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Trigonometry Reduction Formula

The document discusses trigonometric substitutions that can be used to evaluate integrals. It presents reduction formulae that can relate integrals of higher order trigonometric functions to those of lower order. Some general trigonometric substitutions are suggested, such as letting x=cos(u) when the integrand involves a square root of 1-x^2. Examples are worked out in detail, such as using the substitution x=tan(u) to evaluate the integral of 1/(1+x^2) dx.

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Seah JiaChin
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
612 views

Trigonometry Reduction Formula

The document discusses trigonometric substitutions that can be used to evaluate integrals. It presents reduction formulae that can relate integrals of higher order trigonometric functions to those of lower order. Some general trigonometric substitutions are suggested, such as letting x=cos(u) when the integrand involves a square root of 1-x^2. Examples are worked out in detail, such as using the substitution x=tan(u) to evaluate the integral of 1/(1+x^2) dx.

Uploaded by

Seah JiaChin
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 3:: Trigonometric Substitutions Revisited

0.1

Reduction Formulae:

One idea which is useful is that of a reduction formula. The basic idea is to reduce an integral to a similar integral of lower order. For example: to compute sinn (x) we might do the following sinn (x)dx n sinn (x)dx sinn (x)dx = cos(x) sinn1 (x) + (n 1) = cos(x) sinn1 (x) + (n 1) = 1 n1 cos(x) sinn1 (x) + n n cos2 (x) sinn1 (x)dx sinn1 (x)dx sinn2 (x)dx

Thus we can relate sin2 (x)dx to sin0 (x)dx = dx, sin4 (x)dx to sin2 (x)dx. Similarly for odd powers we nd that we can relate sin3 (x)dx to sin(x)dx, sin5 (x)dx to sin3 (x) Self Study Problems: Compute sin6 (x)dx using the above reduction formula. cosn (x)dx.

Derive an analogous reduction formula for

0.2

General Trig Substitutions:

To start with I will calculate a couple of integrals well use a bunch of times in this section. I want to start by noting that d 1 1 2 ln(1 + x) ln(1 x) = + = dx 1+x 1x 1 x2 1 1 dx = (ln(1 + x) ln(1 x)) 1 x2 2 Well see in the next chapter how to do the above integral in a more straightforward way using the method of partial fractions. I want to begin by evaluating a couple of integrals. The rst is done in the book and is 1 dx = ln | sec(x) + tan(x)| cos(x) The calculation in the book is a little bit opaque so I am going to use a dierent method. Im actually going to do the related integral 1 dx = ln | csc(x) cot(x)| sin(x) 1 and thus that

It can be done the following way: Write the integral as sin(x) dx = sin2 (x) Making the substitution u = cos(x) gives 1 du 1 u2 sin(x) dx 1 cos2 (x)

We do this integral using the above and get the result 1 1 1+u 1 1 + cos(x) du = ln( ) = ln( ) 2 1u 2 1u 2 1 cos(x)

It is not hard to show using some trigonometric identities that 1 + cos(x) 1 ) = ln | csc(x) cot(x)| = ln | tan(x/2)| ln( 2 1 cos(x) Self Study Problem: Show that the above trigonometric identities hold. Consider another example: 1 dx 1 + x2 I am going to do this via a trigonometric substitution. I am going to let x = tan(u). Dierentiating gives dx = sec2 (u)du. The integral becomes 1 dx = 1 + x2 sec2 (u) dx = 1 + tan2 (u) du = u = arctan(x)

Similarly if I wanted to do the integral x2 dx (1 + x2 )2 and I make the substitution x = tan(u), dx = sec2 (u)du we get an integral of the form tan2 (u) sec2 (u) du = sec4 (u) tan2 (x) dx = sec2 (x) sin2 (u)du = u 1 1 1 sin(2u) = arctan(x) (whatever) 2 4 2 4

Another example: consider the integral 1 x2 dx x 2

The substitution x = cos(u) reduces the integral to sin2 (u) du = cos(u) cos(u) 1 du cos(u)

1 The integral cos(u) du was done in recitation (or in example 3.8 on p. 525 of the textbook) and is given by

1 du = ln | sec(x) + tan(x)| cos(u) thus we have sin2 (u) du = sin(u) ln | sec(x) + tan(x)| cos(u)

solving for u in terms of x gives 1 x2 dx = x

x2

ln |

1+

1 x2 | x

As a general rule: play with the integrals and see if you can nd a substitution that simplies them. IN many cases the following are likely to work a2 x2 make the substitution x = a cos u (or x = sin(u)). a2 + x2 make the subtitution x = a tan(u) x2 a2 make the substitution x = a sec(u) Some more examples: x2 1+x dx 1 + x2

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