NDHS 2008

2008
Demographic and
Nigeria
Health Survey
Nigeria 2008 Demographic and Health Survey

Nigeria
Demographic and Health Survey
2008
National Population Commission

Federal Republic of Nigeria
Abuja, Nigeria
ICF Macro
Calverton, Maryland, USA
November 2009
The 2008 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (2008 NDHS) was implemented by the National Population
Commission (NPC) and fielded from June to October 2008. ICF Macro provided technical assistance as well as
funding to the survey through MEASURE DHS, a project funded by the United States Agency for International
Development (USAID) that provides support and technical assistance for the implementation of population and
health surveys in countries worldwide. Funding for the survey was provided by USAID and the U.S. President’s
Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). Funding for the household listing and additional fieldwork support was
provided by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). The views expressed in this publication are those of the
authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Government of Nigeria, the United States Government, or
donor organizations.
Additional information about the 2008 NDHS may be obtained from the headquarters of the National Population
Commission, Plot 2031, Olusegun Obasanjo Way, Zone 7 Wuse, PMB 0281, Abuja, Nigeria; Telephone: (234) 09
523-9173, Fax: (234) 09 523-1024.
Information about the DHS programme may be obtained from the MEASURE DHS Project, ICF Macro,
11785 Beltsville Drive, Suite 300, Calverton, MD 20705, USA; Telephone: 301-572-0200, Fax: 301-572-0999, E-
mail: reports@macrointernational.com, Internet: http://www.measuredhs.com.
Recommended citation:
National Population Commission (NPC) [Nigeria] and ICF Macro. 2009. Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey
2008. Abuja, Nigeria: National Population Commission and ICF Macro.
CONTENTS
Page
TABLES AND FIGURES ........................................................................................................... xi

PREFACE .............................................................................................................................. xxiii
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS .................................................................................................. xxv
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL INDICATORS ................................................xxix
MAP OF NIGERIA ................................................................................................................ xxx
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 History, Geography, and Economy of Nigeria ...................................................1

1.1.1 History..................................................................................................1
1.1.2 Geography............................................................................................1
1.1.3 Economy ..............................................................................................2
1.2 Population and Basic Demographic Indicators..................................................2

1.3 Population and Health Policies and Programmes..............................................3
1.3.1 Population Policies and Programmes ....................................................3
1.3.2 Health Policies and Programmes...........................................................4
1.4 Education.........................................................................................................5
1.5 Organisation and Objectives of the 2008 Nigeria Demographic and
Health Survey ..................................................................................................6
1.5.1 Sample Design......................................................................................6
1.5.2` Questionnaires .....................................................................................7
1.5.3 Pre-test Activities ..................................................................................8
1.5.4 Training of Field Staff ............................................................................8
1.5.5 Fieldwork .............................................................................................8
1.5.6 Data Processing ....................................................................................9
1.6 Response Rates ................................................................................................9
CHAPTER 2 HOUSEHOLD POPULATION AND HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS
2.1 Population by Age and Sex.............................................................................11

2.2 Household Composition ................................................................................13
2.3 Education o the Household Population ..........................................................13
2.3.1 Educational Attainment.......................................................................14
2.3.2 School Attendance Rates ....................................................................17
2.3.3 Grade Repetition and Drop-out Rates.................................................19
2.4 Household Environment.................................................................................20

2.4.1 Drinking Water...................................................................................20
2.4.2 Household Sanitation Facilities ...........................................................22
2.4.3 Housing Characteristics.......................................................................23
Contents | iii
2.5 Household Possessions...................................................................................25
2.6 Wealth Index .................................................................................................25
2.7 Birth Registration............................................................................................26
2.8 Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) ...............................................................28
CHAPTER 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS
3.1 Characteristics of Survey Respondents............................................................31

3.2 Educational Attainment by Background Characteristics...................................33
3.3 Literacy ..........................................................................................................34
3.4 Access to Mass Media ....................................................................................36
3.5 Employment ..................................................................................................38
3.6 Occupation....................................................................................................41
3.7 Earnings, Employers, and Continuity of Employment ......................................43
3.8 Health Insurance Coverage ............................................................................44
3.9 Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding Tuberculosis...........................................46
3.10 Tobacco Use..................................................................................................48
CHAPTER 4 FERTILITY LEVELS, TRENDS, AND DIFFERENTIALS
4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................51

4.2 Current Fertility..............................................................................................51
4.3 Fertility Differentials .......................................................................................53
4.4 Fertility Trends ...............................................................................................55
4.5 Children Ever Born and Living ........................................................................56
4.6 Birth Intervals.................................................................................................57
4.7 Age at First Birth.............................................................................................59
4.8 Teenage Pregnancy and Motherhood.............................................................60
CHAPTER 5 FAMILY PLANNING
5.1 Knowledge of Contraceptive Methods............................................................63

5.2 Ever Use of Contraception .............................................................................65
5.3 Current Use of Contraceptive Methods ..........................................................68
5.4 Differentials in Contraceptive Use by Background Characteristics...................69
5.5 Trends in Contraceptive Use ..........................................................................72
5.6 Number of Children at First Use of Contraception..........................................73
5.7 Brands of Pills, Condoms, and Injectables Used..............................................73
5.8 Knowledge of the Fertile Period .....................................................................76
5.9 Timing of Sterilisation.....................................................................................77
5.10 Source of Contraception ................................................................................78
5.11 Cost of Contraception ....................................................................................79
5.12 Informed Choice ............................................................................................80
5.13 Future Use of Contraception ..........................................................................81
5.14 Reasons for Not Intending to Use Contraception in the Future .......................82
5.15 Preferred Method for Future Use ...................................................................83
5.16 Exposure to Family Planning Messages in the Media.......................................83
5.16.1 Exposure to Specific Family Planning Messages ................................85
5.16.2 Exposure to Family Planning Information through Peer
Groups, School, or Community Leaders...........................................86
iv │ Contents
5.17 Contact of Non-users with Family Planning Providers .....................................87
5.18 Husband/Partner’s Knowledge of Women’s Contraceptive Use ......................89
CHAPTER 6 OTHER PROXIMATE DETERMINANTS OF FERTILITY
6.1 Current Marital Status ....................................................................................91

6.2 Polygyny ........................................................................................................92
6.3 Age at First Marriage ......................................................................................94
6.4 Median Age at First Marriage..........................................................................95
6.5 Age at First Sexual Intercourse........................................................................96
6.6 Recent Sexual Activity ....................................................................................99
6.7 Postpartum Amenorrhoea, Abstinence, and Insusceptibility......................... 102
6.8 Menopause ................................................................................................. 104
CHAPTER 7 FERTILITY PREFERENCES
7.1 Desire for More Children ............................................................................ 105

7.2 Desire to Limit Childbearing........................................................................ 107
7.3 Need for Family Planning Services............................................................... 109
7.4 Ideal Family Size ......................................................................................... 113
7.5 Fertility Planning ......................................................................................... 115
7.6 Wanted Fertility Rates ................................................................................. 116
CHAPTER 8 INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY
8.1 Background and Assessment of Data Quality............................................... 117

8.2 Infant and Child Mortality Levels and Trends............................................... 118
8.3 Socio-Economic Differentials in Infant and Child Mortality .......................... 120
8.4 Demographic Differentials in Childhood Mortality ...................................... 121
8.5 Perinatal Mortality....................................................................................... 122
8.6 High-Risk Fertility Behaviour ....................................................................... 124
CHAPTER 9 MATERNAL HEALTH AND OBSTETRIC FISTULA
9.1 Antenatal Care ............................................................................................ 125

9.2 Number of ANC Visits and Timing of First Visit............................................ 127
9.3 Components of Antenatal Care ................................................................... 128
9.4 Tetanus Toxoid Injections ........................................................................... 130
9.5 Place of Delivery......................................................................................... 132
9.6 Assistance during Delivery........................................................................... 133
9.7 Postnatal Care............................................................................................. 135
9.8 Perceived Problems in Accessing Health Care ............................................. 137
9.9 Obstetric Fistula .......................................................................................... 139
9.9.1 Knowledge of Obstetric Fistula ......................................................... 140
9.9.2 Characteristics of Labour Reported as Cause of Fistula Symptoms..... 141
CHAPTER 10 CHILD HEALTH
10.1 Child’s Weight at Birth ................................................................................ 143

10.2 Vaccination of Children............................................................................... 145
Contents | v
10.2.1 Trends in Vaccination Coverage.................................................... 147
10.2.2 Reasons for Not Receiving Vaccinations ........................................ 149
10.3 Acute Respiratory Infection ......................................................................... 151

10.4 Fever........................................................................................................... 153
10.5 Prevalence of Diarrhoea.............................................................................. 155
10.6 Diarrhoea Treatment................................................................................... 157
10.7 Feeding Practices ........................................................................................ 158
10.8 Knowledge of ORS Packets ......................................................................... 160
10.9 Stool Disposal ............................................................................................. 160
CHAPTER 11 NUTRITION OF CHILDREN AND ADULTS
11.1 Nutritional Status of Children ...................................................................... 163

11.1.1 Measurement of Nutritional Status among Young Children ........... 163
11.1.2 Results of Data Collection ............................................................. 164
11.1.3 Trends in Malnutrition .................................................................. 167
11.2 Initiation of Breastfeeding............................................................................ 167

11.3 Breastfeeding Status by Age......................................................................... 170
11.4 Duration and Frequency of Breastfeeding ................................................... 172
11.5 Types of Complementary Foods .................................................................. 173
11.6 Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices ......................................... 174
11.7 Micronutrient Intake among Children.......................................................... 177
11.8 Presence of Iodised Salt in Households ....................................................... 180
11.9 Nutritional Status of Women....................................................................... 181
11.10 Foods Consumed by Mothers...................................................................... 182
11.11 Micronutrient Intake among Mothers .......................................................... 183
CHAPTER 12 MALARIA
12.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 187

12.2 Mosquito Nets ............................................................................................ 187
12.2.1 Ownership of Mosquito Nets ........................................................ 187
12.2.2 Use of Mosquito Nets by Children under Age Five ........................ 189
12.2.3 Use of Mosquito Nets by All Women and Pregnant Women
Age 15-49..................................................................................... 190
12.2.4 Trends in Mosquito Net Ownership and Use ................................ 192
12.3 Prophylactic Use of Anti-malarial Drugs and Use of Intermittent

Preventive Treatment in Pregnant Women .................................................. 192
12.4 Prevalence and Prompt Treatment of Fever in Children under Age Five ...... 194
12.5 Availability at Home of Anti-malarial Drugs Taken by Children with Fever... 196
CHAPTER 13 HIV AND AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND

BEHAVIOUR
13.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 197

13.2 HIV and AIDS Knowledge, Transmission and Prevention Methods .............. 198
13.2.1 Awareness of HIV and AIDS ......................................................... 198
vi │ Contents
13.2.2 Knowledge of HIV Prevention....................................................... 199
13.2.3 Rejection of Misconceptions about HIV and AIDS ........................ 200
13.3 Knowledge about Mother-to-Child Transmission ......................................... 203

13.4 Attitudes towards People Living with HIV and AIDS .................................... 205
13.5 Attitudes towards Negotiating Safer Sexual Relations with Husbands ........... 207
13.6 Attitudes towards Condom Education for Youth .......................................... 209
13.7 Perceptions and Beliefs about Abstinence and Faithfulness.......................... 210
13.8 Higher-Risk Sex........................................................................................... 210
13.9 Payment for Sex.......................................................................................... 213
13.10 Coverage of HIV Testing Services ................................................................ 215
13.11 Male Circumcision ...................................................................................... 218
13.12 Self-Reporting of Sexually Transmitted Infections......................................... 219
13.13 Prevalence of Medical Injections ................................................................. 221
13.14 HIV and AIDS-Related Knowledge and Behaviour Among Youth................. 223
13.14.1 Knowledge about HIV and AIDS and Sources for Condoms .......... 223
13.14.2 Age at First Sexual Intercourse ...................................................... 225
13.14.3 Trends in Age at First Sexual Intercourse ....................................... 226
13.14.4 Condom Use at First Sex............................................................... 227
13.14.5 Premarital Sex .............................................................................. 228
13.14.6 Higher-Risk Sexual Intercourse ..................................................... 229
13.14.7 Age-mixing in Sexual Relationships ............................................... 232
13.14.8 Drunkenness during Sexual Intercourse ........................................ 232
13.14.9 HIV Testing................................................................................... 233
CHAPTER 14 ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY
14.1 Data............................................................................................................ 235

14.2 Direct Estimates of Adult Mortality .............................................................. 236
14.3 Direct Estimates of Maternal Mortality......................................................... 237
CHAPTER 15 WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT AND HEALTH OUTCOMES
15.1 Women’s and Men’s Employment .............................................................. 239

15.1.1 Employment Status........................................................................... 240
15.2 Women’s Control over Their Own Earnings and Relative Magnitude
of Women’s Earnings ................................................................................. 240
15.3 Women’s Participation in Decision-Making................................................. 243
15.4 Attitudes towards Wife Beating ................................................................... 247
15.5 Attitudes towards Refusing Sex with Husband ............................................. 250
15.6 Women’s Empowerment Indicators ............................................................ 254
15.7 Current Use of Contraception By Woman’s Empowerment Status ............... 255
15.8 Ideal Family Size and Unmet Need by Women’s Status............................... 256
15.9 Women’s Status and Reproductive Health Care .......................................... 257
15.10 Women’s Status and Early Childhood Mortality ........................................... 258
CHAPTER 16 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
16.1 Women Experiencing Physical Violence ...................................................... 262
Contents | vii
16.2 Perpetrators of Physical Violence................................................................. 264
16.3 Experience of Sexual Violence .................................................................... 264
16.4 Age at First Experience of Sexual Violence................................................... 265
16.5 Persons Committing Sexual Violence........................................................... 266
16.6 Experience of Different Forms of Violence .................................................. 267
16.7 Violence during Pregnancy.......................................................................... 267
16.8 Marital Control by Husband or Partner........................................................ 268
16.9 Forms of Spousal Violence .......................................................................... 271
16.10 Spousal Violence by Background Characteristics ......................................... 273
16.11 Violence by Spousal Characteristics and Women’s Indicators ...................... 275
16.12 Frequency of Spousal Violence ................................................................... 277
16.13 Onset of Spousal Violence .......................................................................... 278
16.14 Types of Injuries to Women because of Spousal Violence ........................... 279
16.15 Violence by Women Against Their Spouse .................................................. 279
16.16 Help-seeking Behaviour by Women who Experience Violence.................... 282
16.17 Sources of Help .......................................................................................... 284
CHAPTER 17 ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN
17.1 Orphaned and Vulnerable Children ............................................................ 285

17.1.1 Children’s Living Arrangements and Orphanhood
17.1.2 Orphaned and Vulnerable Children.............................................. 286
17.2 Social and Economic Situation of Orphaned and Vulnerable Children......... 288
17.2.1 School Attendance........................................................................ 288
17.2.2 Basic Material Needs .................................................................... 289
17.2.3 Orphans Living with Siblings ......................................................... 290
17.2.4 Nutritional Status .......................................................................... 291
17.3 Care and Support for OVCs ........................................................................ 293

17.3.1 Succession Planning...................................................................... 293
17.3.2 External Support for Households with OVCs ................................. 296
CHAPTER 18 FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING
18.1 Knowledge and Prevalence of Female Genital Cutting ................................. 299

18.2 Flesh Removal and Infibulation ................................................................... 301
18.3 Age at Circumcision .................................................................................... 301
18.4 Person Who Performed Circumcision.......................................................... 302
18.5 Circumcision of Daughters .......................................................................... 304
18.6 Reasons for Supporting Female Circumcision .............................................. 305
18.7 Attitudes towards Female Circumcision ....................................................... 307
APPENDIX A STATE TABLES ......................................................................................... 317
APPENDIX B SURVEY DESIGN ............................................................................. 457
APPENDIX C ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS .................................................... 463
APPENDIX D DATA QUALITY TABLES ........................................................................ 477
viii │ Contents
APPENDIX E NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CHILDREN: 2008 NDHS DATA
ACCORDING TO THE NCHS/CDC/WHO INTERNATIONAL
REFERENCE POPULATION ................................................................... 483
APPENDIX F PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE 2008 NIGERIA DEMOGRAPHIC

AND HEALTH SURVEY.................................................................... 485
APPENDIX G QUESTIONNAIRES ................................................................................. 497
Contents | ix
TABLES AND FIGURES
Page
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Table 1.1 Basic demographic indicators........................................................................ 3

Table 1.2 Results of the household and individual interviews........................................ 9
CHAPTER 2 HOUSEHOLD POPULATION AND HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS
Table 2.1 Household population by age, sex, and residence.........................................12

Table 2.2 Household composition................................................................................13
Table 2.3.1 Educational attainment of the female household population .........................15
Table 2.3.2 Educational attainment of the male household population ............................16
Table 2.4 School attendance ratios ...............................................................................18
Table 2.5 Grade repetition and drop-out rates..............................................................19
Table 2.6 Household drinking water.............................................................................21
Table 2.7 Household sanitation facilities.......................................................................22
Table 2.8 Household characteristics .............................................................................24
Table 2.9 Household durable goods .............................................................................25
Table 2.10 Wealth quintiles............................................................................................26
Table 2.11 Birth registration of children under age five ...................................................27
Table 2.12 Birth registration of children under age five by authority ...............................28
Table 2.13 Neglected tropical diseases reported in households.......................................30
Figure 2.1 Population Pyramid ......................................................................................12

Figure 2.2 Percent Distribution of Household Population with No Education
by Sex...........................................................................................................17
Figure 2.3 Age-Specific Attendance Rates of the De Facto Population Age 5
to 24 by Sex..................................................................................................20
CHAPTER 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS
Table 3.1 Background characteristics of respondents ....................................................32

Table 3.2.1 Educational attainment: Women...................................................................33
Table 3.2.2 Educational attainment: Men ........................................................................34
Table 3.3.1 Literacy: Women ..........................................................................................35
Table 3.3.2 Literacy: Men ...............................................................................................36
Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media: Women .................................................................37
Table 3.4.2 Exposure to mass media: Men ......................................................................38
Table 3.5.1 Employment status: Women .........................................................................39
Table 3.5.2 Employment status: Men...............................................................................40
Table 3.6.1 Occupation: Women....................................................................................41
Table 3.6.2 Occupation: Men .........................................................................................42
Table 3.7.1 Type of employment: Women ......................................................................43
Table 3.7.2 Type of employment: Men ...........................................................................44
Table 3.8.1 Health insurance coverage: Women .............................................................45
Table 3.8.2 Health insurance coverage: Men...................................................................46
Tables and Figures | xi

Table 3.9.1 Knowledge and attitudes concerning tuberculosis: Women...........................47
Table 3.9.2 Knowledge and attitudes concerning tuberculosis: Men ................................48
Table 3.10.1 Use of tobacco: Women...............................................................................49
Table 3.10.2 Use of tobacco: Men ....................................................................................50
CHAPTER 4 FERTILITY LEVELS, TRENDS, AND DIFFERENTIALS
Table 4.1 Current fertility .............................................................................................52

Table 4.2 Fertility by background characteristics ...........................................................54
Table 4.3 Trends in age-specific fertility rates................................................................55
Table 4.4 Trends in age-specific and total fertility rates, various sources........................55
Table 4.5 Children ever born and living........................................................................57
Table 4.6 Birth intervals................................................................................................58
Table 4.7 Age at first birth ............................................................................................59
Table 4.8 Median age at first birth ................................................................................60
Table 4.9 Teenage pregnancy and motherhood............................................................61
Figure 4.1 Age-Specific Fertility Rates by Urban-Rural Residence...................................52

Figure 4.2 Total Fertility Rates of Selected West African Countries .................................53
Figure 4.3 Fertility Differentials by Zone ........................................................................54
Figure 4.4 Trends in Age-Specific Fertility Rates, 1991-2008..........................................56
Figure 4.5 Percentage of Teenagers Who Have Begun Childbearing and Who
Are Pregnant With Their First Child, by Age ..................................................61
Table 5.1 Knowledge of contraceptive methods ...........................................................64

Table 5.2 Knowledge of contraceptive methods by background characteristics .............65
Table 5.3.1 Ever use of contraception: Women ...............................................................66
Table 5.3.2 Ever use of contraception: Men ....................................................................68
Table 5.4 Current use of contraception by age .............................................................70
Table 5.5 Current use of contraception by background characteristics ..........................71
Table 5.6 Trends in current use of contraception..........................................................72
Table 5.7 Number of children at first use of contraception ...........................................73
Table 5.8 Use of social marketing brand pills and injectables: women ..........................74
Table 5.9 1 Use of social marketing brand condoms: women ..........................................75
Table 5.9.2 Use of social marketing brand condoms: men...............................................76
Table 5.10 Knowledge of fertile period...........................................................................77
Table 5.11 Timing of sterilisation ....................................................................................77
Table 5.12 Source of modern contraception methods ....................................................78
Table 5.13 Cost of modern contraceptive methods.........................................................80
Table 5.14 Informed choice ...........................................................................................81
Table 5.15 Future use of contraception ..........................................................................82
Table 5.16 Reason for not intending to use contraception in the future ..........................82
Table 5.17 Preferred method of contraception for future use..........................................83
Table 5.18 Exposure to family planning messages ...........................................................84
Table 5.19 Exposure to specific family planning messages...............................................86
Table 5.20 Exposure to family planning messages through peer groups, school,
or community leaders ...................................................................................87
Table 5.21 Contact of non-users with family planning providers .....................................88
Table 5.22 Husband/partner's knowledge of women's use of contraception ....................89
xii | Tables and Figures

Figure 5.1 Trends in Contraceptive Prevalence, NDHS 1990-2008................................72
Figure 5.2 Source of Family Planning Methods among Current Users of Modern
Methods .......................................................................................................79
Figure 5.3 Percentage of Men and Women Exposed to Family Planning Messages.........85
Table 6.1 Current marital status ....................................................................................91

Table 6.2.1 Number of women's co-wives .......................................................................92
Table 6.2.2 Number of men's wives.................................................................................93
Table 6.3 Age at first marriage ......................................................................................94
Table 6.4.1 Median age at first marriage: Women ...........................................................95
Table 6.4.2 Median age at first marriage: Men.................................................................96
Table 6.5 Age at first sexual intercourse ........................................................................97
Table 6.6.1 Median age at first intercourse: Women .......................................................98
Table 6.6.2 Median age at first intercourse: Men .............................................................98
Table 6.7.1 Recent sexual activity: Women .....................................................................99
Table 6.7.2 Recent sexual activity: Men ....................................................................... 101
Table 6.8 Post-partum amenorrhoea, abstinence and insusceptibility ........................ 102
Table 6.9 Median duration of amenorrhoea, post-partum abstinence and
Post-partum insusceptibility ....................................................................... 103
Table 6.10 Menopause................................................................................................ 104
Table 7.1 Fertility preferences by number of living children ....................................... 106

Table 7.2.1 Desire to limit childbearing: Women ......................................................... 108
Table 7.2.2 Desire to limit childbearing: Men............................................................... 109
Table 7.3.1 Need and demand for family planning among currently married
women ...................................................................................................... 110
Table 7.3.2 Need and demand for family planning for all women and for women
who are not currently married ................................................................... 112
Table 7.4 Ideal number of children ........................................................................... 114
Table 7.5 Mean ideal number of children.................................................................. 115
Table 7.6 Fertility planning status............................................................................... 116
Table 7.7 Wanted fertility rates.................................................................................. 116
Figure 7.1 Percentage of Currently Married Women and Men Who Want No
More Children, by Number of Living Children ........................................... 107
Figure 7.2 Unmet Need for Family Planning for Currently Married Women
by Residence and Zones ............................................................................ 111
Table 8.1 Early childhood mortality rates ................................................................... 119

Table 8.2 Trends in early childhood mortality............................................................ 120
Table 8.3 Childhood mortality rates by socio-economic characteristics ...................... 121
Table 8.4 Early childhood mortality rates by demographic characteristics................... 122
Table 8.5 Perinatal mortality...................................................................................... 123
Table 8.6 High-risk fertility behaviour ........................................................................ 124
Tables and Figures | xiii

Figure 8.1 Mortality Trends......................................................................................... 119
Table 9.1 Antenatal care............................................................................................ 126

Table 9.2 Number of antenatal care visits and timing of first visit ............................... 128
Table 9.3 Components of antenatal care ................................................................... 129
Table 9.4 Tetanus toxoid injections ........................................................................... 131
Table 9.5 Place of delivery ........................................................................................ 132
Table 9.6 Assistance during delivery .......................................................................... 134
Table 9.7 Timing of first postnatal check-up .............................................................. 136
Table 9.8 Provider of first postnatal check-up ............................................................ 137
Table 9.9 Problems in accessing health care .............................................................. 138
Table 9.10 Knowledge of fistula and experience of fistula-like symptoms..................... 140
Table 9.11 Characteristics of labour reported as cause of fistula symptoms .................. 141
Figure 9.1 Place of Delivery........................................................................................ 133

Figure 9.2 Problems in Accessing Health Care ............................................................ 139
Table 10.1 Child's weight and size at birth ................................................................... 144

Table 10.2 Vaccinations by source of information........................................................ 146
Table 10.3 Vaccinations by background characteristics ................................................ 147
Table 10.4 Vaccinations in first year of life................................................................... 148
Table 10.5 Vaccinations received during national immunisation day campaigns .......... 149
Table 10.6 Reasons for child not receiving any vaccines .............................................. 150
Table 10.7 Reasons for child not receiving any polio vaccine....................................... 151
Table 10.8 Prevalence and treatment of symptoms of ARI ........................................... 152
Table 10.9 Prevalence and treatment of fever.............................................................. 154
Table 10.10 Availability at home of anti-malarial drugs taken by children ...................... 155
Table 10.11 Prevalence of diarrhoea ............................................................................. 156
Table 10.12 Diarrhoeal treatment ................................................................................. 157
Table 10.13 Feeding practices during diarrhoea ............................................................ 159
Table 10.14 Knowledge of ORS packets or pre-packaged liquids................................... 160
Table 10.15 Disposal of children's stools........................................................................ 161
Table 11.1 Nutritional status of children ...................................................................... 165

Table 11.2 Initial breastfeeding.................................................................................... 168
Table 11.3 Breastfeeding status by age ........................................................................ 170
Table 11.4 Median duration and frequency of breastfeeding ....................................... 172
Table 11.5 Foods and liquids consumed by children in the day and night
preceding the interview ............................................................................. 174
Table 11.6 Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices .......................................... 176
Table 11.7 Micronutrient intake among children ......................................................... 179
Table 11.8 Presence of iodised salt in household......................................................... 180
Table 11.9 Nutritional status of women ....................................................................... 182
Table 11.10 Foods consumed by mothers in the day and night preceding the
interview.................................................................................................... 183
xiv | Tables and Figures

Table 11.11 Micronutrient intake among mothers ......................................................... 184
Figure 11.1 Nutritional Status of Children by Age ......................................................... 166

Figure 11.2 Trends in Nutritional Status of Children Under Five, 2003 NDHS
and 2008 NDHS........................................................................................ 167
Figure 11.3 Among Last Children Born in the Five Years Preceding the Survey
Who Ever Received a Prelacteal Liquid, the Percentage Who Received
Specific Liquids.......................................................................................... 169
Figure 11.4 Infant Feeding Practices by Age.................................................................. 171
Figure 11.5 Trends in Infant Feeding Practices for Children 0-5 Months and 6-9
Months, 2003 NDHS and 2008 NDHS ...................................................... 171
Figure 11.6 Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices ........................................ 177
CHAPTER 12 MALARIA
Table 12.1 Ownership of mosquito nets ...................................................................... 188

Table 12.2 Use of mosquito nets by children ............................................................... 189
Table 12.3 Use of mosquito nets by women................................................................ 190
Table 12.4 Use of mosquito nets by pregnant women ................................................. 191
Table 12.5 Prophylactic use of anti-malarial drugs and use of Intermittent
Preventive Treatment (IPT) by women during pregnancy............................ 193
Table 12.6 Prevalence and prompt treatment of fever ................................................. 195
Table 12.7 Type and timing of anti-malarial drugs ....................................................... 196
Table 12.8 Availability at home of anti-malarial drugs taken by children with fever...... 196
Figure 12.1 Trends in Net Ownership and Use, NDHS 2003 AND NDHS 2008........... 192

BEHAVIOUR
Table 13.1 Knowledge of AIDS.................................................................................... 198

Table 13.2 Knowledge of HIV prevention methods...................................................... 200
Table 13.3.1 Comprehensive knowledge about HIV and AIDS: Women ........................ 201
Table 13.3.2 Comprehensive knowledge about HIV and AIDS: Men .............................. 202
Table 13.4 Knowledge of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV............... 204
Table 13.5.1 Accepting attitudes towards persons living with HIV or AIDS: Women ....... 206
Table 13.5.2 Accepting attitudes towards persons living with HIV or AIDS: Men ............ 207
Table 13.6 Attitudes toward negotiating safer sexual relations with husband ................ 208
Table 13.7 Adult support of education about condom use to prevent transmission
of HIV........................................................................................................ 209
Table 13.8.1 Multiple sexual partners and higher-risk sexual intercourse in the
past 12 months: Women ........................................................................... 211
Table 13.8.2 Multiple sexual partners and higher-risk sexual intercourse in the
past 12 months: Men................................................................................. 212
Table 13.9 Payment for sexual intercourse and condom use at last paid sexual
intercourse: Men ....................................................................................... 214
Table 13.10.1 Coverage of prior HIV testing: Women ...................................................... 215
Table 13.10.2 Coverage of prior HIV testing: Men............................................................ 216
Table 13.11 Pregnant women counselled and tested for HIV......................................... 218
Table 13.12 Male circumcision...................................................................................... 219
Tables and Figures | xv

Table 13.13 Self-reported prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
and STI symptoms...................................................................................... 220
Table 13.14 Prevalence of medical injections ................................................................ 222
Table 13.15 Comprehensive knowledge about HIV and AIDS and of a source of
condoms among youth .............................................................................. 224
Table 13.16 Age at first sexual intercourse among youth................................................ 225
Table 13.17 Condom use at first sexual intercourse among youth.................................. 227
Table 13.18 Premarital sexual intercourse and condom use during premarital
sexual intercourse among youth................................................................. 228
Table 13.19.1 Higher-risk sexual intercourse among youth and condom use at last
higher-risk intercourse in the past 12 months: Women .............................. 230
higher-risk intercourse in the past 12 months: Men.................................... 231
Table 13.20 Age-mixing in sexual relationships among women age 15-19 ..................... 232
Table 13.21 Drunkenness during sexual intercourse among youth................................. 233
Table 13.22 Recent HIV tests among youth ................................................................... 234
Figure 13.1 Perception and Beliefs about Abstinence and Faithfulness ......................... 210
Figure 13.2 Women and Men Seeking Advice or Treatment for STIs............................. 221
Figure 13.3 Trends in Age at First Sexual Intercourse .................................................... 226
Table 14.1 Completeness of reporting on siblings ........................................................ 235

Table 14.2 Adult mortality rates and trends ................................................................. 236
Table 14.3 Direct estimates of maternal mortality ........................................................ 237
Figure 14.1 Adult Mortality Rates among Women and Men Age 15-49......................... 237
Table 15.1 Employment and cash earnings of currently married women and men ....... 240
Table 15.2.1 Control over women's cash earnings and relative magnitude of
women's earnings: Women........................................................................ 241
Table 15.2.2 Control over men's cash earnings ............................................................... 242
Table 15.3 Women's control over their own earnings and the earnings of their
husband..................................................................................................... 243
Table 15.4.1 Women's participation in decision-making ................................................. 244
Table 15.4.2 Women's participation in decision-making according to men ..................... 244
Table 15.5.1 Women's participation in decision-making by background
characteristics ............................................................................................ 245
Table 15.5.2 Men's attitude towards wives' participation in decision-making................... 246
Table 15.6.1 Attitudes towards wife beating: Women..................................................... 248
Table 15.6.2 Attitudes towards wife beating: Men .......................................................... 249
Table 15.7.1 Attitudes towards refusing sexual intercourse with husband: Women ......... 251
Table 15.7.2 Attitudes towards refusing sexual intercourse with husband: Men .............. 252
Table 15.7.3 Men's attitudes towards a husband's rights when his wife refuses to
have sexual intercourse.............................................................................. 253
Table 15.8 Indicators of women's empowerment......................................................... 255
Table 15.9 Current use of contraception by women's status......................................... 256
xvi | Tables and Figures

Table 15.10 Women's empowerment and ideal number of children and unmet
need for family planning ............................................................................ 257
Table 15.11 Reproductive health care by women's empowerment ................................ 258
Table 15.12 Early childhood mortality rates by women's status ...................................... 259
Table 16.1 Experience of physical violence.................................................................. 263

Table 16.2 Persons committing physical violence ........................................................ 264
Table 16.3 Experience of sexual violence .................................................................... 265
Table 16.4 Age at first experience of sexual violence ................................................... 266
Table 16.5 Persons committing sexual violence ........................................................... 266
Table 16.6 Experience of different forms of violence ................................................... 267
Table 16.7 Violence during pregnancy ........................................................................ 268
Table 16.8 Degree of marital control exercised by husbands ....................................... 270
Table 16.9 Forms of spousal violence .......................................................................... 272
Table 16.10 Spousal violence by background characteristics.......................................... 274
Table 16.11 Spousal violence by husband's characteristics and empowerment
indicators................................................................................................... 276
Table 16.12 Frequency of spousal violence among those who report violence............... 277
Table 16.13 Onset of marital violence ........................................................................... 278
Table 16.14 Injuries to women due to spousal violence................................................. 279
Table 16.15 Violence by women against their spouse .................................................... 280
Table 16.16 Help-seeking to stop violence .................................................................... 283
Table 16.17 Sources from where help was sought ......................................................... 284
Figure 16.1 Forms of Spousal Violence ......................................................................... 273
Table 17.1 Children's living arrangements and orphanhood ......................................... 286

Table 17.2 Orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) .................................................... 287
Table 17.3 School attendance by survivorship of parents and by OVC status ............... 289
Table 17.4 Possession of basic material needs by orphans and vulnerable children ...... 290
Table 17.5 Orphan not living with siblings ................................................................... 291
Table 17.6 Underweight orphans and vulnerable children........................................... 292
Table 17.7 Sexual intercourse before age 15 among orphans and vulnerable
children ..................................................................................................... 293
Table 17.8 Succession planning ................................................................................... 294
Table 17.9 Widows dispossessed of property............................................................... 295
Table 17.10 External support for very sick persons......................................................... 296
Table 17.11 External support for orphans and vulnerable children................................. 297
Table 18.1 Knowledge and prevalence of female circumcision .................................... 300

Table 18.2 Age at circumcision.................................................................................... 302
Table 18.3 Person who performed circumcision .......................................................... 303
Table 18.4 Daughter's circumcision experience and type of circumcision .................... 304
Table 18.5 Selected characteristics of daughter's circumcision ..................................... 305
Table 18.6.1 Perceived benefits of female circumcision: Women ................................... 306
Tables and Figures | xvii

Table 18.6.2 Perceived benefits of female circumcision: Men......................................... 307
Table 18.7.1 Attitudes towards continuation of female circumcision: Women ................ 308
Table 18.7.2 Attitudes towards continuation of female circumcision: Men...................... 309
APPENDIX A STATE TABLES
Table A-2.3.1 Educational attainment of the female household population: States ........... 317
Table A-2.3.2 Educational attainment of the male household population: States .............. 318
Table A-2.4 School attendance ratios: States ................................................................. 319
Table A-2.6.1 Household drinking water: Zones .............................................................. 321
Table A-2.6.2 Household drinking water: States............................................................... 322
Table A-2.7.1 Household sanitation facilities: Zones ........................................................ 324
Table A-2.7.2 Household sanitation facilities: States......................................................... 325
Table A-2.8.1 Household access to electricity: Zones....................................................... 327
Table A-2.8.2 Household access to electricity: States ....................................................... 328
Table A-2.11 Birth registration of children under age five: States..................................... 330
Table A-2.12 Birth registration of children under age five by authority: States ................. 331
Table A-2.13 Neglected tropical diseases reported in households: States......................... 332
Table A-3.1 Background characteristics of respondents ................................................. 333

Table A-3.2.1 Educational attainment: Women by state................................................... 334
Table A-3.2.2 Educational attainment: Men by state ........................................................ 335
Table A-3.3.1 Literacy: Women by state .......................................................................... 336
Table A-3.3.2 Literacy: Men by state................................................................................ 337
Table A-3.4.1 Exposure to mass media: Women by state ................................................. 338
Table A-3.4.2 Exposure to mass media: Men by state....................................................... 339
Table A-3.5.1 Employment status: Women by state ......................................................... 340
Table A-3.5.2 Employment status: Men by state............................................................... 341
Table A-3.6.1 Occupation: Women by state .................................................................... 342
Table A-3.6.2 Occupation: Men by state ......................................................................... 343
Table A-3.7.1 Type of earnings: Women by state ............................................................. 344
Table A-3.7.2 Type of earnings: Men by state .................................................................. 345
Table A-3.7.3 Type of employer: Women by state ........................................................... 346
Table A-3.7.4 Type of employer: Men by state ................................................................ 347
Table A-3.7.5 Continuity of employment: Women by state.............................................. 348
Table A-3.7.6 Continuity of employment: Men by state ................................................... 349
Table A-3.9.1 Knowledge and attitudes concerning tuberculosis: Women by state ........... 350
Table A-3.9.2 Knowledge and attitudes concerning tuberculosis: Men by state ................ 351
Table A-4.2 Fertility by state of residence: States........................................................... 352

Table A-4.5 Birth intervals: States.................................................................................. 353
Table A-4.8 Median age at first birth: States .................................................................. 354
Table A-4.9 Teenage pregnancy and motherhood: States.............................................. 355
Table A-5.2 Knowledge of contraceptive methods by state of residence: States............. 356

Table A-5.5 Current use of contraception by state of residence: States .......................... 357
Table A-5.18 Exposure to family planning messages: States ............................................. 358
Table A-5.21 Contact of non-users with family planning providers: States ....................... 359
Table A-5.22 Husband/partner's knowledge of women's use of contraception: States ...... 360
xviii | Tables and Figures

Table A-6.2.1 Number of women's co-wives: States ......................................................... 361
Table A-6.2.2 Number of men's wives: States................................................................... 362
Table A-6.7.1 Recent sexual activity: Women by state ..................................................... 363
Table A-6.7.2 Recent sexual activity: Men by state........................................................... 364
Table A-9.1 Antenatal care: States................................................................................. 366

Table A-9.3 Components of antenatal care: States ........................................................ 367
Table A-9.4 Tetanus toxoid injections: States ................................................................ 368
Table A-9.5 Place of delivery: States ............................................................................. 369
Table A-9.6 Assistance during delivery: States ............................................................... 370
Table A-9.7 Timing of first postnatal check-up: States ................................................... 371
Table A-9.8 Provider of first postnatal check-up: States ................................................. 372
Table A-9.9 Problems in accessing health care: States ................................................... 373
Table A-10.3 Vaccinations by state of residence: States................................................... 374

Table A-10.5 Vaccinations received during national immunisation day campaigns:
States......................................................................................................... 375
Table A-10.6 Reasons for child not receiving any vaccines: States ................................... 376
Table A-10.7 Reasons for child not receiving any polio vaccine: States............................ 377
Table A-10.9 Prevalence and treatment of fever: States................................................... 378
Table A-10.11 Prevalence of diarrhoea: States .................................................................. 379
Table A-10.14 Knowledge of ORS packets or pre-packaged liquids: States........................ 380
Table A-10.15 Disposal of children's stools: States............................................................. 381
Table A-11.1 Nutritional status of children: States ........................................................... 382

Table A-11.2 Initial breastfeeding: States......................................................................... 383
Table A-11.4 Median duration and frequency of breastfeeding: States ............................ 384
Table A-11.6 Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices: States ............................... 385
Table A-11.7 Micronutrient intake among children: States .............................................. 386
Table A-11.8 Presence of iodised salt in household: States.............................................. 387
Table A-11.9 Nutritional status of women: States ............................................................ 388
Table A-11.10 Foods consumed by mothers in the day and night preceding the
interview: States ........................................................................................ 389
Table A-11.11 Micronutrient intake among mothers: States .............................................. 390
Table A-12.1 Ownership of mosquito nets: States ........................................................... 392

Table A-12.2 Use of mosquito nets by children: States.................................................... 393
Table A-12.3 Use of mosquito nets by women: States..................................................... 394
Table A-12.4 Use of mosquito nets by pregnant women: States ...................................... 395
Table A-12.5 Prophylactic use of anti-malarial drugs and use of Intermittent
Preventive Treatment (IPT) by women during pregnancy: States................. 396
Table A-12.6 Prevalence and prompt treatment of fever: States ...................................... 397
Table A-12.7 Type and timing of anti-malarial drugs: States ............................................ 398
Table A-13.1 Knowledge of AIDS: States......................................................................... 399

Table A-13.2 Knowledge of HIV prevention methods: States........................................... 400
Table A-13.3.1 Comprehensive knowledge about HIV and AIDS: Women by state............ 401
Table A-13.3.2 Comprehensive knowledge about HIV and AIDS: Men by state ................. 402
Table A-13.4 Knowledge of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV: States.... 403
Table A-13.5.1 Accepting attitudes towards persons living with HIV or AIDS: Women
by state ...................................................................................................... 404
Tables and Figures | xix

Table A-13.5.2 Accepting attitudes towards persons living with HIV or AIDS: Men
by state ...................................................................................................... 405
Table A-13.6 Attitudes towards negotiating safer sexual relations with husband: States.... 406
Table A-13.7 Adult support of education about condom use to prevent transmission
of HIV: States............................................................................................. 407
Table A-13.8.1 Multiple sexual partners and higher-risk sexual intercourse in the past
12 months: Women by state...................................................................... 408
Table A-13.8.2 Multiple sexual partners and higher-risk sexual intercourse in the past
12 months: Men by state ........................................................................... 410
Table A-13.9 Payment for sexual intercourse and condom use at last paid sexual
intercourse: Men by state........................................................................... 412
Table A-13.10.1 Coverage of prior HIV testing: Women by state ......................................... 413
Table A-13.10.2 Coverage of prior HIV testing: Men by state ............................................... 414
Table A-13.11 Pregnant women counselled and tested for HIV: States.............................. 415
Table A-13.12 Male circumcision: States........................................................................... 416
Table A-13.13 Self-reported prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and
STI symptoms: States ................................................................................. 417
Table A-13.14 Prevalence of medical injections: States ..................................................... 418
Table A-13.15 Comprehensive knowledge about HIV and AIDS and of a source of
condoms among youth: States ................................................................... 419
Table A-13.16 Age at first sexual intercourse among youth: States..................................... 420
Table A-13.17 Condom use at first sexual intercourse among youth: States....................... 421
Table A-13.18 Premarital sexual intercourse and condom use during premarital
sexual intercourse among youth: States...................................................... 422
Table A-13.19.1 Higher-risk sexual intercourse among youth and condom use at last
higher-risk intercourse in the past 12 months: Women by state.................. 423
higher-risk intercourse in the past 12 months: Men by state ....................... 424
Table A-13.20 Age-mixing in sexual relationships among women age 15-19: States .......... 425
Table A-13.21 Drunkenness during sexual intercourse among youth: States...................... 426
Table A-13.22 Recent HIV tests among youth: States ........................................................ 427
Table A-15.2.1 Control over women's cash earnings and relative magnitude of
women's earnings: Women by state ........................................................... 429
Table A-15.2.2 Control over men's cash earnings: States .................................................... 430
Table A-15.5.1 Women's participation in decision-making by state of residence: States ..... 431
Table A-15.5.2 Men's attitudes towards wives' participation in decision-making: States ...... 432
Table A-15.6.1 Attitudes towards wife beating: Women by state........................................ 433
Table A-15.6.2 Attitudes towards wife beating: Men by state ............................................. 434
Table A-15.7.1 Attitudes towards refusing sexual intercourse with husband: Women
by state ...................................................................................................... 435
Table A-15.7.2 Attitudes towards refusing sexual intercourse with husband: Men
by state ...................................................................................................... 436
Table A-15.7.3 Men's attitudes towards a husband's rights when his wife refuses to
have sexual intercourse: States................................................................... 437
Table A-17.1 Children's living arrangements and orphanhood: States .............................. 439
Table A-17.2 Orphans and vulnerable children (OVC): States ......................................... 440
Table A-17-3.1 School attendance by survivorship of parents: States .................................. 441
Table A-17.3.2 School attendance by OVC status: States ................................................... 442
xx | Tables and Figures

Table A-17.4 Possession of basic material needs by orphans and vulnerable children:
States......................................................................................................... 443
Table A-17.5 Orphan not living with siblings: States........................................................ 444
Table A-17.8 Succession planning: States........................................................................ 445
Table A-17.9 Widows dispossessed of property: States.................................................... 446
Table A-17.11 External support for orphans and vulnerable children: States...................... 447
Table A-18.1 Knowledge and prevalence of female circumcision: States ......................... 448
Table A-18.2 Age at circumcision: States......................................................................... 449
Table A-18.3 Person who performed circumcision: States ............................................... 450
Table A-18.4 Daughter's circumcision experience and type of circumcision: States ......... 451
Table A-18.6.1 Perceived benefits of female circumcision: Women by state ...................... 452
Table A-18.6.2 Perceived benefits of female circumcision: Men by state............................ 453
Table A-18.7.1 Attitudes towards continuation of female circumcision: Women by state ... 454
Table A-18.7.2 Attitudes towards continuation of female circumcision: Men by state......... 455
APPENDIX B SURVEY DESIGN
Table B.1 Allocation of completed interviews by region and state .............................. 459
Table B.2 Sample implementation: Women .............................................................. 461
Table B.3 Sample implementation: Men.................................................................... 462
APPENDIX C ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS
Table C.1 List of selected variables for sampling errors, Nigeria 2008 ......................... 466
Table C.2 Sampling errors for national sample, Nigeria 2008 ..................................... 467
Table C.3 Sampling errors for urban sample, Nigeria 2008......................................... 468
Table C,4 Sampling errors for rural sample, Nigeria 2008........................................... 469
Table C.5 Sampling errors for Central sample, Nigeria 2008....................................... 470
Table C.6 Sampling errors for North East sample, Nigeria 2008.................................. 471
Table C.7 Sampling errors for North West sample, Nigeria 2008................................ 472
Table C.8 Sampling errors for South East sample, Nigeria 2008.................................. 473
Table C.9 Sampling errors for South South sample, Nigeria 2008 ............................... 474
Table C.10 Sampling errors for South West sample, Nigeria 2008 ................................ 475
APPENDIX D DATA QUALITY TABLES
Table D.1 Household age distribution ........................................................................ 477

Table D.2.1 Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women ................................... 478
Table D.2.2 Age distribution of eligible and interviewed men........................................ 478
Table D.3 Completeness of reporting ......................................................................... 479
Table D.4 Births by calendar years ............................................................................. 479
Table D.5 Reporting of age at death in days ............................................................... 480
Table D.6 Reporting of age at death in months........................................................... 481
Table D.7 Data on siblings ......................................................................................... 482
Table D.8 Sibship size and sex ratio of siblings ........................................................... 482
APPENDIX E NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CHILDREN: 2008 NDHS DATA

ACCORDING TO THE NCHS/CDC/WHO INTERNATIONAL
REFERENCE POPULATION
Table E.1 Nutritional status of children ...................................................................... 483
Tables and Figures | xxi

PREFACE
The conduct of the 2008 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (2008 NDHS) is in
furtherance of the National Population Commission’s (NPC) responsibility of collecting, collating,
analysing, and disseminating population census and survey data at all levels that contribute to policy
formulation and coordination of population activities in the country.
I am delighted to present the final report for the 2008 NDHS. The survey is the latest in the
periodic Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) series, which started in Nigeria at the national level
in 1990. The 2008 NDHS is a national sample survey designed to provide up-to-date information on
background characteristics of the respondents; fertility levels; nuptiality; sexual activity; fertility
preferences; awareness and the use of family planning methods; breastfeeding practices; nutritional
status of mothers and young children; early childhood mortality and maternal mortality; maternal and
child health; and awareness and behaviour regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted
infections. The target groups were women age 15-49 years and men age 15-59 years in randomly
selected households across Nigeria. Information about children age 0-5 years was also collected,
including weight and height.
While the survey is expanded in scope and sample size, the 2008 NDHS is a follow-up to the
1990, 1999, and 2003 NDHS surveys and provides updated estimates of basic demographic and health
indicators covered in the earlier surveys. The 2008 NDHS is the first DHS to include the collection of
information on violence against women. In addition to presenting national estimates, the report
provides estimates of key indicators for rural and urban areas in Nigeria, the six geo-political zones,
and for the first time, the thirty-six states and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT).
The unprecedented success of the 2008 NDHS was made possible by the contributions from a
number of organisations and individuals. I wish to acknowledge the support of the United States
Agency for International Development in Nigeria (USAID/Nigeria) and the President’s Emergency
Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) for funding the survey, and to Akintola Williams Deloitte for
providing accounting and disbursement services that allowed for the timely and efficient transfer of
project funds throughout all components of the survey. Similarly, I wish to acknowledge the United
Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) for funding the household listing exercise and additional field
support. The support and collaboration witnessed by the 2008 NDHS from government, non-
governmental, international development organisations, and other major stakeholders is hereby
acknowledged. Special mention is given to the Federal Ministry of Health and its agencies, the
National Bureau of Statistics, and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) for their support.
I would like to thank the NPC Federal Commissioners for their support during the
implementation period for providing excellent leadership and advocacy support. The unflinching
support and technical assistance provided by Dr. Wokoma D.C. Wokoma (Director-General), Dr.
Emmanuel Enu Attah (Director, Planning and Research), and all other Directors are hereby
acknowledged.
On behalf of the Commission, I gratefully acknowledge the tireless dedication of the core
2008 NDHS team for their outstanding and enthusiastic management of all the technical,
administrative, and logistical phases of the survey. The survey could not have been conducted without
the leadership of Mr. Sani Ali Gar (Project Director) and Mr. Inuwa Bakari Jalingo (Project
Coordinator). Similarly, I wish to express appreciation to ICF Macro for its technical assistance in all
stages of the survey. The commitment of the ICF Macro Country Manager, Ms. Adrienne Cox, is
greatly appreciated. Ms. Sherrell Goggin and Mr. Noureddine Abderrahim (Data Processing
Specialists) handled data processing of the 2008 NDHS with great expertise. I wish to commend the
Preface | xxiii
efforts of Dr. Alfredo Aliaga (Sampling Specialist), who provided technical support during the sample
selection exercise. Dr. Pav Govindasamy (Regional Coordinator) also deserves our deep appreciation
for her contributions.
Special gratitude goes to the Supervisors, Editors, Interviewers, Quality Control Interviewers,
Drivers, and the Data Processing team for their tireless efforts. Finally, a special gratitude goes to all
the respondents for their cooperation, patience, and generosity in providing the required information
throughout the survey. Without their cooperation, this survey would not have been a success.
Chief Samu’ila Danko Makama, CON

Chairman
National Population Commission
xxiv | Preface
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
The 2008 Nigeria Demographic Health Sur- and 16.9 years, respectively). The median age at
vey (NDHS) is a nationally representative survey first marriage varies substantially by level of
of 33,385 women age 15-49 and 15,486 men age education. For women age 25-49 with no educa-
15-59. The 2008 NDHS is the fourth comprehen- tion the median age at marriage is 15.5 years,
sive survey conducted in Nigeria as part of the compared with 22.0 years for women with more
Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) pro- than secondary education. Men enter into first
gramme. The data are intended to furnish pro- union at a later age than women; the median age
gramme managers and policymakers with de- at first marriage for men age 25-59 is more than
tailed information on levels and trends in fertil- 26 years of age.
ity; nuptiality; sexual activity; fertility prefer-
ences; awareness and use of family planning The initiation of sexual activity before mar-
methods; infants and young children feeding riage is not uncommon in Nigeria. Among re-
practices; nutritional status of mothers and young spondents age 25-49, the median age at first sex-
children; early childhood mortality and maternal ual intercourse is 17.7 years for women and 20.6
mortality; maternal and child health; and aware- years for men.
ness and behaviour regarding HIV/AIDS and
other sexually transmitted infections. Addition- Teenage pregnancy is high in Nigeria.
ally, the 2008 NDHS collected information on Twenty-three percent of young women age 15-19
malaria prevention and treatment, neglected have begun childbearing, that is, they have given
tropical diseases, domestic violence, fistulae, and birth or are currently pregnant with their first
female genital cutting (FGC). child.
FERTILITY The 2008 NDHS shows that 33 percent of

currently married women are married to men
The survey results show fertility in Nigeria who are in a polygynous union. Older women,
has remained at a high level over the last 17 women in rural areas, women with less educa-
years from 5.9 births per woman in 1991 to 5.7 tion, and women in the lowest wealth quintiles
births in 2008. On average, rural women are hav- are more likely than other women to have co-
ing two children more than urban women (6.3 wives. The prevalence of polygyny varies mark-
and 4.7 children, respectively). Fertility differen- edly across zones, with South East having the
tials by education and wealth are noticeable. lowest level (13 percent) and North East having
Women who have no formal education and the highest (43 percent).
women in the lowest wealth quintile on average
are having 7 children, while women with higher FAMILY PLANNING
than a secondary education are having 3 children
and women in the highest wealth quintile are In the 2008 NDHS, 72 percent of all women
having 4 children. and 90 percent of all men know at least one con-
traceptive method. Male condoms, the pill, and
Unplanned pregnancies are common in Nige- injectables are the most widely known methods.
ria. Overall, 4 percent of births are unwanted,
while 7 percent are mistimed (wanted later). If all Twenty-nine percent of currently married
unwanted births were prevented, women would women have used a family planning method at
have an average of 5.3 children, compared with least once in their lifetime. Fifteen percent of
the actual average of 5.7 children. currently married women are using any contra-
ceptive method and 10 percent are using a mod-
Marriage patterns are an important determi- ern method. The most commonly used methods
nant of fertility levels in a population. The me- among currently married women are injectables
dian age at first marriage in Nigeria among (3 percent), followed by male condoms and the
women age 25-49 is 18.3 years. Urban women pill (2 percent each).
marry four years later than rural women (21.1
Summary of Findings | xxv

Current use of contraception in Nigeria has 68 percent, respectively). However, only 35 per-
increased from 6 percent in 1990 and 13 percent cent of children have received the third dose of
in 2003 to 15 percent in 2008. There has been a DPT vaccine, and 39 percent have received the
corresponding increase in the use of modern con- third dose of polio vaccine. A comparison of the
traceptive methods, from 4 percent in 1990 and 8 2008 NDHS results with those of the earlier sur-
percent in 2003 to 10 percent in 2008. veys shows there has been an increase in the
overall vaccination coverage in Nigeria from 13
Private chemists are the chief provider of percent in 2003 to the current rate of 23 percent.
contraceptive methods in Nigeria. The distribu- However, the percentage of children with no
tion of sources of modern method supplies for vaccinations has not improved for the same pe-
current users shows that the majority of users (60 riod, 27 percent in 2003 and 29 percent in 2008.
percent) obtain their contraceptive methods from
the private sector. The participation of the public Three percent of children under five years
medical sector in family planning service deliv- showed symptoms of acute respiratory infection
ery has decreased steadily during the past 18 (ARI) in the two weeks preceding the survey.
years from 37 percent in 1990 to 23 percent in Treatment from a health facility or provider was
2008. sought for 45 percent of children with ARI
symptoms. Twenty-three percent of children re-
Overall, 20 percent of currently married ceived antibiotics.
women have an unmet need for family plan-
ning—15 percent for spacing and 5 percent for Sixteen percent of children under five were
limiting. If all married women with an unmet reported to have had fever, a major manifestation
need for family planning were to use a contra- of malaria, within the two weeks prior to the sur-
ceptive method, the contraceptive prevalence rate vey. More than half of children (54 percent) were
for any method would increase from 15 to 35 taken to a health facility or provider for treat-
percent. ment. A third of children with fever (33 percent)
received anti-malarial drugs and 18 percent re-
CHILD HEALTH ceived antibiotics.
Data from the 2008 NDHS indicate that the At the time of the survey, 10 percent of chil-
infant mortality rate is 75 deaths per 1,000 live dren under age five had diarrhoea at some time
births, while the under-five mortality rate is 157 within the two weeks before the survey. For 42
per 1,000 live births for the five-year period im- percent of children, advice or treatment was
mediately preceding the survey. The neonatal sought from a health facility or a health provider.
mortality rate is 40 per 1,000 births. Thus, almost More than a third of children (37 percent) were
half of childhood deaths occurred during infancy, treated with some type of oral rehydration ther-
with one-quarter taking place during the first apy (ORT) or increased fluids: 26 percent were
month of life. treated with solution prepared from an oral rehy-
dration salt (ORS) packet; 8 percent were given
Child mortality is consistently lower in urban recommended home fluids (RHF) prepared at
areas than in rural areas. There is also variation home; and 9 percent were given increased fluids.
in the mortality level across zones. The infant Twenty-nine percent of children with diarrhoea
mortality and under-five mortality rates are high- did not receive any type of treatment at all.
est in the North East, and lowest in the South
West. MATERNAL HEALTH
In Nigeria, children are considered fully vac- In Nigeria more than half of women who had
cinated when they receive one dose of BCG vac- a live birth in the five years preceding the survey
cine, three doses of DPT vaccine, three doses of received antenatal care from a health profes-
polio vaccine, and one dose of measles vaccine. sional (58 percent); 23 percent from a doctor, 30
Overall, 23 percent of children 12-23 months percent from a nurse or midwife, and 5 percent
have received all vaccinations at the time of the from an auxiliary nurse or midwife. Thirty-six
survey. Fifty percent of children have received percent of mothers did not receive any antenatal
the BCG vaccination, and 41 percent have been care.
vaccinated against measles. The coverage of the
first dose of DPT vaccine and polio 1 is 52 and
xxvi * Summary of Findings

Tetanus toxoid injections are given during months, underweight peaks among children age
pregnancy to prevent neonatal tetanus. Overall, 12-17 months, and stunting is highest among
48 percent of last births in Nigeria were pro- children age 18-23 months. Stunting affects half
tected against neonatal tetanus. of children in this age group and almost one-third
of children age 18-23 months are severely
More than one-third of births in the five stunted.
years before the survey were delivered in a
health facility (35 percent). Twenty percent of Overall, 66 percent of women have a body
births occurred in public health facilities and 15 mass index (BMI) in the normal range; 12 per-
percent occurred in private health facilities. Al- cent of women are classified as thin and 4 per-
most two-thirds (62 percent) of births occurred at cent are severely thin. Twenty-two percent of
home. Nine percent of births were assisted by a women are classified as overweight or obese,
doctor, 25 percent by a nurse or midwife, 5 per- with 6 percent in the latter category.
cent by an auxiliary nurse or midwife, and 22
percent by a traditional birth attendant. Nineteen MALARIA
percent of births were assisted by a relative and
19 percent of births had no assistance at all. Two Seventeen percent of all households inter-
percent of births were delivered by a caesarean viewed during the survey had at least one mos-
section. quito net, while 8 percent had more than one.
Sixteen percent of households had at least one
Overall, 42 percent of mothers received a net that had been treated at some time (ever-
postnatal check-up for the most recent birth in treated) with an insecticide. Eight percent of
the five years preceding the survey, with 38 per- households had at least one insecticide-treated
cent having the check-up within the critical 48 net (ITN).
hours after delivery.
Mosquito net usage is low among young
Results from the 2008 NDHS show that the children and pregnant women, groups that are
estimated maternal mortality ratio during the particularly vulnerable to the effects of malaria.
seven-year period prior to the survey is 545 ma- Overall, 12 percent of children under five slept
ternal deaths per 100,000 live births. under a mosquito net the night before the survey.
Twelve percent of children slept under an ever-
BREASTFEEDING AND NUTRITION treated net and 6 percent slept under an ITN.
Among pregnant women, 12 percent slept under
Ninety-seven percent of Nigerian children any mosquito net the night before the interview.
under age five were breastfed at some point in Twelve percent slept under an ever-treated net
their life. The median breastfeeding duration in and 5 percent slept under an ITN.
Nigeria is long (18.1 months). On the other hand,
the median duration for exclusive breastfeeding Among women who had their last birth in the
is only for half a month. A small proportion of two years before the survey, 18 percent took an
babies (13 percent) are exclusively breastfed anti-malarial drug during the pregnancy. Eleven
throughout the first six months of life. More than percent of all pregnant women took at least one
seven in ten (76 percent) children age 6-9 months dose of a sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) drug
receive complementary foods. Sixteen percent of such as Fansidar, Amalar, or Maloxine, while 7
babies less than six months of age are fed with a percent reported taking two or more doses of an
bottle with a nipple, and the proportion bottle-fed SP drug. Eight percent of the women who took
peaks at 17 percent among children in the age an SP drug were given the drug during an antena-
groups 2-3 months and 4-5 months. tal care visit, a practice known as intermittent
preventive treatment (IPT).
Anthropometric measurements carried out at
the time of the survey indicate that, overall, 41 HIV/AIDS KNOWLEDGE AND BEHAVIOUR
percent of Nigerian children are stunted (short
for their age), 14 percent are wasted (thin for The majority of women (88 percent) and
their height), and 23 percent are underweight. men (94 percent) age 15-49 have heard of HIV or
The indices show that malnutrition in young AIDS. However, only 23 percent of women and
children increases with age, starting with wast- 36 percent of men have what can be considered
ing, which peaks among children age 6-8
Summary of Findings | xxvii

comprehensive knowledge about the modes of husband or partner was the perpetrator and 7 per-
HIV transmission and prevention. Comprehen- cent reported that the perpetrator was a former
sive knowledge means knowing that using con- husband or partner.
doms and having just one uninfected, faithful
partner can reduce the chance of getting HIV, Overall, 7 percent of women reported that
knowing that a healthy-looking person can have they had experienced sexual violence at some
HIV, and rejecting the two most common local time in their lives. Forty-three percent of women
misconceptions about HIV transmission or pre- reported that their first experience with sexual
vention, that HIV and AIDS can be transmitted intercourse occurred when they were less than 20
through supernatural means or through mosquito years of age. Half of women reported that their
bites. current or former husband, partner, or boyfriend
committed the act of sexual violence. It is impor-
Fifty-two percent of women and 59 percent tant to highlight that among women who were
of men age 15-49 know that HIV can be trans- younger than age 15 when they first experienced
mitted through breastfeeding. Twenty-eight per- sexual violence, 28 percent reported that the per-
cent of women and 39 percent of men know that petrator was a stranger, 12 percent reported that
the risk of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) the person was a friend or acquaintance, 11 per-
can be reduced by the mother taking special cent reported that the person was a relative, and 7
drugs during pregnancy. percent reported that the person was a family
friend.
Given that most HIV cases in Nigeria occur
as a result of heterosexual contact, information Thirty-four percent of Nigerian women who
about the level of higher-risk sexual intercourse ever experienced physical or sexual violence
(i.e., sexual intercourse with a non-marital, non- sought help to stop the violence. Eight percent of
cohabiting partner) in the past 12 months is im- abused women did not seek help but did tell
portant for planning HIV prevention pro- someone about the violence, and 45 percent of
grammes. The 2008 NDHS findings indicate that the women did not seek help from any source
1 percent of women and 10 percent of men had and did not tell anyone about the violence.
two or more sexual partners during the 12
months preceding the survey. Ten percent of ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN
women and 23 percent of men had higher-risk
sexual intercourse in this period. Among these Twelve percent Nigerian children under age
respondents, only 33 percent of women and 54 18 in the households sampled in the 2008 NDHS
percent of men reported that they used a condom were not living with a biological parent. Six per-
the last time they had sexual intercourse with a cent of children under age 18 are orphaned, that
higher-risk sexual partner. is, one or both parents are dead.
Among the adult population age 15-49, 17 Earlier NDHS surveys obtained information
percent of women and 15 percent of men have on orphanhood only for children under age 15. A
been tested for HIV at some time. Seven percent comparison of the results from the 2003 and
of women and 7 of men received the results from 2008 surveys for this age group indicates that
their last HIV test that was taken in the past 12 there has been a slight decrease in orphanhood
months. from 6.2 percent to 5.2 percent. The proportion
of children who are not living with either parent
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE decreased from 11 to 9 percent for children under
age 15.
One eligible woman in each household was
asked questions on domestic violence. In Nige- Overall, 5 percent of children under age 18
ria, domestic violence occurs across all socio- are considered vulnerable, i.e., they live in a
economic and cultural backgrounds. Twenty- household in which at least one adult was
eight percent of all women reported experiencing chronically ill for three months during the past
physical violence since the age of 15, and 15 12 months, or they had a parent living in the
percent of women experienced physical violence household (or elsewhere) who had experienced
in the 12 months preceding the survey. Among chronic illness in the past year. Overall, 11 per-
women who experienced violence since age 15, a cent of children under age 18 are considered or-
total of 45 percent reported that their current phans and/or vulnerable.
xxviii * Summary of Findings

MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL INDICATORS
Value
Goal Indicator Female Male Total
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and 1.8-Prevalence of underweight children under five
hunger years of age1 21.7 24.5 23.1
2
2. Achieve universal primary 2.1-Net attendance ratio in primary school 59.1 64.9 62.1
education 2.2-Percentage of pupils starting grade 1 who reach
grade 53 98.5 98.5 98.5
2.3-Literacy rate of 15-24 year-olds4 64.3 82.5 69.4
3. Promote gender equality and 3.1-Ratio of girls to boys in primary, secondary and
empower women tertiary education na na 83.9
4. Reduce child mortality 4.1-Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 166 175 157
4.2-Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 81 93 75
4.3-Percentage of 1 year-old children immunised
against measles 41.4 41.5 41.4
5. Improve maternal health 5.1-Maternal mortality ratio (0-6 year period before
survey) na na 545
5.2-Percentage of births attended by skilled health
personnel5 39.3 38.6 38.9
5.3-Contraceptive prevalence rate (any
contraceptive method, currently married women
and men age 15-49) 14.6 na na
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria 6.2-Condom use at last higher-risk sex: youth
and other diseases 15-24 years6 35.5 49.4 40.8
6.3-Percentage of population 15-24 years with
comprehensive knowledge of HIV/AIDS7 22.2 32.6 23.9
6.4-Ratio of school attendance of orphans to school
attendance of non-orphans aged 10-14 years 1.3 1.1 1.2
6.7-Percentage of children under five sleeping
under ITN 5.6 5.3 5.5
6.8-Percentage of children under five with fever
who are appropriately treated with anti-malarial
drugs8 31.8 34.4 33.2
Value
Urban Rural Total
7. Ensure environmental 7.8-Percentage of population using improved
sustainability drinking water source, urban and rural (de jure
population)9 79.7 43.8 55.8
7.9-Percentage of population using improved
sanitation facility, urban and rural (de jure
population)10 37.5 28.1 31.2
na = Not applicable
1
Proportion of children age 0-59 months who are below -2 standard deviations (SD) from the median of the WHO Child
Growth Standards in weight-for-age
2
2008 NDHS data are based on reported attendance, not enrolment.
3
The cohort of people enrolled in grade 1 who are expected to reach grade 5.
4
Refers to respondents who attended secondary school or higher or who can read a whole sentence
5
Among births in the past 5 years
6
Higher-risk refers to sexual intercourse with a non-marital, non-cohabiting partner; time frame is 12 months preceding the
survey.
7
A person is considered to have comprehensive knowledge about HIV/AIDS when s/he knows that consistent use of a
condom during sexual intercourse and having just one HIV-negative and faithful partner can reduce the chances of getting
HIV, knows that a healthy-looking person can have HIV, and rejects the two most common misconceptions about HIV, i.e.,
that HIV can be transmitted by mosquito bites and that a person can get HIV by eating from the same plate as someone who
has HIV.
8
Malaria treatment is measured as the percentage of children age 0-59 months who were ill with a fever in the two weeks
preceding the interview and received an anti-malarial drug.
9
Proportion whose main source of drinking water is a household connection (piped), public standpipe, borehole, protected
dug well or spring, or rainwater collection.
10
Improved sanitation technologies are: flush toilet, ventilated improved pit latrine, traditional pit latrine with a slab, or
composting toilet.
Millennium Development Goal Indicators | xxix

xxx | Map of Nigeria
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY, AND ECONOMY OF NIGERIA
1.1.1 History
Nigeria came into existence as a nation-state in 1914 through the amalgamation of the
Northern and Southern protectorates. Prior to that time, there were various separate cultural, ethnic,
and linguistic groups, such as the Oyo, Benin, Nupe, Jukun, Kanem-Bornu, and Hausa-Fulani
empires. These peoples lived in kingdoms and emirates with traditional but sophisticated systems of
government. There were also other relatively small but strong—and indeed resistant—ethnic groups
(e.g., Igbo, Ibibio, and Tiv).
The British established a crown colony type of government after the amalgamation. The
affairs of the colonial administration were conducted by the British until 1942, when a few Nigerians
became involved in the administration of the country. In the early 1950s, Nigeria achieved partial self-
government with a legislature in which the majority of the members were elected into an executive
council of which most were Nigerians. Nigeria became fully independent in October 1960 as a
federation of three regions (Northern, Western, and Eastern) under a constitution that provided for a
parliamentary system of governance. The Lagos area became the Federal Capital Territory.
On October 1, 1963, Nigeria became a republic with different administrative structures, social
groups, and distinct cultural traits. There are about 374 identifiable ethnic groups, with the Igbo,
Hausa, and Yoruba as major groups.
Presently, Nigeria is made up of 36 states and a Federal Capital Territory (FCT), grouped into
six geopolitical zones: North Central, North East, North West, South East, South South, and South
West. There are also 774 constitutionally recognized local government areas (LGAs) in the country.
1.1.2 Geography
Nigeria is in the West African sub-region, lying between latitudes 4º16' and 13º53' north and
longitudes 2º40' and 14º41' east. It is bordered by Niger in the north, Chad in the northeast, Cameroon
in the east, and Benin in the west. To the south, Nigeria is bordered by approximately 850 kilometres
of the Atlantic Ocean, stretching from Badagry in the west to the Rio del Rey in the east. With a total
land area of 923,768 square kilometres, Nigeria is the fourteenth largest country in Africa.
Nigeria is diverse in climate and topography, encompassing uplands of 600 to 1,300 metres in
the North Central and the east highlands, and lowlands of less than 20 metres in the coastal areas. The
lowlands extend from the Sokoto plains to the Borno plains in the North, the coastal lowlands of
Western Nigeria, and the Cross River basin in the east. The highland areas include the Jos Plateau and
the Adamawa Highlands in the North, extending to the Obudu Plateau and Oban Hills in the South
East. Other topographic features include the Niger-Benue Trough and Chad Basin.
Nigeria has a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons associated with the movement
of the two dominant winds—the rain-bearing south westerly winds and the cold, dry, and dusty north
easterly winds commonly referred to as the Harmattan. The dry season occurs from October to March
with a spell of cool, dry, and dusty Harmattan wind felt mostly in the north in December and January.
The wet season occurs from April to September. The temperature in Nigeria oscillates between 25°
and 40°C, and rainfall ranges from 2,650 millimetres in the southeast to less than 600 millimetres in
some parts of the north, mainly on the fringes of the Sahara Desert. The vegetation that results from
Introduction | 1
these climatic differences consists of mangrove swamp forest in the Niger Delta and Sahel grassland
in the north. Within a wide range of climatic, vegetation, and soil conditions, Nigeria possesses
potential for growing a wide range of agricultural crops.
1.1.3 Economy
Agriculture has been the mainstay of Nigeria’s economy. Before the discovery of oil, the
country depended almost entirely on agricultural production for food and agro-industrial raw
materials for foreign exchange earnings through the commodity trade. At the time of independence,
over 75 percent of the country’s labour force was engaged in agriculture, which also provided gainful
employment and a satisfactory livelihood to over 90 percent of the population. Over the years, the
dominant role of agriculture in the economy, especially in terms of the country’s foreign exchange
earnings, gave way to petroleum exports. The country’s economic strength is derived largely from its
oil and gas reserves, which make up 99 percent of export revenues, 78 percent of government
revenues, and 38.8 percent of the GDP (2006). The contributions of other sectors to the GDP in 2006
were as follows: agriculture (32.5 percent), wholesale and retail (13.5 percent), industry, excluding
petroleum (2.9 percent) and other sectors (1.5 percent). Since 1980, oil production has accounted for
more than two-thirds of the GDP and more than 80 percent of the total government revenues (FRN,
2008).
Since the onset of the new democratic administration in 1999, economic policies have become
more favourable to investment. Progress has been made toward establishing a market-based economy.
Consequently, there has been an improvement in the performance of the domestic economy. Nigeria’s
GDP growth rate was estimated at 2.7 percent in 1999, 2.8 percent in 2000, and 3.8 percent in 2001.
By 2006, the real GDP growth rate was estimated at 6.0 percent (Central Bank of Nigeria, 2002).
Before the advent of the civilian administration in 1999, Nigeria had a large public sector,
comprising over 550 public enterprises in most sectors of the economy and dominating activities in
the electric power, telecommunications, petroleum, and steel sectors. The public enterprise sector
accounts for an estimated 50 percent of the total GDP, 57 percent of investments, and 33 percent of
formal sector employment (Central Bank of Nigeria, 2002).
Like other emerging democracies, the civilian administration in Nigeria has recognised the
importance of privatisation in the restructuring of its economy. A number of policies were put in place
to liberalise, deregulate, and privatise key sectors of the economy such as electric power,
telecommunications, and downstream petroleum sectors. In recent years, Nigeria privatised the only
government-owned petrochemical company and sold its interest in eight oil service companies. While
it may be too early to determine the impact of privatization and liberalisation on the Nigerian
economy, it is believed that these economic policy reforms, combined with investments in human
capital and physical infrastructure, as well as the establishment of macroeconomic stability and good
governance, are essential to achieve a high rate of self-sustaining, long-term economic growth.
1.2 POPULATION AND BASIC DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
Nigeria has, since the 19th century collected demographic statistics through censuses, vital
registration systems and sample surveys. However, until the 1950s these were limited to certain parts
of the country. Since then, there have been considerable improvements in the data collection process.
The first attempt at a population census in Nigeria was in 1866. Subsequent censuses before
1952, such as the 1911 and 1922 censuses, were restricted to specific sections of the country. The
1952-1953 enumeration was the first nationwide census. The first post-independence census,
conducted in 1962, was cancelled because of alleged irregularities in its conduct. Another census,
conducted in 1963, was officially accepted (Table 1.1). The Population Census of 1973 was not
acceptable and was therefore cancelled. The next census took place in 1991. The 2006 Population and
2 | Introduction
Housing Census puts Nigeria’s population at 140,431,790, with a national growth rate estimated at 3.2
percent per annum. With this population, Nigeria is the most populous nation in Africa.
Nigeria’s population is unevenly distributed across the country. Large areas in the Chad
Basin, the middle Niger Valley, the grassland plains, among others, are sparsely populated. The
average population density for the country in 2006 was estimated at 150 people per square kilometre.
The most densely populated states are Lagos, Anambra, Imo, Abia, and Akwa Ibom. Most of the
densely populated states are found in the South East, Kano state, with an average density of 442
persons per square kilometre, is the most densely populated state in the north.
Table 1.1 Basic demographic indicators
Demographic indicators from various sources, Nigeria 1963-2006

Census NFS Census NDHS Census
Indicators 1963 1981-1982 1991 20031 2006
Population (millions) 55.7 84.7 88.9 u 140.4
Density (pop./sq.km) 60 92 96 u 150
Percent urban 19 23 36.3 u u
Crude birth rate (CBR) 66 46 44.6 41.7 u
Crude death rate (CDR) 27 16 14 u u
Total fertility rate (TFR) u 6.3 5.9 5.7 u
Infant mortality rate (IMR) u 85 93 100 u
Life expectancy at birth 36 48 53.2 u u
u = Unknown (not available)

1
Reported rates. See 2003 NDHS final report for information on data quality.
Sources: National Population Commission; Federal Office of Statistics
Numerous sample surveys have been conducted in an effort to generate reliable demographic
data. These include the 1965-1966 Rural Demographic Sample Survey and the 1980 National
Demographic Sample Survey (NDSS) conducted by the Federal Office of Statistics and the National
Population Bureau, respectively. The 1981-1982 Nigeria Fertility Survey (NFS) was the first
nationally representative survey on fertility, family planning, contraceptive use, and related topics.
This was followed by the first Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) in 1990. In 1994, the
first sentinel survey was conducted to serve as a baseline study to monitor the various projects
designed to achieve the objectives of the National Population Policy. In 1999, another NDHS was
conducted. This was followed by a sentinel survey conducted in 2000. Another sentinel survey was
conducted in 2007 to further assess the implementation of the objectives of the population policy.
1.3 POPULATION AND HEALTH POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES
1.3.1 Population Policies and Programmes
In response to the pattern of the population growth rate and its adverse effect on national
development, the Federal Government of Nigeria approved the National Policy on Population for
Development on February 4, 1988. Over the years, emerging issues such as HIV/AIDS, poverty,
gender inequality, among others, gained wider recognition. This necessitated a review of the 1988
National Population Policy, giving way to the National Policy on Population for Sustainable
Development launched in February 2005 by the then President and Commander-in-Chief of the armed
forces of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, Chief Olusegun Obasanjo. The policy recognises that
population factors, social and economic development, and environmental issues are irrevocably
interconnected and are critical to the achievement of sustainable development in Nigeria.
Introduction | 3
The overall goal of the National Policy on Population for Sustainable Development is to
improve the quality of life and standard of living for the Nigerian population (NPC, 2004). This is to
be achieved through the attainment of a number of specific goals that include:
• Achievement of sustainable economic growth, protection and preservation of the

environment, poverty eradication, and provision of quality social services,
• Achievement of a balance between the rate of population growth, available resources, and
social and economic development of the country,
• Progress towards a complete demographic transition to a reasonable growth in birth rates
and a low death rate,
• Improvement in the reproductive health of all Nigerians at every stage of the life circle,
• Acceleration of a strong and immediate response to the HIV/AIDS pandemic and other
related infectious diseases,
• Progress in achieving balance and integrated urban and rural development.
The National Policy on Population for Sustainable Development operates on the principle that
achieving a higher quality of life for people today should not jeopardise the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs (NPC, 2004). To guide policy, programme planning, and
implementation, the following targets were set:
• Reduce the national population growth rate to 2 percent or lower by 2015.

