Introduction of T-Dna Saloni Chaudhary

Introduction-
According to Lockard's exchange rule "Every contact leaves Touch". In line with this principle, DNA
transfer due to Touch can be very helpful in criminal investigations. The level of crime in the world and
in India in particular is growing exponentially and the need for faster and more effective detection of
crime is also growing. In some cases there is no biological evidence, tangible evidence or any other
physical evidence obtained from the investigator in such cases. when a person comes in contact with the
surface. When a crime is committed, the perpetrator may insert a large number of skin cells into the
scene such as a murder weapon, clothing from the victim, and so on.
HISTORY OF TOUCH DNA
In the early 1990's, the science of intelligence began to move from markers like the D1S80, which
included large repetitive basic units and large amplicon sizes to short tandem (STRs). of the 1990s in the
early 2000s. PCR allowed the construction of genetic information from small amounts of DNA;
duplication of primers allowed the production of genetic data from multiple sites from the same aliquot
of DNA thereby reducing sample usage; fluorescent primers that help duplication and new automated
typing systems; and the use of STR improved the chances of creating a low quality sample profile. As the
desire for higher racial power among people increased, the number of loci targeted at single duplication
increased and now there are now a number of commercially available, well-proven products, including
15 - 16 STR flexible loci, such as ESX and ESI. programs and NGM. These new kits also include
improvements in primer design, bath design and scaling conditions that enhance the analysis of Touch
samples. The PCR method was not used successfully due to the large number and size of required DNA
fragments
STEPS FOR EXTRACTION OF TOUCH DNA
1. Identifying the target surfaces

2. collection of Touch DNA samples.
3. Isolation of Touch DNA
4. Determination of quality and quantity of DNA
5. DNA amplification DNA detection
1. Identification of target areas and collection of Touch DNA samples-
The first important function of the forensic analyst is to identify the target areas that may contain
the suspected Touch of DNA. In the case of a murder, Touch DNA of a criminal can be found in
the area of a murder weapon such as a pistol, knife, pistol etc. in the event of sexual abuse, it can
be found on the victim's skin and clothes. If hacked, the stolen item may have a thief's Touch of
DNA. In fraudulent crime cases, the fake epithelial cells are transferred to the suspect document.
These cells are a source of DNA that can be detected and used for criminal detection.
2. Touch DNA collection
Identification of potential evidence containing Touch DNA samples is followed by collection

using various methods such as swiping or sawbing , cutting, scraping, lifting tape etc. so that
the entire area of the swab contributes to the collection. The swipe method is common in
solid areas of life glass, plastic, etc. with more soft fabrics, targeted cutting is one way to
collect. However, swipe methods and cutting methods may be associated with background
impurities that may hinder the DNA projection of Touch DNA samples. Two other Touch
DNA collections have been introduced. These methods of scrubbing and lifting tape both
reduce contamination during the collection process.
3. Touch DNA isolation or Separation-
Separation and extraction of DNA is done using chillax extraction, organic extraction and
silica-based extraction. Organic and chillax extraction processes can lead to partial loss of
DNA. A new method of separating silica-based extracts using magnetic beads bound to silica
captures DNA in a lysed cell.
4. Determination of quality and amount of DNA
After DNA is extracted from epithelial skin cells, Touch DNA are tested for quality and
quantity. Dot blot method, gel removal method, Capillary electrophoresis, Fluorescent inter
chelating assay dye and PCR volume test are used to determine the quality and amount of
DNA in Touch samples.
5. DNA Amplification
As Touch DNA is obtained through Touch values, DNA is amplified to produce several
copies and then tested for polymorphism length and polymorphism sequence. Following PCR
enlargement, 13 STR loci as indicated, identified indicating polymorphism between different
individuals. The chances of pairing the DNA profiles of two unrelated individuals are
negligible and may help to compare the DNA profile of the Touch DNA with the suspect's
DNA once the suspects have been identified. If the suspect has not been identified, then the
Touch DNA profile could be compared to DNA data such as CODIS (Combined DNA
Indexing System).
6. DNA detection
Fluorescent tags are sum up to the DNA sample. These tags attach with the particular
nucleotide sequences at the STR loci and aid in detection of the STR loci.
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Introduction-

HISTORY OF TOUCH DNA

STEPS FOR EXTRACTION OF TOUCH DNA

1. Identifying the target surfaces

1. Identification of target areas and collection of Touch DNA samples-

2. Touch DNA collection

Identification of potential evidence containing Touch DNA samples is followed by collection

3. Touch DNA isolation or Separation-

4. Determination of quality and amount of DNA

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