EBD_7051

Chapter

3 Plant Kingdom

CHARACTERISTICS FEATURE OF KINGDOM PLANTAE y Natural system of classification

² It was given by George Bentham and Joseph Dalton
y The Kingdom Plantae includes plants which are multicellular Hooker.
eukaryotes. ² It was based on natural affinities among the organisms
y All plants contain plastids. Plastids are double membrane and considers not only the external features, but
organelle that possess photosynthetic pigments. They are also internal features, like ultrastructure, anatomy,
called chloroplasts. embryology and phytochemistry.
y Phylogenetic system of classification
y They are usually autotrophic. Chloroplast contains a green
² This is accepted system of classification as it is based
colour pigment called chlorophyll and prepares its own food
on evolutionary relationship between the organisms.
by the process of photosynthesis.
² This assumes that organisms belonging to the same
y The cell walls possess mainly cellulose. taxa have a common ancestor.
y The plant body may be thalloid or differentiated into root, y Numerical taxonomy
stem and leaves. ² It is based on all observable characteristics.
y They may be non-vascular or vascular. ² Numbers and codes are assigned to all characters
y They have two stages in their life cycle- a haploid, and the data are then processed. In this way each
sexually reproducing gametophytic generation and a character is given equal importance and at the same
diploid, asexually reproducings porophytic generation. time hundreds of characters can be considered.
The two generations alternate. This is called alternation ² Easily carried out using computers.
of generations. y Cytotaxonomy
² It is based on cytological information such as
CLASSIFICATION WITHIN ANGIOSPERMS chromosome number, structure, behaviour.
y Chemotaxonomy
y Artificial system of classification ² It is based on chemical constituents of plant to resolve
² It was given by Linnaeus. doubts and confusions.
² They were based mainly on vegetative characters and
androecium structures.
² This artificial system classification separated the KINGDOM PLANTAE
closely related species since they were based on a
few characteristics. They gave equal importance to y Kingdom plantae shows a lot of diversity, because of which,
vegetative and sexual characteristics, which is not it has been divided into four divisions: Algae, Bryophyta,
acceptable since we know that often the vegetative Pteridophyta, and Spermatophyta (Gymnosperms and
Angiosperms).
characters are more easily affected by environment.
 Plant Kingdom 43

Classification of Kingdom Plantae

Plant Kingdom

Cryptogamae (Plants Phanaerogamae

without seeds) (Plants with seeds)

Thallophyta Bryophyta Pteridophyta Gymnospermae Angiospermae

e.g. Marchantia, Do not produce seeds (bear naked seeds) (Seeds enclosed inside fruit)
Funaria e.g., Dryopteris, Adiantum e.g., Pinus, Cycas

Algae Fungi Monocotyledonae Dicotyledonae

e.g., Spirogyra, (e.g., Agaricus) (Seeds with one cotyledon) (Seeds with two cotyledons)
Chlamydomonas e.g., Maize, Onion, Rice, Wheat e.g., Sunflower, Mango, Hibiscus

Cryptaegamae and Phanerogamae Sub-Division Algae

In 1883, Eichler divided the kingdom plante into two sub-kingdoms, y Habit and habitat: Algae are largely aquatic either
Cryptogamae and Phanerogamae. freshwater or marine organisms. Some members of algae
occur in association with fungi (lichens) and animals (on
Sub-kingdom Cryptagamae (Greek-cryptos- sloth bear).
hidden, gamos-marriage) y Characteristic features:
(i) These include lower plants that do not bear flower or seed. ² Algae are chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid,
They are known as seedless plants. autotrophic organisms.
(ii) The reproductive organs are inconspicuous. ² Their size ranges from microscopic unicellular forms
(iii) The embryo, if present, is naked and called spores. such as Chlamydomonas to colonial forms such as
(iv) It includes three divisions: Thallophyta, Bryophyta and Volvox and to filamentous forms such as Ulothrix and
Pteridophyta. Spirogyra. Massive plant-like bodies are seen in some
marine forms (such as kelps).
Sub-kingdom Phanerogamae (Greek-phaneros- ² Their body is unicellular (Chlamydomonas), Colonial
visible, gamos-marriage) (Volvox) or filamentous (Spirogyra) or thalloid
(Sargassum).
(i) These include plant that bears flowers and seeds. ² Algae are covered over by mucilage, which protects
(ii) The plant body is well differentiated into true stem, leaves them from epiphytic growth and decaying effect of
and roots. water.
(iii) Main reproductive organ is seed. Seeds are formed as result y Reproduction: The algae reproduce vegetatively, asexually
of sexual reproduction. The male and female gametes and sexually.
fuse together inside the ovary (female part of flower) and ² Vegetative Reproduction: Vegetative reproduction
develop into seed. In some plants seed is not produced is by fragmentation. Each fragment develops into a
inside an ovary. thallus.
(iv) It includes a single division of spermatophyte. ² Asexual Reproduction: It takes place by means of
different kinds of spores like zoospores, aplanospores
and akinetes. Zoospores are naked, flagellated and
DIVISION THALLOPHTA (GREEK: THALLOS motile. (E.g. Chlamydomonas). Aplanospores are thin
UNDIFFERENTIATED, PHYTON-PLANT) walled and non-motile (E.g. Chlorella).
² Akinetes are thick walled and non-motile spores (E.g.
y Plants of this division comprise the simplest plants that do Pithophora).
not have well-differentiated body design. ² Sexual reproduction: Sexual reproduction involves
y The body design is simple i.e. not differentiated into stem, fusion of two gametes. If fusing gametes belong to the
root and leaves. It is often called thallus. same thallus it is called homothallic and if they belong
y They are unicellular. to different thalli it is heterothallic. Fusing gametes
y Thallophyta includes a single sub-division of algae. may be isogametes or heterogametes.
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44 BIOLOGY

y Isogamy: It is the fusion of two morphologically and type of fusion the male gamete is usually referred to as
physiologically similar gametes. E.g. Spirogyra and some antherozoid which is usually motile and smaller in size and
species of Chlamydomonas. the female gamete which is usually non- motile and bigger in
y Anisogamy: It is the fusion of two gametes which are size is referred to as egg. The sex organ which produces the
morphologically dissimilar but physiologically similar antherozoids is called antheridium and the egg is produced
(both motile or both non-motile). E.g. some species of in oogonium. The fusion product of antherozoid and egg
Chlamydomonas. is called zygote. The zygote may germinate directly after
y Oogamy: It refers to the fusion of gametes which are both meiosis or may produce meiospores which in turn will
morphologically and physiologically dissimilar. In this germinate. E.g., Volvox, Fucus.

Reproduction

Vegetative Asexual Sexual

(fragmentation) (Zoospores (Fusion gametes)
Example - Spirogyra

Isogamous Anisogamous Oogamous

• Gametes similar in size • Gametes dissimilar in size • One gamete large and non-
• Example - Chlamydomonas • Example - some species of motile (female)
Chlamydomonas • Other gamete smaller and
motile (male)
Example - Volvox, Fucus

Economic Importance of Algae (a) Class I– Chlorophyceae (Green algae)

² The members of chlorophyceae are commonly called
Algae have diverse economic uses. They perform half of the total green algae.
carbon dioxide-fixation on earth by photosynthesis, acting as the ² The plant body may be unicellular, colonial or
primary producers in aquatic habitats. filamentous.
y Food source: Many species of marine algae such as ² The major pigments are Chlorophyll a and b. The
Porphyra, Sargassum, and Laminaria are edible. Chlorella pigments are localised in definite chloroplasts.
and Spirulina are rich in proteins. Thus, they are used as ² Most of the members have one or more storage bodies
food supplements.
called pyrenoids located in the chloroplasts. Pyrenoids
y Commercial importance: Agar is used in the preparation
contain protein besides starch.
of jellies and ice-cream. It is obtained from Gelidium
² Stored food : They store their food in the form of
and Gracilaria. Carrageenin is used as an emulsifier in
starch. Some algae may store food in the form of oil
chocolates, paints, and toothpastes. It is obtained from the
droplets.
red algae. Algin from Laminaria, Fucus, and Sargassum is
² Cell wall composition : Green algae usually have a
used in stabilising emulsions i.e. shaving creams, shampoos,
rigid cell wall made of an inner layer of cellulose and
ice creams etc.
an outer layer of pectose.
y Medicines: Many red algae such as Corallina are used in
y Reproduction:
treating worm infections.
² Vegetative reproduction usually takes place by
y Sewage disposal: Chlamydomonas and Chlorella are used
fragmentation or by formation of different types of
for sewage disposal. They are the algae of sewage oxidation
tanks which provide aerobic conditions for disposal of spores.
sewage by decomposers. ² Asexual reproduction is by spores. The common
The algae are divided into three classes based on their asexual spores are flagellated zoospores produced in
main pigments: Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae, and zoosporangia, aplanospores, hypnospores, akinetes
Rhodophyceae. etc.
y These divisions are based on the following factors: ² The sexual reproduction may be isogamous,
² Major photosynthetic pigments present anisogamous or oogamous.
² Form of stored food E.g. Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Ulothrix, Spirogyra,
² Cell wall composition Chara, etc.
 Plant Kingdom 45

(b) Class II– Phaeophyceae (Brown algae) (c) Class III– Rhodophyceae (Red algae)
² The members of Phaeophyceae are commonly called ² Common name: Rhodophyta are commonly called
brown algae. red algae because of the predominance of the red
² Habit and habitat: Brown algae are found primarily pigment, r-phycoerythrin in their body.
in marine habitats. ² Habit and habitat: Majority of the red algae are
² Size and Form: They show great variation in size marine except for a few fresh water species. They
and form. Body consists of branched, filamentous occur in both well-lighted regions close to the surface
structures (e.g. Ectocarpus) to profusely branched of water and also at great depths in oceans where
forms as represented by kelps, which may reach a relatively little light penetrates.
height of 100 metres.
² Major pigments: They possess chlorophyll a and b,
² The plant body is usually attached to the substratum
and phycoerythrin. The red colour of the red algae is
by a holdfast, and has a stalk, the stipe and leaf like
due to abundant formation of phycoerythrin.
photosynthetic organ called the frond.
² Major pigments: They possess chlorophyll a, ² Stored food: The food is stored as floridean starch.
c, carotenoids and xanthophyll pigment, called Its constituent is very similar to amylopectin and
fucoxanthin. The brown colour of algae is due to the glycogen in structure.
presence of large amount of xanthophyll pigment. ² Cell wall: It is made of cellulose, pectin, and
² Stored Food : Food is stored as complex carbohydrates, polysulphate esters. Some red algae have an incrustation
which may be in the form of laminarin or mannitol. of calcium carbonate over their walls. They appear
² Cell wall composition: The cells have a cellulosic coral like and are called coralline. Corallina algae
wall usually covered on the outside by a gelatinous produce limestone and are important component of
coating of algin. reef formations along with corals.
y Reproduction ² Flagella is absent in members of this class.
² Vegetative reproduction takes place by fragmenta- ² Reproduction:
tion. ♦ The red algae usually reproduce vegetatively by
² Asexual reproduction is by biflagellate zoospores fragmentation.
that are pear-shaped and have two unequal laterally ♦ They reproduce asexually by non-motile spores.
attached flagella.
♦ They reproduce sexually by non-motile gametes.
² Sexual reproduction may be isogamous, anisogamous Sexual reproduction is oogamous. The male sex
or oogamous. In isogamy and anisogamy both the organ is called antheridium. It produces non
gametes are motile while in oogamy, only the male flagellate male gametes called spermatium. The
gametes are motile or flagellate. The female gametes female sex organ is flask shaped and is termed
are non-motile. The union of gametes may take place carpogonium. It possesses an elongated receptive
in water or within the oogonium (oogamous species). organ called trichogyne. Male gamete is carried
The gametes are pyriform (pear-shaped) and bear two by water currents to trichogyne for effective
laterally attached flagella. fertilization.
E.g. Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Fucus, Sargassum, Lami-
E.g. Polysiphonia, Porphyra, Gracilaria, Gelidium
naria,
Divisions of algae and their main characteristics