• Reduce the total fertility rate by at least 0.6 children every five years by encouraging
child spacing through the use of family planning.
• Increase the contraceptive prevalence rate for modern methods by at least two percentage
points per year through the use of family planning.
• Reduce the infant mortality rate to 35 per 1,000 live births by 2015.
• Reduce the child mortality rate to 45 per 1,000 live births by 2010.
• Reduce the maternal mortality ratio to 125 per 100,000 live births by 2010 and to 75 by
2015.
• Achieve sustainable universal basic education as soon as possible before 2015.
• Eliminate the gap between males and females in school enrolment at all levels and in
vocational and technical education by 2015.
• Eliminate illiteracy by 2020.
• Achieve at least a 25 percent reduction in HIV/AIDS adult prevalence every five years.
1.3.2 Health Policies and Programmes
A national health policy targeted at achieving health for all Nigerians was promulgated in
1988. In view of emerging issues and the need to focus on realities and trends, a review of the policy
became necessary. The new policy, referred to as the Revised National Health Policy, launched in
September 2004, describes the goals, structure, strategy, and policy direction of the health care
delivery system in Nigeria (NPC, 2004a). Roles and responsibilities of different tiers of government,
including non-governmental organisations are outlined. The policy’s long-term goal is to provide
adequate access to primary, secondary, and tertiary health care services for the entire Nigerian
population through a functional referral system.
4 | Introduction
The following principles and values underpin the Revised National Health Policy:
• Social justice, equity, and the ideals of freedom and opportunity affirmed in the 1999
Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria are a basic right.
• Health and access to quality and affordable health care is a human right.
• Equity in health care for all Nigerians will be pursued as a goal.
• Primary health care (PHC) shall remain the basic philosophy and strategy for national
health development.
• Good quality health care shall be assured through cost-effective interventions that are
targeted at priority health problems.
• A high level of efficiency and accountability shall be maintained in the development and
management of the national health system.
• Effective partnership and collaboration between various health sectors shall be pursued
while safeguarding the identity of each.
Because health is an integral part of overall development, inter-sectoral cooperation and

collaboration between the different health-related ministries, development agencies and other relevant
institutions shall be strengthened; and a gender-sensitive and responsive national health system shall
be achieved by mainstreaming gender considerations in all health programmes.
The overall objective of the Revised National Health Policy is to strengthen the national
health system such that it will be able to provide effective, efficient, quality, accessible and affordable
health services that will improve the health status of Nigerians through the achievement of the health-
related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The main health policy targets are the following:
• Reduce the under-five mortality rate by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015,
• Reduce the maternal mortality rate by three-quarters between 1990 and 2015,
• Reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS by 2015,
• Reduce the burden of malaria and other major diseases by 2015.
The national health policy regards primary health care as the framework to achieve improved
health for the population. Primary health care services include health education; adequate nutrition;
safe water and sanitation; reproductive health, including family planning; immunisation against five
major infectious diseases; the provision of essential drugs; and disease control. The policy document
requires that a comprehensive health care system delivered through the primary health centres should
include maternal and child health care, including family planning services.
The health sector is characterised by wide regional disparities in status, service delivery, and
resource availability. More health services are located in the southern states than in the northern
states. The current priorities in the health sector are in the area of childhood immunisation and
HIV/AIDS prevention.
1.4 EDUCATION
Education in Nigeria has been through a series of policy changes over time. The overall
responsibility establishing national policies and guidelines for uniform standards throughout all levels
of education is vested in the Federal Ministry of Education. These policies and guidelines are
protected by various statutory instruments such as the National Policy on Education, the Education
Decree No. 16 of 1985 and the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Accordingly, the
Federal Ministry of Education focuses on six spheres of education—Early Childhood Education,
Introduction | 5
Basic Education, Secondary Education, Tertiary Education, Adult and Non-formal Education, and
Special Needs Education (Federal Ministry of Education, 2009).
The National Policy on Education provides every child the right to tuition-free primary
education. This has resulted in an increase in the school enrolment and in the number of educational
institutions, particularly in the public sector. The 6-3-3-4 system introduced in 1981 provides six
years of primary education, followed by three years of junior secondary education, and three years of
senior secondary education. The last segment of four years is for university or polytechnic education.
Subsequently, the National Literacy Programme for Adults was launched, followed by the
establishment of Nomadic Education to address the needs of children of migrant cattle herders and
fishermen in the riverine areas. The Universal Basic Education (UBE) system, launched in October
1999, made it compulsory for every child to be educated free of tuition up to the junior secondary
school level in an effort to meet Nigeria’s manpower requirements for national development (Osuji,
2004).
1.5 ORGANISATION AND OBJECTIVES OF THE 2008 NIGERIA DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH
SURVEY
The 2008 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (2008 NDHS) was implemented by the
National Population Commission from June to October 2008 on a nationally representative sample of
more than 36,000 households. All women age 15-49 in these households and all men age 15-59 in a
sub-sample of half of the households were individually interviewed.
While significantly expanded in content, the 2008 NDHS is a follow-up to the 1990, 1999,
and 2003 NDHS surveys and provides updated estimates of basic demographic and health indicators
covered in these earlier surveys. In addition, the 2008 NDHS includes the collection of information on
violence against women. Although previous surveys collected data at the national and zonal levels,
the 2008 NDHS is the first NDHS survey to collect data on basic demographic and health indicators at
the state level.
The primary objectives of the 2008 NDHS project were to provide up-to-date information on
fertility levels; nuptiality; sexual activity; fertility preferences; awareness and use of family planning
methods; breastfeeding practices; nutritional status of mothers and young children; early childhood
mortality and maternal mortality; maternal and child health; and awareness and behaviour regarding
HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections.
1.5.1 Sample Design
The sample for the 2008 NDHS was designed to provide population and health indicators at
the national, zonal, and state levels. The sample design allowed for specific indicators, such as
contraceptive use, to be calculated for each of the 6 zones and 37 states (36 states plus the Federal
Capital Territory, Abuja). The sampling frame used for the 2008 NDHS was the 2006 Population and
Housing Census of the Federal Republic of Nigeria conducted in 2006, provided by the National
Population Commission (NPC).
Administratively, Nigeria is divided into states. Each state is subdivided into local
government areas (LGAs), and each LGA is divided into localities. In addition to these administrative
units, during the 2006 Population Census, each locality was subdivided into convenient areas called
census enumeration areas (EAs). The primary sampling unit (PSU), referred to as a cluster for the
2008 NDHS, is defined on the basis of EAs from the 2006 EA census frame. The 2008 NDHS sample
was selected using a stratified two-stage cluster design consisting of 888 clusters, 286 in the urban and
602 in the rural areas1. A representative sample of 36,800 households was selected for the 2008
1
The final survey sample included 886 instead of 888 clusters. During fieldwork, access was not obtained in
one cluster due to flooding, and in another cluster due to inter-communal disturbances.
6 | Introduction
NDHS survey, with a minimum target of 950 completed interviews per state. In each state, the
number of households was distributed proportionately among its urban and rural areas.
A complete listing of households and a mapping exercise were carried out for each cluster
from April to May 2008, with the resulting lists of households serving as the sampling frame for the
selection of households in the second stage. All private households were listed. The NPC listing
enumerators were trained to use Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers to take the coordinates of
the 2008 NDHS sample clusters.
In the second stage of selection, an average of 41 households was selected in each cluster, by
equal probability systematic sampling. All women age 15-49 who were either permanent residents of
the households in the 2008 NDHS sample or visitors present in the households on the night before the
survey were eligible to be interviewed. In a sub-sample of half of the households, all men age 15-59
who were either permanent residents of the households in the 2008 NDHS sample or visitors present
in the households on the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed. In addition, a sub-
sample of one eligible woman in each household was randomly selected to be asked additional
questions about domestic violence.
1.5.2 Questionnaires
Three questionnaires were used for the 2008 NDHS. They are the Household Questionnaire,
the Women’s Questionnaire, and the Men’s Questionnaire. These questionnaires were adapted to
reflect the population and health issues relevant to Nigeria at a series of meetings with various
stakeholders from government ministries and agencies, non-governmental organisations, and
international donors. In addition to English, the questionnaires were translated into three major
Nigerian languages: Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba.
The Household Questionnaire was used to list all the usual members and visitors of selected
households. Some basic information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed,
including his or her age, sex, education, and relationship to the head of the household. For children
under age 18, survival status of the parents was determined. If a child in the household had a parent
who was sick for more than three consecutive months in the 12 months preceding the survey or a
parent who had died, additional questions related to support for orphans and vulnerable children were
asked. Additionally, if an adult in the household was sick for more than three consecutive months in
the 12 months preceding the survey or an adult in the household died, questions were asked related to
support for sick people or people in households where a household member has died. The data on the
age and sex of household members obtained in the Household Questionnaire was used to identify
women and men who were eligible for the individual interview. Additionally, the Household
Questionnaire collected information on characteristics of the household’s dwelling unit, such as the
source of water, type of toilet facilities, materials used for the floor of the house, ownership of various
durable goods, and ownership and use of mosquito nets (to assess the coverage of malaria prevention
programmes). The Household Questionnaire was also used to record height and weight measurements
for children age 0-59 months and women age 15-49.
The Women’s Questionnaire was used to collect information on all women age 15-49. These
women were asked questions on the following main topics:
• Background characteristics (education, residential history, media exposure, etc.)

• Birth history and childhood mortality
• Knowledge and use of family planning methods
• Fertility preferences
• Antenatal, delivery, and postnatal care
• Breastfeeding and infant and young child feeding practices
• Vaccinations and childhood illnesses
• Marriage and sexual activity
Introduction | 7
• Women’s work and husband’s background characteristics
• Women’s and children’s nutritional status
• Malaria prevention and treatment
• Awareness and behaviour regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections
(STIs)
• Adult mortality including maternal mortality
• Women’s status and health outcomes
• Fistulae
• Domestic violence
• Female genital cutting
The Men’s Questionnaire was administered to all men age 15-59 in every second household
in the 2008 NDHS sample. The Men’s Questionnaire collected much of the same information found
in the Women’s Questionnaire, but was shorter because it did not contain a detailed reproductive
history or questions on maternal and child health or nutrition.
1.5.3 Pre-test Activities
The training for the pre-test took place March 3-12, 2008. Thirty-two interviewers (15
females and 17 males) were trained to administer the questionnaires and take anthropometric
measurements. The pre-test training for the interviewers and supervisors consisted of a project
overview and survey objectives, techniques of interviewing, field procedures, a detailed description of
all sections of the household and individual questionnaires, and two days of field practice. The
trainers/resource people included professionals from NPC and ICF Macro.
The pre-test was conducted in 6 states by 6 teams March 15-22, 2008. The teams were
divided according to languages. There were 2 Hausa teams in the North East and North West zones, 2
English teams in the South South and North Central zones, 1 Yoruba team in the South West, and 1
Igbo team in the South East. The supervisors and editors were drawn from the NPC core technical
team. The teams covered 6 zones (one state in each zone) and aimed at completing 25 urban and 25
rural households per state. At the end of fieldwork, a debriefing session was held March 24-25, 2008
in Kaduna with all staff involved in the pre-test, and the questionnaires were amended based on the
pre-test findings.
1.5.4 Training of Field Staff
NPC recruited and trained 368 people for the fieldwork to serve as zonal coordinators,
supervisors, field editors, female and male interviewers, reserve interviewers, and quality control
interviewers. Training of field staff for the main survey was conducted during a three-week period in
May-June 2008. The training course consisted of instruction regarding interviewing techniques and
field procedures, a detailed review of items on the questionnaires, instruction and practice in weighing
and measuring children, mock interviews between participants in the classroom, and practice
interviews with real respondents in areas outside the 2008 NDHS sample points. During this period,
field editors, team supervisors, and quality control interviewers were provided with additional training
in methods of field editing, data quality control procedures, and fieldwork coordination. Thirty-seven
supervisors, 37 editors, 152 female interviewers, and 74 male interviewers were selected to make up
37 data collection teams for the 2008 NDHS. Thirty-seven people were selected to be quality control
interviewers.
1.5.5 Fieldwork
Thirty-seven interviewing teams carried out data collection for the 2008 NDHS. Each team
consisted of 1 supervisor (team leader), 1 field editor, 4 female interviewers, 2 male interviewers, and
2 drivers. Nineteen senior staff members from NPC, designated as zonal coordinators, coordinated
8 | Introduction
and supervised fieldwork activities. Data collection took place over a four-month period from June to
October 2008.
1.5.6 Data Processing
All questionnaires for the 2008 NDHS were returned to the NPC headquarters office in Abuja
for data processing, which consisted of office editing, coding of open-ended questions, data entry, and
editing computer-identified errors. The data were processed by a team of 30 data entry operators, 3
data coders, 4 data entry supervisors, and 8 secondary editors. Data entry and editing were
accomplished using the CSPro software. The processing of data was initiated in July 2008 and
completed in February 2009.
1.6 RESPONSE RATES
The household and individual response rates for the 2008 NDHS are shown in Table 1.2. A
total of 36,298 households were selected and of these 34,644 were occupied. Of the 34,644
households found, 34,070 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 98 percent. There
is no significant difference between rural and urban areas in terms of response rates.
In the interviewed households, a total of 34,596 women were identified to be eligible for the
individual interview, and 97 percent of them were successfully interviewed. For men, 16,722 were
identified as eligible in half the households, and 93 percent of them were successfully interviewed.
Table 1.2 Results of the household and individual interviews
Number of households, number of interviews, and response rates,

according to residence (unweighted), Nigeria 2008
Residence
Result Urban Rural Total
Household interviews
Households selected 11,418 24,880 36,298
Households occupied 10,958 23,686 34,644
Households interviewed 10,724 23,346 34,070
Household response rate1 97.9 98.6 98.3
Interviews with women age 15-49

Number of eligible women 10,868 23,728 34,596
Number of eligible women interviewed 10,489 22,896 33,385
Eligible women response rate2 96.5 96.5 96.5
Interviews with men age 15-59

Number of eligible men 5,597 11,125 16,722
Number of eligible men interviewed 5,133 10,353 15,486
Eligible men response rate 91.7 93.1 92.6

1
Households interviewed/households occupied
2
Respondents interviewed/eligible respondents
Introduction | 9
HOUSEHOLD POPULATION AND HOUSING
CHARACTERISTICS 2
The purpose of this chapter is to provide a summary of some demographic and socio-
economic characteristics of the population in the households sampled in the 2008 NDHS. For the
purpose of the 2008 NDHS, a household was defined as a person or a group of persons, related or
unrelated, who live together and share common cooking and eating arrangements. The Household
Questionnaire (see Appendix G) included a schedule for collecting basic demographic and socio-
economic information (e.g., age, sex, educational attainment, and current school attendance) for all
usual residents and visitors who slept in the household the night preceding the interview. This method
of data collection allows the analysis of the results for either the de jure population (usual residents) or
the de facto population (i.e., persons in the household at the time of the survey). The Household
Questionnaire also obtained information on housing facilities, e.g., dwelling characteristics, source of
water supply, and sanitation facilities and household possessions, and some neglected tropical
diseases that affect the population of Nigeria.1
The information in this chapter is intended to facilitate interpretation of the key demographic,
socio-economic, and health indices presented later in the report. It is also intended to assist in the
assessment of the representativeness of the survey sample.
2.1 POPULATION BY AGE AND SEX
Age and sex are important demographic variables and are the primary basis of demographic
classification. They are also important variables in the study of mortality, fertility, and nuptiality. The
distribution of the de facto household population in the 2008 NDHS is shown in Table 2.1 by five-
year age groups, according to sex and residence. About 50 percent of the population is female, and 50
percent is male. The sex ratio (the number of men per 100 women) is 99. The ratio in rural areas is
lower than that of urban areas (97 compared with 101). The results show that the household
population has a greater number of younger people than older people. Forty-five percent of the total
population is under 15 years of age while 4 percent is 65 or older. The proportion of the population in
each age group declines as age increases; the lowest age group (0-4) has the largest proportion of the
population (17 percent), while the highest five-year age group (75-79) has the smallest proportion
(less than 1 percent).
Figure 2.1 illustrates the age structure of the household population in a population pyramid.
Another feature of population pyramids is their strength in illustrating whether a population is
“young” or “old.” The broad base of the pyramid indicates that Nigeria’s population is young. This
scenario is typical of countries with higher fertility rates.
1
The survey results in this chapter are presented for the country as a whole, by urban-rural residence, and by
zone. State-level results are available in Appendix A.
Household Population and Housing Characteristics | 11

Table 2.1 Household population by age, sex, and residence
Percent distribution of the de facto household population by five-year age groups, according to sex and residence, Nigeria 2008
Urban Rural Total

Age Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
<5 15.9 15.7 15.8 18.2 17.2 17.7 17.5 16.7 17.1
5-9 13.7 13.8 13.7 16.7 15.7 16.2 15.7 15.1 15.4
10-14 11.4 11.2 11.3 12.9 11.8 12.3 12.4 11.6 12.0
15-19 8.8 9.2 9.0 8.6 8.5 8.5 8.7 8.7 8.7
20-24 8.5 9.2 8.8 6.4 7.8 7.1 7.1 8.2 7.7
25-29 8.4 10.1 9.3 6.5 8.0 7.2 7.1 8.7 7.9
30-34 7.2 6.9 7.0 5.4 6.0 5.7 6.0 6.3 6.1
35-39 6.4 5.5 5.9 4.7 5.0 4.9 5.3 5.2 5.2
40-44 4.7 4.3 4.5 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.2 4.1 4.1
45-49 3.9 3.4 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.7 3.5 3.6
50-54 3.0 3.2 3.1 2.9 3.8 3.3 2.9 3.6 3.2
55-59 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.7 2.4 2.2 2.5 2.3
60-64 2.2 1.8 2.0 2.6 2.2 2.4 2.5 2.1 2.3
65-69 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.8 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.4 1.6
70-74 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.6 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.0 1.2
75-79 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.6
80 + 0.8 1.0 0.9 1.1 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0
Don’t know/missing 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number 25,069 24,846 49,915 49,499 50,781 100,284 74,568 75,627 150,199
Note: Total includes 4 persons whose sex was not stated.
Figure 2.1 Population Pyramid

Age
80+
75-79
70-74
65-69
60-64
55-59 Male Female
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
0-4
10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10
Percent
NDHS 2008
12 | Household Population and Housing Characteristics

2.2 HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION Table 2.2 Household composition
Percent distribution of households by sex of head of household

Information on key aspects of the and by household size; mean size of household, and percentage
household composition, including the sex of the of households with orphans and foster children under 18,
household head and the size of the household, according to residence, Nigeria 2008
is presented in Table 2.2. These characteristics Residence
are important because they are associated with Characteristic Urban Rural Total
household welfare. Female-headed households Household headship
are, for example, typically poorer than male- Male 79.3 81.4 80.7
headed households. Economic resources are Female 20.7 18.6 19.3
Missing 0.0 0.0 0.0
often more limited in larger households.
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
Moreover, where the size of the household is
large, crowding also can lead to health Number of usual members
problems. 0 0.2 0.3 0.3
1 20.2 16.4 17.8
2 12.4 12.8 12.6
Table 2.2 shows that households in 3 14.1 13.2 13.5
Nigeria are predominantly headed by men (81 4 14.2 12.8 13.3
percent) and less than one in five (19 percent) 5 12.4 12.1 12.2
are headed by women. Female-headed house- 6 9.4 9.7 9.6
7 6.7 7.6 7.3
holds are more common in urban areas (21 8 3.9 5.0 4.6
percent) than in rural areas (19 percent). There 9+ 6.5 10.2 8.9
has been a slight increase in the proportion of Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
female-headed households from 17 percent in Mean size of households 4.1 4.6 4.4
the 2003 NDHS to 19 percent in the 2008
Percentage of households with
NDHS. orphans and foster children
under 18
The 2008 NDHS indicates that the Foster children1 15.5 17.5 16.8
Double orphans 0.8 0.7 0.7
average household size is 4.4 persons, Single orphans 6.5 7.4 7.1
compared with 5.0 persons in the 2003 NDHS. Foster and/or orphan children 18.7 21.3 20.4
This shows a modest decline over the past five Number of households 12,100 21,970 34,070
years. The table further shows that the average
Note: Table is based on de jure household members, i.e., usual
household size is slightly lower in urban areas
residents.
(4.1 persons) and in rural areas (4.6 persons). 1
Foster children are those under age 18 living in households with
The proportion of households with nine or neither their mother nor their father present.
more members is higher in rural areas (10
percent) than in urban areas (7 percent).
Table 2.2 provides information on the proportion of households with foster children (that is,
children who live in households with neither biological parent present), double orphans (children with
both parents dead), and single orphans (children with one parent dead). Overall, one in five
households contain foster children or orphans. The proportion of households with foster children (17
percent) is higher than the proportion with double orphans (1 percent) or single orphans (7 percent).
Rural areas have a higher proportion of households with foster children and orphans than urban areas
(21 percent compared with 19 percent).
2.3 EDUCATION O THE HOUSEHOLD POPULATION
Education is a key determinant of the lifestyle and societal status an individual enjoys. Studies
have consistently shown that educational attainment has a strong effect on health behaviours and
attitudes. Results from the 2008 NDHS can be used to look at educational attainment among
household members and school attendance, repetition, and drop-out rates among youth.
For the purposes of the analysis presented below, the official age for entry into the primary
level is six years old. Formal education in Nigeria is based on a three-tier system: primary education

consisting of six years, junior secondary school consisting of three years, and senior secondary school
consisting of three years. Upon completion of secondary school one may choose to further his or her
education by either going to university or polytechnic or colleges of education for four to seven years,
depending on the field of study, and obtain a degree or higher national diploma or certificate, or by
attending a vocational or technical institute for a two- to three-year certificate or diploma course
(Osuji, 2004).
2.3.1 Educational Attainment
Tables 2.3.1 and 2.3.2 show data on educational attainment for female and male household
members age six and older. Results from both tables indicate that, overall, more females than males
have never attended school (40 percent compared with 28 percent). Figure 2.2 shows the percentage
of males and females who have never attended school by age group. The proportion who have never
attended school is higher for females than for males in all age groups. More than two in ten males (21
percent) and about two in ten females (19 percent) have some primary education. The proportion of
males completing the primary level of education is 12 percent, compared with 11 percent of women.
Fifteen percent of men have completed the secondary level of education, compared with 10 percent of
women. There are urban-rural differences in educational attainment. Twenty-two percent of males in
urban areas and 11 percent in rural areas have completed the secondary level, compared with 18
percent of females in urban areas and 7 percent in rural areas. Forty-nine percent of females and 35
percent of males in rural areas have no education. In urban areas, 22 percent of females and 14 percent
of males have no education.
With the exception of the youngest age group, some of whom will begin to attend school in
the future, the proportion with no education increases with age. For example, the proportion of
women who have never attended any formal schooling increases from 26 percent among those age 10-
14 to 78 percent among those age 65 and above. For men, the proportion increases from 20 percent of
those age 10-14 to 62 percent of those age 65 and older.
The proportion of the population that has attained any education varies among Nigeria’s
geopolitical regions. The North West and North East have the highest proportion of persons with no
education—roughly seven in ten women and half of men—while the South South has the lowest
percentage who have never been to school, 15 percent among females and 8 percent among males.
South West has the highest proportion of females and males who completed more than a secondary
education (10 percent and 13 percent, respectively). As expected, educational attainment is positively
related to household wealth status. Females and males in the highest wealth quintiles are more likely
to be educated than those in the lowest wealth quintiles.

Table 2.3.1 Educational attainment of the female household population
Percent distribution of the de facto female household populations age six and over by highest level of schooling attended or
completed and median years completed, according to background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
More Don't Median

Background No Some Completed Some Completed than know/ years
characteristic education primary primary1 secondary secondary2 secondary missing Total Number completed
Age
6-9 43.9 52.8 0.3 0.6 0.0 0.0 2.4 100.0 9,292 0.0
10-14 25.8 45.3 7.7 19.9 0.3 0.0 1.0 100.0 8,775 3.1
15-19 24.1 7.5 8.9 46.4 11.1 1.3 0.7 100.0 6,587 7.0
20-24 29.8 3.9 11.4 16.6 27.0 10.5 0.8 100.0 6,235 8.0
25-29 33.1 4.8 15.8 11.0 21.7 12.6 1.1 100.0 6,567 5.7
30-34 37.3 5.4 16.8 9.2 17.8 12.1 1.5 100.0 4,733 5.4
35-39 37.2 6.5 20.3 8.6 15.6 10.6 1.2 100.0 3,899 5.3
40-44 46.0 5.8 17.2 7.4 12.6 9.6 1.3 100.0 3,071 3.2
45-49 54.9 7.0 16.5 4.3 8.1 7.9 1.1 100.0 2,616 0.0
50-54 62.1 7.8 15.0 2.4 5.0 4.3 3.4 100.0 2,700 0.0
55-59 64.1 9.9 15.4 1.4 3.2 3.0 3.1 100.0 1,876 0.0
60-64 69.5 8.3 10.2 1.7 2.9 2.3 5.2 100.0 1,574 0.0
65+ 77.9 5.7 6.5 0.7 0.9 1.3 7.1 100.0 2,915 0.0
Residence
Urban 22.0 19.2 11.3 17.2 17.5 11.4 1.5 100.0 20,294 5.7
Rural 48.9 18.7 10.6 10.8 6.5 2.5 2.0 100.0 40,585 0.0
Zone
North Central 39.3 23.8 10.9 12.4 7.1 4.8 1.7 100.0 8,861 1.7
North East 65.5 15.9 5.9 6.5 2.8 1.3 2.1 100.0 7,743 0.0
North West 67.5 13.1 6.8 4.6 3.1 1.5 3.4 100.0 14,977 0.0
South East 20.8 23.2 13.8 17.4 15.9 7.6 1.4 100.0 7,936 5.4
South South 14.9 22.0 15.7 22.3 16.2 7.9 0.9 100.0 9,255 5.7
South West 21.5 19.2 13.5 17.6 17.4 9.9 0.8 100.0 12,107 5.6
Wealth quintile
Lowest 74.4 12.3 6.1 3.8 0.9 0.1 2.4 100.0 11,724 0.0
Second 58.6 19.2 9.7 7.5 2.4 0.3 2.4 100.0 12,188 0.0
Middle 39.0 23.4 13.0 14.1 7.1 1.4 2.0 100.0 12,575 1.9
Fourth 20.9 21.6 15.1 19.1 16.0 5.8 1.4 100.0 12,238 5.4
Highest 8.0 17.6 10.1 19.8 24.1 19.4 1.0 100.0 12,155 9.2
Total 39.9 18.9 10.9 12.9 10.2 5.4 1.8 100.0 60,879 2.1
Note: Total includes 37 unweighted cases with information missing on educational attainment.
1
Completed 6th grade at the primary level
2
Completed 6th grade at the secondary level

Table 2.3.2 Educational attainment of the male household population
Percent distribution of the de facto male household populations age six and over by highest level of schooling attended or
completed and median years completed, according to background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
More Don't Median

Background No Some Completed Some Completed than know/ years
characteristic education primary primary1 secondary secondary2 secondary missing Total Number completed
Age
6-9 39.7 57.3 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.0 2.1 100.0 9,459 0.0
10-14 19.6 52.2 7.3 19.8 0.2 0.1 0.8 100.0 9,251 3.2
15-19 15.0 9.7 8.5 54.6 10.5 1.2 0.5 100.0 6,465 7.4
20-24 14.8 3.1 8.7 24.9 34.9 13.0 0.6 100.0 5,300 10.8
25-29 18.6 3.2 13.5 12.5 32.7 18.7 0.7 100.0 5,330 11.1
30-34 21.1 3.6 16.4 10.6 29.0 18.8 0.5 100.0 4,457 9.8
35-39 21.3 4.2 19.9 9.6 26.6 17.6 0.8 100.0 3,941 8.4
40-44 25.2 5.0 20.3 8.1 23.5 17.1 0.9 100.0 3,149 6.0
45-49 28.9 4.4 20.7 7.6 19.2 18.2 1.0 100.0 2,724 5.8
50-54 39.6 6.1 23.6 3.8 12.1 13.7 1.1 100.0 2,173 5.2
55-59 44.3 7.0 23.4 3.8 9.0 11.4 1.3 100.0 1,605 3.6
60-64 51.6 6.9 21.0 3.1 7.7 6.6 3.0 100.0 1,851 0.0
65+ 61.5 7.6 16.4 2.0 4.8 4.0 3.7 100.0 3,567 0.0
Residence
Urban 13.8 19.3 11.0 17.2 22.2 15.3 1.2 100.0 20,418 7.4
Rural 35.0 21.9 12.3 14.1 10.5 5.0 1.3 100.0 38,918 2.8
Zone
North Central 25.3 24.5 10.4 17.2 12.6 8.8 1.2 100.0 8,746 4.9
North East 53.1 19.8 6.3 9.7 6.0 3.9 1.2 100.0 7,667 0.0
North West 48.8 18.4 9.4 9.1 6.6 5.5 2.3 100.0 14,590 0.0
South East 11.1 24.0 19.5 19.2 16.4 9.0 0.8 100.0 6,758 5.7
South South 7.5 22.2 14.2 21.9 22.0 11.4 0.7 100.0 9,367 7.3
South West 12.8 19.8 13.2 16.8 24.0 12.7 0.7 100.0 12,208 6.9
Wealth quintile
Lowest 62.4 16.7 8.8 7.1 2.9 0.5 1.5 100.0 11,458 0.0
Second 41.6 23.5 12.4 12.3 6.9 1.7 1.6 100.0 11,088 1.0
Middle 23.0 26.9 14.2 18.1 12.2 4.4 1.3 100.0 11,786 4.9
Fourth 11.2 21.9 14.4 19.9 21.2 10.3 1.0 100.0 12,393 6.3
Highest 4.4 16.3 9.4 17.4 27.5 24.1 0.9 100.0 12,611 11.1
Total 27.7 21.0 11.8 15.1 14.5 8.6 1.2 100.0 59,336 5.1
Note: Total includes 68 unweighted cases with information missing on educational attainment
1
2

Figure 2.2 Percent Distribution of Household Population
with No Education by Sex
Percent
80
60
40
20
0
6-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65+
Age
Female Male
NDHS 2008
2.3.2 School Attendance Rates
Table 2.4 shows primary school and secondary school net and gross attendance ratios (NAR
and GAR) for the 2007/2008 school year by household residence and zones. The NAR for primary
school is the percentage of the primary-school-age (6-12 years) population that is attending primary
school. The NAR for secondary school is the percentage of the secondary-school-age (13-17 years)
population that is attending secondary school. By definition, the NAR cannot exceed 100 percent. The
GAR for primary school is the total number of primary school students, of any age, expressed as a
percentage of the official primary-school-age population. The GAR for secondary school is the total
number of secondary school students, of any age, expressed as a percentage of the official secondary-
school-age population. If there are significant numbers of overage and underage students at a given
level of schooling, the GAR can exceed 100 percent. Youth are considered to be attending school
currently if they attended formal academic school at any point during the given school year.
The gender parity index (GPI) assesses sex-related differences in school attendance rates and
is calculated by dividing the GAR for females by the GAR for males. A GPI less than one indicates a
gender disparity in favour of males (i.e., a higher proportion of males than females attends that level
of schooling). A GPI greater than one indicates a gender disparity in favour of females. A GPI of one
indicates parity or equality between the rates of participation for males and females.
Table 2.4 shows the NARs and GARs for the de facto household population by sex, level of
schooling, and GPI, according to background characteristics. Results show that the overall NAR for
primary schools is 62, while the GAR is 84. Analysis by urban and rural residence shows that the
NAR is much higher in urban areas (74 percent) than in rural areas (57 percent). The GAR is also
higher in urban areas than in rural areas (98 and 79 percent, respectively). There is a slight difference
in the NAR between males and females at the primary school level (65 and 59 percent, respectively).
Males also show a higher GAR at the primary school level (89 percent) than females (80 percent).
There is significant variation at the zonal level; the primary NAR and GAR are highest in the
South East (83 and 110 percent, respectively). North West has the lowest NAR and GAR, with 43 and
59 percent, respectively. According to wealth status, the NAR is 79 percent for the fourth quintile and
33 percent for the lowest quintile. The same trend applies to the GAR at the primary level (105
percent for the fourth quintile and 48 percent for the lowest quintile, respectively).

Table 2.4 School attendance ratios
Net attendance ratios (NAR) and gross attendance ratios (GAR) for the de facto household population by sex and
level of schooling; and the gender parity index (GPI), according to background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Net attendance ratio1 Gross attendance ratio2

Gender Gender
Background Parity Parity
characteristic Male Female Total Index3 Male Female Total Index3
PRIMARY SCHOOL
Residence
Urban 75.9 72.2 74.1 0.95 99.5 95.5 97.5 0.96
Rural 60.3 53.5 57.0 0.89 84.4 72.7 78.7 0.86
Zone
North Central 71.7 69.2 70.5 0.97 104.4 97.8 101.2 0.94
North East 46.8 40.3 43.7 0.86 66.4 55.8 61.3 0.84
North West 49.8 37.1 43.4 0.75 68.4 49.2 58.7 0.72
South East 82.4 83.2 82.8 1.01 109.5 110.7 110.1 1.01
South South 80.1 80.1 80.1 1.00 109.1 105.6 107.4 0.97
South West 77.8 75.2 76.6 0.97 101.0 98.9 99.9 0.98
Wealth quintile
Lowest 37.1 29.0 33.2 0.78 54.7 41.2 48.2 0.75
Second 59.1 49.3 54.2 0.83 84.8 68.3 76.5 0.81
Middle 76.2 70.5 73.5 0.93 105.0 95.7 100.5 0.91
Fourth 80.5 78.2 79.4 0.97 106.3 102.8 104.6 0.97
Highest 78.4 76.7 77.5 0.98 100.4 99.1 99.8 0.99
Total 64.9 59.1 62.1 0.91 88.9 79.5 84.3 0.89
SECONDARY SCHOOL
Residence
Urban 66.2 62.5 64.3 0.94 99.2 88.0 93.5 0.89
Rural 44.7 38.0 41.4 0.85 70.4 54.6 62.6 0.77
Zone
North Central 50.1 41.6 46.0 0.83 84.9 62.2 73.9 0.73
North East 29.4 22.1 25.7 0.75 47.2 30.3 38.6 0.64
North West 33.8 19.3 26.7 0.57 54.6 28.7 42.0 0.52
South East 68.7 68.7 68.7 1.00 98.0 91.5 94.6 0.93
South South 66.7 65.5 66.1 0.98 100.6 93.6 97.2 0.93
South West 68.5 68.9 68.7 1.01 101.7 98.6 100.1 0.97
Wealth quintile
Lowest 19.1 10.6 15.0 0.56 32.2 16.4 24.5 0.51
Second 37.4 27.3 32.3 0.73 61.7 38.3 49.9 0.62
Middle 56.7 50.8 53.8 0.90 90.4 70.3 80.4 0.78
Fourth 66.9 63.9 65.4 0.96 102.0 91.3 96.8 0.89
Highest 75.3 73.0 74.1 0.97 108.2 104.7 106.4 0.97
Total 51.8 46.4 49.1 0.89 80.0 65.9 73.0 0.82
1
The NAR for primary school is the percentage of the primary-school-age (1-6 years) population that is attending
primary school. The NAR for secondary school is the percentage of the secondary-school-age (1-6 years)
population that is attending secondary school. By definition the NAR cannot exceed 100 percent.
2
The GAR for primary school is the total number of primary school students, expressed as a percentage of the
official primary-school-age population. The GAR for secondary school is the total number of secondary school
students, expressed as a percentage of the official secondary-school-age population. If there are significant
numbers of over-age and under-age students at a given level of schooling, the GAR can exceed 100 percent.
3
The Gender Parity Index for primary school is the ratio of the primary school NAR(GAR) for females to the
NAR(GAR) for males. The Gender Parity Index for secondary school is the ratio of the secondary school NAR
(GAR) for females to the NAR(GAR) for males.
The NAR at the secondary school level is 49 percent, while the GAR is 73 percent. This is an
indication that fewer people attend secondary school than primary school. Both ratios are much higher
in urban areas than in rural areas. The NAR and GAR at the secondary school level for males and
females follow a similar pattern as the primary school level with males recording a higher proportion
in both cases (52 versus 46 for the NAR and 80 versus 66 for the GAR). South East and South west
have the highest NAR (69 percent each) for the secondary school level while North East has the
lowest (26 percent). South West also has the highest GAR (100 percent) while North East has the
lowest GAR (39 percent). The NAR and GAR are highest in the highest (wealthiest quintile) (74 and
106 percent, respectively) and lowest in the lowest (poorest) wealth quintile (15 and 25 percent,
respectively).

2.3.3 Grade Repetition and Drop-out Rates
Repetition rates and drop-out rates Table 2.5 Grade repetition and drop-out rates
shown in Table 2.5 describe the flow of pupils Repetition and drop-out rates for the de facto household
through the educational system in Nigeria at the population age 5-24 who attended primary school in the
primary level. The repetition rates indicate the previous school year by school grade, according to background
characteristics, Nigeria 2008
percentage of pupils who attended a particular
grade during the 2006/2007 school year who Background School grade
characteristic 1 2 3 4 5 6
again attended that same class during the
following school year. The drop-out rates show REPETITION RATE1
the percentage of pupils in a grade during the Sex
2006/2007 school year who no longer attended Male 2.6 2.3 1.7 1.3 1.1 5.6
Female 2.5 2.1 2.3 2.1 1.4 3.5
school the following school year.
Residence
Urban 2.3 2.1 2.5 1.8 0.8 4.4
Table 2.5 shows that, overall, repetition Rural 2.7 2.3 1.7 1.7 1.5 4.7
in Nigeria is highest at grade six (5 percent).
There are no significant differences in repetition Zone
North Central 4.0 3.4 4.7 2.4 2.2 11.1
rates between rural and urban areas at the sixth North East 1.0 1.4 1.9 0.9 0.7 5.5
grade level. However, by sex, repetition rates are North West 2.9 3.1 2.0 2.5 1.2 3.0
South East 2.0 1.3 1.5 1.6 0.8 2.4
higher among males (6 percent) than among South South 2.6 1.9 0.5 1.0 1.4 1.4
females (4 percent). Zonal differentials indicate South West 2.0 1.6 1.5 1.4 0.9 5.2
that repetition rates are generally higher in North Wealth quintile
Central for primary school grades 1-6. Lowest 2.8 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.0 4.1
Second 2.7 2.9 2.7 1.3 1.2 4.9
Middle 2.8 2.2 1.8 1.4 1.2 5.4
The patterns for drop-out rates are Fourth 2.6 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.0 3.3
similar to those for repetition rates. Drop-out Highest 1.8 2.0 1.5 1.7 0.4 5.2
rates are highest in the sixth grade (12 percent) Total 2.6 2.2 2.0 1.7 1.2 4.6
and lowest in the second grade (less than 1
DROP-OUT RATE2
percent). Drop-out rates at grade 6 are higher
among females (13 percent) than among males Sex
Male 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 10.3
(10 percent). There is great variation by Female 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 12.9
residence and zone. For example, rural children
are twice as likely as urban children to drop out Residence
Urban 0.7 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.4 7.5
of school at grade 6. The drop-out rate in grade 6 Rural 0.3 0.0 0.4 0.6 0.5 14.1
is highest in the North East (18 percent) and
Zone
lowest in the South West (5 percent). The table North Central 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.3 15.0
also shows that drop-out rates at grade 6 are North East 1.2 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.5 17.9
North West 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.4 17.2
highest among respondents in the lowest wealth South East 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.6 9.9
quintile (25 percent) and lowest among children South South 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.8 0.8 12.7
in the highest wealth quintile (5 percent). South West 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 4.7
Wealth quintile
Figure 2.3 shows the age-specific Lowest 0.6 0.2 1.0 1.4 0.3 24.8
Second 0.5 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.8 19.5
attendance rates for the male and female de facto Middle 0.5 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.3 11.2
population age 5-24. The figure shows that there Fourth 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 8.3
Highest 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.5 5.0
are no marked differences in the attendance rates
between males and females age 5 to 15; however, Total
0.4 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 11.6
after age 15 attendance rates for males are much 1
The repetition rate is the percentage of students in a given
higher than those for females. grade in the previous school year who are repeating that grade
in the current school year.
2
The drop-out rate is the percentage of students in a given
grade in the previous school year who are not attending school.

Figure 2.3 Age-Specific Attendance Rates of the De Facto
Population Age 5 to 24 by Sex
Percent
100
80
60
40
20
0
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Age
Female Male
NDHS 2008
2.4 HOUSEHOLD ENVIRONMENT
The physical characteristics of household dwellings are important indicators of the socio-
economic and health status of households. The 2008 NDHS asked a number of questions about the
household environment, including the following: source of drinking water; type of sanitation facility;
type of flooring, walls, and roof; and number of rooms in the dwelling. The results are presented both
for households and for the de jure population.
2.4.1 Drinking Water
Increasing access to improved drinking water is one of the Millennium Development Goals
that Nigeria and other nations worldwide have adopted. Table 2.6 includes a number of indicators that
are useful in monitoring household access to improved drinking water. The source of drinking water
is an indicator of whether it is suitable for drinking. Sources that are likely to provide water suitable
for drinking are identified as improved sources in Table 2.6; they include, piped source within the
dwelling or plot, public tap, tube well or borehole, and protected well or spring. Lack of ready access
to water may limit the quantity of suitable drinking water that is available to a household, even if the
water is obtained from an improved source. Water that must be fetched from a source that is not
immediately accessible to the household may be contaminated during transport or storage. Another
factor in considering the accessibility of water sources is that the burden of fetching water often falls
disproportionately on female members of the household. Finally, home water treatment can be
effective in improving the quality of household drinking water.

Table 2.6 Household drinking water
Percent distribution of households and de jure population by source, time to collect, and person who
usually collects drinking water; and percentage of households and the de jure population by treatment of
drinking water, according to residence, Nigeria 2008
Households Population
Characteristic Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total
Source of drinking water
Improved source 75.1 45.3 55.9 75.4 43.6 54.2
Piped water into dwelling/
yard/plot 7.2 1.4 3.4 7.9 1.5 3.6
Public tap/standpipe 12.7 4.1 7.2 12.2 3.6 6.5
Tube well or borehole 38.2 22.4 28.0 37.8 21.0 26.6
Protected dug well 14.5 13.2 13.6 14.9 13.7 14.1
Protected spring 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
Rainwater 1.9 3.6 3.0 1.9 3.1 2.7
Non-improved source 14.6 53.4 39.6 16.9 55.5 42.6
Unprotected dug well 6.1 21.7 16.2 7.6 24.5 18.9
Unprotected spring 1.1 4.7 3.4 1.1 4.8 3.6
Tanker truck/cart with small tank 2.8 1.0 1.7 3.3 1.0 1.8
Surface water 4.6 26.0 18.4 4.8 25.2 18.4
Bottled water, improved source
for cooking/washing1 6.0 0.4 2.4 4.4 0.3 1.6
Bottled water, non-improved
source for cooking/washing 0.9 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.1 0.3
Other sources 3.3 0.7 1.7 2.7 0.5 1.2
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Percentage using any improved
source of drinking water 81.1 45.6 58.2 79.7 43.8 55.8
Time to obtain drinking water
(round trip)
Water on premises 30.0 21.5 24.5 31.4 23.0 25.8
Less than 30 minutes 52.9 50.4 51.3 50.3 48.0 48.8
30 minutes or longer 14.6 26.8 22.5 15.3 27.8 23.7
Don't know/missing 2.6 1.2 1.7 3.0 1.2 1.8
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Person who usually collects
drinking water
Adult female 15+ 23.6 26.7 25.6 20.8 24.5 23.3
Adult male 15+ 18.6 22.3 21.0 14.0 17.1 16.1
Female child under age 15 4.7 4.0 4.2 5.7 4.5 4.9
Male child under age 15 3.5 3.8 3.7 4.2 4.2 4.2
Adult woman with child 3.9 6.4 5.5 5.0 8.1 7.1
Other 4.2 1.9 2.7 4.3 1.6 2.5
Water on premises 32.6 24.6 27.4 35.3 27.4 30.0
Missing 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2
Total 91.2 89.9 90.4 89.5 87.6 88.2
Water treatment prior to drinking2
Boiled 6.6 2.4 3.9 6.2 2.2 3.6
Bleach/chlorine 3.9 1.6 2.4 4.0 1.7 2.5
Strained through cloth 2.2 4.5 3.7 2.6 5.3 4.4
Ceramic, sand or other filter 1.3 0.7 0.9 1.4 0.8 1.0
Solar disinfection 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Alum 3.1 4.3 3.9 3.3 4.0 3.8
Other 2.0 1.4 1.6 2.0 1.5 1.7
No treatment 82.7 85.8 84.7 82.1 85.3 84.3
Percentage using an appropriate
treatment method3 12.9 8.9 10.3 13.2 9.6 10.8
Number 12,100 21,970 34,070 50,147 100,442 150,589
1
Because the quality of bottled water is not known, households using bottled water for drinking are
classified as using an improved or non-improved source according to their water source for cooking and
washing.
2
Respondents may report multiple treatment methods so the sum of treatment may exceed 100 percent.
3
Appropriate water treatment methods include boiling, bleaching, straining, filtering, and solar disinfecting.

The table shows that only 56 percent of the households have access to improved sources of
water. Households in urban areas are more likely to have access to improved sources of water than
those in rural areas (75 percent compared with 45 percent). About two-fifths of households draw their
water from an unimproved source. Thirty percent of urban households have water on their premises,
compared with about one in five households (22 percent) in rural areas. Overall, 23 percent of the
households take 30 or more minutes to obtain water: 15 percent of households in urban areas
compared with 27 percent of households in the rural areas.
Adult females collect drinking water more often than adult males (26 and 21 percent,
respectively). Results also show that both male and female children below age 15 are involved in
collecting drinking water. Most households (85 percent) do not treat their water; about 10 percent of
households use an appropriate method to treat their drinking water. Alum, boiling, straining through
cloth, and bleach or chlorine are the most common methods used by households for water treatment.
2.4.2 Household Sanitation Facilities
Ensuring adequate sanitation facilities is another of the Millennium Development Goals that
Nigeria shares with other countries. A household is classified as having an improved toilet if the toilet
is used only by members of one household (i.e., it is not shared with other households) and if the
facility used by the household separates the waste from human contact (WHO/UNICEF Joint
Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, 2004).
Table 2.7 shows that almost three in ten households in Nigeria (27 percent) use an improved
toilet facility (31 percent in urban areas and 25 percent in rural areas), while seven in ten households
(73 percent) use non-improved facilities (69 percent in urban areas and 75 percent in rural areas).
Among households with improved toilet facilities, flush toilets (to pipe sewer system, to septic tank,
or to pit latrine) are mainly found in urban areas and are used by 18 percent of households (4 percent
in rural areas).
Table 2.7 Household sanitation facilities
Percent distribution of households and de jure population by type of toilet/latrine facilities, according to
residence, Nigeria 2008
Type of toilet/latrine facility Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total
Improved, not shared facility
Total 31.4 24.6 27.0 37.5 28.1 31.2
Flush/pour flush to piped sewer
system 5.3 1.0 2.5 5.9 1.0 2.6
Flush/pour flush to septic tank 10.9 2.3 5.3 11.1 1.9 5.0
Flush/pour flush to pit latrine 1.5 0.6 0.9 2.0 0.6 1.1
Ventilated improved pit (VIP)
latrine 9.0 14.4 12.5 11.6 17.2 15.3
Pit latrine with slab 4.6 6.4 5.7 6.8 7.2 7.1
Composting toilet 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Non-improved facility
Total 68.6 75.4 73.0 62.5 71.9 68.8
Any facility shared with other
households 44.2 15.7 25.8 38.8 13.0 21.6
Flush/pour flush not to sewer/septic
tank/pit latrine 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.2
Pit latrine without slab/open pit 7.8 14.2 11.9 9.2 15.7 13.5
Bucket 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1
Hanging toilet/hanging latrine 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.2 1.4 1.4
No facility/bush/field 13.6 42.2 32.1 11.8 40.2 30.8
Other 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.8 0.7
Missing 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number 12,100 21,970 34,070 50,147 100,442 150,589

Ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrines are more common in the rural areas (14 percent) than
in urban areas (9 percent). Overall, 13 percent of households use VIP latrines. Six percent of
households use a pit latrine with a slab (6 percent rural and 5 percent urban). Among households with
a non-improved toilet facility, 26 percent use facilities that are shared with other households (44
percent urban and 16 percent rural). Less than 1 percent use a flush toilet (not to sewer/septic tank/pit
latrine). Overall, 32 percent of households in Nigeria have no toilet facilities. This problem is more
common in rural areas (42 percent) than in urban areas (14 percent).
2.4.3 Housing Characteristics
Table 2.8 presents information on a number of household dwelling characteristics, the

proportion of households using various types of fuel for cooking. These characteristics reflect the
household’s socio-economic situation. They also may influence environmental conditions—for
example, in the case of the use of biomass fuels, exposure to indoor pollution—that have a direct
bearing on household members’ health and welfare. The proportion of households with electricity in
Nigeria is 50 percent. There are more households with electricity in urban areas (85 percent) than in
rural areas (31 percent).
Cement is the most common material used for floors, with 42 percent of households having
floors made of cement (49 percent urban and 39 percent rural). In rural areas, 46 percent of
households have floors made out of earth/sand, compared with 9 percent in urban areas. About 43
percent of the households in Nigeria live in housing units with only one bedroom, while about three in
ten households (29 percent) live in housing units with three or more bedrooms.
About 40 percent of households cook inside the house, while about one-quarter (25 percent)
cook outdoors. The percentage of households that cook in their dwelling is higher in urban areas (43
percent) than in rural areas (38 percent). Wood is the most common fuel used for cooking, reported by
66 percent of households. Wood is more commonly used in rural areas (83 percent) than in urban
areas (37 percent). Twenty-six percent of all households use kerosene for cooking. More households
in the urban areas (52 percent) use kerosene for cooking than those in rural areas (11 percent).
The percentage of households using solid fuel is high (70 percent), including 86 percent of
households in rural areas and 42 percent of households in urban areas. Among the households that
reported use of solid fuel for cooking, the majority (94 percent) were using an open fire/stove without
a chimney or hood—92 percent of urban households and 95 percent of rural households.

Table 2.8 Household characteristics
Percent distribution of households and de jure population by housing characteristics and percentage using
solid fuel for cooking; and among those using solid fuels, percent distribution by type of fire/stove, according
to residence, Nigeria 2008
Housing characteristic Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total
Electricity
Yes 84.8 31.4 50.3 84.3 29.7 47.9
No 15.0 68.3 49.4 15.5 70.0 51.8
Missing 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Flooring material
Earth, sand 8.7 45.5 32.4 10.5 48.6 35.9
Dung 0.4 2.3 1.6 0.4 2.5 1.8
Wood/planks 0.1 0.6 0.5 0.1 0.7 0.5
Palm/bamboo 0.0 0.6 0.4 0.0 0.7 0.5
Parquet or polished wood 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.3
Vinyl or asphalt strips 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
Ceramic tiles 3.1 0.7 1.5 3.4 0.6 1.5
Cement 48.7 38.5 42.1 50.9 37.5 42.0
Carpet 38.0 11.1 20.6 33.7 8.7 17.0
Other 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.4
Missing 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Rooms used for sleeping
One 51.6 38.8 43.3 35.9 23.3 27.5
Two 24.0 28.8 27.1 27.8 29.9 29.2
Three or more 23.9 32.1 29.2 35.9 46.6 43.0
Missing 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Place for cooking
In the house 43.3 37.7 39.7 46.1 41.2 42.8
In a separate building 29.5 34.1 32.4 31.2 35.2 33.9
Outdoors 23.8 25.1 24.7 21.1 22.4 21.9
Other 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.4
Missing 2.8 2.8 2.8 1.0 1.0 1.0
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Cooking fuel
Electricity 0.7 0.1 0.3 0.7 0.1 0.3
LPG/natural gas/biogas 3.0 0.4 1.3 2.6 0.3 1.1
Kerosene 51.6 11.3 25.6 44.1 7.3 19.5
Coal/lignite 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.7 0.2 0.4
Charcoal 4.1 1.8 2.6 4.3 1.7 2.6
Wood 36.6 82.5 66.2 45.8 88.3 74.1
Straw/shrubs/grass 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.8 1.1 1.0
Agricultural crop 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.2
Animal dung 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0
No food cooked in household 2.5 2.4 2.4 0.7 0.7 0.7
Other 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1
Missing 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Percentage using solid fuel for
cooking1 42.1 85.6 70.1 51.7 91.5 78.3
Number of households 12,100 21,970 34,070 50,147 100,442 150,589
Type of fire/stove among
households using solid fuel
Closed stove with chimney 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.3
Open fire/stove with chimney 3.0 1.9 2.2 3.2 2.1 2.3
Open fire/stove with hood 3.6 2.4 2.7 4.3 2.8 3.2
Open fire/stove without chimney or
hood 92.0 95.0 94.3 91.3 94.4 93.7
Other 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0
Missing 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of households/population
using solid fuel 5,092 18,803 23,894 25,933 91,943 117,875
1
Includes coal/lignite, charcoal, wood/straw/shrubs/grass, agricultural crops, and animal dung
LPG = Liquid petroleum gas

2.5 HOUSEHOLD POSSESSIONS
The availability of durable consumer goods is a good indicator of a household’s socio-

economic status. Moreover, particular goods have specific benefits. For instance, having access to a
radio or a television exposes household members to innovative ideas; a refrigerator prolongs food
storage; and a means of transport allows greater access to many services away from the local area.
Table 2.9 shows the presence of selected consumer goods by residence; 74 percent of
households own a radio (84 percent in urban areas and 69 percent in rural areas), and 39 percent own
a television (69 percent in urban areas and 23 percent in rural areas). A mobile telephone is owned by
50 percent of households (76 percent in urban areas and 35 percent in rural areas), while 16 percent of
households own a refrigerator.
Table 2.9 also shows the proportion of households owning various means of transport.
Twenty-three percent of the households own a bicycle (11 percent in urban areas and 29 percent in
rural areas), while only 8 percent own a car, and 24 percent own a motorcycle. Only 3 percent own a
canoe (1 percent urban and 4 percent rural), and 3 percent own an animal-drawn cart (1 percent urban
and 4 percent rural). Less than 1 percent owns a boat with a motor. Among the means of transport
listed , the bicycle, motorcycle/scooter, canoe, and animal drawn cart are more common in rural areas
than in urban areas.
Table 2.9 Household durable goods
Percentage of households and de jure population possessing various household effects, means of
transportation, agricultural land and livestock/farm animals by residence, Nigeria 2008
Possession Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total
Household effects
Radio 83.5 69.4 74.4 85.5 72.6 76.9
Television 69.0 22.9 39.3 71.7 23.1 39.3
Mobile telephone 76.1 35.1 49.7 77.5 35.1 49.2
Non-mobile telephone 3.7 0.7 1.8 4.1 0.8 1.9
Refrigerator 32.4 6.7 15.9 36.0 6.9 16.6
Means of transport
Canoe 1.0 3.8 2.8 1.1 3.7 2.8
Bicycle 11.3 29.3 22.9 15.8 35.2 28.7
Animal drawn cart 0.9 3.7 2.7 1.5 5.3 4.0
Motorcycle/scooter 23.5 24.9 24.4 29.5 30.0 29.8
Car/truck 14.9 4.5 8.2 18.2 5.2 9.5
Boat with a motor 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5
Ownership of agricultural land 33.0 76.7 61.2 38.9 83.0 68.3
Ownership of farm animals1 29.0 62.9 50.8 36.1 72.5 60.4
Ownership of bank/savings
account2 52.7 16.6 29.4 53.0 16.1 28.4
Number 12,100 21,970 34,070 50,147 100,442 150,589
1
Includes livestock and poultry.
2
At least one household member has an account.
Agricultural land is owned by 61 percent of households (77 percent in rural areas and 33
percent in urban areas,), whereas farm animals are owned by 51 percent of households (63 percent in
rural areas and 29 percent in urban areas).
2.6 WEALTH INDEX
The wealth index is used throughout the report as a background characteristic. It serves as a
proxy for measuring the long-term standard of living. It is based on data from the household’s
ownership of consumer goods; dwelling characteristics; type of drinking water source; toilet facilities;
and other characteristics that are related to a household’s socio-economic status. To construct the
index, each of these assets was assigned a weight (factor score) generated through principal

component analysis, and the resulting asset scores were standardised in relation to a standard normal
distribution with a mean of zero and standard deviation of one (Gwatkin et al., 2000). Each household
was then assigned a score for each asset, and the scores were summed for each household. Individuals
were ranked according to the total score of the household in which they resided. The sample was then
divided into quintiles from one (lowest) to five (highest). A single asset index was developed on the
basis of data from the entire country sample and this index is used in all the tabulations presented.
Table 2.10 shows the percent distribution of the de jure household population by wealth
quintile according to residence and region. The distributions indicate the degree to which wealth is
evenly (or unevenly) distributed geographically. The table shows that urban areas have higher
proportions of people in the fourth and highest quintiles (30 and 47 percent, respectively) compared
with rural areas (15 and 7 percent, respectively). On the other hand, rural areas have higher
proportions of the population in the lowest and second quintiles (29 and 27 percent, respectively) than
urban areas (3 and 5 percent, respectively).
Table 2.10 Wealth quintiles
Percent distribution of the jure population by wealth quintiles, according to residence and region, Nigeria
2008
Wealth quintile Number of

Residence/zone Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total population
Residence
Urban 2.5 5.4 15.3 29.9 46.9 100.0 50,147
Rural 28.7 27.3 22.3 15.1 6.6 100.0 100,442
Zone
North Central 20.6 23.2 25.3 17.1 13.8 100.0 21,971
North East 47.4 22.7 16.4 10.3 3.2 100.0 20,353
North West 31.9 30.9 17.2 12.5 7.6 100.0 38,913
South East 4.6 9.9 28.1 31.6 25.8 100.0 17,430
South South 6.7 14.4 22.9 30.1 26.0 100.0 22,329
South West 4.2 11.6 15.3 24.3 44.6 100.0 29,594
Total 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 100.0 150,589
Considering these findings, it is not surprising that the three southern zones, which are more
urbanised, have greater proportions of their populations in the higher wealth quintiles than the
northern zones. Forty-five percent of the population in South West is concentrated in the highest
wealth quintile. The percentage of the population in the highest wealth quintile is 26 percent in South
South and South East. By contrast the proportion of the population in the highest wealth quintile in
North East is only 3 percent. Eight percent of the population in North West and 14 percent of the
population in North Central are in the highest wealth quintile. On the other hand, the proportion of the
population in the lowest wealth quintile in North East is 47 percent, followed by 32 percent in North
West and 21 percent in North Central. The proportion of the population in the lowest wealth quintile
in South South, South East and South West zones is 6 percent, 5 percent, and 4 percent, respectively.
2.7 BIRTH REGISTRATION
Birth registration is the formal inscription of the facts of a birth into an official log kept at the
registrar’s office. A birth certificate is issued at the time of registration or later as proof of the
registration of the birth. Birth registration is basic to ensuring a child’s legal status and, thus, basic
rights and services (UNICEF, 2006; United Nations General Assembly, 2002). Over time, various
forms of registrations of births and deaths have been implemented across Nigeria from the colonial
period onward. The most recent being the “Births, Deaths, ETC (Compulsory) Registration” Decree
(now Act) No. 69 of 1992 which went into effect 1st December 1992. The law gave the sole authority
to register these events nationwide to the National Population Commission. The provisions were
further reinforced by section 24 of the Third schedule of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal
Republic of Nigeria.

Table 2.11 shows the percentage of Table 2.11 Birth registration of children under age five
children less than five years of age whose
Percentage of de jure children under five years of age whose births
births were officially registered and the are registered, and among children whose births are registered,
percentage who had a birth certificate seen at percentage with a birth certificate seen, by background
the time of the survey. Thirty percent of characteristics, Nigeria 2008
children under five were reported to have had Children under age
their births registered and, of those, 38 All children under five whose births were
age five registered
percent had a birth certificate. More births
Percentage
are registered in urban areas (49 percent) than Number with birth Number
in rural areas (22 percent). At the zonal level, Background Percentage of certificate of
South East zone has the highest proportion of characteristic registered children seen children
births being registered (54 percent) while Age
North East zone has the lowest (14 percent). <2 28.8 10,434 39.9 3,010
2-4 30.8 15,292 36.1 4,717
Children in wealthier households are more
likely to be registered than those in poorer Sex
Male 29.6 13,067 38.3 3,867
households; 62 percent of children in Female 30.5 12,660 36.9 3,860
households in the highest wealth quintile are Residence
registered compared with 9 percent in Urban 48.8 7,949 45.1 3,878
households in the lowest wealth quintile. Rural 21.7 17,777 30.0 3,850
Zone
Table 2.12 shows the percent North Central 26.6 3,609 41.6 960
North East 13.9 4,141 47.3 575
distribution of de jure children less than five North West 22.3 7,764 28.6 1,730
years of age who are registered, according to South East 54.4 2,468 28.0 1,342
the authority with which the birth is South South 29.9 3,354 35.5 1,005
registered. Thirty-six percent of the children South West 48.2 4,391 47.7 2,116
were registered at private clinics or hospitals, Wealth quintile

Lowest 8.9 5,794 20.1 513
36 percent were registered at the National Second 17.6 5,773 26.6 1,017
Population Commission (NPC), and 17 Middle 26.8 4,938 31.9 1,321
percent were registered at the Local Fourth 44.0 4,670 38.3 2,056
Government Area (LGA). The proportion of Highest 61.9 4,552 46.9 2,820
births registered with the NPC is higher in Total 30.0 25,726 37.6 7,727
urban than rural areas (39 percent, compared
with 33 percent). The same pattern is seen for births registered at private hospitals and clinics. In
contrast, the proportion of births registered at the LGA is higher in rural (18 percent) than urban areas
(14 percent).
The North West zone has the highest percentage of births registered with the NPC (49
percent) and the LGA (30 percent), while the South East zone has the lowest percentage (19 and 8
percent, respectively). Birth registration at private clinics or hospitals was highest in the South East
zone (63 percent) and lowest at the North West zone (17 percent).
Birth registration at the LGA was highest for children in households in the lowest wealth
quintile (36 percent) and lowest for children in the highest wealth quintile (12 percent). On the other
hand, children in the fourth and highest wealth quintiles were more likely to be registered with the
NPC or private hospitals or clinics than those in the lower wealth quintiles.

Table 2.12 Birth registration of children under age five by authority
Among de jure children under five years of age whose births are registered with the civil authorities, percent
distribution of children by the authority with which the birth is registered, according to background characteristics,
Nigeria 2008
Authority where birth is registered
National Local Private
Background Population Government clinic/ Total Number of
characteristic Commission Administration hospital Other Missing registered children
Age
<2 36.8 15.7 36.7 9.2 1.7 100.0 3,010
2-4 35.4 17.7 36.2 9.2 1.6 100.0 4,717
Sex
Male 36.7 16.7 35.2 9.6 1.8 100.0 3,867
Female 35.1 17.1 37.5 8.7 1.5 100.0 3,860
Residence
Urban 38.8 14.1 37.7 8.2 1.1 100.0 3,878
Rural 33.0 19.7 35.0 10.2 2.2 100.0 3,850
Zone
North Central 30.5 15.7 42.7 9.5 1.4 100.0 960
North East 39.7 20.4 26.6 7.3 5.9 100.0 575
North West 48.6 30.0 17.3 2.0 2.2 100.0 1,730
South East 19.0 7.9 63.4 9.4 0.4 100.0 1,342
South South 31.0 8.5 46.0 12.9 1.7 100.0 1,005
South West 40.1 15.5 29.9 13.5 0.9 100.0 2,116
Wealth quintile
Lowest 29.3 36.3 20.7 9.3 4.4 100.0 513
Second 33.9 27.9 25.7 8.8 3.9 100.0 1,017
Middle 34.0 16.2 38.3 10.3 1.2 100.0 1,321
Fourth 35.1 13.5 41.5 8.5 1.4 100.0 2,056
Highest 39.3 12.2 38.4 9.3 0.7 100.0 2,820
Total 35.9 16.9 36.4 9.2 1.6 100.0 7,727
2.8 NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES (NTDS)
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) are a group of communicable diseases of public health
importance that cause severe pain, irreversible disability and even disfigurement. These diseases
predominantly occur among populations that have little or no access to good housing, safe water
supply and sanitation, formal health systems and other modern amenities. The 2008 NDHS included
questions about four of these diseases—dracunculiasis (Guinea worm disease - GWD), onchocerciasis
(river blindness), schistosomiasis (bilharziasis), and lymphatic filariasis (LF) (elephantiasis).
More than 32 million Nigerians in 32 states and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) are
estimated to be at risk for onchoceriasis. Nigeria accounts for 40 percent of the 40 million people
infected with onchoceriasis worldwide. LF is endemic in 28 states and the FCT out of the 32 states so
far mapped with an estimated 80-100 million Nigerians needing treatment. Nigeria is third in the
world’s burden for LF. The mean national prevalence for infections with schistosomiasis and soil
transmitted helminthiasis ranges from 13 percent to 100 percent across the country. Seventy-three
cases of GWD were reported in Nigeria in 2007. In 2008, there were 38 cases of GWD reported in
five villages in Nigeria, a significant drop from over the 653,000 cases reported when the first case
search was conducted in 1987/88 (Nigeria Guinea Worm Eradication Programme, 2007).
Together, the NTDs constitute a tremendous disease burden in Nigeria, but can be treated
collectively through large-scale integrated programmes that use safe and effective drugs and/or
management and containment methods. Safe and cost-effective interventions for the prevention and
control of these diseases are available. As a result, Mass Drug Administration (MDA) was initiated in

Nigeria in 1991 for these diseases. Ivermectin is used for onchocerciasis, and the current initiative
uses Community Directed Treatment with Ivermectin (CDTI or ComDT).2 Ivermectin and
albendazole are used for lymphatic filariasis, and praziquantel and albendazole are used for
schistosomiasis and soil- transmitted helminthiasis. The national control programmes have also
initiated Triple Drug Administration for co-endemic diseases (schistosomiasis, onchocerciasis and
lymphatic filariasis).
There are no vaccines or medications effective in preventing or treating GWD. Current

eradication efforts for GWD are aimed at improving routine and active GWD surveillance with
nationwide and local case searches and promotion of activities and practices that will ensure the zero
GWD case status is maintained in Nigeria for a minimum of three consecutive years. All suspected
cases are reported to health facilities and health workers, and investigated within 24 hours. Other
eradication strategies taken include creating adequate public awareness to promote enhanced early
case detection and reporting, provision of adequate safe water sources in the previously endemic
villages and villages at risk, containment of cases, treatment of unsafe water sources with the
chemical larvicide Abate (temephos), and distribution of water filters (cloth and pipe) to endemic
communities.
In the 2008 NDHS, information was collected for each household member on whether they
had taken a drug for river blindness, elephantiasis, or bilharziasis, and whether they had seen a worm
emerging from a skin lesion (blister or boil) in the 12 months preceding the survey. In addition,
information was collected for children age 5-17 years on whether they had blood in their urine
(haematuria) in the 30 days prior to the survey. The results are shown in Table 2.13.
According to the 2008 NDHS, 4 percent of the household population received drugs for river
blindness, 1 percent each received drugs for elephantiasis, and nilharziasis. Drug consumption for
these diseases was almost equal among males and females but was more common in rural than urban
areas. The Northern zones (North Central, North East, and North West) generally recorded higher
percentages of the household population receiving drugs for these three diseases in the 12 months
prior to the survey compared with the Southern zones. About one percent of children age 5-17 were
reported to have had blood in their urine in the 30 days prior to the survey. The prevalence was higher
in males (2 percent) than females (1 percent) and was more common in the Northern zones than in the
Southern zones. Generally, people in the lower wealth quintiles were more likely to have received the
drugs or to have had blood in their urine than those in the higher wealth quintiles.
Less than 1 percent of the household populations were reported to have had a worm emerging
from a skin lesion (blister or boil) in the 12 months prior to the survey. It is important to note that this
figure represents information provided by household respondents, and not confirmed cases. Equal
proportions of males and females were reported to have experienced worms emerging from skin
lesions; however, this occurrence was more common in rural areas than urban areas. Generally, a
higher proportion of the population in the Northern zones was reported to have seen a worm emerging
from a skin lesion, with the highest proportion observed in the North Central (2 percent). As with the
other NTDs, sighting the emergence of a worm from a blister decreases as wealth quintile increases.
2
CDTI is a programme for prevention and treatment of onchocerciasis and LF based on the concept of
Community Directed Interventions. For more information, see Boatin, 2008.

Table 2.13 Neglected tropical diseases reported in households
Percentage of de jure women, men, and children who reported taking drugs for onchoceriasis, lymphatic filariasis, and
schistosomiasis, and the percentage who saw a worm emerging from a skin lesion (blister or boil) in the 12 months prior to the
survey, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Guinea worm
Mass drug administration for onchoceriasis, disease Schistosomiasis in
lymphatic filariasis, and schistosomiasis Percentage who children ages 5-17
Percentage Percentage saw a worm Percentage of
who took any who took any Percentage emerging from children age
drug for drug for who took any a skin lesion 5-17 who had
onchoceriasis lymphatic drug for (blister or boil) blood in their
Background (river filariasis schistosomiasis in the past urine in the Number of
characteristic blindness)1 (elephantitis) 2
(bilharazia) 3
12 months Number past 30 days children
Age
0-4 2.2 0.6 0.5 0.4 25,726 na na
5-9 4.0 1.1 0.9 0.5 23,118 1.0 23,118
10-14 4.1 1.1 1.1 0.5 18,042 1.5 18,042
15-19 4.2 1.1 0.8 0.5 13,047 na na
15-17 4.2 1.1 0.8 0.5 7,901 1.4 7,901
18-19 4.2 1.0 0.7 0.5 5,146 na na
20-24 3.6 1.1 0.8 0.5 11,481 na na
25-29 3.8 1.1 0.8 0.5 11,940 na na
30-34 3.7 1.1 0.9 0.6 9,208 na na
35-39 4.4 1.2 0.9 0.6 7,905 na na
40-44 4.6 1.4 1.0 0.6 6,272 na na
45-49 4.8 1.2 0.8 0.5 5,402 na na
50-54 4.7 1.0 0.9 0.6 4,895 na na
55-59 4.6 1.2 0.8 0.8 3,488 na na
60+ 5.9 1.2 0.7 0.4 9,927 na na
Don't know/missing 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 137 na na
Sex
Male 4.0 1.1 0.9 0.5 74,953 1.7 25,005
Female 3.8 1.0 0.7 0.5 75,635 0.8 24,056
Residence
Urban 1.9 0.6 0.4 0.3 50,147 1.0 15,257
Rural 4.9 1.2 1.0 0.6 100,442 1.4 33,805
Zone
North Central 9.3 4.0 2.3 1.8 21,971 2.1 7,670
North East 8.0 1.5 1.3 0.4 20,353 3.3 7,266
North West 3.0 0.7 0.9 0.4 38,913 1.2 13,610
South East 1.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 17,430 0.4 5,061
South South 1.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 22,329 0.2 6,705
South West 1.8 0.2 0.1 0.1 29,594 0.2 8,751
Wealth quintile
Lowest 4.9 1.4 1.4 0.7 30,113 2.6 10,473
Second 5.0 1.6 1.2 0.7 30,120 1.6 10,408
Middle 5.2 1.2 0.8 0.5 30,127 0.9 10,116
Fourth 3.0 0.6 0.4 0.4 30,122 0.7 9,345
Highest 1.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 30,106 0.3 8,720
Total 3.9 1.0 0.8 0.5 150,589 1.3 49,062
na = Not applicable
1
River blindness is a disease that causes itchy skin, lumps in the skin, and blindness.
2
Elephantitis is a disease that causes swelling in the arms and legs.
3
Bilharazia is a disease that causes blood in the urine.

CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS 3
The purpose of this chapter is to provide a demographic and socio-economic profile of
individual female and male respondents. This information is essential for interpretation of the findings
presented later in the report and provides an indication of the representativeness of the survey. The
chapter begins by describing basic background characteristics, including age, marital status, residence,
education, religion, ethnicity, and economic status of respondents’ households. The chapter also
includes more detailed information on education, employment, and indictors of women’s status.
Information on health insurance coverage and knowledge and attitudes concerning tuberculosis is
presented, and findings on the use of tobacco are provided as a lifestyle measure.1
3.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF SURVEY RESPONDENTS
Table 3.1 shows the distribution of women and men age 15-49 by background characteristics.
The proportions of women and men decline with increasing age. More than two-thirds (69 percent) of
all women are currently married, and an additional 2 percent are in informal unions (living together).
One-quarter of women age 15-49 have never been married, while 2 percent of women are divorced or
separated, and 2 percent are widowed. Fifty-one percent of men are currently married or in informal
unions (living together), 47 percent have never been married and 2 percent are divorced, separated, or
widowed.
The majority of women and men live in rural areas (64 percent of women and 62 percent of
men). For both women and men, half live in the northern zones (North Central, North East, and North
West) and half live in the southern zones (South East, South South, and South West). The majority of
respondents have had some education; however, 36 percent of women and 19 percent of men have
never attended school. One-fifth of both women and men have attained primary education only, while
45 percent of women and 61 percent of men have attended secondary school or higher. Table 3.1
shows that about 45 percent of all respondents are Muslim; 54 percent of respondents are Christian
(12 percent Catholic); and 1 percent of respondents are Traditionalist.
The ethnic composition of the sample indicates that Hausa (22 percent), Yoruba (18 percent),
and Igbo (16 percent) are the major ethnic groups in Nigeria. Other ethnic groups constitute about 44
percent of the total sample, underscoring the multiplicity of ethnic groups in Nigeria.
1
Characteristics of Respondents | 31
Table 3.1 Background characteristics of respondents
Percent distribution of women and men age 15-49 by selected background characteristics,
Nigeria 2008
Women Men
Background Weighted Weighted
characteristic percent Weighted Unweighted percent Weighted Unweighted
Age
15-19 19.4 6,493 6,591 18.3 2,532 2,571
20-24 18.4 6,133 6,103 17.2 2,378 2,399
25-29 18.9 6,309 6,303 17.8 2,459 2,446
30-34 13.9 4,634 4,557 14.9 2,058 2,051
35-39 11.7 3,912 3,883 13.0 1,794 1,773
40-44 9.1 3,032 3,043 10.2 1,413 1,417
45-49 8.6 2,872 2,905 8.5 1,174 1,181
Marital status
Never married 25.2 8,397 8,021 47.4 6,548 6,418
Married 69.1 23,062 23,479 49.0 6,765 6,922
Living together 1.5 516 475 1.8 253 264
Divorced/separated 1.9 651 646 1.3 184 176
Widowed 2.3 759 763 0.4 54 55
Missing 0.0 1 1 0.0 3 3
Residence
Urban 35.7 11,934 10,489 37.8 5,215 4,643
Rural 64.3 21,451 22,896 62.2 8,593 9,195
Zone
North Central 14.2 4,748 6,366 15.0 2,065 2,773
North East 12.8 4,262 6,217 11.9 1,645 2,444
North West 24.0 8,022 7,297 23.4 3,237 2,930
South East 12.3 4,091 3,667 10.5 1,448 1,237
South South 16.4 5,473 4,813 17.7 2,437 2,167
South West 20.3 6,789 5,025 21.6 2,977 2,287
Religion
Catholic 11.5 3,848 3,583 11.6 1,597 1,490
Other Christian 42.1 14,060 13,588 42.1 5,806 5,694
Islam 44.4 14,826 15,449 44.7 6,173 6,406
Traditionalist 1.3 429 535 1.0 138 150
Other 0.2 53 53 0.4 60 61
Missing 0.5 171 177 0.2 34 37
Ethnicity
Ekoi 1.7 555 583 1.5 205 208
Fulani 6.1 2,020 2,460 5.4 744 949
Hausa 22.3 7,431 7,086 22.5 3,107 2,956
Ibibio 2.5 819 693 2.5 340 290
Igala 1.4 476 529 1.7 230 256
Igbo 15.9 5,295 4,583 14.5 1,999 1,692
Ijaw/Izon 3.5 1,169 1,184 4.5 621 615
Kanuri/Beriberi 2.0 674 836 1.7 241 307
Tiv 2.4 801 896 2.6 362 397
Yoruba 17.7 5,924 4,861 18.5 2,555 2,168
Others 24.2 8,083 9,522 24.5 3,381 3,974
Missing 0.4 139 152 0.2 24 26
Education
No education 35.8 11,942 13,242 18.8 2,597 2,907
Primary 19.7 6,566 6,591 20.0 2,761 2,769
Secondary 35.7 11,904 10,905 46.9 6,470 6,287
More than secondary 8.9 2,974 2,647 14.3 1,979 1,875
Total 15-49 100.0 33,385 33,385 100.0 13,808 13,838
50-59 na na na na 1,678 1,648
Total men 15-59 na na na na 15,486 15,486
Note: Education categories refer to the highest level of education attended, whether or not that level
was completed.
na = Not applicable
32 | Characteristics of Respondents
3.2 EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT BY BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS
Table 3.2.1 provides an overview of the relationship between women’s level of education and
other background characteristics. The results show that younger women are more likely than older
women to have some education. For example, more than twice as many women age 45-49 as women
age 15-24 reported that they have no education (59 versus 27 percent, respectively). Women’s level of
education varies by residence; women in rural areas are far less likely to be educated than their urban
counterparts. For example, 47 percent of rural women have not attended school, compared with just
17 percent of their urban counterparts. Overall, the median years of school completed for women age
15-49 is 6 years.
Table 3.2.1 Educational attainment: Women
Percent distribution of women age 15-49 by highest level of schooling attended or completed, and median years completed,
according to background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Highest level of schooling

Background No Some Completed Some Completed More than Median years Number of
characteristic education primary primary1 secondary secondary2 secondary Total completed women
Age
15-24 27.3 5.3 9.3 31.8 20.4 5.8 100.0 7.5 12,626
15-19 24.7 6.4 8.2 45.6 13.9 1.2 100.0 7.4 6,493
20-24 30.0 4.1 10.5 17.2 27.4 10.8 100.0 8.0 6,133
25-29 34.1 5.3 14.6 12.5 21.1 12.4 100.0 5.7 6,309
30-34 37.6 6.7 15.9 9.8 17.8 12.2 100.0 5.4 4,634
35-39 38.3 7.2 19.4 10.1 14.4 10.6 100.0 5.2 3,912
40-44 46.3 7.2 17.1 8.6 11.7 9.1 100.0 3.0 3,032
45-49 59.1 7.6 14.8 4.9 6.8 6.8 100.0 a 2,872
Residence
Urban 16.5 4.0 12.8 20.9 28.3 17.5 100.0 10.1 11,934
Rural 46.5 7.3 14.0 16.6 11.5 4.1 100.0 3.1 21,451
Zone
North Central 35.5 8.3 16.8 18.5 12.9 8.0 100.0 5.4 4,748
North East 68.1 6.9 8.5 9.3 5.0 2.2 100.0 a 4,262
North West 74.2 3.8 8.1 6.1 5.3 2.5 100.0 a 8,022
South East 6.3 8.1 15.3 28.8 28.6 13.0 100.0 9.6 4,091
South South 6.0 7.6 17.7 30.4 26.1 12.2 100.0 8.7 5,473
South West 12.0 4.3 16.7 21.3 29.6 16.2 100.0 10.0 6,789
Wealth quintile
Lowest 75.9 6.9 8.8 6.5 1.8 0.1 100.0 a 6,194
Second 59.5 9.0 14.1 12.1 4.7 0.7 100.0 a 6,234
Middle 34.8 8.8 17.5 23.1 13.2 2.6 100.0 5.4 6,341
Fourth 14.4 5.1 17.9 26.6 26.4 9.6 100.0 8.4 6,938
Highest 4.2 1.7 9.9 20.7 36.2 27.3 100.0 11.4 7,678
Total 35.8 6.1 13.6 18.1 17.5 8.9 100.0 5.6 33,385
a = Omitted because more than 50 percent of women had no formal schooling

1
2
The urban-rural difference is more pronounced at the level of secondary school or higher. For
example, the percentage of women in urban areas who have completed secondary school or gone on
to the post-secondary level is almost three times that of their rural counterparts (46 and 16 percent,
respectively).
In Table 3.2.2, the relationship between men’s level of education and other background
characteristics also shows that men in urban areas have higher levels of educational attainment than
their rural counterparts. Only 8 percent of urban males compared with 26 percent of their rural
counterparts have no formal education. While 57 percent of urban males have completed secondary or
higher education, only 29 percent of their rural counterparts have done so. Overall, the median years
of school completed for men age 15-49 is 9 years.
The level of educational attainment varies by zone, but it is higher for both women and men
in the southern zones compared with the northern zones. Educational attainment also increases as
household economic status increases. For example, 76 percent of the women in the poorest
households have no formal education compared with just 4 percent of women in the most advantaged
households. Almost two-thirds of women in the highest wealth quintile have completed secondary or
higher education, compared with 2 percent of women in the lowest wealth quintile. A similar pattern
is observed for men.
Table 3.2.2 Educational attainment: Men
Percent distribution of men age 15-49 by highest level of schooling attended or completed, and median years completed, according to
background characteristics, Nigeria 2008

Background No Some Completed Some Completed More than Median years Number of
characteristic education primary primary1 secondary secondary2 secondary Total completed men
Age
15-24 13.3 5.3 8.8 39.8 25.8 7.0 100.0 8.9 4,910
15-19 13.0 7.2 9.4 54.9 14.5 1.0 100.0 8.0 2,532
20-24 13.7 3.1 8.2 23.7 37.9 13.3 100.0 11.0 2,378
25-29 17.8 3.3 13.9 13.9 30.7 20.3 100.0 11.0 2,459
30-34 20.3 4.3 17.9 12.3 26.1 19.1 100.0 8.8 2,058
35-39 21.6 4.9 21.8 11.0 23.8 16.9 100.0 7.1 1,794
40-44 25.2 6.3 21.3 7.6 22.7 16.9 100.0 5.9 1,413
45-49 29.2 5.7 21.8 7.7 18.3 17.3 100.0 5.7 1,174
Residence
Urban 7.5 2.9 11.3 21.0 33.8 23.4 100.0 11.2 5,215
Rural 25.7 6.1 17.4 21.5 20.5 8.8 100.0 6.1 8,593
Zone
North Central 15.4 5.4 15.0 26.6 23.4 14.3 100.0 8.8 2,065
North East 45.0 8.2 11.1 16.9 11.3 7.5 100.0 3.4 1,645
North West 40.7 4.3 17.4 13.9 13.6 10.0 100.0 5.3 3,237
South East 0.9 6.0 23.0 25.9 30.1 14.1 100.0 9.5 1,448
South South 2.3 4.1 13.4 29.1 34.5 16.5 100.0 11.0 2,437
South West 5.2 3.3 12.5 19.6 38.3 21.2 100.0 11.2 2,977
Wealth quintile
Lowest 55.2 8.3 16.0 13.4 6.0 1.3 100.0 a 2,275
Second 32.5 7.8 20.5 20.7 15.1 3.3 100.0 5.5 2,332
Middle 15.6 6.2 18.6 27.5 23.5 8.6 100.0 8.0 2,570
Fourth 4.2 3.2 15.7 27.2 34.4 15.3 100.0 11.0 3,163
Highest 1.4 1.2 7.9 17.0 38.8 33.7 100.0 11.6 3,468
Total 15-49 18.8 4.9 15.1 21.3 25.5 14.3 100.0 8.7 13,808
50-59 41.3 8.6 23.1 4.7 9.3 13.1 100.0 5.0 1,678
Total men 15-59 21.2 5.3 16.0 19.5 23.8 14.2 100.0 8.2 15,486
a = Omitted because more than 50 percent of men had no formal schooling

1
2
3.3 LITERACY
The literacy status of respondents in the 2008 NDHS was determined by assessing their
ability to read all or part of a simple sentence in any of the major language groups of Nigeria. The
ability to read is crucial for exploring social and economic opportunities during a person’s lifetime.
For programme planners, literacy statistics are critical for determining the best ways to get health and
other messages to women and men in different subgroups. The literacy test was administered only to
respondents who had less than a secondary education because those with some secondary education or
higher were assumed to be literate.
Tables 3.3.1 and 3.3.2 show the percent distribution of women and men by level of schooling
attended, level of literacy, and percentage literate according to background characteristics. More than
half (54 percent) of women are literate. The level of literacy is much higher for younger women than
older women, ranging from a high of 67 percent for women age 15-19 to a low of 32 percent for
women age 45-49. Urban women are nearly twice as likely to be literate as rural women (77 and 41
percent, respectively). Literacy levels also vary widely by zone, with the northern zones lagging
behind the southern zones.
The patterns of men’s literacy are similar to those of women. However, the disparity between
women and men according to household economic status is marked; in the poorest households 40
percent of men are literate compared with 13 percent of women
Table 3.3.1 Literacy: Women
Percent distribution of women age 15-49 by level of schooling attended and level of literacy, and percentage literate, according to
No schooling or primary school

No card
Secondary Can read Can read Cannot with Blind/ Number
Background school or a whole part of a read required visually Percentage of
characteristic higher sentence sentence at all language impaired Missing Total literate1 women
Age
15-19 60.7 2.1 4.6 31.9 0.2 0.0 0.5 100.0 67.3 6,493
20-24 55.3 1.6 4.2 38.3 0.2 0.0 0.5 100.0 61.1 6,133
25-29 46.0 2.2 6.4 44.4 0.4 0.0 0.4 100.0 54.7 6,309
30-34 39.8 2.8 7.2 49.0 0.4 0.1 0.6 100.0 49.9 4,634
35-39 35.1 3.8 8.7 51.2 0.2 0.2 0.7 100.0 47.7 3,912
40-44 29.4 4.3 8.2 57.1 0.4 0.2 0.4 100.0 41.9 3,032
45-49 18.5 4.9 8.3 66.5 0.5 0.4 0.8 100.0 31.7 2,872
Residence
Urban 66.7 3.4 6.5 22.3 0.4 0.1 0.6 100.0 76.6 11,934
Rural 32.3 2.4 6.3 58.2 0.2 0.1 0.5 100.0 40.9 21,451
Zone
North Central 39.3 2.1 6.3 51.2 0.5 0.1 0.6 100.0 47.6 4,748
North East 16.5 1.7 4.6 76.7 0.1 0.0 0.3 100.0 22.8 4,262
North West 14.0 2.5 4.6 78.1 0.1 0.2 0.6 100.0 21.1 8,022
South East 70.3 3.3 7.7 17.8 0.0 0.1 0.7 100.0 81.3 4,091
South South 68.6 2.1 7.0 21.3 0.1 0.2 0.5 100.0 77.8 5,473
South West 67.1 4.5 8.1 18.8 0.9 0.0 0.5 100.0 79.8 6,789
Wealth quintile
Lowest 8.4 0.9 3.4 86.6 0.2 0.2 0.4 100.0 12.7 6,194
Second 17.4 2.0 6.5 73.3 0.3 0.1 0.5 100.0 25.8 6,234
Middle 38.9 3.4 8.2 48.3 0.3 0.2 0.7 100.0 50.5 6,341
Fourth 62.6 4.5 8.8 23.1 0.4 0.0 0.6 100.0 75.9 6,938
Highest 84.2 2.8 4.9 7.1 0.3 0.0 0.6 100.0 92.0 7,678
Total 44.6 2.8 6.4 45.3 0.3 0.1 0.6 100.0 53.7 33,385
1
Refers to women who attended secondary school or higher and women who can read a whole sentence or part of a sentence
Table 3.3.2 Literacy: Men
Percent distribution of men age 15-49 by level of schooling attended and level of literacy, and percentage literate, according to

No card
Background school or a whole part of a read required visually Percentage of
characteristic higher sentence sentence at all language impaired Missing Total literate1 men
Age
15-19 70.4 4.3 7.0 17.5 0.3 0.0 0.5 100.0 81.7 2,532
20-24 74.9 2.7 5.7 15.8 0.6 0.1 0.3 100.0 83.3 2,378
25-29 65.0 4.8 8.6 20.9 0.6 0.0 0.1 100.0 78.3 2,459
30-34 57.5 6.3 11.5 23.3 1.0 0.0 0.4 100.0 75.3 2,058
35-39 51.7 7.9 12.1 27.2 0.7 0.0 0.4 100.0 71.7 1,794
40-44 47.2 9.3 13.3 28.6 1.0 0.1 0.5 100.0 69.9 1,413
45-49 43.3 10.9 14.7 30.2 0.4 0.3 0.3 100.0 68.9 1,174
Residence
Urban 78.3 5.2 7.3 8.5 0.3 0.0 0.3 100.0 90.9 5,215
Rural 50.8 6.4 11.1 30.4 0.9 0.1 0.4 100.0 68.3 8,593
Zone
North Central 64.3 4.5 6.8 23.3 0.7 0.1 0.3 100.0 75.6 2,065
North East 35.7 7.4 10.7 45.7 0.2 0.1 0.3 100.0 53.8 1,645
North West 37.6 8.3 14.7 36.9 1.7 0.0 0.7 100.0 60.6 3,237
South East 70.0 10.7 12.9 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 100.0 93.7 1,448
South South 80.2 3.0 6.2 10.5 0.0 0.0 0.1 100.0 89.3 2,437
South West 79.0 3.6 6.9 9.6 0.6 0.0 0.2 100.0 89.6 2,977
Wealth quintile
Lowest 20.6 6.3 13.3 59.0 0.4 0.0 0.4 100.0 40.2 2,275
Second 39.2 7.5 14.1 37.9 0.9 0.0 0.4 100.0 60.7 2,332
Middle 59.6 6.4 12.0 19.8 1.5 0.1 0.6 100.0 78.1 2,570
Fourth 76.9 5.9 8.7 7.6 0.6 0.1 0.2 100.0 91.5 3,163
Highest 89.5 4.3 3.5 2.4 0.1 0.0 0.2 100.0 97.3 3,468
Total 15-49 61.2 5.9 9.7 22.1 0.7 0.0 0.3 100.0 76.8 13,808
50-59 27.0 14.5 13.1 42.6 0.9 0.3 1.5 100.0 54.6 1,678
Total men 15-59 57.5 6.9 10.0 24.4 0.7 0.1 0.5 100.0 74.4 15,486
1
Refers to men who attended secondary school or higher and men who can read a whole sentence or part of a sentence
3.4 ACCESS TO MASS MEDIA
Information on the respondents’ exposure to common print and electronic media was
collected in the 2008 NDHS. Respondents were asked how often they read a newspaper, listen to the
radio, or watch television. This information is important because it provides an indication of the
extent to which Nigerians are regularly exposed to mass media that are often used to convey messages
on family planning and other health topics.
Data on exposure to mass media for both women and men age 15-49 are presented in Tables
3.4.1 and 3.4.2. About one in ten women read a newspaper weekly compared with three in ten men.
While half of male respondents watch television at least once a week, only about two-fifths of women
do so. Women and men living in urban areas are much more likely to be exposed to mass media. The
proportion of non-exposure to any media at least once a week increases with age for both women and
men. The findings show that women are less likely than men to have had no exposure to any form of
media at least once a week (39 versus 14 percent, respectively). Urban respondents are more likely
than rural respondents to be exposed to all three types of media. By zone, exposure to all three types
of media is highest for respondents in the southern zones compared with those in the northern zones.
Higher levels of educational attainment are associated with increased exposure to mass media.
Similarly, wealth status is positively related to exposure to mass media. For instance, 71 percent of
women in the lowest quintile have no weekly exposure to any media source, while only 8 percent of
those in the highest quintile have no exposure. For men, 38 percent in the lowest wealth quintile have
no weekly exposure to any media source, compared with 2 percent of men in the highest wealth
quintiles.
Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media: Women
Percentage of women age 15-49 who are exposed to specific media on a weekly basis, by
Reads a Watches Listens to All three No media

newspaper television at radio at media at at least Number
Background at least once least once least once least once once of
characteristic a week a week a week a week a week women
Age
15-19 11.9 43.5 53.5 9.0 36.2 6,493
20-24 15.0 43.5 55.4 11.9 35.8 6,133
30-34 12.0 39.6 54.5 9.9 38.5 4,634
35-39 10.8 37.7 53.5 8.8 39.4 3,912
40-44 9.1 33.0 52.5 7.7 42.1 3,032
45-49 6.9 27.2 47.2 5.3 47.6 2,872
Residence
Urban 21.8 68.8 68.5 18.5 18.9 11,934
Rural 6.3 23.3 45.5 4.3 49.4 21,451
Zone
North Central 9.9 32.1 47.5 8.2 47.0 4,748
North East 3.1 14.4 35.0 1.9 61.4 4,262
North West 3.8 17.8 47.9 2.7 49.9 8,022
South East 17.9 44.5 53.8 12.8 34.0 4,091
South South 19.6 58.3 53.6 15.5 30.1 5,473
South West 18.2 68.3 76.6 15.9 13.9 6,789
Education
No education 0.2 9.6 36.0 0.1 61.9 11,942
Primary 3.1 32.7 50.4 1.8 41.6 6,566
Secondary 18.3 62.5 65.8 14.1 21.2 11,904
More than secondary 52.0 83.5 83.4 44.8 6.5 2,974
Wealth quintile
Lowest 0.4 2.9 27.4 0.1 71.4 6,194
Second 2.0 7.6 39.5 0.8 58.0 6,234
Middle 6.1 23.8 50.7 3.1 43.2 6,341
Fourth 14.5 63.1 66.6 11.1 21.0 6,938
Highest 31.3 86.9 77.3 27.5 7.9 7,678
Total 11.8 39.6 53.7 9.4 38.5 33,385
Table 3.4.2 Exposure to mass media: Men
Percentage of men age 15-49 who are exposed to specific media on a weekly basis, by

Background at least once least once least once least once once of
characteristic a week a week a week a week a week men
Age
15-19 20.7 52.0 74.1 15.9 18.4 2,532
20-24 32.8 58.5 82.5 26.4 11.8 2,378
25-29 33.8 55.1 83.1 27.6 12.2 2,459
30-34 33.4 52.9 83.2 27.4 13.3 2,058
35-39 30.3 48.0 82.6 24.1 13.5 1,794
40-44 29.0 45.9 82.9 24.1 14.6 1,413
45-49 29.3 43.9 82.2 23.9 15.9 1,174
Residence
Urban 47.5 77.6 87.7 40.9 5.8 5,215
Rural 19.1 36.4 77.2 13.9 19.2 8,593
Zone
North Central 26.2 44.3 79.2 18.7 15.8 2,065
North East 13.4 23.0 61.8 8.0 34.1 1,645
North West 16.4 31.5 80.0 12.2 17.4 3,237
South East 39.7 65.5 88.5 34.1 7.5 1,448
South South 36.0 71.1 80.9 30.2 10.7 2,437
South West 46.3 73.3 91.2 39.8 4.4 2,977
Education
No education 0.9 11.5 61.2 0.4 37.3 2,597
Primary 10.2 38.1 77.9 7.2 18.0 2,761
Secondary 35.8 64.4 86.4 28.0 7.2 6,470
Wealth quintile
Lowest 5.3 10.7 60.3 2.3 38.0 2,275
Second 10.5 19.9 75.1 5.4 22.3 2,332
Middle 20.2 38.7 82.2 13.1 13.2 2,570
Fourth 36.7 72.5 87.8 29.3 5.5 3,163
Highest 59.9 91.7 92.2 54.3 1.6 3,468
Total 15-49 29.8 52.0 81.2 24.1 14.1 13,808

50-59 24.1 37.0 77.3 19.8 20.8 1,678
Total men 15-59 29.2 50.4 80.8 23.6 14.9 15,486
3.5 EMPLOYMENT
Employment is one source of empowerment for women, given that they exercise control over
their own income. It is difficult to measure employment status because some work, especially work on
family farms, in family businesses, or in the informal sector, is often not perceived as employment by
women and men themselves, and hence not reported as such. The 2008 NDHS asked women and men
detailed questions about their employment status in order to ensure complete coverage of employment
in any sector, formal or informal. Women and men who reported that they were currently working and
those who reported that they worked at sometime during the 12 months preceding the survey are
considered to have been employed. Additional information was collected on the type of work women
and men were doing, whether they worked continuously throughout the year or not, for whom they
worked, and the form in which they received their earnings.
Tables 3.5.1 and 3.5.2 show the percent distribution of women and men age 15-49 by
employment status, according to background characteristics. Fifty-nine percent of women are
currently employed. Four percent reported that they worked at some point during the past 12 months
but were not working at the time of the survey. Thirty-seven percent did not work at all in the 12
months preceding the survey. Eighty percent of men are currently employed. Two percent of men
reported that they worked during the past 12 months but were not working at the time of the survey.
Eighteen percent of men did not work at all in the 12 months preceding the survey.
Table 3.5.1 Employment status: Women
Percent distribution of women age 15-49 by employment status, according to background characteristics,
Nigeria 2008
Not employed
Employed in the 12 months in the
preceding the survey 12 months Missing/
Background Currently Not currently preceding don't Number of
characteristic employed1 employed the survey know Total women
Age
15-19 26.1 2.2 71.6 0.1 100.0 6,493
20-24 48.3 3.4 48.1 0.2 100.0 6,133
25-29 65.0 3.4 31.5 0.1 100.0 6,309
30-34 73.1 4.0 22.7 0.2 100.0 4,634
35-39 77.6 3.4 18.8 0.2 100.0 3,912
40-44 77.2 4.2 18.4 0.2 100.0 3,032
45-49 77.4 5.8 16.7 0.1 100.0 2,872
Marital status
Never married 33.8 1.7 64.5 0.1 100.0 8,397
Married or living together 66.9 4.2 28.7 0.2 100.0 23,578
Divorced/separated/widowed 80.5 3.7 15.6 0.1 100.0 1,409
Missing 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 1
Number of living children
0 37.1 2.2 60.5 0.1 100.0 10,392
1-2 62.3 3.7 34.0 0.1 100.0 8,352
3-4 71.8 3.9 24.1 0.2 100.0 7,591
5+ 74.2 4.9 20.6 0.3 100.0 7,049
Residence
Urban 59.7 2.4 37.7 0.2 100.0 11,934
Rural 58.8 4.2 36.8 0.2 100.0 21,451
Zone
North Central 62.8 3.2 33.9 0.2 100.0 4,748
North East 57.1 4.1 38.6 0.2 100.0 4,262
North West 46.0 7.2 46.6 0.2 100.0 8,022
South East 58.7 1.0 40.0 0.3 100.0 4,091
South South 63.9 2.4 33.5 0.2 100.0 5,473
South West 69.9 1.4 28.7 0.0 100.0 6,789
Education
No education 56.8 5.4 37.5 0.3 100.0 11,942
Primary 73.1 3.4 23.3 0.2 100.0 6,566
Secondary 52.9 2.2 44.8 0.1 100.0 11,904
Wealth quintile
Lowest 55.8 5.0 39.0 0.2 100.0 6,194
Second 59.6 5.9 34.3 0.2 100.0 6,234
Middle 59.2 3.4 37.2 0.2 100.0 6,341
Fourth 59.3 2.2 38.3 0.2 100.0 6,938
Highest 61.2 1.8 36.9 0.1 100.0 7,678
Total 59.1 3.5 37.2 0.2 100.0 33,385
Note: Total includes 1 woman with information missing on marital status who is not shown separately.
1
Currently employed is defined as having done work in the past seven days. Includes persons who did not work
in the past seven days but who are regularly employed and were absent from work for leave, illness, vacation,
or any other such reason.
Tables 3.5.1 and 3.5.2 also show that current employment increases with age for both women
and men. Women who are divorced, separated, or widowed (81 percent) are most likely to be
employed, followed by those who are married or living together (67 percent), while never-married
women are the least likely to be employed (34 percent). Men who are currently married or living
together are most likely to be employed (98 percent), followed by those who are divorced, separated,
or widowed (96 percent). Sixty percent of never-married men are currently employed.
Table 3.5.2 Employment status: Men
Percent distribution of men age 15-49 by employment status, according to background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Not employed
Employed in the 12 months in the
preceding the survey 12 months Missing/
Background Currently Not currently preceding don't Number of
characteristic employed1 employed the survey know Total men
Age
15-19 44.8 3.7 51.6 0.0 100.0 2,532
20-24 65.4 2.9 31.6 0.0 100.0 2,378
25-29 85.7 2.1 12.1 0.1 100.0 2,459
30-34 94.9 1.2 3.8 0.1 100.0 2,058
35-39 98.0 0.8 1.2 0.0 100.0 1,794
40-44 98.1 0.8 1.1 0.1 100.0 1,413
45-49 98.4 0.3 1.4 0.0 100.0 1,174
Marital status
Never married 60.3 3.1 36.6 0.0 100.0 6,548
Divorced/separated/widowed 95.9 2.0 2.1 0.0 100.0 238
Missing 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 3
0 64.2 2.8 32.9 0.0 100.0 7,272
1-2 96.5 1.2 2.3 0.0 100.0 2,505
3-4 98.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 100.0 2,043
5+ 98.8 0.5 0.6 0.1 100.0 1,989
Residence
Urban 75.4 2.0 22.5 0.0 100.0 5,215
Rural 82.8 1.9 15.3 0.0 100.0 8,593
Zone
North Central 84.9 2.6 12.5 0.0 100.0 2,065
North East 90.8 1.6 7.6 0.0 100.0 1,645
North West 86.4 1.7 11.8 0.1 100.0 3,237
South East 72.9 1.1 26.0 0.0 100.0 1,448
South South 69.4 3.5 27.0 0.0 100.0 2,437
South West 75.9 1.0 23.1 0.0 100.0 2,977
Education
No education 97.3 0.9 1.9 0.0 100.0 2,597
Primary 90.9 1.3 7.7 0.1 100.0 2,761
Secondary 70.1 2.5 27.4 0.0 100.0 6,470
Wealth quintile
Lowest 93.7 1.3 4.9 0.1 100.0 2,275
Second 87.3 1.9 10.8 0.0 100.0 2,332
Middle 77.7 2.4 19.9 0.0 100.0 2,570
Fourth 72.4 2.1 25.5 0.0 100.0 3,163
Highest 74.9 1.8 23.2 0.1 100.0 3,468
Total 15-49 80.0 1.9 18.0 0.0 100.0 13,808

50-59 96.6 1.0 2.2 0.2 100.0 1,678
Total men 15-59 81.8 1.8 0.1 100.0 15,486
16.3
Note: Total includes 3 men with information missing on marital status who are not shown separately.
1
Currently employed is defined as having done work in the past seven days. Includes persons who did not work in
the past seven days but who are regularly employed and were absent from work for leave, illness, vacation, or any
other such reason.
There is no significant difference by urban-rural residence in the proportion of women

currently employed (60 and 59 percent, respectively). However, the percentage of men currently
employed is higher in rural areas than in urban areas (83 and 75 percent, respectively). Levels of
employment vary by zone; for example, among women, current employment ranges from a low of 46
percent in the North West to a high of 70 percent in the South West. Among men, employment is
lowest in the South South (69 percent) and highest in the North East (91 percent).
3.6 OCCUPATION
Respondents who reported being currently employed or who worked in the 12 months
preceding the survey were asked what type of work they normally do. Tables 3.6.1 and 3.6.2 show the
distribution of women and men by occupation according to background characteristics.
Table 3.6.1 Occupation: Women
Percent distribution of women age 15-49 employed in the 12 months preceding the survey by occupation, according to
Professional/ Sales Number

Background technical/ and Skilled Unskilled of
characteristic managerial Clerical services manual manual Agriculture Missing Total women
Age
15-19 1.8 2.0 46.5 17.3 1.3 30.3 0.8 100.0 1,839
20-24 4.3 2.7 49.9 18.3 1.1 22.9 0.8 100.0 3,172
25-29 6.2 2.5 51.9 17.3 0.4 20.8 0.7 100.0 4,315
30-34 8.8 1.8 54.8 12.9 0.2 20.7 0.7 100.0 3,573
35-39 7.9 1.6 54.4 11.7 0.2 23.6 0.7 100.0 3,166
40-44 8.1 1.7 53.3 8.9 0.2 27.5 0.4 100.0 2,469
45-49 7.1 0.6 52.0 8.6 0.1 30.7 0.9 100.0 2,387
Marital status
Never married 10.4 6.2 47.6 14.1 1.9 19.1 0.7 100.0 2,975
Married or living together 5.9 1.2 53.1 14.2 0.2 24.7 0.7 100.0 16,758
Divorced/separated/widowed 7.0 1.6 50.3 8.4 0.1 32.1 0.4 100.0 1,187
Missing 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 1

0 9.8 4.9 47.4 16.2 1.5 19.4 0.8 100.0 4,089
1-2 7.2 1.9 51.7 16.0 0.3 22.1 0.7 100.0 5,508
3-4 6.3 1.1 54.1 13.4 0.2 24.2 0.7 100.0 5,749
5+ 3.9 0.6 54.2 10.5 0.1 30.0 0.7 100.0 5,574
Residence
Urban 12.1 4.3 61.1 14.5 0.7 6.5 0.8 100.0 7,411
Rural 3.6 0.6 47.3 13.5 0.3 34.0 0.6 100.0 13,511
Zone
North Central 5.7 1.3 37.4 7.5 0.4 47.2 0.5 100.0 3,132
North East 1.8 0.6 42.9 16.6 0.4 36.6 1.1 100.0 2,608
North West 2.6 0.2 62.1 25.4 0.3 8.7 0.7 100.0 4,268
South East 10.3 2.2 51.8 8.9 0.7 25.5 0.5 100.0 2,444
South South 7.0 2.8 49.8 9.3 0.6 29.9 0.6 100.0 3,628
South West 11.0 3.7 60.0 12.2 0.4 11.7 0.9 100.0 4,841
Education
No education 0.5 0.0 51.9 16.7 0.3 29.8 0.8 100.0 7,426
Primary 0.6 0.2 51.3 13.6 0.2 33.7 0.5 100.0 5,026
Secondary 5.3 3.8 58.7 13.8 0.6 17.2 0.6 100.0 6,554
More than secondary 50.2 7.5 33.4 3.9 1.7 2.1 1.3 100.0 1,916
Wealth quintile
Lowest 0.1 0.0 41.3 13.0 0.2 44.6 0.8 100.0 3,765
Second 0.7 0.0 45.6 15.4 0.3 37.4 0.6 100.0 4,081
Middle 3.0 0.7 50.2 12.8 0.3 32.2 0.8 100.0 3,970
Fourth 8.6 2.2 60.7 15.1 0.5 12.4 0.6 100.0 4,269
Highest 17.7 5.8 60.3 13.0 0.9 1.5 0.8 100.0 4,836
Total 6.6 1.9 52.2 13.9 0.5 24.3 0.7 100.0 20,921
Among occupational categories, sales and services and agriculture are the most common for
both women and men. Among women, the sales and services sector employs half (52 percent) of
employed women and the agriculture sector employs 24 percent of women. Another 14 percent of
women are engaged in skilled manual jobs. Table 3.6.2 shows that the highest proportion of men work
in agriculture (40 percent), followed by sales and services (27 percent).
Table 3.6.2 Occupation: Men
Percent distribution of men age 15-49 employed in the 12 months preceding the survey by occupation, according to
Professional/
Background technical/ Sales and Skilled Unskilled Number of
characteristic managerial Clerical services manual manual Agriculture Missing Total men
Age
15-19 1.7 0.7 14.9 18.6 13.2 50.1 0.7 100.0 1,227
20-24 5.3 1.9 23.2 22.8 6.9 39.0 0.9 100.0 1,626
25-29 7.9 1.9 31.7 20.5 2.3 35.1 0.7 100.0 2,160
30-34 9.3 1.7 32.9 18.8 0.7 35.7 0.8 100.0 1,978
35-39 11.4 1.9 29.6 16.9 0.1 39.4 0.7 100.0 1,772
40-44 12.6 1.5 25.8 16.9 0.2 42.3 0.6 100.0 1,397
45-49 15.1 2.2 24.7 16.0 0.0 41.4 0.6 100.0 1,158
Marital status
Never married 7.6 2.1 25.9 22.8 7.7 33.1 0.9 100.0 4,150
Married or living together 9.8 1.5 27.9 16.6 0.3 43.2 0.7 100.0 6,931
Divorced/separated/widowed 8.1 1.6 26.5 15.8 0.8 47.1 0.0 100.0 233
Missing 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 3

0 7.5 2.0 26.4 21.8 6.6 34.9 0.9 100.0 4,874
1-2 10.7 2.0 30.8 17.3 0.4 38.1 0.7 100.0 2,447
3-4 9.5 1.2 27.6 19.3 0.2 41.4 0.7 100.0 2,023
5+ 10.0 1.3 23.8 13.2 0.1 51.2 0.4 100.0 1,974
Residence
Urban 14.2 2.9 40.6 27.5 3.1 11.0 0.8 100.0 4,041
Rural 6.1 1.0 19.6 14.1 3.0 55.5 0.7 100.0 7,277
Zone
North Central 8.1 1.3 15.9 11.8 7.3 55.0 0.6 100.0 1,806
North East 3.8 0.9 20.1 8.7 3.7 61.9 0.8 100.0 1,520
North West 6.3 1.4 23.2 11.7 3.3 53.3 0.7 100.0 2,852
South East 10.2 2.0 37.7 29.9 1.4 18.0 0.8 100.0 1,072
South South 10.9 2.3 35.8 28.1 1.2 21.2 0.5 100.0 1,778
South West 14.3 2.3 33.6 27.8 1.0 20.0 0.9 100.0 2,290
Education
No education 1.0 0.7 16.3 7.5 0.6 73.3 0.7 100.0 2,548
Primary 2.2 0.6 26.0 21.3 1.5 47.8 0.7 100.0 2,547
Secondary 6.3 1.9 32.9 26.2 4.9 26.9 0.7 100.0 4,700
Wealth quintile
Lowest 1.0 0.4 10.2 5.7 2.6 79.4 0.7 100.0 2,161
Second 3.1 0.4 13.8 10.5 2.8 68.4 1.0 100.0 2,080
Middle 6.0 1.3 25.9 18.1 4.0 44.3 0.4 100.0 2,059
Fourth 11.9 2.0 37.9 28.1 3.6 15.7 0.7 100.0 2,356
Highest 19.7 3.8 42.7 28.5 2.2 2.4 0.8 100.0 2,661
Total 15-49 9.0 1.7 27.1 18.9 3.0 39.6 0.7 100.0 11,317
50-59 11.1 1.8 24.8 13.0 0.5 48.3 0.5 100.0 1,638
Total men 15-59 9.2 1.7 26.8 18.1 2.7 40.7 0.7 100.0 12,955
Regardless of marital status, urban-rural residence, or number of living children, sales and
services and agriculture are the most common occupations among both women and men. However,
respondents with more than a secondary education (among both women and men) are more likely to
be engaged in professional/technical/managerial jobs than in other occupations: 50 percent for women
and 42 percent for men.
There is considerable variation by zone; for example, men in the northern zones are more
likely to be in agriculture compared with those in the southern zones. Generally, women in the
southern zones are more likely to be in professional/technical/managerial occupations than their
northern counterparts. Engaging in professional/technical/managerial occupations is positively related
to household economic status; for example, in households in the lowest wealth quintile 1 percent or
less of women and men are engaged in professional/technical/managerial occupations, compared with
18 and 20 percent, respectively, in households in the highest wealth quintile.
3.7 EARNINGS, EMPLOYERS, AND CONTINUITY OF EMPLOYMENT
Tables 3.7.1 and 3.7.2 show the distribution of women and men by type of earnings, type of
employer, and the continuity of employment. Table 3.7.1 presents information separately on women
engaged in agricultural work or non-agricultural work. The two sectors influence the type of earnings
women receive, the type of employer, and the continuity of employment. Forty-six percent of women
employed in agricultural work are not paid. Almost two-thirds of women in this sector are self-
employed (63 percent) and 56 percent work seasonally. Among women employed in the non-
agricultural sector, 83 percent earn cash only, 75 percent are self-employed, and 82 percent work all
year.
Table 3.7.1 Type of employment: Women
Percent distribution of women age 15-49 employed in the 12 months preceding the survey
by type of earnings, type of employer, and continuity of employment, according to type of
employment (agricultural or non-agricultural), Nigeria 2008
Agricultural Non-agricultural
Employment characteristic work work Missing Total
Type of earnings
Cash only 23.4 82.8 71.0 68.3
Cash and in-kind 24.6 6.2 8.2 10.7
In-kind only 6.4 1.0 1.4 2.3
Not paid 45.5 9.6 10.1 18.3
Missing 0.1 0.4 9.3 0.4
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Type of employer
Employed by family member 33.6 9.0 8.6 15.0
Employed by non-family member 3.5 15.5 16.4 12.6
Self-employed 62.9 75.2 66.7 72.2
Missing 0.1 0.3 8.3 0.3
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Continuity of employment
All year 40.9 82.0 68.7 71.9
Seasonal 56.0 13.7 16.2 24.0
Occasional 2.8 3.9 4.6 3.6
Missing 0.3 0.5 10.5 0.5
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Number of women employed
during the past 12 months 5,081 15,692 149 20,921
Note: Total includes women with information missing on type of employment who are not
shown separately.
Table 3.7.2 shows that 58 percent of men employed in agricultural work are not paid. Sixty-
five percent of men in agricultural work are self-employed and 53 percent work seasonally. Among
men employed in the non-agricultural sector, 78 percent are paid in cash only, 55 percent are self-
employed, and 85 percent work all year.
Table 3.7.2 Type of employment: Men
Percent distribution of men age 15-49 employed in the 12 months preceding the survey by
type of earnings, type of employer, and continuity of employment, according to type of
employment (agricultural or non-agricultural), Nigeria 2008
Non-
Agricultural agricultural
Employment characteristic work work Missing Total
Type of earnings
Cash only 20.8 77.8 49.2 54.4
Cash and in-kind 15.5 9.3 10.2 11.8
In-kind only 5.9 1.2 2.4 3.1
Not paid 57.7 11.6 27.8 30.5
Missing 0.1 0.1 10.5 0.2
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Type of employer
Employed by family member 30.6 8.0 15.9 17.3
Employed by non-family member 3.9 37.0 28.1 23.4
Self-employed 65.4 54.9 46.7 59.1
Missing 0.1 0.1 9.4 0.2
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Continuity of employment
All year 43.3 84.9 59.0 67.8
Seasonal 53.4 10.0 27.9 27.8
Occasional 2.7 4.9 2.3 4.0
Missing 0.6 0.3 10.7 0.5
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Number of men employed during
the past 12 months 5,274 7,591 90 12,955
Note: Total includes men with information missing on type of employment who are not
shown separately.
3.8 HEALTH INSURANCE COVERAGE

Health insurance improves access to health care, thus promoting good health. Reasonable
access to health care encourages individuals to seek health maintenance services more regularly than
they otherwise would, thereby preventing potentially serious illnesses. Additionally, health insurance
protects individuals from financial hardship that may result from large or unexpected medical bills. In
Nigeria, health insurance can be obtained from private organisations or from government agencies.
Nigeria’s National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) was established by Decree Number 35
of 1999. The scheme, identified as a tool for achieving health-related Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs), currently enrols only persons who are employees in the formal employment sector.
However, as the scheme is mandated to offer universal coverage to all Nigerians by 2015, there are
plans to extend health insurance schemes to the informal sector in the future.
Tables 3.8.1 and 3.8.2 present information about specific types of insurance coverage for
women and men by background characteristics. The tables show that the majority of women and men
have no health insurance coverage (98 and 97 percent, respectively). Among all categories of
insurance, employer-based insurance is used most commonly. However, only 2 percent of men and 1
percent of women are covered by this type of insurance. Women and men in urban areas (4 and 5
percent, respectively) and those in the highest wealth quintile (6 and 8 percent, respectively) are the
most likely to have health insurance coverage. Level of education is also strongly associated with
health care coverage.
Table 3.8.1 Health insurance coverage: Women
Percent distribution of women age 15-49 by type of health insurance coverage, according to
Mutual health
organization/ Privately
Employer- community- purchased No Number
Background based based commercial health of
characteristic insurance insurance insurance Other insurance women
Age
15-19 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.2 99.0 6,493
20-24 0.7 0.1 0.3 0.2 98.8 6,133
25-29 1.4 0.1 0.3 0.2 98.0 6,309
30-34 1.7 0.2 0.2 0.1 97.9 4,634
35-39 2.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 97.3 3,912
40-44 2.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 97.1 3,032
45-49 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 98.7 2,872
Residence
Urban 2.8 0.2 0.4 0.2 96.4 11,934
Rural 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 99.2 21,451
Zone
North Central 2.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 97.4 4,748
North East 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 99.5 4,262
North West 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 99.3 8,022
South East 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.0 99.3 4,091
South South 2.0 0.2 0.5 0.7 96.6 5,473
South West 2.3 0.1 0.3 0.0 97.3 6,789
Education
No education 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 99.9 11,942
Primary 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.0 99.3 6,566
Secondary 1.3 0.1 0.3 0.3 98.0 11,904
Wealth quintile
Lowest 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 99.9 6,194
Second 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 99.9 6,234
Middle 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 99.5 6,341
Fourth 0.9 0.2 0.2 0.1 98.6 6,938
Highest 4.5 0.3 0.6 0.5 94.0 7,678
Total 1.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 98.2 33,385
Table 3.8.2 Health insurance coverage: Men
Percent distribution of men age 15-49 by type of health insurance coverage, according to
Mutual health
organization/ Privately
Employer- community- purchased No Number
Background based based commercial health of
characteristic insurance insurance insurance Other insurance men
Age
15-19 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.3 99.1 2,532
20-24 1.1 0.1 0.3 0.4 98.2 2,378
25-29 1.8 0.4 0.3 0.4 97.2 2,459
30-34 2.3 0.3 0.4 0.1 96.8 2,058
35-39 3.8 0.0 0.2 0.5 95.4 1,794
40-44 2.9 0.7 0.6 0.5 95.4 1,413
45-49 2.6 0.0 0.5 0.8 96.2 1,174
Residence
Urban 3.4 0.3 0.4 0.8 95.0 5,215
Rural 1.0 0.1 0.3 0.2 98.5 8,593
Zone
North Central 2.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 97.2 2,065
North East 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 99.0 1,645
North West 1.2 0.4 0.2 0.2 97.9 3,237
South East 1.6 0.4 0.7 0.0 97.6 1,448
South South 3.3 0.1 0.7 0.8 95.2 2,437
South West 2.1 0.1 0.3 0.8 96.7 2,977
Education
No education 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 99.8 2,597
Primary 0.6 0.0 0.2 0.0 99.3 2,761
Secondary 1.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 97.7 6,470
Wealth quintile
Lowest 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 99.8 2,275
Second 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 99.6 2,332
Middle 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.0 98.8 2,570
Fourth 2.0 0.2 0.4 0.3 97.2 3,163
Highest 5.1 0.5 0.7 1.2 92.5 3,468
Total 15-49 1.9 0.2 0.4 0.4 97.2 13,808

50-59 2.2 0.4 0.3 0.5 96.7 1,678
Total men 15-59 1.9 0.2 0.4 0.4 97.1 15,486
3.9 KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDES REGARDING TUBERCULOSIS
During the 2008 NDHS, respondents were asked if they had ever heard of tuberculosis (TB),
a major public health concern worldwide. Women and men were also asked about how TB is spread,
whether the disease is curable and through what methods, and several other TB-related questions.
Additionally, respondents were asked whether or not they would want other people to know if a
family member had TB.
Tables 3.9.1 and 3.9.2 present information on knowledge and attitudes concerning TB for
women and men age 15-49, by background characteristics. Although knowledge of TB is high among
both women and men, it is substantially higher among men (84 percent) than women (71 percent).
Among all respondents who report having heard of TB, 59 percent of women and 72 percent of men
reported that TB is spread through the air by coughing. Knowledge of TB transmission increases with
level of education and wealth quintile among both women and men.
Among women and men who have heard of TB, 72 percent of women and 87 percent of men
believe that it can be cured. Women are more likely than men to want to conceal the fact that a family
member has TB (21 and 18 percent, respectively).
Table 3.9.1 Knowledge and attitudes concerning tuberculosis: Women
Percentage of women age 15-49 who have heard of tuberculosis (TB), and among women who have heard
of TB, the percentages who know that TB is spread through the air by coughing, the percentage who believe
that TB can be cured, and the percentage who would want to keep secret that a family member has TB, by
Among women who have heard of TB,

the percentage who:
Among all women Reported that Would want
Percentage Number TB is spread Believe that a family Number
Background who have of through the air TB can be member's TB of
characteristic heard of TB women by coughing cured kept secret women
Age
15-19 59.2 6,493 57.7 69.2 24.3 3,846
20-24 69.9 6,133 58.3 72.2 22.6 4,287
25-29 73.3 6,309 59.1 73.1 20.6 4,622
30-34 74.8 4,634 60.1 73.6 19.2 3,465
35-39 76.1 3,912 58.4 72.9 18.6 2,975
40-44 76.5 3,032 61.0 73.5 18.9 2,319
45-49 76.3 2,872 57.7 69.1 16.4 2,191
Residence
Urban 82.0 11,934 65.8 77.5 22.2 9,786
Rural 64.9 21,451 53.9 68.1 19.4 13,919
Zone
North Central 58.9 4,748 67.2 76.2 22.4 2,798
North East 67.9 4,262 49.5 59.5 19.1 2,895
North West 63.4 8,022 44.8 64.5 20.3 5,089
South East 93.0 4,091 55.5 81.9 20.2 3,805
South South 73.3 5,473 70.5 77.2 22.6 4,014
South West 75.2 6,789 66.9 72.8 19.4 5,104
Education
No education 56.8 11,942 45.6 58.8 20.0 6,777
Primary 71.6 6,566 55.8 70.7 19.0 4,700
Secondary 79.0 11,904 63.9 77.5 21.6 9,404
More than secondary 95.0 2,974 78.8 87.6 21.0 2,824
Wealth quintile
Lowest 55.9 6,194 44.6 58.8 22.9 3,460
Second 60.6 6,234 49.7 63.9 20.6 3,775
Middle 70.0 6,341 56.0 71.0 17.5 4,436
Fourth 78.5 6,938 63.1 76.7 18.4 5,445
Highest 85.8 7,678 70.0 80.4 23.2 6,589
Total 71.0 33,385 58.8 72.0 20.6 23,705
Table 3.9.2 Knowledge and attitudes concerning tuberculosis: Men
Percentage of men age 15-49 who have heard of tuberculosis (TB), and among men who have heard of TB, the
percentages who know that TB is spread through the air by coughing, the percentage who believe that TB can be
cured, and the percentage who would want to keep secret that a family member has TB, by background
Among men who have heard of TB,

the percentage who
Among all men Reported that Would want
Background who have of through the air TB can be member's TB of
characteristic heard of TB men by coughing cured kept secret men
Age
15-19 65.7 2,532 70.5 84.8 23.9 1,664
20-24 82.2 2,378 72.3 86.8 20.9 1,956
25-29 86.7 2,459 71.3 86.9 17.5 2,131
30-34 89.0 2,058 72.2 87.9 16.3 1,831
35-39 89.7 1,794 73.6 89.0 14.3 1,609
40-44 90.8 1,413 70.8 87.0 12.7 1,283
45-49 91.8 1,174 71.8 85.2 13.8 1,078
Residence
Urban 90.2 5,215 77.7 89.7 17.7 4,702
Rural 79.7 8,593 67.7 84.9 17.4 6,850
Zone
North Central 80.2 2,065 80.3 88.5 11.1 1,656
North East 77.9 1,645 78.7 83.5 28.3 1,282
North West 81.6 3,237 62.7 83.6 26.3 2,642
South East 88.1 1,448 71.6 87.7 20.5 1,275
South South 82.7 2,437 63.0 88.6 12.0 2,017
South West 90.0 2,977 79.0 88.9 10.2 2,681
Education
No education 73.1 2,597 58.6 76.1 24.0 1,898
Primary 79.9 2,761 67.1 84.7 18.5 2,207
Secondary 85.2 6,470 72.7 88.9 16.3 5,513
Wealth quintile
Lowest 74.4 2,275 60.4 77.5 21.8 1,692
Second 79.8 2,332 66.1 82.7 21.1 1,862
Middle 81.7 2,570 71.3 87.9 16.6 2,099
Fourth 85.5 3,163 75.4 89.3 16.4 2,705
Highest 92.1 3,468 78.5 91.5 14.6 3,194
Total 15-49 83.7 13,808 71.8 86.9 17.5 11,552

50-59 91.9 1,678 68.8 85.0 10.1 1,542
Total men 15-59 84.6 15,486 71.5 86.6 16.6 13,094
3.10 TOBACCO USE
Tobacco is used in various ways. It is dried and rolled into cigarettes and cigars for smoking,
shredded and inserted into pipes (also for smoking), and finely pulverised for inhalation as snuff.
Smoking has been shown to have significant adverse health effects including increased risk of
respiratory and cardiovascular illnesses, both for the individual smoker and for other people exposed
to second-hand or “environmental” tobacco smoke (WHO, 2002). Information on women’s and men’s
use of tobacco was collected during the 2008 NDHS. Tables 3.10.1 and 3.10.2 show the percentage of
women and men age 15-49 who smoke cigarettes, a pipe, or use other forms of tobacco. Additionally,
Table 3.10.2 shows the percent distribution of male cigarette smokers age 15-49 by the number of
cigarettes smoked in the past 24 hours, according to background characteristics.
The majority of women (99 percent) and men (89 percent) reported that they do not use
tobacco. Less than 1 percent of women reported using tobacco. Among men age 15-49, 14 percent
reported use of tobacco products, with those smoking cigarettes constituting 9 percent. Cigarette
smoking among men is highest in age group 30-34 (13 percent). By level of education, tobacco use is
highest among men with a primary education (22 percent).
Table 3.10.1 Use of tobacco: Women
Percentage of women age 15-49 who smoke cigarettes or a pipe or use other tobacco products, by
background characteristics and maternity status, Nigeria 2008
Does not Number of
Background Other use Number of cigarette
characteristic Cigarettes Pipe tobacco tobacco women smokers
Age
15-19 0.0 0.0 0.2 99.7 6,493 1
20-24 0.1 0.0 0.2 99.6 6,133 5
25-29 0.2 0.0 0.2 99.5 6,309 15
30-34 0.1 0.1 0.2 99.5 4,634 7
35-39 0.3 0.1 0.7 98.9 3,912 11
40-44 0.5 0.2 1.0 98.3 3,032 15
45-49 0.3 0.2 1.8 97.7 2,872 10
Residence
Urban 0.2 0.0 0.2 99.5 11,934 20
Rural 0.2 0.1 0.6 99.1 21,451 44
Zone
North Central 0.6 0.3 1.3 98.0 4,748 27
North East 0.1 0.1 0.2 99.6 4,262 6
North West 0.2 0.0 0.3 99.5 8,022 12
South East 0.2 0.0 1.2 98.5 4,091 7
South South 0.1 0.0 0.2 99.5 5,473 8
South West 0.1 0.0 0.2 99.7 6,789 4
Education
No education 0.2 0.1 1.0 98.6 11,942 27
Primary 0.3 0.1 0.5 99.1 6,566 17
Secondary 0.1 0.0 0.1 99.8 11,904 13
More than secondary 0.3 0.0 0.0 99.6 2,974 8
Maternity status
Pregnant 0.1 0.0 0.5 99.3 3,494 4
Breastfeeding (not pregnant) 0.1 0.1 0.3 99.4 8,702 12
Neither 0.2 0.1 0.5 99.1 21,189 48
Wealth quintile
Lowest 0.3 0.2 1.0 98.5 6,194 18
Second 0.2 0.1 0.8 98.9 6,234 9
Middle 0.2 0.1 0.5 99.3 6,341 12
Fourth 0.2 0.0 0.3 99.5 6,938 16
Highest 0.1 0.0 0.0 99.8 7,678 9
Total 0.2 0.1 0.5 99.2 33,385 64
Table 3.10.2 Use of tobacco: Men
Percentage of men age 15-49 who smoke cigarettes or a pipe or use other tobacco products and the percent distribution of cigarette
smokers by number of cigarettes smoked in past 24 hours, according to background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Number of cigarettes in the past 24 hours Number

Does Number Don't of
Background Other not use of know/ cigarette
characteristic Cigarettes Pipe tobacco tobacco men 0 1-2 3-5 6-9 10+ missing Total smokers
Age
15-19 1.4 0.1 0.8 98.0 2,532 (0.0) (46.8) (34.2) (4.7) (3.9) (10.5) 100.0 36
20-24 6.0 0.5 2.5 92.8 2,378 4.3 29.5 39.6 10.5 14.7 1.4 100.0 142
25-29 12.0 0.9 3.2 86.3 2,459 3.8 25.7 40.1 10.5 16.2 3.7 100.0 294
30-34 12.6 0.9 4.0 85.0 2,058 1.9 23.2 40.7 17.2 15.8 1.2 100.0 260
35-39 11.0 0.5 4.8 85.7 1,794 5.7 23.1 40.9 12.9 15.8 1.7 100.0 197
40-44 12.4 2.0 7.4 81.7 1,413 2.2 19.8 35.2 18.2 23.0 1.6 100.0 175
45-49 10.4 0.7 8.5 82.5 1,174 0.0 23.5 43.2 13.1 17.7 2.4 100.0 122
Residence
Urban 8.5 0.7 3.1 89.4 5,215 4.2 21.0 41.6 13.0 17.6 2.6 100.0 444
Rural 9.1 0.7 4.3 87.9 8,593 2.4 26.9 38.7 13.8 16.1 2.2 100.0 783
Zone
North Central 9.6 0.9 8.0 84.4 2,065 1.0 23.8 40.1 13.7 16.7 4.7 100.0 199
North East 6.1 1.3 3.5 91.2 1,645 1.1 22.5 40.4 10.4 22.8 2.8 100.0 101
North West 6.3 1.5 1.2 93.4 3,237 2.0 13.3 34.8 14.9 34.0 1.0 100.0 204
South East 12.4 0.1 9.2 80.3 1,448 4.6 32.4 40.1 10.4 9.8 2.7 100.0 179
South South 12.1 0.3 3.2 86.2 2,437 6.8 32.1 39.3 11.7 9.1 1.0 100.0 296
South West 8.4 0.2 1.9 90.4 2,977 0.8 21.6 43.4 17.7 13.9 2.7 100.0 249
Education
No education 7.9 1.0 4.0 89.4 2,597 2.4 19.2 35.1 16.0 25.3 2.0 100.0 206
Primary 13.0 1.3 7.5 81.5 2,761 1.7 22.7 45.0 13.9 14.6 2.2 100.0 360
Secondary 8.0 0.4 2.8 90.3 6,470 3.2 29.5 39.8 11.6 13.0 2.9 100.0 518
More than
secondary 7.3 0.6 2.1 91.2 1,979 7.0 20.5 33.0 15.7 22.6 1.1 100.0 144
Wealth quintile
Lowest 9.0 0.8 5.3 87.2 2,275 1.7 21.5 43.3 11.5 21.5 0.5 100.0 205
Second 9.1 1.2 4.7 87.6 2,332 2.5 24.4 40.0 15.8 12.3 5.0 100.0 211
Middle 9.4 0.6 4.6 87.2 2,570 1.8 29.9 35.8 13.6 17.0 1.9 100.0 241
Fourth 9.5 0.8 3.2 88.8 3,163 4.0 24.8 42.9 10.5 15.6 2.2 100.0 300
Highest 7.8 0.4 2.3 90.6 3,468 4.6 22.8 36.7 16.3 17.3 2.2 100.0 270
Total 15-49 8.9 0.7 3.9 88.5 13,808 3.1 24.8 39.7 13.5 16.7 2.3 100.0 1,227
50-59 9.5 0.5 9.5 82.3 1,678 0.9 17.6 46.7 10.8 21.9 2.2 100.0 160
Total men 15-59 9.0 0.7 4.5 87.8 15,486 2.8 23.9 40.5 13.2 17.3 2.3 100.0 1,387
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-29 unweighted cases.
FERTILITY LEVELS, TRENDS, AND DIFFERENTIALS 4
4.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter looks at a number of fertility indicators including levels, patterns, and trends in
both current and cumulative fertility; the length of birth intervals; and the age at which women begin
childbearing. Information on current and cumulative fertility is essential to monitoring population
growth. The data on birth intervals are important because short intervals are associated with higher
childhood mortality. The age at which childbearing begins can also have a major impact on the health
and wellbeing of both the mother and the child.
Data on childbearing patterns were collected in the 2008 NDHS in several ways. First, each
woman was asked a series of questions on the number of sons and daughters currently living with her,
the number living elsewhere, and the number who were born alive and later died. Next, a complete
history of all of the woman’s births was obtained, including the name, sex, month and year of birth,
age, and survival status for each of the births. For living children, a question was asked about whether
the child was living in the household or away. For dead children, the age at death was recorded.
Finally, information was collected on whether female respondents were pregnant at the time of the
survey.1
4.2 CURRENT FERTILITY

The level of current fertility is one of the most important topics in this report because of its
direct relevance to population policies and programmes. Measures of current fertility presented in this
chapter include age-specific fertility rates (ASFR), the total fertility rate (TFR), the general fertility
rate (GFR), and the crude birth rate (CBR). The rates are generally presented for the period 1-36
months preceding the survey, determined from the date of interview and a child’s birth date. A three-
year period is chosen for calculating these rates to provide the most current information, to reduce
sampling error, and to avoid problems of the displacement of births.
Age-specific fertility rates show the age pattern of fertility. Numerators for the ASFRs are
calculated by identifying live births that occurred in the three-year period preceding the survey and
classifying them by the age of the mother (in five-year age groups) at the time of the child’s birth. The
denominators of the rates represent the number of woman-years lived by the survey respondents in
each of the five-year age groups during the specified period. The TFR refers to the number of live
births a woman would have if she were subject to the current age-specific fertility rates throughout her
reproductive years (15-49 years). The GFR represents the number of live births per 1,000 women of
reproductive age. The CBR is the number of live births per 1,000 population. The latter two measures
are based on the birth history data for the three-year period before the survey and the age-sex
distribution of the household population.
Current fertility rates for the three years preceding the survey are presented in Table 4.1 for
the country as a whole and by urban-rural residence. The 2008 NDHS results indicate that the TFR is
5.7 births per woman. This means that, on average, a Nigerian woman will give birth to 5.7 children
by the end of her childbearing years. The current TFR of 5.7 is the same as that reported for the 2003
NDHS. Fertility peaks in age group 25-29 with 265 births per 1,000 women and declines thereafter
1
Fertility Levels, Trends, and Differentials | 51

Table 4.1 Current fertility
Age-specific and total fertility rate, the

general fertility rate and the crude birth rate
for the three years preceding the survey, by
Residence
Age group Urban Rural Total
15-19 70 148 121
20-24 177 254 225
25-29 245 277 265
30-34 223 252 241
35-39 130 177 161
40-44 60 101 87
45-49 36 48 44
TFR (15-49) 4.7 6.3 5.7
GFR 162 212 194
CBR 36.8 42.5 40.6
Notes: Age-specific fertility rates are per

1,000 women. Rates for age group 45-49
may be slightly biased due to truncation.
Rates are for the period 1-36 months prior
to interview.
TFR = Total fertility rate expressed per
woman
GFR = General fertility rate expressed per
1,000 women
CBR = Crude birth rate, expressed per
1,000 population
The general fertility rate is 194, which means that there were 194 births for every 1,000
women during the three-year period preceding the survey. Table 4.1 shows that the crude birth rate
was 40.6 per 1,000 population for the same period.
Rural areas have a much higher TFR than urban areas (6.3 compared with 4.7) and there are
large urban-rural differences in ASFRs for all age groups. The largest variations are in age groups
15-19 and 20-24; in these groups the rates for rural women exceed those for urban women by 78 and
77 births per thousand women, respectively. Figure 4.1 shows age-specific fertility rates by urban-
rural residence.
Figure 4.1 Age-Specific Fertility Rates by Urban-Rural Residence
Births per 1,000 women

300
(
#
250 ( (
) #
# )
200
) (
#
150 (
)
#
100 (
#
)
)
50 (
#
)
0
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
Age
) Urban ( Rural # Total
NDHS 2008
52 | Fertility Levels, Trends, and Differentials

Figure 4.2 shows the fertility levels of selected countries in West Africa. Nigeria’s fertility
rate falls roughly in the middle of this group of countries whose TFRs range from 4.0 in Ghana to 7.0
in Niger.
Figure 4.2 Total Fertility Rates of Selected West African Countries

Percent
8
7.0
7
6.6
5.9
6 5.7 5.7 5.7
5.2 5.3
4.0
4
4
0
Ghana Liberia Senegal Benin Nigeria Guinea Burkina Mali Niger
2008 2007 2005 2006 2008 2005 Faso 2006 2006
2003
Source: MEASURE DHS Stat Compiler
4.3 FERTILITY DIFFERENTIALS

Table 4.2 presents several fertility indicators (the TFR, the percentage of women who are
currently pregnant, and the mean number of births among women age 40-49), by background
characteristics. These indicators provide a basis for inferring long-term trends in fertility by
comparing the TFR with the mean number of children ever born to women age 40-49 (CEB). The
latter indicator summarises the fertility behaviour of older women who are nearing the end of their
reproductive period. It serves as an indicator of average completed fertility for women who began
childbearing in the three decades preceding the survey. If fertility is stable over time in a population,
the TFR and the mean number of children ever born for women age 40-49 will be similar. If fertility
levels have been falling, the TFR will be lower than the mean number of children ever born. The
mean number of children ever born in Nigeria to women age 40-49 is 6.5. This is about one child
more than the current TFR, suggesting that fertility has decreased over the past few decades. Some
caution should be taken when assessing trends in fertility from comparison of the TFR and mean
number of children ever born because older women may understate their total childbearing
experience.
Table 4.2 shows the variations in the TFR by residence, zone, education, and wealth quintile.
Figure 4.3 shows the variations in TFR by zone. The more urbanised zones, South East (4.8), South
South (4.7), and South West (4.5), have lower fertility rates than the three northern zones, which are
mostly rural. The highest TFR is seen in North West (7.3), followed by North East (7.2). The TFR
decreases with increasing level of education. Women with more than secondary education have a TFR
of 2.9, compared with women with no education who have a TFR of 7.3. Women in the highest
wealth quintile have an average of three children fewer than women in the lowest quintile (4.0 and 7.1
births per woman, respectively).

Table 4.2 shows that 11 percent of interviewed women reported that they were pregnant at the
time of the survey. The percentage of women who are currently pregnant provides another measure of
current fertility, although it is recognised that the survey may not capture all pregnancies because
some women may not know they are pregnant or may be reluctant to report early-stage pregnancies.
Table 4.2 Fertility by background characteristics
Total fertility rate for the three years preceding the survey,
percentage of women age 15-49 currently pregnant, and mean
number of children ever born to women age 40-49 years, by
Percentage Mean
of women number of
Total age 15-49 children ever
Background fertility currently born to women
characteristic rate pregnant age 40-49
Residence
Urban 4.7 9.0 5.7
Rural 6.3 11.3 6.9
Zone
North Central 5.4 10.4 6.4
North East 7.2 12.6 7.5
North West 7.3 13.5 7.7
South East 4.8 8.8 5.8
South South 4.7 8.5 6.2
South West 4.5 8.2 5.0
Education
No education 7.3 12.6 7.3
Primary 6.5 11.6 6.6
Secondary 4.7 8.3 5.1
More than secondary 2.9 8.4 4.1
Wealth quintile
Lowest 7.1 13.3 7.3
Second 7.0 11.5 7.3
Middle 5.9 10.5 6.7
Fourth 5.0 8.7 6.3
Highest 4.0 8.8 4.8
Total 5.7 10.5 6.5
Note: Total fertility rates are for the period 1-36 months prior to
interview.
Figure 4.3 Fertility Differentials by Zone
Nigeria 5.7
North Central 5.4
North East 7.2
North West 7.3
South East 4.8
South South 4.7
South West 4.5
0 2 4 6 8
Births per woman
NDHS 2008

4.4 FERTILITY TRENDS
Table 4.3 uses information from the retrospective birth histories obtained from the 2008
NDHS respondents to examine trends in age-specific fertility rates for successive five-year periods
before the survey. To calculate these rates, births are classified according to the period of time in
which the birth occurred and the mother’s age at the time of the birth. Because birth histories were not
collected for women age 50 and older, the rates for older age groups become progressively more
truncated for periods more distant from the survey date. For example, rates cannot be calculated for
women age 45-49 for the period 5-9 years or more preceding the survey because women in that age
group would have been 50 years or older at the time of the survey.
Table 4.3 Trends in age-specific fertility rates
Age-specific fertility rates for five-year periods preceding

the survey, by mother's age at the time of the birth,
Nigeria 2008
Mother's age Number of years preceding survey

at birth 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19
15-19 123 140 140 144
20-24 231 249 254 256
25-29 269 287 297 288
30-34 243 265 266 [289]
35-39 163 196 [216] -
40-44 91 [130] - -
45-49 [45] - - -
Note: Age-specific fertility rates are per 1,000 women.

Estimates in brackets are truncated. Rates exclude the
month of interview.
The results in Table 4.3 show that fertility decreased steadily in all age groups over the 20
years preceding the survey. Another way to examine fertility trends is to compare current estimates
with earlier surveys and censuses. Table 4.4 and Figure 4.3 show estimates of ASFRs from the 1991
Census, the 2003 NDHS, and the 2008 NDHS.
Table 4.4 .Trends in age-specific and total

fertility rates, various sources
Trends in age-specific and total fertility rates

from the 1991 Census, 2003 NDHS, and
2008 NDHS
Census NDHS NDHS
Age group 1991 2003 2008
15-19 112 126 121
20-24 234 229 225
25-29 266 274 265
30-34 217 244 241
35-39 167 168 161
40-44 100 72 87
45-49 83 18 44
TFR 15-49 5.9 5.7 5.7
Note: The ASFRs for the 1991 Census were

adjusted using Trussell Variant (see NPC,
1998).
Sources: 1991: NPC, 1998; 2003: NPC,
2003

Figure 4.4 Trends in Age-Specific Fertility Rates, 1991-2008
Births per 1,000 women

300
(
)
%
250
(
%
)
(
% )
200
(
)
%
150
(
%
)
100 )
% )
(
50
%
(
0
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
Age
) Census 1991 ( NDHS 2003 % NDHS 2008
4.5 CHILDREN EVER BORN AND LIVING

Table 4.5 shows the distribution of all women and currently married women by the number of
children ever born, according to five-year age groups. The table also shows the mean number of
children ever born and the mean number of living children. Information on the number of children
ever born reflects the accumulation of births over a woman’s entire reproductive period (parity) and
therefore has limited reference to current fertility levels, particularly when the country has
experienced a decline in fertility. However, as an indicator, the number of children ever born to all
women is useful for observing how average family size varies across age groups, and for observing
the level of primary infertility. Comparison of the mean number of children ever born to all women
and the mean number of living children shows the cumulative effects of mortality during the
childbearing period.
More than three-fourths of women age 15-19 (82 percent) have never given birth (Table 4.5).
However, this proportion declines to 9 percent for women age 30-34 and 5 percent or less among
women age 35 and older, indicating that childbearing among Nigerian women is nearly universal. On
average, Nigerian women nearing the end of their reproductive years have attained a parity of about
seven (6.9) children.
The same pattern is seen for currently married women, except that the mean number of
children ever born is higher (4.0 children) compared with all women (3.1 children). The difference in
the mean number of children ever born between all women and currently married women can be
attributed to a substantial proportion of young and unmarried women in the former category who
exhibit lower fertility.
The percentage of women in their forties who have never had children is an indicator of the
level of primary infertility—that is, the proportion of women who are unable to bear children at all.
Voluntary childlessness is rare in Nigeria; therefore, it is likely that married women with no births are
unable to have children. The 2008 NDHS results suggest that primary infertility is low, with 3 percent
of all women unable to have children. It should be noted, however, that this estimate of primary
infertility does not include women who have had one or more births, but who are unable to have more
children (secondary infertility).

Table 4.5 Children ever born and living
Percent distribution of all women and currently married women age 15-49 by number of children ever born, mean number of
children ever born and mean number of living children, according to age group, Nigeria 2008
Mean
number Mean
Number of number of
Number of children ever born of children living
Age 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10+ Total women ever born children
ALL WOMEN
15-19 82.0 13.4 3.9 0.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 6,493 0.23 0.21
20-24 43.1 20.5 19.0 11.1 4.7 1.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 6,133 1.19 1.01
25-29 19.9 13.7 16.7 18.8 15.3 9.4 4.0 1.5 0.4 0.1 0.1 100.0 6,309 2.51 2.14
30-34 8.5 7.5 12.1 15.4 15.7 15.3 11.8 7.2 4.0 1.8 0.8 100.0 4,634 3.95 3.26
35-39 4.8 3.7 7.0 10.2 13.7 14.7 13.4 11.1 10.2 5.9 5.3 100.0 3,912 5.26 4.26
40-44 3.4 2.7 5.1 7.6 10.6 13.2 12.3 11.9 10.7 8.3 14.2 100.0 3,032 6.17 4.90
45-49 2.6 2.8 2.9 5.7 8.6 11.5 11.4 11.7 12.1 9.4 21.4 100.0 2,872 6.86 5.22
Total 29.9 10.9 10.6 10.2 9.2 8.0 6.1 4.7 3.8 2.5 3.9 100.0 33,385 3.05 2.48
CURRENTLY MARRIED WOMEN
15-19 45.7 38.9 12.8 2.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 1,863 0.72 0.63
20-24 13.0 28.5 30.0 18.2 7.6 2.1 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 3,659 1.88 1.59
25-29 6.8 14.3 19.3 22.5 18.3 11.4 4.9 1.8 0.5 0.1 0.1 100.0 5,112 2.98 2.54
30-34 4.0 6.9 12.2 16.0 16.8 16.3 12.9 7.8 4.4 1.9 0.9 100.0 4,173 4.21 3.48
35-39 3.0 3.1 6.5 10.2 13.8 15.3 13.9 11.5 10.9 6.2 5.6 100.0 3,575 5.45 4.41
40-44 2.4 2.4 4.7 6.9 10.5 13.4 12.4 12.3 11.1 8.6 15.3 100.0 2,711 6.35 5.02
45-49 2.1 2.3 2.8 5.8 8.2 11.1 11.7 11.6 12.2 9.0 23.3 100.0 2,484 7.02 5.31
Total 8.8 12.8 13.8 13.7 12.3 10.7 8.2 6.2 5.1 3.2 5.2 100.0 23,578 4.04 3.27
4.6 BIRTH INTERVALS
A birth interval is defined as the period of time between two successive live births.
Information about birth intervals is important in understanding health status of young children.
Research has shown that short birth intervals (<24 months) are associated with poor health outcomes,
especially during infancy. Children born too soon after a previous birth, especially if the interval
between the births is less than two years, have an increased risk of sickness and death at an early age.
Longer birth intervals (more than two years), on the other hand, contribute to improved health status
for both the mother and child.
Table 4.6 presents the distribution of second- and higher-order births in the five years
preceding the survey by the number of months since the previous birth, according to background
characteristics. The median number of months since the last birth is also shown.
Table 4.6 shows that 8 percent of births are less than 18 months apart and 24 percent have an
interval of less than two years. Two in five births (38 percent) are born 24-35 months after the
previous birth, and 20 percent are born 36-47 months after the previous birth. The median birth
interval is 31.4 months, roughly the same as the median birth interval in the 2003 NDHS (31.2
months). Thirty-eight percent of all non-first births occur at least 36 months after the previous birth.
The median number of months since the preceding birth increases markedly with age, from
26.6 months among mothers age 15-19 to 37.8 months among mothers age 40-49. The median birth
interval does not vary much by birth order or sex of the preceding birth. However, there are notable
variations in the median birth interval according to survival of the preceding birth and zone.

