Special Issue - 2018 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)

ISSN: 2278-0181
NCESC - 2018 Conference Proceedings

Design & Development of Nanobots for Cancer

Cure Applications in Bio-Medical Engineering
Rajesh J. Pavithra G. Dr. T.C. Manjunath
8th Sem UG BE Student Full Time Research Scholar Prof. & Head of the Dept.,
ECE Department, DSCE VTU RRC, Belagavi, Karnataka Dept. of E & C E,
USN : 1DS13EC739 USN : 5VZ16PEJ56 Dayananda Sagar CE, B’lore

Abstract:- A brief review of the nanorobots that are currently Nanorobots can be coated with different agent depending
used in the biomedical engineering to cure various types of on their application or tissue destination. The external shell
diseases are being presented. In the context, we are carrying is a crucial point because it has to be recognized as a part
out a literature survey for the treatment of cancer using the of the body (inert coating) and be able to release different
nano-technology concept. The way we have picked is the
union of nanotechnology and medicine. The mix of
ideal matrix that it is not toxic at the nanometer level. The
nanotechnology into medication is probably going to get some pore size can be tuned permitting release of different size
new difficulties restorative treatment. Nanorobot is a superb sizemolecules (tunable porosity). A rigid shell like silica is
vision of medicine in future. The most exceptional an molecules. The surface is easily functionalizable with
nanomedicine includes the utilization of nanorobots as small simple chemical methods but most important is that the
scale specialists. Advancement in nanotechnology may allow silica is not biodegradable permitting a long-term activity
us to build artificial red blood cells called Respirocytes in the body.
capable of carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules (i.e., Nanorobots will be able to analyze each cell types surface
functions of natural blood cells). Respirocytes are nanorobots, antigens to recognize if the cell is healthy, what the parent
small mechanical gadgets intended to work on the atomic
level. Respirocytes can give a brief substitution to
organ is, as well as almost all information about the cell,
characteristic platelets in the instance of a crisis. Subsequently and using chemotactic sensors, certain molecules and cells
respirocytes will truly change the treatment of coronary could be identified and easily targeted for action. A 1 cm3
illness. We can imagine a day when you could infuse billions injection of nanorobots would be able to deliver selectively
of these nanorobots that would skim around in your body. A into cells at least 0.5 cm3 of chemical agent, and the
standout amongst the most sensible and almost doable sensors could test levels of the chemical to guard against an
accomplishments is the cure for growth which is one of the accidental overdose. Self-Assembly and Nanomanipulation
primary centers of this work. Nanorobots could carry and are two main ways for the production of nanorobots.
deliver large amounts of anti-cancer drugs into cancerous
cells without harming healthy cells, reducing the side effects
related to current therapies. These nanorobots will have the
capacity to repair tissues, clean veins and aviation routes,
change our physiological capacities. The work presented in
this paper is the UG credit seminar work of the
undergraduate student that was undertaken by the UG
student & just provides a brief review of the applications of
the nanorobots that could be used in the medicine for the
curing of the cancer treatement and is just a review paper,
which serves as a basis for all the students, faculties as a base
for carrying out the research in this exciting field of
nanorobotics.
General Terms:- Nanorobots, Medicine
Keywords:- Cancer, Treatment, Coronary, Artery
Fig 1 : Nanorobots which are used to attack the cancerous cells

1. INTRODUCTION 2. OVERVIEW

A nanorobot can be defined as an artificially fabricated We will describe a mobile robot (nanorobot) that can be
object able to freely diffuse in the human body and interact created with existing technology, that can be used to seek
with specific cell at the molecular level. The figure shows a out and destroy inimical tissue within the human body that
schematic representation of a nanorobot that can be cannot be accessed by other means. The construction and
activated by the cell itself when it is needed. Stress induced use of such devices would result in a number of benefits. It
by disease or infectious attack generally leads to changes in would provide either cures or at least a means of
the chemical content of the cell which in turn trigger the controlling or reducing the effects of a number of ailments
nanorobots. Nanotechnology has the potential to radically increase our
options for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer.