Classes Common Major pigments Stored food Cell wall Flagellar number Habitat
name and position of
insertions
Chlorophyceae Green algae Chlorophyll a, b Starch Cellulose 2-8, equal, apical Fresh water, brackish water,
salt water
Phaeophyceae Brown algae C h l o r o p h y l l a , c , Mannitol, Cellulose and 2, unequal, lateral Fresh water (rare), brackish
fucoxanthin laminarin algin water, salt water

Rhodophyceae Red algae C h l o r o p h y l l a , d , Floridean starch Cellulose Absent Fresh water (some), brackish
phycoerythrin water, salt water (most)
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46 BIOLOGY

DIVISION BRYOPHYTA (Greek: Bryon-Moss, ² The sporophyte reproduces asexually by producing

spores. Meiosis takes place during spore formation,
Phyton-Plant) hence they are haploid. These spores germinate to
y Habit and habitat: They usually occur in cool, damp, produce the gametophyte.
and shady areas. They are known as amphibians of plant ² Bryophytes show distinct alternation of gametophytic
kingdom since they live on land, but depend on water for generation with sporophytic generation.
sexual reproduction.
y Characteristics: Gametophyte and Sporophyte
² Bryophyte is a division of non-vascular plants having Gametophyte (Greek-gametos-spouse, phyton-plant): Gameto-
an embryo stage in their developmental process. phyte is a haploid plant structure that produces gametes directly.
² Plant body is more differentiated than algae. Sporophyte (Greek-Sporos-seed, phyton-plant): Sporophyte is
² The plant body is thallus-like and is attached to diploid (2n) plant structure that produces haploid spores. Sporophyte
substratum by rhizoids. Rhizoids may be unicellular is formed form diploid zygote or fusion of gametes.
or multicellular. Roots are absent.
² Bryophytes lack true roots, stem and leaves; They
may possesses root-like, stem-like, and leaf-like
structures
² They have no specialized tissue for the conduction of
water and other substances from one part of the body
to another.
² The dominant phase in the life cycle is haploid game-
tophyte. It may be a flattened thallus or differentiated
into stem-like, root-like and leaf-like structures. The
root-like structures are called rhizoids.
² The gametophyte bears sex organs. Sex organs are
multicellular and jacketed.
² They are of two types: Fig.: Life history of bryophytes
♦ The male sex organ is called antheridium, which y Economic Importance of Bryophytes
produces biflagellate antherozoids or sperms. ² Food: Some mosses are good source of food for
♦ The female sex organ is called archegonium. herbaceous mammals, birds and other animals.
Archegonium is flask-shaped and produces a ² Peat: Sphagnum in form of peat is used as fuel and
fertile egg or oosphere. also used for trans-shipment of living material as it has
² The antherozoid fuses with the egg to produce zygote. water holding capacity, prevent soil erosion, along with
The zygote produces a multicellular body called a lichens are first colonisers on barren rocks.
sporophyte. ² Soil formation: Mosses along with lichens are the
² The sporophyte is not free-living but attached to the first organisms to colonise rocks and hence, are of
photosynthetic gametophyte and derives nourishment great ecological importance. They decompose rocks
from it. That means, the sporophyte is dependent on making the substrate suitable for the growth of higher
the gametophyte. plants.
² Prevention of soil erosion: Bryophytes especially
mosses form dense mats on the soil, reduce the impact
of falling rain and prevent soil erosion.
y The bryophytes are divided into three classes:
♦ Hepaticopsida (Liverworts): e.g. Riccia,
Marchantia, Pellia, Sphaerocarpos.
♦ Anthocerotopsida (Hornworts): e.g. Anthoceros,
Notothylas.
♦ Bryopsida (Mosses): e.g.Funaria, Sphagnum,
Polytrichum.

Liverworts
y Characteristics:
² Habit and habitat: The liverworts grow usually
Fig. Life cycle of a bryophyte in moist, shady habitats such as banks of streams,
 Plant Kingdom 47

marshy ground, damp soil, bark of trees and deep in Difference between Liverworts and Moss
the woods.
²² Body features: The plant body of a liverwort is Liverworts Moss
thalloid, e.g., Marchantia. The thallus is dorsi-ventral They have unicellular rhizoids. They have multicellular rhizoids.
and closely appressed to the substrate. Scales are present very often Scales are absent
²² Reproduction:
They are generally thalloid, with They are foliage, with lateral
♦♦ Asexual reproduction: It takes place by fragmen-
dichotomous branching. branching.
tation of thalli, or by the formation of gemmae.
Gemmae are small green, multicellular, asexual Gemma cups are present Gemma cups are absent
buds, which are borne dorsally inside gemma cups Sporophyte has very little Sporophyte has abundant
located on the thalli. The mature gemmae separate photosynthetic tissue photosynthetic tissue
from the parent body and germinate to form new
individuals. DIVISION PTERIDOPHYTA (Greek. Pteris-fern,
♦♦ Sexual reproduction: The male and female phyton-plant)
sex organs are produced either on the same or
on different thalli. Fertilization produces zygote yy Habit and habitat: The pteridophytes are found in cool,
which grows to form diploid sporophyte. Each damp, shady places though some may flourish well in
sandy-soil conditions.
sporophyte is differentiated into a foot, seta and
yy Characteristic features:
capsule. After meiosis, spores are produced within
²² They are first terrestrial plants which possess vascular
the capsule. These spores germinate to form free-
tissue i.e. xylem and phloem.
living gametophytes.
²² It is a division of seedless vascular plants. Hence
²² Common examples: Riccia, Marchantia etc.
commonly known as vascular cryptogams.
Mosses ²² They have well developed vascular system (sylem
and phloem).
yy Characteristics: ²² The dominant plant body is sporophyte, which is
²² The predominant stage of the life cycle of a moss is differentiated into true root, stem and leaves. These
the gametophyte which consists of two stages. organs possess well-differentiated vascular tissues.
♦♦ Protonema stage: It is the first stage and develops ²² The leaves in pteridophyta are small (microphylls) as
directly from a spore. It is a creeping, green, in Selaginella or large (macrophylls) as in ferns.
branched and frequently filamentous stage. ²² The sporophytes bear sporangia that develop in associ-
♦♦ Leafy stage: It is the second stage, which develops ation with leaf-like appendages called sporophylls.
from the secondary protonema as a lateral bud. ²² In some pteridophytes, sporophylls form distinct,
They consist of upright, slender axis bearing compact structures called strobili or cones (Selaginella,
spirally arranged leaves. They are attached to the Equisetum).
soil through multicellular and branched rhizoids. ²² Seeds are absent. They produce naked embryos called
This stage bears the sex organs. spores.
²² Reproduction ♦♦ Homosporous pteridophytes: They bear spores
♦♦ Vegetative reproduction: It is by fragmentation that are of same type. They produce bisexual
and budding in the secondary protonema. gametophytes. E.g. Pteris, Adiantum,Nephrolepis,
♦♦ Sexual reproduction: In mosses, the primary Lycopodium.
♦♦ Heterosporous pteridophytes: They bear two
protonema (developed in the first stage) develops
kinds of spores-microspores (small) and me-
into the secondary protonema. Both these stages
gaspores (large). They produce unisexual gameto-
are haploid or gametophytic. The secondary
phytes. E.g. Selaginella, Salvinia, Marsilea.
protonema bears the sex organs antheridia and
²² The sporangia produce spores by meiosis in spore
archegonia, which produce gametes. These gametes
mother cells.
fuse to form a zygote. The zygote develops into a ²² The spores germinate to give rise to inconspicuous, small
sporophyte, consisting of foot, seta and capsule.
but multicellular, free-living, mostly photosynthetic
The capsule contains spores. Many spores are
thalloid gametophytes called prothallus.
formed as a result of the reduction division taking
place in the capsule of this sporophyte. ²² The gametophyte, prothallus bear male and female
²² Common Examples: Funaria, Polytrichum and sex organs called antheridia and archegonia, respec-
Sphagnum etc. tively.
²² Antheridia are small and sessile. Archegonia are
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48 BIOLOGY

partially embedded. Archegonial neck is four-rowed.

² Sperms are motile and require an external supply of
water to reach archegonia.
² Fusion of male gamete with the egg present in the
archegonium result in the formation of zygote.
² Zygote thereafter produces a multicellular well-
differentiated sporophyte which is the dominant phase
of the pteridophytes.
² Spores may be similar (homosporous) as in majority of
pteridophytes. However, few plants are heterosporous.
They produce two types of spores-microspores and
megaspores.
² The megaspores and microspores germinate and give
rise to female and male gametophytes, respectively.
The female gametophytes in these plants are retained
on the parent sporophytes for variable periods. The
development of the zygotes into young embryos takes
place within the female gametophytes.