The median birth interval is higher (32.4 months) if the preceding birth’s survival status is living
rather than dead (26.4 months). Variation by zone shows that the median birth interval ranges from
27.7 months among women in South East to 34.7 months among women in South West. There is little
variation in the median birth interval by educational attainment or wealth quintile.
Table 4.6 Birth intervals
Percent distribution of non-first births in the five years preceding the survey by number of months since preceding birth, and
median number of months since preceding birth, according to background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Median
number of
Number of months since
Months since preceding birth
Background non-first preceding
characteristic 7-17 18-23 24-35 36-47 48-59 60+ Total births birth
Age
15-19 17.1 22.0 45.6 12.3 3.0 0.0 100.0 347 26.6
20-29 8.7 18.5 42.4 19.1 6.6 4.7 100.0 9,770 29.3
30-39 7.2 14.7 36.6 21.2 9.4 10.9 100.0 9,674 32.9
40-49 5.1 11.4 29.7 21.8 11.5 20.5 100.0 2,902 37.8
Sex of preceding birth

Male 8.0 15.8 38.6 20.0 8.3 9.4 100.0 11,570 31.3
Female 7.5 16.3 38.1 20.5 8.5 9.2 100.0 11,124 31.4
Survival of preceding birth

Living 5.3 15.0 39.7 21.5 8.8 9.7 100.0 19,004 32.4
Dead 20.4 21.1 31.6 13.8 6.1 7.0 100.0 3,690 26.4
Birth order
2-3 7.8 17.2 39.7 19.3 7.4 8.6 100.0 9,295 30.5
4-6 7.3 15.1 38.1 20.9 9.0 9.7 100.0 8,699 32.2
7+ 8.6 15.5 36.0 21.0 9.1 9.8 100.0 4,701 31.8
Residence
Urban 7.5 16.2 38.6 19.3 8.3 10.0 100.0 6,516 31.2
Rural 7.8 16.0 38.2 20.6 8.4 9.0 100.0 16,178 31.4
Zone
North Central 5.5 14.2 36.9 22.4 9.4 11.6 100.0 3,096 33.5
North East 8.0 17.1 39.6 20.9 7.8 6.6 100.0 3,863 30.5
North West 8.0 16.6 39.5 20.4 8.1 7.4 100.0 7,363 30.8
South East 12.3 22.2 36.9 15.5 5.7 7.6 100.0 2,122 27.7
South South 9.0 16.3 37.9 17.8 8.3 10.7 100.0 2,845 30.4
South West 5.1 11.2 37.0 22.3 10.4 14.0 100.0 3,406 34.7
Education
No education 7.5 16.5 39.0 20.6 8.1 8.3 100.0 11,149 31.2
Primary 7.4 15.0 38.4 21.0 8.5 9.6 100.0 5,558 31.8
Secondary 8.7 16.1 37.1 18.8 9.1 10.1 100.0 4,993 31.0
More than secondary 8.4 16.2 36.7 18.5 6.6 13.8 100.0 995 32.1
Wealth quintile
Lowest 7.5 15.8 38.5 21.6 8.4 8.1 100.0 5,424 31.5
Second 7.8 16.7 39.1 20.6 7.3 8.5 100.0 5,379 31.0
Middle 7.8 15.7 38.5 19.8 8.7 9.5 100.0 4,475 31.4
Fourth 7.7 15.3 38.3 20.2 9.0 9.5 100.0 3,882 31.8
Highest 8.1 16.4 36.9 18.1 8.7 11.7 100.0 3,534 31.1
Total 7.8 16.0 38.3 20.2 8.4 9.3 100.0 22,694 31.4
Note: First-order births are excluded. The interval for multiple births is the number of months since the preceding pregnancy that
ended in a live birth.

4.7 AGE AT FIRST BIRTH
The age at which childbearing commences is an important determinant of the overall level of
fertility as well as the health and welfare of the mother and child. In some societies, the delay of first
births as a result of an increase in the age at marriage has contributed to a decrease in fertility. Table
4.7 shows the percentage of women who have given birth by specific ages, according to age at the
time of the survey. Overall, the median age at first birth for women age 25-49 in Nigeria is 20.4 years.
The median age at first birth has increased from 19.8 years for women age 45-49 to 20.9 years for
women age 25-29.
In Nigeria, 9 percent of women age 25-49 have given birth by age 15, and 47 percent have
become mothers by age 20. Comparing the proportions of women who have given birth by age 15
across age groups provides another way to view trends in age at first birth over time. Whereas 3
percent of women age 15-19 gave birth by age 15, the corresponding proportion for women age 45-49
is 9 percent. This reduction in the percentage of women giving birth early supports the findings that
age at first childbirth has been increasing slowly.
Table 4.7 Age at first birth
Percentage of women age 15-49 who gave birth by exact ages, percentage who have never given birth, and
median age at first birth, according to current age, Nigeria 2008
Percentage
who have Number Median
Percentage who gave birth by exact age never given of age at
Current age 15 18 20 22 25 birth women first birth
15-19 3.0 na na na na 82.0 6,493 a
20-24 6.5 27.7 42.9 na na 43.1 6,133 a
25-29 6.9 28.5 44.1 57.6 72.0 19.9 6,309 20.9
30-34 8.3 31.5 46.3 60.1 74.8 8.5 4,634 20.5
35-39 8.9 31.5 46.5 61.4 76.6 4.8 3,912 20.4
40-44 11.2 35.5 50.3 65.1 79.6 3.4 3,032 20.0
45-49 8.9 34.1 51.5 65.6 79.8 2.6 2,872 19.8
20-49 8.0 30.7 46.1 na na 17.3 26,892 a

25-49 8.5 31.5 47.0 61.0 75.7 9.7 20,759 20.4
na = Not applicable due to censoring

a = Omitted because less than 50 percent of women had a birth before reaching the beginning of the age group
Table 4.8 shows the median age at first birth across age cohorts for key sub-groups of women.
The measures are presented for women age 25-49 to ensure that half of the women have already had a
birth. Urban women age 25-49 have a higher median age at first birth (22.3 years) than their rural
counterparts (19.5 years). A comparison of the zones shows that the median age at first birth for
women age 25-49 ranges from 18.2 years in North East and 18.3 years in North West to 23.6 years in
South East.
The median age at first birth increases with level of education. Women with no education
have their first birth at a median age of 18.3 years, while women who have attended secondary
education have a median age at first birth of 22.8 years, a difference of almost five years. There is also
a positive correlation between age at first birth and wealth quintile. As the socioeconomic status of
households increases, so does the median age at first birth (from 18.5 to 24.1 years).

Table 4.8 Median age at first birth
Median age at first birth among women age 20-49 (25-49) years, according to background
Current age Women Women
Background age age
characteristic 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 20-49 25-49
Residence
Urban a 23.5 22.8 21.8 21.0 20.8 a 22.3
Rural 19.7 19.5 19.4 19.8 19.4 19.3 19.5 19.5
Zone
North Central a 19.9 19.8 20.1 20.3 19.7 a 20.0
North East 18.2 18.3 18.0 18.3 18.1 18.8 18.2 18.2
North West 18.1 18.3 18.0 18.7 17.9 18.8 18.3 18.3
South East a a 24.9 23.2 22.2 21.0 a 23.6
South South a 23.3 22.3 20.5 19.3 19.3 a 21.4
South West a 23.5 22.9 22.7 22.3 21.3 a 22.7
Education
No education 17.6 18.0 18.0 18.8 18.3 18.9 18.2 18.3
Primary 18.9 19.5 19.7 19.7 19.7 19.9 19.5 19.7
Secondary a 23.2 23.0 22.3 21.8 22.2 a 22.8
More than secondary a a 28.1 26.7 25.1 23.8 a a
Wealth quintile
Lowest 18.2 18.4 18.1 18.6 18.6 18.9 18.4 18.5
Second 18.3 18.4 18.5 19.3 19.0 19.3 18.7 18.8
Middle a 19.8 19.5 19.7 19.7 20.0 19.9 19.7
Fourth a 22.1 21.6 21.0 19.5 19.6 a 21.1
Highest a a 24.8 23.6 22.4 21.4 a 24.1
Total a 20.9 20.5 20.4 20.0 19.8 a 20.4
a = Omitted because less than 50 percent of the women had a birth before reaching the beginning of
the age group
4.8 TEENAGE PREGNANCY AND MOTHERHOOD

Teenage pregnancy is a major health concern because of its association with higher morbidity
and mortality for both the mother and child. Additional childbearing during the teenage years
frequently has adverse social consequences, particularly regarding educational attainment, because
women who become mothers in their teens are more likely to curtail their education. Table 4.9 shows
the percentage of women age 15-19 who are mothers or who are pregnant with their first child.
Overall, 23 percent of women age 15-19 have begun childbearing; 18 percent have had a child
and 5 percent are pregnant with their first child. A larger proportion of teenagers in rural areas (29
percent) have begun childbearing compared with teenagers in urban areas (12 percent). A comparison
of the geopolitical zones shows that North West has the largest proportion (45 percent) of teenagers
who have started childbearing, while South East (8 percent) and South West (9 percent) have the
lowest proportions. The percentage of teenagers who have started childbearing decreases with
increasing level of education. Teenagers with no education are more than twice as likely to start
childbearing early as those with primary education (55 and 27 percent, respectively), and only 3
percent of teenagers with more than secondary education have begun childbearing. Teenagers in the
lowest wealth quintile are more than twice as likely to have started childbearing as those in the middle
wealth quintile (46 and 21 percent, respectively) and almost 10 times as likely as those in the highest
wealth quintile.

The 2008 NDHS findings on teenage pregnancy and motherhood by age are shown in Figure
4.4. The rates for teen motherhood increase steadily from age 15 to 19, with especially large increases
between the ages of 16 and 17 and between the ages of 17 and 18.
Table 4.9 Teenage pregnancy and motherhood
Percentage of women age 15-19 who have had a live birth or who are pregnant with
their first child and percentage who have begun childbearing, by background
Percentage who: Percentage who Number

Background Have had a Are pregnant have begun of
characteristic live birth with first child childbearing women
Age
15 2.8 3.5 6.3 1,555
16 8.9 4.1 13.0 1,211
17 18.9 5.3 24.2 1,130
18 29.4 6.3 35.7 1,595
19 33.6 4.7 38.4 1,002
Residence
Urban 8.9 3.1 12.0 2,268
Rural 22.9 5.8 28.7 4,225
Zone
North Central 17.1 5.1 22.2 959
North East 31.1 8.3 39.3 856
North West 34.7 9.9 44.6 1,379
South East 6.3 1.8 8.1 852
South South 10.4 1.5 11.9 1,127
South West 6.9 1.9 8.8 1,321
Education
No education 44.0 11.2 55.3 1,604
Primary 21.0 5.5 26.5 950
Secondary 6.8 2.1 8.9 3,864
More than secondary 2.7 0.0 2.7 76
Wealth quintile
Lowest 35.7 10.1 45.8 1,140
Second 26.3 6.3 32.5 1,207
Middle 16.2 4.5 20.7 1,344
Fourth 13.0 2.7 15.8 1,411
Highest 3.1 1.7 4.9 1,390
Total 18.0 4.8 22.9 6,493
Figure 4.5 Percentage of Teenagers Who Have Begun

Childbearing and Who Are Pregnant With Their First Child,
by Age
Percent
50
40
5
6
30
5
20
34
29
10 4
19
4 9
3
0
15 16 17 18 19
Age
Had a live birth Pregnant with first child
NDHS 2008

FAMILY PLANNING 5
Family planning refers to a conscious effort by a couple to limit or space the number of
children they want to have through the use of contraceptive methods. This chapter presents results
from the 2008 NDHS on a number of aspects of contraception including knowledge of specific
contraceptive methods, attitudes and behaviour regarding contraceptive use, ever use and current use,
sources of contraceptive methods, and cost of methods. The focus in this chapter is on women who
are sexually active because these women have the greatest risk of exposure to pregnancy and the need
for regulating their fertility. However, the results of interviews with men are presented alongside
those with women because men play an equally important role in the realisation of reproductive health
and family planning decisions and behaviour. Comparisons are also made, where feasible, with
findings from previous surveys to evaluate changes in the contraceptive measures over time in
Nigeria.1
5.1 KNOWLEDGE OF CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS
Information on knowledge and use of family planning methods was obtained from female and
male respondents by asking them to mention ways or methods by which a couple can delay or avoid
pregnancy. If the respondent failed to mention a particular method spontaneously, the interviewer
described the method and asked whether the respondent had heard of it. For each method known,
respondents were asked if they had ever used the method. Respondents who reported ever use of
family planning were asked whether they or their partners were using a method at the time of the
survey.
Contraceptive methods are classified as modern or traditional methods. Modern methods

include female sterilisation, male sterilisation, the pill, intra-uterine device (IUD), injectables,
implants, male condom, female condom, diaphragm, foam/jelly, lactational amenorrhoea method
(LAM), and emergency contraception. Methods such as rhythm (periodic abstinence) and withdrawal
are grouped as traditional methods. Provision was also made in the questionnaire to record any other
methods mentioned by the respondent, including folk methods.
Table 5.1 shows that knowledge of any contraceptive method is widespread in Nigeria, with
72 percent of all women and 90 percent of all men knowing at least one method of contraception.
Modern methods are more widely known than traditional methods; 71 percent of all women know of a
modern method while only 36 percent know a traditional method. Among modern methods for
women, the male condom is the most commonly known method (58 percent). Foam/jelly and the
diaphragm are the least known modern methods, 6 percent for both. Sexually active unmarried
women are more likely to know of a contraceptive method than currently married women (95 percent
compared with 68 percent, respectively).
Among traditional methods, withdrawal and rhythm are the most commonly known among all
women (25 percent). Overall, women know a mean of 3.5 contraceptive methods. Like women, a
larger proportion of all men (90 percent) know a modern method than a traditional method (58
percent). Similar to women, the most commonly known modern method among all men is the male
condom (86 percent). Withdrawal is the most commonly known traditional method (50 percent). It is
worth noting that knowledge of implants is similar for both men and women (10 and 11 percent,
respectively). Overall, men know a mean of 4.8 contraceptive methods.
1
Family Planning | 63
Table 5.1 Knowledge of contraceptive methods
Percentage of all respondents, currently married respondents and sexually active unmarried respondents age
15-49 who know any contraceptive method, by specific method, Nigeria 2008
Women Men
Sexually Sexually
Currently active Currently active
All married unmarried All married unmarried
Method women women1 woman men men men1
Any method 72.1 68.4 95.3 89.8 89.7 98.6
Any modern method 70.8 67.0 94.4 89.1 88.8 98.4

Female sterilisation 23.9 25.0 27.3 36.5 40.7 40.5
Male sterilisation 7.9 8.0 10.5 20.5 21.5 27.4
Pill 51.8 53.9 65.9 57.0 62.1 67.0
IUD 24.9 27.2 30.9 18.1 21.4 21.0
Injectables 50.9 54.0 62.2 55.4 61.8 60.8
Implants 10.1 10.8 11.9 10.7 12.5 13.9
Male condom 58.0 50.9 92.2 86.2 84.8 97.9
Female condom 14.7 13.0 27.7 25.9 26.6 38.3
Diaphragm 6.0 6.2 7.7 11.0 12.5 12.6
Foam/jelly 6.1 5.9 11.0 14.0 15.2 17.5
Lactational amenorrhoea (LAM) 20.6 23.4 19.4 19.5 25.3 21.9
Emergency contraception 15.4 14.1 37.7 25.5 26.9 39.1
Any traditional method 36.3 35.0 65.3 58.4 64.7 76.6

Rhythm 24.5 22.9 45.3 40.8 46.0 54.2
Withdrawal 25.0 24.0 52.2 49.9 55.3 71.2
Folk method 10.7 11.3 21.1 9.2 12.1 9.0
Mean number of methods known by

respondents 15-49 3.5 3.5 5.2 4.8 5.2 5.9
Number of respondents 33,385 23,578 1,607 13,808 7,018 1,297
Mean number of methods known

by respondents 15-59 na na na 4.8 5.2 5.9
Number of respondents na na na 15,486 8,618 1,311
na = Not applicable
1
Had last sexual intercourse within 30 days preceding the survey
Table 5.2 shows knowledge of contraceptive methods among women and men by background
characteristics. Variations in contraceptive knowledge by background characteristics are greater for
women than men. Younger women age 15-19 and women living in the North West are least likely to
know of a contraceptive method (43 and 45 percent, respectively). Similarly, knowledge of
contraceptive methods is lowest among women with no education and those in the lowest wealth
quintile (45 and 41 percent, respectively). For men, knowledge of any contraceptive method shows
only small differences by age group, but the differentials are greater by place of residence, zone,
educational level, and wealth quintile.
64 | Family Planning
Table 5.2 Knowledge of contraceptive methods by background characteristics
Percentage of currently married women and currently married men age 15-49 who have heard of at
least one contraceptive method and who have heard of at least one modern method by background
Women Men
Heard Heard of Heard Heard of
Background of any any modern of any any modern
characteristic method method1 Number method method1 Number
Age
15-19 42.7 41.6 1,863 (59.9) (59.9) 23
20-24 62.8 61.6 3,659 82.2 80.5 354
25-29 73.1 71.8 5,112 88.2 87.3 1,076
30-34 73.9 72.3 4,173 91.9 91.2 1,504
35-39 74.2 73.1 3,575 91.3 90.3 1,618
40-44 71.8 69.9 2,711 90.3 89.3 1,316
45-49 65.4 63.2 2,484 88.6 87.5 1,127
Residence
Urban 87.9 87.1 7,375 97.1 96.9 2,309
Rural 59.6 57.8 16,203 86.2 84.8 4,709
Zone
North Central 64.3 63.2 3,320 90.6 89.5 1,040
North East 58.6 57.2 3,585 81.2 80.1 1,002
North West 45.1 43.1 7,189 82.3 80.8 1,951
South East 85.5 84.3 2,139 91.9 91.1 607
South South 89.9 88.2 2,978 97.6 97.4 989
South West 95.0 94.4 4,366 98.9 98.4 1,430
Education
No education 45.1 42.8 11,120 74.1 71.5 1,917
Primary 81.7 80.7 5,143 91.6 90.9 1,806
Secondary 93.6 93.1 5,621 97.7 97.5 2,323
More than secondary 98.2 98.0 1,693 98.2 98.1 973
Wealth quintile
Lowest 40.9 38.7 5,408 74.0 71.4 1,512
Second 52.7 50.6 5,052 86.2 84.7 1,378
Middle 73.2 72.0 4,311 93.4 92.8 1,244
Fourth 87.6 86.6 4,216 96.9 96.9 1,284
Highest 96.2 95.7 4,590 99.2 99.2 1,600
Total 15-49 68.4 67.0 23,578 89.7 88.8 7,018
50-59 na na na 84.1 81.8 1,599
Total men 15-59 na na na 88.7 87.5 8,618

1
Female sterilisation, male sterilisation, pill, IUD, injectables, implants, male condom, female
condom, diaphragm, foam or jelly, lactational amenorrhoea method (LAM), and emergency
contraception
5.2 EVER USE OF CONTRACEPTION
Ever use of contraception provides a measure of the cumulative experience of a population

with family planning. Ever use of family planning methods in the 2008 NDHS thus refers to use of a
method at any time, with no distinction between past and current use. The 2008 NDHS collected data
on the level of ever use of family planning methods from respondents. All women interviewed in the
2008 NDHS who said that they had heard of a method of family planning were asked whether they
had ever used that method. Men were only asked about ever use of male sterilisation, male condom,
LAM, the rhythm method, and withdrawal. Table 5.3.1 shows the percentage of all women, currently
married women, and sexually active unmarried women who have ever used specific methods of
family planning, by age. Table 5.3.2 presents comparable information for men.
Table 5.3.1 Ever use of contraception: Women
Percentage of all women, currently married women, and sexually active unmarried women age 15-49 who have ever used any contraceptive method by method, according to age, Nigeria 2008
Modern method Traditional method

Emer- Any
Any Female Male gency tradi-
Any modern sterili- sterili- Inject- Im- Male Female Dia- Foam/ contra- tional With- Folk Number
Age method method sation sation Pill IUD ables plants condom condom phragm jelly LAM ception method Rhythm drawal method of women
ALL WOMEN
15-19 10.5 9.1 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.5 0.0 7.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.5 1.6 4.4 1.9 2.3 1.8 6,493
20-24 30.2 25.7 0.0 0.0 4.7 0.4 2.2 0.1 18.8 0.3 0.0 0.3 2.6 3.8 14.1 7.3 8.2 3.4 6,133
25-29 34.6 29.0 0.1 0.0 6.2 0.7 5.2 0.1 16.8 0.3 0.1 0.1 6.2 3.9 16.6 9.1 9.0 3.7 6,309
30-34 36.3 30.0 0.2 0.0 7.1 1.8 8.1 0.1 13.7 0.4 0.1 0.1 7.3 3.6 18.4 10.7 11.3 3.0 4,634
35-39 36.4 30.3 0.5 0.0 8.7 3.4 9.9 0.3 10.8 0.1 0.1 0.3 8.8 2.5 17.4 9.9 10.5 2.6 3,912
40-44 32.9 26.8 1.0 0.0 8.0 4.3 9.7 0.2 6.6 0.1 0.1 0.3 6.8 1.6 14.1 7.9 6.7 2.9 3,032
45-49 25.9 21.5 1.2 0.0 6.2 4.3 6.9 0.1 4.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 6.3 0.7 9.7 5.8 4.2 2.0 2,872
Total 28.6 24.0 0.3 0.0 5.5 1.6 5.2 0.1 12.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 5.0 2.8 13.3 7.3 7.4 2.8 33,385
15-19 6.9 6.1 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.1 0.6 0.0 3.5 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.6 0.7 2.1 0.9 1.4 0.9 1,863
20-24 22.9 18.6 0.0 0.1 4.6 0.5 2.6 0.1 10.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 4.0 2.1 10.5 5.2 5.8 2.6 3,659
25-29 31.0 25.3 0.1 0.0 6.1 0.8 5.8 0.1 11.8 0.2 0.1 0.1 7.3 2.7 14.3 7.8 8.0 3.1 5,112
30-34 35.3 28.9 0.2 0.0 6.9 1.9 8.4 0.1 12.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 7.6 2.9 17.6 10.3 10.5 2.7 4,173
35-39 35.7 29.7 0.5 0.0 8.5 3.4 10.1 0.3 9.9 0.1 0.2 0.2 9.0 2.0 16.8 9.3 10.1 2.3 3,575
40-44 32.7 26.4 1.0 0.0 8.0 4.4 9.8 0.2 6.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 6.7 1.6 14.0 7.9 6.5 3.0 2,711
45-49 25.0 20.9 1.3 0.0 6.1 4.8 7.0 0.1 4.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 5.7 0.7 9.1 5.4 4.0 1.8 2,484
Total 28.9 23.7 0.4 0.0 6.2 2.1 6.6 0.1 9.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 6.4 2.1 13.1 7.3 7.3 2.5 23,578
1
SEXUALLY ACTIVE UNMARRIED WOMEN
15-19 64.5 55.9 0.0 0.0 6.5 0.3 2.6 0.0 46.8 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.3 30.9 13.2 17.6 14.2 448
20-24 79.6 72.2 0.0 0.0 12.4 0.5 4.1 0.3 63.6 1.3 0.2 1.5 0.6 15.4 43.3 24.1 27.8 12.1 586
25-29 79.4 73.1 0.0 0.0 11.7 1.2 4.3 0.0 62.5 1.6 0.0 0.5 1.8 19.9 43.5 22.9 23.8 14.1 334
30-34 77.7 72.8 0.9 0.0 16.6 2.7 6.8 0.0 55.1 0.0 0.0 1.9 8.1 25.0 43.8 23.4 32.9 13.3 102
35-39 66.7 60.8 0.0 0.0 22.3 7.5 14.8 0.0 41.9 1.1 0.0 2.6 4.2 12.1 38.3 19.0 24.9 14.5 73
40-44 (63.2) (54.7) (0.0) (0.0) (18.4) (10.3) (14.9) (0.0) (22.6) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (12.9) (2.0) (30.9) (15.7) (20.0) (2.4) 47
45-49 35.6 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 17
Total 73.7 66.5 0.1 0.0 11.5 1.4 4.8 0.1 55.4 1.0 0.1 0.9 1.8 15.5 39.0 20.0 23.9 13.0 1,607
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figures is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
LAM = Lactational amenorrhoea method
1
Women who had sexual intercourse within 30 days preceding the survey
Overall, 29 percent of all women reported ever using a method of contraception at some time;
24 percent used a modern method and 13 percent used a traditional method. The male condom (12
percent), is the most commonly used modern method, followed by the pill (6 percent), injectables (5
percent), and LAM (5 percent). Implants, female condom, diaphragm, and foam/jelly are the least
used modern methods with less than one percent of women having ever used any of these methods.
Among traditional methods, withdrawal and the rhythm method are the most commonly used by
women (7 percent each), while folk methods are the least used (3 percent). Ever use of a modern
contraceptive method is 11 percent for women age 15-19. Ever use increases sharply with increasing
age to reach a peak of 36 percent among women age 30-39, and then decreases to 26 percent at age
45-49.
Contraceptive use differs slightly among married women and sexually active unmarried
women. Twenty-nine percent of currently married women have used a method of contraception at
some time; 24 percent used a modern method, while 13 percent used a traditional method. Among
sexually active unmarried women, three-quarters have used a method of contraception at some time,
with two-thirds using a modern method, and two-fifths using a traditional method.
Table 5.3.2 shows that 41 percent of all men age 15-49 reported having used a method of
contraception at some time; 33 percent used a modern method and 27 percent used a traditional
method. The male condom is the most commonly used method (33 percent), while less than 1 percent
of men have used male sterilisation. For the traditional methods, withdrawal (21 percent) is more
common than the rhythm method (15 percent). The male condom is reported as the most commonly
used method among currently married men (32 percent). Similarly, male condoms are the most
common method ever used by sexually active unmarried men (80 percent). Ever use of any
contraceptive method is 11 percent for men age 15-19. Ever use among all men increases sharply with
age, peaks at 52 percent among men age 30-34, and then decreases to 42 percent at age 45-49.
Table 5.3.2 Ever use of contraception: Men
Percentage of all men, currently married men, and sexually active unmarried men age 15-49 who have ever used any
contraceptive method by method, according to age, Nigeria 2008

Any Male Any tradi-
Any modern sterili- Male tional With- Folk Number of
Age method method sation condom method Rhythm drawal method men
ALL MEN
15-19 11.4 9.4 0.3 9.3 5.1 1.7 4.1 0.0 2,532
20-24 40.1 36.6 0.7 36.2 20.5 10.0 17.1 0.5 2,378
25-29 51.0 44.6 0.6 44.3 33.4 16.8 27.4 1.0 2,459
30-34 52.3 44.5 0.7 44.1 37.6 21.8 29.6 1.0 2,058
35-39 50.6 38.3 0.6 37.9 37.7 22.2 29.0 1.8 1,794
40-44 45.5 33.1 0.9 32.5 33.6 19.9 24.9 1.6 1,413
45-49 41.7 26.6 1.3 25.7 33.0 19.7 23.8 2.0 1,174
Total 15-49 40.7 33.2 0.7 32.8 27.2 14.9 21.3 1.0 13,808
50-59 36.3 19.1 0.7 18.7 30.5 19.0 20.4 2.8 1,678
Total men 15-59 40.2 31.7 0.7 31.3 27.5 15.3 21.2 1.2 15,486
CURRENTLY MARRIED MEN
15-19 (7.0) (2.2) (0.0) (2.2) (4.8) (4.8) (0.0) (0.0) 23

20-24 33.4 26.9 0.3 26.5 20.6 9.8 15.0 0.4 354
25-29 42.5 32.0 0.6 31.5 30.8 16.2 23.1 1.6 1,076
30-34 45.1 35.9 1.0 35.3 33.3 19.2 25.6 0.6 1,504
35-39 49.4 36.2 0.5 35.8 37.7 22.3 28.8 1.6 1,618
40-44 45.3 32.3 0.7 31.8 33.9 20.2 25.1 1.6 1,316
45-49 42.0 26.3 1.3 25.4 33.3 19.9 24.1 2.0 1,127
Total 15-49 44.5 32.6 0.8 32.0 33.3 19.2 25.0 1.4 7,018
50-59 36.1 18.7 0.7 18.3 30.4 18.9 20.4 2.9 1,599
Total men 15-59 42.9 30.0 0.8 29.5 32.8 19.2 24.2 1.7 8,618
SEXUALLY ACTIVE UNMARRIED MEN1
15-19 65.2 58.6 1.5 58.3 32.0 10.8 30.2 0.0 159
20-24 83.4 79.6 1.7 79.1 49.6 23.8 45.2 0.7 371
25-29 88.4 86.5 0.8 86.3 60.7 31.5 54.0 1.0 453
30-34 89.3 87.1 0.0 87.1 64.9 39.1 57.2 2.1 230
35-39 (79.7) (77.4) (0.0) (77.4) (55.8) (29.5) (52.5) (10.4) 55
40-44 * * * * * * * * 22
45-49 * * * * * * * * 8
Total 15-49 83.7 80.6 1.2 80.3 54.5 28.0 48.9 1.5 1,297
50-59 * * * * * * * * 14
Total men 15-59 83.3 80.0 1.2 79.7 54.1 27.8 48.4 1.5 1,311
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer
than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1
Men who had sexual intercourse within 30 days preceding the survey
5.3 CURRENT USE OF CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS
This section presents information on the prevalence of current contraceptive use among
women age 15- 49. The level of current use is a measure of actual contraceptive practice at the time of
the survey. It is also the most widely used and valuable measure of the success of family planning
programmes. Furthermore, it can be used to estimate the reduction in fertility attributable to
contraception. The contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) is usually defined as the percentage of
currently married women who are currently using a method of contraception. This section focuses on
the levels and differentials in current use of contraception in Nigeria.
Table 5.4 shows the percent distribution of all women, currently married women, and sexually
active unmarried women who are currently using specific family planning methods by age. The
overall contraceptive prevalence among all women in Nigeria is 15 percent. The use of any family
planning method increases with age from 7 percent among women age 15-19 to 20 percent among
women age 35-39, and then declines to 10 percent for women age 45-49. Most women currently using
contraception use a modern method (11 percent), while 5 percent are using traditional methods. The
male condom is the most commonly used modern method (5 percent), followed by the injectables and
pills (2 percent for each), while the IUD, and female sterilisation are the least used modern methods
(less than one percent each). Among the traditional methods, the rhythm method and withdrawal are
the most commonly used (2 percent each).
The most commonly used modern method among currently married women is injectables (3
percent), followed by the male condom (2 percent), while the rhythm method is the most commonly
used traditional method (2 percent). Among sexually active unmarried women, the most commonly
used modern method is the male condom (35 percent), followed by the pill (4 percent), while the
rhythm method and folk methods are the most widely used traditional methods (7 percent each).
As expected, the use of modern family planning methods is higher for sexually active
unmarried women than for currently married women (61 percent versus 15 percent). The most notable
difference among these two groups of women is that 35 percent of sexually active unmarried women
use male condoms, compared with 2 percent of married women.
The contraceptive prevalence rate for modern methods has increased from 6 percent in 1990
to 13 percent in 2003, and to 15 percent in 2008.
5.4 DIFFERENTIALS IN CONTRACEPTIVE USE BY BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS
Table 5.5 presents information on current use of contraception among married women by
background characteristics. Current use of contraception varies with residence, zone, education,
number of living children, and wealth quintile. Contraceptive use among women in urban areas is
three times that of women in rural areas (26 and 9 percent, respectively). The South West zone has the
highest proportion of women currently using a family planning method (32 percent), followed by
South South zone (26 percent). The lowest proportion of married women using a family planning
method is in the North West (3 percent). In general, women do not begin to use contraception until
they have had at least one child. Contraceptive use increases with educational attainment. Thirty-
seven percent of women who have been educated above the secondary level use a contraceptive
method compared with 4 percent of women who are uneducated. By wealth quintile, women in the
lowest quintile are least likely to use a contraceptive method (3 percent), and women in the highest
quintile are most likely to use a contraceptive method (35 percent).
Table 5.4 Current use of contraception by age
Percent distribution of all women, currently married women, and sexually active unmarried women age 15-49 by contraceptive method currently used, according to age, Nigeria 2008
Modern method Any Traditional method
Any Female tradi- Not
Any modern sterili- Inject- Male Female tional With- Folk currently Number of
Age method method sation Pill IUD ables Implants condom condom LAM method Rhythm drawal method using Total women
ALL WOMEN
15-19 6.9 4.7 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.0 3.8 0.0 0.2 2.2 0.5 0.7 0.9 93.1 100.0 6,493
20-24 17.6 12.8 0.0 1.8 0.2 0.7 0.1 8.9 0.1 1.0 4.8 2.0 1.5 1.3 82.4 100.0 6,133
25-29 18.1 12.1 0.1 1.7 0.3 1.9 0.0 6.3 0.0 1.9 5.9 2.2 2.3 1.4 81.9 100.0 6,309
30-34 19.3 12.8 0.2 2.0 0.8 3.5 0.0 4.2 0.0 1.9 6.4 2.7 2.8 0.9 80.7 100.0 4,634
35-39 19.7 13.3 0.5 2.5 1.5 3.8 0.1 3.2 0.0 1.6 6.4 2.9 2.6 0.9 80.3 100.0 3,912
40-44 18.0 11.0 1.0 1.7 2.2 4.1 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.7 7.0 3.8 1.8 1.4 82.0 100.0 3,032
45-49 9.7 7.0 1.2 0.9 1.8 1.5 0.1 1.2 0.0 0.3 2.7 1.3 0.6 0.8 90.3 100.0 2,872
Total 15.4 10.5 0.3 1.6 0.7 2.0 0.0 4.7 0.0 1.1 4.9 2.1 1.8 1.1 84.6 100.0 33,385
15-19 3.0 2.4 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.8 0.6 0.1 0.3 0.2 97.0 100.0 1,863
20-24 10.1 7.1 0.0 1.7 0.3 0.8 0.0 2.7 0.0 1.6 3.1 1.0 1.3 0.7 89.9 100.0 3,659
25-29 14.6 9.6 0.1 1.6 0.3 2.1 0.0 3.2 0.1 2.2 5.1 1.8 2.3 1.0 85.4 100.0 5,112
30-34 18.5 12.2 0.2 2.0 0.9 3.7 0.0 3.2 0.0 2.2 6.4 2.6 3.0 0.8 81.5 100.0 4,173
35-39 19.9 13.4 0.5 2.5 1.7 4.1 0.1 2.7 0.0 1.7 6.6 3.1 2.8 0.8 80.1 100.0 3,575
40-44 19.0 11.5 1.0 1.8 2.3 4.3 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.8 7.4 4.0 1.9 1.6 81.0 100.0 2,711
45-49 10.6 7.7 1.3 1.0 2.0 1.8 0.1 1.2 0.0 0.3 2.9 1.5 0.7 0.7 89.4 100.0 2,484
Total 14.6 9.7 0.4 1.7 1.0 2.6 0.0 2.4 0.0 1.6 4.9 2.1 2.0 0.9 85.4 100.0 23,578
1
SEXUALLY ACTIVE UNMARRIED WOMEN
15-19 56.1 36.9 0.0 3.8 0.0 1.5 0.0 31.6 0.0 0.0 19.2 5.0 5.9 8.3 43.9 100.0 448
20-24 68.2 50.2 0.0 5.0 0.3 1.8 0.2 42.3 0.7 0.0 17.9 7.9 3.8 6.2 31.8 100.0 586
25-29 65.1 43.5 0.0 4.3 0.6 1.6 0.0 36.6 0.0 0.4 21.6 8.8 4.6 8.2 34.9 100.0 334
30-34 61.0 42.3 0.9 5.8 0.4 3.3 0.0 31.9 0.0 0.0 18.7 9.8 2.0 6.9 39.0 100.0 102
35-39 (44.2) (31.6) (0.0) (5.3) (1.1) (3.6) (0.0) (21.6) (0.0) (0.0) (12.6) (4.5) (2.7) (5.4) (55.8) 100.0 73
40-44 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 100.0 47
45-49 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 100.0 17
Total 61.0 42.4 0.1 4.4 0.5 1.9 0.1 35.1 0.2 0.1 18.6 7.2 4.4 7.1 39.0 100.0 1,607
Note: If more than one method is used, only the most effective method is considered in this tabulation. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk
indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1
Women who have had sexual intercourse within 30 days preceding the survey
Table 5.5 Current use of contraception by background characteristics
Percent distribution of currently married women age 15-49 by contraceptive method currently used, according to background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Modern method Any Traditional method
Any Female tradi- Not
Background Any modern sterili- Inject- Male Female tional With- Folk currently Number
characteristic method method sation Pill IUD ables Implants condom condom LAM method Rhythm drawal method using Total of women
Residence
Urban 25.9 16.7 0.4 3.3 2.2 3.7 0.1 4.8 0.1 2.2 9.1 3.6 4.0 1.5 74.1 100.0 7,375
Rural 9.4 6.5 0.4 1.0 0.4 2.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 1.3 3.0 1.4 1.0 0.6 90.6 100.0 16,203
Zone
North Central 13.0 10.5 1.2 1.4 0.8 3.9 0.1 1.9 0.0 1.2 2.5 1.2 0.7 0.6 87.0 100.0 3,320
North East 4.0 3.5 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.2 0.0 1.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 96.0 100.0 3,585
North West 2.8 2.5 0.1 0.6 0.2 1.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.1 97.2 100.0 7,189
South East 23.4 11.8 0.6 1.6 1.4 2.0 0.3 4.6 0.0 1.4 11.6 5.8 5.5 0.2 76.6 100.0 2,139
South South 26.2 15.5 0.6 2.6 0.7 4.2 0.1 4.4 0.1 2.9 10.7 5.3 3.5 1.9 73.8 100.0 2,978
South West 31.7 21.0 0.2 4.0 3.1 4.5 0.0 6.1 0.0 3.0 10.7 3.5 4.8 2.3 68.3 100.0 4,366
Education
No education 3.6 2.6 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.9 1.0 0.3 0.3 0.4 96.4 100.0 11,120
Primary 17.2 12.0 0.5 2.2 1.0 4.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 2.2 5.2 2.0 2.0 1.2 82.8 100.0 5,143
Secondary 27.4 17.4 0.4 3.1 1.6 4.4 0.1 5.5 0.0 2.3 9.9 4.2 4.3 1.5 72.6 100.0 5,621
More than secondary 36.6 23.5 1.0 3.7 4.0 4.9 0.0 8.3 0.3 1.2 13.0 7.1 5.2 0.7 63.4 100.0 1,693

0 3.3 2.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.7 0.3 0.2 96.7 100.0 2,402
1-2 13.0 8.3 0.1 1.4 0.4 1.2 0.0 3.7 0.0 1.5 4.7 1.6 2.2 0.8 87.0 100.0 7,414
3-4 18.8 12.5 0.4 2.3 1.6 3.6 0.1 2.4 0.0 2.1 6.3 2.7 2.5 1.1 81.2 100.0 7,181
5+ 15.9 11.0 0.9 1.8 1.4 3.9 0.1 1.3 0.0 1.6 4.9 2.4 1.7 0.8 84.1 100.0 6,581
Wealth quintile
Lowest 3.2 2.5 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.3 0.0 1.1 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.3 96.8 100.0 5,408
Second 5.2 3.8 0.2 0.6 0.1 1.3 0.0 0.5 0.0 1.0 1.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 94.8 100.0 5,052
Middle 11.4 7.8 0.6 1.2 0.5 2.7 0.0 1.3 0.0 1.4 3.6 1.6 1.3 0.8 88.6 100.0 4,311
Fourth 21.3 14.1 0.5 2.4 1.4 4.0 0.0 3.8 0.0 1.9 7.3 3.0 3.0 1.3 78.7 100.0 4,216
Highest 35.0 22.3 0.5 4.0 3.1 4.9 0.1 6.9 0.1 2.5 12.7 5.6 5.5 1.6 65.0 100.0 4,590
Total 14.6 9.7 0.4 1.7 1.0 2.6 0.0 2.4 0.0 1.6 4.9 2.1 2.0 0.9 85.4 100.0 23,578
Note: If more than one method is used, only the most effective method is considered in this tabulation.
5.5 TRENDS IN CONTRACEPTIVE USE
Table 5.6 and Figure 5.1 present trends in current use of specific contraceptive methods
among currently married women between 1990 and 2008. Over the 18-year period, contraceptive
prevalence increased from 6 percent in 1990 to 15 percent in 2008. Use of modern methods increased
from 4 percent in 1990 to 10 percent in 2008. The largest increase was in the use of injectables, from
1 percent in 1990 to 3 percent in 2008. Condom use increased from less than 1 percent in 1990 to 2
percent in 2008.
Table 5.6 Trends in current use of contraception
Percent distribution of currently married women age 15-

49 by contraceptive method currently used, according to
several surveys, Nigeria 1990, 2003, and 2008
1990 2003 2008

Method NDHS NDHS NDHS
Any method 6.0 12.6 14.6
Any modern method 3.5 8.2 9.7
Female sterilisation 0.3 0.2 0.4
Pill 1.2 1.8 1.7
IUD 0.8 0.7 1.0
Injectables 0.7 2.0 2.6
Male condom 0.4 1.9 2.4
LAM u 1.4 1.6
Any traditional method 2.5 4.3 4.9
Rhythm 2.1 2.1 2.1
Withdrawal 2.0 1.3 2.0
Folk method 0.6 1.0 0.9
Not currently using 94.0 87.4 85.4
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of women 6,880 5,336 23,578

Figure 5.1 Trends in Contraceptive Prevalence,

NDHS 1990-2008
Percent
16
15
14
13
12
10
10
8
8
6
6
5
4
4 4
3
2
0
Any method Modern methods Traditional methods
1990 2003 2008
5.6 NUMBER OF CHILDREN AT FIRST USE OF CONTRACEPTION
Couples use family planning methods either to limit family size or to delay the next birth.
Couples using family planning as a means to control family size (i.e., to stop having children) adopt
contraception when they have already had the number of children they want. When contraception is
used to space births, couples may start to use family planning earlier, with the intention of delaying a
pregnancy. This may be done before a couple has had their desired number of children.
Women interviewed in the 2008 NDHS were asked how many children they had at the time
they first used a method of family planning. Table 5.7 shows the percent distribution of women by
number of living children at the time of first use of contraception, according to current age. While 71
percent of women have never used contraception, 12 percent of women reported using contraception
before they began childbearing. Women age 20-24 with no children have the highest level of
contraceptive use (21 percent). Seventeen percent of women reported using a method of contraception
the first time when they had at least one living child.
Table 5.7 Number of children at first use of contraception
Percent distribution of women age 15-49 by number of living children at the time of first use of contraception,
according to current age, Nigeria 2008
Never Number of living children at time of first use of contraception Number of

Current age used 0 1 2 3 4+ Missing Total women
15-19 89.5 9.0 1.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 100.0 6,493
20-24 69.8 21.4 5.8 1.9 0.5 0.2 0.4 100.0 6,133
25-29 65.4 16.2 9.6 4.3 2.3 1.9 0.3 100.0 6,309
30-34 63.7 11.1 9.8 5.4 4.0 5.9 0.2 100.0 4,634
35-39 63.6 6.9 8.6 4.9 3.9 11.5 0.5 100.0 3,912
40-44 67.1 4.7 6.6 4.0 3.3 13.9 0.3 100.0 3,032
45-49 74.1 3.8 4.8 2.8 2.9 11.3 0.3 100.0 2,872
Total 71.4 11.8 6.5 3.1 2.1 4.8 0.3 100.0 33,385
5.7 BRANDS OF PILLS, CONDOMS, AND INJECTABLES USED
Women who were currently using oral contraceptives, injectables, and condoms were asked
for the brand name of the pills and condoms they last used. Information on women’s use of social
marketing brand contraceptives is useful for monitoring the success of social marketing programmes.
Table 5.8 shows the percent distribution of women using pills and injectables by social
marketing brand, according to background characteristics. Among pill users, the brands most
commonly used are Confidence (38 percent) and Duofem (27 percent). Among women using
injectables, Depo Provera (63 percent) and Noristerat (21 percent) are the most commonly used
brands.
Table 5.8 Use of social marketing brand pills and injectables: women
Percent distribution of women age 15-49 using the pill and using injectables by social marketing brand used, according to background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Brand of pill Brand/type of injectables Number of
Don't Number of Depo women
Background know/ women using Noristerat Norigynon provera using
characteristic Duofem Microbynon Lofemenal Neogynon Confidence Other missing Total the pill (2 months) (2 months) (3 months) Missing Total injectables
Age
15-19 (24.8) (0.0) (1.2) (7.4) (44.7) (12.0) (9.9) 100.0 32 * * * * 100.0 12
20-24 20.7 1.9 1.8 3.1 46.1 13.9 12.4 100.0 108 (30.9) (20.2) (46.7) (2.2) 100.0 44
25-29 31.7 4.2 3.7 3.2 33.4 9.8 14.0 100.0 110 30.0 14.9 49.1 6.0 100.0 118
30-34 36.2 4.4 5.3 4.2 35.7 9.1 5.2 100.0 95 21.6 17.3 55.5 5.5 100.0 162
35-39 23.3 4.0 4.5 3.1 37.2 13.4 14.4 100.0 97 21.4 6.1 67.8 4.6 100.0 150
40-44 (19.2) (2.5) (10.0) (3.2) (43.2) (12.5) (9.5) 100.0 52 12.7 6.8 79.4 1.1 100.0 123
45-49 (32.1) (12.2) (11.8) (0.0) (24.5) (0.0) 19.4 100.0 27 (8.8) (6.5) (78.1) (6.5) 100.0 44
Residence
Urban 28.7 4.1 5.4 3.2 33.8 15.2 9.5 100.0 310 29.3 8.9 58.6 3.2 100.0 291
Rural 24.6 3.1 3.5 3.8 45.1 5.1 14.9 100.0 210 14.7 14.1 65.8 5.4 100.0 363
Zone
North Central 34.4 5.0 12.0 10.4 26.8 3.2 8.1 100.0 63 32.8 14.3 49.9 3.0 100.0 141
North East (30.2) (0.0) (9.1) (0.0) (49.9) (0.0) (10.7) 100.0 24 32.8 9.5 55.7 2.0 100.0 37
North West (27.3) (9.1) (7.8) (0.0) (36.1) (3.6) (16.1) 100.0 46 26.8 13.0 54.9 5.4 100.0 80
South East (32.9) (3.8) (0.0) (6.1) (15.0) (12.6) (29.6) 100.0 44 (10.3) (11.4) (64.3) (14.1) 100.0 44
South South 20.9 2.6 4.7 2.1 45.2 14.6 9.9 100.0 132 19.1 16.5 58.0 6.4 100.0 144
South West 27.1 3.2 2.2 2.7 41.6 13.8 9.4 100.0 211 12.8 6.9 78.2 2.1 100.0 207
Education
No education 25.0 3.5 9.5 1.3 34.5 5.2 21.0 100.0 47 14.5 9.1 69.2 7.3 100.0 80
Primary 33.0 3.2 1.9 0.0 42.2 7.3 12.4 100.0 122 16.5 11.8 66.7 5.0 100.0 210
Secondary 21.4 3.5 3.7 5.0 39.9 14.6 12.0 100.0 263 23.2 13.2 59.3 4.3 100.0 271
More than secondary 36.9 5.3 8.8 4.6 30.6 8.8 5.0 100.0 88 32.0 10.1 56.8 1.0 100.0 92
Wealth quintile
Lowest (26.9) (0.0) (1.6) (0.0) (42.2) (0.0) (29.2) 100.0 27 (18.0) (15.2) (60.6) (6.3) 100.0 31
Second (32.8) (4.2) (3.8) (2.4) (34.2) (7.5) (15.1) 100.0 40 9.6 12.9 72.0 5.5 100.0 77
Middle 28.4 3.7 3.6 5.7 40.7 1.5 16.3 100.0 73 17.4 16.9 56.2 9.5 100.0 127
Fourth 22.6 1.3 4.3 2.3 43.3 12.7 13.5 100.0 148 19.6 10.1 67.4 2.8 100.0 184
Highest 28.5 5.6 5.7 4.0 34.8 15.0 6.5 100.0 233 28.7 9.5 59.3 2.5 100.0 235
Total 27.1 3.7 4.7 3.4 38.4 11.1 11.7 100.0 520 21.2 11.8 62.6 4.4 100.0 653
Note: Table excludes pill and injectables users who do not know the brand name. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25
unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
Women who reported that they currently use condoms (male or female) for contraception
were asked which brand of condoms they use. Table 5.9.1 shows the percent distribution for women
condom users age 15-49 by social marketing brand of condoms used, according to background
characteristics. The most common brand of condom used is the Gold Circle male condom (73
percent). Eight percent of women use Rough Rider and 4 percent of women use Durex. Thirteen
percent of women do not know the brand of condom they use.
Table 5.9 1 Use of social marketing brand condoms: women
Percent distribution of women condom users age 15-49 by social marketing brand used, according to
Brand of condom Number of

Don’t women
Background Gold Rough Twin know/ using
characteristic circle Durex Rider Lotus Other missing Total condoms
Age
15-19 75.2 3.4 7.9 0.5 0.0 13.1 100.0 244
20-24 70.6 5.5 9.6 0.3 1.6 12.5 100.0 546
25-29 74.8 4.9 6.7 0.5 0.5 12.5 100.0 395
30-34 71.9 2.9 12.6 0.0 1.0 11.6 100.0 196
35-39 78.4 3.0 5.1 0.0 0.0 13.6 100.0 126
40-44 (74.8) (0.0) (1.1) (0.0) (0.0) (24.0) 100.0 40
45-49 (72.9) (4.2) (0.0) (2.3) (0.0) (20.6) 100.0 34
Residence
Urban 75.1 5.0 8.6 0.3 1.0 10.0 100.0 947
Rural 70.7 3.3 7.5 0.4 0.5 17.6 100.0 634
Zone
North Central 73.3 4.1 8.5 2.0 0.0 12.2 100.0 163
North East (90.4) (3.5) (2.6) (0.0) (0.0) (3.5) 100.0 21
North West * * * * * * 100.0 18
South East 61.6 4.9 7.7 0.0 1.9 23.9 100.0 252
South South 69.0 3.0 12.0 0.4 0.0 15.6 100.0 537
South West 81.4 4.9 5.3 0.0 1.3 7.1 100.0 590
Education
No education (61.2) (0.0) (0.0) (2.9) (7.3) (28.6) 100.0 27
Primary 81.1 2.9 1.0 0.0 0.0 15.0 100.0 158
Secondary 73.5 4.0 7.1 0.4 0.7 14.3 100.0 940
More than secondary 71.0 5.6 13.5 0.2 0.9 8.8 100.0 457
Wealth quintile
Lowest (71.3) (0.0) (3.3) (0.0) (0.0) (25.5) 100.0 30
Second 76.2 1.0 7.4 0.0 0.0 15.4 100.0 92
Middle 74.5 2.8 5.3 0.9 0.5 16.0 100.0 212
Fourth 73.4 4.6 6.4 0.5 0.1 14.9 100.0 485
Highest 72.7 5.1 10.4 0.1 1.4 10.2 100.0 762
Total 73.3 4.3 8.2 0.3 0.8 13.0 100.0 1,581
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on
fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
Men age 15-49 who reported that they had had sex within the 12 months preceding the survey
and used a condom the last time they had sex were asked which brand of condoms they used. Table
5.9.2 shows the percent distribution of these men by social marketing brand used, according to
background characteristics. As reported for women, the majority of men use Gold Circle male
condoms (81 percent), while 9 percent use Rough Rider. Five percent of men do not know the brand
of condom used.
Table 5.9.2 Use of social marketing brand condoms: men
Percent distribution of men condom users age 15-49 by social marketing brand used, according to background
Brand of condom
Don’t Number of
Background Gold Rough Twin know/ men using
characteristic circle Durex Rider Lotus Other missing Total condoms
Age
15-19 89.3 0.0 3.2 0.0 3.3 4.1 100.0 142
20-24 81.7 1.8 9.9 0.2 2.9 3.5 100.0 519
25-29 81.6 0.7 9.4 0.1 2.8 5.4 100.0 579
30-34 78.6 2.3 8.4 0.0 4.9 5.7 100.0 327
35-39 74.9 3.7 9.8 0.4 5.8 5.3 100.0 199
40-44 74.3 2.2 9.8 0.0 1.0 12.7 100.0 89
45-49 (79.5) (2.5) (10.6) (0.0) (0.0) (7.5) 100.0 53
Residence
Urban 80.5 1.4 10.2 0.1 4.2 3.6 100.0 1,100
Rural 80.8 2.0 7.4 0.1 2.2 7.5 100.0 808
Zone
North Central 81.1 2.3 5.7 0.6 2.3 8.1 100.0 237
North East 83.5 1.3 3.8 0.0 0.0 11.5 100.0 57
North West 75.8 1.8 3.5 0.0 1.9 17.0 100.0 64
South East 77.3 4.0 10.9 0.0 5.3 2.4 100.0 262
South South 73.9 1.3 13.5 0.2 3.6 7.5 100.0 484
South West 85.8 0.9 7.4 0.0 3.3 2.6 100.0 803
Education
No education (62.3) (1.9) (1.3) (0.0) (0.0) (34.5) 100.0 39
Primary 80.3 3.5 4.7 0.0 0.9 10.6 100.0 191
Secondary 82.6 1.1 9.3 0.1 2.6 4.2 100.0 1,112
Wealth quintile
Lowest 76.0 0.8 2.3 0.0 0.0 20.9 100.0 67
Second 84.8 0.0 5.8 0.0 0.0 9.4 100.0 139
Middle 85.2 1.2 6.5 0.3 2.5 4.4 100.0 254
Fourth 82.0 2.5 7.0 0.3 2.3 5.8 100.0 558
Highest 78.1 1.6 11.9 0.0 5.1 3.3 100.0 889
Total 80.6 1.7 9.0 0.1 3.4 5.2 100.0 1,907
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on
5.8 KNOWLEDGE OF THE FERTILE PERIOD
An elementary knowledge of reproductive physiology provides a useful background for the

successful practice of coitus-associated methods such as withdrawal and condoms. Such knowledge is
particularly critical in the use of the rhythm method. The 2008 NDHS included a question designed to
obtain information on the respondent’s understanding of when a woman is most likely to become
pregnant during her menstrual cycle. Respondents were asked, “From one menstrual period to the
next, are there certain days when a woman is more likely to get pregnant if she has sexual relations?”
If the reply was “yes,” the respondent was further asked whether that time was just before a woman’s
period begins, during her period, right after her period has ended, or halfway between two periods.
Table 5.10 shows the results for women who use the rhythm method and those who do not use it.
Among all women, only 19 percent correctly reported when the fertile period occurs, i.e., a
woman is most likely to conceive halfway between two periods. Users of natural family planning
methods are more knowledgeable about the fertile period than non-users; 39 percent of users of the
rhythm method correctly identified the middle of the cycle as the fertile time, compared with 19
percent of non-users of the method.
Table 5.10 Knowledge of fertile period
Percent distribution of women age 15-49 by knowledge of the fertile period during
the ovulatory cycle, according to current use of the rhythm method, Nigeria 2008
Users of Non-users
rhythm of rhythm All
Perceived fertile period method method women
Just before her menstrual period begins 5.9 6.5 6.5
During her menstrual period 0.7 2.4 2.4
Right after her menstrual period has ended 42.0 36.9 37.0
Halfway between two menstrual periods 39.3 18.5 18.9
Other 0.1 0.3 0.3
No specific time 3.8 12.9 12.7
Don't know 8.0 22.1 21.8
Missing 0.1 0.4 0.4
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0

Number of women 688 32,697 33,385
5.9 TIMING OF STERILISATION
Women who reported that they use female sterilisation as a contraceptive method were asked
additional questions about how old they were when the procedure was performed. The results in Table
5.11 indicate that one-third of women had the sterilisation procedure when they were in their early
thirties; however, 16 percent were age 25-29 at the time of sterilisation. The median age at the time of
sterilisation is 33.2 years.
Table 5.11 Timing of sterilisation
Percent distribution of sterilised women age 15-49 by age at the time of sterilisation and median age at
sterilisation, according to the number of years since the operation, Nigeria 2008
Number
Age at time of sterilisation
Years since of Median
operation <25 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Total women age1
<2 5.3 6.0 15.6 39.3 12.0 21.8 100.0 18 35.5
2-3 0.0 18.1 17.3 29.5 35.2 0.0 100.0 20 33.4
4-5 0.0 0.0 48.7 30.0 21.3 0.0 100.0 16 33.7
6-7 16.3 5.4 42.1 24.9 11.3 0.0 100.0 17 34.1
8-9 0.0 13.9 33.9 18.6 33.6 0.0 100.0 6 32.1
10+ 2.2 43.8 40.9 13.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 20 a
Total 4.4 15.6 32.3 26.6 17.1 4.0 100.0 97 33.2
a = Not calculated due to censoring

1
Median age at sterilisation is calculated only for women sterilised before age 40 to avoid problems of
censoring.
5.10 SOURCE OF CONTRACEPTION
Information on where women obtain their contraceptive methods is useful for family planning
programme managers and implementers for logistic planning. In the 2008 NDHS, women who
reported using a modern contraceptive method at the time of the survey were asked where they
obtained the method the last time they acquired it. Interviewers were instructed to note the full name
of the source or facility, because some women may not know exactly in which category the source
falls (e.g., government or private, health centre, or clinic). Supervisors and field editors were trained
to verify that the name and source type were consistent, asking informants in the clusters for the
names of local family planning outlets, if necessary. This practice was designed to improve the
accuracy of source reporting.
Table 5.12 and Figure 5.2 show that for users of modern contraceptive methods, the private
medical sector is the most common source (60 percent). Less than one-quarter (23 percent) of current
users of modern methods obtain their method from the public sector—mostly public government
hospitals (12 percent). Other sources are used by 13 percent of users of modern methods.
Table 5.12 Source of modern contraception methods
Percent distribution of users of modern contraceptive methods age 15-49 by most recent source of method,
according to method, Nigeria 2008
Female Male
Source sterilisation Pill IUD Injectables condom Total
Public sector 46.6 18.8 65.9 54.0 4.0 23.3
Public government hospital 41.3 9.0 37.4 25.5 0.9 11.7
Public government health centre 5.3 5.1 14.3 21.0 1.6 7.3
Public family planning clinic 0.0 3.3 13.1 5.8 0.8 3.2
Public mobile clinic 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.6 0.2 0.3
Public fieldworker 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.2 0.5
Other public 0.0 0.4 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.3
Private medical sector 52.4 73.6 32.7 41.5 68.9 60.4

Private hospital/clinic 48.5 5.0 27.1 19.5 0.8 9.1
Private pharmacy 0.0 16.6 0.5 4.2 11.7 9.7
Private chemist/ PMS store 0.0 49.9 0.8 11.0 55.1 38.6
Private doctor 0.9 0.9 4.0 3.4 0.2 1.4
Private mobile clinic 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.0 0.2
Private fieldworker 0.0 0.4 0.0 1.2 0.3 0.5
NGO 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.7 0.5
Other private 1.0 0.4 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.4
Other source 0.0 5.7 1.5 1.5 22.8 13.0

Other source shop 0.0 2.0 0.7 0.3 3.9 2.5
Other source church 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0
Other source friend/relative 0.0 3.6 0.8 1.2 18.8 10.5
Other 1.0 0.7 0.0 1.8 2.8 2.0

Missing 0.0 1.2 0.0 1.2 1.5 1.2
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Number of women 97 520 244 653 1,581 3,126
Note: Total includes other modern methods but excludes lactational amenorrhoea method (LAM). The total
number of women includes 27 unweighted cases that are not shown in the table (1 diaphragm, 3 foam/jelly, 10
female condom, and 13 implants).
Figure 5.2 Source of Family Planning Methods among
Current Users of Modern Methods
Public sector
23%
Other sources
13%
Unknown/
missing
3%
Private medical sector

61%
NDHS 2008
5.11 COST OF CONTRACEPTION
In the 2008 NDHS, women using modern methods of contraception were asked how much
they paid in total the last time they obtained their method. Table 5.12 shows the percentage of women
who obtained their method for free, those who paid for their method, and the median cost by source of
method.
The findings on costs of contraception are presented in Table 5.13 according to source.
Among respondents who use modern contraceptive methods, 7 percent got their method for free and
28 percent did not recall how much they paid for their method. For respondents who reported the cost
of their method, the median cost of all methods together was 119 Naira. One in ten women who
obtain modern methods from the public sector receive them for free. The median cost for women who
paid for their method from the public sector is 246 Naira. Six percent of women who obtain methods
from the private medical sector or other sources get them for free. The median cost for women who
got methods from the private sector or other sources is 57 Naira.
Table 5.13 Cost of modern contraceptive methods
Percentage of current users of modern contraceptive method age 15-49 who did not pay for the method, who
do not know the cost of the method, and the median cost of the method, by current method, source of
method, and cost of method, Nigeria 2008
Female Male Female

Source of method/cost sterilisation Pill IUD Injectables Implants condom condom Total
Public sector
Percentage free 8.7 6.9 13.9 3.8 38.9 29.6 100.0 9.7
Do not know cost 27.8 11.2 7.6 2.8 0.0 41.5 0.0 9.8
Median cost [in Naira]1 9,992.0 69.0 493.0 243.0 393.0 39.0 na 246
Number of women 45 98 161 353 7 63 2 730
Private medical sector/other

Percentage free 2.1 4.3 8.3 4.5 23.7 6.5 23.2 5.9
Do not know cost 13.0 9.0 9.2 4.5 39.1 48.3 45.1 33.7
Median cost [in Naira]1 9,997.0 72.0 694.0 297.0 792.0 24.0 392.0 57
Number of women 52 422 83 300 7 1,518 12 2,397
Total
Percentage free 5.2 4.8 12.0 4.2 31.2 7.4 34.4 6.8
Do not know cost 19.9 9.4 8.1 3.6 19.9 48.0 38.5 28.1
Median cost [in Naira]1 9,996.0 72.0 496.0 292.0 396.0 24.0 392.0 119
Number of women 97 520 244 653 14 1,581 14 3,126
Note: Table excludes users of lactational amenorrhoea method (LAM). Costs are based on the last time current
users obtained method. Costs include consultation costs, if any. For condom, costs are per package; for pills,
per cycle. For sterilisation, data are based on women who received the operation in the 5 years before the
survey. Total includes 3 foam/jelly users and 1 diaphragm user who are not shown separately.
na = Not applicable
1
Median cost is based on women who reported a cost.
5.12 INFORMED CHOICE
Women currently using a modern method of contraception were asked whether they were
informed about side effects or problems they might have with the method, what to do if they
experienced side effects, and other methods they could use. This is a measure of the quality of family
planning service provision. Table 5.14 shows the results by method type and source of the method.
Fifty-nine percent of contraceptive users were informed of the side effects of the method they
use, 54 percent were informed about what to do if they experienced side effects, and 65 percent were
informed of other available methods of contraception. Seventy-two percent of women who obtained
their current family planning method from public sector facilities were informed about side effects or
method-related problems and 68 percent were told what to do if they experienced side effects. In
contrast, only half of women who obtained their method from the private medical sector were
informed of method-related problems and how to deal with them should they occur.
Table 5.14 Informed choice
Among current users of modern methods age 15-49 who started the last episode of use within the five
years preceding the survey, percentage who were informed about possible side effects or problems of
that method, the percentage who were informed about what to do if they experienced side effects, and
the percentage who were informed about other methods they could use, by method and source; and
among sterilised women, the percentage who were informed that the method is permanent, by initial
source of method, Nigeria 2008
Among women who started last episode of use of

modern method within the past five years:
Percentage who
Percentage who Percentage were informed
were informed who were by a health or
about side informed about family planning
effects or what to do if worker of other
problems of experienced methods that Number of
Method/source method used side effects could be used women
Method
Female sterilisation1 (61.9) (54.2) (64.1) 47
Pill 46.9 40.2 54.6 477
IUD 82.1 80.9 86.2 165
Injectables 60.8 56.5 68.8 589
Implants * * * 9
Other * * * 16
Initial source of method2

Public sector 72.1 67.9 80.0 543
Government hospital 74.6 72.1 79.7 262
Government health centre 69.2 64.1 82.3 184
Family planning clinic 80.5 74.8 82.7 74
Mobile clinic * * * 11
Fieldworker * * * 11
Private medical sector 50.6 45.2 57.3 563

Private doctor 70.9 64.4 72.8 226
Private hospital or clinic 38.9 38.3 45.9 91
Pharmacy 36.0 29.8 47.3 246
Other private sector 42.4 33.1 56.2 55
Shop * * * 16
Church * * * 0
Friends relatives (49.4) (36.0) (64.3) 38
Other * * * 16
Total 58.6 53.7 65.3 1,303
Note: Table includes users of the following modern methods: female sterilisation, pill, IUD, injectables,
implants, and other (foam/jelly, diaphragm, female condom). Modern methods not included in the table
are the male condom, male sterilisation, and LAM. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49
unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has
been suppressed.
na = Not applicable
1
Women who were sterilised in the five years preceding the survey
2
Source at start of current episode of use
5.13 FUTURE USE OF CONTRACEPTION
An important indicator of the changing demand for family planning is the extent to which
non-users plan to use contraceptive methods in the future. Currently married women who were not
using a contraceptive method at the time of the survey were asked about their intention to use family
planning in the future. Table 5.15 shows that 21 percent of currently married non-users intend to use a
method of contraception in the future, 23 percent are unsure of their intentions, and 55 percent have
no intention of using any method in the future.
The proportion of women who intend to use a contraceptive method varies with the number of
living children they have. For instance, the proportion of currently married women who intend to use
contraception is 15 percent for women with no children, 25 percent for women with two children, and
23 percent for women with three children.
Table 5.15 Future use of contraception
Percent distribution of currently married women age 15-49 who are not using a
contraceptive method by intention to use in the future, according to number of living
children, Nigeria 2008
Number of living children1

Intention 0 1 2 3 4+ Total
Intends to use 14.5 22.5 25.0 23.2 19.1 20.9
Unsure 27.9 26.1 24.6 23.7 19.9 22.9
Does not intend to use 57.3 50.7 49.2 52.0 60.2 55.3
Missing 0.2 0.6 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.9
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Number of women 1,571 3,281 3,344 3,241 8,702 20,139
1
Includes current pregnancy
5.14 REASONS FOR NOT INTENDING TO USE CONTRACEPTION IN THE FUTURE
Table 5.16 shows the main reasons currently married women who are not using a contra-
ceptive method do not intend to use one in the future. The results show that 39 percent of women do
not intend to use a method in the future because of opposition to use of contraception. This opposition
could be from the respondent or other people. The second largest category of reasons why women do
not intend to use a method of contraception is fertility-related reasons (29 percent); the third category
is women who are not intending to use a method for method-related reasons (16 percent).
Table 5.16 Reason for not intending to use

contraception in the future
Percent distribution of currently married women age

15-49 who are not using contraception and who do
not intend to use a method in the future by main
reason for not intending to use, Nigeria 2008
Percent
Reason distribution
Fertility-related reasons 28.6
Infrequent sex/no sex 2.7
Menopausal/had hysterectomy 4.0
Subfecund/infecund 5.4
Wants as many children as possible 16.5
Opposition to use 39.4
Respondent opposed 20.8
Husband/partner opposed 9.8
Others opposed 0.9
Religious prohibition 7.9
Lack of knowledge 9.1
Knows no method 8.1
Knows no source 1.0
Method-related reasons 15.5
Health concerns 2.7
Fear of side effects 8.1
Lack of access/too far 0.2
Costs too much 0.2
Inconvenient to use 0.6
Interferes with body's normal process 3.7
Other 4.7
Don't know 2.6
Missing 0.4
Total 100.0
Number of women 11,132
5.15 PREFERRED METHOD FOR FUTURE USE Table 5.17 Preferred method of
contraception for future use
Demand for specific methods can be assessed by asking Percent distribution of currently
non-users which method they intend to use in the future. Table 5.17 married women age 15-49 who are
presents information on method preferences for married women not using a contraceptive method but
who intend to use in the future by
who are not currently using contraception, but say they intend to use preferred method, Nigeria 2008
in the future. Currently married women most commonly prefer to
use injectables in the future (32 percent), followed by the pill (14 Percent
Method distribution
percent), and male condoms (8 percent).
Female sterilisation 2.5
Male sterilisation 0.0
The order of preferred methods for currently married Pill 14.2
women has not changed substantially since the 2003 NDHS, except IUD 4.2
for the recent preference for male condom use over periodic Injectables 32.1
Implants 0.9
abstinence. The proportion of non-users preferring the pill has Condom 8.2
decreased from 23 percent in 2003, to 14 percent in 2008. On the Female condom 0.3
other hand, the proportion of non-users who prefer to use injectables Diaphragm 0.0
has increased from 28 percent in 2003 to 32 percent in 2008. Foam/jelly 0.1
Lactation amenorrhoea 0.4
Periodic abstinence 3.8
5.16 EXPOSURE TO FAMILY PLANNING MESSAGES IN THE Withdrawal 2.6
Other 5.0
MEDIA Unsure 25.5
Missing 0.2
The media can be a major source of family planning Total 100.0
messages. Information on the level of public exposure to a Number of women 4,216
particular type of media allows policymakers to use the most
effective media for various target groups in the population. To assess the effectiveness of such media
on the dissemination of family planning information, all respondents in the 2008 NDHS were asked
whether they had heard or seen family planning messages on the radio, on television, or in a
newspaper or magazine in the few months before the survey.
Table 5.18 and Figure 5.3 show that radio is the most frequent source of family planning
messages for both women (40 percent) and men (59 percent) age 15-49 years. One-quarter of women
and one-third of men reported seeing a family planning message on television in the past few months.
Newspapers and magazines are the least common source of family planning messages for both
women and men (9 and 21 percent, respectively). More than half of women (57 percent) and less than
four in ten men (36 percent) were not exposed to any family planning messages through radio,
television, newspapers, or magazines.
Exposure to family planning messages is more common among men than women and is more
common in urban areas than rural areas. Among the zones, women in South West and men in South
East have the highest exposure to family planning messages through any media. The more education a
respondent has, the greater the likelihood that he or she has been exposed to family planning messages
through each of the three types of mass media. Media exposure also increases with increasing wealth
quintile for both women and men.
Table 5.18 Exposure to family planning messages
Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who heard or saw a family planning message on the radio or television or in a newspaper
in the past few months, according to background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Women Men
None None of
News- of these News- these
Background Tele- paper/ media Tele- paper/ media
characteristic Radio vision magazine Other sources Number Radio vision magazine Other sources Number
Age
15-19 28.1 17.4 5.3 11.3 67.3 6,493 40.4 21.6 9.4 19.3 53.8 2,532
20-24 39.8 25.7 10.9 18.8 55.6 6,133 56.0 32.8 21.1 29.5 37.0 2,378
25-29 43.7 28.2 11.1 21.9 51.8 6,309 62.1 36.9 25.2 31.8 33.1 2,459
30-34 45.4 28.0 10.8 22.9 50.5 4,634 65.9 36.6 23.0 31.9 29.1 2,058
35-39 43.9 28.3 10.6 22.8 51.8 3,912 65.8 35.1 24.7 31.6 30.3 1,794
40-44 42.7 24.9 9.6 19.2 54.7 3,032 65.9 35.3 23.6 29.2 30.4 1,413
45-49 36.3 19.1 6.2 13.9 61.7 2,872 65.3 33.4 22.1 28.6 31.6 1,174
Residence
Urban 54.4 44.1 17.5 32.8 38.4 11,934 66.8 50.9 32.1 36.5 25.7 5,215
Rural 31.2 13.7 4.7 10.7 66.5 21,451 53.9 21.6 13.9 23.7 42.6 8,593
Zone
North Central 19.0 13.4 6.1 10.1 77.6 4,748 54.8 31.4 21.9 32.9 39.7 2,065
North East 15.4 6.4 2.6 11.1 81.4 4,262 44.7 12.6 9.4 23.9 51.3 1,645
North West 29.7 6.5 3.0 7.5 69.3 8,022 53.8 13.8 11.7 20.0 43.7 3,237
South East 54.8 35.3 15.5 19.1 42.4 4,091 70.8 49.5 27.2 31.3 25.6 1,448
South South 44.1 34.5 12.4 21.6 48.6 5,473 62.7 46.1 27.8 36.0 30.1 2,437
South West 67.5 50.6 16.9 39.5 25.7 6,789 65.7 46.0 27.1 30.1 27.3 2,977
Education
No education 20.8 3.2 0.5 5.1 78.1 11,942 37.3 3.5 1.1 8.7 61.2 2,597
Primary 36.6 19.1 3.0 13.3 60.2 6,566 53.8 19.4 6.6 19.8 42.7 2,761
Secondary 50.7 37.9 13.0 25.6 42.7 11,904 62.6 39.3 23.4 33.0 30.9 6,470
More than
secondary 76.2 68.5 43.2 56.3 16.1 2,974 81.2 67.8 58.0 52.3 11.6 1,979
Wealth quintile
Lowest 14.1 1.5 0.4 3.4 84.8 6,194 36.8 5.0 3.7 12.0 60.8 2,275
Second 23.5 3.4 1.1 6.2 75.0 6,234 52.1 10.9 7.7 20.2 45.4 2,332
Middle 35.6 12.9 3.9 11.8 61.8 6,341 57.1 22.2 14.0 27.5 38.6 2,570
Fourth 51.9 35.1 11.1 22.0 43.3 6,938 67.2 43.9 25.0 33.5 27.7 3,163
Highest 65.0 60.4 25.9 43.3 26.0 7,678 71.2 63.0 41.9 41.3 19.9 3,468
Total 15-49 39.5 24.5 9.3 18.6 56.5 33,385 58.8 32.7 20.8 28.6 36.2 13,808
50-59 na na na na na na 60.0 29.2 20.0 23.4 38.0 1,678
Total men 15-59 na na na na na na 58.9 32.3 20.7 28.0 36.4 15,486
na = Not applicable
Figure 5.3 Percentage of Men and Women Exposed to Family
Planning Messages
Percent
80
59
60 57
40
40 36
33
29
25
21
19
20
0
Radio Television Newspapers/ Others None of the above
magazines
Men Women
NDHS 2008
5.16.1 Exposure to Specific Family Planning Messages
In the 2008 NDHS, women were asked if they had listened to specific radio programmes or
watched specific programmes on television within the past six months. Table 5.19 shows the
percentage of women age 15-49 who heard or saw specific radio or television programmes, by
background characteristics. Overall, 17 percent of women heard or saw “Well-spaced children are
every parent’s joy,” 16 percent heard or saw “Unspaced children makes the going tough,” and 14
percent heard or saw “We dey kampe with female condom.” Most of these family planning messages
were heard or seen more often in the South West, South East and South South zones.
Table 5.19 Exposure to specific family planning messages
Percentage of women age 15-49 who heard or saw specific family planning messages in the past few months,
by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Family planning message heard or seen
Unspaced
children
As for me makes the
and my going tough. Well-
partner we For the love spaced It's not too
"dey of your children late to Why is
kampe" family, go for are every prevent your wife
Background with female child spacing parent's unwanted looking so Other
characteristic condom today joy pregnancy good programme Total
Age
15-19 9.8 10.5 11.3 9.2 7.2 3.6 6,493
20-24 15.1 14.8 17.2 12.7 10.7 4.2 6,133
25-29 16.5 17.4 20.5 14.1 12.6 4.4 6,309
30-34 16.4 19.4 21.3 14.5 11.5 4.9 4,634
35-39 14.3 19.3 18.9 13.0 12.3 4.9 3,912
40-44 13.1 16.5 19.2 11.8 10.6 5.6 3,032
45-49 11.0 13.6 14.8 9.4 7.6 4.8 2,872
Residence
Urban 20.2 25.1 25.9 18.1 15.5 4.9 11,934
Rural 10.4 10.4 12.7 8.9 7.6 4.2 21,451
Zone
North Central 8.8 8.8 9.1 5.8 5.5 1.2 4,748
North East 5.1 5.5 8.1 3.8 5.2 3.2 4,262
North West 4.1 8.3 10.9 3.8 5.4 7.0 8,022
South East 22.3 23.8 27.5 14.8 7.3 1.6 4,091
South South 22.9 19.3 22.8 23.6 17.0 2.4 5,473
South West 22.1 27.8 26.5 21.1 19.5 8.0 6,789
Education
No education 3.1 5.5 6.5 3.0 4.0 5.6 11,942
Primary 11.3 11.8 15.2 9.7 8.1 4.0 6,566
Secondary 20.0 21.1 23.8 18.3 14.7 3.7 11,904
More than secondary 38.3 43.2 40.9 30.2 24.0 4.2 2,974
Wealth quintile
Lowest 2.6 3.3 4.2 2.3 2.6 3.9 6,194
Second 5.7 6.6 7.9 4.3 4.9 5.3 6,234
Middle 11.6 11.2 14.7 9.9 7.7 3.8 6,341
Fourth 19.1 21.1 25.1 16.6 12.9 3.8 6,938
Highest 26.7 31.8 31.2 24.4 21.2 5.5 7,678
Total 15-49 13.9 15.7 17.4 12.2 10.4 4.5 33,385
5.16.2 Exposure to Family Planning Information through Peer Groups, School, or