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Special Issue - 2018 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
NCESC - 2018 Conference Proceedings

Nanotechnology may also be useful for developing ways to 4. THE MAJOR DRAWBACKS OF THE
eradicate cancer cells without harming healthy, CONVENTIONAL METHODS USED IN THE CANCER
neighboring cells Nanotechnology uses therapeutic agents THERAPY
that target specific cells and deliver their toxin in a
controlled, time-released manner. Injection of drugs affects both cancerous and non
As a syringe is today used to inject medication into the cancerous cells in conventional method. There are various
patient’s bloodstream, tomorrow, nanorobots could side effects with the conventional methods as it effects both
transport and deliver chemical agents directly to a target the cancerous and non cancerous cells. Surgery and
cell. Nanokiller (i.e., nanorobot) could find and repair radiation therapy remove, kill, or damage cancer cells in a
damaged organs, detect and destroy a tumor mass. They certain area which also effects healthy cells. The time to
would be able to communicate their positions, operational heal is longer with the conventional methods that includes
statuses, and the success or failure of the treatment as it methods like surgery, radiation therapy. Some of the side
progresses. They would tell you how many cancer cells effects that that occur when conventional method is
they have encountered and inactivated. Respirocytes followed are
identify tumors and then allow the nanokiller to kill Fatigue -This is a persistent feeling of physical, emotional,
cancerous cells with a tiny but precise amount of a or mental exhaustion. Cancer-related fatigue differs from
chemotherapy drug. It would not only find cancers in their feeling tired due to lack of rest. Receiving multiple
earliest stages before they can do damage or spread, but treatment types may increase your fatigue. For example,
also deliver a small amount of a drug targeted directly at having chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
tumors, which would cause little or no side effects. Pain : Chemotherapy sometimes causes these types of pain:
Nanomedicine could result in non-invasive devices that can Headaches, Muscle pain, Stomach pain, Pain from nerve
enter the body to determine glucose levels, distinguish damage etc..,
between normal and cancerous tissue, and destroy the Mouth and throat sores : This causes painful sores, a
tumor in the initial stage itself. This nanorobot has condition called mucositis.
vibrating cilia like structures with inbuilt nanosensors to Diarrhea : This means having loose or watery bowel
detect the cancerous tissue. This nanorobot shells are movements.
specially coated with gold that allow them to attach to Nausea and vomiting, Appetite loss, Hair loss etc..
malignant cells and they can deliver the drug internally. Constipation : This means having infrequent or difficult
bowel movements.
Blood disorders : Bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside
your bones. It makes new blood cells. But chemotherapy
affects this process. Therefore, you may experience side
effects from having too few blood cells.
Nervous system effects : Some drugs cause nerve damage.

5. THE MODERN TECHNOLOGY USED TO CURE

CANCER THERAPY

Nanotechnology uses therapeutic agents that target specific

cells and deliver their toxin in a controlled, time-released
manner. As a syringe is today used to inject medication
into the patient’s bloodstream, tomorrow, nanorobots could
Fig 2 : Removal of cancer by surgery using the conventional method transport and deliver chemical agents directly to a target
cell. Nanokiller (i.e., nanorobot) could find and repair
3. CONVENTIONAL METHODS OF CANCER damaged organs, detect and destroy a tumor mass. They
THERAPY TREATMENTS would be able to communicate their positions, operational
statuses, and the success or failure of the treatment as it
Most people with cancer receive surgery, chemotherapy, progresses. They would tell you how many cancer cells
radiation therapy, or other conventional therapies at some they have encountered and inactivated. Respirocytes
point during treatment, and many will have a combination identify tumors and then allow the nanokiller to kill
of these treatments. Injection of drugs affects both cancerous cells with a tiny but precise amount of a
cancerous and non cancerous cells in conventional method. chemotherapy drug. It would not only find cancers in their
So, the main types of cancer treatment include : Surgery, earliest stages before they can do damage or spread, but
Radiation Therapy, Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy, also deliver a small amount of a drug targeted directly at
Targeted Therapy, Hormone Therapy. tumors, which would cause little or no side effects.
Nanomedicine could result in non-invasive devices that can
enter the body to determine glucose levels, distinguish
between normal and cancerous tissue, and destroy the
tumor in the initial stage itself. This nanorobot has
vibrating cilia like structures with inbuilt nanosensors to

