Ifyou burn fossil fuels, carbon dioxide is produced. Gene Real conditions nthe present or ftue and their results in the present or future To give conditional instructions be going to, can, could, may, might, tense, will + bare infinitive / imperative) If we continue to pollute our planet, future generations will suffer. It the people from Greenpeace call, tell them Il call them back later. Other modals and semimodals can be used instead of wil in the result clause in first conditionals. These include shall, should, have to and ought to. We might prevent disaster if we change the way we live now. Hypothetical conditions in the present or future and their hypothetical results in the present or future Ge eA Ck eu What would the local government do if there was an earthquake in the area? Other modals can be used instead of would in the result clause in second conditionals. These include might and could. ¥ Ifthe weather was better, we could have a picnic. 7 SS vs EIS Grammar US: If] were a gambler, 'd put money on In British English, we can use both was and were after if with first and third person singular. Were is more common in a formal style. In American English itis usual to use were. UK: If was/were a gambler, Id put money on Jim being late. slim being late. | + inboth British and American English, were is usually used inthe phrase If] were you, ‘Hypothetical conditions in the past and their results in the past Third conditional (if + past perfect, would have + past participle) A lot more people would have been trapped by the flood if there hadn't been a warning, 3 : ‘and should ¥ If you hadn't had a lot of luck, you Other modals can be used instead of would in the result clause in third conditionals. These include might, could could have lost all your money. Mixed conditionals Hypothetical conditions in the past and their results in the present Hypothetical conditions inthe present and | their results inthe past You might not be in so much trouble if you hadn't started gambling. If | were you, | would have made Paula buy her own lottery ticket,OO _—— Conditionals Unit 11 Inverted conditionals ‘More formal form of the first conditional Should the drought continue, many people will be forced to leave their vilages. (with should) (= If the drought should continue ... / Ifthe drought continues ... ) More formal form of the second conditional | Were we to stop using fossil fuels tomorrow, it would stil take decades for the | planet to recover. (= Htwe were to stop... /i we stopped...) More formal form ofthe third conditional | Had Charles Darwin not visited the Galapagos Islands, he might never have developed his theory of evolution. ( = if Charles Darwin hadn't visited ...) 'B when the verb to be inverted is negative, we put not after the subject. ls 7 Had we not attended the meeting, we would have had no idea of the counci' plans. EB - When the ifclause comes betore the resuit clause, we usually separate the two clauses with a comma, When the result clause comes first, we do not use a comma, = 7 Ifyou share a car to work, you can save on energy. ¥ You can save on energy ifyou share a car to work Pep cose lbiabihih cckh oka ‘As/so long as Well go up to the mountains this weekend as long as the weather's okay. Provided/Providing that) | You can have a pet provided that you promise to look after it propery. (On condition (that) ‘Applications for membership are accepted on condition that applicants are over 18. ‘Suppose/Supposing ‘Supposing the price of oil tripled tomorrow. What do you tink would happen? Wit wasn'/weren't for + noun | think 'd be quite lonely if it wasn't/weren't for my dog, Buster. Were it not for + noun | Were it not for my dog, Buster, | think 'd be quite lonely. But for + noun But for your help, I wouldn't have been able to quit gambling. Withadn't been for + noun {fit hadn't been for your help, | wouldn't have been able to quit gambling. Had it not been for + noun Had it not been for your help, I wouldn't have been able to quit gambling. If. (should) happen to Ifyou (should) happen to see Davina, ask her whether she would look after the cats this weekend. Hf... should If you should see Davina, ask her whether she would look after the cats this weekend. It... happened to If you happened to see someone drop litter in the street, what would you do? It... were to Do you think it would reduce pollution if the government were to introduce a new tax on petrol? Hf so/not | Are you concerned about the environment? If so, you might be interested in joining Greenpeace. Otherwise You should have your air conditioner serviced, otherwise you'll waste a lot of energy. Unless Unless governments act now, the environment is really going to suffer. In case of + noun In case of fr, leave the building by the nearest emergency exit. Incase Take a coat with you in case the weather gets worse. To mean if itis true that” Ifyou were at the meeting, why didn't you raise the issue of recycling? To mean ‘if you are wiling to’ | If you'll follow me, I show you into the park manager's office. ‘To mean im saying this in case’_| If you like zoos, the one in Singapore is fantastic. 