Fig. Graphical representation of life cycle of pteridophytes

y The pteridophytes are divided into four classes:
² Psilopsida (Whisk ferns): E.g.Psilotum, Rhynia.
² Lycopsida (Club mosses): E.g. Lycopodium,
Selaginella.
² Sphenopsida (Horse tails): E.g. Equisetum, Hyenia
² Pteropsida (Ferns): E.g. Pteris, Adiantum,
Dryopteris.
Life Cycle of a Fern (Dryopteris)
y Dryopteris is a common fern with pinnately-compound
leaves.
y The main plant-body is sporophytic. Many sporangia are
borne on the lower surfaces of its mature leaves.
y Each sporangium has spore mother cells which undergo
meiosis to produce haploid spores.
Fig. : Life cycle of a fern y On maturing, these spores dehisce and germinate to give
rise to a heart-shaped gametophyte called prothallus.
y The prothallus bears the male and female sex organs called
antheridia and archegonia respectively.
y The antheridia produce sperms that swim in water to reach
the archegonia. The egg is produced by the archegonia.
y Fusion of male gamete with the egg present in the
archegonium result in the formation of zygote.
y The zygote forms an embryo, which in turn develops
into a new sporophyte. The young plant comes out of the
archegonium of the parent gametophyte.
Heterospory
y Heterospory evolved first in pteridophytes such as
Selaginella and Salvinia and is considered an important step
in evolution as it is a precursor to the seed habit.
y Heterospory is a phenomenon in which two kinds of spores
are borne by the same plant. These spores differ in size.
The smaller one is known as microspore and the larger
one is known as megaspore. The microspore germinates to
 Plant Kingdom 49

form the male gametophyte and the megaspore germinates y Male and female gametophytes are distinct. They are small
to form the female gametophyte. The male gametophyte and dependent on sporophyte for their nutrition.
releases the male gametes and these reach the female y They have well-developed vascular tissues throughout the
gametophyte to fuse with the egg. The development of the plant body.
zygote takes place inside the female gametophyte. y The reproductive process produces seeds which on
y This retention and germination of the megaspore within germination forms a new plant.
the megasporangium ensures proper development of the y Plants show heterospory or two types of meiospores,
zygote. The zygote develops into the future sporophyte. microspores and megaspores.
The evolution of the seed habit is related to the retention y Spores are produced in two types of sporangia,
of the megaspore. microsporangia (pollen sacs) and megasporangia. They are
borne on two distinct sporophylls called microsporophylls
Economic Importance of Pteridophytes and megasporophylls respectively.
(i) Food: Pteridophytes form a good source of food to animals. y The gametophytes are completely parasitic.
E.g. Marsilea, a water fern is cooked and eaten by certain y Fertilization occurs with the help of a tube formed by male
tribals. gametophytes, called pollen tube. The process is known as
(ii) Soil binding: Pteridophytes bind the soil along hill slopes siphonogamy.
and also protect the soil from erosion. The gametophyte is reduced to two microscopic structures:
(iii) Nitrogen fixation: Some pteridophytes like Azolla, a y a pollen grain – a tiny male gametophyte containing
water fern has a symbiotic association with N2 fixing sperm.
cyanobacterium called Anaebaena azollae. y a small portion inside an ovule – a tiny female gametophyte
(iv) Ornamentals: Ferns are grown as ornamental plants for containing an egg cell. After pollination, an ovule develops
their delicate and graceful leaves. into a seed.
Spermatophyta has two sub-divisions- Gymnospermae and
Difference between Bryophytes and Pteridophytes Angiospermae.
Bryophytes Pteridophytes Sub- Division Gymnospermae (Gymnos – Naked,
The main plant body is gametophyte. The main plant body is Sperma – Seeds)
sporophyte.
Vascular tissues (i.e. Xylem and Vascular tissues are present. Characteristic Features
phloem) are absent. y The term gymnosperm refers to plants with naked seeds,
Sporophytes are parasitic over Both sporophyte and i.e., the seeds (ovules) are not enclosed inside a fruit. They
gametophyte. gametophyte are independent. are naked.
Plant body can be thalloid or foliose Plant body is differentiated y All gymnosperms are perennial and woody. The plant-body
into stem, leaves and roots. ranges from medium to tall trees and shrubs.
Instead of roots, rhizoids are present. Roots are present.
y The root system consists of tap roots.
y Roots in some genera show symbiotic associations.
Haploid gametophytic phase is long Diploid sporophytic phase is
² Mycorrhiza shows association of fungi with Pinus
lived while sporophytic phase is long lived while gametophytic
short lived.. phase is short lived.
roots.
² The small specialized roots, in Cycas called
Antheridium is stalked and Antheridium is sessile and
coralloid roots are associated with nitrogen-fixing
archegoniumis commonly exposed. archegoniumis partially
embedded.
cyanobacteria.
y The stem can be branched (as in Pinus and Cedrus) or un-
y The first three divisions of plantae, namely algae, bryophyta branched (as in Cycas).
and pteridophyta are often collectively called non-flowering y The leaves can be simple (as in Pinus) or compound (pinnate
plants. They do not produce any flowers or seeds. in Cycas).
y The leaves are needle-like, with a thick cuticle and sunken
stomata. These help in preventing water loss.
DIVISION SPERMATOPHYTA y Gymnosperms are heterosporous. They bear two kinds of
(Greek. Sperma: Seed, Phyton: Seed) spores, haploid microspores and megaspores.
y The two kinds of spores are produced within sporangia.
Characteristics: Sporangia are borne on sporophylls, microsporophylls and
y It is a division of seed-producing plants. A seed has an megasporophylls that are usually aggregated to form distinct
embryo that contains reserve food for its future growth. cones or strobili.
y The main plant body is sporophyte which is differentiated ² The strobili bearing microsporophylls and microspo-
into stem, leaves and roots. rangia are called male strobili or male cone.
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50 BIOLOGY

² The microspores develop into a male gametophytic y Pollination occurs mostly through wind and pollen grains
generation which is highly reduced and is confined reach the pollen chamber of the ovule through the micropyle,
to only a limited number of cells. This reduced borne on megasporophylls.
gametophyte is called a pollen grain. y The pollen tube carrying the male gametes grows towards
² The development of pollen grains takes place within archegonia in the ovules and discharges their contents near
the microsporangia. the mouth of the archegonia. Following fertilisation, zygote
² The strobili bearing megasporophylls with ovules or develops into an embryo and the ovules into seeds. These
megasporangia are called female strobili or female seeds contain haploid endosperms and remain uncovered.
cone. y The megaspore mother cell is differentiated from one of the
² The male or cones or strobili may be borne on the same cells of the nucellus.
tree (Pinus) or on different trees (Cycas). y The nucellus is protected by envelopes and the composite
y The male gametophyte produces two male gametes and structure is called an ovule.
female gametophyte contains archegonia. y The ovules are borne on megasporophylls which may be
y External water is not required for transport of male gametes. clustered to form the female cones.
Instead, the male gametophyte produces pollen tube to carry y The megaspore mother cell divides meiotically to form
the male gametes towards archegonia. The process is known four megaspores.
as siphonogamy. y One of the megaspores enclosed within the megasporangium
y Unlike bryophytes and pteridophytes, in gymnosperms (nucellus) develops into a multicellular female gametophyte
the male and the female gametophytes do not have an that bears two or more archegonia or female sex organs.
independent free-living existence. y The multicellular female gametophyte is also retained within
y They remain within the sporangia retained on the megasporangium.
sporophytes. The pollen grain is released from the
microsporangium.

Mature
Sporophyte
Cross section
Meiosis Through Ovule
Ovules
Female Cone
Spore Sac Surviving
Spores (n) Spore (n)
Male cone with Meiosis Mitosis
Many spore sacs Mitosis
Young
Sporophyte Male Gametophytes
(2n) (Pollen grains)

Female
Food Reserves Mitosis Seed
Gametophyte
(Gametophyte
tissue) Fertilization Eggs (n)
Key Sperm (n) are Released
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n) from Pollen Grain
Zygote (2n)
Embryo (2n)

Fig. Life cycle of gymnosperm

y The gymnosperms are divided into three classes- ² Medicinal uses: An anticancer drug Taxol is obtained
² Cycadopsida: E.g. Cycas from Taxus. Many species of Ephedra produce
² Coniferopsida: E.g. Pinus, Cedrus, Sequoia ephedrine, which can be used in the treatment of
² Gnetopsida: E.g. Gnetum, Ephedra, Ginkgo asthma and bronchitis.
y Cycas is also called living fossil because it possesses a ² Food source: The seeds of Pinus gerardiana (known
number of characters of extinct pteridophytes and cycads. as chilgoza) are edible.
y Economic importance of gymnosperms ² Source of resins: Resins are used commercially for
² Construction purposes: Many conifers such as manufacturing sealing waxes and water-proof paints.
pine, cedar, etc., are sources of the soft wood used in A type of resin known as turpentine is obtained from
construction and packing. various species of Pinus.
 Plant Kingdom 51

Sub-Division Angiosperms (Greek. Angios- male gametes are discharged. One of the male gametes
fuses with the egg cell (syngamy) and forms a diploid
cover, spermae - seed)
zygote. The other male gamete fuses with the diploid
y Habit and habitat: The angiosperms are an exceptionally secondary nucleus to form primary endosperm nucleus
large group of plants occurring in wide range of habitats. (PEN), which is triploid in nature. Since, two types
y Size: They range in size from tiny, almost microscopic Wolfia of fusion, syngamy and triple fusion takes place
to tall trees of Eucalyptus, which is over 100 metres. in the embryo sac, the process is known as double
y Characteristic features: fertilisation.
² Angiosperms are also known as flowering plants ² After fertilization, zygote develops into an embryo
which bear flowers and produce fruit enclosing the (with one or two cotyledons) and the primary
seeds. They are the most recently and highly evolved endosperm nucleus develops into endosperm which
plants. provides nourishment to the developing embryo. Later,
² The plant body is a sporophyte which differentiated the synergids and antipodal cells degenerate. During
into underground root system and aerial shoot these events the ovules develop into seeds and the
system. ovaries develop into fruit.
² They have sporophyll that aggregate to form flowers
Difference between Syngamy and Triple Fusion
with the perianth.
² Both microsporophylls and megasporophylls are Syngamy Triple fusion
specialised. It is the process of fusion of the It is the process of fusion of the male
male gamete with the egg in an gamete with the diploid secondary
² A microsporophyll or stamen or androecium consists
angiosperm. nucleus in an angiosperm.
of a slender filament with an anther at the tip. The
A diploid zygote is formed as a A triploid primary endosperm is
anthers produce pollen grains by meiosis. result of syngamy. formed as a result of triple fusion.
² The megasporophylls are delicate and rolled, forming Zygote forms the embryo. Primary endosperm cell produces a
carpels or pistils or gynoecium. Pistil contains the food laden endosperm.
ovary, style, and stigma. The ovules are present
inside the ovary. A highly reduced haploid female Difference between Reproductive Organs of
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
gametophyte called embryo sac develops inside the
ovule. Gymnosperms Angiosperms
² The embryo-sac formation is preceded by meiosis. The sporophylls are aggregated to Sporophylls are aggregate to form
Hence, each of the cells of an embryo-sac is haploid. form compact cones. flowers with the perianth.
² Each embryo-sac has a three-celled egg apparatus – The microsporophylls are broad The microsporophylls consist of
and are not distinguished into stamens containing pollen sacs.
one egg cell and two synergids, three antipodal cells
filaments and anthers. These sacs bear the male gametes
and two polar nuclei. called pollen grains.
² The polar nuclei eventually fuse to produce a diploid The megasporophylls are woody The megasporophylls are delicate
secondary nucleus. and lack the ovary, style, and stigma, and rolled, forming carpels that
y The pollen grain itself is not, the male gamete. It is a structure because of which the ovules lie contain the ovary, style, and stigma.
exposed. The female gametophyte The ovules are present inside the
which produces male gametes; therefore pollen grain is the consists of archegonia. ovary.
male gametophyte. The fertilisation process involves Two male gametes enter the egg
² Pollination: Pollen grains, after dispersal from the fusion of a male gamete with the apparatus at the time of fertilisation.
the anthers, are carried by wind or various other female gamete. Their endosperm is One male gamete fertilises the
haploid. egg and the other fuses with the
agencies to the stigma of a pistil. This is termed as
diploid secondary nucleus to
pollination. form an endosperm. The resulting
² Fertilization: The pollen grains germinate on the endosperm is thus triploid.
stigma and the resulting pollen tubes grow through The seeds are naked as there is no Seeds are covered inside the ovary
the tissues of stigma and style and reach the ovule. fruit formation. part of the carpel.
The pollen tubes enter the embryo-sac where two
 EBD_7051
52 BIOLOGY

Fig. Life cycle of an angiosperm

Angiosperms are divided into two classes: (ii) Monocotyledonae: They are characterised by having one
(i) Dicotyledonae: They are characterised by having two cotyledon in their seeds. E.g: grasses, coconut, maize,
cotyledons in their seeds. E.g: Mustard, bengal gram, pea, wheat, rice, sugarcane, banyan etc.
potato, rose, banyan, apple etc. y Monocots and dicots can be differentiated through their
morphological and anatomical characteristics.

