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Assignment Questions for 1st Module
1) An ideal Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 8. At the beginning of the compression
process, air is at 100 kPa and 17°C, and 800 kJ/kg of heat is transferred to air during the
constant-volume heat-addition process. Accounting for the variation of specific heats of air
with temperature, determine
(a) the maximum temperature and pressure that occur during the cycle,
(b) the net work output, (c) the thermal efficiency, and (d) the mean effective pressure for the
cycle.
2) An ideal Diesel cycle with air as the working fluid has a compression ratio of 18 and a cutoff
ratio of 2. At the beginning of the compression process, the working fluid is at 14.7 psia,
80°F, and 117 in3. Utilizing the cold-air standard assumptions, determine (a) the temperature
and pressure of air at the end of each process, (b) the net work output and the thermal
efficiency, and (c) the mean effective pressure.
3) The compression ratio of an air-standard Otto cycle is 9.5. Prior to the isentropic
compression process, the air is at 100 kPa, 35°C, and 600 cm3. The temperature at the end of
the isentropic expansion process is 800 K. Using specific heat values at room temperature,
determine (a) the highest temperature and pressure in the cycle; (b) the amount of heat
transferred in, in kJ; (c) the thermal efficiency; and (d) the mean effective pressure.
4) A four-cylinder two-stroke 2.4-L diesel engine that operates on an ideal Diesel cycle has a
compression ratio of 17 and a cutoff ratio of 2.2. Air is at 55°C and 97 kPa at the beginning
of the compression process. Using the cold-air standard assumptions, determine how much
power the engine will deliver at 1500 rpm.
5) A four-cylinder, four-stroke, 2.2-L gasoline engine operates on the Otto cycle with a
compression ratio of 10. The air is at 100 kPa and 60°C at the beginning of the compression
process, and the maximum pressure in the cycle is 8 MPa. The compression and expansion
processes may be modeled as polytropic with a polytropic constant of 1.3. Using constant
specific heats at 850 K, determine (a) the temperature at the end of the expansion process, (b)
the network output and the thermal efficiency, (c) the mean effective pressure, (d ) the engine
speed for a net power output of 70 kW, and (e) the specific fuel consumption, in g/kWh,
defined as the ratio of the mass of the fuel consumed to the network produced. The air–fuel
ratio, defined as the amount of air divided by the amount of fuel intake, is 16.
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6) A six-cylinder, four-stroke, 4.5-L compression-ignition engine operates on the ideal diesel
cycle with a compression ratio of 17. The air is at 95 kPa and 55°C at the beginning of the
compression process and the engine speed is 2000 rpm. The engine uses light diesel fuel with
a heating value of 42,500 kJ/kg, an air–fuel ratio of 24, and a combustion efficiency of 98
percent. Using constant specific heats at 850 K, determine (a) the maximum temperature in
the cycle and the cutoff ratio (b) the net work output per cycle and the thermal efficiency, (c)
the mean effective pressure, (d ) the net power output, and (e) the specific fuel consumption,
in g/kWh, defined as the ratio of the mass of the fuel consumed to the net work produced.
7) Find the air standard efficiency for the otto and diesel cycles on the basis of equal
compression ratio of 10 and equal heat rejection of 840KJ/Kg. The suction conditions are
1bar and 328K.
8) A Carnot cycle is executed in a closed system and uses 0.0025 kg of air as the working fluid.
The cycle efficiency is 60 percent, and the lowest temperature in the cycle is 300 K. The
pressure at the beginning of the isentropic expansion is 700 kPa, and at the end of the
isentropic compression it is 1 MPa. Determine the network output per cycle.
9) An air-standard Carnot cycle is executed in a closed system between the temperature limits
of 350 and 1200 K. The pressures before and after the isothermal compression are 150 and
300 kPa, respectively. If the network output per cycle is 0.5 kJ, determine (a) the maximum
pressure in the cycle, (b) the heat transfer to air, and (c) the mass of air. Assume variable
specific heats for air.
10) An ideal Stirling engine using helium as the working fluid operates between temperature
limits of 300 and 2000 K and pressure limits of 150 kPa and 3 MPa. Assuming the mass of
the helium used in the cycle is 0.12 kg, determine (a) the thermal efficiency of the cycle, (b)
the amount of heat transfer in the regenerator, and (c) the work output per cycle.
11) An air engine, working on Stirling cycle, has lower limit of temperature as 400C. The
maximum and minimum pressure limits are 12 bar and 2 bar. If the expansion ratio of the
cycle is 3.Find its ideal efficiency.
12) The compression ratio of an ideal dual cycle is 14. Air is at 100 kPa and 300 K at the
beginning of the compression process and at 2200 K at the end of the heat-addition process.
Heat transfer to air takes place partly at constant volume and partly at constant pressure, and
it amounts to 1520.4 kJ/kg. Assuming variable specific heats for air, determine (a) the
fraction of heat transferred at constant volume and (b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
13) An engine with a cylinder bore of 18cm and stroke length of 40cm is working on the dual
combustion cycle at a pressure ratio of 1.38. If the compression ratio is 15 and cut off occurs
