1.

Why would you have a hard time learning and understanding physiology if you did not also

understand anatomy?

Anatomy and physiology are related. A given function can occur only if the corresponding
structure allows it.

2. Kidney function, bone growth, and beating of the heart are all topics of anatomy. True or false?

False. They are all topics of physiology.

3. At which level of structural organization is the stomach? At which level is a glucose molecule?

The stomach exhibits the organ level of structural organization. Glucose is at the chemical level.

4. Which organ system includes the trachea, lungs, nasal cavity, and bronchi?

The respiratory system

5. Which system functions to remove wastes and help regulate blood pressure?

The urinary system

6. In addition to being able to metabolize, grow, digest food, and excrete wastes, what other
functions must an organism perform if it is to survive?

Survival also depends on the ability to maintain one's boundaries, to move, to respond to stimuli,
and to reproduce.

7. Oxygen is a survival need. Why is it so important? In which life function does oxygen participate
directly?

Oxygen helps organisms grow, reproduce, and turn food into energy. Oxygen gives our cells the
ability to break down food to get the energy we need to survive.

8. What is the anatomical position, and why is it important that an anatomy student understand it?

The anatomical position is a standard position that serves as a reference point in descriptions of
the body and its structures. It's important to understand it because most descriptions of the body
using anatomical terminology refer to body regions as if the body is in the anatomical position
regardless of its actual position.

9. The axillary and the acromial areas are both in the general area of the shoulder. To what specific
body area does each of these terms apply?

The axillary region is the armpit. The acromial region is the point of the shoulder.

10. Use anatomical language to describe the location of a cut to the back of your left forearm.

Left posterior antebrachial region.

11. If you were dissecting a cadaver and wanted to separate the thoracic cavity from the abdominal

cavity, which type of section would you make?

To separate the thoracic and abdominal cavities, you would make a transverse section (cross
section).
12. Which of the following organs are in the abdominopelvic cavity: spinal cord, small intestine,

uterus, heart?

Of these organs, the small intestine and uterus are in the abdominopelvic cavity.

13. Joe went to the emergency room, where he complained of severe pains in the lower right
quadrant

of his abdomen. What might be his problem?

Joe might have appendicitis.

14. When we say that the body demonstrates homeostasis, do we mean that conditions in the body
are

unchanging? Explain your answer.

No. We mean that they vary within a narrow and regulated range.

15. When we begin to become dehydrated, we usually get thirsty, which causes us to drink liquids. Is
the

thirst sensation part of a negative or a positive feedback control system? Defend your choice.

Negative. Dehydration is the stimulus. Brain receives the change in thirst so we drink water to
quench thirst.

Multiple Choice

More than one choice may apply.

1. Consider the following levels: (1) chemical; (2) tissue; (3) organ; (4) cellular; (5) organismal; (6)
systemic.Which of the following choices has the levels listed in order of increasing complexity?

b. 1, 4, 2, 5, 3, 6

2. Which is not essential to survival?

c. Gravity

3. Using the terms listed below, fill in the blank with the proper term.

The heart is located superior to the diaphragm.

The muscles are superficial to the bone.

The shoulder is proximal to the elbow.

In anatomical position, the thumb is lateral to the index finger.

The vertebral region is medial to the scapular region.

The gluteal region is located on the posterior surface of the body.

4. Match the proper anatomical term (column B) withthe common name (column A) for the body
regions isted below.

e. gluteal 1. buttocks

c. dorsal 2. back

i. calcaneal 3. heel

f. antecubital 4. front of elbow

h. digital 5. toes

a. inguinal 6. groin

b. frontal 7. forehead

d. sural 8. calf

g. plantar 9. sole of foot

5. Anatomical terms that apply to the backside of the body in the anatomical position include

c. posterior and dorsal.

6. A neurosurgeon orders a spinal tap for a patient Into what body cavity will the needle be inserted?

c. Dorsal

7. Which of the following groupings of the abdominopelvic regions is medial?

c. Hypogastric, umbilical, epigastric

8. Which of the following is (are) involved in maintaining homeostasis?

a. Effector

b. Control center

c. Receptor

d. Feedback
Short Answer Essay

9. Define anatomy and physiology.

While human anatomy is the study of the body's structures, physiology is the study of how those
structures work.

10. List the 11 organ systems of the body, briefly describe the function of each, and then name two

organs in each system.

1.Skeletal System-Function: provides support and strucutre, stores calcium, minerals, fats, marrow

eg: Bones, Cartilage

2. Integumentary System-Function: provides protection regulates body temp, prevents water loss

eg: skin, hair

3. Muscle System-Function: provides body movement and generates heat when muscles contract

eg: muscles, tendons

4. Nervous System-Function: regulatory system that controls body movement, consciousness,

intelligence, memory

eg: brain, spinal cord, nerves

5. Endocrine System-Function: secretes hormones which regulate body and cellular growth,
chemical levels in the body, and reproductive functions

eg: pituitary gland, thyroid gland

6. Circulatory System-Function: pumps blood to distribute hormones, nutrients and gases and
removes wastes

eg: heart, veins, arteries

7. Lymphatic System-Function: transports and filters lymph and initiates immune response

eg: nodes, lymph vessels, spleen

8.Digestive System-Function: mechanically and chemically breakdowns food materials, absorbs

nutrients and expels waste

eg: stomach, liver, intestines

9. Respiratory System-Function: responsible for the exchange of gases within the body between
blood and lungs

eg: lungs, trachea

10. Urinary System-Function: filters the blood and removes waste from it, concentrates waste into
urine and expels urine from body

eg: Kidneys, bladder

11.Reproductive System-Function: produces sex cells, hormones and when in conjunction allows for
fertilizationeg: male: testes, seminal vesiclesfemale: ovaries, uterus

11. Many body structures are symmetrical. Are the kidneys symmetrical? What about the stomach?

Individually, each kidney is symmetrical, However, the kidneys are not symmetrical in

the body.