Characteristic features Monocot Dicot

Morphological characters
Flowers Flowers are usually trimerous. Flowers are generally pentamerous or tetramerous.
Cotyledons in seed The seeds contain one cotyledon. The seed contains usually two cotyledons.
Venation Leaves possess parallel venation with few exceptions. Leaves possess reticulate venation.
Roots Root is short lived forming fibrous root system. Root is long lived forming tap root system.
Anatomical features
Vascular bundles in Vascular bundles of monocot stem are scattered and Vascular bundles of stem are arranged in a ring form. They
stem possess closed cambium. possess open cambium, so that secondary growth is possible.
No of vascular bundles Vascular bundles are many, more than 8. Vascular bundles are few (2-6).
Leaves Leaves are isobilateral Leaves are dorsi-ventral.

PLANT LIFE CYCLES AND ALTERNATION OF Types of Life Cycles in Plants

GENERATIONS Different plant groups complete their life cycle in different
y There is alternation of generations between haploid patterns.
gametophyte and diploid sporophyte in the life cycle of 1. Haplontic life cycle
a plant.
y In plants, both haploid and diploid cells can divide by y In the haplontic life cycle the multicellular organism is
mitosis.Hence, there are two different plant bodies - haploid haploid and the zygote is the only diploid stage. In this
and diploid.The haploid plant body produces gametes by life cycle, after the egg and sperm join to form zygote
mitosis and represents a gametophyte. meiosis takes place to produce haploid cells called spores.
y Mitotic division is encountered in diploid cells when zygote The spores undergo mitosis and produce a multicellular
divides by mitosis to produce sporophytic plant body after individual which is haploid. The multicellular organism
fertilization. releases egg and or sperm (sometimes from the same
y This sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis. Spores individual, sometimes different individuals) that fuse and
in turn undergo mitosis to form haploid plant body. become the zygote.
 Plant Kingdom 53

yy Thus, in haplontic life cycle, the dominant and photosynthetic 3. Haplodiplontic life cycle (Alternation of Generations):
phase is the free-living haploid gametophyte. The yy Haplodiplontic cycle is an intermediate condition of
sporophytic generation (diploid stage) is represented haplontic and diplontic life cycles. Both gametophytic
only by the one-celled zygote. There are no free-living (haploid) and sporophytic phases (diploid) are multicellular
sporophytes.  and often free-living. However, they differ in their dominant
yy In this type of life cycle, zygotic meiosis occurs. phases.
yy Example - Algae such as Spirogyra. yy The diploid generation is called a sporophyte and it produces
spores via meiosis. The spores than undergo mitosis to form
a multicellular haploid organism called the gametophyte.
Zygote The gametophyte then produces the haploid gametes.
Sy (2n) Meiosis
ng
am
Gametes come together in fertilization to form a zygote. The
Spores
y
(n) zygote undergoes mitosis to form the diploid sporophyte
generation. There is thus a clear alternation of generations
A between a haploid gamete producing gametophyte and a
B
Gametogenesis diploid spores producing sporophyte in diplohaplontic life
cycle.
Haplontic
yy Thus, it represents true alternation of generation. This type
of life cycle is found in bryophytes, pteridophytes and in
some algal like ectocarpus, Polysiphonia.

Gametophyte
(n)
Sporophyte
(2n)
Zygote
2. Diplontic life cycle (2n)
Sy
ng
yy In diplontic life cycle, diploid sporophyte is the dominant, am
y
photosynthetic, independent phase of the plant. The A
gametophytic phase is represented by the single celled
Gametogenesis
(gametes) to few-celled haploid gametophyte. Metosis
yy In this life cycle, cells within the multicellular, diploid
Haplo-diplontic
(2n) mature organism undergo meiosis and become eggs B
and sperm. An egg and sperm fuse (fertilization) to form Spores
(n)
a 2n zygote. The zygote undergoes mitotic divisions and
cytokinesis to form the embryo and eventually develops and
grows into a mature individual. The only haploid portions Gametophyte (c)
(n)
of the life cycle are the single celled gametes, the egg and
the sperm.
yy In this type of life cycle, gametic meiosis occurs.
yy Example: All seed-bearing plants, gymnosperms, and
angiosperms, some algae-like Fucus.

Sporophyte
(2n)

Diplontic

A
Zygote (2n) y B
m
nga
Sy
Metosis

(n)
Gametogenesis (b)
te
etophy
Gam
 54
Plant Kingdom

Cryptogamae Phanerogamae
Plants without seeds Plants bears seeds

Thallophyta Bryophyta Pteridophyta Gymnosperm Angiosperms

These are seedless, These are simplest land Plants body sporophytic Seed enclosed by fruit, Seeds are enclosed by
flowerless, non-vascular plants with undifferen- differentiated into root, non flowering, plants fruit which is formed by
plants tiated plant body stem ovary and also called
flowering plants
Cycadopsida Coniferopsida Gnetopsida
These are cycads These are Supposed link
Algae Fungi These posseses branched, have between conifers
It is autotrophic These are non carolloid roots are fungal association and angiosperms,
thallophyte green thallophytes branched ex-pinus, etc. ex-gnetum
having heterotrophic ex-cycas, etc.
ex-albugo, etc.

Monocotyledon Dicotyledon
Hepaticopsida Anthoceropsida Musci Adventitious roots are Tap roots are found,
These are commonly These are commonly These are commonly found. Leaves are leaves are reticulate
known as liverworts known as hornworts, known as mosses, simple with parallel venation, flowers are
grows in moist, shady Rhizoids are present bears multicellular venation, contains one trimerous, contains two
habitats ex-Riccia, ex-antheceros, etc. branched rhizoids cotyledon cotyledon. ex-Cereals,
Marchantia, etc. ex-Funaria, ex-bamboos, etc. etc.
sphagnum, etc.

Chlorophyceae Phocophyceae Rhodophyceae Psilopsida Lycophyte Sphenopsida Pteropsida

These are green algae These are brown These are red algae, These plants are These are club The horsetail or These are usually
may be unicellular or coloured marine multicellular rootless, mainly mosses, vascular scouring rushes fan shaped leaves,
filamentous eukaryotic algae ex-porphyra, etc. constitute fossils tissue is found in belong to this group homospores
ex-Spirogyra, etc. ex-Laminaria, etc. ex-Psilotum, etc. all organ ex-equisetum, etc. ex-pteris, etc.
ex-Lycopodium, etc.
BIOLOGY

EBD_7051
 Plant Kingdom 55

1. The yield of paddy can be increased by the application of- 12. Which type of sexual reproduction is found in Spirogyra?
(a) Nostoc (b) Symbiotic bacteria (a) Conjugation (b) Binary fission
(c) Iron bacteria (d) Archaebacteria (c) Fragmentation (d) Spores formation
2. Red tides are caused by- 13. Reindeer moss is the common name of –
(a) Anabaena (b) Nostoc (a) Usnea comosa
(c) Gleocapsa (d) Trichodesmium (b) Cladonia rangifera
3. Which blue-green alga remain in symbiotic association with
(c) Funaria hygrometrica
Anthoceros ?
(d) Sphagnum aceutifolium
(a) Azolla (b) Spirochaete
14. Which commonly known as 'Peat moss' or 'Bog moss' ?
(c) Spirullina (d) Nostoc
(a) Polytrichum (b) Funaria
4. Alga associated with Cycas root is –
(c) Sphagnum (d) Riccia
(a) Anabaena (b) Chara
(c) Chlorella (d) Cladophora 15. Elaters are present in capsule of
5. What is true about male and female gametophyte in plant (a) Riccia (b) Marchantia
kingdom ? (c) Anthoceros (d) Funaria
(a) In bryophytes and pteridophytes they have independent 16. In Funaria –
free-living existence. (a) Outer peristome teeth are hygroscopic than the inner teeth
(b) In gymnosperms and angiosperms they have no (b) Both the types of teeth are hygroscopic
independent free-living existence. (c) Inner teeth are responsible for spores dispersal
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Outer teeth are diploid and inner haploid
(d) In bryophytes, pteridophytes and angiosperms they have
17. A bryophyte differs from pteridophytes in –
free-living life. They remain in sporangia which are
(a) Archegonia
retained on sporophytes.
6. Agar-agar is obtained from (b) Lack of vascular tissue
(a) Gigartina (b) Gelidium (c) Swimming antherozoids
(c) Gracillaria (d) All of these (d) Independent gametophytes
7. Which of the following occurs both in fresh as well as in 18. The unique feature of bryophytes compared to other plant
marine water? groups is that –
(a) Oedogonium (b) Cladophora (a) They produce spores
(c) Spirogyra (d) None of these (b) They lack vascular tissues
8. Which one is a parasitic algae? (c) They lack roots
(a) Vaucheria (b) Polysiphonia (d) Their sporophyte is attached to the gametophyte
(c) Cephaleuros (d) Batrachospermum 19. Chloroplast of Chlamydomonas is
9. Which one is incorrect character of brown algae ? (a) stellate-shaped (b) cup-shaped
(a) Presence of chl a and b (c) collar-shaped (d) spiral-shaped
(b) It remain attached to substratum 20. Sporophyte is dependent on gametophyte in
(c) Presence of chl a and c (a) Bryophytes (b) Gymnosperms
(d) Presence of fucoxanthin (c) Angiosperms (d) Pteridophytes
10. Pyrenoids in green algal cells are related to 21. Floridean starch is found in
(a) Starch formation (a) chlorophyceae (b) rhodophyceae
(b) Protein storage (c) myxophyceae (d) cyanophyceae
(c) General metabolism 22. Bryophytes are different from fungi in having
(d) Enzyme secretion (a) Land habit
(b) Sterile jacket layers
11. The product of conjugation of Spirogyra is called
(c) Multiflagellate gametes
(a) Zoospore (b) Akinete
(d) Gametophytic plant body
(c) Chlamydospore (d) Zygospore
 EBD_7051
56 BIOLOGY