87—_E Unit 11 Grammer 88 A. Match to make sentences. If you stay with us for three days, IF you decide not to vote in the election, If you didn't eat your lunch so fast, If there were a few more people working, 1 we might get served a bit more quickly. 2 3 4 5 Ifyou forget to take your passport, 6 7 8 9 give us a call and well come to pick you up. very few people would obey the law. you wouldn't get hiccups, would you? they have to go through a complicated procedure. we'd be happy to give you a good reference. I'm pretty sure they won't let you check in. more areas of natural beauty will be destroyed. welll have enough time to see a few sights. you can't really complain about the government. If the hire car isn't there when you arrive, If the city continues to expand, If the police didn't fine people, If you did decide to leave the company, 10 If MPs wish to resign, e-zemmcem> B_ Rewrite using an appropriate conditional form, starting with the words given. Sue didn't get me a birthday present, which is why | didn’t get her one. If Sue 2. We didn't pay them on time because they made a mistake with our order. Hf they 3. The climate is undergoing such radical changes that scientists are worried. if 4 Did California become an important area because they found gold there? Would - - ? 5 It’s the sunset that attracts tourists to that place. leit 6 There was a traffic jam on the motorway so | was late for my interview. Ir there 7 I suggest you use a sunblock, and then you won't go red, Hiwere 8 The accident happened as a result of the driver's not paying attention to the road, Ifthe driver C Complete using the correct form of the verbs in bold. Add any other words you need. 17#h march So, today marks one year since | became a Park Ranger. If! (1) . (do) that then, never 2) _.- (have) 50 many fantastic experiences. I you (3) (ask) me now, | would say that knew nothing when I started, but lve learnt a huge amount. In atypical day, IM deal with complaints, check on the running of the park and lead guided tours, it any (4) sos (BOOK). it’s | low season, 1(5) thave) time to check on forest management and fre control measures, |itcan get stressful at times, especially if visitors to the park (6) son (Bet) lst or inured. We had a case last week, which wouldnt (2)... (happen) if the woman involved (8) (be) a bit more careful. You see, if you (9) (wander) around a large National Park like this without a map, you're bound to get lost. This particular case might (10) (be) so bad itt ay) (start) raining. She was only wearing ight clothes, so she was wet through and freezing when we found her. | dread to think what might (12) (happen) if we hadn't!ee hc D Circle the correct word or phrase. Rone 8 9 10 ll 12 Conditionals Unit 11 If we hadn't taken a wrong turning back there, we wouldn't be / have been in this mess now. Should / Would you need any further assistance, please dor't hesitate to ask. Had they not / Hadn't they warned people in time, a lot more lives could have been lost. lf you worked / had worked last weekend when the boss asked you, then you wouldn't have to work this weekend. Were all the members of staff to attend the conference, would the hotel have / have had enough rooms for everyone? Had the government acted sooner, the general public wouldn't be worrying / have worried so much about the current situation ‘Tom Cruise wouldn't be the star he is today had he not / should he not have made a good impression in his early films. Weren't we / Were we not to build more roads, the traffic system would collapse by 2020. It would be hard enough to pass the exam tomorrow even if you went / had gone to all the lectures, this year. You can contact the hotel manager on extension 142 should / could you need to. Shouldn't you / Should you not receive confirmation of your flight by e-mail, please click the link below. | would have asked the person for ID before | let him in, if| were / have been you. E Complete using the words in the box. evans case * condition * long * otherwise * provided * so * suppose * unless Do you want a highly-paid career, and, if {im quite happy to lend you money, as The village fair should be a great success, weather as last year. ltd be great to see you on Saturday evening, Could you go to the shop for me? I have to stay in in Your idea sounds fine in theory, but just Write your name at the top of your essay, The judge allowed the accused to stay at home on every morning. F Write one word in each gap. | would never be able to afford a new house if tfithadn't have got the job. How do you think you'd feel if someone happened , are you prepared to retrain? Contact us. as you make sure | get it back we don't have the same problems with the you've already got other plans. the courier