Community Leaders
Other sources of respondent exposure to information on family planning collected in the 2008
NDHS include messages from peer groups, schools, and community leaders. Table 5.20 shows the
percentage of women age 15-49 who were exposed to family planning messages through peer groups,
schools, or community leaders. Three in ten women age 15-49 received information about family
planning from peer groups, compared with 10 percent and 3 percent of women who received
information from schools and community leaders, respectively. Women in urban areas are more likely
than women in rural areas to receive information on family planning messages from any of the three
sources. Women with more than secondary education and those in the highest wealth quintiles are
most likely to be exposed to family planning messages through peer groups, schools and community
leaders than those with lower educational attainment and those in the other groups.
Table 5.20 Exposure to family planning messages through peer groups,
school, or community leaders
Percentage of women age 15-49 who were exposed to family planning

messages in the past few months through peer groups, school, or community
leaders, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Background Peer group Community

characteristic discussions School leaders Total
Age
15-19 22.6 18.7 1.8 6,493
20-24 31.7 15.4 2.2 6,133
25-29 33.5 9.2 3.2 6,309
30-34 32.6 5.7 3.5 4,634
35-39 32.1 4.7 3.4 3,912
40-44 30.4 4.7 4.7 3,032
45-49 24.0 3.6 3.6 2,872
Residence
Urban 37.8 15.9 4.0 11,934
Rural 25.1 7.1 2.4 21,451
Zone
North Central 25.0 8.6 1.5 4,748
North East 25.8 4.4 2.1 4,262
North West 21.7 4.3 2.0 8,022
South East 35.4 17.2 6.0 4,091
South South 37.6 15.6 3.0 5,473
South West 34.9 13.7 3.9 6,789
Education
No education 17.2 0.8 1.1 11,942
Primary 28.6 2.4 2.9 6,566
Secondary 36.7 17.8 3.5 11,904
More than secondary 54.0 35.7 8.6 2,974
Wealth quintile
Lowest 17.3 1.6 1.0 6,194
Second 20.4 4.0 1.4 6,234
Middle 27.6 8.5 2.8 6,341
Fourth 35.7 13.8 4.4 6,938
Highest 43.4 20.6 4.8 7,678
Total 15-49 29.7 10.3 3.0 33,385
5.17 CONTACT OF NON-USERS WITH FAMILY PLANNING PROVIDERS
In the 2008 NDHS, women who were not using any family planning method were asked
whether they had been visited by a health worker who talked with them about family planning in the
12 months preceding the survey. This information is especially useful for determining whether family
planning outreach programmes are reaching non-users. Non-users were also asked if they had visited
a health facility in the past 12 months for any reason other than family planning, and if so, whether
any health worker at the facility had spoken to them about family planning. These questions help to
assess the level of so-called “missed opportunities” to inform women about contraception.
The results shown in Table 5.21 indicate that 4 percent of non-users reported discussing
family planning when a fieldworker visited them. Six percent of non-users reported that they had
visited a health facility and discussed family planning, while 13 percent of the non-users visited a
health facility but did not discuss family planning. Staff at health facilities are more likely to discuss
family planning with women age 20-39 than with younger women age 15-19 or older women age
44-49 years. Overall, the majority of non-users (92 percent) did not discuss family planning with a
fieldworker or at a health facility during the 12 months prior to the survey.
Table 5.21 Contact of non-users with family planning providers
Among women age 15-49 who are not using contraception, the percentage who during the past
12 months were visited by a fieldworker who discussed family planning, the percentage who
visited a health facility and discussed family planning, the percentage who visited a health facility
but did not discuss family planning, and the percentage who neither discussed family planning
with a fieldworker nor at a health facility, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Percentage of women
who visited a health Percentage of
Percentage of facility in the past 12 women who
women who months and who: neither discussed
were visited by Did not family planning
fieldworker who Discussed discuss with fieldworker
Background discussed family family family nor at a health Number of
characteristic planning planning planning facility women
Age
15-19 1.8 1.5 7.1 97.1 6,046
20-24 3.1 5.0 15.1 93.3 5,056
25-29 5.3 9.3 17.7 88.0 5,168
30-34 4.9 9.5 16.0 88.1 3,741
35-39 5.1 6.9 13.5 90.0 3,142
40-44 4.9 4.8 12.1 92.1 2,487
45-49 2.3 2.2 9.6 96.2 2,594
Residence
Urban 5.9 8.6 17.7 88.0 9,083
Rural 2.8 4.1 10.8 94.2 19,151
Zone
North Central 3.6 5.6 12.9 92.3 4,151
North East 1.8 3.0 14.1 96.1 4,090
North West 1.9 1.6 11.0 97.0 7,802
South East 7.8 3.5 13.0 90.9 3,366
South South 3.2 7.9 13.7 90.6 3,914
South West 6.3 13.4 14.9 83.7 4,912
Education
No education 1.4 1.8 9.8 97.2 11,521
Primary 4.8 6.8 15.5 90.5 5,557
Secondary 5.5 8.2 13.5 88.7 9,265
More than secondary 7.1 12.1 23.5 84.7 1,891
Wealth quintile
Lowest 1.1 1.8 8.6 97.6 5,964
Second 1.6 2.9 10.3 96.1 5,848
Middle 3.9 4.8 12.7 92.7 5,583
Fourth 5.6 8.0 15.0 88.7 5,470
Highest 7.2 10.9 19.3 85.2 5,367
Total 3.8 5.6 13.0 92.2 28,234
The proportion of women who were visited by a fieldworker is twice as high in urban areas as
in rural areas (6 versus 3 percent, respectively). Similarly, women in urban areas are more than twice
as likely as women in rural areas to visit a health facility and discuss family planning (9 versus 4
percent, respectively). The proportion of non-users who visited a health facility and discussed family
planning is highest in South West (13 percent) and lowest in North West (2 percent). Women with
higher levels of education and those in higher wealth quintiles are more likely to visit a health facility
and discuss family planning with a provider than women with less education and those in lower
wealth quintiles.
5.18 HUSBAND’S/PARTNER’S KNOWLEDGE OF WOMEN’S CONTRACEPTIVE USE
The 2008 NDHS asked married women whether their husband or partner knew that they were
using a method of family planning. Table 5.22 shows that 84 percent of currently married women age
15-49 who are using a method reported that their husband or partner knows about their use of
contraception, 7 percent reported that their husband or partner does not know, and 9 percent reported
that they were unsure whether their husband or partner knows about their use of contraception.
Women with the highest educational attainment (91 percent) and women in the highest wealth quintile
(88 percent) are most likely to share information about their method choice with their husband or
partner.
Table 5.22 Husband/partner's knowledge of women's use of contraception
Percent distribution of currently married women age 15-49 who are using a
contraceptive method by whether their husband/partner knows about their use,
Unsure
whether
Background Does not knows/ Number of
characteristic Knows1 know missing Total women
Age
15-19 83.2 6.9 10.0 100.0 56
20-24 84.8 6.7 8.5 100.0 370
25-29 83.6 7.5 8.9 100.0 749
30-34 85.8 7.5 6.7 100.0 774
35-39 82.8 6.4 10.8 100.0 713
40-44 84.5 5.7 9.8 100.0 514
45-49 83.6 6.3 10.0 100.0 263
Residence
Urban 85.9 6.4 7.8 100.0 1,908
Rural 82.1 7.4 10.5 100.0 1,531
Zone
North Central 80.8 5.5 13.8 100.0 433
North East 75.4 6.6 18.0 100.0 145
North West 61.8 9.3 29.0 100.0 198
South East 90.7 3.0 6.3 100.0 500
South South 84.1 7.5 8.4 100.0 781
South West 87.1 7.9 5.0 100.0 1,383
Education
No education 73.5 10.7 15.8 100.0 398
Primary 82.1 8.1 9.8 100.0 883
Secondary 85.4 7.0 7.6 100.0 1,539
More than secondary 91.1 2.2 6.7 100.0 619
Wealth quintile
Lowest 71.6 11.7 16.7 100.0 174
Second 78.2 11.6 10.2 100.0 265
Middle 79.4 7.1 13.5 100.0 493
Fourth 84.6 7.7 7.7 100.0 899
Highest 87.8 4.9 7.3 100.0 1,608
Total 84.2 6.8 9.0 100.0 3,439

1
Includes women who reported use of male sterilisation, male condoms, and
withdrawal
OTHER PROXIMATE DETERMINANTS OF FERTILITY 6
This chapter focuses on the principal factors other than contraception that affect a woman’s
risk of becoming pregnant; they are referred to as other proximate determinants of fertility. Marriage
is among the most important of these proximate determinants. Besides marriage, this chapter also
explores several other factors that influence fertility, including polygyny, onset and frequency of
sexual activity, postpartum amenorrhoea, abstinence from sexual activity, and the onset of
menopause. Postpartum amenorrhoea and postpartum abstinence determine the length of time a
woman is protected from the risk of becoming pregnant after childbirth, affecting birth intervals and
thus fertility levels. Menopause is important because it marks the end of a woman’s period of
exposure to the risk of pregnancy.1
6.1 CURRENT MARITAL STATUS
Marriage is a primary indication of women’s regular exposure to the risk of pregnancy and
therefore is important for understanding fertility estimates. Populations in which age at first marriage
is low tend to have early childbearing and high fertility rates. However, because a union is not a
prerequisite to childbearing, some women have children before entering a formal union.
Table 6.1 shows the percent distribution of women and men by marital status at the time of
the survey. In this context, the term “married” refers to legal or formal unions, while “living together”
refers to informal unions in which a man and a woman live together, even if a formal civil, religious
or traditional ceremony has not been contracted. Widowed, divorced, and separated women make up
the remainder of the “ever-married” or “ever-in-union” category. In later tables and text, the term
“currently married” refers to both formal and informal unions.
Table 6.1 Current marital status
Percent distribution of women and men age 15-49 by current marital status, according to age, Nigeria 2008
Percentage of
Marital status respondents Number
Never Living Separate currently of
Age married Married together Divorced d Widowed Total in union respondents
WOMEN
15-19 70.6 27.8 0.9 0.3 0.2 0.1 100.0 28.7 6,493
20-24 38.4 57.1 2.6 0.9 0.8 0.4 100.0 59.7 6,133
25-29 16.2 78.8 2.2 0.9 1.2 0.7 100.0 81.0 6,309
30-34 5.8 88.5 1.5 1.1 1.3 1.8 100.0 90.1 4,634
35-39 2.6 90.4 1.0 0.9 1.9 3.2 100.0 91.4 3,912
40-44 1.4 88.5 0.9 1.1 1.5 6.5 100.0 89.4 3,032
45-49 0.8 85.6 0.8 1.2 1.8 9.7 100.0 86.5 2,872
Total 25.2 69.1 1.5 0.8 1.1 2.3 100.0 70.6 33,385
MEN
15-19 99.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.9 2,532
20-24 84.4 13.8 1.1 0.2 0.4 0.0 100.0 14.9 2,378
25-29 54.3 42.0 1.7 0.6 1.1 0.1 100.0 43.8 2,459
30-34 24.5 69.9 3.2 0.7 1.1 0.6 100.0 73.1 2,058
35-39 7.8 88.1 2.1 0.4 1.0 0.6 100.0 90.2 1,794
40-44 2.8 90.0 3.1 1.0 1.8 1.3 100.0 93.1 1,413
45-49 1.4 93.0 3.0 1.1 0.9 0.7 100.0 96.0 1,174
Total 15-49 47.4 49.0 1.8 0.5 0.8 0.4 100.0 50.8 13,808
50-59 0.5 92.2 3.2 0.8 1.2 2.2 100.0 95.3 1,678
Total 15-59 42.3 53.7 2.0 0.5 0.9 0.6 100.0 55.6 15,486
1
Other Proximate Determinants of Fertility | 91

Table 6.1 shows that 75 percent of women age 15-49 have been married at some time (ever-
married women). Sixty-nine percent are currently married, 2 percent are living together, 2 percent are
either divorced or separated, and 2 percent are widowed. The proportion of women who are married
increases rapidly from 28 percent of women age 15-19 to 57 percent of women age 20-24 and 79
percent among women age 25-29. By age 30-34, 94 percent of Nigerian women are currently or
formerly in union. The percentage of women who are widowed also increases with age, from less than
1 percent for women age 15-29 to 10 percent of women age 45-49.
The proportion of men age 15-49 who have never married is higher than that for women (47
percent compared with 25 percent). This is a reflection of men’s later age at marriage. About half (49
percent) of men are married, 2 percent are living together with a woman, 1 percent are divorced or
separated, and less than 1 percent are widowers.
6.2 POLYGYNY
Having more than one wife at the same time, polygyny, has implications for the frequency of
sexual intercourse, and thus, may have an effect on fertility. In the 2008 NDHS, polygyny was
measured by asking all currently married female respondents whether their husband or partner had
other wives (co-wives), and if so, how many. Married men were asked whether they had one or more
wives or partners with whom they were living. Table 6.2.1 shows the percent distribution of currently
married women by number of co-wives. The percent distribution of currently married men by number
of wives is shown in Table 6.2.2.
Table 6.2.1 Number of women's co-wives
Percent distribution of currently married women age 15-49 by number of co-wives, according to
Background Number of co-wives Number of

characteristic 0 1 2+ Missing Total women
Age
15-19 73.4 22.2 3.8 0.6 100.0 1,863
20-24 73.4 21.7 4.0 0.9 100.0 3,659
25-29 71.7 23.0 4.7 0.6 100.0 5,112
30-34 66.7 26.2 6.5 0.5 100.0 4,173
35-39 62.9 28.4 8.0 0.7 100.0 3,575
40-44 58.4 30.1 10.8 0.7 100.0 2,711
45-49 55.7 31.0 12.7 0.7 100.0 2,484
Residence
Urban 77.1 17.4 4.7 0.8 100.0 7,375
Rural 61.9 29.6 7.9 0.6 100.0 16,203
Zone
North Central 62.3 26.5 10.8 0.4 100.0 3,320
North East 56.5 33.9 9.3 0.3 100.0 3,585
North West 57.4 35.0 6.9 0.8 100.0 7,189
South East 86.2 9.1 3.5 1.2 100.0 2,139
South South 81.9 13.6 3.2 1.3 100.0 2,978
South West 73.5 20.0 6.1 0.4 100.0 4,366
Education
No education 53.6 36.5 9.3 0.6 100.0 11,120
Primary 68.2 24.1 6.9 0.8 100.0 5,143
Secondary 84.0 11.8 3.5 0.7 100.0 5,621
Wealth quintile
Lowest 61.1 32.9 5.5 0.6 100.0 5,408
Second 55.8 33.8 9.6 0.7 100.0 5,052
Middle 62.2 27.8 9.3 0.7 100.0 4,311
Fourth 71.4 21.2 6.7 0.7 100.0 4,216
Highest 84.9 10.9 3.4 0.7 100.0 4,590
Total 66.7 25.8 6.9 0.7 100.0 23,578
92 | Other Proximate Determinants of Fertility

Table 6.2.1 shows that 33 percent of married women in Nigeria are in polygynous unions.
Twenty-six percent of women reported they have one co-wife, while 7 percent have two or more co-
wives. The level of polygyny increases with age, from 26 percent among women age 15-19 to 44
percent among women age 45-49. A higher proportion of rural women are in polygynous unions (38
percent) than their urban counterparts (22 percent). There are marked zonal differences in the level of
polygyny, with the practice being more common in the northern zones: 43 percent in North East, 42
percent in North West, and 37 percent in North Central. Polygyny decreases with level of education.
Nearly half of women with no education (46 percent) are in polygynous unions, compared with 9
percent of women with more than secondary education. Women in the lower wealth quintiles are
more likely to have polygynous marriages than those in the higher wealth quintiles.
Sixteen percent of married men age 15-49 reported having two or more wives (Table 6.2.2).
Older men, those in rural areas, those in the northern zones, those with lower levels of education, and
those in the lowest two wealth quintiles are more likely to have two or more wives than are other men.
Table 6.2.2 Number of men's wives
Percent distribution of currently married men age 15-49 by number of wives,

Background Number of wives Number of

characteristic 1 2+ Missing Total men
Age
15-19 (96.9) (0.0) (3.1) 100.0 23
20-24 96.8 2.7 0.6 100.0 354
25-29 93.2 6.4 0.5 100.0 1,076
30-34 88.3 11.5 0.2 100.0 1,504
35-39 83.3 16.4 0.3 100.0 1,618
40-44 75.0 24.3 0.7 100.0 1,316
45-49 74.0 25.5 0.5 100.0 1,127
Residence
Urban 90.6 9.0 0.4 100.0 2,309
Rural 80.1 19.5 0.5 100.0 4,709
Zone
North Central 81.3 18.2 0.5 100.0 1,040
North East 77.2 22.5 0.3 100.0 1,002
North West 76.4 23.3 0.4 100.0 1,951
South East 92.9 6.8 0.3 100.0 607
South South 90.3 8.6 1.1 100.0 989
South West 90.8 9.0 0.2 100.0 1,430
Education
No education 75.2 24.3 0.5 100.0 1,917
Primary 82.9 16.8 0.3 100.0 1,806
Secondary 88.5 11.1 0.4 100.0 2,323
Wealth quintile
Lowest 79.0 20.6 0.3 100.0 1,512
Second 75.9 23.7 0.5 100.0 1,378
Middle 81.5 18.3 0.3 100.0 1,244
Fourth 87.0 12.4 0.7 100.0 1,284
Highest 93.2 6.3 0.5 100.0 1,600
Total 15-49 83.5 16.0 0.5 100.0 7,018

50-59 68.9 30.3 0.8 100.0 1,599
Total 15-59 80.8 18.7 0.5 100.0 8,618

6.3 AGE AT FIRST MARRIAGE
Marriage is generally associated with fertility because it is correlated with exposure to the risk
of pregnancy. The duration of exposure to the risk of pregnancy depends primarily on the age at
which women first marry. Women who marry earlier, on average, are more likely to have their first
child earlier and give birth to more children overall, contributing to higher fertility rates. Table 6.3
shows the percentage of women and men who have married by specific ages, and the median age at
first marriage by current age.
The results show that almost half (46 percent) of women age 20-49 were married by age 18,
and 58 percent were married by age 20. The proportion of women getting married by age 15 decreases
from 30 percent among women currently age 45-49 to 12 percent among those age 15-19, while the
median age at first marriage increases from 17.3 years among women age 45-49 to 19.8 years among
women age 20-24. These two findings provide evidence of an increase in age at marriage in Nigeria
over the past generation. A comparison with results from the 2003 NDHS survey indicates that the
median age at first marriage among women age 20-24 has increased from 19.1 to 19.8 years.
The lower panel of Table 6.3 shows the distribution of age at first marriage among men. Men
marry considerably later than women. About one in four women age 25-49 (24 percent) were married
by age 15 compared with less than 1 percent of men. Only 13 percent of men age 25-49 had married
by age 20, compared with 60 percent of women. By age 25, only 39 percent of men were married.
Table 6.3 Age at first marriage
Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who were first married by specific exact ages, and median age at
first marriage, according to current age, Nigeria 2008
Percentage Number Median
Percentage first married by exact age never of age at first
Current age 15 18 20 22 25 married respondents marriage
WOMEN
15-19 12.4 na na na na 70.6 6,493 a
20-24 16.4 39.4 51.4 na na 38.4 6,133 19.8
25-29 18.8 42.3 53.5 64.2 76.5 16.2 6,309 19.3
30-34 23.3 47.7 58.7 68.3 78.7 5.8 4,634 18.4
35-39 22.8 49.0 60.6 70.9 82.1 2.6 3,912 18.2
40-44 28.2 52.8 64.3 74.7 84.9 1.4 3,032 17.5
45-49 29.9 55.4 68.8 78.5 87.0 0.8 2,872 17.3
20-49 21.9 46.1 57.8 na na 14.2 26,892 18.6
25-49 23.5 48.1 59.7 69.9 80.7 7.0 20,759 18.3
MEN
15-19 0.1 na na na na 99.0 2,532 a
20-24 0.1 3.0 7.8 na na 84.4 2,378 a
25-29 0.1 4.3 10.0 18.9 34.8 54.3 2,459 a
30-34 0.1 4.8 11.9 21.0 38.6 24.5 2,058 26.9
35-39 0.0 6.4 14.1 23.3 40.5 7.8 1,794 26.5
40-44 0.2 6.8 16.2 27.3 44.5 2.8 1,413 25.9
45-49 0.1 5.1 12.7 22.9 39.8 1.4 1,174 26.5
20-49 0.1 4.9 11.6 na na 35.8 11,276 a
25-49 0.1 5.4 12.6 22.2 39.0 22.8 8,898 a
20-59 0.1 5.1 12.0 na na 31.3 12,954 a
25-59 0.1 5.5 12.9 22.6 39.7 19.3 10,576 a
Note: The age at first marriage is defined as the age at which the respondent began living with her/his first
spouse/partner
na = Not applicable due to censoring
a = Omitted because less than 50 percent of the women married for the first time before reaching the
beginning of the age group

6.4 MEDIAN AGE AT FIRST MARRIAGE
The median age at first marriage by current age and background characteristics is shown for
women in Table 6.4.1 and for men in Table 6.4.2. The results show considerable variation in age at
first marriage by background characteristics. For women age 25-49, those who reside in urban areas
marry roughly four years later than their counterparts in rural areas (21.1 years compared with 16.9
years). By zone, the median age at first marriage ranges from 15.2 years in North West to 22.8 years
in South East. The median age at first marriage increases from 15.5 years among women with no
education to 22.0 years among women with secondary education. By wealth quintile, median age at
first marriage increases from 15.4 to 23.1 years.
Table 6.4.1 Median age at first marriage: Women
Median age at first marriage among women age 20-49 by five-year age groups, according to background
Background Current age Women age Women age
characteristic 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 20-49 25-49
Residence
Urban a 22.6 21.8 20.6 20.0 19.3 a 21.1
Rural 18.0 17.5 16.8 16.9 16.6 16.2 17.2 16.9
Zone
North Central a 18.6 18.4 18.3 18.1 17.8 18.7 18.3
North East 15.9 15.9 15.4 15.6 15.3 15.5 15.6 15.6
North West 15.7 15.6 15.1 15.3 14.8 14.6 15.3 15.2
South East a 24.5 24.4 22.3 21.5 19.6 a 22.8
South South a 22.8 22.2 20.0 18.7 18.3 a 20.9
South West a 22.8 22.1 21.6 21.0 20.4 a 21.8
Education
No education 15.5 15.5 15.3 15.6 15.4 15.5 15.5 15.5
Primary 17.6 18.4 18.2 18.1 18.0 18.6 18.1 18.3
Secondary a 22.5 22.2 21.4 21.1 21.1 a 22.0
More than secondary a a 26.8 25.5 24.3 24.0 a a
Wealth quintile
Lowest 15.8 15.6 15.3 15.4 15.2 15.2 15.5 15.4
Second 16.4 16.1 15.8 16.2 15.9 15.8 16.0 15.9
Middle 19.0 18.3 17.5 18.1 17.7 17.9 18.2 17.9
Fourth a 21.2 20.4 19.7 18.2 18.3 a 19.9
Highest a 24.1 24.1 22.5 21.8 20.4 a 23.1
Total 19.8 19.3 18.4 18.2 17.5 17.3 18.6 18.3
Note: The age at first marriage is defined as the age at which the respondent began living with her first
husband/partner
a = Omitted because less than 50 percent of the women married for the first time before reaching the
Because of the tendency for men to marry at older ages, the median age at first marriage
cannot be calculated for men age 25-49 for most background characteristics; instead, it is calculated
for men age 25-59. However, an examination of differentials among men in the five-year age groups
shows similar patterns to those observed for women. It is interesting to note that the differentials in
age at first marriage among men, by level of education and wealth quintile, are smaller than those
observed for women.

Table 6.4.2 Median age at first marriage: Men
Median age at first marriage among men age 25-59 by five-year age groups, according to
Men
Current age
Background age
characteristic 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-59 25-59
Residence
Urban a a 29.4 29.2 29.1 27.5 a
Rural a 25.1 24.9 24.4 25.5 25.4 a
Zone
North Central a 25.1 25.0 25.7 26.0 25.0 a
North East 23.9 23.7 24.0 22.8 24.0 23.7 23.7
North West a 24.2 24.8 22.4 23.5 24.2 24.3
South South a 29.9 28.0 29.2 27.8 26.0 a
South West a a 28.5 28.5 28.5 27.7 a
Education
No education 23.1 23.2 24.7 22.2 23.2 24.2 23.5
Primary a 25.1 25.2 26.3 26.5 27.0 a
Secondary a 28.4 26.8 27.6 28.3 28.1 a
More than secondary a a a 28.5 a 27.6 a
Wealth quintile
Lowest 23.4 23.3 23.8 22.3 23.9 24.1 23.5
Second 24.7 23.9 24.1 23.4 24.4 25.4 24.3
Middle a 25.5 25.6 25.6 27.7 26.0 a
Fourth a 28.9 28.0 27.2 27.7 26.9 a
Highest a a a 29.8 a 27.8 a
Total a 26.9 26.5 25.9 26.5 26.0 a
Note: The age at first marriage is defined as the age at which the respondent began living
with his first wife/partner
a = Omitted because less than 50 percent of the men married for the first time before
reaching the beginning of the age group
6.5 AGE AT FIRST SEXUAL INTERCOURSE
While age at first marriage is often used as a proxy for first exposure to sexual intercourse, the
two events do not necessarily occur at the same time. Women and men sometimes engage in sexual
relations before marriage. To obtain information on the age at first sexual intercourse, women and
men were asked how old they were when they first had sexual intercourse. Table 6.5 presents
information from the 2008 NDHS on the percentage of women and men who initiated intercourse for
the first time by specific ages, and the median age at first intercourse according to current age.
Table 6.5 shows that the median age at first sexual intercourse is 17.8 years for women age
20-49. One in five women age 20-49 initiated sexual intercourse by age 15 (20 percent), and more
than half of women (52 percent) first had sexual intercourse by age 18. The results show that as with
age at first marriage, age at first sexual intercourse has been increasing over time. The median age at
first sexual intercourse increases from 16.9 years among women age 45-49 to 18.2 years among
women age 20-24. In addition, while 28 percent of women age 45-49 had first sexual intercourse by
age 15, only 15 percent of women age 15-19 have done so. Among women age 20-49, the median age
at first sexual intercourse is about one year younger than the median age at first marriage (17.8
compared with 18.6 years).

Table 6.5 Age at first sexual intercourse
Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who had first sexual intercourse by specific exact ages, percentage
who never had intercourse, and median age at first intercourse, according to current age, Nigeria 2008
Percentage
Percentage who had first sexual intercourse who never Number Median age
by exact age had of at first
Current age 15 18 20 22 25 intercourse respondents intercourse
WOMEN
15-19 15.3 na na na na 53.8 6,493 a

20-24 16.2 47.8 67.8 na na 14.3 6,133 18.2
25-29 17.8 48.5 64.6 77.4 86.4 3.9 6,309 18.1
30-34 21.2 51.4 66.3 77.9 84.3 0.9 4,634 17.8
35-39 20.4 54.3 68.2 77.8 84.2 0.6 3,912 17.4
40-44 26.1 55.4 68.6 77.2 82.8 0.1 3,032 17.2
45-49 27.5 58.4 71.6 80.4 85.2 0.1 2,872 16.9
20-49 20.4 51.5 67.3 na na 4.4 26,892 17.8
25-49 21.6 52.6 67.2 78.0 84.8 1.5 20,759 17.7
15-24 15.7 na na na na 34.6 12,626 a
MEN
15-19 6.2 na na na na 77.9 2,532 a

20-24 5.3 25.6 45.6 na na 38.1 2,378 a
25-29 4.8 24.6 44.6 61.6 76.6 15.8 2,459 20.4
30-34 5.8 25.1 42.5 61.6 77.0 3.5 2,058 20.6
35-39 3.9 22.8 42.4 60.3 72.4 1.1 1,794 20.6
40-44 3.6 21.2 42.0 59.5 71.9 0.4 1,413 20.6
45-49 3.1 18.2 35.3 53.6 67.7 0.2 1,174 21.3
20-49 4.6 23.5 42.8 na na 12.4 11,276 a
25-49 4.4 23.0 42.0 59.9 73.9 5.5 8,898 20.6
15-24 5.7 na na na na 58.6 4,910 a
20-59 4.3 22.6 41.5 na na 10.8 12,954 a
25-59 4.0 22.0 40.6 58.7 73.0 4.6 10,576 20.7
na = Not applicable
a = Omitted because less than 50 percent of the respondents had intercourse for the first time before reaching
the beginning of the age group
As with marriage, sexual activity among women starts at an earlier age than it does among
men. The median age at first sexual intercourse for men age 25-49 is 20.6 years. Only 4 percent of
men age 25-49 have had sexual intercourse by age 15; however, this percentage increases rapidly to
42 percent by age 20 and to 60 percent by age 22. Looking at men age 30-34, the median age at first
sexual intercourse is 20.6 years, a full six years younger than their age at first marriage (26.9 years).
These findings suggest that, on average, men are sexually active for six years before getting married.
Differentials in age at first sexual intercourse by background characteristics are shown in

Tables 6.6.1 and 6.6.2 for women and men, respectively. For women age 25-49 living in urban areas,
the first sexual encounter is delayed by almost three years compared with their rural counterparts
(19.2 and 16.5 years, respectively). By zone, age at first sexual intercourse for women ranges from
15.4 years in North West to 20.4 years in South East. Median age at first sexual intercourse increases
with educational attainment and wealth quintile.
For men age 25-59, differences in the median age at first sexual intercourse by background
characteristics are generally small. It is worth noting that there are differences by zone, with the
highest median age at first sexual intercourse being reported in North West (24 years) and the lowest
median age in South South (19 years).

Table 6.6.1 Median age at first intercourse: Women
Median age at first sexual intercourse among women by age 20-49 by five-year age groups, according
to background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Women Women
Current age
Background age age
characteristic 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 20-49 25-49
Residence
Urban 19.4 19.8 19.4 18.9 18.7 18.5 19.3 19.2
Rural 17.2 16.9 16.5 16.5 16.4 15.9 16.7 16.5
Zone
North Central 19.0 18.7 18.7 18.4 18.3 17.4 18.6 18.4
North East 16.0 15.8 15.4 15.6 15.4 15.5 15.7 15.6
North West 15.9 15.7 15.4 15.4 15.1 14.9 15.5 15.4
South East a 20.6 20.9 20.2 20.0 20.0 a 20.4
South South 18.3 18.5 18.3 17.6 17.5 17.3 18.2 18.1
South West 19.3 20.0 19.6 19.4 19.3 19.3 19.5 19.6
Education
No education 15.7 15.7 15.5 15.6 15.5 15.5 15.6 15.6
Primary 17.1 17.5 17.7 17.3 17.5 18.2 17.5 17.6
Secondary 19.3 19.5 19.2 19.4 19.4 19.6 19.3 19.4
More than secondary a 21.9 21.3 21.5 20.9 21.0 a 21.5
Wealth quintile
Lowest 15.9 15.7 15.4 15.5 15.4 15.4 15.6 15.5
Second 16.3 16.0 15.9 15.9 16.1 15.7 16.0 15.9
Middle 17.9 17.6 17.3 17.3 17.1 17.1 17.5 17.4
Fourth 18.9 19.0 18.7 18.5 17.7 18.1 18.6 18.5
Highest a 20.4 20.2 19.9 20.1 19.5 a 20.1
Total 18.2 18.1 17.8 17.4 17.2 16.9 17.8 17.7
a = Omitted because less than 50 percent of the women had intercourse for the first time before
reaching the beginning of the age group
Table 6.6.2 Median age at first intercourse: Men
Median age at first sexual intercourse among men age 20-59 by five-year age groups, according to
Men Men
Background Current age age age
characteristic 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-59 20-59 25-59
Residence
Urban a 20.5 20.5 20.7 20.8 21.8 21.7 a 20.8
Rural a 20.4 20.6 20.6 20.5 21.0 21.5 a 20.7
Zone
North Central 19.4 19.7 19.8 20.1 20.2 21.0 21.0 a 20.3
North East a 21.2 21.2 21.6 20.8 21.2 21.9 a 21.3
North West a 24.5 23.8 24.7 22.6 23.6 24.1 a 24.0
South East a 20.5 20.9 21.6 22.1 24.6 22.8 a 21.7
South South 18.8 18.7 18.8 18.9 19.0 19.6 19.9 18.9 19.0
South West 19.5 19.3 19.6 19.4 19.9 20.2 20.4 19.7 19.8
Education
No education a 22.1 22.2 22.9 21.0 22.1 22.8 a 22.3
Primary a 20.3 20.5 20.4 20.5 21.8 20.8 a 20.6
Secondary a 19.8 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.8 20.9 a 20.2
More than secondary a 20.8 20.7 20.6 20.8 20.9 21.0 a 20.8
Wealth quintile
Lowest a 20.9 20.8 20.8 20.3 21.4 22.2 a 20.9
Second a 20.5 21.2 21.2 20.9 20.7 22.8 a 21.0
Middle a 20.7 20.6 20.8 20.5 22.4 20.9 a 20.8
Fourth a 20.3 20.3 20.6 20.9 21.6 21.3 a 20.7
Highest a 20.2 20.4 20.2 20.4 21.0 20.9 a 20.4
Total a 20.4 20.6 20.6 20.6 21.3 21.6 a 20.7
a = Omitted because less than 50 percent of the men had intercourse for the first time before reaching the

6.6 RECENT SEXUAL ACTIVITY
In the absence of contraception, the probability of pregnancy is related to the frequency of

sexual intercourse. Thus, information on sexual activity is useful in refining measures of exposure to
pregnancy. Men and women who have had sexual intercourse were asked how long ago their last
sexual contact occurred. Tables 6.7.1 and 6.7.2 show the percent distribution of women and men by
timing of last sexual intercourse, according to background characteristics.
More than half (56 percent) of women age 15-49 were sexually active during the four weeks
preceding the interview. Another 20 percent reported that they had been sexually active in the 12
months preceding the survey but not in the past month. Eight percent said that they had not been
sexually active for one or more years, and 14 percent reported that they had never had sex.
Table 6.7.1 Recent sexual activity: Women
Percent distribution of women age 15-49 by timing of last sexual intercourse, according to background
Timing of last sexual intercourse

Within One or Never had Number
Background the past Within more sexual of
1
characteristic 4 weeks 1 year years Missing intercourse Total women
Age
15-19 29.7 12.0 3.8 0.7 53.8 100.0 6,493
20-24 53.3 24.4 6.9 1.2 14.3 100.0 6,133
25-29 64.2 23.0 7.3 1.6 3.9 100.0 6,309
30-34 67.5 22.1 7.4 2.1 0.9 100.0 4,634
35-39 69.1 19.0 9.7 1.6 0.6 100.0 3,912
40-44 66.3 19.6 12.2 1.8 0.1 100.0 3,032
45-49 57.7 21.3 19.5 1.4 0.1 100.0 2,872
Marital status
Never married 16.7 18.8 8.0 0.7 55.7 100.0 8,397
Married or living together 72.7 20.1 5.5 1.6 0.0 100.0 23,578
Divorced/separated/widowed 14.5 26.7 57.4 1.3 0.0 100.0 1,409
Marital duration2
0-4 years 72.3 22.5 4.1 1.0 0.1 100.0 5,026
5-9 years 72.4 20.7 4.9 1.9 0.0 100.0 4,471
10-14 years 72.8 19.8 5.3 2.1 0.0 100.0 3,539
15-19 years 73.0 19.1 5.7 2.2 0.0 100.0 2,914
20-24 years 72.0 19.2 7.6 1.1 0.0 100.0 2,053
25+ years 68.3 20.6 9.1 1.9 0.0 100.0 2,516
Married more than once 77.5 16.8 4.4 1.3 0.0 100.0 3,061
Residence
Urban 51.4 20.8 7.6 1.6 18.6 100.0 11,934
Rural 58.8 19.7 8.7 1.3 11.5 100.0 21,451
Zone
North Central 47.1 22.2 12.8 1.3 16.6 100.0 4,748
North East 69.1 15.4 5.3 1.0 9.3 100.0 4,262
North West 77.1 10.8 2.8 2.3 6.9 100.0 8,022
South East 36.1 23.7 15.1 1.6 23.5 100.0 4,091
South South 50.0 26.2 9.4 0.8 13.7 100.0 5,473
South West 46.7 25.4 8.7 1.1 18.1 100.0 6,789
Education
No education 72.7 15.5 7.4 1.9 2.5 100.0 11,942
Primary 54.5 23.1 11.9 1.3 9.1 100.0 6,566
Secondary 41.6 21.7 7.2 0.9 28.6 100.0 11,904
Wealth quintile
Lowest 69.4 16.5 7.0 1.3 5.9 100.0 6,194
Second 62.4 18.2 8.2 1.8 9.4 100.0 6,234
Middle 50.6 21.6 11.3 1.3 15.2 100.0 6,341
Fourth 49.5 22.5 9.3 1.4 17.3 100.0 6,938
Highest 51.1 21.0 6.2 1.3 20.5 100.0 7,678
Total 56.2 20.1 8.3 1.4 14.0 100.0 33,385
Note: Total includes 1 woman with information missing on marital status.

1
Excludes women who had sexual intercourse within the past 4 weeks
2
Excludes women who are not currently married

The proportion of women who were sexually active in the four weeks preceding the survey
increases with age, peaking in age group 35-39 (69 percent), and decreases thereafter. As expected,
sexual activity among teenagers and women who are not currently in union is lower compared with
older women and women who are married or living with a man. Thirty percent of women age 15-19
were sexually active in the four weeks preceding the survey, and 17 percent of never-married women
were sexually active in the same period.
Women in urban areas were less likely to be sexually active during the past four weeks (51
percent) than their counterparts in rural areas (59 percent). By zone the proportion of women sexually
active during the four weeks preceding the survey is highest in North West (77 percent) and lowest in
South East (36 percent). The results show that women with no education (73 percent) are more likely
to have been sexually active in the past four weeks than educated women. Women with secondary
education are least likely to have been sexually active in the past four weeks (42 percent). The
prevalence of recent sexual activity decreases with increasing wealth status, being high in the two
lowest wealth quintiles and low in the three highest wealth quintiles. By marital duration, women who
have married more than once were most likely to have been sexually active during the past four weeks
(78 percent) while those who have been married for 25 years or more were least likely (68 percent).
About half (48 percent) of men age 15-49 were sexually active in the four weeks preceding
the survey, while 20 percent had sexual intercourse in the past year but not in the past month. Seven
percent had not been sexually active for one or more years, and 24 percent had never had sex.
The proportion of men who were sexually active in the four weeks preceding the survey
increases with age, peaking in age group 40-44. Men in union are much more likely to have been
sexually active in the past four weeks than men who have never married or lived together with a
woman (75 and 19 percent, respectively). Men in urban areas are also less likely to have been sexually
active in the past four weeks than men in rural areas (44 and 50 percent, respectively). Recent sexual
activity is highest in North East (56 percent) and lowest in South East (34 percent). As with women,
recent sexual activity among men decreases with increasing wealth quintile (from 59 to 39 percent),
but then increases in the highest wealth quintile (49 percent). Men with marital durations of 20-24
years were most likely to be sexually active in the four weeks preceding the interview (79 percent),
while those with marital durations of 10-14 years were least likely (73 percent).

Table 6.7.2 Recent sexual activity: Men
Percent distribution of men age 15-49 by timing of last sexual intercourse, according to background characteristics,
Nigeria 2008

Background the past Within more sexual of
characteristic 4 weeks 1 year1 years Missing intercourse Total men
Age
15-19 6.8 9.8 5.3 0.2 77.9 100.0 2,532
20-24 27.8 24.9 8.9 0.3 38.1 100.0 2,378
25-29 50.6 23.9 9.1 0.5 15.8 100.0 2,459
30-34 65.9 23.2 6.2 1.1 3.5 100.0 2,058
35-39 70.9 20.9 5.8 1.2 1.1 100.0 1,794
40-44 72.9 19.7 5.6 1.3 0.4 100.0 1,413
45-49 71.2 19.4 7.2 1.9 0.2 100.0 1,174
Marital status
Never married 19.0 19.6 9.8 0.3 51.4 100.0 6,548
Divorced/separated/widowed 23.3 39.3 35.8 1.6 0.0 100.0 238
Marital duration2
0-4 years 74.7 22.4 1.8 1.0 0.2 100.0 1,742
5-9 years 73.7 21.9 3.8 0.7 0.0 100.0 1,589
10-14 years 73.0 21.1 4.5 1.3 0.1 100.0 1,152
15-19 years 77.7 17.8 3.6 0.8 0.0 100.0 856
20-24 years 79.2 14.4 4.2 2.2 0.0 100.0 548
25+ years 74.4 15.4 7.6 2.6 0.0 100.0 250
Married more than once 77.0 18.2 2.8 1.9 0.0 100.0 883
Residence
Urban 43.5 23.2 7.1 0.8 25.3 100.0 5,215
Rural 50.1 18.4 6.9 0.8 23.8 100.0 8,593
Zone
North Central 42.2 22.9 9.9 0.5 24.4 100.0 2,065
North East 56.3 12.3 5.2 0.6 25.6 100.0 1,645
North West 53.7 7.2 3.2 1.7 34.2 100.0 3,237
South East 33.6 29.0 12.2 0.7 24.4 100.0 1,448
South South 49.0 23.8 7.9 0.3 19.0 100.0 2,437
South West 45.6 29.6 6.8 0.5 17.5 100.0 2,977
Education
No education 62.6 10.9 4.6 1.4 20.6 100.0 2,597
Primary 51.8 19.9 7.8 0.9 19.6 100.0 2,761
Secondary 37.4 23.4 7.4 0.4 31.4 100.0 6,470
Wealth quintile
Lowest 58.7 12.6 5.4 1.1 22.3 100.0 2,275
Second 51.4 17.1 5.8 0.8 24.9 100.0 2,332
Middle 43.0 19.7 8.8 0.7 27.8 100.0 2,570
Fourth 39.2 24.2 8.3 0.6 27.6 100.0 3,163
Highest 48.9 23.9 6.3 0.8 20.0 100.0 3,468
Total 15-49 47.6 20.2 7.0 0.8 24.4 100.0 13,808

50-59 67.7 19.4 11.0 1.9 0.0 100.0 1,678
Total 15-59 49.8 20.1 7.4 0.9 21.8 100.0 15,486
Note: Total includes 3 men with information missing on marital status.

1
Excludes men who had sexual intercourse within the past 4 weeks
2
Excludes men who are not currently married

6.7 POSTPARTUM AMENORRHOEA, ABSTINENCE, AND INSUSCEPTIBILITY
Among women who are not using contraception, exposure to the risk of pregnancy in the
period after a birth is influenced primarily by two factors: breastfeeding and sexual abstinence.
Breastfeeding prolongs postpartum protection from conception through its effect on the length of the
period of amenorrhoea (the period between the birth and the return of menses) after a birth. More
frequent breastfeeding for longer durations is associated with longer periods of postpartum
amenorrhoea. Delaying the resumption of sexual relations after a birth also prolongs the period of
postpartum protection. Women are considered insusceptible to pregnancy if they are not at risk of
conception, either because they are amenorrhoeic or abstaining from sexual activity after a birth.
The percentage of births occurring during the three years preceding the survey for which
mothers are postpartum amenorrhoeic, postpartum abstaining, and postpartum insusceptible is shown
in Table 6.8, by the number of months since the birth. The results presented in the table are based on
cross-sectional analysis, representing the experience of mothers of all births at a single point in time
rather than the experience of a cohort of mothers over time. The data are grouped in two-month
intervals to minimise the fluctuations in the estimates. The median- and mean-duration estimates
shown at the bottom of Table 6.8 are calculated from the current status distributions presented in the
table.
Table 6.8 shows that at the time of the survey, 43 percent of the mothers who had given birth
during the three years preceding the survey were insusceptible because they were either amenorrhoeic
or still abstaining (or both). The median duration of postpartum insusceptibility to pregnancy is 13.8
months. The median duration of amenorrhoea is 11.5 months, while the median duration of
postpartum abstinence is much lower (3.5 months). By 10-11 months after the birth, 59 percent of
mothers are insusceptible to pregnancy, but only 23 percent are abstaining from sexual relations.
Table 6.8 Postpartum amenorrhea, abstinence and insusceptibility
Percentage of births in the three years preceding the survey for which mothers
are postpartum amenorrhoeic, abstaining, and insusceptible, by number of
months since birth, and median and mean durations, Nigeria 2008
Months Percentage of births for which the mother is: Number of

since birth Amenorrhoeic Abstaining Insusceptible1 births
<2 93.4 86.5 97.0 778
2-3 86.5 61.5 92.5 1,053
4-5 76.7 37.5 82.3 1,152
6-7 70.1 25.9 75.3 1,088
8-9 60.2 26.3 67.9 984
10-11 51.7 22.7 58.9 934
12-13 48.8 16.8 54.5 1,189
14-15 40.2 16.1 47.5 992
16-17 32.7 14.1 39.8 917
18-19 24.4 9.4 29.2 856
20-21 18.5 7.8 22.9 740
22-23 9.4 6.4 13.8 676
24-25 8.3 4.9 11.9 1,124
26-27 6.0 4.2 9.1 1,050
28-29 5.0 4.8 8.9 977
30-31 5.0 3.5 7.9 838
32-33 3.3 4.2 6.8 666
34-35 1.2 2.2 3.3 623
Total 38.0 20.4 43.0 16,640
Median 11.5 3.5 13.8 na
Mean 13.1 7.4 14.9 na
Note: Estimates are based on status at the time of the survey.

na = Not applicable
1
Includes births for which mothers are either still amenorrhoeic or still abstaining
(or both) following birth

Table 6.9 shows the median durations of postpartum amenorrhoea, abstinence, and insus-
ceptibility by background characteristics. The duration of postpartum amenorrhoea is slightly shorter
among younger women age 15-29 (11.1 months), compared with older women age 30-49 (12.1
months). The duration of amenorrhoea is five months shorter among urban women than among rural
women (8.3 compared with 13.3 months). Postpartum amenorrhoea is considerably shorter among
mothers in South East (7.0 months) and longer among mothers in North West, (15.9 months). The
length of postpartum amenorrhoea decreases with increasing level of mother’s education and wealth
quintile.
Differences in the median duration of postpartum abstinence are not notable, except by zone.
The duration of postpartum abstinence is more than nine months for mothers in North Central,
compared with around two months for the other northern zones (2.4 months for North East and 2.1
months for North West). The median length of postpartum abstinence in the three southern zones is
around five months.
Table 6.9 Median duration of amenorrhoea, postpartum abstinence and

postpartum insusceptibility
Median number of months of postpartum amenorrhoea, postpartum

abstinence, and postpartum insusceptibility following births in the three
years preceding the survey, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Background Postpartum Postpartum Postpartum

characteristic amenorrhoea abstinence insusceptibility1
Mother's age
15-29 11.1 3.6 13.5
30-49 12.1 3.4 14.1
Residence
Urban 8.3 3.5 9.9
Rural 13.3 3.5 15.3
Zone
North Central 11.8 9.2 17.2
North East 14.3 2.4 15.2
North West 15.9 2.1 16.2
South East 7.0 4.6 8.9
South South 8.2 4.9 9.9
South West 10.2 5.4 12.4
Education
No education 15.8 2.6 16.8
Primary 10.6 4.4 13.4
Secondary 8.1 4.7 10.9
More than secondary 6.4 3.1 7.5
Wealth quintile
Lowest 15.9 3.0 17.1
Second 14.8 3.0 16.4
Middle 12.1 4.2 14.9
Fourth 8.9 4.3 10.3
Highest 6.5 3.2 8.2
Total 11.5 3.5 13.8
Note: Medians are based on the status at the time of the survey (current
status)
1
Includes births for which mothers are either still amenorrhoeic or still
abstaining (or both) following birth

6.8 MENOPAUSE
Another factor influencing the risk of pregnancy among women is menopause. Table 6.10
shows the proportion of women age 30 and older who are menopausal. A woman is considered
menopausal if she is neither pregnant nor amenorrhoeic and has not had her menses for six or more
months.
Table 6.10 shows that 9 percent of women age 30-49 are menopausal. The proportion of
women who are menopausal increases with age from 1 percent among women age 30-34 to 48 percent
among women age 48-49. These findings indicate that the onset of infertility with increasing age
substantially reduces the proportion of women exposed to the risk of pregnancy.
Table 6.10 Menopause
Percentage of women age 30-49 who are

menopausal, by age, Nigeria 2008
Percentage Number of
Age menopausal1 women
30-34 1.0 4,634
35-39 2.2 3,912
40-41 6.9 1,809
42-43 9.8 889
44-45 19.0 1,307
46-47 29.1 729
48-49 47.9 1,171
Total 9.4 14,450

1
Percentage of all women who are not
pregnant and not postpartum
amenorrhoeic whose last menstrual
period occurred six or more months
preceding the survey

FERTILITY PREFERENCES 7
One of the objectives of Nigeria’s National Policy on Population is to reduce the high level of
fertility in the country (NPC, 2004). The guiding principle in achieving this objective is to emphasise
the voluntary acceptance of family planning methods, in accordance with fundamental human rights,
that all couples and individuals should decide freely and responsibly on the timing, number, and
spacing of their children for a manageable family size, and that the Government has a responsibility to
facilitate people’s ability to make informed choices and to create an enabling environment in which
they can effectively manage their lives.
The 2008 NDHS collected information from both women and men on a number of aspects of
fertility preferences, including their current desire to have a/another child, the length of time they
would like to wait before the birth, and what they consider to be the ideal number of children.
Although survey information on fertility preferences may be influenced by the respondent’s current
family size and is subject to change over time, it still provides useful information to family planning
programmes for assessing the needs for contraception (for spacing or limiting births) and the extent of
unwanted and mistimed pregnancies.
Survey questions on fertility preferences have often been the subject of criticism. It is argued
that the answers respondents give are misleading because they may reflect uninformed, ephemeral
views, which are held with little conviction. It is also argued that questions do not take into account
the effect of social pressures or the attitudes of other family members, particularly the husband, who
may exert a major influence on his wife’s reproductive choices. The first argument has greater force
in a country where contraceptive prevalence is low, and where the idea of conscious reproductive
choice may still be unfamiliar. Thus, preference data from these settings should be interpreted with
caution. The second argument is correct in principle. In practice, however, its importance is doubtful;
for instance, the evidence from surveys in which both husbands and wives are interviewed suggests
that there is no substantial difference between the views of the two sexes (NPC and ORC Macro,
2004: 95).
7.1 DESIRE FOR MORE CHILDREN
Information on desire for more children is important in understanding future reproductive

behaviour. The provision of adequate and accessible family planning services is dependent on the
availability of such information. Women and men surveyed in the 2008 NDHS were asked questions
to determine their desire to have a/another child. Sterilised women and men, who had undergone tubal
ligation or vasectomy operations, were considered to want no more children, and therefore not asked
questions on fertility desires.
Table 7.1 and Figure 7.1 show the distribution of currently married women and men age 15-
49 by desire for more children, according to the number of living children. The proportion of women
and men who want another child generally decreases with increasing number of living children. At the
same time, the proportion of women and men who want to stop childbearing (including those
sterilised) increases with increasing number of living children.
Among women and men with no children, more women than men want to have a child soon
(76 percent of women compared with 57 percent of men). By the fourth child, however, this pattern is
reversed and more men than women want another child soon (23 percent of men and 22 percent of
women). Among women and men with six or more living children, only 13 percent of women
compared with 25 percent of men want another child soon.
Fertility Preferences | 105

There are marked differences between women and men who want no more children (or are
sterilised) by number of living children. The proportion of women who want no more children (or are
sterilised) increases steadily from 2 percent among those with one child to 46 percent among those
with six or more living children. In contrast, the proportion of men who want no more children (or are
sterilised) increases from 1 percent among those with one child to just 28 percent among those with
five children, and then decreases to 20 percent among men with six or more living children (see
Figure 7.1).
Table 7.1 Fertility preferences by number of living children
Percent distribution of currently married women and currently married men age 15-49 by desire for children, according to number of
living children, Nigeria 2008
Number of living children Total Total

Desire for children 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+ 15-49 50-59 15-59
WOMEN1
Have another soon2 75.9 37.0 34.4 28.9 22.1 16.5 13.0 29.1 na na
Have another later3 6.4 47.3 44.0 39.8 30.9 25.4 16.5 32.2 na na
Have another, undecided when 5.2 5.3 6.3 5.7 5.5 3.8 3.7 5.1 na na
Undecided 8.5 6.6 7.8 10.0 12.8 13.0 15.8 10.8 na na
Want no more 0.6 2.0 4.9 12.7 25.2 36.8 45.1 19.3 na na
Sterilised4 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.4 na na
Declared infecund 2.8 1.3 1.7 2.1 2.4 3.0 4.5 2.5 na na
Missing 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.6 na na
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 na na

Number of women 1,650 3,675 3,911 3,900 3,517 2,688 4,238 23,578 na na
MEN5
Have another soon2 57.4 34.1 34.1 26.7 23.2 20.9 25.3 30.0 21.9 28.5
Have another later3 13.7 50.3 47.2 42.9 35.3 30.8 30.9 38.3 14.5 33.9
Have another, undecided when 18.3 10.4 7.6 11.3 10.3 9.1 12.6 10.9 9.4 10.6
Undecided 5.9 3.2 5.4 7.7 9.3 10.5 10.2 7.4 12.2 8.3
Want no more 1.0 0.4 4.1 9.7 20.2 27.0 19.0 11.6 39.5 16.8
Sterilised4 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.1 0.8 0.9 0.8
Declared infecund 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.3
Missing 2.7 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.2 0.5 0.8 1.1 0.8
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of men 482 1,162 1,244 1,102 933 734 1,362 7,018 1,599 8,618
na = Not applicable
1
The number of living children includes current pregnancy for women
2
Wants next birth within 2 years
3
Wants to delay next birth for 2 or more years
4
Includes both female and male sterilisation
5
The number of living children includes one additional child if respondent's wife is pregnant (or if any wife is pregnant for men with
more than one current wife).
It is striking that 59 percent of women with four living children want to have another child.
Twenty-nine percent of all currently married women and 30 percent of currently married men want a
child soon, i.e. they want to have another child within the next two years. Thirty-two percent of
women and 38 percent of men age 15-49 want another child later, i.e. they want to delay having
another child for more than two years. Twenty percent of married women and 12 percent of married
men want no more children or have been sterilised. Similar patterns were observed in the 1999 NDHS
and 2003 NDHS surveys (NPC, 2000; NPC and ORC Macro, 2004).
106 | Fertility Preferences

Figure 7.1 Percentage of Currently Married Women and Men
Who Want No More Children, by Number of Living Children
Percent
50
46
40 38
30 28
26
21 20
20
13
10
10
5 5
2 2 1
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6+
Women Men
NDHS 2008
7.2 DESIRE TO LIMIT CHILDBEARING
Tables 7.2.1 and 7.2.2 show the percentage of currently married women and men age 15-49
who want no more children by number of living children, according to background characteristics.
The results provide information on variations in the potential demand for fertility control. Women
who have been sterilised are considered to want no more children. Men who have been sterilised, or
who report that their wife/partner has been sterilised, are considered to want no more children.
Overall, 20 percent of women age 15-49 indicate no desire for more children, and more
women in urban areas (25 percent) than in rural areas (17 percent) want to limit childbearing. The
percentage of women who want to limit childbearing increases with the number of living children,
and it increases rapidly among women with three or more children in both urban and rural areas.
Overall, more than one-third (38 percent) of women with five living children want to limit
childbearing, compared with 2 percent of women with one living child. At the zonal level, the
proportion of women who want no more children varies from 10 percent in the North West to 32
percent in South West. In all the southern zones, the majority of women do not wish to have more
children once they have had five children. At parity six and above, over two-thirds of currently
married women in the southern zones do not want any more children. In contrast, in the North West
and North East, only one-third or fewer women want to limit childbearing, regardless of the number
of living children they already have. This is especially true of women in the North West where only
26 percent of women with six or more children say that they want no more children.
The desire to limit childbearing is higher among women with some education than among
women with no education. Among women with at least four living children, 14 percent of those with
no education want to limit childbearing, compared with 55 percent of women with more than a
secondary education. Similarly, the desire to limit childbearing increases with increasing wealth
quintile. Overall, one in eight women in households in the lowest wealth quintile want to limit
childbearing, compared with over one-quarter of women in households in the highest wealth quintile.
Among women with at least four living children, 12 percent of those in the lowest wealth quintile
want to limit childbearing, compared with 50 percent of women in the highest wealth quintile.

Women and men exhibit similar patterns of desired fertility by background characteristics.
Men’s desire to limit childbearing increases with urban residence, the number of living children, level
of education, and wealth quintile. This is particularly true at parity three and above for women and
men.
Table 7.2.1 Desire to limit childbearing: Women
Percentage of currently married women age 15-49 who want no more children by number of
living children, according to background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Background Number of living children1

characteristic 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+ Total
Residence
Urban 0.2 2.2 6.3 18.3 39.5 53.2 55.1 24.9
Rural 0.7 1.9 4.4 10.1 19.3 30.4 42.9 17.3
Zone
North Central 0.4 1.4 3.6 11.5 22.0 32.8 51.8 19.5
North East 1.3 2.7 3.6 5.8 13.0 22.4 33.1 13.4
North West 0.6 2.3 4.6 6.8 8.8 14.4 26.2 10.1
South East 0.5 1.9 2.8 12.5 31.7 49.1 70.1 28.2
South South 0.0 1.5 5.2 14.7 32.0 56.9 67.8 27.1
South West 0.0 1.7 8.4 24.5 50.9 71.2 74.0 31.6
Education
No education 0.8 3.0 5.2 9.0 13.9 21.8 34.5 14.8
Primary 0.0 1.0 3.8 11.1 26.0 44.4 58.8 25.8
Secondary 0.5 1.1 3.0 16.8 39.8 60.4 64.6 22.0
More than secondary 0.0 1.8 13.6 27.4 55.2 63.8 75.7 26.2
Wealth quintile
Lowest 0.9 2.0 5.6 6.5 12.3 18.1 33.0 12.4
Second 0.3 2.6 3.5 9.1 16.4 25.9 39.4 15.9
Middle 1.0 2.2 3.0 11.4 20.7 34.9 49.3 20.7
Fourth 0.4 2.0 3.9 14.3 31.0 47.0 56.0 23.4
Highest 0.0 1.3 8.2 22.3 50.1 68.7 66.5 28.2
Total 0.6 2.0 5.1 13.0 25.7 37.5 46.0 19.7
Note: Women who have been sterilised are considered to want no more children.
1
The number of living children includes the current pregnancy.

Table 7.2.2 Desire to limit childbearing: Men
Percentage of currently married men age 15-49 who want no more children, by number of living
children, according to background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Background Number of living children1

characteristic 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+ Total
Residence
Urban 2.7 1.3 4.8 15.8 33.4 45.3 25.5 16.6
Rural 1.7 1.0 4.9 7.4 14.7 19.4 18.6 10.4
Zone
North Central 0.0 2.3 5.6 8.8 20.6 24.9 31.0 14.7
North East 3.6 1.2 2.5 3.4 8.0 7.0 8.7 5.3
North West 0.9 0.7 2.3 0.8 3.6 1.8 2.9 2.0
South East 0.0 2.9 6.2 9.4 29.4 52.0 46.4 20.2
South South 6.4 0.8 11.5 18.5 31.3 44.0 48.9 21.9
South West 2.0 0.0 3.3 20.7 35.8 54.2 35.4 20.2
Education
No education 1.0 0.8 1.8 3.4 3.9 6.8 6.5 3.7
Primary 2.8 1.8 5.8 5.1 20.7 27.7 27.1 14.5
Secondary 2.9 0.3 4.5 14.0 26.1 34.3 29.7 14.8
More than secondary 1.5 2.3 9.2 22.6 41.6 49.3 26.3 19.8
Wealth quintile
Lowest 1.9 0.2 4.3 2.3 3.9 8.2 10.2 4.8
Second 2.0 1.2 2.2 3.3 11.1 12.2 11.2 6.8
Middle 2.9 1.5 6.6 7.5 21.1 18.9 23.0 13.1
Fourth 0.0 1.0 4.4 13.5 23.8 39.2 33.8 16.1
Highest 2.9 1.4 6.2 21.7 40.1 56.4 38.6 21.1
Total 15-49 2.0 1.1 4.9 10.4 21.0 27.8 20.2 12.4
50-59 3.8 23.5 16.3 38.7 52.8 50.3 38.7 40.4
Total 15-59 2.1 1.8 5.4 13.1 26.6 32.7 27.8 17.6
Note: Men who have been sterilised or who report that their wife has been sterilised are
considered to want no more children.
1
The number of living children includes one additional child if respondent's wife is pregnant (or if
any wife is pregnant for men with more than one current wife).
7.3 NEED FOR FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES
This section discusses the extent of need and potential demand for family planning services in
Nigeria. Family planning methods can be used to space or limit childbearing. In the 2008 NDHS,
women who indicate that they either want no more children (limiters) or want to wait for two or more
years before having another child (spacers), but are not using contraception, are a group identified as
having an unmet need for family planning. Pregnant women are considered to have unmet need for
spacing or limiting if their pregnancy was mistimed or unwanted, respectively. Similarly,
amenorrhoeic women are classified as having unmet need if their last birth was mistimed or
unwanted. Women who are currently using a family planning method are said to have a met need for
family planning. Women with unmet need for family planning and those who are currently using
contraception together constitute the total demand for family planning. This information is important
not only to determine the total demand for family planning but to measure the percentage of that
demand satisfied. Table 7.3.1 presents information on unmet need, met need, and the total demand for
family planning among currently married women surveyed in the 2008 NDHS.

Overall, 20 percent of currently married women have an unmet need for family planning – 15
percent for spacing, and 5 percent for limiting. Unmet need does not vary much by age except for
women age 45-49, who have the lowest unmet need (16 percent). Unmet need for spacing is highest in
the 20-24 age group, with 21 percent of women having an unmet need for spacing their births, while
the unmet need for limiting is highest in the 40-44 age group, with 13 percent of women wanting no
more children. It is notable that up to age 39, a sizeable proportion of unmet need for family planning
is for spacing purposes. After age 39, most unmet need is for limiting childbearing.
Table 7.3.1 Need and demand for family planning among currently married women
Percentage of currently married women age 15-49 with unmet need for family planning, percentage with met need for family planning,
the total demand for family planning, and the percentage for the demand for contraception that is satisfied, by background
Unmet need for Met need for family Total demand for
family planning1 planning (currently using)2 family planning Percentage Number
Background For For For For For For of demand of
characteristic spacing limiting Total spacing limiting Total spacing limiting Total satisfied women
Age
15-19 18.5 0.6 19.0 3.0 0.0 3.0 21.5 0.6 22.0 13.6 1,863
20-24 20.8 0.6 21.4 9.6 0.5 10.1 30.4 1.1 31.5 32.1 3,659
25-29 18.4 2.0 20.4 13.3 1.3 14.6 31.7 3.3 35.1 41.8 5,112
30-34 15.8 4.3 20.1 13.2 5.3 18.5 29.0 9.6 38.6 48.0 4,173
35-39 13.0 8.3 21.3 8.4 11.6 19.9 21.4 19.9 41.2 48.4 3,575
40-44 8.8 12.6 21.4 3.6 15.3 19.0 12.4 27.9 40.4 47.0 2,711
45-49 5.1 11.1 16.2 1.1 9.5 10.6 6.2 20.6 26.8 39.6 2,484
Residence
Urban 13.5 5.8 19.3 15.3 10.6 25.9 28.8 16.4 45.2 57.2 7,375
Rural 15.7 4.9 20.6 5.8 3.7 9.4 21.5 8.6 30.1 31.4 16,203
Zone
North Central 13.1 5.6 18.7 7.1 5.9 13.0 20.2 11.5 31.7 41.0 3,320
North East 13.6 4.0 17.6 2.9 1.1 4.0 16.5 5.1 21.6 18.7 3,585
North West 17.9 2.9 20.8 1.7 1.1 2.8 19.5 4.0 23.5 11.7 7,189
South East 11.5 6.6 18.1 13.9 9.5 23.4 25.4 16.1 41.5 56.3 2,139
South South 18.0 7.9 25.9 17.7 8.6 26.2 35.7 16.5 52.2 50.3 2,978
South West 12.6 7.1 19.7 17.9 13.8 31.7 30.5 20.9 51.3 61.7 4,366
Education
No education 15.4 3.9 19.2 1.9 1.7 3.6 17.2 5.6 22.8 15.7 11,120
Primary 15.0 7.7 22.6 9.3 7.8 17.2 24.3 15.5 39.8 43.1 5,143
Secondary 16.0 5.6 21.6 18.0 9.4 27.4 33.9 15.0 49.0 55.9 5,621
More than
secondary 9.6 5.1 14.6 21.6 15.0 36.6 31.1 20.1 51.2 71.4 1,693
Wealth quintile
Lowest 14.9 3.4 18.4 2.0 1.2 3.2 17.0 4.6 21.6 14.9 5,408
Second 15.7 4.6 20.3 3.1 2.2 5.2 18.7 6.8 25.5 20.5 5,052
Middle 15.6 6.2 21.8 6.6 4.9 11.4 22.1 11.1 33.3 34.4 4,311
Fourth 16.3 6.8 23.1 13.4 8.0 21.3 29.7 14.7 44.4 48.0 4,216
Highest 12.6 5.6 18.2 20.8 14.3 35.0 33.3 19.8 53.2 65.9 4,590
Total 15.0 5.2 20.2 8.8 5.8 14.6 23.8 11.0 34.8 41.9 23,578
1
Unmet need for spacing: Includes women who are fecund and not using family planning and who say they want to wait two or more
years for their next birth, or who say they are unsure whether they want another child, or who want another child but are unsure when
to have the child. In addition, unmet need for spacing includes pregnant women whose current pregnancy was mistimed, or whose last
pregnancy was unwanted but who now say they want more children. Unmet need for spacing also includes amenorrhoeic women
whose last birth was mistimed, or whose last birth was unwanted but who now say they want more children. Unmet need for limiting:
Includes women who are fecund and not using family planning and who say they do not want another child. In addition, unmet need
for limiting includes pregnant women whose current pregnancy was unwanted but who now say they do not want more children or
who are undecided whether they want another child. Unmet need for limiting also includes amenorrhoeic women whose last birth was
unwanted but who now say they do not want more children or who are undecided whether they want another child.
2
Using for spacing is defined as women who are using some method of family planning and say they want to have another child or are
undecided whether to have another. Using for limiting is defined as women who are using and who want no more children. Note that
the specific methods used are not taken into account here.

Figure 7.2 shows unmet need for family planning for currently married women by residence
and zones. More women in rural areas (21 percent) have an unmet need for family planning (16
percent for spacing and 5 percent for limiting), compared with urban women (19 percent), whose
unmet need for spacing births is 14 percent and for limiting childbearing is 6 percent. Total unmet
need for family planning is highest in the South South zone, where over one-quarter of currently
married women have an unmet need for family planning, and lowest in the North East and South East
zones (18 percent each).
Fifteen percent of married women are using contraception, which constitutes met need. The
total demand for family planning is estimated at 35 percent, and the percentage of demand satisfied is
42 percent.
For currently married women, the percentage of total demand for family planning increases
with an increase in the level of education and household wealth. The percentage of women whose
demand has been satisfied increases from 16 percent for women with no education to 71 percent for
women with more than a secondary education.
Figure 7.2 Unmet Need for Family Planning for Currently

Married Women by Residence and Zones
Percent
30
25
8
20 3
5
6 7
6 4
15 7
10
18 18
16
14 13 14 13
12
5
0
Urban Rural North North North South South South
Central East West East South West
For spacing For limiting
NDHS 2008
Table 7.3.2 presents data on family planning need and demand for all women and for women
who are not currently married. Overall, 16 percent of all women have an unmet need for family
planning. Total demand for family planning is 31 percent, with 50 percent of the demand satisfied.
Among women who are not currently married, 5 percent have an unmet need for family planning. For
these women, total demand for family planning is 22 percent, with 78 percent of the demand satisfied.