23. Funaria may be differentiated from Pinus by the character 37. The plant group that produces spores and embryo but lacks
(a) No fruits are produced vascular tissues and seeds is
(b) No seeds are produced (a) pteridophyta (b) rhodophyta
(c) Antheridia and archegonia (c) bryophyta (d) phaeophyta
(d) Both (a) and (b) 38. Prothallus means –
24. Female reproductive part of bryophytes is (a) Immature gametophyte
(a) Antheridium (b) Oogonium (b) Immature sporophyte
(c) Archegonium (d) Sporangium (c) Immature archegonium
25. A research student collected certain alga and found that its (d) None of these
cells contained both chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b as well 39. Which of the following is not a pteridophyte?
as phycoerythrin.The alga belongs to
(a) Ginkgo (b) Selaginella
(a) rhodophyceae (b) bacillariophyceae
(c) Polypodium (d) Azolla
(c) chlorophyceae (d) phaeophyceae
26. Protonema stage is found in 40. Mosses and ferns are found in moist and shady places because
(a) Ferns (b) Mosses both
(a) Require presence of water for fertilization.
(c) Liverworts (d) Fungi
(b) Do not need sunlight for photosynthesis.
27. Apophysis in moss capsule is
(c) Depend for their nutrition on micro-organisms which can
(a) Upper part (b) Middle part
survive only at low temperature.
(c) Lower part (d) Fertile part
(d) Can not compete with sun-loving plants.
28. Which of the following stage of Funaria is haploid?
41. The gametophyte of fern bears
(a) Gametophte (b) Sporophyte
(a) True roots (b) Antheridia
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these
(c) Archegonia (d) Both (b) and (c)
29. Which among the following is considered advanced among
42. Sporangia and spore bearing leaf in fern is called as
pteridophytes ?
(a) Club mosses (b) Ferns (a) Ramentum (b) Sorus
(c) Indusium (d) Sporophyll/Frond
(c) Quillworts (d) Scouring rushers
30. Which one of the following pairs of plants are not seed 43. Which of the following is known as 'resurrection plant'?
producers? (a) Selaginella (b) Welwitschia
(a) Funaria and Pinus (b) Fern and Funaria (c) Rafflesia (d) Chlorella
(c) Funaria and Ficus (d) Ficus and Chlamydomonas 44. Neck canal cells are absent in archegonia of –
31. Fern plant is a – (a) Bryophytes (b) Gymnosperms
(a) Haploid gametophyte (c) Pteridophytes (d) All of these
(b) Diploid gametophyte 45. The plant body of moss (Funaria) is
(c) Diploid sporophyte (a) completely sporophyte
(d) Haploid sporophyte (b) completely gametophyte
32. Seed habit first originated in (c) predominantly sporophyte with gametophyte
(d) predominantly gametophyte with sporophyte
(a) Certain pteridophytes (b) Certain pines
46. Resin canals and mucilage canal of gymnosperms are example
(c) Certain monocots (d) Certain dicots
of-
33. Which of the following plants exhibit independent alternation
(a) Schizogenous cavity (b) Lysigenous cavity
of generation ?
(c) Large vacuole (d) Inter cellular cavity
(a) Angiosperms (b) Gymnosperms
47. Endosperm in Gymnosperm is formed –
(c) Pteridophytes (d) Bryophytes
(a) At the time of fertilization
34. Laminaria (kelp) and Fucus (rock weed) are the examples of
(a) red algae (b) brown algae (b) Before fertilization
(c) green algae (d) golden brown algae (c) After fertilization
35. Protonema occurs in the life cycle of (d) Along with the development of embryo
(a) Riccia (b) Funaria 48. In Gymnosperm, endosperm is formed by –
(c) Chara (d) Spirogyra (a) Fusion between a male gamete and two polar nuclei
36. Indusium is found in – (b) Fusion between a male gamete and a polar nuclei
(a) Fungi (b) Moss (c) Fusion between egg and male gamete
(c) Algae (d) Fern (d) Germination of megaspore
Plant Kingdom 57

49. The endosperm of Gymnosperm is- 62. Coralloid roots of Cycas are useful in
(a) Haploid (b) Diploid (a) N2-fixation (b) Absorption of water
(c) Triploid (d) Tetraploid (c) Transpiration (d) Fixation
50. Fruits are not formed in Gymnosperms because of – 63. Which of the following is a important characteristic of
(a) Absence of pollination angiosperms?
(b) Absence of seed (a) presence of vessels (b) double fertilisation
(c) Absence of fertilization (c) secondary growth (d) autotrophic nutrition
(d) Absence of ovary 64. Perisperm is remaining part of –
51. Phloem element of Gymnosperm lacks – (a) Endosperm (b) Ovule
(c) Nucellus (d) Integument
(a) Sieve element (b) Companion cell
65. If there are 4 cells in anther, what will be the number of pollen
(c) Parenchyma (d) Sclerenchyma
grains –
52. Non-porous wood is the characteristic feature of–
(a) 8 (b) 4
(a) Gymnosperm (b) Angiosperm (c) 16 (d) 12
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these 66. If the cells of root in wheat plant have 42 chromosomes, then
53. Archegonia are absent in the ovules of – the no. of chromosome in the cell of pollen grain is –
(a) Gnetum (b) Welwestchia (a) 14 (b) 21
(c) Ephedra (d) Both (a) and (b) (c) 28 (d) 42
54. In Funaria the haploid structure is 67. Vessels and companion cells are characteristics of
(a) protonema (b) capsule (a) Angiosperm (b) Gymnosperm
(c) columella (d) seta (c) Pteridophyta (d) Fern
55. In which of the following, fertilization is possible without 68. Angiosperms and gymnosperms resemble in having
water ? (a) Vessels in wood (b) Mode of fertilization
(a) Algae (b) Bryophytes (c) Siphonogamy (d) Nature of endosperm
(c) Pteridophytes (d) Gymnosperm 69. In a moss the sporophyte
56. Multicellular branched rhizoids and leafy gametophytes are (a) produces gametes that give rise to the gametophyte
characteristic of (b) arises from a spore produced from the gametophyte
(a) all bryophytes (b) some bryophytes (c) man ufactures food for itself as well as for th e
(c) all pteridophytes (d) some pteridophytes gametophyte
57. In Gymnosperms, the seeds are naked because they lack- (d) is partially parasitic on the gametophyte
70. Spore dissemination in some liverworts is aided by
(a) Integuments (b) Pericarp
(a) indusium (b) calyptra
(c) Nucellus (d) Parienth
(c) peristome teeth (d) elaters
58. Cones and flowers are similar because –
71. In which one of the following, male and female gametophytes
(a) Both are bright and showy do not have free living independent existence?
(b) Both are reproductive organs (a) Pteris (b) Funaria
(c) Do not contain endosperm (c) Polytrichum (d) Cedrus
(d) Do not contain starch 72. Male and female gametophytes are independent and free -
59. Pollination of pollen grains in Pinus takes place at living in:
(a) One celled stage (b) Two celled stage (a) Mustard (b) Castor
(c) Three celled stage (d) Four celled stage (c) Pinus (d) Sphagnum
60. Which of the following structures in Pinus are haploid? 73. In angiosperms, functional megaspore develops into
(a) Megaspore, integument, root (a) embryo sac (b) ovule
(b) Endosperm, megaspore, pollen grain (c) endosperm (d) pollen sac
(c) Pollen grain, leaf, root 74. Cycas and Adiantum resemble each other in having:
(d) Megaspore, endosperm, embryo (a) Seeds (b) Motile Sperms
(c) Cambium (d) Vessels
61. In Pinus male and female reproductive structures occur
75. Gymnosperms are also called soft wood spermatophytes
(a) On different branches of the same plant
because they lack :
(b) On different plants (a) Cambium (b) Phloem fibres
(c) On same branch (c) Thick-walled tracheids (d) Xylem fibres
(d) None of these
 EBD_7051
58 BIOLOGY

1. Peat Moss is used as a packing material for sending flowers 10. Which one of the following is a vascular cryptogam?
and live plants to distant places because (a) Ginkgo (b) Marchantia
(a) it is hygroscopic (c) Cedrus (d) Equisetum
(b) it reduces transpiration 11. Some hyperthermophilic organisms that grow in highly acidic
(c) it serves as a disinfectant (pH-2) habitats belong to the two groups:
(d) it is easily available (a) Eubacteria and archaea
2. Conifers differ from grasses in the (b) Cyanobacteria and diatoms
(a) lack of xylem tracheids (c) Protists and mosses
(b) absence of pollen tubes (d) Liverworts and yeast
12. Besides paddy fields cyanobacteria are also found inside
(c) formation of endosperm before fertilization
vegetative part of :
(d) production of seeds from ovules
(a) Cycas (b) Equisetum
3. In the prothallus of a vascular cryptogam, the antherozoids (c) Psilotum (d) Pinus
and eggs mature a different times. As a result 13. Isogamous condition with non-flagellated gametes is found
(a) there is high degree of sterility in :
(b) one can conclude that the plant is apomictic (a) Spirogyra (b) Volvox
(c) self-fertilization is prevented (c) Fucus (d) Chlamydomonas
(d) there is no change in success rate of fertilization 14. Read the following statements (A-E) and answer the question
4. If you are asked to classify the various algae into distinct which follows them.
groups, which of the following characters you should choose? 1. In liverworts, mosses and ferns gametophytes are free-
(a) Nature of stored food materials in the cell living.
(b) Structural organization of thallus 2. Gymnosperms and some ferns are heterosporous.
(c) Chemical composition of the cell wall 3. Sexual reproduction in Fucus, Volvox and Albugo is
(d) Types of pigments present in the cell oogamous.
5. Flagellated male gametes are present in all the three of which 4. The sporophyte in liveworts is more elaborate than that
one of the following sets in mosses.
5. Both, Pinus and Marchantia are dioecious.
(a) Zygnema, Saprolegnia and Hydrilla
How many of the above statements are correct?
(b) Fucus, Marsilea and Calotropis
(a) Two (b) Three
(c) Riccia, Dryopteris and Cycas
(c) Four (d) One
(d) Anthoceros, Funaria and Spirogyra 15. Which of the following is not correctly matched for the
6. In gymnosperms, the pollen chamber represents organism and its cell wall degrading enzyme?
(a) a cavity in the ovule in which pollen grains are stored (a) Plant cells-Cellulase (b) Algae-Methylase
after pollination (c) Fungi-Chitinase (d) Bacteria-Lysozyme
(b) an opening in the megagametophyte through which the 16. The plant body is thalloid in
pollen tube approaches the egg (a) Funaria (b) Sphagnum
(c) the microsporangium in which pollen grains develop (c) Salvinia (d) Marchantia
(d) a cell in the pollen grain in which the sperms are formed. 17. What is common in all the three, Funaria, Dryopteris and
7. Which one of the following is heterosporous? Ginkgo?
(a) Dryopteris (b) Salvinia (a) Independent sporophyte
(c) Adiantum (d) Equisetum (b) Presence of archegonia
8. Select one of the following pairs of important features (c) Well developed vascular tissues
distinguishing Gnetum from Cycas and Pinus and showing (d) Independent gametophyte
affinities with angiosperms 18. Which one of the following is wrongly matched?
(a) Nostoc-Water blooms
(a) absence of resin duct and leaf venation
(b) Spirogyra-Motile gametes
(b) presence of vessel elements and absence of archegonia
(c) Sargassum-Chlorophyll c
(c) perianth and two integuments (d) Basidiomycetes-Puffballs
(d) embryo development and apical meristem 19. The natural system of classification for flowering plants was
9. Which one of the following has haplontic life cycle? given by
(a) Polytrichum (b) Ustilago (a) Carolus Linnaeus (b) Bentham and Hooker
(c) Wheat (d) Funaria (c) Engler and Prantl (d) R.H. Whittaker
 Plant Kingdom 59