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Special Issue - 2018 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
NCESC - 2018 Conference Proceedings

detect the cancerous tissue. This nanorobot shells are 6. ADVANTAGES OF THE MODERN TECHNOLOGY
specially coated with gold that allow them to attach to EMPLOYED
malignant cells and they can deliver the drug internally.
There are three main considerations need to focused on With the help of nanorobots, we can further understand the
designing a nanorobot to move through the body -- complexity of human body and brain. The development
navigation, power and how the nanorobot will move will further help in performing painless and noninvasive
through blood vessels. For directing the nanorobots to the surgeries. Even the most complicated surgeries will be
cancerous cells we can make use of ultrasonic signals done with ease. Due to their microscopic features they
which are emitted by the nanorobot. These ultrasonic could surf through the brain cells and generate all the
waves are detected by ultrasonic sensors. Nanorobots can related information required for further studies. Scientist
also be fitted wit a small miniature camera assuming the specially will be benefited from this nanotechnology
nanorobot isn't tethered or designed to float passively application.
through the bloodstream, it will need a means of propulsion The best part is the nanobot are so small that it is not
to get around the body. Because it may have to travel visible with naked eyes, so they can be injected in a human
against the flow of blood, the propulsion system has to be body very easily. Days in future will be like this when a
relatively strong for its size. Another important single shot will cure diseases. More than million people in
consideration is the safety of the patient, the system must this world are affected by this dreaded disease. Currently
be able to move the nanorobot around without causing there is no permanent vaccine or medicine is available to
damage to the host. cure the disease. The currently available drugs can increase
For locomotion we can mimic Paramecium, It moves the patient’s life to a few years only, so the invention of
through their environment using tiny tail-like limbs called this nanorobot will make the patients to get rid of the
cilia. By vibrating the cilia, the paramecium can swim in disease. As the nanorobot do not generate any harmful
any direction. Similar to cilia are flagella, which are longer activities there is no side effect. It operates at specific site
tail structures. Organisms whip flagella around in different only. The initial cost of development is only high but the
ways to move around. The nanorobot would move around manufacturing by batch processing reduces the cost.
like a jet airplane. Miniaturized jet pumps could even use 7. LITERATURE SURVEY
blood plasma to push the nano robot forward, though,
unlike the electromagnetic pump, there would need to be A large number of scientists, researchers, students had
moving parts worked on the curing of the cancer treatment using the
For powering a nanorobot we could use the patient's body nano robots. Here follows a brief review of the same. In
heat to create power, but there would need to be a gradient the 1980’s by Nobel Prize laureate Richard Smalley.
of temperatures to manage it. Power generation would be a Smalley has extended his vision to carbon nanotubes,
result of the Seebeck effect. The Seebeck effect occurs discovered by Sumio Iijima, which he envisions as the next
when two conductors made of different metals are joined at superinter connection for ultra small electronics. The term
two points that are kept at two different temperatures. The nanotechnology has evolved to mean the manipulation of
metal conductors become a thermocouple, meaning that the elements to create unique and hopefully useful
they generate voltage when the junctures are at different Structures.
temperatures. Since it's difficult to rely on temperature December 29, 1959: Richard Feynman gives thefamous
gradients within the body, it's unlikely we'll see many “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” talk. First use of
nanorobots use body heat for power. These are some of the the concepts of nanotechnology. Describes an individual
most practical ideas which have been implemented in real atoms and molecules can be manipulated.
life. 1974: Professor Norio Taniguchi defines nanotechnology
as “the processing of, separation, consolidation, and
deformation of materials by atom / molecule.”
1980’s: Dr. Eric Drexler publishes several scientific
articles promoting nanoscale phenomena and devices.
1986: The book Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of
Nanotechnology by Dr. Eric Drexler is published. He
envisioned nanorobots as self-replicating. A first book on
nanotechnology. [5]
1981: Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer of IBM Zürich.
Invented of the Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)By
Used for imaging surfaces at the atomic level and
Fig 3 : Nanorobots moving inside the blood stream in the veins / identifying some properties (i.e. energy).
capillaries to destroy the cancerous cells 1985: Discovery of fullerenes (molecules composed
entirely of carbon). They have many applications in
materials science, electronics, and nanotechnology.
1991: discovering Carbon nano tubes (cylindrical
fullerenes) as direct result of the fullerenes. – Exhibit high
tensile strength, unique electrical properties, and efficient