Table 7.3.2 Need and demand for family planning for all women and for women who are not currently married
Percentage of all women and not currently married women age 15-49 with unmet need for family planning, percentage with met need
for family planning, the total demand for family planning and the percentage of the demand for contraception that is satisfied, by
Unmet need for family Met need for family Total demand for family
planning1 planning (currently using)2 planning Percentage Number
ALL WOMEN
Age
15-19 8.2 0.2 8.3 6.8 0.1 6.9 15.0 0.3 15.2 45.2 6,493
20-24 14.9 0.4 15.3 17.1 0.4 17.6 32.1 0.9 32.9 53.4 6,133
25-29 16.2 1.6 17.9 16.8 1.3 18.1 33.0 3.0 36.0 50.3 6,309
30-34 14.5 4.0 18.5 14.2 5.1 19.3 28.7 9.0 37.8 51.0 4,634
35-39 12.0 7.9 19.9 8.7 11.0 19.7 20.7 18.9 39.6 49.7 3,912
40-44 8.0 11.5 19.5 3.4 14.6 18.0 11.3 26.1 37.4 48.0 3,032
45-49 4.4 9.7 14.1 1.0 8.7 9.7 5.4 18.3 23.7 40.7 2,872
Residence
Urban 9.8 3.6 13.4 16.9 7.0 23.9 26.7 10.6 37.3 64.1 11,934
Rural 13.1 3.9 17.0 7.7 3.0 10.7 20.8 6.8 27.7 38.7 21,451
Zone
North Central 10.7 4.1 14.8 7.9 4.7 12.6 18.6 8.8 27.3 46.0 4,748
North East 12.1 3.4 15.5 3.0 1.1 4.0 15.1 4.4 19.5 20.7 4,262
North West 16.2 2.6 18.8 1.8 1.0 2.7 18.0 3.6 21.6 12.7 8,022
South East 7.7 3.6 11.3 12.3 5.4 17.7 20.1 9.0 29.1 61.0 4,091
South South 12.6 4.5 17.1 23.5 5.0 28.5 36.1 9.6 45.6 62.4 5,473
South West 9.6 4.6 14.3 18.4 9.3 27.7 28.0 13.9 41.9 66.0 6,789
Education
No education 14.5 3.7 18.1 1.8 1.7 3.5 16.3 5.3 21.7 16.3 11,942
Primary 12.4 6.3 18.7 8.8 6.5 15.4 21.2 12.8 34.0 45.2 6,566
Secondary 10.3 2.7 13.0 17.4 4.8 22.2 27.7 7.5 35.2 63.0 11,904
More than secondary 7.1 2.9 10.0 27.4 9.0 36.4 34.5 12.0 46.5 78.4 2,974
Wealth quintile
Lowest 13.6 3.1 16.7 2.5 1.2 3.7 16.2 4.3 20.4 18.1 6,194
Second 13.6 3.8 17.4 4.2 1.9 6.2 17.9 5.7 23.6 26.2 6,234
Middle 12.3 4.4 16.8 8.3 3.6 11.9 20.7 8.1 28.7 41.6 6,341
Fourth 11.9 4.2 16.1 15.9 5.2 21.2 27.9 9.4 37.3 56.7 6,938
Highest 8.8 3.4 12.2 21.2 8.9 30.1 30.0 12.3 42.3 71.2 7,678
Total 11.9 3.8 15.7 11.0 4.4 15.4 22.9 8.2 31.1 49.6 33,385
Continued…

Table 7.3.2—Continued
Unmet need for family Met need for family Total demand for family
planning1 planning (currently using)2 planning Percentage Number
WOMEN NOT CURRENTLY MARRIED
Age
15-19 4.0 0.0 4.0 8.3 0.1 8.4 12.3 0.1 12.5 67.6 4,630
20-24 6.2 0.2 6.3 28.3 0.3 28.6 34.4 0.5 34.9 81.9 2,474
25-29 6.8 0.2 7.0 31.6 1.2 32.8 38.4 1.3 39.8 82.4 1,197
30-34 2.9 1.1 4.0 23.4 2.4 25.8 26.3 3.5 29.8 86.6 461
35-39 1.4 3.7 5.2 12.2 4.9 17.1 13.6 8.6 22.2 76.8 337
40-44 0.9 2.2 3.1 1.2 8.5 9.7 2.2 10.7 12.9 75.6 321
45-49 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.4 3.3 3.7 0.5 3.7 4.2 88.3 388
Residence
Urban 3.7 0.1 3.8 19.6 1.1 20.7 23.3 1.2 24.5 84.5 4,560
Rural 5.2 0.5 5.8 13.8 0.9 14.7 19.0 1.4 20.4 71.8 5,247
Zone
North Central 5.0 0.6 5.6 9.7 1.8 11.5 14.7 2.4 17.1 67.3 1,427
North East 4.3 0.1 4.4 3.5 0.6 4.1 7.7 0.8 8.5 48.0 677
North West 1.8 0.0 1.8 2.5 0.2 2.7 4.3 0.2 4.5 59.3 832
South East 3.6 0.3 3.9 10.6 1.0 11.6 14.2 1.3 15.5 74.7 1,952
South South 6.1 0.5 6.6 30.4 0.8 31.2 36.5 1.3 37.8 82.5 2,495
South West 4.2 0.3 4.5 19.4 1.1 20.4 23.6 1.3 24.9 82.0 2,423
Education
No education 2.4 0.8 3.2 1.4 1.3 2.8 3.8 2.2 6.0 46.1 821
Primary 3.1 1.1 4.3 7.0 1.9 8.9 10.1 3.0 13.1 67.5 1,423
Secondary 5.2 0.1 5.4 16.8 0.7 17.5 22.0 0.8 22.9 76.6 6,282
More than secondary 3.9 0.1 4.0 35.1 1.1 36.2 39.0 1.2 40.2 90.1 1,281
Wealth quintile
Lowest 4.4 1.2 5.6 6.2 0.9 7.1 10.6 2.1 12.7 55.6 786
Second 5.0 0.2 5.2 9.2 1.0 10.2 14.2 1.2 15.4 66.2 1,181
Middle 5.4 0.6 6.0 12.1 0.9 13.0 17.5 1.5 19.0 68.5 2,030
Fourth 5.2 0.2 5.4 19.9 1.0 20.9 25.1 1.2 26.2 79.6 2,722
Highest 3.2 0.1 3.3 21.8 1.0 22.8 24.9 1.1 26.1 87.4 3,089
Total 4.5 0.3 4.8 16.5 1.0 17.5 21.0 1.3 22.3 78.3 9,807
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25
1
Unmet need for spacing: Includes women who are fecund and not using family planning and who say they want to wait two or more
years for their next birth, or who say they are unsure whether they want another child, or who want another child but are unsure when
to have the child. In addition, unmet need for spacing includes pregnant women whose current pregnancy was mistimed, or whose last
pregnancy was unwanted but who now say they want more children. Unmet need for spacing also includes amenorrhoeic women
whose last birth was mistimed, or whose last birth was unwanted but who now say they want more children. Unmet need for limiting:
Includes women who are fecund and not using family planning and who say they do not want another child. In addition, unmet need
for limiting includes pregnant women whose current pregnancy was unwanted but who now say they do not want more children or
who are undecided whether they want another child. Unmet need for limiting also includes amenorrhoeic women whose last birth was
unwanted but who now say they do not want more children or who are undecided whether they want another child.
2
Using for spacing is defined as women who are using some method of family planning and say they want to have another child or are
undecided whether to have another. Using for limiting is defined as women who are using and who want no more children. Note that
the specific methods used are not taken into account here.
7.4 IDEAL FAMILY SIZE
The discussion on fertility preferences earlier in this chapter focused on respondents’ current
childbearing preferences. These preferences are influenced by the number of children a respondent
already has. The 2008 NDHS asked women and men about the total number of children they would
like to have in their lifetime. For respondents who already had living children, the question was posed
hypothetically: “If you could go back to the time when you did not have any children and could
choose exactly the number of children to have in your whole life, how many would that be?” Table
7.4 shows the distribution of women and men age 15-49 by their ideal number of children, according
to the number of living children.

The ideal number of children is 6.1 for all women and 6.7 for currently married women. More
than half of all women consider five or more children to be ideal. Only 9 percent of women think
three or less children is ideal. Among all women, the mean ideal number of children increases with
the number of living children, from 4.9 for those without any children to 8.3 among those with six or
more children. Clearly, Nigerian women consider a large family to be desirable.
Table 7.4 Ideal number of children
Percent distribution of women and men 15-49 by ideal number of children, and mean ideal number of children for all
respondents and for currently married respondents, according to number of living children, Nigeria 2008

Ideal number of children 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+ Total
1
WOMEN
0 1.7 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.6 2.2 2.3 1.7

1 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1
2 2.6 1.7 2.3 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 1.5
3 10.8 7.8 5.5 5.0 0.9 1.3 0.7 5.7
4 33.5 25.3 23.7 18.6 17.8 7.3 3.8 21.3
5 18.2 16.6 15.9 17.2 13.0 16.9 5.5 15.2
6+ 23.8 34.2 38.2 43.7 51.4 55.3 66.0 40.9
Non-numeric responses 9.4 12.8 12.7 13.2 14.6 16.5 21.1 13.5
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Number of women 9,563 4,366 4,229 4,124 3,708 2,861 4,534 33,385
Mean ideal number children for: 2

All women 4.9 5.8 6.0 6.3 6.7 7.1 8.3 6.1
Number 8,663 3,809 3,691 3,578 3,168 2,389 3,576 28,874
Currently married women 6.4 6.0 6.1 6.3 6.7 7.2 8.3 6.7
Number 1,373 3,160 3,408 3,383 3,002 2,233 3,335 19,894
MEN3
0 2.1 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.8 1.9 2.8 1.9

1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1
2 2.3 2.1 2.5 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.5 1.8
3 11.2 11.8 6.5 5.2 2.8 2.2 0.9 8.2
4 25.6 22.8 24.2 16.4 16.6 8.8 3.2 20.7
5 18.4 16.2 17.1 20.7 16.1 17.0 5.3 16.7
6+ 32.0 34.3 38.2 41.8 48.2 52.2 61.4 38.7
Non-numeric responses 8.3 11.6 10.2 13.6 13.8 17.1 25.6 11.8
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Number of men 7,006 1,297 1,305 1,134 948 744 1,373 13,808
Mean ideal number children for: 2

All men 6.1 6.9 7.1 7.6 7.9 8.7 12.7 7.2
Number 6,427 1,147 1,173 980 817 617 1,020 12,181
Currently married men 8.2 7.1 7.1 7.7 7.9 8.7 12.8 8.5
Number 415 1,020 1,117 948 804 607 1,012 5,923
Mean ideal number children for

men 15-59: 2
All men 6.1 6.9 7.1 7.6 7.8 8.4 12.8 7.5
Number 6,441 1,174 1,224 1,085 980 772 1,697 13,438
Currently married men 8.2 7.1 7.1 7.7 7.7 8.4 12.9 8.8
Number 429 1,048 1,168 1,053 966 763 1,689 7,115
1
The number of living children includes current pregnancy for women
2
Means are calculated excluding respondents who gave non-numeric responses.
3
The number of living children includes one additional child if respondent's wife is pregnant (or if any wife is pregnant for
men with more than one current wife).

Nigerian men, on average, want more children Table 7.5 Mean ideal number of children
than women: 7.2 children for all men age 15-49 compared
Mean ideal number of children for all women age
with 6.1 children for all women age 15-49. Currently 15-49 by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
married men report a mean ideal number of children that
Number
is almost two children more than the ideal reported by Background of
currently married women (8.5 children compared with characteristic Mean women1
6.7 children). These findings are similar to those from the Age
1999 NDHS and 2003 NDHS surveys (NPC, 2000; NPC 15-19 5.5 5,711
and ORC Macro, 2004). Among all women and men and 20-24 5.7 5,440
25-29 5.9 5,583
currently married women and men who currently have no 30-34 6.3 4,023
children, the ideal number of children is about 6 and 8, 35-39 6.7 3,322
respectively. 40-44 6.9 2,508
45-49 7.3 2,287
Table 7.5 shows the mean ideal number of Residence

children for all women, by background characteristics. Urban 5.2 10,785
The mean ideal number of children increases steadily with Rural 6.7 18,089
age, from 5.5 children among women age 15-19 to 7.3 Zone
children among women age 45-49. Urban women prefer North Central 5.7 4,005
to have fewer children than rural women (5.2 children North East 8.1 3,848
compared with 6.7 children, respectively). The mean ideal North West 8.0 5,804
South East 5.5 3,902
number of children is lowest in the South West and South South South 5.2 4,994
South (4.6 and 5.2 children, respectively) and highest in South West 4.6 6,322
the North East and North West (8.1 and 8 children,
Education
respectively). The mean ideal number of children desired No education 8.0 9,298
decreases as women’s level of education and wealth status Primary 6.3 5,714
increase. Women with no education want 8.0 children, Secondary 4.9 11,007
while those with more than secondary education want More than secondary 4.3 2,857
only 4.3 children. Women in the lowest wealth quintile Wealth quintile
want 7.8 children, while women in the highest wealth Lowest 7.8 5,031
quintile want 4.5 children. Second 7.3 5,042
Middle 6.4 5,424
Fourth 5.4 6,252
7.5 FERTILITY PLANNING Highest 4.5 7,125
The issue of unplanned and unwanted fertility Total 6.1 28,874
was further investigated in the 2008 NDHS by asking 1 Number of women who gave a numeric response
women with births in the five years preceding the survey
whether the births were wanted at the time (planned), wanted but at a later time (mistimed), or not
wanted at all (unwanted). For women who were pregnant at the time of the interview, this question
was asked with reference to the current pregnancy. The procedure required respondents to recall
accurately their wishes at one or more points in time over the past five years. Care should be exercised
in interpreting these results because an unwanted conception may have become a cherished child,
leading to the rationalisation in responses to the questions. Table 7.6 shows the percent distribution of
births in the five years preceding the 2008 NDHS, by planning status of the birth. Eighty-seven
percent of the births were wanted at the time they occurred, 7 percent were wanted later (mistimed),
and 4 percent were unwanted.

Table 7.6 Fertility planning status
Percent distribution of births among women age 15-49 in the five years preceding the survey
(including current pregnancies), by planning status of the birth, according to birth order and
mother's age at birth, Nigeria 2008
Planning status of birth

Birth order and Wanted Wanted Wanted Number of
mother's age at birth then later no more Missing Total births
Birth order
1 85.0 6.6 6.3 2.1 100.0 6,104
2 89.2 6.4 2.7 1.7 100.0 5,563
3 89.8 6.4 2.0 1.8 100.0 4,867
4+ 86.7 6.4 4.6 2.3 100.0 15,060
Mother's age at birth

<20 85.8 6.1 5.7 2.3 100.0 4,603
20-24 87.3 7.2 3.3 2.2 100.0 8,059
25-29 88.7 6.7 2.6 2.0 100.0 8,456
30-34 87.9 6.6 3.6 1.8 100.0 5,588
35-39 86.4 5.5 6.4 1.7 100.0 3,187
40-44 84.1 4.0 9.3 2.6 100.0 1,350
45-49 81.7 5.7 9.2 3.5 100.0 351
Total 87.3 6.5 4.2 2.1 100.0 31,594
7.6 WANTED FERTILITY RATES Table 7.7 Wanted fertility rates
Total wanted fertility rates and total fertility

The wanted fertility rate measures the potential rates for the three years preceding the survey,
demographic impact of avoiding unwanted births. It is
calculated in the same manner as the total fertility rate, except Total
that only wanted births are included. A birth is considered wanted Total
Background fertility fertility
wanted if the number of living children at the time of characteristic rate rate
conception was less than the ideal number of children reported Residence
by the respondent. The gap between wanted and actual fertility Urban 4.4 4.7
Rural 5.8 6.3
shows how successful women are in achieving their
reproductive intentions. A comparison of the total wanted fer- Zone
North Central 5.1 5.4
tility rate and the total fertility rate for the three years North East 6.7 7.2
preceding the survey is presented in Table 7.7 by background North West 6.8 7.3
characteristics. South East 4.5 4.8
South South 4.3 4.7
South West 4.2 4.5
Overall, the total fertility rate (5.7 children per
Education
woman) is slightly higher than the total wanted fertility rates No education 6.8 7.3
(5.3 children per woman). The difference between the two Primary 6.0 6.5
Secondary 4.4 4.7
measures decreases with increasing level of education and More than secondary 2.7 2.9
wealth quintile, indicating that educated and wealthier women
are better able to translate their desires into reality. Wealth quintile
Lowest 6.7 7.1
Second 6.5 7.0
Middle 5.4 5.9
Fourth 4.6 5.0
Highest 3.8 4.0
Total 5.3 5.7
Note: Rates are calculated based on births to

women age 15-49 in the period 1-36 months
preceding the survey. The total fertility rates
are the same as those presented in Table 4.2.

INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY 8
Infant and child mortality rates are basic indicators of a country’s socio-economic situation
and quality of life (UNDP, 2007). The rates are important for identifying population groups at risk;
planning, monitoring, and evaluating population and health programmes and policies; and monitoring
progress towards the Millennium Development Goal to reduce child mortality by two-thirds by the
year 2015.
In this chapter, results from the 2008 NDHS are presented for the levels, trends, and
differentials in mortality among children under the age of five. Specifically, this chapter provides
information on the levels and trends of neonatal, post-neonatal, infant, child, and under-five mortality,
as well as perinatal mortality and patterns of fertility associated with high childhood mortality.
Mortality differentials are shown according to socio-economic and demographic characteristics such
as place of residence (rural or urban); child’s sex; birth order and birth interval; mother’s level of
education; and household wealth quintiles.
8.1 BACKGROUND AND ASSESSMENT OF DATA QUALITY
Childhood mortality estimates are based on information from women’s birth histories given in
section 2 of the Women’s Questionnaire. All women age 15-49 were asked questions about the
number of sons and daughters they had, and whether they were living with them, or elsewhere, or
were dead. For each of these births, information was collected on sex, month and year of birth,
survival status, and current age; and, if the child had died, the age at death was collected. Age-specific
childhood mortality rates are presented as follows:
Neonatal mortality: the probability of dying within the first month of life
Post-neonatal mortality: the difference between infant and neonatal mortality
Infant mortality: the probability of dying before the first birthday
Child mortality: the probability of dying between the first and fifth birthdays
Under-five mortality: the probability of dying between birth and the fifth birthday.
All rates are expressed per 1,000 live births, except for child mortality, which is expressed per
1,000 children surviving to 12 months of age.
The reliability of mortality estimates depends on the sampling variability of the estimates and
on non-sampling errors. Sampling variability and sampling errors are discussed in Appendix B. Non-
sampling errors depend on the completeness with which child deaths are recalled and reported, and
the accuracy of the date of birth information for living children, and the age at death information for
deceased children provided by the mother. Serious omission of births and deaths affects mortality
estimates; displacement of dates of such vital events impacts mortality trends, and misreporting of age
at death distorts the age pattern of mortality.
Typically, the most serious source of non-sampling errors in a survey that collects
retrospective information on births and deaths is the underreporting of births and deaths for children
who were not living at the time of the survey. Mothers may be reluctant to talk about their dead
children either because it brings back sad memories or because their culture discourages mention of
the dead. Even if a respondent is willing to talk about a dead child, she may forget events that
happened in the more distant past, particularly if a child was alive only for a short time.
Infant and Child Mortality | 117

When selective omission of childhood deaths occurs, it is usually most severe for deaths in
early infancy. Appendix Tables D.3 to D.6 show the level of such omissions that may affect the 2008
NDHS childhood mortality estimates. Table D.3 shows that the percentage of missing information
such as missing birth dates (births in past 15 years), missing age at death, missing age at first union,
and mother’s education varied from below 1 percent to about 3 percent.
Table D.4 shows high rates of completeness of birth dates. These rates vary from 92 to 100
percent for the years under observation (2003-2008), and are higher for living children than for dead
children. Sex ratio at birth in Table D.4 shows a high level of accuracy in female-male birth reporting.
Table C.5 shows the distribution of reported deaths under one month of age by age at death in days
and the percentage of neonatal deaths reported to occur at ages 0-6 days, for five-year periods
preceding the survey. For all infant deaths reported in days, for the period 0-4 years preceding the
survey, 78 percent were neonatal deaths occurring in the first week of life. For all t infant deaths
reported in days for the 20 years preceding the survey, 74 percent were neonatal deaths. These rates
are relatively high, suggesting that there has not been severe underreporting of early infant deaths in
the 2008 NDHS.
Another issue affecting childhood mortality estimates is the quality of reporting of age at
death. If age at death is misreported, estimates may be biased, especially if the net effect of age
misreporting results in the transfer of deaths from one childhood mortality category to another. To
minimise this error, interviewers were instructed to record the age at death in days for deaths under
one month, and in months for deaths under two years. They were also asked to probe for deaths
reported at one year to determine a more precise age at death in terms of months.
Table D.6 shows that there may have been death transfers or heaping of deaths at age 12
months because the number of deaths at this age is more than doubling the number of 11 months of
age. Though this is consistent in infant deaths reported at 12 months for all five-year periods of birth
in the 20 years preceding the survey, it is possible that some of these deaths may have occurred before
one year of age but are not included in the infant mortality rate. However, the excess deaths reported
at 12 months would have no effect on estimates of under-five mortality rates. Despite evidence of
heaping at age of death, it should be noted that the age at death data collected in the 2008 NDHS are
more accurate than the data collected in previous NDHS surveys.
8.2 INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY LEVELS AND TRENDS
Early childhood mortality rates based on data from the 2008 NDHS are presented on Table
8.1 for three five-year periods preceding the survey. The under-five mortality rate for the five years
preceding the survey is 157 deaths per 1,000 live births. This translates to about one in every six
children born in Nigeria dying before their fifth birthday. The child mortality rate is 88 deaths per
1,000 children surviving to 12 months of age, but not to their fifth birthday. The infant mortality rate
is 75 deaths per 1,000 live births, and the neonatal mortality rate is 40 deaths per 1,000 live births.
The post-neonatal mortality rate is 35 deaths per 1,000 live births.
An examination of mortality levels across the three successive five-year periods shows that
under-five mortality decreased from 199 deaths per 1,000 births during the middle to late 1990s (circa
1993-1998) to 157 deaths per 1,000 births in the middle part of this decade (2003-2008). Most of the
decrease in mortality occurred outside of the neonatal period. The declining trend in under-five
mortality rates over the 15 years preceding the survey is shown in Figure 8.1.
118 | Infant and Child Mortality

Table 8.1 Early childhood mortality rates
Neonatal, post-neonatal, infant, child, and under-five mortality rates for five-year periods preceding the
survey, Nigeria 2008
Approximate Neonatal Post-neonatal Infant Child Under-five

Years preceding time period of mortality mortality1 mortality mortality mortality
the survey estimated rates (NN) (PNN) (1q0) (4q1) (5q0)
0-4 2003-2008 40 35 75 88 157
5-9 1998-2003 52 47 99 97 187
10-14 1993-1998 49 48 97 113 199
Note: Estimates are for deaths per 1,000 live births except for child mortality, which is deaths per 1,000
children age 12-59 months.
1
Computed as the difference between the infant and neonatal mortality rates
Figure 8.1 Mortality Trends

Deaths per 1,000 199
200
187
175
157
150
125
113
97 99 97
100
88
75
75
49 52
48 47
50 40
35
25
0
Neonatal Post-neonatal Infant Child Under-five
1993-1998 1998-2003 2003-2008
Table 8.2 shows trends in under-five mortality for five-year periods before the 1990 NDHS,
the 2003 NDHS, and the 2008 NDHS. The results indicate that there has been a decrease in neonatal
mortality, although the decrease is small over the 18-year period between the 1990 and 2008 NDHS
surveys, from 42 deaths per 1,000 births in the 1990 NDHS to 40 deaths per 1,000 births in the 2008
NDHS. Post-neonatal mortality shows a decrease from 45 deaths per 1,000 births in 1990 to 35 deaths
per 1,000 births in 2008. Infant mortality has decreased from 87 deaths per 1,000 births in 1990 to 75
deaths per 1,000 in 2008. Child mortality has decreased by 24 percent over the 18-year period (from
115 to 88 deaths), and under-five mortality has decreased by 18 percent over the same period (from
192 to 157 deaths).

Table 8.2 Trends in early childhood mortality
Neonatal, post-neonatal, infant, child, and under-five mortality rates for five-year periods preceding the
survey, Nigeria 1990-2008
Approximate time Neonatal Post-neonatal Infant Child Under-five

period of mortality mortality1 mortality mortality mortality
Survey estimated rates (NN) (PNN) (1q0) (4q1) (5q0)
NDHS 2008 2003-2008 40 35 75 88 157
NDHS 2003 1998-2003 48 52 100 112 201
NDHS 1990 1986-1990 42 45 87 115 192
Note: The conclusion of the data quality assessment for the 1999 NDHS report is that the reported rates
significantly underestimated the true mortality levels in the country because of underreporting of events in
the survey. For this reason, the 1999 NDHS childhood mortality rates are not presented in this table.
Estimates are for deaths per 1,000 live births except for child mortality, which is deaths per 1,000 children
age 12-59 months.
1
8.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC DIFFERENTIALS IN INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY
Table 8.3 presents mortality differentials by background characteristics. The mortality

estimates are calculated for the 10-year period before the survey so that the rates are based on a
sufficient number of cases in each category to ensure statistically reliable estimates. Childhood
mortality rates differ substantially between urban and rural areas, and are in rural areas than in urban
areas for all categories. For example, the under-five mortality rate is 121 deaths per 1,000 births in the
urban areas, compared with 191 deaths per 1,000 births in rural areas.
Among the zones, under-five mortality ranges from 89 deaths per 1,000 births in South West
to 222 deaths per 1,000 births in North East. The South West zone has the lowest rates for all five
childhood mortality estimates compared with the other zones. Infant mortality is lowest in South West
(59 deaths per 1,000 births) and highest in North East (109 deaths per 1,000 births).
Higher levels of educational attainment are generally associated with lower mortality rates.
Table 8.3 shows that children born to mothers with no education have the highest under-five mortality
rate (209 deaths per 1,000 live births). Rates decline sharply as mother’s level of education increases.
Under-five mortality is 68 deaths per 1,000 live births for children whose mothers have more than a
secondary education.
Under-five mortality rates are lowest for children in households in to the highest wealth
quintile (87 deaths per 1,000 live births); the rate for children in the lowest wealth quintile is 219
deaths per 1,000 live births.

Table 8.3 Childhood mortality rates by socio-economic characteristics
Neonatal, post-neonatal, infant, child, and under-five mortality rates for the 10-year period
preceding the survey, by background characteristic, Nigeria 2008

Background mortality mortality1 mortality mortality mortality
characteristic (NN) (PNN) (1q0) (4q1) (5q0)
Residence
Urban 38 29 67 58 121
Rural 49 46 95 106 191
Zone
North Central 41 37 77 62 135
North East 53 56 109 126 222
North West 47 44 91 139 217
South East 51 44 95 64 153
South South 48 37 84 58 138
South West 37 22 59 32 89
Mother's education
No education 49 49 97 124 209
Primary 48 40 89 77 159
Secondary 40 30 70 49 116
More than secondary 33 15 48 22 68
Wealth quintile
Lowest 50 49 100 132 219
Second 51 52 103 121 212
Middle 45 40 86 87 165
Fourth 40 34 73 60 129
Highest 39 20 58 31 87
Total 46 41 87 92 171
Note: Estimates are for deaths per 1,000 live births except for child mortality, which is
deaths per 1,000 children age 12-59 months.
1
8.4 DEMOGRAPHIC DIFFERENTIALS IN CHILDHOOD MORTALITY
The demographic characteristics of both mother and child such as sex of the child, mother’s
age at birth, birth order, previous birth interval, and birth size have an impact on child survival. This
section examines early childhood mortality rates by demographic differentials for the 10-year period
preceding the survey.
Table 8.4 shows that childhood mortality rates for male children are higher than those for
female children, except for child mortality where the rates are higher for females than males. The
under-five mortality rates for male and female children are 175 and 166 deaths per 1,000 live births,
respectively.
Childhood mortality rates are higher among younger women (less than age 20) and older
women (age 40-49) than among women age 20-39.
Childhood mortality rates are described as having a U-shaped relationship with birth order,
with first-order births and higher-order births experiencing higher risk of death than middle-order
births. This pattern is notable for neonatal and infant mortality.
Studies have shown that a longer birth interval has a positive effect on a child’s chances of
survival. Table 8.4 shows that childhood mortality decreases as length of the birth interval increases.
The difference in the under-five mortality rate between births with intervals of less than two years and
births with intervals of four or more years is large: 252 deaths per 1,000 live births compared with 92
deaths per 1,000 live births, respectively.

Another important indicator of childhood survival is the child’s weight at birth. Mothers were
asked about their infants’ weight at birth. Mothers who could not recall or refer to the exact weight
from the child’s records were asked whether the infant was very large, larger than average, average,
smaller than average, or small at birth. These descriptions have been used effectively as proxies for
children’s weight. Table 8.4 shows that babies who were small or very small at birth have higher
mortality rates than those reported to be average or larger in size.
Table 8.4 Early childhood mortality rates by demographic characteristics
Neonatal, post-neonatal, infant, child, and under-five mortality rates for the 10-year period preceding
the survey, by demographic characteristics, Nigeria 2008

Demographic mortality mortality1 mortality mortality mortality
characteristic (NN) (PNN) (1q0) (4q1) (5q0)
Child's sex
Male 51 42 93 91 175
Female 41 40 81 93 166

<20 61 49 110 112 209
20-29 39 39 78 85 156
30-39 45 41 86 89 167
40-49 72 41 113 118 218
Birth order
1 55 34 89 72 155
2-3 36 38 73 83 150
4-6 40 40 81 94 167
7+ 66 57 123 136 242
Previous birth interval2

<2 years 70 65 135 135 252
2 years 37 39 76 99 168
3 years 31 28 59 68 123
4+ years 23 21 44 51 92
Birth size3
Small/very small 66 40 106 na na
Average or larger 32 34 65 na na
Total 46 41 87 92 171
Note: Estimates are for deaths per 1,000 live births except for child mortality, which is deaths per
1,000 children age 12-59 months.
na = Not applicable
1
2
Excludes first-order births
3
Rates for the five-year period before the survey
8.5 PERINATAL MORTALITY
Perinatal deaths include pregnancy losses occurring after seven completed months of
gestation (stillbirths) and deaths within the first seven days of life (early neonatal deaths). The
perinatal death rate is calculated by dividing the total number of perinatal deaths by the total number
of pregnancies reaching seven months of gestation. The distinction between a stillbirth and an early
neonatal death is a fine one, often depending on the observed presence or absence of some signs of
life after delivery.
The causes of stillbirths and early neonatal deaths overlap, and examining just one or the
other can understate the true level of mortality around delivery. For these reasons, both events are
usually combined and examined together. Information on stillbirths for the five years preceding the
survey was derived from the calendar at the end of the Women’s Questionnaire.

Table 8.5 presents the number of stillbirths, early neonatal deaths, and the perinatal mortality
rates for the five-year period preceding the 2008 NDHS, by selected demographic and socio-economic
characteristics. The perinatal mortality rate in Nigeria is 39 deaths per 1,000 pregnancies. The
perinatal mortality rate is highest among teenage mothers and mothers age 40-49 (50 and 55 percent,
respectively). Pregnancies that occurred at an interval less than 15 months have the highest perinatal
mortality rate (76 deaths per 1,000 pregnancies).
Table 8.5 Perinatal mortality
Number of stillbirths and early neonatal deaths, and the perinatal mortality rate for the
five-year period preceding the survey, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Number of Number of
early Perinatal pregnancies of
Background Number of neonatal mortality 7+ months
characteristic stillbirths1 deaths2 rate3 duration
<20 46 164 50 4,204
20-29 102 408 34 14,801
30-39 65 231 38 7,828
40-49 15 68 55 1,495
Previous pregnancy interval

in months4
First pregnancy 77 186 51 5,166
<15 17 101 76 1,551
15-26 50 272 41 7,861
27-38 41 190 32 7,301
39+ 43 121 25 6,448
Residence
Urban 72 221 35 8,431
Rural 156 649 40 19,898
Zone
North Central 27 99 33 3,856
North East 41 140 39 4,616
North West 83 257 38 8,863
South East 30 109 50 2,760
South South 19 136 42 3,686
South West 28 129 35 4,548
Mother's education
No education 103 383 37 13,174
Primary 43 228 41 6,565
Secondary 68 218 40 7,064
More than secondary 14 41 36 1,525
Wealth quintile
Lowest 55 222 42 6,580
Second 47 202 39 6,442
Middle 36 155 35 5,454
Fourth 49 141 38 5,052
Highest 40 150 40 4,800
Total 228 870 39 28,328

1
Stillbirths are foetal deaths in pregnancies lasting seven or more months.
2
Early neonatal deaths are deaths at age 0-6 days among live-born children.
3
The sum of the number of stillbirths and early neonatal deaths divided by the number
of pregnancies of seven or more months' duration, expressed per 1,000.
4
Categories correspond to birth intervals of <24 months, 24-35 months, 36-47
months, and 48+ months.

8.6 HIGH-RISK FERTILITY BEHAVIOUR
Typically, the chances of dying in Table 8.6 High-risk fertility behaviour

early childhood are much higher when Percent distribution of children born in the five years preceding the
children are born to mothers who are too survey by category of elevated risk of mortality and the risk ratio, and
young or too old, when children are born percent distribution of currently married women by category of risk if
they were to conceive a child at the time of the survey, Nigeria 2008
at less than a two-year birth interval, and
when they are high-birth order children. Births in the 5 years Percentage
preceding the survey of currently
Very young mothers may experience Percentage Risk married
difficult pregnancies and deliveries Risk category of births ratio women1
because of their physical immaturity. Not in any high-risk category 22.9 1.00 13.1
a
Older women may also experience age- Unavoidable risk category

related problems during pregnancy and First-order births between ages
delivery. In this analysis, a mother is 18 and 34 years 13.6 1.07 6.0
considered to be “too young” if she is less Single high-risk category
Mother's age <18 6.4 1.73 2.0
than 18 years and “too old” if she is older Mother's age >34 1.1 0.98 3.7
than 34 years at the time of delivery. A Birth interval <24 months 7.3 1.65 10.3
Birth order >3 25.1 1.21 16.2
“short birth interval” is a birth occurring
Subtotal 39.9 1.37 32.2
within 24 months of a previous birth.
Multiple high-risk category
Age <18 and birth interval
Table 8.6 shows the percent <24 months2 0.9 3.88 0.5
Age >34 and birth interval
distribution of children born in the five- <24 months 0.2 (0.75) 0.2
year period preceding the survey by risk Age >34 and birth order >3 11.6 1.35 27.7
category (no high risk, unavoidable risk, Age >34 and birth interval
<24 months and birth order >3 2.4 2.87 6.6
single high-risk, and the multiple high- Birth interval <24 months and
risk). First births, which make up 14 birth order >3 8.5 2.25 13.6
percent of births, are considered “unavoid- Subtotal 23.6 1.92 48.7
able” and are shown as a separate risk In any avoidable high-risk category 63.5 1.57 81.0
category. Twenty-three percent of children Total 100.0 na 100.0

Number of births/women 28,107 na 23,578
born in the five-year period preceding the
survey were born to mothers not in any of Notes: Risk ratio is the ratio of the proportion dead among births in a
specific high-risk category to the proportion dead among births not in
the high-risk categories. Sixty-four percent any high-risk category. Figures in parentheses are based on 25 to 49
of births occurring in the five years unweighted cases.
na = Not applicable
preceding the survey were in an avoidable 1
Women are assigned to risk categories according to the status they
high-risk category: 40 percent were births would have at the birth of a child if they were to conceive at the time of
the survey: current age less than 17 years and 3 months or older than
to mothers in a single high-risk category 34 years and 2 months, latest birth less than 15 months ago, or latest
and 24 percent were births to mothers in a birth being of order 3 or higher.
2
multiple high-risk category. Includes the category age <18 and birth order >3
a
Includes sterilised women
The risk ratio represents the

increased risk of dying among births in various high-risk categories relative to births with no high-risk
characteristics. The risk ratio for single high-risk categories is 1.37, while the risk ratio for multiple
high-risk categories is 1.92. The highest risk is associated with mothers in the single high-risk
category, age less than 18 years (1.73), followed by mothers in the multiple high-risk category,
younger than 18 years, with birth intervals less than 24 months (3.88).
The last column in Table 8.6 shows the distribution of currently married women by the risk
category into which a birth would fall if conceived at the time of the survey. This column is based on
assumptions that do not take into account family planning, postpartum infecundity, and prolonged
abstinence. The data show that 13 percent of women are not in any elevated mortality risk category;
however, 81 percent of currently married women have the potential for having a high-risk birth, with
32 and 49 percent in a single or multiple high-risk category, respectively.

MATERNAL HEALTH AND OBSTETRIC FISTULA 9
Proper care during pregnancy and delivery is important for the health of both the mother and
the baby, and is an indicator of the status of maternal and child health in the society. In the 2008
NDHS, women who had given birth in the five years preceding the survey were asked a number of
questions about maternal care. Mothers were asked whether they had received tetanus toxoid
injections while pregnant and whether they had obtained antenatal care during the pregnancy for their
most recent live birth in the past five years. For all live births in the past five years, mothers were
asked what type of assistance they received at the time of delivery.
The health care that a mother receives during pregnancy, at the time of delivery, and soon
after delivery is important for the survival and well-being of both the mother and her child. The 2008
NDHS obtained information on the extent to which women in Nigeria receive care during pregnancy,
during delivery, and in the period after the baby is born. These findings are important to policy-
makers and programme implementers in designing appropriate strategies and interventions to improve
maternal and child health care services.1
9.1 ANTENATAL CARE
The major objective of antenatal care is to ensure optimal health outcomes for the mother and
the baby. Antenatal care from a trained provider is important to monitor the pregnancy and reduce
morbidity risks for the mother and child during pregnancy and delivery. Antenatal care provided by a
skilled health worker enables: 1) early detection of complications and prompt treatment (e.g.,
detection and treatment of sexually transmitted infections); 2) prevention of diseases through
immunisation and micronutrient supplementation; 3) birth preparedness and complication readiness;
and 4) health promotion and disease prevention through health messages and counselling of pregnant
women.
In the 2008 NDHS, women who had given birth in the five years preceding the survey were
asked a number of questions about maternal care. For the last live birth in that period, mothers were
asked whether they had obtained antenatal care during the pregnancy. For women with two or more
live births during the five-year period, data refer to the most recent birth. Table 9.1 presents
information on the type of provider from whom antenatal care services were received for the most
recent birth among women who had a live birth in the five years preceding the survey, by background
characteristics. For women who reported more than one source for antenatal services, only the
provider with the highest qualifications is presented in the table. According to the World Health
Organisation (WHO), a skilled health worker is “an accredited health professional—such as a
midwife, doctor, or nurse—who has been educated and trained to proficiency in the skills needed to
manage normal (uncomplicated) pregnancies, childbirth and the immediate post-partum period, and in
the identification, management, and referral of complications in women and newborns” (WHO,
2008). WHO further states that traditional birth attendants (TBA), trained or untrained, are excluded
from the category of skilled health workers. In this context, the term TBA refers to traditional,
independent (of the health system), non-formally trained and community-based providers of care
during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postnatal period.
1
Maternal Health and Obstetric Fistula | 125

Table 9.1 shows that 58 percent of women age 15-49 received antenatal care (ANC) from a
skilled provider (doctor, nurse/midwife, or auxiliary nurse/midwife) during their last pregnancy.
Thirty percent of women received ANC services from a nurse or midwife, while 23 percent received
ANC services from a doctor. Three percent of women received ANC services from a traditional birth
attendant, and 36 percent did not receive ANC services at all.
Mother’s age at birth is related to use of professional antenatal care services, increasing from
45 percent among women under age 20 at the time of the birth to 61 percent among women age 20-
34, and then declining to 55 percent among older mothers age 35-49. Child’s birth order is inversely
related to the use of antenatal care. Women with higher order births are less likely to receive antenatal
care from a skilled professional. Table 9.1 indicates that 64 percent of women pregnant with their first
child received antenatal care from a skilled health worker, compared with 47 percent of women with
births of order six or higher.
Table 9.1 Antenatal care
Percent distribution of women age 15-49 who had a live birth in the five years preceding the survey by antenatal care (ANC) provider
during pregnancy for the most recent birth and the percentage receiving antenatal care from a skilled provider for the most recent birth,
Percentage
receiving
antenatal
Auxiliary Community Traditional care from a
Background Nurse/ nurse/ health birth No skilled Number of
characteristic Doctor midwife midwife worker attendant Other one Missing Total provider1 women
Mother's age at
birth
<20 10.7 27.5 4.8 3.0 3.3 0.3 50.2 0.2 100.0 43.0 2,368
20-34 25.6 30.7 5.0 2.0 3.0 0.4 33.0 0.4 100.0 61.3 12,005
35-49 21.9 29.0 4.4 2.3 3.3 0.2 38.3 0.8 100.0 55.2 3,263
Birth order
1 28.9 30.3 5.0 2.6 3.4 0.3 29.5 0.1 100.0 64.2 3,053
2-3 27.1 29.8 5.2 1.9 2.9 0.5 32.3 0.4 100.0 62.1 5,632
4-5 22.9 31.4 4.8 2.1 3.2 0.4 34.8 0.4 100.0 59.1 4,264
6+ 13.9 28.7 4.5 2.3 2.9 0.2 47.0 0.6 100.0 47.0 4,687
Residence
Urban 41.8 37.0 5.1 1.1 2.2 0.6 11.8 0.4 100.0 83.8 5,330
Rural 14.7 26.9 4.8 2.6 3.4 0.2 46.9 0.4 100.0 46.4 12,305
Zone
North Central 23.0 34.4 7.6 3.8 4.3 0.3 26.2 0.4 100.0 65.1 2,525
North East 4.1 32.4 6.5 5.1 0.4 0.2 51.2 0.2 100.0 43.0 2,751
North West 6.6 22.1 2.4 0.7 0.3 0.1 67.1 0.7 100.0 31.1 5,372
South East 38.9 36.2 11.9 2.0 3.1 0.2 7.4 0.2 100.0 87.0 1,603
South South 33.4 32.8 3.6 1.8 9.1 0.2 18.8 0.3 100.0 69.8 2,310
South West 51.7 32.5 2.8 1.1 4.6 1.1 5.7 0.4 100.0 87.1 3,075
Mother's education
No education 7.0 20.5 3.3 2.3 2.4 0.2 63.7 0.6 100.0 30.8 8,017
Primary 22.2 39.8 7.0 2.9 4.3 0.5 23.1 0.2 100.0 68.9 4,012
Secondary 41.0 38.9 6.1 1.6 3.7 0.5 7.9 0.3 100.0 86.0 4,557
More than
secondary 67.9 25.7 3.7 0.4 0.5 0.1 1.2 0.4 100.0 97.4 1,050
Wealth quintile
Lowest 4.9 15.5 3.1 2.7 2.2 0.2 71.0 0.3 100.0 23.5 4,074
Second 9.9 25.9 3.9 3.1 3.8 0.2 52.7 0.5 100.0 39.7 3,916
Middle 17.7 39.1 7.1 2.8 4.5 0.2 27.9 0.5 100.0 64.0 3,350
Fourth 32.2 43.0 6.7 1.2 2.7 0.5 13.1 0.5 100.0 81.9 3,204
Highest 59.0 30.8 4.1 0.4 2.0 0.6 2.9 0.2 100.0 93.8 3,091
Total 22.9 30.0 4.9 2.2 3.1 0.3 36.3 0.4 100.0 57.7 17,635
Note: If more than one source of ANC was mentioned, only the provider with the highest qualifications is considered in this tabulation.
1
Skilled provider includes doctor, nurse, midwife, and auxiliary nurse/midwife
126 | Maternal Health and Obstetric Fistula

The proportion who obtained ANC services from a skilled health worker is higher among
women residing in urban areas (84 percent) than among women who reside in rural areas (46 percent).
The percentage of women receiving antenatal care from a skilled provider varies substantially among
the zones, from 31 percent of women in North West to 87 percent in South East and South West.
There is also zonal variation in the type of health care professional from whom women receive ANC,
with 52 percent of women in South West receiving care from a doctor, compared with only 4 percent
of women in North East.
Mother’s education is directly associated with increased use of a skilled health worker for
ANC services. Almost all women (97 percent) with more than secondary education received ANC
from a skilled health worker, compared with 31 percent of women with no education. Furthermore,
women with more than secondary education are much more likely to receive ANC services from a
doctor (68 percent) than their counterparts with no education (7 percent). Similarly, women in the
higher wealth quintiles are more likely than women in the lower wealth quintiles to visit a skilled
health provider or a doctor for ANC services.
9.2 NUMBER OF ANC VISITS AND TIMING OF FIRST VISIT
The antenatal care policy in Nigeria follows the newest WHO approach to promote safe
pregnancies, recommending at least four ANC visits for women without complications. This updated
approach, called Focused Antenatal Care (FANC), emphasises quality of care during each visit
instead of focusing on the number of visits.
Early detection of problems during pregnancy leads to more timely treatment and referrals in
the case of complications. This is particularly important in Nigeria, a large country where physical
barriers are a challenge to the health care delivery system. In Nigeria, the provision of ANC is in
transition from the traditional approach to the FANC approach. The new schedule of visits is as
follows: the first visit should occur by the end of 16 weeks of pregnancy; the second visit should be
between 24 and 28 weeks of pregnancy; the third visit is at 32 weeks; and the fourth visit takes place
at 36 weeks. However, women with complications, special needs, or conditions beyond the scope of
basic care may require additional visits.
Table 9.2 presents information on the number of antenatal visits and the timing of the first
antenatal visit for the most recent birth in the five years preceding the survey. Forty-five percent of
women who had a live birth in the five years preceding the survey reported visiting antenatal clinics at
least four times during pregnancy, and 8 percent reported two or three antenatal visits during their last
pregnancy. While 2 percent of women had just one antenatal care visit, 36 percent did not receive any
antenatal care. Table 9.2 shows that only 16 percent of women had their first antenatal visit in the first
trimester of pregnancy; about 45 percent had their first ANC visit before six months of pregnancy,
and 15 percent of women had their first antenatal visit between their sixth or seventh months of
pregnancy. The median number of months of pregnancy at the first ANC visit is five months.
Differentials do not vary much by urban and rural residence.
There was no substantial change in the proportion of women receiving no antenatal care
between the 2003 NDHS (37 percent) and the 2008 NDHS (36 percent), and the median gestational
age at the first visit has remained the same at 5 months over the five-year period.

Table 9.2 Number of antenatal care visits and timing of first visit
Percent distribution of women age 15-49 who had a live birth in the
five years preceding the survey by number of antenatal care (ANC)
visits for the most recent live birth, and by the timing of the first visit,
and among women with ANC, median months pregnant at first visit,
according to residence, Nigeria 2008
Residence
Number and timing of ANC visits Urban Rural Total
Number of ANC visits
None 11.8 46.9 36.3
1 0.9 1.7 1.5
2-3 7.2 8.6 8.2
4+ 68.8 34.4 44.8
Don't know/missing 11.2 8.4 9.2
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of months pregnant at

time of first ANC visit
No antenatal care 11.8 46.9 36.3
<4 22.2 13.7 16.2
4-5 41.7 23.5 29.0
6-7 21.2 12.5 15.1
8+ 1.7 1.5 1.6
Don't know/missing 1.5 1.9 1.8
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of women 5,330 12,305 17,635
Median months pregnant at first visit

(for those with ANC) 5.0 5.1 5.0
Number of women with ANC 4,677 6,480 11,158
9.3 COMPONENTS OF ANTENATAL CARE
The content of antenatal care is an essential component of the quality of services. Focused
antenatal care hinges on the principle that every pregnancy is at risk of complications. Therefore,
apart from receiving basic care, every pregnant woman should be monitored for complications. For
that reason, ensuring that pregnant women receive information on the symptoms of complications or
the danger signs of pregnancy, and screening for complications should be routinely included in all
antenatal care visits. To assess ANC services, the 2008 NDHS respondents were asked a number of
questions about the care they received during pregnancy for their most recent live birth.
Table 9.3 presents information on the content of ANC services, including the percentage of
women who took iron tablets or syrup, who took intestinal parasite drugs, who were informed of the
symptoms of pregnancy complications, and who received selected routine services during ANC visits
for their most recent birth in the past five years. For each of the specified components of antenatal
care, women in urban areas were more likely to receive the component than women in rural areas.
Looking at the specific ANC components, 54 percent of women took iron supplements during
pregnancy. Mothers age 20 or older were more likely to take iron supplements than their younger
counterparts. Women with six or more children were less likely to take iron supplements (45 percent)
than women having five or less children. There is marked variation by urban-rural residence in the
proportion of women who took iron supplements (77 percent in urban areas compared with 44 percent
in rural areas). The percentage of women who took iron supplements increases with level of education
and wealth quintile.

As a component of antenatal care, the administration of intestinal anti-parasitic drugs is less
common than the administration of iron supplements. Ten percent of women took drugs to combat
intestinal parasites during their last pregnancy. There is variation in the use of de-worming mediations
during pregnancy by mother’s age, birth order, residence, education, and wealth quintile. Women in
urban areas (12 percent) are more likely than women in rural areas (9 percent) to have taken drugs to
prevent intestinal parasites during their last pregnancy. Women with more than secondary education
(15 percent) and women who are in the fourth and highest wealth quintile (about 14 percent) are more
likely than other women to have taken drugs to prevent intestinal parasites.
Table 9.3 Components of antenatal care
Among women age 15-49 with a live birth in the five years preceding the survey, the percentage who took iron tablets or syrup
and drugs for intestinal parasites during the pregnancy for the most recent birth, and among women receiving antenatal care
(ANC) for the most recent live birth in the five years preceding the survey, the percentage receiving specific ANC services,
Among women
with a live birth in
the past five years,
the percentage
who during the Among women who received antenatal care for their
pregnancy for Number of most recent birth in the past five years, the percentage Number of
their last birth: women receiving selected services women
Took with a live Informed of receiving
Took iron intestinal birth in the signs of Blood Urine Blood ANC for
Background tablets or parasite past five pregnancy pressure sample sample most recent
characteristic syrup drugs years complications Weighed measured taken taken birth
<20 41.6 8.1 2,368 47.2 78.2 75.5 62.1 59.5 1,176
20-34 57.5 10.1 12,005 63.0 87.7 86.1 76.4 75.5 7,992
35-49 51.8 8.7 3,263 62.5 88.4 86.6 74.5 74.4 1,989
Birth order
1 59.6 11.3 3,053 61.7 86.2 84.7 75.7 75.5 2,150
2-3 58.4 10.6 5,632 64.5 87.8 86.2 76.8 75.6 3,790
4-5 55.7 9.7 4,264 62.9 87.2 86.2 75.6 74.1 2,762
6+ 44.8 7.0 4,687 54.1 85.5 82.4 68.6 68.4 2,456
Residence
Urban 77.4 11.7 5,330 70.9 93.5 92.7 85.8 84.9 4,677
Rural 44.4 8.7 12,305 54.4 82.0 79.5 66.4 65.5 6,480
Zone
North Central 50.3 11.7 2,525 45.7 82.8 82.1 74.7 71.8 1,854
North East 46.0 5.9 2,751 58.6 88.0 77.8 59.9 61.3 1,337
North West 30.6 3.2 5,372 40.5 90.5 80.8 67.6 62.5 1,730
South East 76.7 11.4 1,603 69.5 83.4 87.0 77.2 83.5 1,480
South South 63.8 18.2 2,310 57.8 80.3 81.2 71.3 70.9 1,869
South West 87.8 14.6 3,075 83.0 92.7 94.4 86.0 83.9 2,887
Mother's education
No education 30.4 4.2 8,017 45.9 81.4 75.1 59.4 56.7 2,865
Primary 64.1 12.4 4,012 58.9 84.3 83.0 72.0 71.5 3,077
Secondary 79.6 15.3 4,557 68.1 89.7 90.4 81.8 82.1 4,184
More than secondary 89.7 14.8 1,050 83.2 97.6 97.2 94.3 92.4 1,033
Wealth quintile
Lowest 24.0 4.2 4,074 42.8 76.0 68.2 52.7 52.3 1,167
Second 37.9 6.1 3,916 46.7 78.1 72.8 56.7 55.7 1,833
Middle 59.0 11.3 3,350 53.0 83.4 82.2 69.4 68.4 2,398
Fourth 75.0 14.7 3,204 67.7 89.7 90.6 81.8 81.7 2,766
Highest 88.7 13.7 3,091 78.1 96.4 96.3 91.3 89.6 2,995
Total 54.3 9.6 17,635 61.3 86.8 85.1 74.5 73.6 11,158

Three in five women who received antenatal care during their last pregnancy were informed
of the symptoms of pregnancy complications. Table 9.3 shows that women whose age was under 20
years at the time of the most recent birth and those with sixth- or higher-order births are less likely
than other women to receive information on pregnancy complications during antenatal care. Women
in urban areas are more likely to receive such information than those in rural areas (71 percent
compared with 54 percent). More than eight in ten women who received antenatal care were weighed
(87 percent) and had their blood pressure measured (85 percent), while about 75 percent of women
had urine and blood samples taken. Blood testing is of particular importance in the screening for
maternal syphilis, HIV, and anaemia.
9.4 TETANUS TOXOID INJECTIONS
Neonatal tetanus is a leading cause of neonatal death in developing countries where a high
proportion of deliveries take place at home or in places where hygienic conditions may be poor.
Tetanus toxoid (TT) injections are given to women during pregnancy to prevent infant deaths due to
neonatal tetanus; neonatal tetanus can result when sterile procedures are not followed in cutting the
umbilical cord after delivery. In the 2008 NDHS, information was collected on the number of TT
doses the mother received during pregnancy for her most recent birth in the five years preceding the
survey. If the mother did not receive at least two TT injections during the pregnancy, additional
questions were asked about the number and timing of TT injections that she may have received prior
to that pregnancy. If a pregnant woman has not received any previous TT injections, she needs two
doses of TT during pregnancy to be fully protected. However, if a woman was immunised before she
became pregnant, she may require one or no TT injections during her pregnancy, depending on the
number of injections she has received in the past, and the timing of the last injection. Five lifetime
tetanus toxoid doses are required to provide protection from neonatal tetanus.
Table 9.4 shows the percentage of women with a live birth in the five years preceding the
survey who reported receiving TT injections during the pregnancy for the last live birth. Also shown
is whether the last birth was fully protected against neonatal tetanus. An infant is considered fully
protected if any of the following criteria are met: 1) the mother had two tetanus toxoid injections
during the pregnancy; 2) the mother had two lifetime injections, with the last injection received within
three years of the last birth; 3) the mother had three lifetime injections, with the last injection received
within five years of the last birth; 4) the mother had four lifetime injections, with the last injection
received within 10 years of the last birth; or 5) the mother had at least five lifetime injections.
Forty-five percent of women received two or more TT injections during the pregnancy.
Women younger than 20 were less likely to have received two or more TT injections than their
counterparts age 20-49. The likelihood of receiving two doses of TT during pregnancy decreases with
birth order. Half of women pregnant with their first child received two doses of TT during pregnancy,
compared with 35 percent of those with sixth- or higher-order births. The southern zones have the
highest proportion of women who received two or more injections during pregnancy (64 percent or
more), while the northern zones have the lowest proportion (46 percent or less).
The proportion of women who received two or more TT injections during pregnancy varies
by level of education and wealth. Four in five women with more than secondary education received
two or more TT injections during the last pregnancy compared with one in five women with no
education. Women in the lowest wealth quintile (15 percent) were less likely to receive TT injections
than those in the highest wealth quintile (80 percent).

Overall, 48 percent of women’s last births were protected against neonatal tetanus. Women
younger than 20 were least likely to have been protected (31 percent), compared with older women
(47 percent or higher). The southern zones have the highest proportion of women protected against
neonatal tetanus (ranging from 69 to 81 percent), while the northern zones have the lowest proportion
(ranging from 20 to 50 percent). Uneducated women and those in the lowest wealth quintile are less
likely to have their last birth protected against tetanus than other women.
Table 9.4 Tetanus toxoid injections
Among mothers age 15-49 with a live birth in the five years preceding the
survey, the percentage receiving two or more tetanus toxoid (TT) injections
during the pregnancy for the last live birth and the percentage whose last live
birth was protected against neonatal tetanus, according to background
Percentage Percentage
receiving two whose last birth
or more was protected
injections against
Background during last neonatal Number of
characteristic pregnancy tetanus1 mothers
<20 29.5 31.1 2,368
20-34 48.6 51.4 12,005
35-49 44.7 47.4 3,263
Birth order
1 49.7 51.0 3,053
2-3 49.3 52.2 5,632
4-5 47.7 50.7 4,264
6+ 35.3 38.4 4,687
Residence
Urban 67.3 71.3 5,330
Rural 35.7 37.9 12,305
Zone
North Central 45.7 48.9 2,525
North East 28.7 30.0 2,751
North West 17.9 20.1 5,372
South East 77.7 81.3 1,603
South South 63.6 68.7 2,310
South West 76.9 79.1 3,075
Mother's education
No education 19.5 20.8 8,017
Primary 54.5 58.3 4,012
Secondary 73.8 77.2 4,557
More than secondary 82.8 88.9 1,050
Wealth quintile
Lowest 14.5 15.3 4,074
Second 27.9 30.1 3,916
Middle 50.8 53.8 3,350
Fourth 66.6 70.3 3,204
Highest 79.7 84.2 3,091
Total 45.3 48.0 17,635

1
Includes mothers with two injections during the pregnancy for her last live
birth, or two or more injections (the last within 3 years of the last live birth), or
three or more injections (the last within 5 years of the last birth), or four or
more injections (the last within ten years of the last live birth), or five or more
injections prior to the last birth

9.5 PLACE OF DELIVERY
Increasing the percentage of births delivered in health facilities is an important factor in

reducing deaths arising from the complications of pregnancy. The expectation is that if a complication
arises during delivery, a skilled health worker can manage the complication or refer the mother to the
next level of care. Table 9.5 shows the percent distribution of all live births in the five years preceding
the survey by place of delivery, and the percentage of births delivered in a health facility, according to
background characteristics.
Table 9.5 Place of delivery
Percent distribution of live births in the five years preceding the survey by place of delivery and percentage delivered in a health
facility, according to background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Percentage
Health facility
delivered in
Background Public Private a health Number of
characteristic sector sector Home Other Missing Total facility births
<20 14.7 7.2 75.9 1.2 1.0 100.0 21.9 4,159
20-34 21.4 17.0 58.6 2.0 1.0 100.0 38.4 19,636
35-49 19.0 13.3 64.6 2.1 1.0 100.0 32.3 4,305
Birth order
1 24.5 20.1 51.7 2.7 1.0 100.0 44.6 5,371
2-3 21.7 18.7 56.6 2.1 0.9 100.0 40.4 9,334
4-5 19.4 14.0 63.6 1.9 1.1 100.0 33.4 6,564
6+ 14.7 6.9 76.2 1.1 1.1 100.0 21.6 6,831
Residence
Urban 30.9 28.5 35.9 3.6 1.0 100.0 59.4 8,359
Rural 15.4 9.3 73.1 1.2 1.0 100.0 24.7 19,741
Zone
North Central 27.0 13.9 57.3 0.5 1.3 100.0 41.0 3,830
North East 12.0 0.8 86.6 0.1 0.5 100.0 12.8 4,575
North West 7.6 0.8 90.1 0.0 1.5 100.0 8.4 8,779
South East 25.3 48.6 21.1 4.0 0.9 100.0 73.9 2,730
South South 30.0 18.1 48.5 2.9 0.5 100.0 48.1 3,667
South West 35.0 35.0 22.5 6.7 0.8 100.0 70.0 4,519
Mother's education
No education 7.5 2.2 88.7 0.3 1.3 100.0 9.7 13,071
Primary 23.4 15.6 57.2 3.0 0.8 100.0 39.0 6,521
Secondary 34.8 31.9 28.3 4.0 0.9 100.0 66.7 6,997
More than secondary 45.3 44.5 8.3 1.6 0.4 100.0 89.8 1,511
Antenatal care visits1

None 2.6 0.7 95.7 0.8 0.1 100.0 3.3 6,403
1-3 18.8 10.8 69.7 0.6 0.1 100.0 29.6 1,699
4+ 34.5 25.9 36.2 3.3 0.0 100.0 60.4 7,905
Don't know/missing 32.6 25.2 37.7 2.4 2.1 100.0 57.7 1,628
Wealth quintile
Lowest 4.8 2.4 91.3 0.6 0.9 100.0 7.3 6,525
Second 10.4 4.7 82.6 1.0 1.3 100.0 15.1 6,395
Middle 21.0 12.2 64.1 1.5 1.2 100.0 33.2 5,417
Fourth 34.7 21.4 40.0 3.1 0.8 100.0 56.1 5,003
Highest 37.2 42.4 15.2 4.3 0.8 100.0 79.6 4,760
Total 20.0 15.0 62.1 1.9 1.0 100.0 35.0 28,100

1
Includes only the most recent birth in the five years preceding the survey

Thirty-five percent of births in Nigeria are delivered in a health facility; 20 percent of
deliveries occur in public sector facilities and 15 percent occur in private sector facilities. Three in
five births (62 percent) occur at home. By age, women 20-34 are most likely to deliver in a health
facility (38 percent). Women having their first baby are more likely than other women to deliver in a
health facility; the proportion of births occurring in a facility decreases sharply as birth order
increases. Women in urban areas are more than twice as likely to deliver in a health facility as their
rural counterparts (60 percent compared with 25 percent). South East has the highest proportion of
institutional deliveries (74 percent), followed by South West (70 percent), while North West has the
lowest proportion (8 percent). Women with higher levels of educational attainment are more likely to
deliver in a health facility than women with less education or no education. For example, women with
more than secondary education (90 percent) are nine times more likely to deliver in a health facility,
compared with women with no education (10 percent).
The proportion of births occurring in a health facility increases steadily with increasing
wealth quintile, from 7 percent of births in the lowest wealth quintile to 80 percent among those in the
highest quintile. Similarly, 5 percent of births to mothers in the lowest wealth quintile occur in a
public health facility, compared with 37 percent among births to women in the highest wealth quintile.
Women in the highest wealth quintile are the only group more likely to give birth in a private facility
than in a public facility (42 percent compared with 37 percent, respectively). The majority of women
who received no ANC services delivered at home (96 percent).
Figure 9.1 Place of Delivery
Home
62%
Private sector
15%
Public sector
20%
Other
2%
NDHS 2008
9.6 ASSISTANCE DURING DELIVERY
In addition to place of birth, assistance during childbirth is an important variable influencing

the birth outcome and the health of the mother and infant. The skills and performance of the person
providing assistance during delivery determine whether complications are managed and hygienic
practices are observed. Table 9.6 shows the percent distribution of live births in the five years
preceding the survey by person providing assistance at delivery and the percentage of births attended
by a skilled health worker, according to background characteristics. Note that in Nigeria an auxiliary

nurse/midwife is considered a skilled health worker. Table 9.6 also presents data on the prevalence of
births by caesarean section (C-section).
According to Table 9.6, 39 percent of births in the five years preceding the survey were
assisted by a skilled health worker (doctor, nurse, midwife, or auxiliary nurse/midwife); 9 percent by
a doctor; 25 percent by a nurse or midwife; and 5 percent by auxiliary nurse/midwife. In the absence
of a skilled health worker, a traditional birth attendant was the next most common person assisting a
delivery (22 percent). Nineteen percent of births were assisted by a relative or other person, and an
equal proportion of births were attended by no one.
Table 9.6 Assistance during delivery
Percent distribution of live births in the five years preceding the survey by person providing assistance during delivery, percentage of
births assisted by a skilled provider and percentage delivered by caesarean section, according to background characteristics, Nigeria
2008
Person providing assistance during delivery Percentage Percentage

Auxiliary Traditional Don't delivered delivered
Background Nurse/ nurse/ birth Relative/ No know/ by a skilled by C- Number of
characteristic Doctor midwife midwife attendant other one missing Total provider1 section births
<20 3.9 17.4 3.3 28.7 26.2 18.8 1.7 100.0 24.6 0.8 4,159
20-34 10.3 27.4 4.9 20.3 17.5 18.1 1.4 100.0 42.7 2.1 19,636
35-49 8.5 23.0 4.0 20.7 17.3 25.3 1.3 100.0 35.6 1.8 4,305
Birth order
1 13.6 30.5 5.0 21.4 18.5 9.7 1.2 100.0 49.1 3.3 5,371
2-3 10.9 28.8 4.7 20.1 18.4 15.7 1.4 100.0 44.4 2.1 9,334
4-5 8.1 24.3 5.0 21.9 17.9 21.2 1.6 100.0 37.5 1.4 6,564
6+ 4.0 17.3 3.5 23.5 20.2 30.0 1.4 100.0 24.8 0.7 6,831
Place of delivery
Health facility 25.2 63.8 9.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.2 100.0 98.5 5.2 9,836
Elsewhere 0.4 4.6 1.9 33.4 29.0 29.9 0.6 100.0 6.9 0.0 17,979
Missing 0.0 1.1 0.0 1.4 0.7 3.5 93.2 100.0 1.1 0.0 286
Residence
Urban 20.3 39.5 5.6 13.1 11.2 9.0 1.3 100.0 65.4 3.7 8,359
Rural 4.4 19.3 4.1 25.2 22.0 23.7 1.5 100.0 27.7 1.0 19,741
Zone
North Central 9.9 26.7 6.1 9.5 36.1 10.2 1.5 100.0 42.7 2.0 3,830
North East 1.4 11.7 2.4 33.6 31.0 18.6 1.3 100.0 15.5 0.6 4,575
North West 2.3 6.6 0.9 25.9 18.5 43.8 2.0 100.0 9.8 0.4 8,779
South East 12.2 53.2 16.5 8.4 5.5 3.0 1.3 100.0 81.8 3.9 2,730
South South 12.3 38.5 5.0 32.9 7.6 3.1 0.7 100.0 55.8 3.2 3,667
South West 25.0 46.5 5.0 10.2 9.3 3.2 0.8 100.0 76.5 3.4 4,519
Mother's education
No education 2.0 7.8 1.8 27.9 24.8 34.0 1.8 100.0 11.5 0.4 13,071
Primary 7.7 30.6 6.0 22.6 21.3 10.9 1.0 100.0 44.2 1.4 6,521
Secondary 17.1 48.3 8.0 12.9 8.8 3.6 1.3 100.0 73.4 3.2 6,997
More than
secondary 40.0 47.2 6.8 2.8 1.8 1.2 0.4 100.0 93.9 10.0 1,511
Wealth quintile
Lowest 1.1 5.8 1.4 26.2 29.7 34.5 1.4 100.0 8.3 0.3 6,525
Second 2.8 12.4 2.4 28.8 24.1 27.8 1.7 100.0 17.6 0.4 6,395
Middle 4.4 26.8 6.4 26.5 18.3 15.9 1.7 100.0 37.5 0.8 5,417
Fourth 10.9 44.7 7.7 15.9 11.8 7.9 1.2 100.0 63.3 2.7 5,003
Highest 32.0 47.3 6.4 6.0 4.5 2.9 0.9 100.0 85.7 6.1 4,760
Total 9.1 25.3 4.6 21.6 18.8 19.3 1.4 100.0 38.9 1.8 28,100
Note: If the respondent mentioned more than one person attending during delivery, only the most qualified person is considered in this
tabulation.
1
Skilled provider includes doctor, nurse, midwife and auxiliary nurse/midwife

Women under age 20 (25 percent) are least likely to receive assistance from a skilled provider
at delivery. Older women (35-49 years) are most likely to deliver without any assistance (25 percent).
The likelihood of a skilled attendant delivering a birth decreases with increasing birth order, from 49
percent for first-order births to 25 percent for births of order six or higher.
One of the most striking differentials in assistance during childbirth is by urban-rural

residence. About seven in ten births to urban women are attended by a skilled provider, compared
with three in ten births to women in rural areas. Women in urban areas are most likely to be assisted
by a nurse or midwife (40 percent), while women in rural areas are most likely to be assisted by a
traditional birth attendant (25 percent). Births in North East, South South, and North West zones are
more likely to be assisted by a traditional birth attendant (34, 33, and 26 percent, respectively) than
births in other zones. Women in North West are much more likely to deliver without any assistance
(44 percent) than are women in other zones (19 percent or lower). A mother’s level of education and
wealth status have a positive association with the likelihood that her delivery will be attended by a
skilled provider.
Table 9.6 shows that about 2 percent of the births were delivered by C-section. Caesarean
births are slightly more common among first births (3 percent) and births to women in urban areas (4
percent). Women with more than secondary education are much more likely than other women to give
birth by C-section (10 percent, compared with 3 percent or less). Higher proportions of births in the
southern zones are delivered by C-section than in other zones.
9.7 POSTNATAL CARE
A large proportion of maternal and neonatal deaths occur during the first 24 hours after
delivery. Thus, prompt postnatal care is important for both the mother and the child to treat
complications arising from the delivery, as well as to provide the mother with important information
on how to care for herself and her child. It is recommended that all women receive a health check
within three days of giving birth. To assess the extent of postnatal care, women with a live birth
during the five years prior to the survey were asked questions about any postnatal care they may have
received related to the last birth. If they reported receiving care, they were asked about the timing of
the first check-up and the type of health provider performing the postnatal check-up. This information
is presented according to background characteristics in Tables 9.7 and 9.8.
Table 9.7 shows that more than half (56 percent) of women did not receive any postnatal care;
however, 38 percent received a postnatal check-up within two days of delivery, and 3 percent of
women had a check-up 3 to 41 days after delivery. Mothers age 20-34 and mothers who gave birth to
their first child are most likely to receive postnatal care within the first four hours after giving birth
(20 and 33 percent, respectively). Urban women are twice as likely as rural women to receive a
postnatal check-up in the first four hours after delivery (44 percent compared with 22 percent).
Almost six in ten women (59 percent) in urban areas obtain postnatal care within the first two days
after delivery, compared with three in ten (30 percent) women in rural areas.
By zone, the highest percentage of women who receive postnatal care within the first two
days after delivery is found in the South West zone (68 percent). The lowest percentage of women
utilising postnatal care services is in North West zone, where only 17 percent received postnatal care
within two days of delivery, and only 19 percent received postnatal care in the first 41 days. As with
other health services surrounding childbirth, better educated and wealthier mothers are more likely to
receive a postnatal check-up within the first two days after delivery.

Table 9.7 Timing of first postnatal check-up
Percent distribution of women age 15-49 with a birth in the five years preceding the survey by timing of first
postnatal check-up (for the last live birth), according to background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Timing of first postnatal check-up

(time since delivery)
Don't No
Background Less than 4-23 3-41 know/ postnatal Number of
characteristic 4 hours hours 2 days days missing check-up1 Total women
<20 22.2 3.0 4.0 2.2 1.6 67.0 100.0 2,368
20-34 30.0 5.2 5.6 3.4 2.3 53.5 100.0 12,005
35-49 26.8 4.3 4.8 3.2 1.8 59.1 100.0 3,263
Birth order
1 33.2 5.9 6.7 4.5 2.7 46.9 100.0 3,053
2-3 31.6 5.8 5.8 2.9 2.1 51.7 100.0 5,632
4-5 29.1 4.2 5.1 3.5 2.2 55.9 100.0 4,264
6+ 20.7 3.1 3.7 2.5 1.7 68.3 100.0 4,687
Residence
Urban 43.9 7.4 7.2 4.2 3.2 34.2 100.0 5,330
Rural 21.7 3.6 4.4 2.8 1.7 65.9 100.0 12,305
Zone
North Central 29.3 6.0 3.9 2.6 1.5 56.7 100.0 2,525
North East 22.4 2.3 2.4 2.1 0.5 70.3 100.0 2,751
North West 15.3 0.7 1.4 1.4 1.1 80.1 100.0 5,372
South East 22.3 6.7 11.0 6.2 2.6 51.1 100.0 1,603
South South 39.9 9.8 9.6 4.3 6.3 30.0 100.0 2,310
South West 50.2 8.2 9.2 5.5 2.5 24.5 100.0 3,075
Education
No education 14.7 1.4 2.4 1.6 1.0 79.0 100.0 8,017
Primary 30.2 5.7 6.5 4.4 2.4 50.8 100.0 4,012
Secondary 44.2 8.3 7.9 4.7 3.6 31.3 100.0 4,557
Wealth quintile
Lowest 11.1 1.5 2.4 1.5 0.8 82.7 100.0 4,074
Second 16.6 2.5 3.5 2.3 1.2 74.0 100.0 3,916
Middle 27.1 4.6 5.9 3.6 2.2 56.6 100.0 3,350
Fourth 40.2 7.5 6.5 4.7 3.0 38.0 100.0 3,204
Highest 55.2 9.2 9.1 4.6 4.2 17.8 100.0 3,091
Total 28.4 4.7 5.2 3.2 2.1 56.3 100.0 17,635

1
Includes women who received a check-up after 41 days
Table 9.8 presents information on the type of health provider performing the first postnatal
check-up. This information is important because the skills of a provider determine the ability to
diagnose problems and to recommend appropriate treatment or referral. Thirty-two percent of women
received a postnatal check-up from a doctor, nurse, or midwife, 3 percent from auxiliary
nurse/midwife, and 7 percent from a traditional birth attendant. Urban women and those who are
better educated are more likely to receive postnatal care from a doctor, nurse, or midwife after
delivery. For example, 56 percent of women in urban areas received postnatal care from a doctor,
nurse, or midwife, compared with 22 percent of women in rural areas.

Table 9.8 Provider of first postnatal check-up
Percent distribution of women age 15-49 with a birth in the five years preceding the survey by provider of mother's first postnatal
check-up (for the last live birth), according to background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Provider of mother's first postnatal check-up

Doctor/ Auxiliary Community Traditional Don't No
Background nurse/ nurse/ health birth know/ postnatal Number of
characteristic midwife midwife worker attendant Other missing check-up1 Total women
<20 19.6 2.5 0.8 9.7 0.1 0.3 67.0 100.0 2,368
20-34 34.7 3.3 0.8 7.1 0.1 0.4 53.5 100.0 12,005
35-49 30.8 2.3 0.8 6.6 0.1 0.3 59.1 100.0 3,263
Birth order
1 40.4 3.6 0.8 8.0 0.1 0.1 46.9 100.0 3,053
2-3 36.7 3.0 0.8 7.1 0.1 0.5 51.7 100.0 5,632
4-5 31.8 3.4 0.7 7.5 0.2 0.4 55.9 100.0 4,264
6+ 20.9 2.2 0.9 7.2 0.1 0.4 68.3 100.0 4,687
Residence
Urban 56.0 3.8 0.4 4.7 0.2 0.7 34.2 100.0 5,330
Rural 21.5 2.7 1.0 8.6 0.1 0.2 65.9 100.0 12,305
Zone
North Central 34.5 4.4 1.5 2.7 0.1 0.3 56.7 100.0 2,525
North East 13.8 2.2 1.1 12.2 0.1 0.3 70.3 100.0 2,751
North West 11.1 0.7 0.7 7.0 0.0 0.3 80.1 100.0 5,372
South East 39.8 7.5 0.1 0.7 0.4 0.4 51.1 100.0 1,603
South South 45.7 4.5 0.7 18.2 0.2 0.7 30.0 100.0 2,310
South West 68.1 3.3 0.7 3.0 0.1 0.4 24.5 100.0 3,075
Education
No education 10.3 1.2 0.8 8.4 0.0 0.2 79.0 100.0 8,017
Primary 34.9 4.1 0.9 8.7 0.2 0.4 50.8 100.0 4,012
Secondary 56.4 4.9 0.8 5.9 0.2 0.5 31.3 100.0 4,557
Wealth quintile
Lowest 6.6 0.7 0.9 8.8 0.1 0.1 82.7 100.0 4,074
Second 14.5 1.6 0.9 8.7 0.1 0.2 74.0 100.0 3,916
Middle 28.6 4.3 1.1 8.8 0.1 0.4 56.6 100.0 3,350
Fourth 48.4 5.0 0.8 6.9 0.3 0.5 38.0 100.0 3,204
Highest 73.9 4.3 0.2 2.8 0.2 0.8 17.8 100.0 3,091
Total 31.9 3.0 0.8 7.4 0.1 0.4 56.3 100.0 17,635
1
9.8 PERCEIVED PROBLEMS IN ACCESSING HEALTH CARE
Many factors can prevent women from getting medical advice or treatment for themselves
when they are sick. Information on such factors is particularly important in understanding and
addressing the barriers some women face in seeking care during pregnancy and at the time of
delivery.
In the 2008 NDHS, women were asked whether each of the following factors would be a big
problem in seeking medical care: getting permission to go for treatment, getting money for treatment,
distance to health facility, transport cost, not wanting to go alone, concern there may not be a female
provider or any health provider, and concern that drugs may not be available. Table 9.9 and Figure 9.2
present information on the extent to which women reported that each of these factors was a serious
problem for them in accessing health care.