comes, something goes wrong. What then? | won't know which one's yours. she reported to the police wasn't for all the overtime I've been doing. for the fact that his uncle was a partner in the business, Angus would never damage your car like that? for the kindness of a complete stranger, | would never have found the hotel. | don't think I'd be surprised in the slightest moving abroad. Don't forget to mention the new schedule to Veronica if you this evening. Football matches would be ideal family outings Ifit hadn't been | would have lost the game Iyou Paul were to suddenly announce that he was happen to see her it not for the danger of violence. the children, 'm sure Trisha would have left Tom a long time ago. it not been for some quick thinking, find the book | was asking you about, give me a call 8990 G Rewrite the sentences, starting with the words given. H 1 ‘The only reason we won the contract was Debbie's fantastic presentation. We wouldn't have The eventual arrival of the ferry prevented a fight from breaking out amongst the passengers. If ithhadn't been for None of the passengers was injured because of the driver's quick reaction. But We'll have to cancel the meeting if Wendy doesn't turn up soon. Unless Mr Jones would be quite lonely if he didn't have his daughter's visits. Were it Here's my phone number, because you might need it. Incase Agree to be back by midnight and you can go. Providing Officer Hughes prevented the robbers from escaping Had it Choose the correct answer. 1 I you saw another student cheating in an exam, somebody? C would you tell D have you told A did you tell B do you tell Make sure you mix the ingredients well, ‘you might get lumps in your cake. Aunless C provided B otherwise D supposing Were my dad, | would never have started playing tennis in the first place. Ait for Citto be for B it hadn't been for Ditnot for Hh. hear from Nigel, I'l tell him you were asking after him. ‘Abappened B should happen to C should to D will happen to ‘The book would have been perfect the ending. Abad it not been for B it had not been for C it hadn't been for D hadn't it been for 6 If you hadn't taken the money, you in prison now. ‘A wouldn't have been B hadn't been C haven't been D wouldn't be 7 Do you think that if we might not have missed the coach? . earlier we Ahave been leaving Chad left Bleft D have left 8 Unless Ray here soon, I'm going to leave because I'm getting bored. A doesn't get C won't get Beets D will get 9 What if! you that there's a good chance I can get tickets for the concert? A were to tell C have told B were telling D would to tell 10 If there happen to be any reason for late delivery, please inform our Accounts Department. A might B could C would D should0 Conditionals. Unit 11 | Write one word in each gap. Had (1) not been for the invention of CFCs (chlorofiuorocarbons) in the 1920s, at least one environmental problem might have been avoided. In fact, (2) they to be invented today, they 3) 1no doubt be immediately banned. For fifty years, though, if you bought an air conditioner ora spray, there (4) ‘a good chance that it contained CFCs ~ and those CFCs are still around in the atmosphere. if you (5) able to travel into the upper layers of the atmosphere, you (6) see the chlorine and fluorine from CFCs breaking down the ozone (a form of oxygen). Ozone could damage your lungs (7) you were to breathe it, but high in the atmosphere it performs the function of blocking ultraviolet rays from the sun, rays which can cause skin cancer if you (8) exposed to them. We might (9) have known about the process (10) it not been for the work of two American scientists, Frank Rowland and Mario Molina. A number of industries fought against their conclusions, and might have won (11) the evidence not been so clear Rowland and Molina received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1995 for their work on the ozone layer, but (a2) which we might today be facing an even greater problem. J Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given. 1 Without this new diet, Henry would never have lost so much weight. it Had this new diet, Henry would never have lost so much weight. 2. Unless the plans change, we'll see you on the 19, no Provided the plans, we'll see you on the 19", 3. If you applied now, there's a good chance you would get the job. apply Were «there's a good chance you would get the job. 4 didn't know about your problem so | didn't offer to help. have IF fd known about your problem, to help 5 It could get cold at night, so take some warm clothes. in Take some warm clothes ... cold at night 6 I'd love to travel the world if | didn’t have to pay off my mortgage. having Were ‘to pay off my mortgage, I'd love to travel the world. 