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Special Issue - 2018 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
NCESC - 2018 Conference Proceedings

thermal conductivity. Their electrical properties make them To carry and deliver large amounts of anti-cancer drugs
ideal circuit components (i.e. transistors and ultra- into cancerous cells without harming healthy cells, and thus
capacitors). Recently, researched chemical and biomedical reducing the side effects related to current therapies.
engineering have used carbon nano tubes as a vessel for To repair tissues, clean blood vessels and airways,
delivering drugs into the body. [5] transform our physiological capabilities, and even
1991: Invented of atomic force microscope (AFM)– it has potentially counteract the aging process.
imaging, measuring and manipulating matter at the The above mentioned objective of our work can be
nanoscale. It performs its functions by feeling the surface achieved using the following steps one by one as follows
with mechanical probe. – Since interaction with materials …
on the nanoscale, it is considered a nanorobot. First finding out the method of entry into the body for the
2000: United States national nanotechnology Initiative is nanorobot
founded to coordinate federal research and development in Finding means of propulsion for the nanorobot
nanotechnology Finding means of maintaining a fixed position while
2000: The company nano factory collaboration is founded. operating
Developing a research agenda for building a nano factory Finding how to control of the device
capable of building nanorobots for medical purposes. Finding the appropriate power source to nanorobot
Currently, DNA machines (nucleic acid robots) are being Finding means of locating substances to be eliminated by
developed. Performs mechanical-like movements, such as the nanorobot
switching, in response to certain stimuli (inputs). Finding means of doing the elimination the substance from
Molecular size robots and machines paved the way for the body
nanotechnology by creating smaller and smaller machines Finally continuously monitoring the body and giving
and robots. The applications of the nano robotics are more feedback.
as: microrootics, emerging drug delivery application, 9. DESIGN OF NANOROBOTS FOR MEDICAL
health care, bio-medical application, cancer therapy, Brain APPLICATIONS
Aneurysm, communication system, and new future
nanotechnologies. Etc. Locomotion : There are a number of means available for
The major development of nanomedicine molecular active propulsion of our device.
nanotechnology (MNT) or nanorobotics. Just as Propeller : The very first Feynman prize in
biotechnology extends the range and efficacy of treatment Nanotechnology was awarded to William McLellan for
available from application of nanomaterials, the advent of building an electric motor that fit within a cube 1/64th of
molecule of nanotechnology will be again expand an inch on a side. This is probably smaller than we would
enormously the effectiveness, precision and speed of future need for our preliminary microrobot. One or several of
medical treatments while at the same time significantly these motors could be used to power propellers that would
reducing their risk, cost, and invasiveness. MNT will allow push (or pull) the microrobot through the bloodstream. We
doctors to perform direct in vivo surgery of human cells.. would want to use a shrouded blade design so as to avoid
Nanomedicine’s that can easily traverse the human body damage to the surrounding tissues (and to the propellers)
because nanorobots are so tiny. Scientists report that during the inevitable collisions
nanorobot constructed of carbon atoms in a diamonded Cilia/flagellae : In this scenario, we are using some sort of
structure because of its inertproperties and strength. vibrating cilia (similar to those of a paramecium) to propel
Glucose or natural body sugars and oxygen might be a the device. A variation of this method would be to use a
source for propulsion, and it will have other biochemical or fin-shaped appendage. While this may have its attractions
a molecular part depends on task. A large Potential at the molecular level of operation, an electric
applications for nanorobotics in medicine include early motor/propeller combination would be more practical at the
diagnosis and targeted drug delivery with treat mental scale we are talking about.
medicine for cancer biomedical instrumentation, surgery, Electromagnetic pump : This is a device with no moving
pharmacokinetics, monitoring of diabetes, and health care. parts that takes conductive fluid in at the front end and
In future medical technology is expected to nanorobots propels it out the back, in a manner similar to a ramjet,
injected into the patient to perform treatment on a cellular although with no minimum speed. It uses magnetic fields
level. to do this. It would require high field strengths, which
8. MAIN OBJECTIVE OF NANO-ROBOTICS IN would be practical with high capacity conductors. At the
MEDICAL FIELDS scale we are talking about, room (or body) temperature
ceramic superconductors are practical, making this a
To help monitor the patients body continuously and be able possibility.
detect cancer and other diseases at early stages. Jet Pump : In this scenario, we use a pump (with moving
To destroy cancerous cells without affecting the healthy parts) to propel blood plasma in one direction, imparting
cells. thrust in the opposite direction. This can either be done
To reduce the time of recovery for people fighting against with mechanical pumps, or by means of steam propulsion,
cancer and other diseases. using jets of vaporized water/blood plasma.
Membrane propulsion : A rapidly vibrating membrane can
be used to provide thrust, as follows: Imagine a concave

