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    Microprocessor Lecture9

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    CS420
    The document provides information about unsigned subtraction, multiplication, and division instructions in microprocessors. It discusses: 1) Unsigned subtraction using 2's complement method, with subtraction examples provided. 2) Unsigned multiplication for byte x byte, word x word, and word x byte operations, with the results stored in registers. 3) Unsigned division for byte/byte, word/word, word/byte, and doubleword/word, with the quotient and remainder stored in registers. 4) Logic instructions like AND are also briefly mentioned.

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    Microprocessor Lecture9

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    CS420
    401 views5 pages
    The document provides information about unsigned subtraction, multiplication, and division instructions in microprocessors. It discusses: 1) Unsigned subtraction using 2's complement method, with subtraction examples provided. 2) Unsigned multiplication for byte x byte, word x word, and word x byte operations, with the results stored in registers. 3) Unsigned division for byte/byte, word/word, word/byte, and doubleword/word, with the quotient and remainder stored in registers. 4) Logic instructions like AND are also briefly mentioned.

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    The document provides information about unsigned subtraction, multiplication, and division instructions in microprocessors. It discusses: 1) Unsigned subtraction using 2's complement method, with subtraction examples provided. 2) Unsigned multiplication for byte x byte, word x word, and word x byte operations, with the results stored in registers. 3) Unsigned division for byte/byte, word/word, word/byte, and doubleword/word, with the quotient and remainder stored in registers. 4) Logic instructions like AND are also briefly mentioned.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    401 views5 pages

    Microprocessor Lecture9

    Uploaded by

    CS420
    The document provides information about unsigned subtraction, multiplication, and division instructions in microprocessors. It discusses: 1) Unsigned subtraction using 2's complement method, with subtraction examples provided. 2) Unsigned multiplication for byte x byte, word x word, and word x byte operations, with the results stored in registers. 3) Unsigned division for byte/byte, word/word, word/byte, and doubleword/word, with the quotient and remainder stored in registers. 4) Logic instructions like AND are also briefly mentioned.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    of 5

    EEE 410 – Microprocessors I

    Spring 04/05 – Lecture Notes # 9


    Outline of the Lecture
    • Unsigned Subtraction
    • Unsigned Multiplication and Division
    • Arithmetic and Logic Instructions and Programs

    SUBTRACTION OF UNSIGNED NUMBERS

    SUB dest,source ; dest = dest - source

    ¾ In subtraction 2’s complement method is used.


    ¾ Execution of SUB instruction

    1. Take the 2’s complement of the subtrahend (source operand)


    2. Add it to the minuend (destination operand)
    3. Invert the carry

    Ex: MOV AL,3FH ; load AL=3FH


    MOV BH,23H ; load BH=23H
    SUB AL,BH ; subtract BH from AL. Place result in AL

    Execution steps:
    AL 3F 0011 1111 0011 1111
    – BH – 23 – 0010 0011 + 1100 0001 (2’s complement)
    1C 0001 1100 1 0001 1100 (CF=0) Step 3

    CF=0, ZF=0, PF=0, SF=0.


    • If the CF=0, the result is positive and the destination has the result.
    • If the CF=1, the result is negative and the destination has the 2’s complement of the result. NOT
    and INC increment instructions can be used to change it.

    Ex:
    ;from the data segment:
    DATA1 DB 4CH
    DATA2 DB 6EH
    RESULT DB ?

    ;from the code segment:


    MOV DH,DATA1 ;load DH with DATA1 value (4CH)
    SUB DH,DATA2 ;subtract DATA2 (6E) from DH (4C)
    JNC NEXT ;if CF=0 jump to NEXT target
    NOT DH ;if CF=1 take the 1’s complement
    INC DH ;and increment to get 2’s complement
    NEXT : MOV RESULT,DH ;save DH in RESULT

    Analysis: Following the 3 steps for “SUB DH,DATA2”


    4C 0100 1100 0100 1100
    – 6E 0110 1110 2’s comp + 1001 0010
    – 22 0 1101 1110 CF=1(Step 3) the result is negative
    • SBB (subtract with borrow)

    SBB dest,source ; dest = dest - source - CF

    ¾ Used in multibyte (multiword) numbers.


    ¾ If CF=0, SBB works exactly like SUB
    ¾ If CF=1, SBB subtracts 1 from the result

    Ex: Analyze the following program:

    DATA_A DD 62562FAH
    DATA_B DD 412963BH
    RESULT DD ?
    ….. …..
    MOV AX,WORD PTR DATA_A ;AX=62FA
    SUB AX,WORD PTR DATA_B ;AX=AX – 963B
    MOV WORD PTR RESULT,AX ;save the result
    MOV AX,WORD PTR DATA_A +2 ;AX=0625
    SBB AX,WORD PTR DATA_B +2 ;SUB 0412 with borrow
    MOV WORD PTR RESULT +2,AX ;save the result

    Note: PTR (Pointer) Directive is used to specify the size of the operand. Among the options for
    size are BYTE, WORD, DWORD and QWORD.

    Solution:
    After the SUB, AX = 62FA – 963B = CCBF and the carry flag is set. Since CF=1, when
    SBB is executed, AX = 625 – 412 – 1 = 212. Therefore, the value stored in RESULT is
    0212CCBF.

    UNSIGNED MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION

    ¾ Multiplication of unsigned numbers

    ¾ byte x byte :
    • One of the operands must be in AL . The other operand can be either in a register
    or in memory.
    • After the multiplication the result is in AX.