20. Phylogenetic classification systems are based on— 28. Cytological information like chromosome number, structure,
(a) morphological characters of various organisms behaviour are related with
(b) anatomical characters of various organisms (a) numerical taxonomy (b) cytotaxonomy
(c) physiological characters of various organisms (c) chemotaxonomy (d) All of the above
(d) evolutionary relationships between the various 29. Flagellate isogametes and anisogametes are found in
organisms. (a) Spirogyra (b) Fucus
21. In which of the following, all listed genera belong to the same (c) Volvox (d) Chlamydomonas
class of algae 30. Fusion of two gametes which are dissimilar in size is termed
(a) Chara, Fucus, Polysiphonia as_________.
(b) Volvox, Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas (a) isogamous (b) oogamous
(c) Porphyra, Ectocarpus, Ulothrix (c) anisogamous (d) agamous
(d) Sargassum, Laminaria, Gracillaria 31. Algin, carrageen and proteins are obtained from
22. Which of the following correctly explains why rhodophyta (a) Red algae, brown algae, green algae respectively
exhibit a red colour ?
(b) Brown algae, red algae, green algae respectively
(a) Since most rhodophyta grow at great depths, the
(c) Red algae, green algae, brown algae respectively
chlorophyll can only absorb light in the red area of the
(d) Green algae, brown algae, red algae respectively
spectrum.
32. Which of the following class of algae rarely found in fresh
(b) The wavelengths of light that are absorbed by chlorophyll
are passed to phycoerythrin (a red pigment). water?
(c) Phycoerythrin absorbs all the light waves. (a) Chlorophyceae (b) Phaeophyceae
(d) Light reaching the greatest depth in water is in the blue- (c) Rhodophyceae (d) Both (a) and (b)
green region of the spectrum. This light is absorbed by 33. Which of the following class of algae mostly found in salt
phycoerythrin. water?
23. Consider the following four statements : (a) Phaeophyceae (b) Rhodophyceae
(I) The sporophyte in liverworts is more elaborate than that (c) Chlorophyceae (d) Both (a) and (b)
in mosses. 34. What is the number and positions of insertions of flagella in
(II) Salvinia is heterosporous. class Rhodophyceae?
(III) The life-cycle in all seed-bearing plants is diplontic. (a) 2 – 8, equal, apical (b) 2, unequal, lateral
(IV) In Pinus male and female cones are borne on different (c) 2 – 6, equal, lateral (d) Absent
trees. 35. In class phaeophyceae, the plant body is usually attached to
Which two statements out of four are wrong ? the substratum by a _____(A)_____, and has a stalk, the
(a) Statements (I) and (III) _____(B)_____ and leaf like photosynthetic organ the
(b) Statements (I) and (IV) _____(C)_____.
(c) Statements (II) and (III) (a) A – holdfast, B – stipe, C – frond
(d) Statements (I) and (II) (b) A – stipe, B – holdfast, C – frond
24. Which one of the following is the correct about Pinus ? (c) A – frond, B – stipe, C – holdfast
(a) Monoecious – Male (microsporangiate) and female (d) A – stipe, B – frond, C – holdfast
(megasporangiate) cones are produced on same plant. 36. Which of the following groups of plants play an important
(b) Monoecious – Male and female sporophylls borne on role in plant succession on bare rocks/soil?
same strobilus. (a) Algae (b) Bryophytes
(c) Dioecious – Male and female cones are produced on (c) Pteridophytes (d) Gymnosperms
different plants. 37. ________ represent the reproductive organs amongst
(d) Monoecious – Micro and megasporocarp develop on gymnosperms.
same plant. (a) Prothallus (b) Capsules
25. The embryo sac in a angiosperm is a –
(c) Setae (d) Cones
(a) Megasporangium (b) Megaspore mother cell
38. In bryophytes, male and female sex organs are called ______
(c) Megagametophyte (d) Megaspore
and ______ respectively.
26. In angiosperms, a mature male gametophyte is derived from
a pollen mother cell by – (a) microsporangia; macrosporangia
(a) Three mitotic divisions (b) male strobili; female strobili
(b) One meiotic and two mitotic divisions (c) antheridia; archegonia
(c) Two meiotic divisions (d) androecium; gynoecium
(d) A single meiotic division 39. Laminaria (kelp) and Fucus (Rock weed) are examples of
27. The role of double fertilization in angiosperms is to produce. (a) green algae (b) brown algae
(a) Endosperm (b) Integuments (c) red algae (d) golden brown algae
(c) Cotyledons (d) Endocarp
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40. Which of the following is the correct option ?

S. No. A B C D

(a) Porphyra Fucus Dictyota Polysiphonia

(b) Polysiphonia Porphyra Dictyota Fucus

(c) Fucus Dictyota Porphyra Polysiphonia

(d) Porphyra Polysiphonia Fucus Dictyota

41. Choose the right option.

S . No. A B C D

(a) Vo lvo x Chlamydo mon as Lamina ria C h ara

(b) C ha ra La min aria Vo lvo x C h la myd omo na s

(c) Lamin aria Volvox C h la myd omo na s C h ara

(d) C h la myd omon as Cha ra Lamina ria Volvox

 Plant Kingdom 61

42. What structures A and B respectively indicate in the life cycle of bryophytes, pteridophytes and gymnosperms?

Mitosis
Sporophyte
Zygote (2n) (multicellular
diploid, 2n)

Meiosis
Fertilization

Gametes (n)
Haploidspores
(n)
Gemetophyte
Mitosis (multicellular Mitosis
haploid, n)

A B A B
(a) Bryophytes : sporangium, capsule (c) Bryophytes : protonema, gametophores
Pteridophytes : strobili, sporangia Pteridophytes : strobili, sporangia
Gymnosperms : flowers, cones Gymnosperms : flowers, cones
Gymnosperms : flowers, cones
(b) Bryophytes : capsule, protonema (d) Bryophytes : strobili, capsule
(gametophores) Peteridophytes : cones, sporangia
Pteridophytes : sporangia, cones, sporophyll Gymnosperms : flowers, cones
Gymnosperms : fertile fronds,
megasporangia and
microsporangia
43. Which one of the following option correctly represents the type of life cycle patterns?

Sporophyte
(2n) Zygote Sporophyte
(2n) (2n)
Syngamy Meiosis Zygote (2n)
Meiosis
A Syngamy C
Zygote (2n) B Spores (n)
Gametogenesis Spores (n)
Gametogenesis Gametogenesis
Syngamy
Meiosis Gametophyte (n)
Gametophyte (n)
(n)

(a) A - Diplontic, B - Haplodiplontic, C - Haplontic (b) A - Haplodiplontic,B - Haplontic, C - Diplontic

(c) A - Haplontic, B - Diplontic, C - Haplodiplontic (d) A - Diplontic, B - Haplontic, C - Haplodiplontic

44. Match the following and choose the corect option : 45. Match Column -I with Column -II.
Column I Column II Column I Column II
(Classes of pteridophytes) (Examples) A. Algae 1. Solanum tuberosum
(A) Psilopsida 1. Selaginella B. Fungi 2. Equisetum
(B) hycopsida 2. Psilotum C. Angiosperm 3. Cycas
(C) Sphenopsida 3. Dryopteris D. Pteridophyte 4. Chlamydomonas
(D) Pteropsida 4. Equisetum E. Gymnosperm 5. Rhizopus
(a) A ®2; B®1; C®4; D®3 (a) A ® 5; B ® 4; C ® 1; D ® 2; E ® 3
(b) A®1; B®1; C®4; D®3 (b) A ® 4; B ® 5; C ® 1; D ® 2, E ® 3
(c) A®2; B®1; C®3; D®4 (c) A ® 4; B ® 1; C ® 5; D ® 2, E ® 3
(d) A®2; B®4; C®1; D®3 (d) A ® 4; B ® 1; C ® 5; D ® 3, E ® 2
 EBD_7051
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46. Match Column -I with Column -II. (4) Most of the red algae are multicellular.
Column-I Column-II (5) Red alga may occur in both well lighted regions close to
A. Anthoceros 1. Walking fern water-surface and also at great depths in oceans where
B. Adiantum 2. Alga light penetration is little.
C. Sargassum 3. Inferae (6) Cell wall of red algae consists of cellulose + agar.
D. Asterales 4. Gametophyte (7) 2 – 8, equal and apical flagella in green algae
5. Hornwort (a) All are correct
6. Liverwort (b) All are false
(a) A ® 6; B ® 5; C ® 1; D ® 3 (c) (1) and (6) are correct
(b) A ® 5; B ® 4; C ® 3; D ® 2 (d) (2), (3) and (5) are correct
(c) A ® 5; B ® 1; C ® 2; D ® 4 DIRECTIONS for Qs. 49 and 50 : Each questions contain
(d) A ® 3; B ® 2; C ® 1; D ® 5 STATEMENT-1 (Assertion) and STATEMENT-2 (Reason).
47. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true about gemmae? Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which
(i) These are specialised structures by which asexual ONLY ONE is correct.
reproduction take place in liverworts. a) Statement- 1 is True, Statement-2 is True, Statement-2 is a
(ii) They are green and multicellular. correct explanation for Statement -1
(iii) They develop in small receptacles called gemma cups. (b) Statement -1 is True, Statement -2 is True ; Statement-2 is
(iv) They detach from parent body and germinate to form NOT a correct explanation for Statement - 1
new individuals. (c) Statement - 1 is True, Statement- 2 is False
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii) (d) Both the Statements are False.
(c) (i), (ii) and (iii) (d) All of these 49. Statement 1 : Algae and fungi are grouped in thallophyta.
48. (1) Green algae occur in fresh water, brackish water, salt Statement 2 : Algae and fungi show no differentiation in
water. thallus.
(2) Habitat of brown algae-fresh water (rare), brackish water, 50. Statement 1 : Mosses are evolved from algae.
salt water Statement 2 : Protonema of mosses is similar to some green
(3) Some red algae are found in fresh water, mostly occur in algae.
salt water, some are in brackish water.