7 Ten years ago, people would have complained at seeing this film. seen Had , they would have complained, 8 Drivers are allowed to park here if they display a local resident permit. condition Drivers are allowed to park here sonnnn they display a local resident permit 91106 + Sometimes we use the past simple and continuous to refer to the present, the future or a general situation, + Sometimes we use the past perfect simple and continuous to refer to 2 hypothetical past that didn’t actually happen. ] - For alot the situations below withthe past simple and past contimous, with the verb to be after! and he/sherit, there isachoice of was or were. Iwishiwas rch. I wish | were rich, * Both was and were are common in informal English but ere is sometimes more appropriate in formal, written English andis aways used inthe phrase I were you = fer For hypothetical and unlikely current, future or |! wouldn't accept a job unless | was absolutely sure what the salary was. general conditions (see Unit 11 for more If you were travelling to Russia, would you get roubles before you left or information) when you arrived? For hypothetical past conditions If had known, | would have taken some dollars with me. (see Unit 11 for more information) If had been running the bank, | would have given you an overdraft! UALR yea yl 4 To consider hypothetical or unlikely current, future | Supposing you were given ten milion euros, what would you spend on? ‘a wallet? Would you hand it in? ‘To consider hypothetical or unlikely past situations | Suppose you had won the lottery lastnight. What would you have done? Imagine you'd been working there for 40 years. What kind of pension | would you have got? or general situations What if you were walking dovm the street and you suddenly found | | We can also use a present tense instead of past simple or past continuous after these words and phrases. This indicates thatthe situation is more likely to happen. Supposing you become a milionare, how wilt change your life? (more likey) + Supposing you became a milinaie, how woul it change your if? (less key) as if / as though For current, future or general untrue, hypothetical | She acts as if/though she was a millionaire. comparisons | Colin acts as t/though he were making a milion pounds a month. For past untrue, hypothetical comparisons Tony looks as ifthough someone had just handed him a milion euros. It's almost as ifAhough they'd been working for free. B When the verb before as though is in a present or present perfect tense, we only use 2 past tense for comparisons F that we know arent true. Y She behaves as if she were realy weathy. (= She's not realy wealthy.) + When the ve before as ifAhough isin a present or present perfect tense, for comparisons that are possible, we use 2 present or resent perfect tense ater 2s /Ahough. 7 She looks as if she's realy wealthy (= I's very possible that she is wealthy) * When the verb before as i/Ahough isin a past tense, we use a past tense after as ithough for comparisons that are either true of hypothetical 7 She looked 2s f she was really wealthy but | knew she wasnt /s0 maybe she was. —Unreal time Unit 13 Questions and requests | To make questions and requests more polite How much money did you want to spend, madam? | was wondering whether you might be able to give me some advice, it’s (high/about) time ‘To suggest that something should be done now or | It's (high/about) time | got a mortgage. in the immediate future Its (high/about) time we were leaving ‘+ With tts thigh/about) time, there is often no real difference in meaning between past simple and past continuous. ¥ It's time | went home. ¥ It's time | was going home. ‘+ We can also use a full infinitive ater fs time, but not after t's high/about time. ¥ Its time to think about getting a loan. Deu eAr coated Jan would rather/sooner we bought 2 house than carried on renting, Would you rather/sooner | was begging in the streets? 'd rather/sooner you hadn't lent Kurdio the money. | For current, general or future preference For past preference L Would rather/sooner + past simple/continuous is only used to talk about preference regarding someone else. When there is no change of subject, we use would rather/sooner + bare infinitive, or would prefer + ful infinitive. ¥ She'd rather not borrow any money from you. She'd prefer not to borrow any money from you. ‘Wishes about now, the future or | Do you wish you had a bigger house? generally Ifonly | was earning a reasonable salary. ‘Wishes about the past Ifonly Id bought a lottery ticket this morning. | Carla wished she'd been keeping 2 much closer eye on her investments ‘When wish isin the past simple, itis still folowed by the past simple or past continuous for current, future or ‘general wishes. ¥ Simon dearly wished that he had a bigger house. _¥ | sat there and wished | was earning a reasonable salary. ee eae To criticise other people or wish for a situation | Wish / If only + would | wish they would offer me a pay rise. to be diferent Wishes about ability or permission Wish /1f only + could | wish | could find 2 job that pays wel Wishes about past abiity or permission Wish /if only + could + perfec infrtive wish I could have got a mortgage with a fixed interest rate To express desires in avery formal way | Wish + fl infritve {wish to speak to the bank manager. To wish someone luck/happiness/success/etc | Wish + noun | wish him every success. ‘+ We do not usually use would when the subject of wish is the same as the subject of would. X Pete-wishes he-wouktearrmere- ‘+ We do not use wish to express desires about a real, possible future. Pete wishes he earnt / could earn more. > We can use hope instead. 