    Ex: RESULT DW ? ; result is defined in data


    segment
    …..
    MOV AL,25H ; a byte is moved to AL
    MOV BL,65H ; immediate data must be in a register
    MUL BL ; AL= AL x BL = 25 x 65
    MOV RESULT,AX ; result is saved
    Ex:
    ;from the data segment:
    DATA1 DB 25H
    DATA2 DB 65H
    RESULT DW ?
    ;from the code segment:
    MOV AL,DATA1
    MOV BL,DATA2
    MUL BL ;register addressing mode
    MOV RESULT,AX
    or
    MOV AL,DATA1
    MUL DATA2 ;direct addressing mode
    MOV RESULT,AX

    ¾ word x word :
    • One of the operands must be in AX . The other operand can be either in a register
    or in memory.
    • After the multiplication the lower word is in AX and the higher word is in DX.

    Ex:
    DATA3 DW 2278H
    DATA4 DW 2F79H
    RESULT1 DW 2 DUP?
    ...
    MOV AX,DATA3 ; load first operand into AX
    MUL DATA4 ; multiply it by the second operand
    MOV RESULT1,AX ; store the lower word of the result
    MOV RESULT1+2,DX ; store the higher word of the result

    ¾ word x byte :
    • Similar to word x word, but AL contains byte operand and AH must be zero.

    Ex:
    DATA5 DB 6BH
    DATA6 DW 12C3H
    RESULT3 DW 2 DUP?
    ...
    MOV AL,DATA5 ; AL holds byte operand
    SUB AH,AH ; AH must be cleared
    MUL DATA6 ; byte in AL multiplied by word
    operand
    MOV BX,OFFSET RESULT3 ; BX points the storage for product
    MOV [BX],AX ; AX holds lower word
    MOV [BX]+2,DX ; DX holds higher word

    Unsigned Multiplication summary


    Multiplication Operand 1 Operand 2 Result
    byte x byte AL register or memory AX
    word x word AX register or memory DX AX
    word x byte AL=byte, AH=0 register or memory DX AX

    ¾ Division of unsigned numbers

    1. Byte / byte
    • Numerator must be in AL and AH must be set to zero
    • Denominator cannot be immediate but can be in memory or in a register.
    • After the division AL will have the quotient and AH will have the remainder
    Ex: DATA7 DB 95
    DATA8 DB 10
    QUOT1 DB ?
    REMAIN1 DB ?

    ;using direct mode


    MOV AL,DATA7 ;AL holds numerator
    SUB AH,AH ;AH must be cleared
    DIV DATA8 ;divide AX by DATA8
    MOV QUOT1,AL ;quotient = AL = 09
    MOV REMAIN1,AH ;remainder = AH = 05

    ;using register addressing mode


    MOV AL,DATA7 ;AL holds numerator
    SUB AH,AH ;AH must be cleared
    MOV BH,DATA8 ;move denominator to a register
    DIV BH ;divide AX by BH
    MOV QUOT1,AL ;quotient = AL = 09
    MOV REMAIN1,AH ;remainder = AH = 05

    ;using the immediate addressing mode will give an error


    MOV AL,DATA7
    SUB AH,AH
    DIV 10 ;immediate mode is not allowed

    2. word / word
    • Numerator must be in AX and DX must be cleared
    • Denominator can be in memory or in a register.
    • After the division AX will have the quotient and DX will have the remainder
    Ex:
    MOV AX,10050 ;AX holds numerator
    SUB DX,DX ;DX must be cleared
    MOV BX,100 ;BX is used for denominator
    DIV BX ;divide AX by BX
    MOV QUOT2,AX ;quotient = AX = 64H (100 )
    MOV REMAIN2,DX ;remainder = DX = 32H (50)

    3. word / byte
    • Numerator must be in AX
    • Denominator can be in memory or in a register.
    • After the division AL will have the quotient and AH will have the remainder
    Ex:
    MOV AX,2055 ;AX holds numerator
    MOV CL,100 ;BX is used for denominator
    DIV CL ;divide AX by CL
    MOV QUO,AL ;AL holds the quotient = AL = 14H (20)
    MOV REMI,AH ;AH holds the remainder = AH = 37H (55)

    4. doubleword / word
    • Numerator must be in AX and DX, least significant word in AX and most significant word
    in DX.
    • Denominator can be in memory or in a register.
    • After the division AX will have the quotient and DX will have the remainder
    Ex: DATA1 DD 105432
    DATA2 DW 10000
    QUOT DW ?
    REMAIN DW ?
    …..
    MOV AX,WORD PTR DATA1 ;AX holds the lower word
    MOV DX,WORD PTR DATA1+2 ;DX holds the higher word of the
    numerator
    DIV DATA2
    MOV QUOT,AX ;AX holds the quotient
    MOV REMAIN,DX ;DX holds the remainder

    5. “Divide Error”: If the denominator is zero (dividing any number by 00) and if the quotient is too
    large for the assigned register, “Divide Error” message will be displayed.

    LOGIC INSTRUCTIONS

    AND

    AND dest,source ; dest = dest & source

    Ex: MOV BL,35H


    AND BL,0FH ;AND BL with 0FH and place the result in BL

    Solution:
    35H 00110101
    0FH 00001111
    05H 00000101 SF=0, ZF=0, PF=1,CF=OF=0

    Ex: AND DH,DH


    JZ NEXT
    ….
    NEXT: ….

    This operation will AND DH with itself and if the result is zero set ZF=1
    jumping to NEXT.

    OR

    OR dest,source ; dest = dest & source

    Ex: MOV AX,0504H


    OR AX,0DA68H
    Solution:
    0504H 0000 0101 0000 0100
    DA68H 1101 1010 0110 1000
    DF6CH 1101 1111 0110 1100 SF=1, ZF=0, PF=1,CF=OF=0

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