Exemplar Questions 5. A prothallus is

1. Cyanobacteria are classified under (a) a structure in pteridophytes formed before the thallus
(a) Protista (b) Plantae develops
(c) Monera (d) Algae (b) a sporophytic free living structure formed in
2. Fusion of two motile gametes which are dissimilar in size is pteridophytes
termed as (c) a gametophyte free living structure formed in
(a) oogamy (b) isogamy pteridophytes
(c) anisogamy (d) zoogamy (d) a primitive structure formed after fertilisation in
pteridophytes
3. Holdfast, stipe and frond constitutes the plant body in case of
6. Plants of this group are diploid and well adapted to extreme
(a) Rhodophyceae (b) Chlorophyceae
conditions. They grow bearing sporophylls in compact
(c) Phaeophyceae (d) All of these structures called cones. The group in reference is
4. A plant shows thallus level of organisation. It shows rhizoids (a) monocots (b) dicots
and is haploid. It needs water to complete its life cycle because
(c) pteridophytes (d) gymnosperms
the male gametes are motile. Identify the group to which it
belongs to 7. The embryo sac of an angiosperm is made up of
(a) pteridophytes (b) gymnosperms (a) 8 cells (b) 7 cells and 8 nuclei
(c) monocots (d) bryophytes (c) 8 nuclei (d) 7 cells and 7 nuclei
 Plant Kingdom 63

8. If the diploid number of a flowering plant is 36. What would 17. Which one of the following is wrongly matched?
be the chromosome number in its endosperm? (a) Nostoc-Water blooms [NEET Kar. 2013]
(a) 36 (b) 18 (b) Spirogyra-Motile gametes
(c) 54 (d) 72 (c) Sargassum-Chlorophyll c
9. Protonema is (d) Basidiomycetes-Puffballs
(a) haploid and is found in mosses 18. Which one of the following shows isogamy with non-flagel-
(b) diploid and is found in liverworts lated gametes? [2014]
(c) diploid and is found in pteridophytes (a) Sargassum (b) Ectocarpus
(d) haploid and is found in pteridophytes (c) Ulothrix (d) Spirogyra
10. The giant redwood tree (Sequoia sempervirens) is a/an 19. Which one of the following is wrong about Chara? [2014]
(a) angiosperm (b) free fern (a) Upper oogonium and lower round antheridium.
(c) pteridophyte (d) gymnosperm (b) Globule and nucule present on the same plant.
(c) Upper antheridium and lower oogonium.
NEET/AIPMT (2013-2017) Questions
(d) Globule is male reproductive structure.
11. Besides paddy fields cyanobacteria are also found inside
20. Which of the following is responsible for peat formation?
vegetative part of : [2013]
(a) Marchanita (b) Riccia [2014]
(a) Cycas (b) Equisetum
(c) Funaria (d) Sphagnum
(c) Psilotum (d) Pinus
12. Isogamous condition with non-flagellated gametes is found 21. An alga which can be employed as food for human being is:
in : [2013] (a) Ulothrix (b) Chlorella [2014]
(a) Spirogyra (b) Volvox (c) Spirogyra (d) Polysiphonia
(c) Fucus (d) Chlamydomonas 22. In which of the following gametophyte is not independent
13. Read the following statements (A-E) and answer the question free living ? [2015 RS]
which follows them. [2013] (a) Marchantia (b) Pteris
1. In liverworts, mosses and ferns gametophytes are free- (c) Pinus (d) Funaria
living 23. Read the following five statements (A to E) and select the
2. Gymnosperms and some ferns are heterosporous. option with all correct statements : [2015 RS]
3. Sexual reproduction in Fucus, Volvox and Albugo is (A) Mosses and Lichens are the first organisms to colonise a
oogamous bare rock.
4. The sporophyte in liveworts is more elaborate than that (B) Selaginella is a homosporous pteridophyte
in mosses (C) Coralloid roots in Cycas have VAM
5. Both, Pinus and Marchantia are dioecious (D) Main plant body in bryophytes is gametophytic, whereas
How many of the above statements are correct? in pteridophytes it is sporophytic
(a) Two (b) Three (E) In gymnosperms, male and female gametophytes are
(c) Four (d) One present within sporangia located on sporophyte
14. Which of the following is not correctly matched for the (a) (B), (C) and (D) (b) (A), (D) and (E)
organism and its cell wall degrading enzyme? [2013] (c) (B), (C) and (E) (d) (A), (C) and (D)
(a) Plant cells-Cellulase 24. Male gemetes are flagellated in : [2015 RS]
(b) Algae-Methylase (a) Anabaena (b) Ectocarpus
(c) Fungi-Chitinase (c) Spirogyra (d) Polysiphonia
(d) Bacteria-Lysozyme 25. Which one of the following statements is wrong? [2015 RS]
15. The plant body is thalloid in [NEET Kar. 2013] (a) Agar - agar is obtained from Gelidium and Gracilaria
(a) Funaria (b) Sphagnum (b) Chlorella and Spirulina are used as space food
(c) Salvinia (d) Marchantia (c) Mannitol is stored food in Rhodophyceae
16. What is common in all the three, Funaria, Dryopteris and (d) Algin and carragen are products of algae
Ginkgo? [NEET Kar. 2013] 26. Male gametophyte in angiosperms produces: [2015 RS]
(a) Independent sporophyte (a) Single sperm and vegetative cell
(b) Presence of archegonia (b) Single sperm and two vegetative cells
(c) Well developed vascular tissues (c) Three sperms
(d) Independent gametophyte (d) Two sperms and a vegetative cell
 EBD_7051
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27. In angiosperms, microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis : 31. An example of colonial alga is : [2017]
(a) form gametes without further divisions [2015 RS] (a) Volvox (b) Ulothrix
(b) Involve meiosis (c) Spirogyra (d) Chlorella
(c) occur in ovule 32. Zygotic meiosis is characteristic of: [2017]
(d) occur in anther (a) Fucus (b) Funaria
28. Which one is wrong statement ? [2015 RS] (c) Chlamydomonas (d) Marchantia
(a) Mucor has biflagellate zoospores 33. Life cycle of Ectocarpus and Fucus respectively are: [2017]
(b) Haploid endosperm is typical feature of gymnosperms (a) Diplontic, Haplodiplontic
(c) Brown algae have chlorophyll a and c and fucoxanthin (b) Haplodiplontic, Diplontic
(d) Archegonia are found in Bryophyta, Pteridophyta and (c) Haplodiplontic, Haplontic
Gymnosperms. (d) Haplontic, Diplontic
29. Select the correct statement :- [2016] 34. Select the mismatch [2017]
(a) Gymnosperms are both homosporous and heterosporous (a) Cycas – Dioecious
(b) Salvinia, Ginkgo and Pinus all are gymnosperms (b) Salvinia – Heterosporous
(c) Sequoia is one of the tallest trees (c) Equisetum – Homosporous
(d) The leaves of gymnosperms are not well adapted to ex- (d) Pinus – Dioecious
tremes of climate 35. Double fertilization is exhibited by : [2017]
30. In bryophytes and pteridophytes, transport of male gametes (a) Algae
requires [2016] (b) Fungi
(a) Wind (b) Insects (c) Angiosperms
(c) Birds (d) Water (d) Gymnosperms
 Plant Kingdom 65