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Special Issue - 2018 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
NCESC - 2018 Conference Proceedings

membrane sealing off a vacuum chamber, immersed in a microrobot would take to reach the operations site. By
fluid under pressure, that is suddenly tightened. This would sufficiently increaing the resolution of the imaging system,
have the effect of pushing some of the fluid away from the and obtaining enough data to generate a three dimensional
membrane, producing thrust in the direction toward the map of the route, it would provide valuable guidance
membrane. The membrane would then be relaxed, causing information for the microrobot.
the pressure of the fluid to push it concave again. This The active form of this technique would be to have a small
pressure would impart no momentum to the device, since it amount of radioactive substance as part of the microrobot.
is balanced by the pressure on the other side of the device. This would allow its position to be tracked throughout the
At the macro scale, this thrust is not significant, but at the body at all times. Additionally, since the technique would
micro scale it is a practical means of propulsion. not require the microrobot to use any power, or require a
Crawl along surface : Rather than have the device float in mechanism of any sort, it would greatly simplify the design
the blood, or in various fluids, the device could move along of the microrobot. While there are risks from radiation, the
the walls of the circulatory system by means of appendages amount of radioactive substance used would not be even a
with specially designed tips, allowing for a firm grip fraction of the amount used in radioactive dye diagnosis.
without excessive damage to the tissue. It must be able to Additionally, as advances in electronic sensors continue,
do this despite surges in the flow of blood caused by the the amount of radiation needed for tracking would steadily
beating of the heart, and do it without tearing through a be reduced. In fact, infrared sensing techniques are so
blood vessel or constantly being torn free and swept away. advanced that we can fully shield the radioactive substance
Navigation : This information will be used to navigate and merely track its heat directly.
close enough to the operations site that short range sensors X-ray : X-rays as a technique have their good points and
will be useful. bad points. On the plus side, they are powerful enough to
Ultrasonic : This technique can be used in either the active be able to pass through tissue, and show density changes in
or the passive mode. In the active mode, an ultrasonic that tissue. This makes them very useful for locating cracks
signal is beamed into the body, and either reflected back, and breaks in hard, dense tissue such as bones and teeth.
received on the other side of the body, or a combination of On the other hand, they go through soft tissue so much
both. The received signal is processed to obtain more easily that an X-ray scan designed to show breaks in
information about the material through which it has passed. bone goes right through soft tissue without showing much
This method is, of course, greatly similar to those used in detail. On the other hand, a scan designed for soft tissue
conventional ultrasound techniques, although they can be can’t get through if there is any bone blocking the path of
enhanced greatly over the current state of the art. the x-rays. Another problem with x-rays is that it is very
In the passive mode, an ultrasonic signal of a very specific difficult to generate a narrow beam, and even if one could
pattern is generated by the microrobot. By means of signal be generated, using it to scan an area in fine detail would
processing techniques, this signal can be tracked with great necessitate prolonged exposure. Consequently, x-rays are
accuracy through the body, giving the precise location of useful only for gross diagnosis, for which several of the
the microrobot at any time. The signal can either be techniques listed above are far better suited.
continuous or pulsed to save power, with the pulse rate Radio/Microwave/Heat : Again, these techniques (really all
increasing or being switched to continuous if necessary for the same technique) can be used in both passive and active
more detailed position information. modes. The passive mode for the techniques depends on
In the passive mode, the ultrasonic signal would be the various tissues in the body generating signals that can
generated by means of a signal applied to a piezoelectric be detected and interpreted by external sensors. While the
membrane, a technology that has been well developed for body does generate some very low frequency radio waves,
at least a decade. This will allow us to generate ultrasonic the wavelength is so large that they are essentially useless
signals of relatively high amplitude and great complexity. for any sort of diagnostic purposes of the type we are
NMR/MRI : This technique involves the application of a interested in.
powerful magnetic field to the body, and subsequent POWER : One major requirement for our microrobot is, of
analysis of the way in which atoms within the body react to course, power. We have to be able to get sufficient power
the field. It usually requires a prolonged period to obtain to the microrobot to allow it to perform all of its required
useful results, often several hours, and thus is not suited to operations. There are two possible paths we can take for
real-time applications. While the performance can be this. The first is to obtain the power from a source within
increased greatly, the resolution is inherently low due to the body, either by having a self-contained power supply,
the difficulty of switching large magnetic fields quickly, or by getting power from the bloodstream. The second
and thus, while it may be suited in some cases to the possibility is to have power supplied from a source external
original diagnosis, it is of only very limited use to us at to the body.
present. Source within the body : There are a number of possible
Radioactive dye : This technique is basically one of mechanisms for this scenario. The basic idea is that the
illumination. A radioactive fluid is introduced into the microrobot would carry its power supply within itself. It
circulatory system and its progress throughout the body is would need enough power to move to the site of the
tracked by means of a fluoroscope or some other radiation- operation, perform its functions, which might be very
sensitive imaging system. The major advantage of this power intensive, and then exit the body. There are three
technique is that it follows the exact same path that our basic scenarios for on-board power supplies.