at 4% of the stroke, determine the air standard efficiency of the engine.
14) If the maximum pressure attained in a dual cycle with a compression ratio of 14 and cut-off
ratio 1.9 is 65 times the inlet pressure, P1. Find the mean effective pressure in terms of P1.
Assume indices of compression and expansion as 1.4.
15) Explain part throttle and supercharged condition for engines.
16) Write the air standard cycles assumptions.
17) Derive the expression for work done and mean effective pressure for engine working on
Diesel cycle.
18) Derive the expression for work done and mean effective pressure(MEP) for engine working
on Dual cycle.
19) Perform a comparison of work done and efficiency of Dual, Diesel and Otto cycle based on
same
a) Compression ratio and
b) Maximum temperature of the cycle
20) Explain the valve timing diagram of SI engine and port timing diagram of CI engines with
neat sketches.
21) Explain the working of a two stroke Diesel engine with neat sketch.
22) Explain the actual diesel cycle and compare it with theoretical cycle with help of a PV
diagram.
23) Define scavenging process. Explain the need and methods of scavenging.
24) Comparison of SI and CI engines.
25) Draw the p-v diagram for the carnot cycle and explain why carnot cycle is practically not
possible to use?
26) In an air standard Diesel cycle, the compression ratio is 16, and at the beginning of isentropic
compression, the temperature is 15°C and the pressure is 0.1 MPa. Heat is added until the
temperature at the end of the constant pressure process is 1480°C. Calculate (a) the cut-off
ratio, (b) the heat supplied per kg of air, (c) the cycle efficiency, and (d) the m.e.p.
27) What is a spark ignition engine? What is the air standard cycle of such an engine? What are
its four processes?
28) What is a compression ignition engine? Why is the compression ratio of such an engine more
than that of an SI engine?
29) An engine equipped with a cylinder having a bore of 15 cm and a stroke of 45 cm operates on
an Otto cycle. If the clearance volume is 2000 cm3, compute the air standard efficiency.
30) A dual combustion cycle operates with a volumetric compression ratio rk = 12, and with a
cut-off ratio 1.615. The maximum pressure is given by Pmax = 54P1, where P1 is the pressure
before compression. Assuming indices of compression and expansion of 1.35, show that the
m.e.p. of the cycle Pm= l0 Pl. Hence evaluate (a) temperatures at cardinal points with
T1 = 335K, and (b) cycle efficiency.
31) An inventor claims that a new heat cycle will develop 0.4kW for a heat addition of
32.5kJ/min. The temperature of heat source is 1990 K and that of sink is 850 K. Is his claim
possible?
32) Why are two stroke diesel engines, for large power, more common than two stroke S.I
engines?
33) Discuss the two main disadvantages of two stroke cycle S.I engine. How are these
disadvantages avoided in the two stroke cycle C.I engine?
34) Compare two stroke and four stroke engines.
35) Classify I.C engines based on the cylinder arrangement with neat sketch.
36) Define the terms a) Bore b) Stroke c) Clearance volume d) Swept volume.
37) What is M.E.P? What is the use of it?
38) In a Carnot cycle, the maximum pressure and, temperature are limited. To 18 bar and 410"C
The ratio of isentropic compression is 6 and isothermal expansion is 1.5. Assuming the
volume of the air at the beginning of isothermal expansion as 0.18 m3, determine :
(i) The temperature and pressures at main points in the cycle.
(íi) Change in entropy during isothermal expansion.
(iii)Mean thermal efficiency of the cycle.
(iv) Mean effective pressure of the cycle.
(v) The theoretical power if there are 210 working cycles per minute.
39) Draw valve timing diagram of 4 stroke diesel engine (compare theoretical and actual cycle).
Mention the reason for its deviation.
40) Compare cycle efficiency of Otto, diesel and dual for same compression ratio and heat
addition. Mention the efficiency in decreasing order.
41) Compare cycle efficiency of Otto, diesel and dual for same maximum pressure and heat
input. Mention the efficiency in decreasing order.
42) What is a compression ignition engine? Why is the compression ratio of such an engine more
than that of an SI engine?
43) What are the major factors considered in the actual cycle analysis as compared to the fuel-air
cycle analysis?
44) What are the major losses that account for the deviation between fuel-air cycle and actual
cycle during the combustion and expansion process?
45) An ideal diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 14, takes in air at 1 bar and 293K. If cut-off
takes place at 5% of the stroke, find the mean effective pressure of the cycle.
46) In an air standard cycle, heat is supplied at constant volume to raise the temperature of the air
from T1 to T2. The air then expands isentropically until its temperature falls to T1; and after
that it is returned to its original state by a reversible isothermal compression. Show that the
cycle efficiency is
T
T
(¿ ¿ 2−T 1 )ln 2
T1
T1
η=1−
¿
Calculate the efficiency when the pressure rises from 10 bar to 35 bar during the supply of
heat.
47) What is the effect of percentage change in efficiency of Otto cycle having a compression
ratio of 7, if the specific heat at constant volume increases by 1%?
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Assignment Questions for 1st Module

(íi) Change in entropy during isothermal expansion.

(iv) Mean effective pressure of the cycle.

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