2+wish-the cheque-errives-tomerrow- hope the cheque arrives tomorrow. 107a eee Unit 13. Grammar ‘A. Write the verbs in brackets in the correct form in each gap. The importance of nothing There is a lateral thinking question which asks: “f the Romans (1) (have) all the technology wwe have today, why would they not have been able to get to the moon?’ (2) (we / be) to think about this logically, we would probably be unable to come up with a satisfactory reason. However, with lateral thinking, there is a perfectly reasonable explanation. (3) (the Romans / be) as technologically advanced as we are, they would indeed be stuck here on Earth. Why? Because if, 2,000 years ago, they (4) (employ) a Roman centurion to count down their Roman space rocket, he would have started at ten (in Latin, of course), got down to one and then stopped. The Romans had no word for ‘zero’, so there would have been no ‘Liftoff Of course, the truth is that if these hypothetical Romans (5) (have) the number ‘zero’, it would be impossible for them to have all our technology. If the concept of zero 6)... : (develop), we would not have computers today. Modern maths and physics relies absolutely on there being a numeral to represent nothingness. It may seem obvious to us now that zero should exist, but many philosophers in the past were very uncomfortable with the idea, The ancient Greeks tied themselves in logical knots by stating: ‘if nothing (7) (be) a number, then it would be something. And if it (8) (do) become something, then it would no longer be nothing,’ If it (seem .» (be) for an Indian mathematician called Brahmagupta, who knows what would have happened? He wrote the earest known text stating that zero was a number. If he (10) (do), ‘we might not have set foot on the moon either. B_ Write the verbs in brackets in the correct form in each gap to make hypothetical situations. 1 Supposing you (have) the chance to spend a year in space, would you take it? 2. What if we ow (Gecide) to run away right now and never come back? 3. Suppose all your friends (say) bad things about you behind your back and you found out What would you do? 4 Imagine you (have) any money or any means of getting any. What on earth could you do? 5. What if the Internet (invent)? Wouldn't that be weird? 6 Supposing the sun {stop) shining right now, how long would it take for us to realise? 7 Imagine we Gust / tell) that a huge meteor was on its way to Earth. What would be the best thing to do? 8 Suppose you (can) travel back in time. Where would you go? 9. What if everyone in the world (speak) the same language? 10. Suppose it (prove) that aliens existed and were living among us! 11 11do realise itll probably never happen but imagine her song (become) really popular! 12. What if you (give) three wishes by a genie in a bottle? What would you wish for? 13. Supposing you (wake) up one morning and found you'd gone back in time, how would you feel? 14 | know we cant travel faster than the speed of light but suppose for a moment that we (be) able to. 15. Imagine that humans (can) speak. How do you think we'd communicate? 108OO de Unreal time Unit 13 C Look at the questions that follow each sentence and circle the answer, A, B or C which is not correct. 1 Why do you always act as if you were better than 4 There's no need to be frightened of him. Just treat him everyone else, John? as if you didn't know he'd spent some time in prison. Is John better than everyone else? Do you know about the time he spent in prison? AYes, he is. AYes, you do. B No, he isn't. B No, you know nothing about it. C He might think he is. C You probably do. 2. Rod often acts as if he had lots of brothers 5 twas scary! At one point, it felt ike we weren't ever and sisters. going to get out of that jungle alive. Does Rod have lots of brothers and sisters? How did you feel in the jungle? AYes, he does. AYou would get out of it easily. BNo, he doesn't. B You would possibly die in the jungle. C He could have but we don't know. You didn’t know if you would survive the jungle or not. 3. They look as if they've been running fast. 6 Sara looked as if she had just woken up. Have they been running fast? How did Sara look? AYes, they're probably sweating. A She looked tired and she wasn't wearing her makeup. B No, they haven't. B She certainly hadn't just woken up then C They could well have been, C She could possibly just have looked tired but got up allot earlier. D_ Write the verbs in brackets in the correct form in each gap. When a situation is hypothetical or unlikely, use unreal tenses. 