12. On what body surface is each of the following located: nose, calf of leg, ears,
umbilicus,fingernails?

The nose is located on the anterior surface of the face, the calf of the leg is located on the
posterior surface of the leg, the ears is located on the left and right lateral surfaces of the skull, the
umbilicus is medial to the hips and the fingernails are located on the upper surface of the skin
which surounds the distal ends of the digits.

13. Which of the following organ systems—digestive, respiratory, reproductive, circulatory, urinary,
or muscular—are found in both subdivisions of the ventral body cavity? Circulatory, muscular, and
digestive. Which are found in the thoracic cavity only? Respiratory In the abdominopelvic cavity
only? Reproductive, urinary

14. Explain the meaning of homeostasis as applied to the living organism.

Homeostasis refers to the ability of an organism to maintain the internal environment

of the body within limits that allow it to survive.

15. What is the consequence of loss of homeostasis, or homeostatic imbalance?

cells may not get everything they need, or toxic wastes may accumulate in the body. If
homeostasis is not restored, the imbalance may lead to disease or even death.
16. A nurse informed John that she was about to take blood from his antecubital region. What part
of his body was she referring to? Later, she came back and said that she was going to give him an
antibiotic shot in the deltoid region. Did he take off his shirt or his pants to get the shot? Before John
left the office, the nurse noticed that his left sural region was badly bruised. What part of his body
was black and blue?

She was referring to the back of his elbow when she was going to take blood from his antecubital
region. When she was going to give antibiotics from his deltoid region, John had to take his shirt
off to because it is around the shoulder. Before he left the nurse notice a bruise in his left rural
region which was the left calf.

17. Jennifer fell off her motorcycle and tore a nerve in her axillary region. She also tore ligaments in
her cervical and scapular regions and broke the only bone of her right brachial region. Explain where
each of her injuries is located.

Jennie tore a nerve in her axillary region, which is her armpit area. She tore ligaments in her
cervical and scapular regions, which in her neck and shoulder blade area. She broke a bone in her
right brachial region, which is located underneath the bicep muscle of her right upper arm.

18. Mr. Garcia is behaving abnormally, and doctor strongly suspect he has a brain tumor. Which
medical imaging device—conventional X ray, CT, PET, ultrasound, or fMRI—would be best for
precisely locating a tumor within the brain? Explain your choice.

Mr. Garcia should have CT taken. A CT scan is sufficient enough to show a tumors size, shape, and
location. However a more detailed image or an MRI would be more sufficient in figuring out
exactly what type of tumor it is, but for primary diagnostic reasons a CT scan should be taken first.

19. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted in response to a drop in the calcium level in the blood.
The secretion of PTH is regulated by a negative feed- back mechanism. What can you expect to
happen to the calcium blood level as increased amounts of PTH are secreted, and why?

Levels of calcium in the blood should increase as more parathyroid hormone (PTH) is
secreted. This hormone is released in response to low levels of calcium in the blood; therefore, its
functions include moving calcium out of storage (e.g., bones) and into the bloodstream, increasing
calcium absorption in the intestines, and retaining calcium in the kidneys. These functions will
increase blood calcium levels

20. Mr. Harvey, a computer programmer, has been complaining about numbness and pain in his
right hand. His physician diagnosed carpal tunnel syndrome and prescribed a splint. Where will
Mr.Harvey apply the splint? Be sure to use correct anatomical terminology in your answer.

Carpal tunnel syndrome occurs when a nerve in the wrist is pressed or squeezed due to limited
space created by the wrist bones and a connecting ligament, called the transverse carpal ligament.
The splint will be applied at the carpal region
21. Dan “threw out his back” after lifting heavy furniture and complained of pain radiating down the
back of his right leg. Use anatomical terminology to describe the body regions where the
injuryoccurred and where Dan experienced pain. Which imaging technique would you prescribe to
diagnose a spinal problem? Explain your choice.

Dan's lumbar region is sore with pain radiating down the right posterior gluteal and femoral
regions. MRI would allow detailed analysis of the spine

22. Billy was dicing vegetables for dinner and accidentally cut his finger. Which feedback system,
positive or negative, is at work during the process of blood clotting? Explain your choice.

Clotting is a positive feedback process. Once clotting begins, sticky, activated platelets release
chemicals to amplify and speed up the process. As this happens, more fibrin is formed, producing
a clot that stops bleeding

23. How is the concept of homeostasis (or its loss) related to disease and aging? Provide examples to

support your reasoning.

Aging is a general example of disease as a result of homeostatic imbalance. As an organism ages,

weakening of feedback loops gradually results in an unstable internal environment. This lack of
homeostasis increases the risk for illness and is responsible for the physical changes associated
with aging.