Hints & Solutions

EXERCISE - 1 60. (b) Because endosperm is haploid (n) and formed before
fertilization and megaspore moth er cell divides
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (c) reductionally to form a linear tetrad of haploid
6. (d) Agar-agar is a jelly like substance. It is a non-nitrogenous reductionally to form a linear tetrad of haploid megaspores
carbohydrate consisting of two polysaccharides namely and microspore (= pollen grain) is the first stage of the
agarose and agaropectin. It is obtained from several red gametophyte (n).
algae, e.g., Gracillaria, Gelidium, Gigartina. 61. (a)
7. (b) 62. (a) Anabaena, Nostoc and bacteria are found in coralloid roots
8. (c) Cephaleuros virescens is a member of class chlorophyceae hence it helps in fixation of nitrogen.
and causes red rust of tea leaf (Thea sinensis). 63. (b) 64. (c) 65. (c) 66. (b) 67. (a)
9. (a) 68. (c) Fertilization occurs by siphonogamy. The male gametes
10. (a) Pyrenoids are the rounded bodies found in the chloroplast are carried to the archegonia through pollen tube.
of green algae and are the centres of conversion of glucose 69. (d) In moss main plant body is gametophyte & sporophyte is
to starch and also collection of starch. meant for spore dispersal mainly. Hence it is called that
11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (b) the sporophyte is partially parasitic on gametophyte.
16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (a) 70. (d) Elater is an elongated, spirally thickened, water-attracting
21. (b) cell in the capsule of a liverwort, derived from sporogenous
22. (b) Bryophytes are different from fungi in having sterile jacket tissue and assist in spore dispersal.
layers. 71. (d) Male and female gametophytes of Cedrus do not have
23. (b) free living independent existence. Cedrus belongs to
24 (c) Female sex organ is called archegonium which is flask conifer.
shaped with a tubular neck and a swollen venter. 72. (d) Sphagnum is a bryophyte in which male and female
25. (a) 26. (b) gametophytes are independent and free living.
27. (c) Apophysis is basal sterile portion of capsule in 73. (a) During megagametogenesis functional megaspore (mostly
continuation with seta. In capsule of Funaria stomata chalazal) gives rise to embryo sac. This is the mature
present only in apophysis. female gametophyte generation.
28. (a) 29. (b) 30. (b) 74. (b) Cycas (a gymnosperm) and Adiantum known as Maiden
31. (c) Fern plant is a diploid sporophyte. hair fern is a pteridophyte resemble each other in having
32. (a) 33. (c) 34. (b) 35. (b) 36. (d) motile sperm. Seeds, cambium are common in gymno-
37. (c) 38. (b) sperms and absent in pteridophytes. True vessels are absent
39. (a) Ginkgo is a gymnosperm. in both pteridophytes and gymnospems.
40. (a) 75. (d)
41. (d) Gametophyte is free living, photoautoptrophic thalloid also
called prothallus. Prothallus bears rhizoids, antheridia and
EXERCISE - 2
archegonia on its under surface. 1. (a) Peat Moss is used wherever we require to retain water for
42. (d) On sporophylls either on dorsal or on ventral side bear a long time because peat mosses are hygroscopic in nature
sporangium e.g., Pteris, Dryopteris etc. and they absorb the moisture from the atmosphere and
43. (a) In dry conditions, the plant rolls up in to a compact ball this moisture keep the living materials and flowers fresh
and during the rainy conditions the ball on absorbing for a long time.
moisture becomes green again. Such plants are called 2. (c) Conifers (Gymn osperms) differ from grasses
resurrection plants. (angiosperms) because in gymnosperms the female
44. (b) 45. (d) gametophyte is actually endosperm which is made before
46. (b) Resin canals and mucilage canal of gymnosperms are fertilization. While in grasses endosperm is a tissue formed
example of lysigenous cavity. by the fertilization of second male gamete to polar nuclei.
47. (b) Endosperm in Gymnosperm is formed before fertilization. Moreover in gymnosperms the endosperm is a haploid
48. (d) 49. (a) tissue while in angiosperms it is triploid.
50. (d) Fruits are not formed in Gymnosperms because of absence 3. (c) In the prothallus of a vascular cryptogams the antherozoids
of ovary. and eggs mature at different times which result in failure
51. (b) 52. (d) 53. (d) 54. (a) 55. (d) of self-fertilization.
56. (b) 57. (b) 58. (b) 4. (d) It will be types of pigment present in the cell like
59. (d) Pollination in Pinus takes place when two prothallial cell, Rhodophyceae shows presence of phycoerythrin,
one generative cell and one tube cell are formed. chlorophyceae shows presence of phycocyanin etc.
 EBD_7051
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5. (c) The male gametes of bryophytes are biflagellate, and those 27. (a) The role of double fertilization in angiosperms is to
of pteriodophytes are multiflagellate, except Selaginella produce endosperm.
having biflagellate gametes. The male gametes of 28. (b) 29. (d) 30. (c) 31. (b) 32. (b)
gymnosperms are non motile except those of Cycas having 33. (a) 34. (d) 35. (a) 36. (b) 37. (d)
multiciliate gametes. 38. (c) 39. (b) 40. (a) 41. (a) 42. (b)
6. (c) The fertile region of microsporophyll bears a number of 43. (d) 44. (a) 45. (b) 46. (c) 47. (d)
microsporangia or pollen sacs arranged in sori. The pollen 48. (a)
chamber represents microsporangium in which pollen 49. (a) On the basis of
grains develop. (i) Thallus like non-vascular plant body.
7. (b) Salvinia is an aquatic fern with both annual and perennial (ii) Simple, unicellular non-jacketed sex organs and
species. It is heterosporous i.e. with two types of spores, (iii) No embryo development after gametic union, the algae
microspores and megaspores. and fungi have long been grouped together in
8. (b) The important features distinguishing Gnetum from Cycas thallophyta. The algae and fungi are the result of
and Pinus and showing affinities with angiosperms are parallel development and do not indicate any
presence of vessel elements and absence of archegonia. phylogenetic relationship.
9. (b) 10. (d) 50. (a) According to some Botanists, Mosses originated from
11. (a) Hyperthermophilic organisms that grow in highly acidic algae. Protonema of mosses is similar to certain algae.
habitats belong to eubacteria and archae groups.
12. (a) In Cycas specialised root called coralloid roots are EXERCISE - 3
associated with N2 – fixing cyanobacteria either Nostoc Exemplar Questions
or Anabaena. Coralloid roots lie near the soil surface. They
are irregular and often dichotomously branched. Root hair 1. (c) Kingdom Monera exclusively includes all forms of
and root cap are absent in these roots. bacteria. All bacteria are prokaryotes and do not possess
13. (a) In Spirogyra, sexual reproduction occurs through a well defined nucleus and other cell organelles.
conjugation. Gametes are non-flagellated morphologically Protista, Algae and Plantae include eukaryotic and
similar. But physiologically different (isogamy with unicellular or multicellular organisms.
physiological anisogamy). Volvox and fucus are examples 2. (c) Lower group of plants like algae exhibit great variation
of oogamous and Chlamydomonas contains isogamous in mode of sexual and asexual reproduction. Some algae
flagellated gametes . produce gametes which are not similar in shape, size and
14. (b) In liverworts and ferns gametophytes are free living while structure. Their fusion is called anisogamy. e.g.,
in fern sporophytes are free living. Gymnosperms and Chlamydomonas. Isogamy is the fusion of similar
genera like Selaginella and Salvinia are heterosporous. gametes, zoogamy is sexual reproduction of animals.
The sporophyte in mosses are more elaborate than that of 3. (c) Phaeophyceae : In the members of the class-
liverworts, Pinus is monoecious and heterosporous. Phaeophyceae, the plant body is usually attached to the
Marchantia is dioecious. substratum by means of a holdfast and has a stalk called
15. (b) Algae is a plant and so its cell wall is made up of cellulose. stipe and a leaf like photosynthetic organ called frond.
Cellulase enzyme is needed for degradation of its cell wall. 4. (d) Bryophyta is a group of plants which have gametophytic
16. (d) The plant body of a liverwort is haploid (n), gametophytic, haploid thalloid body. The motile male gametes are
small, dorsoventrally flattened, thallose, dichotomously produced in special male reproductive structures called
branched fixed by unicellular and unbranched rhizoids, antheridia.
e.g., Marchantia. These gametes need thin film of water to swim and reach
17. (b) The female sex organ ar chegonium is formed in the female reproductive organ called archegonia.
bryophytes (Funaria), pteridophytes (Dryopteris) and Pteridophytes, gymnosperm and monocots show higher
gymnosperms (Ginkgo). level of organisation.
18. (b) Cyanobacteria, e.g., Nostoc, grow in such abundance as 5. (c) Prothallus is usually a gametophytic phase in the life of
to form water blooms. Sargassum belongs to brown algae a pteridophyte. Spore germinates to form a prothalium,
which possess chl a, c, carotenoids, xanthophyll and a it is short lived inconspicuous heart shaped structure with
characteristic brown pigment, fucoxanthin. Commonly a number of rhizoids developed beneath and bears sex
known forms of basidiomycetes are mushrooms, bracket organs, archegonium and antheridium.
fungi or puffballs. In Spirogyra gametes are non-flagellated 6. (d) Gymnosperms include medium sized or tall trees and
(non-motile) but similar in size. They show amoeboid shrubs. Their plants are well adapted to withstand
movements.
extremes of temperatur e, h umidity and wind.
19. (b) 20. (d) 21. (b) 22. (d) 23. (b) Reproductive organs are usually in the form of cones or
24. (a) 25. (c) 26. (b) strobili.
 Plant Kingdom 67

The male cones are made up of microsporophyll and 18. (d) In Spirogyra, sexual reproduction occurs through
female cones are made up of megasporophyll. The conjugation. Gametes are non-flagellated
presence of sporophyll (micro and megasporophyll) morphologically similar. But physiologically different
shows the development of seed habit but seeds develop (isogamy with physiological anisogamy).
from naked ovule and are not covered . 19. (c) Chara is a green alga found attached to bottoms of
7. (b) Embryo sac in angiosperm contains 2 synergids, 1 egg shallow water of ponds, pools and lakes. Male sex organ
cell, 3 antipodal cells and one secondary nucleus. is called antheridium. Female sex organ is called
8. (c) Endosperm is a product of triple fusion. One male nuclei oogonium. Oogonium is borne at the top of the four celled
(n = 18) fuses with diploid secondary nucleus filament.
(2n = 36), so it becomes triploid (3n = 54). Thus, ploidy 20. (d) Sphagnum, a moss, provides peat that has long been used
of endosperm is (3n) and chromosomes will be 54. as fuel. It has the capacity to retain water for long periods
9. (a) The germination of haploid spores of mosses produced and as such used to cover the plant roots during
by sporophyte after reductional division form the transportation.
protonema. This structure later develops into an 21. (b) Chlorella and Spirullina are unicellular algae, rich in
independent gametophytic plant. proteins and are used as food supplements by space
10. (d) Sequoia sempervirens is a gymnosperm. It has thick, travellers.
woody and branched stems. The plant also shows some 22. (c) Pinus belongs to gymnosperms in which male and female
xeric adaptations which helps it to survive in adverse gametophytes do not have an independent free living
climatic conditions. existance. They remain within the sporangia which are
of two types — microsporangia and megasporangia.
NEET/AIPMT (2013-2017) Questions
23. (b) Selaginella is a heterosporus pteridophyte containing
11. (a) In Cycas specialised root called coralloid roots are micro & megaspores. In Cycas, corolloid root has the
associated with N2 – fixing cyanobacteria either Nostoc cyanobacteria - Anabaena.
or Anabaena. Coralloid roots lie near the soil surface. 24. (b) Male gametes are flagellated in Ectocarpus
They are irregular and often dichotomously branched. (phaeophyceae). They possess heterokont, lateral
Root hair and root cap are absent in these roots. flagella.
12. (a) In Spirogyra, sexual reproduction occurs through 25. (c) Mannitol or laminarin is the stored food in phaeophyceae
conjugation. Gametes are non-flagellated, (brown algae).
morphologically similar. But physiologically different 26. (d) Two sperms and a vegetative cell are produced by male
(isogamy with physiological anisogamy). Volvox and gametophyte in angiosperms.
Fucus are examples of oogamous and Chlamydomonas 27. (b) In meiosis, the number of chromosomes are reduced by
contains isogamous flagellated gametes. half producing haploid daughter cells. The microspore
13. (b) In liverworts and ferns gametophytes are free living while
mother cell and the megaspore mother cell undergo
in fern, sporophytes are free living. Gymnosperms and
meiosis to produce haploid microspore and megaspore
genera like Selaginella and Salvinia are heterosporous.
respectively.
The sporophyte in mosses are more elaborate than that
28. (a) The spores are non motile in Mucor.
of liverworts, Pinus is monoecious and heterosporous.
29. (c) Sequoia semepervirans is one of the tallest trees.
Marchantia is dioecious.
30. (d) Bryophytes neither have pollen nor flowers and rely on
14. (b) Algae is a plant and so its cell wall is made up of cellulose.
water to carry the male gametes (sperm) to the female
Cellulase enzyme is needed for degradation of its cell
gametes (eggs). The antherozoids (male gametes of
wall.
15. (d) The plant body of a liverwort is haploid (n), pteridophytes) are armed with hair-like or whip-like cilia
gametophytic, small, dorsoventrally flattened, thallose, or flagellae and are able to swim through water; they do
dichotomously branched fixed by unicellular and not travel great distances and are only released when
unbranched rhizoids, e.g., Marchantia. free water is available.
16. (b) The female sex organ archegonium is formed in 31. (a) Volvox is motile colonial fresh water green alga. It forms
bryophytes (Funaria), pteridophytes (Dryopteris) and spherical colonies.
gymnosperms (Ginkgo). 32. (c) Chlamydomonas has haplontic life cycle hence shows
17. (b) Cyanobacteria, e.g., Nostoc, grow in such abundance as zygotic meiosis.
to form water blooms. Sargassum belongs to brown algae 33. (b) Ectocarpus exhibits haplodiplontic life cycle while Fucus
which possess chl a, c, carotenoids, xanthophyll and a has diplontic life cycle.
characteristic brown pigment, fucoxanthin. Commonly 34. (d) Pinus is a monoecious plant comprising of both male
known forms of basidiomycetes are mushrooms, bracket and female cones on same plant.
fungi or puffballs. In Spirogyra gametes are non- 35. (c) Double fertilization is a unique feature exhibited only
flagellated (non-motile) but similar in size. They show by angiosperms. It involves both syngamy and triple
amoeboid movements. fusion.