1 Dave talks as though he (grow up) in the UK, but he actually only moved here three ‘months ago. 2. Iwas such a mess when | got home | looked as if | (drag) through a hedge backwards! 3. Itwas such a bad case of flu that | honestly felt as if (go) to die, 4 When | saw Corin on TV last night, it felt as if he (do) chat shows for ages. I can't believe tis was his first one! 5. Hardip looked as if he : (have) the worst possible news. In fact, he'd failed his finals. 6 Don't you think Maria sometimes looks as though she. sonnee (Wish) she'd been born in another century? 7 Rupert often dresses as though he vwonnsne (FO) in money but he’s actually on the dole. 8 You kids are behaving as if it (be) a school night. Itis, you know! 9 How can you sit there as if nothing vo (happen)? E Make each of these statements or questions as polite as possible by using past tenses. What time ..ocncnnsnnnn (you, want) to be woken tomorrow morning? 21 (look) for an engagement present for a young couple. 3 We sone (wonder) whether you (want) to go out this evening 4 Excuse me, sir. (you, plan) to park there for long? 5 {you, wish) to see me about something, Mr Patel? 6 {you, look) for anything in particular? 7 (you, want) milk and sugar in your tea? Bl (hope) you (give) me a hand tomorrow. 9° How long {you, intend) to stay here? 101 (wonder) if you os (pay) by credit card, madam. 109Unit 13 Grammar 110 F Write a verb from the box in the correct form in each gap. a | allow * buy * call + do * getup * give * go * lea * look * make * start * stop 1 Its high time you smoking. It's a disgusting habit! 2 It's time you for a job, young mant 3 think its time we ‘a new carpet. This one's got holes in it! 4. It’s time for you kids your homework. 5. It's about time the government listening to the views of ordinary people. 6 Wake up, Bonnie. It's time now. 7 Don't you think its time you a pay rise? 8 It's time for you a partner in the fir; you've been with them for over eight years, after all. 9: It’s definitely time | to stay out after ten o'clock at night. 10 Its time for us now, Sammy. Are you ready? 11. Isn't it about time you to drive? 12. sit a good time ‘Aunty Audrey? What time is it in Australia? G Write a word or short phrase in each gap so that each second sentence has a similar meaning to the first sentence. 1 We'd prefer the successful candidate to have previous experience in the field We'd rather the successful candidate previous experience in the field 2. Would you prefer me to come back later? Would you rather later? 3 Tobe honest, Id prefer you not to tell anyone about this. To be honest, Id rather sm anyone about this. 4. Id prefer us to get a new kitchen rather than go on an expensive holiday. Id sooner anew kitchen than ‘on an expensive holiday. 5. Dad said he'd prefer Brian to be living nearer home and | agree with him. Dad said he'd rather Brian nearer home and | agree with him, 6 I would prefer her to be sent on a training course rather than sacked | would rather (ona training course than sacked 7. Id prefer us not to talk about this right now, if you don't ming. 11d sooner ‘about this right now, if you don't mind. 8 Of course I would have preferred you to tell me the truth! Of course | would rather ime the truth! 9 | think Jeanne would definitely prefer to have a traditional wedding | think Jeanne would definitely rather a traditional wedding. 10 We would have preferred them not to have stayed so long, that’s true. ‘We would sooner so long, that’s true. Circle the correct word or phrase. If both are correct, circle both. All of my friends have got mobiles. | wish | have / had one too! Don't you sometimes wish you ran / were running this company? If only we didn't leave / hadn't left the map at home! If only we don't / didn’t have to go to school tomorrow! | do wish the bus came / would come. I'm going to be late. onene6 Do you ever wish that you sang / could sing really well? 7 There's only really one thing | regret. | wish | could go / have gone to university but of course, in those days, it just wasn't possible. 8 Excuse me, | wish I spoke /to speak to the person in charge. 9 Iwish / hope it snows tomorrow! 10 Why on earth does Geoffrey wish he would be given / they would give him a knighthood? 11. Well, | don't think it's a very sensible business venture, but | do wish you luck / lucky. 12 My grandfather always wished that he was / had been taller. 13 If only you were / you'd been watching Thomas instead of checking your e-mail. He wouldn't have fallen off the slide then. 14. | do wish the taxi driver didn’t go / wasn't going so slowly. We're never going to get there! 15 If only Peggy wasn't / hadn't been sent off. 'm sure we'd have won the match, Choose the correct answer. 