Three-quarters of women reported that they have at least one serious problem in accessing
health care. The leading barrier to health care for Nigerian women is getting money for treatment.
Fifty-six percent of women said that getting money for treatment was a serious problem in accessing
health care. Forty-one percent of women said they were concerned that there would be no drugs
available at the health facility. About one in three women reported that transportation, distance to the
health facility, and not having a provider to attend to them are big problems. Twenty-one percent of
women were concerned that there would be no female provider to attend to them. Not wanting to go
alone (17 percent), and problems getting permission to go for treatment (14 percent) were less likely
to be reported as a hindrance to seeking health care.
Table 9.9 Problems in accessing health care
Percentage of women age 15-49 who reported that they have serious problems in accessing health care for themselves when they are
sick, by type of problem and background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Problems in accessing health care

At least
one
Getting Getting Distance Not Concerned Concerned problem
permission money to Having wanting no female no Concerned accessing Number
Background to go for for health to take to go provider provider no drugs health of
characteristic treatment treatment facility transport alone available available available care women
Age
15-19 16.2 56.6 36.8 33.8 23.6 20.5 33.2 40.5 73.2 6,493
20-34 13.3 55.2 35.3 33.1 15.7 20.3 33.5 41.4 73.0 17,076
35-49 12.4 58.6 37.4 35.6 15.4 20.8 33.4 41.7 75.1 9,816
0 12.5 51.8 32.3 29.6 19.1 17.1 30.6 37.7 68.8 10,392
1-2 14.6 56.0 37.1 35.0 16.6 21.6 34.0 41.9 73.7 8,352
3-4 13.5 59.4 37.0 34.6 15.8 21.1 32.9 41.2 75.8 7,591
5+ 14.2 60.6 40.0 38.5 16.3 23.5 37.5 45.9 78.7 7,049
Marital status
Never married 10.6 52.2 31.0 28.2 18.0 13.7 28.1 35.2 67.4 8,397
Married or living together 15.0 57.4 37.9 35.9 17.1 23.0 35.3 43.4 75.7 23,578
Divorced/separated/widowed 7.6 65.1 38.0 37.3 13.6 19.1 34.4 42.2 78.5 1,409
Employed last 12 months
Not employed 15.1 55.9 36.4 34.2 20.0 21.9 35.3 43.8 73.9 12,464
Employed for cash 12.9 55.1 33.6 31.6 14.6 20.6 32.7 40.2 72.6 16,532
Employed not for cash 11.8 63.2 45.6 42.4 18.6 16.1 30.7 38.0 77.2 4,309
Residence
Urban 9.8 44.1 21.1 18.9 10.4 14.1 26.0 32.4 61.4 11,934
Rural 15.7 63.3 44.6 42.4 20.9 24.1 37.6 46.2 80.5 21,451
Zone
North Central 14.3 65.4 40.6 36.5 19.5 15.2 25.8 35.2 75.8 4,748
North East 20.5 63.2 47.8 47.6 31.6 26.1 47.4 58.4 87.3 4,262
North West 20.4 57.8 37.7 37.4 18.7 39.4 48.6 57.0 80.3 8,022
South East 16.0 65.0 42.3 42.6 16.3 13.0 30.2 40.1 74.5 4,091
South South 6.9 50.7 32.2 26.8 10.7 11.7 31.6 37.6 69.1 5,473
South West 4.8 43.8 23.8 20.3 10.4 10.1 15.5 19.9 59.1 6,789
Education
No education 21.5 64.6 45.9 45.0 24.0 32.7 44.0 52.9 84.3 11,942
Primary 11.9 62.3 39.9 36.6 16.5 17.3 32.0 39.8 77.4 6,566
Secondary 8.6 50.3 28.8 26.0 13.1 12.9 26.4 33.6 66.2 11,904
More than secondary 5.9 35.1 18.6 16.0 7.9 9.4 22.3 28.6 52.8 2,974
Wealth quintile
Lowest 21.0 71.8 59.3 57.8 29.0 32.6 45.4 54.4 89.6 6,194
Second 17.8 66.2 46.1 43.6 21.5 28.0 40.2 49.3 83.0 6,234
Middle 14.5 60.4 36.9 35.0 17.2 19.0 33.8 42.7 76.4 6,341
Fourth 10.1 51.2 25.7 23.0 12.2 14.4 28.5 35.2 68.2 6,938
Highest 6.7 37.7 18.4 16.1 8.6 11.4 22.4 28.5 55.9 7,678
Total 13.6 56.4 36.2 34.0 17.2 20.5 33.4 41.3 73.7 33,385
Note: Total includes 1 woman with information missing on marital status and 81 women with information missing on employment status

Figure 9.2 Problems in Accessing Health Care
Getting permission to go for treatment 14
Getting money for treatment 56
Distance to health facility 36
Having to take transport 34
Not wanting to go alone 17
Concerned no female provider available 21
Concerned no provider available 33
Concerned no drugs available 41
At least one problem accessing health care 74
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percent
NDHS 2008
9.9 OBSTETRIC FISTULA
The 2008 NDHS included a series of questions on obstetric fistula to measure awareness
levels, to estimate the prevalence of this condition among Nigerian women, and to examine events
reported to precipitate fistula symptoms, as well as access to treatment.
Obstetric fistula is a complication that arises from obstructed or prolonged labour resulting in
a hole or opening in the birth canal. This condition develops when the blood supply to the tissues of
the vagina, bladder, and/or rectum is cut off by prolonged obstructed labour without prompt medical
care. As a result of unrelieved obstructed labour, the bladder, urethra, or rectum and the vaginal wall
are compressed between the foetal head and the maternal pubis. This compression and loss of blood
supply produces necrosis of the compressed tissues resulting in uncontrolled leakage of urine from the
bladder through the vagina, in the case of vesico-vaginal fistula (VVF) and leakage of stool from the
vagina, in the case of recto-vaginal fistula (RVF) (FMWA, 2006). The woman is left with chronic
incontinence, which results in social problems such as rejection, shame, and stigma as well as
economic problems. Fistula can also result from sexual violence or complications from pelvic surgery.
Underdevelopment of the pelvis, arising from chronic malnutrition, is a common cause of

obstructed labour that can result in fistula. Obstetric fistula is almost entirely preventable with timely
and effective medical intervention. Fistula affects the most powerless members of society, occurring
disproportionately among impoverished girls and women, especially those living far from medical
services and emergency obstetric care. Many women do not know it can be treated, and some have
lived with the condition for prolonged periods. An estimated 2 million women in sub-Sahara Africa,
South Asia, and the Arab world are living with the condition, and some 50,000-100,000 new cases
occur each year (UNFPA, 2008).
All women interviewed in the 2008 NDHS were asked if they have heard of obstetric fistula
and, if they have, whether they themselves had experienced the condition. Those who reported
suffering from fistula were further asked whether the problem occurred after a normal labour and
delivery, after a very difficult labour and delivery, or after another event, and if they had ever been
treated for it. These women were asked if there were other women in the household who suffered
from it and if so how many.

9.9.1 Knowledge of Obstetric Fistula
Table 9.10 presents data on the percentage of all women who have heard of obstetric fistula
symptoms, and the percentage of women reporting fistula symptoms according to age group and
socio-economic characteristics. The findings indicate that 31 percent of women have heard of
obstetric fistula symptoms. Knowledge of obstetric fistula is higher among rural women (33 percent)
than women residing in urban areas (27 percent). There is substantial variation in knowledge by age:
20 percent of women age 15-19 years have heard of obstetric fistula, compared with 37 percent of
women age 40-44 years. Knowledge of obstetric fistula is highest among women living in the North
West and North East (66 and 50 percent, respectively), among those with no education (47 percent),
among women currently in union (36 percent), and among women in the poorest households (41
percent).
A very small proportion of women (less than 1 percent) reported experiencing symptoms
consistent with fistula.
Table 9.10 Knowledge of fistula and experience of fistula-like symptoms
Percentage of all women who have heard of fistula symptoms, and

percentage reporting fistula symptoms, by age group and socio-economic
Percentage who
report ever
experiencing
Percentage who symptoms
Background have heard of consistent Number of
characteristic fistula symptoms with fistula women
Age
15-19 20.1 0.3 6,493
20-24 29.6 0.3 6,133
25-29 31.7 0.4 6,309
30-34 34.6 0.4 4,634
35-39 34.1 0.7 3,912
40-44 37.2 0.4 3,032
45-49 36.4 0.5 2,872
Residence
Urban 27.3 0.3 11,934
Rural 32.5 0.4 21,451
Zone
North East 49.6 0.5 4,262
North West 66.2 0.3 8,022
South East 7.9 0.3 4,091
South South 17.0 0.5 5,473
South West 8.1 0.2 6,789
Education
No education 46.9 0.4 11,942
Primary only 25.8 0.5 6,566
Secondary or higher 19.7 0.4 14,878
Marital status
Currently in union 36.2 0.4 23,578
Never in union 16.3 0.3 9,048
Divorced/separated 28.8 0.9 759
Wealth quintile
Lowest 41.4 0.5 6,194
Second 39.8 0.5 6,234
Middle 29.3 0.3 6,341
Fourth 24.0 0.4 6,938
Highest 21.7 0.4 7,678
Total 30.7 0.4 33,385
Note: Total includes 1 woman with information missing on marital status

9.9.2 Characteristics of Labour Reported as Cause of Fistula Symptoms
Table 9.11 shows information on the small group of women who experienced symptoms of
fistula and who reported that the cause of their symptoms was labour or childbirth.
Women who reported fistula symptoms are most likely to say that the symptoms started
following the delivery of their first child (46 percent). Thirty percent reported that the fistula
symptoms began after delivery of their second, third, or fourth child. The proportion of women
reporting that their fistula symptoms started after delivering five or more children decreases to 21
percent.
Table 9.11 shows the characteristics of labour and delivery that women reported were the
cause of their fistula. Three-quarters of women with fistula reported that their symptoms began after a
difficult labour. Forty-four percent reported that their symptoms started following a difficult labour in
which the baby was born alive, while 30 percent of women reported their symptoms started following
a very difficult delivery in which the baby was stillborn. Another 19 percent of women reported that
their fistula symptoms began following a normal labour and delivery in which the baby was born
alive.
Table 9.11 also shows the percent distribution of women who have experienced symptoms of
fistula following a delivery by the number of days after the delivery that symptoms began. One in four
women reported that symptoms began 2-4 days after delivery, while 16 percent reported that
symptoms began on the same day or the day following the delivery. Around one in five women
reported the symptoms began 5-7 days or 8 days or more after delivery.
Table 9.11 Characteristics of labour reported as cause of fistula

symptoms
Among women who reported labour as the cause of their fistula

symptoms, the percent distribution by parity at time of developing
fistula symptoms, by characteristics of labour and delivery, by
survival status of infant, and by the number of days after the delivery
that symptoms began, Nigeria 2008
Characteristic Total
Parity at time of symptom development
First birth 45.7
Second through fourth birth 29.8
Fifth birth or higher 21.4
Missing 3.1
Characteristics of labour and delivery
Normal labour and delivery, baby born alive 19.0
Normal labour and delivery, baby stillborn 1.4
Very difficult labour and delivery, baby born alive 44.0
Very difficult labour and delivery, baby stillborn 30.2
Very difficult labour and delivery, missing outcome 2.6
Missing how was the labour and delivery 2.7
Number of days after delivery that symptoms began
0-1 16.3
2-4 24.2
5-7 21.2
8 or more days 21.7
Missing number of days 16.5
Total 100.0
Number 62

CHILD HEALTH 10
This chapter presents findings on several areas of importance to child survival. Information is
presented on birth weight, child vaccinations, and treatment practices for children who have the three
most common childhood diseases: acute respiratory infection (ARI), fever, and diarrhoea.
Many early childhood deaths can be prevented by immunising children against preventable
diseases and by ensuring that children receive prompt and appropriate treatment when they become
ill. Results are presented on the prevalence of ARI and treatment of ARI with antibiotics, and the
prevalence of fever and treatment of fever with anti-malarial drugs. The prevalence of treatment of
diarrhoeal diseases with oral rehydration therapy (including increased fluids) is useful in assessing
programmes that recommend such treatment. Information is also presented on the manner of
disposing of children’s faecal matter, because appropriate sanitary practices help prevent and reduce
the severity of diarrhoeal disease.1
10.1 CHILD’S WEIGHT AT BIRTH
Birth weight is an important indicator for assessing child health in terms of early exposure to
childhood morbidity and the risks of mortality. Children whose birth weight is less than 2.5
kilograms, or children reported to be ‘very small’ or ‘smaller than average,’ are considered to have a
higher than average risk of early childhood death. In the 2008 NDHS, for births in the five years
preceding the survey, birth weight was recorded in the Women’s Questionnaire based on either a
written record or the mother’s report. The mother’s estimate of the infant’s size at birth was also
obtained because birth weight may not be known for many infants. While the mother’s estimate is
subjective it can be a useful proxy for the child’s weight.
Table 10.1 shows that birth weight information was reported for 18 percent of live births that
occurred in the five years preceding the survey; 8 percent of these infants had low birth weight (less
than 2.5 kg). Younger mothers (less than 20 years old) are more likely to have low birth weight
infants when compared with older mothers (10 percent compared with 7-9 percent, respectively). By
birth order, the first birth and the sixth or higher births (9 percent each) are more likely to result in low
birth weight infants than other birth orders.
Among the zones, South East has the lowest proportion of low birth weight infants (6 percent)
and North East and North Central zones have the highest proportions (13 and 10 percent,
respectively). There is an inverse relationship between low birth weight and mother’s education and
household wealth quintile. As level of education and household wealth increase, the percentage of low
birth weight infants decreases. For example, the percentage of births less than 2.5 kg decreases from
11 percent among mothers with no education to 6 percent among mothers with more than a secondary
education. Likewise, the percentage of births less than 2.5 kg decreases from 20 percent among
mothers in the lowest wealth quintile to 7 percent among mothers in the highest wealth quintile.
1
Child Health | 143

Table 10.1 includes information on the mother’s estimate of the infant’s size at birth. Five
percent of births were reported as very small, and 10 percent were reported as smaller than average.
Seventeen percent of births to women younger than 20 and to women with sixth-order births were
described as very small or smaller than average. Twenty percent and 15 percent of births described as
very small or smaller than average were amongst women in the lowest and second wealth quintiles,
respectively. By zone, North East has the highest proportion of very small infants (11 percent).
Table 10.1 Child's weight and size at birth
Percent distribution of live births in the five years preceding the survey with a reported birth weight by birth weight; percentage of all
births with a reported birth weight; percent distribution of all live births in the five years preceding the survey by mother's estimate of
baby's size at birth, according to background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Percentage
Distribution of births with reported of all births Distribution of births by mother’s estimate of
birth weight1 with a size of child at birth
Less Number reported Smaller Average Don't Number
Background than 2.5 kg of birth Very than or know/ of
characteristic 2.5 kg or more Total births weight small average larger missing Total births
<20 9.5 90.5 100.0 277 6.7 6.2 10.3 80.7 2.7 100.0 4,159
20-34 7.3 92.7 100.0 4,108 20.9 4.1 9.3 84.2 2.4 100.0 19,636
35-49 8.8 91.2 100.0 715 16.6 5.6 9.7 82.7 1.9 100.0 4,305
Birth order
1 8.7 91.3 100.0 1,275 23.7 4.7 9.6 82.9 2.7 100.0 5,371
2-3 6.5 93.5 100.0 2,155 23.1 3.9 8.7 85.1 2.3 100.0 9,334
4-5 8.2 91.8 100.0 1,150 17.5 4.4 9.3 84.0 2.2 100.0 6,564
6+ 8.8 91.2 100.0 520 7.6 5.7 10.8 81.2 2.3 100.0 6,831
Mother's smoking status

Smokes cigarettes/tobacco * * 100.0 12 8.1 6.4 13.8 77.4 2.3 100.0 149
Does not smoke 7.6 92.4 100.0 5,079 18.2 4.6 9.5 83.5 2.4 100.0 27,916
Missing * * 100.0 9 25.5 (3.8) (16.4) (72.9) (6.9) 100.0 35
Residence
Urban 6.6 93.4 100.0 3,348 40.0 3.3 8.5 85.7 2.5 100.0 8,359
Rural 9.7 90.3 100.0 1,752 8.9 5.2 10.0 82.5 2.3 100.0 19,741
Zone
North Central 10.0 90.0 100.0 429 11.2 3.6 12.1 81.6 2.7 100.0 3,830
North East 12.8 87.2 100.0 177 3.9 10.7 9.7 78.1 1.4 100.0 4,575
North West 8.2 91.8 100.0 269 3.1 4.4 10.6 82.3 2.8 100.0 8,779
South East 5.8 94.2 100.0 1,160 42.5 2.3 9.1 85.7 2.9 100.0 2,730
South South 6.9 93.1 100.0 868 23.7 2.6 6.2 88.7 2.4 100.0 3,667
South West 8.0 92.0 100.0 2,198 48.6 2.8 8.0 87.3 1.9 100.0 4,519
Mother's education
No education 10.8 89.2 100.0 329 2.5 6.6 12.2 78.5 2.7 100.0 13,071
Primary 8.4 91.6 100.0 964 14.8 3.9 7.3 86.6 2.2 100.0 6,521
Secondary 7.6 92.4 100.0 2,683 38.3 2.2 7.1 88.5 2.1 100.0 6,997
More than secondary 6.2 93.8 100.0 1,125 74.4 1.9 6.7 89.6 1.8 100.0 1,511
Wealth quintile
Lowest 19.5 80.5 100.0 58 0.9 7.6 12.3 78.4 1.8 100.0 6,525
Second 9.5 90.5 100.0 260 4.1 5.2 10.1 82.0 2.7 100.0 6,395
Middle 9.5 90.5 100.0 570 10.5 4.0 9.0 83.8 3.2 100.0 5,417
Fourth 8.1 91.9 100.0 1,333 26.6 3.0 7.6 87.1 2.2 100.0 5,003
Highest 6.6 93.4 100.0 2,879 60.5 2.2 7.5 88.3 2.0 100.0 4,760
Total 7.6 92.4 100.0 5,100 18.1 4.6 9.5 83.5 2.4 100.0 28,100
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 cases.
1
Based on written record or mother's report
144 | Child Health

10.2 VACCINATION OF CHILDREN
According to the World Health Organisation, a child is considered fully vaccinated if he or

she has received a BCG vaccination against tuberculosis; three doses of DPT vaccine to prevent
diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus (DPT); at least three doses of polio vaccine; and one dose of measles
vaccine. These vaccinations should be received during the first year of life. In Nigeria, BCG and Polio
0 vaccine should be given at birth, DPT and polio vaccines should be given at approximately 6, 10,
and 14 weeks of age. Measles vaccine should be given at or soon after the child reaches nine months
of age. It is also recommended that children receive the complete schedule of vaccinations before their
first birthday and that the vaccinations be recorded on a health card given to the parents or guardians.
The 2008 NDHS collected information on coverage for these vaccinations among all children born in
the five years preceding the survey.
During the five years prior to the survey, the immunisation programme in Nigeria introduced
activities that were geared towards improving coverage of all the antigens in the immunisation
schedule. In December 2004, Nigeria adopted the Reaching Every Ward approach during a National
Review and Planning meeting to strengthen routine immunisation in every ward. Activities include
capacity building for strengthening static services; re-establishing outreach and mobile services;
supportive supervision; linking services with communities; resource management and mobilisation;
monitoring and evaluation, including monitoring the impact of routine immunisation on vaccine
preventable diseases. In May 2006, the Immunisation Plus Days (IPDs) strategy was introduced. The
IPDs are supplementary immunisation activities with the following objectives:
• Administer oral polio vaccine (OPV) to all children under five years of age, irrespective
of previous doses
• Reach all previously unreached eligible children, thus reducing substantially the
percentage of missed children
• Strengthen routine immunisation
• Administer other child survival interventions (de-worming, ITN distribution, vitamin A
supplementation, anti-malarial drugs, soaps)
In the 2008 NDHS, information on vaccination coverage was obtained in two ways—from
health cards and from mothers’ verbal reports. All mothers were asked to show the interviewer the
health cards in which immunisation dates are recorded for all children born since January 2003. If a
card was available, the interviewer recorded onto the questionnaire the dates of each vaccination
received by the child. If a child never received a health card, or the mother was unable to show the
card to the interviewer, or a particular vaccination was not recorded on the health card, the vaccination
information for the child was based on the mother’s report.
Questions were asked for each vaccine type. Mothers were asked to recall whether the child
had received BCG, polio, DPT, and measles vaccinations. If the mother indicated that the child had
received the polio or DPT vaccines, she was asked about the number of doses that the child received.
The mother was then asked whether the child had received other vaccinations that were not recorded
on the card, and if so, they too were noted on the questionnaire. The results presented here are based
on both health card information and, for children without a card, information provided by the mother.
Child Health | 145

Table 10.2 shows vaccination coverage by source of information for children age 12-23
months, the age by which they should have received all vaccinations. Overall, 23 percent of children
ages 12-23 months are fully vaccinated. Vaccination coverage has nearly doubled from the estimate in
the 2003 NDHS (13 percent). Fifty percent received vaccinations for BCG and 41 percent for measles.
Fewer children received DPT 3 (35 percent) and polio 3 (39 percent), compared with those who
received DPT 1 (52 percent) and polio 1 (68 percent). Only 19 percent of children are fully
immunised by 12 months of age. Overall, 29 percent of children in Nigeria have not received any
vaccinations.
Table 10.2 Vaccinations by source of information
Percentage of children age 12-23 months who received specific vaccines at any time before the survey, by source of information
(vaccination card or mother's report), and percentage vaccinated by 12 months of age, Nigeria 2008
DPT Polio1 All basic No

Source of vacci- vacci- Number of
information BCG 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 Measles nations2 nations children
Vaccinated at any
time before survey
Vaccination card 23.7 24.9 22.6 20.2 21.9 24.4 21.8 19.2 19.4 15.7 0.0 1,293
Mother's report 25.9 27.1 22.1 15.2 14.7 43.4 35.4 19.5 22.1 7.0 28.7 3,652
Either source 49.7 52.0 44.7 35.4 36.7 67.8 57.2 38.7 41.4 22.7 28.7 4,945
Vaccinated by
12 months of age3 47.9 49.4 41.4 32.8 35.8 64.1 53.5 36.0 33.6 19.2 32.2 4,945
1
Polio 0 is the polio vaccination given at birth.
2
BCG, measles, and three doses each of DPT and polio vaccine (excluding polio vaccine given at birth)
3
For children whose information was based on the mother's report, the proportion of vaccinations given during the first year of life was
assumed to be the same as for children with a written record of vaccination.
Table 10.3 presents information on vaccine coverage among children age 12-23 months from
the vaccination cards and mothers’ reports, by background characteristics. Vaccination cards were
seen for 26 percent of children. Twenty-seven percent of first births are fully immunised, compared
with 14 percent of children of sixth or higher birth order. Children in urban areas are more than twice
as likely as rural children to be fully vaccinated; 38 percent compared with 16 percent, respectively.
Among the zones, full vaccination coverage ranges from a high of 43 percent in South East and South
West to a low of 6 percent in the North West. Mother’s level of education is strongly related to
immunisation coverage; 61 percent of children whose mothers have more than a secondary education
are fully immunised compared with 7 percent of children whose mothers have no education. Level of
household wealth is also linked to whether a child is fully immunised: 53 percent of children in the
highest wealth quintile are fully immunised, compared with 5 percent in the lowest wealth quintile.
146 | Child Health

Table 10.3 Vaccinations by background characteristics
Percentage of children age 12-23 months who received specific vaccines at any time before the survey (according to a vaccination card or the
mother's report), and percentage with a vaccination card seen, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
All Percentage
basic No with a Number
DPT Polio1 vacci- vaccination of
vacci-
BCG 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 Measles nations2 nations card seen children
Sex
Male 49.1 51.4 44.3 35.6 36.6 66.7 56.4 38.7 41.5 22.6 29.6 26.2 2,448
Female 50.2 52.7 45.1 35.3 36.7 68.9 58.0 38.7 41.4 22.8 27.8 26.1 2,497
Birth order
1 57.9 59.6 53.1 43.4 45.2 70.2 60.6 41.1 46.2 27.2 25.8 33.9 939
2-3 54.1 56.0 48.9 39.6 40.9 70.4 60.4 42.1 44.5 26.4 26.1 27.9 1,652
4-5 49.6 51.4 44.6 35.8 36.0 67.4 55.4 36.7 43.1 22.3 29.6 24.8 1,208
6+ 36.6 40.8 31.8 22.5 24.4 62.6 51.8 33.9 31.4 14.0 33.8 18.7 1,146
Residence
Urban 71.4 71.3 64.5 54.8 57.2 77.6 68.4 51.6 59.1 37.5 17.9 38.8 1,498
Rural 40.2 43.7 36.1 27.0 27.8 63.5 52.3 33.0 33.7 16.2 33.3 20.6 3,447
Zone
North Central 62.4 63.9 54.5 43.4 42.0 72.7 59.9 40.5 51.8 25.9 23.4 31.2 640
North East 27.2 30.5 18.9 12.4 17.7 61.4 45.6 28.6 24.8 7.6 33.3 15.1 780
North West 19.1 23.9 17.4 9.1 11.2 48.6 38.5 24.3 19.5 6.0 48.5 5.8 1,545
South East 79.1 79.3 74.8 66.9 68.1 80.6 75.4 52.5 63.9 42.9 17.2 46.1 504
South South 75.3 74.5 65.6 54.2 56.4 86.7 74.9 53.6 55.5 36.0 10.2 46.4 663
South West 80.3 81.7 77.8 66.5 63.4 83.2 76.0 53.4 65.5 42.8 12.9 42.5 814
Mother's education
No education 20.2 24.4 17.6 10.7 11.7 50.0 38.4 24.0 19.0 6.5 47.2 8.6 2,248
Primary 58.2 61.0 50.1 37.7 39.9 73.5 62.5 38.7 47.4 23.1 21.5 29.8 1,107
Secondary 83.6 83.1 76.4 65.4 66.0 88.5 78.9 56.9 65.7 41.4 8.0 45.7 1,283
More than
secondary 92.6 92.5 90.7 83.4 85.2 91.3 85.8 69.8 82.9 61.2 5.3 59.6 307
Wealth quintile
Lowest 18.2 22.6 14.9 8.2 10.9 51.4 39.2 21.9 17.3 4.8 46.2 8.4 1,158
Second 33.6 37.9 30.2 20.8 21.4 58.7 48.3 29.7 28.1 11.9 37.6 17.3 1,092
Middle 50.3 52.8 43.8 32.9 35.4 67.7 56.2 38.2 40.5 19.7 28.2 25.5 945
Fourth 73.0 72.7 64.7 52.5 53.0 80.8 69.1 48.9 57.9 33.4 14.5 36.0 892
Highest 87.7 87.5 83.5 76.0 75.2 88.1 81.6 62.8 74.9 52.7 8.8 51.9 858
Total 49.7 52.0 44.7 35.4 36.7 67.8 57.2 38.7 41.4 22.7 28.7 26.1 4,945
1
2
BCG, measles and three doses each of DPT and polio vaccine (excluding polio vaccine given at birth)
10.2.1 Trends in Vaccination Coverage
One way of measuring trends in vaccination coverage is to compare coverage among children
of different ages within the same survey. Table 10.4 shows the percentage of children age 12-59
months who received vaccinations during the first year of life, by current age. The results show trends
in vaccination coverage over the past five years.
There have been small improvements in vaccination coverage over the past five years. The
percentage of children who received no vaccinations by 12 months of age has decreased from 41
percent among children age 48-59 months to 32 percent among children age 12-23 months. The
percentage of children fully immunised by age 12 months has increased from 14 to 19 percent for the
same age groups. Overall, vaccination cards were seen for 18 percent of the children surveyed,
compared with 14 percent of children in the 2003 NDHS. The proportion of children age 12-23
months for whom vaccination cards were seen increased from 21 to 26 percent between the two
surveys.
Child Health | 147

Forty-seven percent of children age 12-59 months received a BCG vaccination, while 32 percent
received the third dose of DPT. Thirty-six percent of children received polio 3 and 32 percent
received the measles vaccine. Overall, 17 percent of children age 12-59 months received all basic
vaccinations on time, i.e., by the time they are 12 months old.
Table 10.4 Vaccinations in first year of life
Percentage of children age 12-59 months at the time of the survey who received specific vaccines by 12 months of age, and
percentage with a vaccination card seen, by current age of child, Nigeria 2008
Percentage
DPT Polio1 All basic No with a Number
Age in vacci- vacci- vaccination of
months BCG 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 Measles nations2 nations card seen children
12-23 47.9 49.4 41.4 32.8 35.8 64.1 53.5 36.0 33.6 19.2 32.2 26.1 4,945
24-35 48.4 48.3 40.6 32.1 34.3 63.9 55.8 36.9 32.0 17.2 33.0 19.9 4,633
36-47 45.1 42.7 36.0 30.3 29.8 57.3 50.3 34.0 31.3 15.9 41.2 14.0 5,013
48-59 45.7 40.3 35.7 29.3 29.4 56.6 50.5 33.4 27.8 13.6 41.1 12.4 4,653
Total 47.2 46.1 39.1 31.6 32.6 61.6 53.4 35.7 32.3 16.8 35.6 18.2 19,245
Note: Information was obtained from a vaccination card or, if there was no written record, from the mother’s report. For
children whose information was based on the mother's report, the proportion of vaccinations given during the first year of life
was assumed to be the same as for children with a written record of vaccinations.
1
2
Polio can continue to circulate even if the population is highly immunised through routine
immunisation, therefore supplemental immunisation activities are required. In Nigeria as in other
countries, national or sub-national immunisation days (NIDs/SNIDs) are conducted to rapidly boost
the immunity of children under five years of age, regardless of their immunisation status. The idea is
to catch children who have not been immunised at all, or are only partially protected, and to boost
immunity in those who have been immunised. This way, every child in the most susceptible age group
is protected against polio. These activities deprive the virus of the opportunity to spread. The IPDs are
used as an opportunity to reach children who are under 12 months who missed their routine
vaccination, through the administration of routine immunisation vaccines (BCG, DPT, HepB, TT,
Yellow Fever, and measles). Other child survival interventions (antihelmintics, anti-malarial, soaps,
ITNs, Vitamin A supplementation) may also be delivered during the IPDs.
In December 2005, Nigeria conducted the first phase of its accelerated measles campaign in
the entire 19 northern states and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja. The 17 southern states of
the country had a measles campaign in October 2006. The measles campaigns targeted children age 9
months to 14 years. The campaign has as its objectives the provision of a second opportunity for
children who have received their routine measles vaccination and for children who missed their
routine measles vaccination.
Table 10.5 presents information on children age 12-59 months who received specific vaccines
during national immunisation campaigns at any time before the survey (from the vaccination card or
mother’s report), by background characteristics. Mothers reported that 19 percent of children received
basic vaccinations including polio, measles, and DPT in the May-July 2006 IPDs. Eighteen percent of
children received polio vaccinations through polio campaigns in the February-March 2006 NIDs.
Mothers also reported that 45 percent of children received vaccinations in the January 2007 IPDs and
March-September SIPDs the same year. Fifty percent of children received basic vaccinations during
the January-February 2008 IPDs and April SIPDs the same year. Prior to 2007, 26 percent of children
or less in each zone received vaccinations through a campaign. The percentages of children who
received vaccinations during the 2007 and 2008 campaigns are higher than those in the 2006
campaigns. Clearly, the efforts to increase vaccination coverage through national campaigns have
been effective.
148 | Child Health

Table 10.5 Vaccinations received during national immunization day campaigns
Percentage of children age 12-59 months who received specific vaccines through a national
immunisation day campaign at any time before the survey (according to a vaccination card or the
mother's report), by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
National immunisation campaigns and vaccines received
All 2008
Measles 2005 All 2007 (IPDs/
Polio 2006 and 2006 All 2006 (IPDs/Jan, Jan-Feb,
Background (NIDs/ (SIA/Dec 2005, (IPDs/ SIPDs/ SIPDs/ Number of
characteristic Feb-Mar)1 Oct 2006)2 May-Jul3 Mar-Sep)4 Apr)5 children
Sex
Male 18.0 12.2 18.6 45.1 49.6 6,932
Female 17.5 12.4 19.2 44.6 49.6 6,876
Birth order
1 18.0 12.7 18.2 42.2 45.8 2,694
2-3 19.0 13.5 20.8 45.1 50.3 4,850
4-5 17.6 12.9 19.9 45.3 50.3 3,324
6+ 15.6 9.5 15.4 46.4 51.1 2,940
Residence
Urban 18.7 13.8 19.9 41.1 44.8 4,941
Rural 17.2 11.5 18.4 46.9 52.2 8,867
Zone
North Central 21.8 15.5 22.5 46.5 43.4 1,986
North East 14.8 7.2 14.6 49.1 54.3 2,064
North West 7.8 7.3 14.0 42.7 59.8 3,097
South East 16.2 12.0 18.8 36.5 32.3 1,582
South South 22.7 12.0 17.7 44.8 41.3 2,246
South West 24.7 19.8 26.0 47.6 55.7 2,833
Mother's education
No education 12.7 8.8 15.6 45.6 55.9 4,752
Primary 19.2 13.7 19.5 44.8 46.4 3,598
Secondary 21.3 14.7 21.1 44.9 46.5 4,369
Wealth quintile
Lowest 11.5 6.8 13.0 44.1 52.5 2,324
Second 14.8 9.9 18.1 47.9 55.5 2,626
Middle 18.0 12.4 19.4 46.7 49.6 2,755
Fourth 20.8 15.1 20.2 44.0 48.5 2,930
Highest 21.5 15.7 22.3 41.9 43.6 3,173
Total 17.7 12.3 18.9 44.8 49.6 13,808
1
National immunisation days (NIDs) in February-March 2006 for polio vaccination
2
Supplemental immunisation activities (SIAs) in December 2005 and October 2006 for measles
vaccination
3
Immunisation plus days (IPDs) in May-July 2006 for a range of vaccines including polio, measles, and
DPT
4
Immunisation plus days (IPDs) in January 2007 and sub-national immunisation plus days (SIPDs) in
March-September 2007 for a range of vaccines including polio, measles, and DPT
5
Immunisation plus days (IPDs) in January-February 2008 and sub-national immunisation plus days
(SIPDs) in April 2008 for a range of vaccines including polio, measles, and DPT
10.2.2 Reasons for Not Receiving Vaccinations
Table 10.6 presents information on the percentage of children age 12-59 months who did not
receive any vaccines any time before the survey, by reason for not receiving any vaccines and
background characteristics. Information from the mothers on the reasons their children were not
vaccinated is helpful to immunisation programmes for targeting special efforts to improve vaccination
coverage. Lack of information is the most commonly reported reason (27 percent) mothers gave for
their children not being immunised, followed by fear of side effects (26 percent), and the post being
located too far away (13 percent). Women in rural areas are more likely to report lack of information
on immunisations than women in urban areas (29 percent and 20 percent, respectively).
Child Health | 149

Table 10.6 Reasons for child not receiving any vaccines
Percentage of children age 12-59 months who did not receive any vaccines at any time before the survey, by mother's reason
for child not receiving any vaccinations and background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Main reasons child has not received any vaccinations

Fear of Fear child Vaccines Child
Background Lack of side may get do not Religious Post was Number of
characteristic information effects disease work reasons too far absent Other children
Sex
Male 28.0 25.5 6.4 4.0 6.9 13.5 5.1 12.6 2,762
Female 26.3 26.4 7.4 4.0 6.3 13.3 5.4 12.7 2,675
Birth order
1 28.2 24.3 8.3 4.2 7.4 13.8 6.2 12.6 997
2-3 26.9 26.2 7.1 4.0 7.6 13.6 5.1 11.9 1,690
4-5 27.9 25.7 5.3 3.8 7.3 14.0 4.6 12.6 1,295
6+ 26.3 27.0 7.1 4.1 4.2 12.3 5.4 13.6 1,455
Residence
Urban 19.6 27.4 9.9 4.9 8.9 4.9 5.1 14.7 1,013
Rural 28.9 25.6 6.2 3.8 6.0 15.3 5.3 12.2 4,424
Zone
North Central 45.5 24.5 7.5 6.5 11.1 17.8 6.4 6.9 666
North East 39.6 16.7 8.5 3.6 4.3 14.6 4.5 13.3 1,008
North West 18.3 29.3 6.8 4.0 7.4 10.5 5.9 13.9 2,780
South East 22.6 31.0 5.8 4.5 5.1 12.9 3.4 10.6 305
South South 35.9 19.8 5.9 1.4 2.7 26.1 4.1 14.5 278
South West 24.6 28.7 3.8 2.0 3.0 14.4 3.2 12.0 400
Mother's education
No education 28.8 25.9 7.7 4.2 7.1 13.8 5.4 12.3 4,043
Primary 24.1 26.8 4.9 2.6 5.6 13.0 4.3 14.2 931
Secondary 19.4 25.3 3.8 3.7 2.2 10.8 5.3 10.9 420
More than secondary (22.9) (15.7) (2.7) (16.0) (15.5) (11.5) (7.6) (25.2) 44
Wealth quintile
Lowest 36.2 22.0 6.8 4.3 5.7 18.8 4.8 9.4 2,000
Second 24.4 26.5 5.7 2.9 6.6 13.8 6.1 14.2 1,639
Middle 22.0 31.8 9.6 5.5 8.2 7.8 4.6 14.0 959
Fourth 18.9 29.2 5.6 3.7 8.4 5.2 5.0 17.5 567
Highest 13.6 23.8 7.3 3.4 3.4 7.2 5.9 12.1 273
Total 27.2 25.9 6.9 4.0 6.6 13.4 5.2 12.6 5,437
Among the zones, mothers in the North Central (46 percent), North East (40 percent), and
South South (36 percent) report the greatest proportions of children not immunised for lack of
information. Children residing in South East (31 percent), North West (29 percent), and South West
(29 percent) are most likely to have received no immunisations because of fear of side effects of the
vaccine. Fifteen percent of children in rural areas are not immunised because the post is too far away,
while 26 percent of children in South South are not vaccinated for the same reason. These results
highlight the need to improve localisation of routine and outreach immunisation programme efforts.
Table 10.7 presents information on the percentage of children age 12-59 months who did not
receive polio vaccines at any time before the survey, by mother’s reason and by background
characteristics. The reasons mothers report for their children not receiving polio vaccinations are
similar to those reported for children not receiving any vaccinations at all. Overall, 29 percent of
children did not receive any polio vaccine. Lack of information is the most commonly reported reason
(27 percent) mothers gave for their children not being immunised, followed by fear of side effects (25
percent), and the post being located too far away (14 percent).
150 | Child Health

Table 10.7 Reasons for child not receiving any polio vaccine
Percent distribution of children age 12-59 months by whether child received any polio vaccine, and for children who did not receive polio
vaccine, mother’s reason for child not being immunised against polio, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Distribution of children
age 12-59 months by
receipt of polio vaccine Mother’s reasons for child not receiving polio vaccine
Did not Fear
receive Lack child
Received any Don’t Number of Fear of may Vaccines Post Child Number
Background polio polio know/ of informa- side get do not Religious too was of
characteristic vaccine vaccine missing Total children tion effects disease work reasons far absent Other children
Sex
Male 70.1 29.6 0.3 100.0 9,695 27.2 24.9 6.3 2.8 6.3 14.3 5.1 13.5 2,867
Female 70.8 28.9 0.3 100.0 9,550 27.0 25.0 7.1 3.2 5.9 14.0 5.6 12.3 2,757
Birth order
1 71.9 27.7 0.4 100.0 3,690 28.8 24.1 7.7 3.2 6.8 14.1 6.8 13.1 1,023
2-3 72.9 27.0 0.2 100.0 6,540 27.1 24.1 7.4 2.4 7.0 14.0 4.9 12.6 1,763
4-5 70.7 29.1 0.2 100.0 4,620 27.2 25.3 5.5 2.8 6.9 15.7 4.7 12.6 1,344
6+ 65.4 34.0 0.6 100.0 4,395 25.9 26.4 6.3 3.9 3.8 12.8 5.5 13.4 1,495
Residence
Urban 81.7 17.9 0.4 100.0 5,954 18.5 26.3 8.0 3.1 8.7 5.5 5.0 16.5 1,068
Rural 65.4 34.3 0.3 100.0 13,292 29.1 24.7 6.4 3.0 5.5 16.1 5.4 12.1 4,556
Zone
North Central 72.9 26.8 0.2 100.0 2,652 47.8 21.6 7.1 5.9 11.0 18.4 7.4 6.7 712
North East 64.9 35.0 0.1 100.0 3,072 36.4 14.9 8.4 2.2 3.1 13.1 3.4 13.9 1,075
North West 51.6 47.9 0.4 100.0 5,877 18.2 29.0 6.6 3.2 7.2 12.2 6.1 14.0 2,817
South East 82.9 16.7 0.4 100.0 1,887 18.5 30.2 6.7 3.5 3.7 14.6 2.2 12.9 315
South South 88.3 11.4 0.3 100.0 2,525 36.2 20.1 4.2 0.8 2.1 23.9 5.1 14.1 289
South West 86.8 12.9 0.3 100.0 3,233 28.2 29.3 3.6 0.4 2.3 15.6 4.3 12.7 417
Mother's
education
No education 52.9 46.8 0.3 100.0 8,795 28.7 25.0 7.7 3.5 6.9 14.6 5.4 12.6 4,119
Primary 77.4 22.1 0.5 100.0 4,529 23.8 26.7 3.8 1.6 5.0 14.2 5.1 14.5 1,001
Secondary 90.3 9.5 0.1 100.0 4,789 20.0 23.7 4.0 1.7 0.9 10.1 5.8 12.5 457
More than
secondary 95.6 4.2 0.1 100.0 1,132 (23.2) (4.5) (3.4) (7.4) (11.1) (11.3) (3.9) (10.0) 48
Wealth quintile
Lowest 52.7 47.0 0.3 100.0 4,324 34.9 20.6 6.9 3.3 5.4 19.2 4.2 10.4 2,033
Second 60.3 39.4 0.3 100.0 4,265 25.8 26.1 6.6 2.9 6.5 15.7 6.2 14.1 1,681
Middle 72.6 27.0 0.3 100.0 3,714 22.0 31.6 7.1 3.0 6.8 8.8 6.1 13.6 1,004
Fourth 81.8 17.8 0.4 100.0 3,497 16.7 27.3 5.8 3.2 8.1 5.7 5.2 16.2 623
Highest 91.5 8.2 0.3 100.0 3,445 19.7 21.4 6.0 1.1 1.8 6.0 6.3 14.1 284
Total 70.5 29.2 0.3 100.0 19,245 27.1 25.0 6.7 3.0 6.1 14.1 5.3 12.9 5,624
10.3 ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION
Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is among the leading causes of childhood morbidity and
mortality throughout the world. Early diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics can prevent a large
proportion of deaths caused by ARI. In the 2008 NDHS, ARI prevalence was estimated by asking
mothers whether their children under age five had been ill with a cough accompanied by short, rapid
breathing in the two weeks preceding the survey. These symptoms are compatible with ARI. It should
be noted that the morbidity data collected are subjective in the sense that they are based on the
mother’s perception of illness without validation by medical personnel.
Table 10.8 shows the prevalence of ARI symptoms among children under five years during
the two-week period preceding the interview, and the actions mothers took in response to their
children’s illness. Overall, 3 percent of children had ARI symptoms in the two weeks preceding the
survey, although the prevalence varies by age. Children age 12-23 months are most likely to show
ARI symptoms (4 percent), compared with children in other age groups. Children in the North East
zone are more likely to have ARI symptoms (8 percent) than those in other zones. ARI symptoms
among children decreases with increasing level of mother’s education and increasing wealth quintile.
Child Health | 151

Table 10.8 Prevalence and treatment of symptoms of ARI
Among children under age five, the percentage who had symptoms of acute respiratory infection
(ARI) in the two weeks preceding the survey and among children with symptoms of ARI, the
percentage for whom advice or treatment was sought from a health facility or provider and
percentage who received antibiotics as treatment, according to background characteristics, Nigeria
2008
Children under age five with

symptoms of ARI
Children under
age five Percentage for
whom advice or
Percentage treatment was Percentage
with Number sought from a who Number
Background symptoms of health facility or received of
characteristic of ARI1 children provider2 antibiotics children
Age in months
<6 2.1 2,874 58.3 23.2 61
6-11 3.3 2,855 46.3 19.7 93
12-23 3.8 4,945 47.1 24.5 190
24-35 3.1 4,633 45.4 24.9 142
36-47 2.4 5,013 32.9 21.8 118
48-59 1.8 4,653 48.6 17.4 86
Sex
Male 2.8 12,614 43.5 23.5 348
Female 2.8 12,360 47.3 21.4 342
Mother's smoking status
Smokes cigarettes/tobacco 2.6 127 * * 3
Does not smoke 2.8 24,819 45.3 22.5 687
Cooking fuel
Electricity or gas 0.0 275 * * 0
Kerosene 1.5 4,442 (68.1) (42.1) 67
Coal/lignite 1.1 91 * * 1
Charcoal 3.2 615 * * 20
Wood/straw3 3.1 19,481 43.4 20.4 600
Animal dung * 14 * * 2
Other fuel * 11 * * 0
No food cooked in household * 11 * * 0
Residence
Urban 2.2 7,690 45.9 23.8 172
Rural 3.0 17,284 45.2 22.0 519
Zone
North Central 1.4 3,434 61.0 24.2 47
North East 7.5 3,989 30.7 18.2 299
North West 1.9 7,594 52.6 8.5 143
South East 1.8 2,428 (63.7) (17.9) 43
South South 3.5 3,310 55.9 40.9 115
South West 1.0 4,221 (60.1) (51.8) 43
Mother's education
No education 3.4 11,342 35.7 17.4 386
Primary 2.7 5,805 53.0 21.5 155
Secondary 2.0 6,385 62.6 35.0 131
More than secondary 1.2 1,441 * * 18
Wealth quintile
Lowest 3.8 5,634 31.9 12.2 216
Second 3.6 5,566 40.3 21.3 200
Middle 2.5 4,787 55.6 27.9 118
Fourth 2.1 4,533 60.7 32.9 97
Highest 1.3 4,455 (66.3) (36.2) 59
Total 2.8 24,975 45.4 22.5 690
Note: Total includes children with information missing on mother’s smoking status and type of
cooking fuel. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates
that a figure is based on fewer than 25 cases.
1
Symptoms of ARI (cough accompanied by short, rapid breathing that is chest-related) is
considered a proxy for pneumonia.
2
Excludes pharmacy, shop, and traditional practitioner
3
Includes grass, shrubs, crop residues
152 | Child Health

Among children with ARI symptoms, advice or treatment was sought from a health facility or
a health provider for 45 percent. There are differences in the proportions of children with ARI
symptoms taken to a health facility by age of child. Children less than 6 months of age are more likely
to be taken to a health facility (58 percent) than other children. Twenty-three percent of children
received antibiotics. The proportion of children who received antibiotics is slightly higher in urban
areas (24 percent) than rural areas (22 percent).
10.4 FEVER
Fever is a symptom of malaria, but it may also accompany other childhood illnesses. Malaria
and other illnesses that cause fever contribute to high levels of malnutrition, morbidity, and mortality
in young children. While fever can occur year-round, malaria is more prevalent after the end of the
rainy season. For this reason, temporal factors must be taken into account when interpreting fever as
an indicator of malaria prevalence. Because malaria is a major cause of death in infancy and
childhood in many developing countries, the presumptive treatment of fever with anti-malarial
medication is advocated in many countries where malaria is endemic. Information relating to the
prevention and treatment of malaria is discussed in greater detail in Chapter 12.
Table 10.9 shows the percentage of children under five with fever during the two weeks
preceding the survey and the percentage receiving various treatments, by background characteristics.
Sixteen percent of children under five years of age were reported to have had fever in the two weeks
preceding the survey. The prevalence of fever varies with children’s age. Children age 6-11 months
and 12-23 months are more likely to be sick with fever (19 and 21 percent, respectively) than other
children. Slightly more children were reported to have fever in rural areas, compared with urban areas
(17 and 13 percent, respectively).
There is variation among zones in the prevalence of fever: in three zones (South East, North
East, and South South) more than 20 percent of children had fever in the two weeks preceding the
survey while just 8 percent of children in the South West had fever. Children of mothers with more
than a secondary education (14 percent) have the lowest prevalence of fever as do children of mothers
in the highest wealth quintile (13 percent).
More than half of children (54 percent) with fever were taken to a health facility or health
provider for treatment. Children in the South East zone (72 percent) are more likely to be treated at a
health facility or by a health provider, compared with children in other zones. Children of mothers
with a secondary education (70 percent) and mothers in the fourth wealth quintile (69 percent) are
most likely to receive treatment from a health facility or provider than children of other women.
Thirty-three percent of children with fever received anti-malarial drugs, while 18 percent received
antibiotics.
Child Health | 153

Table 10.9 Prevalence and treatment of fever
Among children under age five, the percentage who had a fever in the two weeks preceding the survey; and
among children with fever, the percentage for whom treatment was sought from a health facility or provider,
the percentage who took anti-malarial drugs, and the percentage who took antibiotic drugs, by background
Children under age five with fever

Percentage for
whom advice or
Children under treatment was Percentage Percentage
age five sought from a who took who took
Background Percentage Number of health facility or anti-malarial antibiotic Number of
1
characteristic with fever children provider drugs drugs children
Age in months
<6 9.3 2,874 47.2 25.6 17.1 268
6-11 19.4 2,855 54.0 35.6 16.4 553
12-23 21.3 4,945 55.0 31.4 18.2 1,054
24-35 17.8 4,633 56.7 34.8 21.2 826
36-47 13.7 5,013 50.5 32.6 16.8 688
48-59 12.4 4,653 56.5 36.0 18.3 579
Sex
Male 16.5 12,614 54.5 34.4 18.0 2,075
Female 15.3 12,360 53.7 31.8 18.5 1,893
Residence
Urban 12.8 7,690 58.7 41.1 23.0 987
Rural 17.2 17,284 52.6 30.5 16.7 2,981
Zone
North Central 9.6 3,434 60.2 47.3 19.2 331
North East 21.9 3,989 42.6 21.8 17.5 872
North West 15.7 7,594 43.9 29.2 12.3 1,189
South East 22.9 2,428 71.9 21.5 15.0 555
South South 20.6 3,310 66.3 47.1 25.1 682
South West 8.1 4,221 60.1 53.6 31.8 340
Mother's education
No education 16.3 11,342 41.7 25.8 13.8 1,846
Primary 15.4 5,805 59.5 31.1 19.1 893
Secondary 16.0 6,385 70.2 44.9 24.2 1,022
More than secondary 14.4 1,441 63.0 50.0 25.5 207
Wealth quintile
Lowest 17.8 5,634 37.6 21.9 12.8 1,001
Second 17.1 5,566 48.8 26.4 16.4 953
Middle 16.0 4,787 59.5 35.5 17.5 765
Fourth 14.9 4,533 68.8 40.2 22.4 674
Highest 12.9 4,455 67.5 52.7 27.0 575
Total 15.9 24,975 54.1 33.2 18.3 3,968
1
Table 10.10 shows the percentage of children with fever who received specific anti-malarial
drugs, and the percentage for whom the drug was available at home when the child became ill. As
mentioned above, 33 percent of children with fever received an anti-malarial drug. Among children
who took an anti-malarial drug, 29 percent had the drug available at home when the child became ill
with fever. Less than one-tenth of children took SP/Fansidar/Amalar/Maloxine (6 percent), 19 percent
took Chloroquine, and 5 percent took other anti-malarial drugs.
154 | Child Health

Table 10.10 Availability at home of anti-malarial drugs taken by children
Among children under age five who had fever in the two weeks preceding
the survey, the percentage who took specific anti-malarial drugs and,
among children who took specific drugs, the percentage for whom the drug
was at home when the child became ill with fever, Nigeria 2008
Percentage
Percentage for whom Number of
who took drug was at children who
specific home when took a specific
anti-malarial child became anti-malarial
Drug drugs ill with fever drug
SP/Fansidar/Amalar/Maloxine 5.9 34.2 233
Chloroquine 19.2 30.1 761
Amodiaquine 2.0 21.9 78
Quinine 1.6 32.2 63
ACT 2.4 42.8 94
Other anti-malarial 4.5 2.4 178
Any anti-malarial drugs 33.2 29.1 1,316
Note: A total of 3,968 children had fever in the two weeks preceding the
survey.
10.5 PREVALENCE OF DIARRHOEA
Dehydration caused by severe diarrhoea is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among
young children. A simple and effective response to dehydration is a prompt increase in fluid intake.
Exposure to diarrhoea-causing agents is frequently related to the use of contaminated water and to
unhygienic practices in food preparation and disposal of excreta. In interpreting the 2008 NDHS
findings, it should be borne in mind that diarrhoea prevalence is subject to seasonal variability.
The 2008 NDHS obtained information on the prevalence of diarrhoea among young children
by asking mothers whether their children under age five had diarrhoea during the two weeks
preceding the interview. When a child was identified as having had diarrhoea, information was
collected on treatment and feeding practices during the diarrhoeal episode. The mother was also asked
whether there was blood in the child’s stools. Diarrhoea with blood in the stools is indicative of
cholera or other diseases that need to be treated differently from diarrhoea in which there is no blood
in the stool. Mothers of children who were ill with any form of diarrhoea in the past two weeks were
asked about what actions they had taken to treat the diarrhoea and about feeding practices during the
diarrhoeal episode. Other information included the respondent’s knowledge of oral rehydration salt
(ORS) packets or pre-packaged liquids for treatment of diarrhoea (oral rehydration therapy), and
disposal of children’s stools.
Table 10.11 shows that 10 percent of the children under five had a diarrhoeal episode in the
two weeks preceding the survey and 2 percent had blood in the stool. The prevalence of diarrhoea
varies by age of children. Young children age 6-23 months are more prone to diarrhoea than children
in the other age groups. Children in this age group are being introduced to complementary foods.
Diarrhoea is more prevalent among children whose households do not have an improved source of
drinking water (12 percent), compared with households that have an improved source of drinking
water (8 percent). The proportion of children with diarrhoea is higher in rural areas than urban areas
(11 and 8 percent, respectively). The prevalence of diarrhoea varies among zones: children in North
East zone are more susceptible to episodes of diarrhoea (21 percent) than children in other zones. The
lowest proportion of children with diarrhoea is in South South (4 percent). Lower diarrhoea
prevalence is associated with children of mothers with higher levels of education and those living in
households in the highest wealth quintile (each 5 percent)
Child Health | 155

Table 10.11 Prevalence of diarrhoea
Percentage of children under age five who had diarrhoea in the

two weeks preceding the survey, by background characteristics,
Nigeria 2008
Children under five with

diarrhoea in the two weeks
Background All Diarrhoea Number of
characteristic diarrhoea with blood children
Age in months
<6 6.8 0.5 2,874
6-11 14.9 2.2 2,855
12-23 16.3 3.3 4,945
24-35 10.1 2.3 4,633
36-47 7.6 1.9 5,013
48-59 5.5 1.3 4,653
Sex
Male 10.6 1.9 12,614
Female 9.7 2.0 12,360
Source of drinking water1

Improved 8.4 1.5 13,235
Not improved 12.1 2.6 11,731
Toilet facility2
Improved, not shared 11.3 2.0 7,491
Non-improved or shared 9.6 2.0 17,271
Missing 10.8 1.1 213
Residence
Urban 7.9 1.3 7,690
Rural 11.1 2.3 17,284
Zone
North East 20.8 5.1 3,989
North West 13.1 2.3 7,594
South East 4.9 0.7 2,428
South South 3.8 1.6 3,310
South West 6.2 0.4 4,221
Mother's education
No education 13.8 2.9 11,342
Primary 8.9 1.6 5,805
Secondary 5.9 1.1 6,385
More than secondary 4.9 0.3 1,441
Wealth quintile
Lowest 14.4 3.2 5,634
Second 12.9 3.0 5,566
Middle 9.2 1.6 4,787
Fourth 7.7 1.2 4,533
Highest 4.8 0.5 4,455
Total 10.1 2.0 24,975
Note: Total includes children with information missing on source

of drinking water.
1
See Table 2.7 for definition of categories.
2
See Table 2.8 for definition of categories.
156 | Child Health

10.6 DIARRHOEA TREATMENT
For children who had diarrhoea in the two weeks preceding the survey, mothers were asked
what they did to treat the illness. Table 10.12 shows the percentage of children with diarrhoea who
received specific treatments, by background characteristics. Forty-two percent of the children with
diarrhoea were taken to a health care facility or provider where advice or treatment was sought. The
largest proportion of children receiving treatment for diarrhoea were children age 24-35 months (47
percent). Slightly more children with bloody diarrhoea (45 percent) received treatment or advice from
a health facility or provider than children with non-bloody diarrhoea (42 percent).
Table 10.12 Diarrhoeal treatment
Among children under age five who had diarrhoea in the two weeks preceding the survey, the percentage for whom advice or treatment was sought
from a health facility or provider, the percentage given oral rehydration therapy (ORT), the percentage given increased fluids, the percentage given
ORT or increased fluids, and the percentage who were given other treatments, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Percentage
of children
with Oral rehydration
diarrhoea for therapy (ORT)
whom
advice or Other treatments
treatment
was sought ORS Recom- Number
from a packets mended Either ORT of
health or pre- home ORS In- or in- Anti- Anti- Zinc Intra- Home No children
Background facility or packaged fluids or creased creased biotic motility supple- venous remedy/ treat- with
characteristic provider1 liquid (RHF) RHF fluids fluids drugs drugs ments solution other Missing ment diarrhoea
Age in months
<6 31.5 20.8 7.7 28.0 7.2 34.2 24.9 1.8 0.0 0.3 23.8 0.4 34.6 196
6-11 43.7 30.1 10.3 37.2 7.6 41.4 32.7 2.4 1.2 0.0 23.7 0.0 27.0 424
12-23 44.4 28.1 8.0 33.2 8.8 38.2 32.7 1.1 0.7 0.2 26.2 1.4 27.8 805
24-35 46.9 24.5 6.4 28.7 10.2 35.3 37.2 1.1 0.2 0.0 23.2 1.4 28.2 469
36-47 36.2 18.6 8.0 24.1 10.2 32.0 32.9 0.4 1.4 0.0 20.7 1.7 31.9 380
48-59 41.4 25.6 11.3 32.6 8.7 36.2 33.1 0.2 0.0 0.2 19.1 1.9 31.2 257
Sex
Male 42.3 25.0 9.1 31.0 8.5 36.4 33.8 1.1 0.5 0.1 23.4 1.1 28.5 1,336
Female 42.1 26.1 7.6 31.5 9.4 37.1 32.1 1.3 0.8 0.1 23.6 1.3 30.1 1,194
Type of diarrhoea
Non bloody 42.2 26.1 8.1 31.5 9.0 37.1 33.5 1.2 0.7 0.1 21.9 0.9 29.7 1,807
Bloody 45.2 26.5 9.4 32.1 9.2 36.7 34.1 1.0 0.7 0.1 27.8 0.6 27.1 496
Missing 37.1 19.4 8.9 28.2 8.1 35.1 27.2 1.9 0.0 0.0 25.4 4.4 29.9 215
Residence
Urban 49.8 40.5 8.8 45.3 11.0 50.1 39.6 2.0 0.6 0.1 17.1 1.4 21.6 608
Rural 39.8 20.8 8.2 26.7 8.3 32.5 30.9 0.9 0.7 0.1 25.5 1.1 31.6 1,922
Zone
North Central 44.3 33.5 17.5 43.2 18.4 52.3 21.5 5.5 2.3 0.4 34.6 1.7 18.8 193
North East 35.9 17.6 4.9 20.7 10.1 28.3 29.0 0.8 0.3 0.2 20.4 0.5 38.1 831
North West 38.9 25.2 4.9 28.4 5.8 32.1 37.6 1.3 0.7 0.0 24.0 1.4 30.1 998
South East 75.2 32.9 25.6 51.4 9.0 56.0 23.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 22.3 0.9 27.3 120
South South 61.4 23.7 8.6 29.3 17.1 38.1 37.5 0.4 1.5 0.4 43.3 0.7 15.5 127
South West 48.7 43.7 17.9 58.0 6.1 60.1 38.9 0.0 0.3 0.0 14.2 2.3 13.0 261
Mother's education
No education 34.2 19.5 5.8 23.4 7.2 28.8 30.2 1.5 0.7 0.1 23.2 1.2 34.8 1,565
Primary 52.0 30.7 11.5 38.7 12.4 45.2 36.6 0.4 0.5 0.1 24.9 0.4 25.2 519
Secondary 59.3 38.4 13.5 47.9 11.8 52.7 38.7 1.3 1.0 0.1 23.5 2.1 15.5 376
More than
secondary 56.3 52.9 15.7 61.3 6.8 65.1 38.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 18.7 1.5 9.4 71
Wealth quintile
Lowest 30.5 15.3 4.6 19.4 7.3 24.9 24.1 0.6 0.3 0.1 23.9 1.3 42.1 811
Second 37.9 20.2 7.0 25.0 8.9 31.5 32.0 1.1 0.6 0.1 27.1 0.5 30.0 717
Middle 52.0 31.8 14.1 41.8 10.8 47.6 41.5 2.1 1.0 0.0 23.8 0.8 18.2 441
Fourth 54.3 35.6 10.9 41.6 9.3 46.4 36.6 1.7 1.3 0.4 20.1 2.4 23.2 348
Highest 61.1 53.0 11.5 58.3 10.8 61.1 46.9 1.2 0.8 0.0 14.8 1.9 10.6 213
Total 42.2 25.5 8.4 31.2 8.9 36.7 33.0 1.2 0.7 0.1 23.5 1.2 29.2 2,530
Note: ORT includes solution prepared from oral rehydration salts (ORS), pre-packaged ORS packets, and recommended home fluids (RHF)
1
Excludes pharmacy, shop and traditional practitioner
Child Health | 157

The distribution of diarrhoea treatment by residence shows that treatment and advice are
sought more often for children in urban areas (50 percent) than children in rural areas (40 percent).
Seeking treatment for diarrhoea from a health provider is highest in the South East zone (75 percent)
and lowest in North East zone (36 percent).
Table 10.12 includes information on oral rehydration therapy. Thirty-seven percent of

children with diarrhoea were treated with oral rehydration therapy (ORT) or increased fluids. Twenty-
six percent were treated with ORS, a solution prepared from a packet of oral rehydration salts; 8
percent were given recommended home fluids, and 9 percent received increased fluids. Thirty-three
percent of children were given antibiotic drugs and 24 percent received home remedies or other
treatments. Twenty-nine percent of children with diarrhoea did not receive any treatment at all.
Children age 6-11 months (41 percent), children living in South West zone (60 percent),
children with mothers who have more than a secondary education (65 percent), and children in the
highest wealth quintile (61 percent) are most likely to receive some kind of ORT.
10.7 FEEDING PRACTICES
When a child has diarrhoea, mothers are encouraged to continue feeding their child the same
amount of food as normal and to increase the child’s fluid intake. These practices help to reduce
dehydration and minimise the adverse consequences of diarrhoea on the child’s nutritional status. In
the 2008 NDHS, mothers were asked whether they gave their child with diarrhoea less, the same
amount, or more fluids and food than usual when their child had diarrhoea. Table 10.13 shows the
percent distribution of children under five who had diarrhoea in the two weeks preceding the survey
by feeding practices, according to background characteristics.
Thirty-four percent of children with diarrhoea were given the same amount of liquids as
usual, and 9 percent were given more. It is of concern that 32 percent of the children were given
somewhat less to drink than usual, and 22 percent were given much less to drink during the diarrhoea
episode. Thirty-one percent of children were given the same amount of food as usual, 33 percent were
given less, 23 percent were given much less food, and 4 percent were given more food. Four percent
of children were not given any food during the diarrhoea episode. Overall, only 6 percent of children
had increased fluid intake and continued feeding. Twenty-five percent of children were given ORT,
increased fluids, and continued feeding.
158 | Child Health

Table 10.13 Feeding practices during diarrhoea
Percent distribution of children under age five who had diarrhoea in the two weeks preceding the survey by amount of liquids and food offered compared with normal practice, the percentage of
children given increased fluids and continued feeding during the diarrhoea episode, and the percentage of children who continued feeding and were given ORT and/or increased fluids during the
episode of diarrhoea, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Percentage Percentage who

given in- continued
creased feeding and Number
Amount of liquids offered Amount of food given fluids were given of
Same Some- Don't Same Some- Never Don't and ORT and/or children
Background as what Much know/ as what Much gave know/ continued increased with
characteristic More usual less less None missing Total More usual less less None food missing Total feeding1,2 fluids3 diarrhoea
Age in months
<6 7.2 40.6 27.4 21.7 2.3 0.8 100.0 5.3 28.0 22.9 16.3 0.9 24.8 1.8 100.0 3.2 21.4 196
6-11 7.6 37.5 29.9 22.3 1.9 0.8 100.0 3.4 32.3 29.9 21.9 3.3 9.1 0.2 100.0 4.1 27.0 424
12-23 8.8 30.0 34.8 21.9 3.6 0.9 100.0 4.2 27.0 36.7 23.6 4.8 2.9 0.9 100.0 6.4 26.7 805
24-35 10.2 35.2 26.7 24.1 2.6 1.2 100.0 5.1 34.4 29.5 24.5 4.6 0.2 1.7 100.0 6.3 24.2 469
36-47 10.2 31.4 35.6 20.7 1.5 0.6 100.0 5.1 35.2 35.8 21.4 1.1 0.0 1.5 100.0 7.2 21.4 380
48-59 8.7 32.4 36.8 19.7 1.2 1.2 100.0 2.7 28.0 37.9 25.1 3.1 0.3 2.9 100.0 4.8 24.5 257
Sex
Male 8.5 35.1 31.7 22.1 1.8 0.8 100.0 3.8 31.6 33.0 23.3 2.8 4.3 1.2 100.0 5.1 25.1 1,336
Female 9.4 31.8 32.8 21.8 3.2 1.0 100.0 4.9 29.6 33.3 22.1 4.3 4.5 1.4 100.0 6.4 24.6 1,194
Type of diarrhoea
Non bloody 9.0 36.8 31.0 20.2 2.3 0.7 100.0 4.6 32.9 32.1 21.2 3.3 4.7 1.2 100.0 5.8 25.6 1,807
Bloody 9.2 23.0 34.6 29.3 3.6 0.3 100.0 4.9 24.4 34.7 27.5 5.1 3.1 0.4 100.0 5.5 24.6 496
Missing 8.1 28.6 37.5 20.4 1.6 3.8 100.0 0.7 25.3 38.8 24.8 1.8 5.2 3.4 100.0 4.9 19.6 215
Residence
Urban 11.0 37.9 26.6 21.0 2.3 1.3 100.0 5.0 33.0 29.5 23.4 2.4 4.7 2.0 100.0 6.6 34.1 608
Rural 8.3 32.1 34.0 22.3 2.5 0.8 100.0 4.1 29.9 34.3 22.5 3.8 4.3 1.1 100.0 5.4 22.0 1,922
Zone
North Central 18.4 32.5 24.8 21.3 1.3 1.8 100.0 5.4 32.8 24.0 25.3 4.3 4.7 3.5 100.0 9.7 32.1 193
North East 10.1 39.7 30.3 18.3 1.3 0.3 100.0 3.2 33.4 33.1 21.6 1.8 6.5 0.4 100.0 5.8 19.0 831
North West 5.8 24.2 41.2 24.1 3.6 1.1 100.0 3.8 23.7 40.4 21.9 5.2 4.1 0.9 100.0 4.4 21.1 998
South East 9.0 46.2 25.3 15.2 4.4 0.0 100.0 3.8 43.0 29.0 15.6 3.9 2.8 1.9 100.0 7.6 42.3 120
South South 17.1 22.8 23.0 32.0 3.5 1.7 100.0 8.9 26.0 22.5 36.4 2.8 0.9 2.6 100.0 11.5 23.0 127
South West 6.1 49.6 17.5 24.0 1.1 1.8 100.0 6.8 43.5 19.4 24.2 1.8 1.2 3.0 100.0 3.5 45.5 261
Mother's education
No education 7.2 31.8 36.2 21.5 2.6 0.7 100.0 3.3 28.8 36.8 21.2 3.7 5.1 1.1 100.0 4.3 18.9 1,565
Primary 12.4 33.0 27.1 23.0 3.4 1.1 100.0 5.8 31.6 29.0 25.8 3.4 3.7 0.7 100.0 9.3 32.2 519
Secondary 11.8 39.3 23.3 22.9 0.9 1.8 100.0 6.3 35.3 24.1 25.9 2.8 2.9 2.7 100.0 6.5 35.0 376
More than secondary 6.8 43.4 30.2 19.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 4.4 40.8 29.9 18.0 1.6 2.6 2.8 100.0 5.5 50.7 71
Wealth quintile
Lowest 7.3 31.2 37.3 21.6 1.9 0.8 100.0 2.9 29.5 36.7 21.7 3.4 4.6 1.2 100.0 4.7 16.8 811
Second 8.9 29.2 35.2 22.3 3.8 0.6 100.0 4.4 27.5 35.1 22.5 4.7 4.5 1.2 100.0 5.2 20.8 717
Middle 10.8 35.2 26.2 24.1 3.0 0.7 100.0 5.5 30.9 29.7 24.8 3.4 5.3 0.2 100.0 7.2 31.3 441
Fourth 9.3 41.3 25.1 20.9 1.5 1.8 100.0 5.0 37.6 29.3 20.7 2.0 3.2 2.3 100.0 6.7 34.1 348
Highest 10.8 40.3 27.2 19.8 0.4 1.4 100.0 5.7 33.7 26.2 26.4 2.0 3.7 2.3 100.0 6.5 41.2 213
Total 8.9 33.5 32.2 22.0 2.5 0.9 100.0 4.3 30.7 33.1 22.7 3.5 4.4 1.3 100.0 5.7 24.9 2,530
1
Equivalent to the UNICEF/WHO indicator "Home management of diarrhoea." MICS Indicator 34
2
Continue feeding practices includes children who were given more, same as usual, or somewhat less food during the diarrhoea episode
3
Equivalent to UNICEF MICS Indicator 35.
Child Health | 159

10.8 KNOWLEDGE OF ORS PACKETS
To ascertain respondents’ knowledge of ORS in Table 10.14 Knowledge of ORS packets or pre-
Nigeria, women are asked whether they knew about packaged liquids
ORS packets. Table 10.14 presents information on the Percentage of women age 15-49 with a birth in the
percentage of mothers with a birth in the five years five years preceding the survey who know about ORS
preceding the survey who had heard about ORS packets. packets or ORS pre-packaged liquids for treatment of
Overall, 66 percent of women know about ORS packets. diarrhoea, by background characteristics, Nigeria
2008
Knowledge is higher in urban areas (79 percent)
compared with rural areas (60 percent). Among the Percentage of
zones, knowledge is highest among women in South women who
know about
East (79 percent) and lowest in North Central (58 ORS packets
percent). Mothers in the 35-49 age group (70 percent) or ORS
had more knowledge about ORS than women in other Background pre-packaged Number of
characteristic liquids women
age groups; and women age 15-19 were least knowl-
edgeable (48 percent). Age
15-19 48.1 1,168
20-24 58.5 3,399
10.9 STOOL DISPOSAL 25-34 68.2 8,311
35-49 69.9 4,758
When human faeces are left uncontained, Residence
Urban 78.6 5,330
disease can spread by direct contact or by animal contact Rural 59.8 12,305
with the faeces. Hence, proper disposal of children’s
Zone
stools is extremely important in preventing the spread of North Central 58.3 2,525
disease. Table 10.15 shows stool disposal for children North East 64.0 2,751
under five by background characteristics. Fifty-seven North West 61.2 5,372
percent of children’s stools are disposed of safely: 50 South South 62.5 2,310
percent are disposed of in a toilet or latrine, 5 percent of South West 75.0 3,075
children under five use a toilet or latrine, and 3 percent Education
of children’s stools are buried. Nine percent of children’s No education 55.5 8,017
stools are put or rinsed into a drain or ditch, another 24 Primary 67.9 4,012
Secondary 75.5 4,557
percent are thrown into the garbage, and 7 percent are
More than secondary 88.6 1,050
left uncontained.
Wealth quintile
Lowest 50.4 4,074
Safe disposal generally increases with increasing Second 59.1 3,916
age of the child. Safe disposal is higher in urban areas Middle 67.5 3,350
Fourth 74.1 3,204
(73 percent), compared with rural areas (50 percent). The
Highest 82.2 3,091
North Central zone (33 percent) has the lowest
Total 65.5 17,635
proportion of safe disposal of children’s stools, while the
North West has the highest proportion (74 percent). The ORS = Oral rehydration salts
results also show that mother’s level of education is
positively associated with safe stool disposal, being highest for mothers with more than a secondary
education (77 percent). Safe stool disposal is also associated with increasing wealth quintile: 44
percent for the lowest wealth quintile, compared with 79 percent for the highest wealth quintile.
160 | Child Health

Table 10.15 Disposal of children's stools
Percent distribution of youngest children under age five living with the mother by the manner of disposal of the child's last faecal
matter, and percentage of children whose stools are disposed of safely, according to background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Manner of disposal of children's stools Percentage

Put/ of children
Child rinsed whose
used into Put/rinsed Thrown stools are Number
Background toilet or toilet or into drain into Uncon- disposed of
characteristic latrine latrine Buried or ditch garbage tained Other Missing Total of safely mothers
Age in months
<6 1.7 46.4 2.4 12.0 26.5 6.4 2.1 2.5 100.0 50.5 2,835
6-11 2.0 51.9 2.2 8.9 26.0 5.2 1.3 2.4 100.0 56.1 2,785
12-23 2.8 52.0 3.0 8.6 23.0 7.0 0.8 2.7 100.0 57.9 4,653
24-35 4.3 53.1 3.2 7.1 22.1 6.6 0.4 3.4 100.0 60.5 3,205
36-47 11.7 45.4 3.3 6.8 22.6 6.9 0.5 2.8 100.0 60.4 1,802
48-59 20.5 38.1 3.8 5.8 18.7 8.7 0.9 3.6 100.0 62.4 1,145
Toilet facility
Improved, not shared1 7.4 71.1 1.1 5.9 9.4 2.1 0.6 2.4 100.0 79.6 4,904
Non-improved or shared 3.9 40.1 3.7 9.7 29.8 8.6 1.2 3.0 100.0 47.7 11,385
Missing 6.5 59.6 2.1 5.1 19.6 4.3 0.6 2.1 100.0 68.3 134
Residence
Urban 7.1 65.2 1.0 6.3 14.6 2.5 0.7 2.6 100.0 73.3 5,004
Rural 4.0 42.7 3.7 9.5 27.5 8.5 1.1 2.9 100.0 50.4 11,419
Zone
North Central 4.5 24.3 4.3 14.2 36.4 12.0 0.7 3.6 100.0 33.1 2,347
North East 3.1 53.1 5.0 7.3 24.7 3.0 0.2 3.5 100.0 61.3 2,576
North West 5.3 66.4 2.0 4.4 10.3 7.0 1.3 3.2 100.0 73.7 4,996
South East 7.3 52.3 1.0 5.8 28.6 1.7 1.7 1.6 100.0 60.5 1,477
South South 6.0 33.4 3.5 18.7 28.1 7.2 0.8 2.3 100.0 42.8 2,131
South West 4.5 48.3 1.9 6.1 29.2 7.0 1.2 1.9 100.0 54.7 2,895
Education
No education 3.8 50.6 3.4 7.2 21.7 8.4 1.2 3.6 100.0 57.9 7,469
Primary 5.1 41.8 3.1 10.3 30.3 6.1 0.9 2.3 100.0 50.0 3,758
Secondary 5.0 51.5 2.1 10.2 23.1 5.2 0.8 2.1 100.0 58.6 4,211
More than secondary 12.9 62.8 1.3 5.0 14.5 1.0 0.4 2.0 100.0 77.0 985
Wealth quintile
Lowest 3.0 34.7 6.0 10.2 31.1 10.2 1.4 3.4 100.0 43.7 3,784
Second 3.4 45.9 2.5 9.4 26.2 8.0 1.4 3.2 100.0 51.9 3,637
Middle 4.9 46.4 2.6 8.6 25.8 8.0 0.9 2.7 100.0 53.9 3,108
Fourth 5.5 56.4 2.1 8.5 19.7 4.8 0.7 2.2 100.0 64.0 2,953
Highest 8.8 69.6 0.7 5.2 12.2 0.9 0.4 2.3 100.0 79.1 2,941
Total 5.0 49.6 2.9 8.5 23.6 6.6 1.0 2.8 100.0 57.4 16,423
1
Non-shared facilities that are the following: flush or pour flush into a piped sewer system/septic tank/pit latrine; ventilated,
improved pit (VIP) latrine; pit latrine with a slab; and a composting toilet.
Child Health | 161

