Christine Nicole G.

Aranguren

BSN – 1A

What is cell ?

 It is the smallest unit that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms and the

tissues of the body.

 the basic membrane-bound unit that contains the fundamental molecules of life and of

which all living things are composed. A single cell is often a complete organism in itself, such

as a bacterium or yeast. Other cells acquire specialized functions as they mature.

 The cell is the basic functional unit of the human body.

 Cells are considered as the basic unit of Life

 Cells are extremely small, typically only about 0.01 millimeter (.0004 or 4 ten-thousandths

of an inch) across even our largest cells are no bigger than the width of a human hair.
What is the function of the cell?

 They provide structure for the body, take in nutrients from food, convert those nutrients

into energy, and carry out specialized functions. Cells also contain the body's hereditary

material and can make copies of themselves.

 CELLS are often called the microscopic building blocks of the body.

 They are active and dynamic, they continually grow and specialize, function, die, and

replenish themselves, by the millions every second.

 The whole body contains about 37.2 trillion 37,200,000,000,000 cells,

 There are 226 different kinds

 Cells provide structure and function for all living things, from microorganisms to humans.

Scientists consider them the smallest form of life. Cells house the biological machinery that

makes the proteins, chemicals, and signals responsible for everything that happens inside

our bodies.

A cell has three main parts :

 The Cell Membrane - (also known as the plasma membrane (PM) or cytoplasmic

membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that

separates and protects the interior of all cells from the outside environment (the

extracellular space).
  The Nucleus - is one of the most obvious parts of the cell when you look at a picture of the

cell. It's in the middle of the cell, and the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes,

which encode the genetic material.

 The Cytoplasm - is the gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell. It is composed of

water, salts, and various organic molecules. Some intracellular organelles, such the nucleus

and mitochondria, are enclosed by membranes that separate them from the cytoplasm.

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ORGANELLES

• Organelles are embedded within the cytoplasm (liquid) of our cells and are held in there by an

outside membrane.

 Cell Membrane

 Nucleus

 Cell Wall

 Cytoplasm

 Cytoskeleton

 Ribosomes

 Endoplasmic Reticulum

 Golgi Apparatus

 Mitochondria

 Lysosomes

 Peroxisomes

 Cilia and Flagella

 Basal Bodies

 Centrioles

 Vacuoles

 Plastids
Major organelles of the cells :

1. Nucleus

 The nucleus contains genetic material or DNA in the form of chromatin, or, during mitosis

or late interphase, chromosomes. All transcription and replication of genetic material take

place within the nucleus, as does RNA processing. The nucleolus also resides within the

nucleus and is responsible for RNA transcription and folding. Translation of RNA transcripts

takes place outside of the nucleus.

2. Mitochondria.

 A mitochondrian is the organelle responsible for a cell's metabolism. It synthesizes ATP

through a protein called ATP synthase. Mitochondria have a double membrane. An outer

membrane and a folded inner membrane. The internal membrane, called the cristae is

invaginated (folded or creased), to maximize surface area enabling it to hold more ATP

syntheses. It is called as "the powerhouse of the cell" which is present in the eukaryotic

organisms. It has matrix inside the inner membrane. It is in a rod shape structure.

3. Ribosomes.

 Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis. They are comprised of interacting protein

and nucleic acid chains. Broadly, ribosomes are comprised of a large and a small subunit.

The small subunit functions to attach to the mRNA strand and hold it in place during

translation, while the large subunit holds and manufactures the growing polypeptide chain.
 The large subunit is further subdivided into the A (aminoacyl), P (peptidyl), and E (exit)

binding sites.

 Aminoacyl Binding Site - The aminoacyl binding site binds a charged tRNA whose

anticodon matches the codon in the A site.

 Peptidyl Binding Site - The peptidyl binding site contains the molecular machinery

that transfers the bound polypeptide from the tRNA to the polypeptide chain, and

holds the growing chain in place.

 Exit Site - The exit site is the terminal binding site for tRNA, where discharged

tRNA's are released from the translation complex.

4. Endoplasmic Reticulum

 The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) acts as a transport from the nucleus and ribosomes to the

Golgi apparatus. There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum:

 Smooth ER act as transport for various things, mainly the RNA from the nucleus to

the ribosomes (RNA is a small piece of the DNA code specifically designed to tell the

ribosomes what to make). Smooth ER appears smooth in texture, hence the name.