1 Imagine when the ancient 5. I's amazing how Jenny acts as though she and Egyptians buit the pyramids. How would your life Darren serious problems at have been different? the moment. Ayou'd been living you live Aaren't having C hadn't had B youre living D you've been living B weren't having D hadn't been having 2. What i your cat suddenly toyou 6 either of you want some right now? How would you react? more dessert? Ahad started talking C starts talking ‘AHad Cid Bis starting to talk —_D started talking B Would DWere 3° Would Rubik have become rich if he 7 Ifyou to attend the wedding, would ssn th Rubik's Cube? you stil have to reply tothe invitation? A hadn't invented C didn't invent Aaren't planning C weren't planning B hadn't been inventing wasn't inventing B don't plan D hadn't been planning 4 It’s high time rid of this old sofa. 8 Apparently, Lewis would rather we Awe got C for us to get anything special for his 18" birthday B we get Dito get next month, A don't organise C haven't organised B didn't organise D aren't going to organise ‘Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given. 1 Pauline doesn't want to be given a main part in the school play. rather Pauline ...... - a main part in the school play. 2 We dian't get to meet the Minister and that was a great shame. only if to meet the Minister! 3 Why don't they stop making so much noise downstairs? wish i . making so much noise downstairs! 4 What a shame | didn’t see his face when you told him the news. could | wish his face when you told him the news. 5 Don't you think they should bring out @ new version of MatchPlayer? about Don't you think it's, ‘out a new version of MatchPlayer? 6 only knew about the meeting because Cynthia rang me. if | wouldn't have known about the meeting me. m1Presentation 14 Inversion Inversion means changing the order of subject and verb in the sentence. itis used after certain ‘expressions in order to give emphasis. Inversion Type 1 with Auxiliary Verb Negative Words Clauses of Result Inversion of the Conditionals Main Ciause Not only. ‘Such / So. Only after Should I... (Type 1) Little Tosuch adegree... Only by Were |. (Type 2) No sooner... than Only if. Had |... (Type 3) etc. Only when, Not unt / ti ‘eg. No sooner had he got into the bath than the phone rang. ‘Such a brant pianist was he that ne carried off all the prizes Only by keeping a signal-fire buming did the woman manage to alert her rescuers. Were you a brighter follow, you'd have gone along with the scheme. Inversion Type 2 without Auxiliary Verb Aftor adverbs of place or verbs of movement After the quoted words in Direct Speech There goes Tom! “Ive just finished)" said Tom, Up went the balloon! ‘There are adverbs or adverbial phrases with a negatve, restrictive or emphatic meaning which are followed by inversion when placed first in a sentence. The most common are: ‘Seldom Searcely .. when Only atter Neither Nor/So Rarely Hardly .. when ‘Onno account Never before Little Many Only inthis way Never Barely No sooner... than Only by Nowhere Not only... but Only then Noteven once Onno occasion Only when Inno way In/Under no circumstances Only if 9. ‘Ike chicken."*S0 do 1 Well did he remember the night the earthquake happened. (On no occasion was the prisoner allowed to leave his cell, Never hadi he had such a tering experience. Little dic he know wht his decision would leed to, Note conly after, only by, only I, only when, not unit when placed a the beginning ofthe sertence for emphasis require the inversion of the subject and the auxiliary verb inthe main sentence. 29. Oniy after all her quests had it did she wash the cishes. Only by standing on a char could he reach the shef nly ifyou show your passport can you exchange foreign currency. Not tithe last. guest had let were we able to relax. 2331. Aller jewels had been taken and her ‘money had gone as wel. | Not only had al her jewels been taken Dut also her money. 2. As soon as he was promoted, ho startod bbohaving arrogant, ‘No sooner had he boon promoted than | te started bahaung aroganty. Hardly/Scareely had he boon promoted | __ when ho stated behaving aroganty, 2. Ho had no icsea thatthe oasure had boon ‘ikon in his garden. | Ltte a he know that the treasure had ‘boen hidden In his garden, 4, She danced s0 much that she couldn't wake aterwaras. ‘So much did she dance that she couldn't wak afterwards. 5. Itwas such a nice day that we went on an ‘Such a nice day was ithat we went on an ©, They finished painting and then they ‘moved into ther new house. Only after they had finished painting cid they move into their new house. 7. tl were you, I would accept his offer. Were | you, ! would accept his offer. 8. IT had boon told carer, would have ‘reacted ciferenty Had 1 b00n told earlier, | would have reacted diferent 9. 111 (chould) 800 him, I lot you know. ‘Should I e00 him, I et you know. 10, She didn't phone me; sho cidn't drop me a line iter. ‘She didn’t phone me nor did she chop me a line She neither phoned me, nor did she

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