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Special Issue - 2018 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
NCESC - 2018 Conference Proceedings

Body heat : This method would use body heat to power the detect the higher signal concentration within about 0.16s.
microrobot, in effect using the entire body as a power Thus, keeping their motion near the vessel wall, the signal
supply. The basic problem with this is that a power supply detection happens after these have moved at most 10mm
requires an energy gradient in order to function. In this past the source. Those passing within a few microns often
case, we would need to areas of different temperature, so detect the signal, which spreads a bit further upstream and
that we could set up a power flow between them. Since our away from the single tumor due to the slow fluid motion
microrobot would have to be mobile, and operate at full near the venule‘s wall and the cells motion.
capacity in many different environments, this requirement Thus, the present 3D simulation provides guidelines for
would be difficult to fulfill. nanorobot communication and activation control, as well as
Power from the bloodstream : There are three possibilities for sensor manufacturing design. Distinct performances
for this scenario. In the first case, the microrobot would were observed throughout a set of analyses obtained from
have electrodes mounted on its outer casing that would the NCD software, where the nanorobots use also
combine with the electrolytes in the blood to form a electromagnetic ultrasound transducers as the
battery. This would result in a low voltage, but it would last communication technique to interact dynamically with the
until the electrodes were used up. The disadvantage of this 3D environment, and to achieve a more successful
method is that in the case of a clot or arteriosclerosis, there collective coordination. Figure. 4 shows the virtual
might not be enough blood flow to sustain the required environment in our study, comprised a small venule which
power levels. Also, if the electrodes were ever embedded in contains nanorobots, the red blood cells (RBCs) and a
anything that blocked their access to the blood, power single tumor cell, which is the target area on the vessel
would drop to zero and stay there. This means that a wall. Here, the target area is overleaped by the RBCs. In
backup would be required. the simulation, the nanorobots search for possible small
cancer tumor into the workspace crowded by RBCs,
transmitting back information for the surgeons.
APPLIATIONS OF OUR SEMINAR WORK
UNDERTAKEN
There are a large number of applications of the work that
we have undertaken as a review / survey paper for the UG
credit seminar topic. The applications are listed one by one
as below with an in depth explanation.
Nanorobots in Cancer Detection and Treatment : The
current stages of medical technologies and therapy tools
are used for the successful treatment of cancer. The
important aspect to achieve a successful treatment is based
on the improvement of efficient drug delivery to decrease
Fig. 4 : Nano machines in the blood vessel the side-effects from the chemotherapy.Nanorobots with
embedded chemical biosensors are used for detecting the
The second way to get power from the bloodstream is by tumor cells in early stages of cancer development inside a
means of a fuel cell, or simply by burning blood chemicals. patient’s body.
This is similar to a battery except that rather than obtain Nanorobotics in Surgery : Surgical nanorobots are