Smooth ER plays an important role in lipid emulsification and digestion in the cell.

 Rough ER are "rough" because of the ribosomes embedded in them. The rough ER

takes the protein to the Golgi apparatus to be packaged into vacuoles

5. Golgi Complex.
 The Golgi Complex basically functions as a "packaging center" for the cell, attaching

"address labels" (functional groups) to various cell products to direct them to their

respective locations, and "packaging" the products into vacuoles to ensure delivery.

Anatomically, the Golgi Complex consists of layers of lipid membrane stacked one on top of

another, with a cis face and a trans face. As the molecular product being packaged moves

through the complex, various enzymes act upon it to induce vacuole formation and

functional group attachment.

6. Vacuole.

 Vacuoles are cellular storage places. Like the cell membrane, they are comprised of a lipid

bilayer that functions as a selectively permeable barrier to regulate movement of materials

into and out of the compartment. They can serve a variety of purposes, storing food, water,

or waste products, or immune functions such as containing dangerous materials or

maintaining turgor pressure (in plants). Vacuoles serve very different purposes in plant

cells than they do in animal cells.

 Plant Cells In plants, vacuoles comprise a significant portion of the cell's total volume and

often contribute significantly to the function of a differentiated cell. For example, vacuoles

in stomata cells contain large numbers of potassium ions, which can be pumped in or out to

open or close the stomata.

endo- and exocytosis or basic storage of food and waste.

 Central Vacuole The central vacuole is found only in plant cells. It is filled with water and is

pressurised, like a balloon. This forces all the other organelles within the cell out toward the

cell wall. This pressure is called turgor pressure and is what gives plants their "crisp" and

firm structure.

7. Peroxisomes.

 Peroxisomes perform a variety of metabolic processes and as a by-product, produce

hydrogen peroxide. Peroxisomes use peroxase enzyme to break down this hydrogen

peroxide into water and oxygen.

8. Lysosomes.

 Lysosomes are vacuoles containing digestive and destructive membranes. In white blood

cells, these are used to kill the bacteria or virus, while in tadpole-tail cells they kill the cell

by separating the tail from the main body.

 They also do much of the cellular digestion involved in apoptosis, the process of

programmed cell death.

Cell Tissues

 Your body is made of cells and when groups of cells do the same kind of work, they are

called tissues.
THE 4 TYPES OF BODY TISSUE

Your body is made of cells and when groups of cells do the same kind of work, they are called

tissues.

You have four main types of tissues: Connective, Epithelial, Muscle, and Nervous tissue.

 Connective tissue joins bones and cushions organs.

 Epithelial tissue covers the outside of the body. It also lines organs and cavities.

 Muscle tissue helps you move

 Nervous tissue sends electrical signals.

 Blood, bone, and cartilage are all types of connective tissue, but so are fat layers, tendons,

ligaments, and the fibrous tissue that holds organs and epithelial layers in place.

References and sources :

https://www.britannica.com/science/cell-biology#:~:text=cell%2C%20in%20biology%2C%20the

%20basic,specialized%20functions%20as%20they%20 https://www.genome.gov/genetics-

glossary/Nucleus#:~:text=The%20nucleus%20is%20one%20of,which%20encode%20the

%20genetic%20material.mature.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membrane#:~:text=The%20cell%20membrane%20(also

%20known,environment%20(the%20extracellular%20space).
https://nigms.nih.gov/education/fact-sheets/Pages/studying-cells.aspx#:~:text=Cells%20provide

%20structure%20and%20function,that%20happens%20inside%20our%20bodies.

https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Cytoplasm#:~:text=Cytoplasm%20is%20the

%20gelatinous%20liquid,separate%20them%20from%20the

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/basics/cell/#:~:text=They%20provide

%20structure%20for%20the,can%20make%20copies%20of%20themselves.%20cytoplasm.

https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cell_Biology/Organelles

https://www.uc.edu/content/dam/uc/ce/docs/OLLI/Page%20Content/very%20short

%20presentation%20about%20Cells%20and%20Tissues.pdf