power from current flow between electrodes, we would introduced into the human body through vascular systems
obtain power by causing chemical reactions to take place at and other cavities. Surgical nanorobots act as semi-
a controlled rate and obtaining power from this. This is autonomous on-site surgeon inside the human body and are
much the same way that the body gets its own power by programmed or directed by a human surgeon. This
consuming fuel chemicals from the bloodstream. This has programmed surgical nanorobot performs various functions
the same problem as the electrode method; it will stop like searching for pathogens, and then diagnosis and
working if access to the blood is blocked, or if the correction of lesions by nano-manipulation synchronized
chemicals are not replenished. by an on-board computer while conserving and contacting
10. POSSIBLE OUTCOME OF OUR SEMINAR with the supervisory surgeon through coded ultrasound
WORK UNDERTAKEN signals.
Diagnosis and Testing : Medical nanorobots are used for
In the approach presented above nanorobots perform the purpose of diagnosis, testing and monitoring of
similar tasks on detecting and acting upon medical targets microorganisms, tissues and cells in the blood stream.
demanding surgical intervention. Each nanorobot is These nanorobots are capable of noting down the record,
programmed to move through the workspace being tele and report some vital signs such as temperature, pressure
operated from the surgeons. The fluid flow pushes the and immune system’s parameters of different parts of the
concentration of the diffusing signal downstream. human body continuously.
Consequently a nanorobot passing more than a few Nanorobotics in Gene Therapy : Nanorobots are also
microns from the source won‘t detect the signal while it is applicable in treating genetic diseases, by relating the
still relatively near the source. As an example, the first molecular structures of DNA and proteins in the cell. The
nanorobot passing close a lymph node may on average modifications and irregularities in the DNA and protein

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Special Issue - 2018 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
NCESC - 2018 Conference Proceedings

sequences are then corrected (edited). The chromosomal ailments known, as well as advance our capabilities
replacement therapy is very efficient compared to the cell directly, rather than as the side effects of other
repair. An assembled repair vessel is inbuilt in the human technologies. There will be a day when eliminating cancer
body to perform the maintenance of genetics by floating cells are mere an out-patient medical procedure and is just
inside the nucleus of a cell. a review paper, which serves as a basis for all the students,
Nanodentistry : Nanodentistry is one of the topmost faculties as a base for carrying out the research in this
applications as nanorobots help in different processes exciting field of nanorobotics.
involved in dentistry. These nanorobots are helpful in
12. REFERENCES
desensitizing tooth, oral anesthesia, straightening of
irregular set of teeth and improvement of the teeth
[1] A. Cavalcanti, R. A. Freitas Jr., ―Nanorobotics Control Design: A
durability, major tooth repairs and improvement of Collective Behavior Approach for Medicine, IEEE Transactions on
appearance of teeth, etc. Nano BioScience, Vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 133-140, June 2005.
11. CONCLUSIONS [2] R. Hariharan, J. Manohar.,-”Nanorobotics As Medicament (Perfect
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