NUTRITION OF CHILDREN AND ADULTS 11
This chapter assesses the current nutritional status of young children in Nigeria. It presents
information on a number of aspects of feeding practices that are important in ensuring adequate
nutrition for infants and young children, including early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive
breastfeeding during the first six months of life, continued breastfeeding until at least two years of
age, timely introduction of complementary foods at six months of age, with increasing frequency of
feeding solid/semi-solid foods, and diet diversity. The chapter also provides a summary indicator
describing the quality of infant and young child (age 6-23 months) feeding practices (IYCF). The
chapter also describes the current nutritional status of women in the reproductive ages. It presents
findings on the diversity of food groups consumed by mothers who gave birth in the past three years,
this providing important information on maternal eating patterns. The chapter examines women’s
consumption of vitamin A-rich and iron-rich foods, and micronutrient supplementation for iron and
vitamin A. At the household level, salt was tested for adequate levels of iodine. The chapter presents
an anthropometric assessment of the nutritional status of children under five years and women age
15-49.1
11.1 NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CHILDREN
Anthropometric data on height and weight collected in the 2008 NDHS permit the
measurement and evaluation of the nutritional status of young children in Nigeria. This evaluation
allows identification of subgroups of the child population that are at increased risk of faltered growth,
disease, impaired mental development, and death. However, marked differences especially in regards
to height-for-age, weight-for-height, and weight-for-age are often seen among different subgroups of
children within the country.
11.1.1 Measurement of Nutritional Status among Young Children
The 2008 NDHS collected data on the nutritional status of children by measuring the height
and weight of all children under age five, regardless of whether their mother was interviewed in the
survey. Data were collected with the aim of calculating three indices—namely, height-for-age,
weight-for-height, and weight-for-age. Weight measurements were obtained using lightweight, SECA
mother-infant scales with a digital screen, designed and manufactured under the guidance of UNICEF.
Height measurements were carried out using a measuring board produced by Shorr Productions.
Children younger than 24 months were measured lying down on the board (recumbent length), while
standing height was measured for older children.
For the 2008 NDHS, the nutritional status of children is calculated using new growth
standards published by WHO in 2006. These new growth standards were generated using data
collected in the WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study (WHO, 2006). The study, whose sample
size of 8,440 children drawn from six countries across the world, was designed to provide a
description of how children should grow under optimal conditions. The WHO Child Growth
Standards can therefore be used to assess children all over the world, regardless of ethnicity, social
and economic influences, and feeding practices. Each of the three nutritional status indicators
described below is expressed in standard deviation units from the median of the Multicentre Growth
Reference Study sample.
1
Nutrition of Children and Adults | 163

Each of these indices—height-for-age, weight-for-height, and weight-for-age—provides
different information about growth and body composition, which is used to assess nutritional status.
The height-for-age index is an indicator of linear growth retardation and cumulative growth deficits.
Children whose height-for-age Z-score is below minus two standard deviations (-2 SD) are considered
short for their age (stunted) and are chronically malnourished. Children who are below minus three
standard deviations (-3 SD) are considered severely stunted. Stunting reflects failure to receive
adequate nutrition over a long period and is also affected by recurrent and chronic illness. Height-for
age, therefore, represents the long-term effects of malnutrition in a population and is not sensitive to
recent, short-term changes in dietary intake.
The weight-for-height index measures body mass in relation to body height or length and
describes current nutritional status. Children whose Z-scores are below minus two standard deviations
(-2 SD) are considered thin (wasted) and are acutely malnourished. Wasting represents the failure to
receive adequate nutrition in the period immediately preceding the survey and may be the result of
inadequate food intake or a recent episode of illness causing loss of weight and the onset of
malnutrition. Children whose weight-for-height is below minus three standard deviations (-3 SD) are
considered severely wasted.
Weight-for-age is a composite index of height-for-age and weight-for-height. It takes into

account both acute and chronic malnutrition. Children whose weight-for-age is below minus two
standard deviations (-2 SD) from the median of the reference population are classified as underweight.
Children whose weight-for-age is below minus three standard deviations (-3 SD) from the median of
the reference population are considered severely underweight.
11.1.2 Results of Data Collection
Height and weight measurements were obtained for 19,896 children under age five who were
present in NDHS households at the time of the survey. The following analysis focuses on the children
for whom complete and credible anthropometric and valid age data were collected. Table 11.1 and
Figure 11.1 show the percentage of children under five years classified as malnourished according to
the three anthropometric indices of nutritional status: height-for-age, weight-for-height, and weight-
for-age.
Height-for-age
Table 11.1 indicates that 41 percent of children under five are stunted and 23 percent are
severely stunted. Stunting is apparent even among children less than 6 months of age (21 percent). As
shown in Figure 11.1, stunting increases with the age of the child through the first two years of life
before declining in the third and fourth year. The increase is especially rapid during the first two years
of life, as seen in the rise from 27 percent among children age 6-8 months to 50 percent among
children age 18-23 months. Male children (43 percent) are more likely to be stunted than female
children (38 percent), and rural children are more likely to be stunted (45 percent) than urban children
(31 percent). Similarly, zonal variation in nutritional status of children is substantial, with stunting
being highest in North West (53 percent) and lowest in South East (22 percent).
Education and wealth are both inversely related to stunting levels. Stunting decreases with
increasing levels of mother’s education. For example, children born to mothers with primary
education are more likely to be stunted (40 percent) than children born to mothers with more than
secondary education (20 percent). Half of children born to mothers with no education are stunted (51
percent).
164 | Nutrition of Children and Adults

Table 11.1 Nutritional status of children
Percentage of children under five years considered malnourished according to three anthropometric indices of nutritional status: height-for-age, weight-for-height,
and weight-for-age, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Height-for-age Weight-for-height Weight-for-age
Percentage Percentage Mean Percentage Percentage Percentage Mean Percentage Percentage Percentage Mean Number
Background below below Z-score below below above Z-score below below above Z-score of
characteristic -3 SD -2 SD1 (SD) -3 SD -2 SD1 +2 SD (SD) -3 SD -2 SD1 +2 SD (SD) children
Age in months
<6 9.9 21.3 -0.3 9.9 17.5 18.2 -0.0 5.2 13.7 6.2 -0.3 1,911
6-8 14.3 26.7 -0.8 9.2 19.5 12.6 -0.3 9.6 22.5 3.2 -0.9 1,142
9-11 16.8 30.9 -1.0 7.4 17.9 8.1 -0.4 10.1 23.2 2.4 -0.9 1,026
12-17 26.2 45.6 -1.6 8.4 17.1 7.7 -0.4 11.7 26.2 1.5 -1.1 2,160
18-23 30.0 49.6 -1.8 7.2 14.7 8.0 -0.2 10.3 25.6 2.9 -1.0 1,610
24-35 30.1 48.0 -1.8 6.5 12.8 8.3 -0.1 11.0 26.0 1.7 -1.1 3,767
36-47 23.0 42.0 -1.6 5.7 11.2 7.2 -0.1 7.8 21.6 1.4 -1.0 4,288
48-59 21.3 41.6 -1.7 5.7 11.5 6.3 -0.2 8.0 23.9 0.4 -1.2 3,992
Sex
Male 24.8 43.0 -1.6 7.4 14.4 8.5 -0.2 9.9 24.5 2.0 -1.1 9,861
Female 20.9 38.4 -1.4 6.5 13.4 9.1 -0.2 8.1 21.7 2.1 -0.9 10,035
Birth interval in months2
First birth3 20.1 38.3 -1.4 6.0 12.3 8.9 -0.1 7.2 20.6 1.9 -0.9 3,458
<24 26.0 45.1 -1.7 7.3 14.3 7.4 -0.2 11.1 26.6 1.5 -1.1 3,281
24-47 23.1 40.7 -1.5 7.3 14.4 9.1 -0.2 9.2 23.6 2.2 -1.0 8,801
48+ 21.7 38.0 -1.3 7.1 14.0 9.2 -0.2 8.2 21.0 2.4 -0.9 2,746
Size at birth2
Very small 29.6 49.2 -1.8 10.1 20.0 7.7 -0.6 14.3 34.0 1.1 -1.5 761
Small 27.8 48.2 -1.8 7.9 16.7 7.3 -0.4 12.7 30.6 1.0 -1.4 1,671
Average or larger 22.0 39.4 -1.4 6.9 13.4 9.0 -0.2 8.4 21.9 2.2 -0.9 15,577
Missing 22.8 39.2 -1.6 3.6 11.8 9.6 -0.1 7.0 21.3 2.3 -1.0 277
Mother's interview status
Interviewed 22.8 40.6 -1.5 7.0 13.9 8.8 -0.2 9.0 23.2 2.0 -1.0 18,286
Not interviewed but in
household 20.6 39.7 -1.3 6.4 13.1 8.6 -0.1 9.5 20.1 2.3 -0.9 393
Not interviewed, and not
in the household4 23.3 41.0 -1.5 6.2 13.5 8.5 -0.1 9.3 22.4 1.9 -0.9 1,216
Mother's nutritional status
Thin (BMI <18.5) 33.1 53.7 -2.0 10.7 19.9 6.2 -0.7 17.8 39.4 1.3 -1.6 2,011
Normal (BMI 18.5-24.9) 23.6 42.3 -1.5 7.3 14.5 8.7 -0.2 9.1 23.8 1.7 -1.0 12,027
Overweight/obese
(BMI ≥25) 15.3 29.3 -1.0 4.2 9.4 10.2 0.1 4.4 13.6 3.3 -0.5 4,166
Missing 22.1 41.4 -1.4 9.4 15.1 12.1 -0.1 7.8 21.3 3.1 -0.9 316
Residence
Urban 15.6 31.3 -1.1 5.3 11.0 8.9 -0.1 5.0 15.8 2.8 -0.7 6,365
Rural 26.2 45.0 -1.7 7.8 15.3 8.7 -0.2 10.9 26.5 1.7 -1.1 13,531
Zone
North Central 25.2 43.8 -1.7 5.2 9.3 10.6 0.1 6.5 19.5 2.2 -0.9 2,800
North East 29.2 48.6 -1.8 11.4 22.2 8.5 -0.5 15.2 34.5 1.6 -1.4 3,097
North West 33.5 52.6 -1.9 10.6 19.9 8.9 -0.4 14.9 35.1 2.0 -1.4 5,488
South East 9.0 21.7 -0.7 3.4 8.6 7.4 -0.0 3.3 10.0 3.0 -0.4 1,947
South South 14.2 31.1 -1.1 2.9 7.5 9.2 0.1 3.9 12.8 1.8 -0.6 2,769
South West 13.8 31.2 -1.1 4.2 9.3 7.7 -0.1 4.0 13.3 1.9 -0.7 3,795
Mother's education6
No education 31.5 51.1 -1.9 10.6 20.1 8.2 -0.4 14.8 34.3 1.8 -1.4 7,982
Primary 21.4 40.3 -1.5 5.1 11.2 9.2 -0.1 6.6 19.4 1.9 -0.9 4,578
Secondary 13.3 28.8 -1.0 4.1 8.4 9.1 0.0 3.6 12.3 2.2 -0.6 5,004
More than secondary 8.3 19.6 -0.6 2.5 5.8 9.7 0.1 1.7 7.6 3.8 -0.3 1,105
Wealth quintile
Lowest 33.3 52.1 -1.9 11.0 20.5 8.7 -0.5 15.9 35.2 1.5 -1.4 4,088
Second 28.8 49.0 -1.8 8.5 17.0 8.6 -0.3 12.6 29.1 1.5 -1.2 4,354
Middle 23.2 41.8 -1.6 5.9 11.8 9.2 -0.1 7.6 22.4 1.6 -1.0 3,948
Fourth 16.2 33.6 -1.3 4.3 9.8 8.3 -0.1 4.8 16.6 2.1 -0.8 3,776
Highest 10.8 24.2 -0.8 4.5 9.3 9.2 -0.0 3.2 10.2 3.5 -0.4 3,731
Total 22.8 40.6 -1.5 7.0 13.9 8.8 -0.2 9.0 23.1 2.0 -1.0 19,896
Total 2003 7
22.8 42.4 -1.6 4.4 11.0 5.6 -0.2 8.7 24.3 1.2 -1.1 4,770
Note: Table is based on children who slept in the household the night before the interview. Each of the indices is expressed in standard deviation units (SD) from
the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards adopted in 2006. The indices in this table are NOT comparable to those based on the previously used
NCHS/CDC/WHO reference. Total includes 2 children with information missing on mother’s interview status and 10 children with information missing on mother’s
education. Table is based on children with valid dates of birth (month and year) and valid measurement of both height and weight.
1
Includes children who are below -3 standard deviations (SD) from the WHO Child Growth standards population median
2
Excludes children whose mothers were not interviewed
3
First born twins (triplets, etc.) are counted as first births because they do not have a previous birth interval
4
Includes children whose mothers are deceased
5
Excludes children whose mothers were not weighed and measured. Mother's nutritional status in terms of BMI (Body Mass Index) is presented in Table 11.10
6
For women who were not interviewed, information is taken from the Household Questionnaire. Excludes children whose mothers are not listed in the Household
Questionnaire
7
Recalculated according to the WHO Child Growth Standards

Figure 11.1 Nutritional Status of Children by Age
Percent
60
50
40
30
### # ###
# ##### # ## # # # ## ## ####### #
20 # ### # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # #
) ) # ) # #
) ))) )))))))))))
#
) # )))))))
)))))))) )))))))
10 ## ) )))))))))))))))))
)
0 #
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59
Age (months)
Stunted ) Wasted # Underweight
Note: Stunting reflects chronic malnutrition; wasting reflects
acute malnutrition; underweight reflects chronic or acute
malnutrition or a combination of both. Plotted values are
smoothed by a five-month moving average. 1 NDHS 2008
Weight-for-height
Fourteen percent of children under five are wasted. Wasting varies greatly by age and peaks
among children age 6-8 months (20 percent). Boys are slightly more likely to be wasted than girls (14
percent compared with 13 percent). Children reported to be very small at birth are more likely to be
wasted (20 percent) than those reported to be of average size or larger (13 percent). Wasting among
children born to thin mothers (BMI less than 18.5) is higher than for children born to normal mothers
(BMI 18.5-24.9) and overweight or obese mothers (BMI of 25 or higher). There is a slight difference
in wasting between urban (11 percent) and rural children (15 percent). At the zonal level, North East
and North West reported wasting levels that are above the national average (22 and 20 percent,
respectively). As seen for stunting, wasting decreases with increasing level of education and wealth
quintile. For example, children whose mothers have never attended school have the highest levels of
wasting (20 percent), while children whose mothers have more than secondary education have the
lowest levels of wasting (6 percent). Children born to mothers in the highest wealth quintile are also
less likely to be wasted (9 percent) than those in the lowest wealth quintile (21 percent). It should be
noted that 9 percent of children under age five in Nigeria are overweight, with the Z-scores above two
standard deviations (+2 SD) above the median.
Weight-for-age
Nationally, nearly one in four children is underweight (23 percent), and 9 percent are severely
underweight. Table 11.1 shows that the percentage of children who are underweight almost doubles
from 14 percent among children less than 6 months of age to 26 percent among children age 12-17
months. This may be explained by the fact that weaning foods are typically introduced to children in
the latter group, thus increasing exposure to infections and susceptibility to illness. This, coupled with
inappropriate and/or inadequate feeding practices may be contributing to faltering nutritional status
among children in these age groups. As with the other two nutritional indicators, male children are
more likely to be underweight (25 percent) than female children (22 percent), and smaller size at birth
is associated with lower weight-for-age. Children born to thin or underweight mothers (BMI less than
18.5) are more likely to be underweight than those born to normal mothers with a normal BMI, (39
percent compared with 24 percent). The proportion of children who are underweight is higher in rural
areas than in urban areas. At the zonal level, children in South East are the least likely (10 percent) to

be underweight, while children in the North East and North West are the most likely (35 percent
each). The proportion of children who are underweight decreases with increases in mother’s level of
education. Similarly, undernutrition is higher among children in the three lowest wealth quintiles than
the two highest wealth quintiles. The nutritional status of children in the 2008 NDHS according to the
NCHS/CDC/WHO reference population, which was used in previous NDHS reports, is shown in
Appendix Table E.1.
11.1.3 Trends in Malnutrition
Figure 11.2 shows trends in the nutritional status of children in Nigeria using anthropometric
measurements from the 2003 NDHS and the 2008 NDHS. For this purpose, the anthropometric
measures for the 2003 survey were recalculated using new WHO growth standards. The results show
that for the indicators height-for-age and weight-for-age, there has been little change between the two
surveys. However, wasting has increased slightly.
Figure 11.2 Trends in Nutritional Status of Children Under Five,

2003 NDHHS and 2008 NDHS
Percent
50
42 41
40
30
24 23
20
14
11
10
0
Stunting (height-for-age) Wasting (weight-for-height) Underweight (weight-for-age)
NDHS 2003 NDHS 2008
Note: The data for both surveys are based on the WHO
Child Growth standards adopted in 2006.
11.2 INITIATION OF BREASTFEEDING
Early initiation of breastfeeding is encouraged for a number of reasons. Mothers benefit from
early suckling because it stimulates breast milk production and facilitates the release of oxytocin,
which helps the contraction of the uterus and reduces post-partum blood loss. The first breast milk
contains colostrum, which is highly nutritious and has antibodies that protect the newborn from
diseases. Early initiation of breastfeeding also fosters bonding between mother and child.
Table 11.2 shows the percentage of all children born in the five years before the survey by
breastfeeding status and the timing of initial breastfeeding, by background characteristics. It also
considers the prevalence of the practice of prelacteal feeding, i.e., giving the infant other liquids
during the period between the birth and when the mother’s milk is flowing freely. This practice is
discouraged because it limits the frequency of breastfeeding by the infant and exposes the baby to the
risk of infection.

Table 11.2 Initial breastfeeding
Among children born in the five years preceding the survey, the percentage ever breastfed, and for last-born
children ever breastfed, the percentage who started breastfeeding within one hour of birth and within one day of
birth and the percentage who received a prelacteal feed, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Breastfeeding among
children born in past
five years Among last-born children ever breastfed:
Number of who started who started Percentage Number of
Percentage children breastfeeding breastfeeding who received last-born
Background ever born in past within 1 hour within 1 day a prelacteal children ever
1 2
characteristic breastfed five years of birth of birth feed breastfed
Sex
Male 97.3 14,289 37.9 67.4 56.4 8,767
Female 97.4 13,811 38.9 67.7 55.7 8,502
Residence
Urban 97.4 8,359 40.5 75.6 45.4 5,218
Rural 97.3 19,741 37.5 64.1 60.6 12,051
Zone
North Central 97.0 3,830 60.5 80.8 39.0 2,456
North East 97.9 4,575 24.7 49.2 79.1 2,696
North West 98.1 8,779 31.4 56.1 67.7 5,305
South East 95.7 2,730 38.1 79.7 52.0 1,546
South South 96.4 3,667 51.2 82.8 56.2 2,247
South West 97.3 4,519 35.5 75.8 30.7 3,018
Mother's education
No education 97.8 13,071 31.7 55.4 67.5 7,885
Primary 97.0 6,521 43.8 76.7 52.1 3,924
Secondary 96.9 6,997 43.3 77.5 44.5 4,445
Wealth quintile
Lowest 97.7 6,525 29.9 51.9 70.6 4,003
Second 97.3 6,395 37.7 63.4 61.2 3,839
Middle 97.7 5,417 42.5 72.7 55.2 3,290
Fourth 96.9 5,003 43.2 78.3 48.4 3,113
Highest 96.8 4,760 41.2 76.8 39.1 3,024
Assistance at delivery
Health professional3 96.6 10,939 44.8 79.3 42.1 6,961
Traditional birth attendant 97.7 6,069 35.6 61.0 66.4 3,676
Other 98.1 5,274 35.4 61.6 65.1 3,219
No one 97.7 5,423 31.6 56.9 65.1 3,317
Missing 97.9 396 17.4 31.1 45.8 96
Place of delivery
Health facility 96.6 9,836 45.0 79.5 41.3 6,254
At home 97.8 17,437 34.5 60.6 65.5 10,609
Other 96.9 542 40.2 70.6 36.4 359
Missing 98.6 286 14.4 17.1 20.5 47
Total 97.3 28,100 38.4 67.5 56.0 17,269
Note: Table is based on births in the past five years whether the child was living or dead at the time of the interview.
1
Includes children who started breastfeeding within one hour of birth
2
Children given something other than breast milk during the first three days of life
3
Doctor, nurse/midwife, or auxiliary midwife
According to the results, nearly all children (97 percent) born in the five years preceding the
survey were breastfed; this occurred regardless of background characteristics. However, less than half
of infants (38 percent) were put to the breast within one hour of birth and only 68 percent started
breastfeeding within the first day. These proportions are marginally higher than the 2003 levels, when
32 percent of children were breastfed within the first hour and 63 percent of children were breastfed
within one day of birth.
Although breastfeeding is widely practiced across all subgroups of women, the timing of
initial breastfeeding varies by background characteristics. The results show that the proportion of

children breastfed within one hour of delivery is slightly higher in urban areas (41 percent) than in
rural areas (38 percent). With respect to zone, North Central has the highest proportion (61 percent) of
children breastfed within one hour of birth, while the North East has the lowest proportion (25
percent). Children born to mothers with at least primary education are more likely to be breastfed
within one hour of birth than those born to mothers with no education.
Assistance at delivery and place of delivery are associated with the timing of initial
breastfeeding. Children whose mothers were assisted at birth by a health professional are most likely
to be breastfed within one hour of birth (45 percent), while children whose mothers were not assisted
by anyone are least likely (32 percent). The proportion of children breastfed within one hour of birth
is higher for children born at a health facility (45 percent) than for those born at home (35 percent).
Prelacteal feeding is widely practiced in Nigeria. More than half, (56 percent) of last-born
children received a prelacteal feed. There are no marked differences in the proportions of children,
who received a prelacteal feed by sex of the child. However, there are substantial variations by
residence, assistance at delivery, and place of delivery. Prelacteal feeding is most widely practiced in
North East (79 percent) and North West zones (68 percent), and is least common in South West (31
percent). Children whose mothers have more than secondary education (33 percent) are less likely to
receive prelacteal feeds than children whose mothers have no education (68 percent); likewise,
children born to mothers in the highest wealth quintile (39 percent) are less likely to receive a
prelacteal feed than children born to mothers in the lowest wealth quintile (71 percent).
As shown in Figure 11.3, water is the most common prelacteal feed. Eighty-two percent of
children who received prelacteal feeding were given plain water. One in five was given other kinds of
milk, and 11 percent were given sugar or salt water.
Figure 11.3 Among Last Children Born in the Five Years Preceding
the Survey Who Ever Received a Prelacteal Liquid, the Percentage
Who Received Specific Liquids
Percent
100
82
80
60
40
20
20
11
3 5
0<1 <1
0 1 <1
0 2
0
Milk Plain Sugar or Gripe Sugar and Fruit Infant Tea/ Honey Other
other than water glucose water salt water juice formula infusions
breast milk water
NDHS 2008

11.3 BREASTFEEDING STATUS BY AGE
UNICEF and WHO recommend that children be exclusively breastfed during the first six
months of life and that children be given solid or semi-solid complementary foods in addition to
continued breastfeeding from age 6 months to 24 months (or more) when the child is fully weaned.
Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended because breast milk is uncontaminated and contains all the
nutrients necessary for children in the first few months of life. In addition, the mother’s antibodies in
breast milk provide immunity to disease. Early supplementation is discouraged for several reasons.
First, it exposes infants to risk of infection. Second, it decreases infants’ intake of breast milk and
therefore the frequency of breastfeeding, which reduces breast milk production. Third, in low resource
settings, supplementary food is often nutritionally inferior.
Table 11.3 and Figure 11.4 show the percent distribution of youngest children under three
years of age living with the mother by breastfeeding status, and the percentage of all children under
three years who use a bottle with a nipple, according to age in months. The survey results indicate that
exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months is poorly practiced in Nigeria. Only about one in ten
(13 percent) infants below six months of age are exclusively breastfed. Among children under six
months, younger children are more likely to be exclusively breastfed. Twenty percent of infants below
two months are exclusively breastfed, compared with only 7 percent of infants age 4-5 months. After
the age of six months, children need to start receiving foods in order to meet all of their nutritional
requirements. As shown in Table 11.3, only three-quarters of children age 6-9 months are
breastfeeding and receiving complementary foods.
Guidelines regarding breast milk substitutes (adopted from the WHO International Code of
Marketing Breast Milk Substitutes) in Nigeria are very strict and discourage the use of bottles with
nipples. The use of a bottle with a nipple, regardless of the contents (breast milk, formula, or any
other liquid), requires hygienic handling to avoid contamination that may cause infection in the infant.
Table 11.3 shows that 16 percent of infants age 0-5 months are fed using a bottle with a nipple.
Table 11.3 Breastfeeding status by age
Percent distribution of youngest children under three years who are living with their mother by breastfeeding status; the percentage
currently breastfeeding; and the percentage of all children under three years using a bottle with a nipple, according to age in months,
Nigeria 2008
Percent distribution of youngest children under three living with their
mother by breastfeeding status
Breastfeeding and consuming: Percentage Number of Percentage Number of
Not Plain Non-milk Comple- currently youngest using a children
Age in breast- Exclusively water liquids/ Other mentary breast- child under bottle with under three
months feeding breastfed only juice milk foods Total feeding three years a nipple1 years
0-1 2.6 20.1 39.4 12.6 5.5 19.9 100.0 97.4 741 12.5 748
2-3 3.1 14.2 34.0 10.7 5.9 32.1 100.0 96.9 1,011 16.6 1,024
4-5 3.1 7.2 29.1 7.9 5.1 47.6 100.0 96.9 1,083 16.7 1,102
6-8 3.9 2.7 13.9 4.0 2.7 72.8 100.0 96.1 1,508 14.2 1,543
9-11 8.0 0.9 3.2 1.8 1.4 84.7 100.0 92.0 1,277 12.5 1,312
12-17 19.8 0.5 1.9 1.1 0.7 76.1 100.0 80.2 2,817 8.4 2,894
18-23 58.9 0.2 0.8 0.4 0.2 39.5 100.0 41.1 1,836 5.7 2,051
24-35 91.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 8.5 100.0 8.8 3,205 2.8 4,633
0-3 2.9 16.7 36.3 11.5 5.8 26.9 100.0 97.1 1,752 14.9 1,773
0-5 2.9 13.1 33.5 10.1 5.5 34.8 100.0 97.1 2,835 15.6 2,874
6-9 4.4 2.4 11.6 3.7 2.5 75.5 100.0 95.6 1,924 14.5 1,971
12-15 14.6 0.6 2.3 1.2 0.8 80.6 100.0 85.4 1,995 8.9 2,041
12-23 35.2 0.4 1.5 0.8 0.5 61.6 100.0 64.8 4,653 7.3 4,945
20-23 67.7 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.1 30.7 100.0 32.3 1,099 5.8 1,267
Note: Breastfeeding status refers to a 24-hour period (yesterday and the past night). Children who are classified as breastfeeding and
consuming plain water only consumed no liquid or solid supplements. The categories not breastfeeding, exclusively breastfed,
breastfeeding and consuming plain water, non-milk liquids/juice, other milk, and complementary foods (solid and semi-solid) are
hierarchical and mutually exclusive, so their percentages add to 100 percent. Children who receive breast milk and non-milk liquids
and who do not receive complementary foods are classified in the non-milk liquid category even though they may also get plain water.
Any children who get complementary food are classified in that category as long as they are breastfeeding as well.
1
Based on all children under three years

Figure 11.4 Infant Feeding Practices by Age
Percent
100
Not breastfeeding
Breast milk and
complementary foods
80
Breast milk and
other milk
Breast milk and
60 non-milk liquids
Breast milk and plain water
Exclusively breastfed
40
20
0
<2 2-3 4-5 6-7 8-9 10-11 12-13 14-15 16-17 18-19 20-21 22-23
Age in months
NDHS 2008
Figure 11.5 shows changes in feeding practices between the 2003 and 2008 NDHS.
Compared with the results of the 2003 NDHS, there has been a small decrease in compliance with the
WHO/UNICEF recommendations. The proportion of children under the age of six months that are
exclusively breastfed decreased from 17 percent in the 2003 NDHS to 13 percent in the 2008 NDHS.
However the proportion of those who receive plain water only in addition to breast milk has also
decreased. By contrast, the proportion of children less than six months of age who receive
complementary foods increased notably from 18 percent to 35 percent. Figure 11.5 also shows that
there has been an increase in the proportion of children age 6-9 months who received timely
introduction of complementary foods.
Figure 11.5 Trends in Infant Feeding Practices for Children

0-5 Months and 6-9 Months, 2003 NDHS and 2008 NDHS
Percent
100
80
Not breastfed
60 Breast milk and complementary foods
Breast milk and other milk/formula
Breast milk and non-milk liquids
40 Breast milk and plain water only
Exclusively breasted
20
0
2003 2008 2003 2008
0-5 MONTHS 6-9 MONTHS

11.4 DURATION AND FREQUENCY OF BREASTFEEDING
Table 11.4 shows the median duration of breastfeeding by selected background

characteristics. The estimates of median and mean durations of breastfeeding are based on current
status information, that is, the proportion of children born in the three years preceding the survey who
were being breastfed at the time of the survey. The median duration of any breastfeeding in Nigeria is
18.1 months (the mean duration is 17.9). The median duration does not vary much by sex of the child.
Rural children are breastfed for a longer duration (19 months) than urban children (16.2 months).
Children in households in the highest wealth quintile are breastfed for the shortest duration (14.6
months) while other children are breastfed for 17-21 months. At the national levels, the median
duration of exclusive breastfeeding is less than one month.
Table 11.4 shows the median duration of predominant breastfeeding, which is defined as
exclusive breastfeeding or breastfeeding in combination with plain water, water-based liquids, or
juices. The median length of predominant breastfeeding in Nigeria is three months. There is little
variation by background characteristics. However, it is worth noting that the median length of
predominant breastfeeding in North West is 4.6 months, the highest in the country.
Table 11.4 Median duration and frequency of breastfeeding
Median duration of any breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding, and predominant breastfeeding among children born
in the three years preceding the survey, percentage of breastfeeding children under six months living with the mother
who were breastfed six or more times in the 24 hours preceding the survey, and mean number of feeds (day/night),
Median duration (months) of
breastfeeding among children born Frequency of breastfeeding among
in the past three years1 children under six months2
Percentage
Any Exclusive Predominant breastfed 6+ Mean Mean
Background breast- breast- breast- times in past number of number of Number of
characteristic feeding feeding feeding3 24 hours day feeds night feeds children
Sex
Male 17.7 0.5 2.9 98.5 9.3 6.0 1,333
Female 18.4 0.5 3.0 98.5 9.0 5.9 1,296
Residence
Urban 16.2 0.5 3.2 99.0 9.5 6.1 814
Rural 19.0 0.4 2.8 98.3 9.0 6.0 1,815
Zone
North Central 19.1 0.5 1.5 97.8 8.2 7.0 346
North East 20.7 0.4 3.6 98.6 9.5 5.5 462
North West 20.0 0.4 4.6 99.2 9.7 6.2 743
South East 14.2 0.5 2.2 98.4 9.1 6.2 260
South South 15.4 0.5 1.8 95.9 7.9 5.2 367
South West 16.0 0.6 3.3 99.8 9.6 5.9 450
Mother's education
No education 20.6 0.4 3.4 99.0 9.3 6.1 1,132
Primary 18.0 0.5 2.6 98.0 9.0 5.8 588
Secondary 15.3 0.5 2.5 98.3 9.1 5.8 782
More than secondary 14.0 0.7 3.6 97.6 8.8 6.7 127
Wealth quintile
Lowest 20.9 0.4 3.4 98.9 9.0 6.3 620
Second 19.5 0.4 3.1 99.1 9.5 5.8 575
Middle 18.2 0.5 2.4 97.4 8.8 5.8 488
Fourth 16.6 0.6 2.9 98.1 8.6 6.0 485
Highest 14.6 0.6 3.1 98.7 9.8 5.9 460
Total 18.1 0.5 3.0 98.5 9.1 6.0 2,629
Mean for all children 17.9 1.6 4.7 na na na na
Note: Median and mean durations are based on current status. Includes children born in the specified period
whether living or dead at the time of the survey.
na = Not applicable
1
It is assumed that non-last-born children and last-born children not currently living with the mother are not currently
breastfeeding
2
Excludes children without a valid answer on the number of times breastfed
3
Either exclusively breastfed or received breast milk and plain water, and/or non-milk liquids only

It is important for an infant to breastfeed frequently as this improves milk production. Almost
all breastfeeding children less than six months of age (99 percent) were breastfed at least six times
during the 24 hours preceding the survey, which meets the WHO/UNICEF recommendations for
optimal breastfeeding. The mean number of day-time feeds is 9, while the mean number of night-time
feeds is 6. These results are comparable to those of the 2003 NDHS.
11.5 TYPES OF COMPLEMENTARY FOODS
UNICEF and WHO recommend the introduction of solid food to infants around the age of six
months because by that age breast milk alone is no longer sufficient to maintain a child’s optimal
growth. In the transition to eating the family diet, children from the age of six months should be fed
small quantities of solid and semi-solid foods throughout the day. During this transition period (ages
6-23 months), the prevalence of malnutrition increases substantially in many countries because of
increased infections and poor feeding practices.
Table 11.5 provides information on the types of foods given on the day and night preceding
the survey to youngest children under three years of age living with their mother, according to
breastfeeding status. The results show that, among all breastfeeding children under three years, very
few (7 percent) consume infant formula. However, a higher proportion (24 percent) receives other
milk. Between age 6 and 23 months, children consume foods made from grains more often than foods
from any other food group. Among breastfeeding children in this age group, 81 percent ate foods
made from grains, and 42 percent ate fruits and vegetables rich in vitamin A during the day and night
preceding the interview. It is also worth noting that overall, a relatively small proportion of
breastfeeding children age 6-23 months consume cheese, yogurt, and other milk products (15
percent).
Comparing dietary intake of children by breastfeeding status shows that, as expected, a higher
proportion of non-breastfeeding children are consuming solid and semi-solid foods (97 percent) than
breastfeeding children (73 percent). More non-breastfeeding children than breastfeeding children are
consuming milk other than breast milk (33 percent compared with 24 percent). However, the
percentage of non-breastfeeding children consuming milk other than breast milk is still quite low,
considering that they are not benefiting from breast milk.

Table 11.5 Foods and liquids consumed by children in the day and night preceding the interview
Percentage of youngest children under three years of age who are living with the mother by type of foods consumed in the day and night
preceding the interview, breastfeeding status, and age, Nigeria 2008
Solid or semi-solid foods

Fruits
and Food Food Food
vege- Other made made Cheese, Any made
Liquids Food tables fruits from from Meat, yogurt, solid or with
Fortified made rich in and roots legumes fish, other semi- oil, fat, Number
Age in Infant Other Other baby from vitamin vege- and and poultry, milk solid or Sugary of
months formula milk1 liquids2 foods grains3 A4
tables tubers nuts and eggs products food butter foods children
BREASTFEEDING CHILDREN
0-1 4.3 9.4 26.5 1.4 9.8 2.3 1.5 1.0 1.8 2.1 1.8 20.4 0.8 1.4 722
2-3 9.4 15.9 33.5 5.3 24.1 5.2 2.7 3.0 3.8 6.3 3.7 33.1 3.4 2.5 980
4-5 10.7 21.6 40.9 10.0 41.1 8.3 3.4 5.5 6.7 10.3 6.5 48.9 4.9 5.7 1,050
6-8 9.2 25.6 56.5 11.0 66.3 23.3 11.9 13.2 15.9 28.7 11.0 75.5 13.4 12.9 1,449
9-11 8.8 31.4 64.9 10.6 82.3 42.9 19.9 25.2 29.7 50.9 14.4 91.5 25.4 24.4 1,174
12-17 3.7 28.5 68.2 5.3 87.1 48.2 24.0 29.6 34.5 52.3 16.6 94.5 26.7 25.2 2,261
18-23 1.4 26.9 66.8 2.5 90.0 55.2 25.6 29.6 40.8 54.4 19.8 96.1 29.6 27.7 755
24-35 2.2 27.3 68.4 2.1 88.3 57.1 26.6 35.6 36.7 49.7 20.3 96.2 30.7 26.6 283
6-23 5.9 28.1 64.3 7.5 81.1 41.6 20.2 24.5 29.6 46.2 15.1 89.2 23.4 22.2 5,639
Total 6.6 24.4 55.0 6.9 64.1 30.7 14.9 18.2 21.8 33.8 11.8 72.5 17.3 16.4 8,673
NON-BREASTFEEDING CHILDREN
0-1 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 19
2-3 (13.4) (37.3) (64.3) (21.7) (68.2) (18.6) (5.7) (9.4) (18.6) (14.8) (25.5) (86.8) (16.9) (9.4) 31
4-5 (12.8) (27.5) (46.7) (12.7) (62.7) (12.6) (8.3) (13.1) (19.0) (19.2) (16.8) (67.6) (10.1) (4.2) 33
6-8 13.0 34.9 63.0 10.2 63.5 24.5 21.2 14.8 19.8 36.9 9.9 78.0 9.2 13.4 59
9-11 13.2 39.9 74.0 13.9 83.8 55.6 36.8 33.7 30.3 71.3 22.4 97.6 21.4 26.0 102
12-17 9.9 46.8 74.9 12.9 91.3 62.2 39.5 37.0 38.1 78.6 17.8 97.9 36.8 40.0 557
18-23 6.1 35.9 74.8 7.1 92.1 64.6 37.7 45.1 40.6 80.4 17.2 98.4 41.4 43.3 1,081
24-35 1.9 28.7 72.0 2.6 90.6 64.9 34.0 39.5 42.8 68.4 18.1 97.8 33.7 33.7 2,922
6-23 7.9 39.4 74.4 9.3 90.5 62.0 37.7 40.9 38.6 77.9 17.5 97.5 37.8 40.3 1,799
Total 4.3 32.8 72.5 5.3 89.9 62.9 34.9 39.5 40.7 71.0 17.9 97.2 34.8 35.6 4,804
Note: Breastfeeding status and food consumed refer to a 24-hour period (yesterday and the past night). Figures in parentheses are based on 25-
49 unweighted cases; an asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1
Other milk includes fresh, tinned, and powdered cow or other animal milk
2
Doesn't include plain water
3
Includes fortified baby food
4
Includes pumpkin, yellow squash, carrots, orange sweet potatoes, dark green leafy vegetables, mangoes, papayas, and palm nuts
11.6 INFANT AND YOUNG CHILD FEEDING (IYCF) PRACTICES
Appropriate Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) practices include timely initiation of
feeding solid/semi-solid foods from age 6 months, feeding small amounts and increasing the amount
of foods and the frequency of feeding as the child gets older, while maintaining breastfeeding. For the
average, healthy breastfed child, solid/semi-solid foods should be provided 2-3 times per day at age 6-
8 months and 3-4 times per day from age 9 to 23 months, with an additional snack being offered 1-2
times per day, as desired. The minimum feeding frequencies are based upon the energy needs from
complementary foods according to age-specific total daily energy requirements plus 2 SD (to meet the
needs of almost all children), minus the average energy intake from breast milk for children in
developing countries. Infants with low breast milk intake would need to be fed more frequently.
However, feeding frequencies greater than necessary may lead to the displacement of breast milk
(PAHO/WHO, 2003).
Although it is internationally recommended that infants should be breastfed for up to two

years, some infants are not breastfed and therefore do not receive the benefits of breastfeeding, while
others stop breastfeeding before age two. Guidelines have been developed for this group of children
who may not be breastfed because of the mother’s known HIV-positive status, or the mother having
died, or some other reason (WHO, 2005). It is recommended that the non-breastfed child be fed

solid/semi-solid foods 4-5 times per day from age 6 to 23 months, with an additional snack being
offered 1-2 times per day, as desired.
Appropriate nutrition includes feeding children a variety of foods to ensure that nutrient
requirements are met. Studies have shown that plant-based complementary foods by themselves are
insufficient to meet the needs for certain micronutrients (WHO/UNICEF, 1998). Therefore, it has
been advised that meat, poultry, fish or eggs should be eaten daily, or as often as possible. Vegetarian
diets may not meet children’s nutrient requirements unless supplements or fortified products are used.
Vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables should be consumed daily. Children’s diets should also include
adequate fat content. Fat is important in the diets of infants and young children because it provides
essential fatty acids, facilitates absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamin A) and enhances
dietary energy, density, and palatability. Tea and coffee contain compounds that inhibit iron
absorption and are not recommended for children. Sugary drinks and excessive juice consumption
should be avoided because other than energy, they contribute little to the diet and as a result decrease
the child’s appetite for more nutritious foods (PAHO/WHO, 2003).
The nutritional requirements of children age 6-23 months can be summarised as follows:
Breastfed children age 6-23 months should receive animal-source foods and vitamin A-rich fruits and
vegetables daily (PAHO/WHO, 2003). Because first foods almost universally include a grain- or
tuber-based staple, it is unlikely that young children who eat foods from two or fewer food groups
will receive both an animal-source food and a vitamin A-rich fruit or vegetable. Therefore, three food
groups are considered the minimum appropriate number of food groups for breastfed infants
(Arimond and Ruel, 2004).
Breastfed infants age 6-8 months should be fed meals of complementary foods two or three
times per day, with one or two snacks as desired; breastfed children age 9-23 months should be fed
meals three or four times per day, with one or two snacks (PAHO/WHO, 2003).
Non-breastfed children age 6-23 months should receive milk products to ensure that their
calcium needs are met. In addition, they need animal-source foods and vitamin A-rich fruits and
vegetables. Therefore, four food groups are considered the minimum appropriate number of food
groups for non-breastfed young children. Non-breastfed children age 6-23 months should be fed
meals four or five times per day, with one or two snacks as desired (WHO, 2005).
Table 11.6 presents summary indicators for three IYCF practices that take into account the
percentage of breastfed and non-breastfed children for whom feeding practices met minimum
standards with respect to food diversity (i.e., the number of food groups consumed) and feeding
frequency (i.e., the number of times the child was fed), and the consumption of breast milk or other
milk or milk products.
According to the results presented in Table 11.6 and Figure 11.6, only 30 percent of youngest
children age 6-23 months living with their mother are fed in accordance with IYCF practices. The
proportion fed according to the guidelines is much higher among breastfed children (35 percent) than
among those who are not breastfed (16 percent). Nearly nine in ten children (88 percent) received
breast milk or milk products during the 24-hour period before the survey, and 55 percent of children
were fed according to minimum standards with respect to food diversity (three or more food groups
for breastfed children and four more food groups for non-breastfed children).
Among breastfed children age 6-23 months, 52 percent receive foods from at least three food
groups, while 55 percent are fed the minimum number of times or more. Among non-breastfed
children age 6-23 months, 48 percent receive milk or milk products, 63 percent are fed foods from at
least four food groups, and 33 percent are fed four or more times per day. A substantial proportion of
non-breastfed children (more than eight in ten ) are not fed in accordance with the three IYCF
practices.

Table 11.6 Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices
Percentage of youngest children age 6-23 months living with their mother who are fed according to three IYCF practices based breastfeeding status,
number of food groups consumed, and number of times they are fed during the day and night preceding the survey, by background characteristics,
Nigeria 2008
Among breastfed
children age 6-23
months, percentage fed:
Both 3+ Among all children age 6-23
food Among non-breastfed children months, percentage fed:
groups Number age 6-23 months, percentage fed: Number
and of breast- of non- Mini- Number
Mini- mini- fed 4+ With 3 breastfed Breast 3+ or mum With all of all
3+ mum mum children Milk or 4+ times IYCF children milk or 4+ times 3 IYCF children
Background food times or times or age 6-23 milk food or prac- age 6-23 milk food or prac- age 6-23
characteristic groups1 more2 more months products3 groups more tices4 months products3 groups5 more6 tices months
Age
6-8 31.3 60.0 26.0 1,449 40.6 20.6 9.9 1.6 59 97.7 30.8 58.1 25.0 1,508
9-11 55.6 47.9 31.9 1,174 54.0 57.5 21.6 10.1 102 96.3 55.8 45.8 30.1 1,277
12-17 59.7 54.1 38.2 2,261 55.3 65.2 31.2 16.4 557 91.2 60.8 49.6 33.9 2,817
18-23 64.9 61.1 46.1 755 44.4 65.3 36.9 16.8 1,081 67.3 65.1 46.9 28.8 1,836
Sex
Male 51.1 54.0 33.9 2,784 49.7 62.7 33.4 15.6 938 87.3 54.0 48.8 29.3 3,722
Female 53.4 56.5 35.7 2,855 46.5 64.1 33.4 15.9 861 87.6 55.8 51.2 31.1 3,715
Residence
Urban 58.5 55.1 36.6 1,493 58.6 71.0 34.8 19.7 736 86.3 62.6 48.4 31.0 2,229
Rural 50.0 55.3 34.1 4,146 41.0 58.1 32.4 13.1 1,063 88.0 51.7 50.6 29.8 5,209
Zone
North Central 59.9 64.5 41.3 764 47.6 65.6 27.8 16.3 218 88.4 61.2 56.3 35.8 982
North East 44.6 61.4 32.6 1,007 43.8 52.1 41.5 16.3 154 92.5 45.6 58.7 30.4 1,161
North West 40.1 49.1 27.2 2,003 39.9 44.1 33.2 16.8 354 91.0 40.7 46.8 25.7 2,357
South East 58.9 58.3 40.1 400 53.3 62.9 37.1 14.2 303 79.9 60.6 49.2 28.9 703
South South 72.1 63.4 49.7 622 51.8 70.8 29.8 14.5 359 82.4 71.6 51.1 36.8 981
South West 65.7 46.8 35.9 843 50.5 76.8 34.0 16.8 410 83.8 69.3 42.6 29.7 1,253
Mother's
education
No education 44.3 52.6 29.3 2,945 39.6 47.3 32.1 13.3 480 91.5 44.8 49.7 27.0 3,425
Primary 57.9 58.9 39.9 1,251 41.0 63.5 32.1 13.0 409 85.5 59.3 52.3 33.3 1,661
Secondary 61.9 56.4 40.1 1,209 51.8 69.8 33.1 15.1 702 82.3 64.8 47.9 30.9 1,911
More than
secondary 72.4 63.6 49.3 234 70.0 78.1 39.9 29.2 208 85.9 75.1 52.4 39.8 441
Wealth quintile
Lowest 44.2 53.6 29.8 1,521 42.7 43.5 33.1 10.6 217 92.8 44.1 51.0 27.4 1,738
Second 45.6 53.9 30.5 1,391 33.5 50.9 30.4 11.9 301 88.2 46.6 49.7 27.2 1,692
Middle 54.0 57.9 37.8 1,066 37.5 55.8 33.8 11.5 328 85.3 54.4 52.2 31.6 1,394
Fourth 63.2 57.8 41.9 927 48.7 71.5 32.6 17.7 408 84.3 65.8 50.1 34.5 1,335
Highest 65.1 54.4 39.9 734 64.6 76.5 35.5 21.1 545 84.9 70.0 46.3 31.9 1,279
Total 52.3 55.3 34.8 5,639 48.2 63.3 33.4 15.8 1,799 87.5 54.9 50.0 30.2 7,438
1
Food groups: a. infant formula, milk other than breast milk, cheese or yogurt or other milk products; b. foods made from grains, roots, and tubers,
including porridge, fortified baby food from grains; c. vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables and palm nuts; d. other fruits and vegetables; e. eggs; f. meat,
poultry, fish, and shellfish (and organ meats); g. legumes and nuts; h. foods made with oil, fat, or butter.
2
At least twice a day for breastfed infants 6-8 months and at least three times a day for breastfed children 9-23 months
3
Includes commercial infant formula, fresh, tinned and powdered animal milk, and cheese, yogurt and other milk products
4
Non-breastfed children age 6-23 months are considered to be fed with a minimum standard of three Infant and Young Child Feeding practices if they
receive other milk or milk products and are fed at least the minimum number of times per day with at least the minimum number of food groups
5
3+ food groups for breastfed children and 4+ food groups for non-breastfed children
6
Fed solid or semi-solid food at least twice a day for infants age 6-8 months, 3+ times for other breastfed children, and 4+ times for non-breastfed
children

Figure 11.6 Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices
Percentage of all children 6-23 months
100
80
65
70
60
84
40
20
35
30
15
0
Breastfed Non-breastfed All children
children children age 6-23 months
Fed with all IYCF practices Not fed with all IYCF practices
NDHS 2008
Looking at the variation in the proportion of children fed according to the IYCF diversity
standards by background characteristics, the results indicate that male and female children are equally
likely to be fed according to IYCF practices. Children in urban and rural areas are equally likely to be
fed in accordance with IYCF practices. Among the zones, the percentage of children fed according to
IYCF practices ranges from 26 percent in North West to 37 percent in South South.
Table 11.6 shows that compliance with IYCF practices increases with mother’s level of
education. The proportion of children age 6-23 months who are fed according to the minimum
diversity standards generally increase with the mother’s level of education. Forty percent of children
whose mothers attended more than secondary school are fed according to the IYCF practices,
compared with 27 percent of children whose mothers have no education. The proportion of children
fed according to IYCF practices also increases with household wealth status, from 27 percent in the
two lowest wealth quintiles to 32 percent or higher in the three highest wealth quintiles.
11.7 MICRONUTRIENT INTAKE AMONG CHILDREN
Table 11.7 summarises information collected in the 2008 NDHS on the intake of vitamin A
and iron, and on receipt of de-worming medications among children.
Vitamin A is an essential micronutrient for the immune system and plays an important role in
maintaining the epithelial tissue in the body. Severe Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD) can cause eye
damage. VAD can also increase severity of infections such as measles and diarrhoeal diseases in
children and slow recovery from illness. Vitamin A is found in breast milk, other milks, liver, eggs,
fish, butter, red palm oil, mangoes, papayas, carrots, pumpkins, and dark green leafy vegetables. The
liver can store an adequate amount of the vitamin for four to six months. Periodic dosing (usually
every six months) of vitamin A supplements is one method of ensuring that children at risk do not
develop VAD.
Table 11.7 shows that more than two in three youngest children age 6-35 months living with
the mother consumed foods rich in vitamin A in the 24 hours preceding the interview. The proportion
of children who consumed foods rich in vitamin A increases with age, from 36 percent for children
age 6-8 months to 82 percent for children age 24-35 months. Not surprisingly, non-breastfeeding

children (84 percent) are more likely to consume foods rich in vitamin A than breastfeeding children
(58 percent). Urban children (76 percent) are more likely to consume foods rich in vitamin A than
rural children (67 percent). With regard to zones, children living in Southern zones (81 percent to 88
percent) are more likely to consume foods rich in vitamin A than children in the Northern zones (54
percent to 77 percent). Mother’s level of education is directly related to the consumption of foods rich
in vitamin A: 58 percent of children whose mothers have no education consumed foods rich in
vitamin A in the 24 hours before the survey, compared with 86 percent of children of mothers with
more than secondary education. Likewise, as wealth status increases the proportion of children who
receive foods rich in vitamin A increases, from 56 percent among children in the lowest wealth
quintile to 83 percent among children in the highest wealth quintile.
The NDHS 2008 collected information on children’s intake of iron. Iron is essential for
cognitive development. Low iron intake can also contribute to anaemia. Iron requirements are greatest
between age 6 and 11 months, when growth is most rapid. Table 11.7 shows that 58 percent of
youngest children age 6-35 months who live with their mother consumed foods rich in iron in the 24
hours preceding the interview. The proportion of children who are fed foods rich in iron increases
with age, from 29 percent among children age 6-8 months to 70 percent among children age 18-23
months. As expected, breastfeeding children (46 percent) are less likely to consume iron-rich foods
than those that are not breastfeeding (73 percent). Urban children (70 percent) are more likely than
rural children (53 percent) to receive iron-rich foods. By zone, the proportion of children who
consumed iron-rich foods ranges from 41 percent in North East to 86 percent in South South. Children
whose mothers were age 15-19 at the time of their birth are less likely than children born to older
mothers to consume foods rich in iron. The proportion of children who are fed foods rich in iron
increases with mother’s level of education, from 39 percent among children whose mothers have no
education to 84 percent among children whose mothers have more than secondary education.
Similarly, the proportion of children who are fed foods rich in iron increases with wealth status, from
37 percent among children in households in the lowest wealth quintile to 81 percent among children
in households in the highest wealth quintile.
The 2008 NDHS collected information on vitamin A supplementation. As shown in Table

11.7, one in four children age 6-59 months received vitamin A supplements in the six months
preceding the survey. One in three urban children, compared with one in five rural children received
vitamin A supplements in six months preceding the survey. Mother’s level of education is closely
associated with children receiving vitamin A supplements; 14 percent of children of mothers with no
education received vitamin A supplements in the past six months, compared with 49 percent of
children whose mothers have more than secondary education. Similarly, the proportion of children
who received vitamin A supplements increases with household wealth status, from 13 percent among
children in the lowest wealth quintile to 44 percent among children in the highest wealth quintile.
The NDHS 2008 also collected information on the intake of iron supplements during the
seven days preceding the survey among children age 6-59 months. The results show that 16 percent of
the children received iron supplements in the past week. One in four urban children were likely to
receive iron supplements, compared with one in ten rural children. In the zones, children in Southern
zones (16 percent to 49 percent) were more likely to receive iron supplements than their Northern
counterparts (3 percent to 7 percent). The likelihood that a child received iron supplements in the past
seven days increases with mother’s level of education and household wealth quintile.
Infection with helminths or intestinal worms has been shown to have an adverse impact on the
physical development of children and is associated with high levels of iron deficiency anaemia and
other nutritional deficiencies. Regular treatment with de-worming medication is a simple, cost-
effective measure to address these infections. Table 11.7 shows that one in five children age 6-59
months received de-worming medication during the six months preceding the survey.

Table 11.7 Micronutrient intake among children
Among youngest children age 6-35 months who are living with their mother, the percentages who consumed vitamin A-rich and iron-
rich foods in the day and night preceding the survey; and among all children age 6-59 months, the percentages who were given vitamin
A supplements in the six months preceding the survey, who were given iron supplements in the past seven days, and the percentage
who were given de-worming medication in the six months preceding the survey; and among all children age 6-59 months who live in
households that were tested for iodised salt, the percentage with adequately iodised salt in household, by background characteristics,
Nigeria 2008
Children age 6-59

Youngest children age months in
6-35 months living with households tested
the mother All children age 6-59 months for iodised salt
Percentage Percentage Percentage
who who given Percentage Percentage
consumed consumed vitamin A Percentage given de- with
foods rich foods rich supple- given iron worming adequately
in vitamin in iron in Number ments in supple- medica- Number iodised Number
Background A in past past 24 of past 6 ments in tion in past of salt in of
characteristic 24 hours1 hours2 children months past 7 days 6 months3 children household4 children
Age in months
6-8 35.9 29.0 1,508 22.4 13.0 6.8 1,543 54.3 1,508
9-11 63.9 52.5 1,277 29.6 18.8 14.4 1,312 52.3 1,278
12-17 69.3 57.5 2,817 26.9 16.1 17.6 2,894 53.2 2,815
18-23 80.3 69.7 1,836 29.3 18.2 24.8 2,051 53.2 2,006
24-35 81.9 66.8 3,205 26.0 15.9 25.2 4,633 52.6 4,510
36-47 na na na 24.8 15.4 23.3 5,013 53.1 4,856
48-59 na na na 24.6 14.5 22.9 4,653 52.4 4,522
Sex
Male 69.2 57.5 5,346 25.8 15.5 21.5 11,154 52.5 10,859
Female 70.0 58.0 5,296 25.9 15.9 21.1 10,946 53.3 10,637
Breastfeeding status
Breastfeeding 58.4 46.4 5,922 24.2 13.7 11.2 6,066 52.9 5,915
Not breastfeeding 84.1 72.5 4,614 26.8 16.7 25.7 15,137 52.5 14,715
Missing 63.1 51.9 107 19.6 12.6 16.2 897 59.2 866
Residence
Urban 76.4 69.9 3,187 35.5 25.8 33.9 6,809 54.8 6,647
Rural 66.7 52.6 7,455 21.5 11.2 15.7 15,291 52.0 14,849
Zone
North Central 77.3 70.4 1,442 25.7 6.8 9.4 3,045 54.7 3,003
North East 60.1 41.0 1,679 18.6 4.1 5.7 3,488 34.1 3,414
North West 53.5 33.6 3,390 13.9 3.2 4.0 6,770 66.5 6,498
South East 81.2 73.8 955 28.5 16.4 42.5 2,152 59.7 2,059
South South 88.1 85.6 1,364 34.4 25.3 48.4 2,910 39.8 2,841
South West 82.5 79.0 1,812 46.1 48.5 43.8 3,735 51.1 3,681
Mother's education
No education 57.7 39.2 4,920 14.4 4.4 5.1 10,081 52.9 9,768
Primary 76.9 68.4 2,420 27.5 16.8 24.4 5,169 53.1 5,063
Secondary 81.1 76.2 2,665 39.7 30.0 40.8 5,551 51.4 5,405
More than secondary 85.9 83.5 637 48.6 38.2 51.9 1,299 58.2 1,260
15-19 59.1 43.3 722 15.8 9.1 8.5 1,006 49.5 974
20-29 69.5 58.0 5,169 25.1 15.5 20.2 10,526 52.0 10,240
30-39 71.9 60.7 3,776 28.6 18.0 25.2 8,240 53.9 8,035
40-49 69.0 55.7 975 24.0 11.3 18.4 2,329 54.7 2,247
Wealth quintile
Lowest 56.0 37.0 2,482 13.2 3.2 4.6 4,955 45.9 4,803
Second 63.7 47.6 2,419 17.5 6.8 9.7 4,935 54.1 4,807
Middle 70.8 59.0 1,978 26.2 13.4 18.9 4,247 52.4 4,140
Fourth 80.5 74.1 1,908 33.1 22.9 32.1 4,011 56.7 3,896
Highest 83.0 80.7 1,855 44.3 37.7 48.5 3,952 56.8 3,850
69.6 57.8 10,642 25.8 15.7 21.3 22,100 52.9 21,496
Total
Note: Information on vitamin A and iron supplements and de-worming medication is based on mothers’ reports.
na = Not applicable
1
Includes meat (and organ meat), fish, poultry, eggs, pumpkin, yellow squash, carrots, orange sweet potatoes, dark green leafy
vegetables, mango, papaya, and palm nuts
2
Includes meat (including organ meat), fish, poultry, and eggs
3
De-worming for intestinal parasites is commonly done for helminths and for schistosomiasis
4
Salt containing at least 15 parts per million (ppm) of iodine

The proportion of children who received the de-worming medication increases with age, from
7 percent among children age 6-8 months to 25 percent among children age 24-35 months, before
declining among children age 36 months and older.
The proportion of children who received de-worming medication is much higher among non-
breastfeeding children (26 percent) than among those who are breastfeeding (11 percent). The
proportion of children receiving medication is higher among urban children (34 percent) than rural
children (16 percent). By zone, the proportion of children who received de-worming medication is
highest in South South (48 percent) and lowest in North West zone (4 percent). The likelihood that a
child has received de-worming medication is positively associated with mother’s level of education
and household wealth quintile.
The NDHS 2008 collected information on household salt quality by testing for the level of
iodine. Iodised salt prevents goitre and aids mental development, especially in children. The results of
the testing of household salt indicated that half of children age 6-59 months live in households with
adequately iodised salt.
11.8 PRESENCE OF IODISED SALT IN HOUSEHOLDS
Salt is used for several purposes in the household. It plays a role in cooking and food
preservation, but not all types of salt are fit for consumption. In line with food and drug regulation,
household salt should be iodised to at least 15 parts per million (ppm). Iodised salt is essential in the
prevention of goitre among children and adults. The 2008 NDHS tested the quality of household salt
in 94 percent of households. Table 11.8 shows that, among these, 3 percent use salt with no iodine
content (0 ppm), 45 percent have salt with inadequate iodine content, and 52 percent have salt with
adequate iodine content. Households in North East are least likely to have salt with adequate iodine
content (34 percent), compared with households in North West (65 percent).
Table 11.8 Presence of iodised salt in household
Among all households, percentage with salt tested for iodine content and percentage with no salt; and among households
with salt tested, the percent distribution by level of iodine in salt (parts per million or ppm), according to background
Among households with salt tested,

the percent distribution by iodine
All households content of salt
Percentage Percentage Number Number
Background with salt with no of None Inadequate Adequate of
characteristic tested salt households (0 ppm) (<15 ppm) (15+ ppm) Total households
Residence
Urban 94.1 5.9 12,100 2.7 43.8 53.5 100.0 11,380
Rural 94.2 5.8 21,970 3.8 45.8 50.4 100.0 20,698
Zone
North Central 94.6 5.4 4,568 3.4 40.4 56.2 100.0 4,322
North East 92.0 8.0 3,730 5.0 61.3 33.7 100.0 3,430
North West 91.5 8.5 7,178 3.7 31.5 64.7 100.0 6,566
South East 95.6 4.4 4,527 4.3 39.0 56.7 100.0 4,327
South South 94.5 5.5 5,966 3.3 56.8 39.9 100.0 5,641
South West 96.2 3.8 8,100 1.9 47.0 51.1 100.0 7,792
Wealth quintile
Lowest 93.6 6.4 6,119 4.9 50.3 44.8 100.0 5,727
Second 94.0 6.0 6,219 3.4 45.0 51.5 100.0 5,845
Middle 94.2 5.8 7,065 3.7 45.4 50.9 100.0 6,657
Fourth 93.8 6.2 7,216 2.7 43.5 53.8 100.0 6,768
Highest 95.0 5.0 7,451 2.5 42.2 55.3 100.0 7,082
Total 94.2 5.8 34,070 3.4 45.1 51.5 100.0 32,079

11.9 NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF WOMEN
Anthropometric measurements of height and weight were collected for women age 15-49. In
this report, two indicators of nutritional status based on these data are presented: the percentage of
women with very short stature (less than 145 cm) and the body mass index (BMI).
The body mass index (BMI), or the Quetelet index, is used to measure thinness and obesity.
BMI is defined as weight in kilograms divided by height in metres squared (kg/m2). A cut-off point of
18.5 is used to define thinness or acute undernutrition, and a BMI of 25.0 or above usually indicates
overweight or obesity. The height of a woman is associated with past socio-economic status and
nutrition during childhood and adolescence. Low pre-pregnancy BMI and short stature are risk factors
for poor birth outcomes and obstetric complications. In developing countries, maternal underweight is
the leading risk factor for preventable deaths and diseases.
Table 11.9 shows the percentage of women with height under 145 cm, the mean BMI, and the
proportion of women falling into high-risk categories, according to background characteristics.
Respondents for whom there was no information on height or weight and for whom a BMI could not
be estimated are excluded from this analysis. The data analysis on BMI is based on 28,200 women,
while the height analysis is based on 32,367 women age 15-49 years.
Table 11.9 shows that 3 percent of women have short stature. Short stature decreases with
increasing level of education and wealth status. Two in three women have a normal BMI. Normal
BMI decreases with age from 74 percent among women age 15-19 to 57 percent among women age
40-49. Normal BMI also decreases with increasing level of education and wealth status. Four percent
of women are moderately or severely thin. The proportion of women moderately or severely thin
decreases with age, and with increasing level of education and wealth quintile.
Regarding the overweight and obese category, nearly one in four women is either overweight
or obese (16 percent overweight and 6 percent obese). Overweight and obesity increases by age from
7 percent among women age 15-19 to 34 percent among women age 40-49. More urban women (31
percent) than rural women (17 percent) are overweight or obese. Overweight and obesity are higher
for women in the Southern zones than the Northern zones, and increase with increasing level of
education and wealth quintile.

Table 11.9 Nutritional status of women
Among women age 15-49, the percentage with height under 145 cm, the mean body mass index (BMI), and the percentage of
women with specific BMI levels, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Body Mass Index1

Normal Thin Overweight/obese
≥25.0
Mean <17 (total
Height Body 18.5- 17.0- (moder- over- 25.0-
Percentage Number Mass 24.9 <18.5 18.4 ately or weight 29.9 Number
Background below of Index (total (total (mildly severely or (over- ≥30.0 of
characteristic 145 cm women (BMI) normal) thin) thin) thin) obese) weight) (obese) women
Age
15-19 6.1 6,221 20.8 73.7 19.3 13.4 5.9 7.0 6.0 1.0 5,712
20-29 2.6 12,069 22.3 70.0 11.6 8.7 2.9 18.3 14.4 3.9 9,904
30-39 1.9 8,344 23.6 60.1 9.5 6.5 3.0 30.4 20.7 9.7 7,117
40-49 1.8 5,732 23.9 57.0 9.2 6.5 2.7 33.8 23.5 10.3 5,467
Residence
Urban 2.1 11,592 23.6 60.1 9.1 6.5 2.6 30.8 21.3 9.5 10,307
Rural 3.5 20,775 22.1 69.0 14.0 10.0 4.0 17.0 13.0 4.0 17,893
Zone
North Central 2.8 4,646 22.8 70.4 8.5 6.5 2.0 21.1 15.8 5.3 4,043
North East 3.1 4,130 21.3 66.6 20.7 14.0 6.7 12.7 9.7 3.0 3,456
North West 5.5 7,640 21.5 66.6 18.6 12.6 6.0 14.8 11.5 3.4 6,395
South East 2.0 3,960 23.5 63.7 6.8 5.6 1.2 29.5 21.0 8.5 3,529
South South 1.8 5,313 23.3 65.7 7.7 6.0 1.7 26.7 18.8 7.9 4,779
South West 1.6 6,678 23.3 62.4 9.7 6.9 2.8 27.9 19.7 8.2 5,998
Education
No education 4.1 11,467 21.6 67.5 18.1 12.4 5.8 14.4 11.2 3.2 9,698
Primary 3.0 6,427 22.9 66.0 10.3 7.6 2.7 23.8 17.1 6.7 5,510
Secondary 2.4 11,595 22.9 66.6 9.6 7.2 2.4 23.8 17.3 6.5 10,401
More than secondary 0.8 2,878 24.8 55.0 4.5 3.4 1.2 40.5 27.2 13.3 2,591
Wealth quintile
Lowest 4.7 5,950 21.0 70.0 20.7 14.1 6.6 9.3 7.5 1.8 4,960
Second 3.9 6,006 21.6 71.5 15.1 10.7 4.4 13.4 11.1 2.3 5,148
Middle 2.7 6,163 22.4 69.6 11.3 8.1 3.2 19.1 14.9 4.2 5,370
Fourth 2.5 6,775 23.0 65.0 9.6 7.3 2.3 25.4 18.5 6.9 6,059
Highest 1.5 7,472 24.5 55.6 6.7 4.9 1.8 37.7 24.9 12.8 6,664
Total 3.0 32,367 22.6 65.7 12.2 8.7 3.5 22.1 16.1 6.0 28,200
2
Note: The Body Mass Index (BMI) is expressed as the ratio of weight in kilograms to the square of height in metres (kg/m ).
1
Excludes pregnant women and women with a birth in the preceding 2 months
11.10 FOODS CONSUMED BY MOTHERS
The quality and quantity of foods consumed by mothers influences their health and that of
their children, especially the health of breastfeeding children. The 2008 NDHS included questions on
the types of food consumed by mothers with children under age three during the day and night
preceding the interview.
Table 11.10 shows that eight in ten mothers of young children in Nigeria consume foods
made grain; four in ten consume foods made from roots and tubers, and an equal proportion consume
legumes; seven in ten eat meat, fish, shellfish, poultry, and egg; one in five eats cheese or yogurt; two
in three eat vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables; one in three eats other fruits and vegetables, and a
similar proportion eats foods made with oil, fats or butter; and one in seven women consume sugary
foods. The consumption of solid or semi-solid foods varies according to background characteristics.
The consumption of legumes is lowest in South East zone (26 percent) and highest in South West (57
percent). More urban women (82 percent) than rural women (63 percent) consume meat, fish, shell
fish, poultry, and egg. The consumption of meat, fish, shellfish, poultry, and egg increases with level
of education and wealth status. Education and wealth status also have positive relationships with the
consumption of vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables, other fruits or vegetables, and foods made with
oil, fat, and butter, and sugary foods.

Table 11.10 Foods consumed by mothers in the day and night preceding the interview
Among mothers age 15-49 with a child under age three years living with them, the percentage who consumed specific types of foods in the
day or night preceding the interview, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Foods Meat/ Vitamin Foods

Foods made Foods fish/ A-rich Other made
Liquids
made from made shellfish/ fruits/ fruits/ with oil/
Background Tea/ from roots/ from poultry/ Cheese/ vege- vege- fat/ Sugary Number of
characteristic Milk coffee grains tubers legumes eggs yogurt tables1 tables butter foods mothers
Age
15-19 22.1 19.5 81.0 38.8 40.8 58.2 22.7 64.9 28.0 30.8 12.6 1,016
20-29 27.8 28.4 81.0 41.4 41.6 70.3 19.6 66.7 33.8 34.9 15.0 6,642
30-39 27.5 29.0 80.2 42.1 40.7 70.0 18.4 67.8 34.3 34.6 14.6 4,652
40-49 21.1 21.4 79.7 39.9 41.8 61.9 17.4 64.4 30.0 33.2 8.9 1,167
Residence
Urban 35.1 43.6 81.6 41.8 43.6 82.0 17.1 67.4 41.8 41.0 18.0 4,057
Rural 23.1 20.4 80.2 41.1 40.3 62.8 20.2 66.5 29.5 31.4 12.5 9,420
Zone
North Central 28.6 25.5 76.7 59.1 44.2 83.7 26.5 74.7 43.7 46.1 22.4 1,823
North East 23.6 22.7 88.6 30.8 41.4 50.6 21.0 59.8 18.9 23.9 9.7 2,175
North West 23.5 17.2 83.3 27.7 41.2 44.3 23.9 61.2 25.9 24.2 7.1 4,207
South East 28.1 33.4 74.5 59.7 25.5 82.4 13.1 71.3 41.8 28.1 16.0 1,227
South South 28.0 34.7 73.1 63.6 28.6 93.8 11.7 71.2 43.6 36.3 22.2 1,756
South West 32.2 42.9 80.3 35.2 57.1 91.4 12.5 71.5 39.3 55.3 17.5 2,287
Education
No education 22.6 15.3 82.7 31.7 41.6 50.2 24.4 62.8 24.7 28.9 9.5 6,170
Primary 22.3 26.3 79.2 49.6 41.7 78.5 14.9 70.1 35.8 35.9 13.7 3,045
Secondary 32.1 42.1 77.9 50.3 39.6 87.5 14.0 69.6 42.1 39.6 20.3 3,488
More than
secondary 52.5 61.0 81.9 44.5 43.9 90.6 18.8 72.0 50.6 47.4 25.0 774
Wealth quintile
Lowest 24.0 12.1 80.6 34.1 38.5 46.9 25.8 62.2 21.3 28.2 8.8 3,155
Second 18.2 14.0 80.5 38.2 41.1 57.3 19.3 64.3 28.3 29.4 10.3 3,041
Middle 18.6 23.4 78.2 46.8 39.1 72.5 16.6 67.9 35.4 32.0 14.4 2,509
Fourth 31.5 40.8 82.9 49.4 44.9 84.6 16.8 72.5 40.8 39.3 19.2 2,423
Highest 45.1 55.5 80.9 40.8 43.7 91.5 15.8 68.9 45.4 46.2 20.7 2,349
Total 26.7 27.4 80.6 41.3 41.3 68.6 19.3 66.8 33.2 34.3 14.1 13,477
Note: Foods consumed in the past 24-hour period (yesterday and the past night)
1
Includes pumpkin, yellow squash, carrots, orange sweet potatoes, green leafy vegetables, mangoes, papayas, and palm nuts
11.11 MICRONUTRIENT INTAKE AMONG MOTHERS
Adequate micronutrient intake by women has important benefits for both women and their
children. Table 11.11 includes a number of measures that are useful in assessing the extent to which
women are receiving adequate intake of vitamin A and iron. Table 11.11 shows the extent to which
mothers of young children are consuming foods rich in vitamin A, iron, and iodised salt. The results
indicate that 84 percent of mothers with children under three years eat foods rich in vitamin A and 69
percent eat iron-rich foods. Fifty-three percent of mothers are in households with adequately iodised
salt.
Mothers in urban areas (90 percent) are more likely to consume foods rich in vitamin A than
those in rural areas (82 percent). At the zonal level, mothers in North West are least likely to consume
foods rich in vitamin A (73 percent), while those in South South and South West are the most likely to
consume these foods (96 and 95 percent, respectively). Consumption of vitamin A-rich foods
increases with mother’s level of education.
Consumption of iron-rich foods is substantially higher among mothers in urban areas (82
percent) than those in rural areas (63 percent). Mothers in North West are least likely to consume
foods that are rich in iron (44 percent), while women in South South are the most likely to consume
these foods (94 percent). Consumption of iron-rich foods is more common among women with higher
education and women in households in the highest wealth quintile.

Table 11.11 Micronutrient intake among mothers
Among women age 15-49 with a child under age three years living with them, the percentages who consumed vitamin A-rich and iron-rich foods in the 24 hours preceding the survey; and among women
age 15-49 with a child born in the past five years, the percentage who received a vitamin A dose in the first two months after the birth of the last child, the percentage who during the pregnancy for the last
child had night blindness, the percentage who took iron tablets or syrup for specific numbers of days, and the percentage who took de-worming medication; and among women age 15-49 with a child
born in the past five years, who live in households that were tested for iodised salt, the percentage with adequately iodised salt in the household, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Women with a child
born in the past five
years in households
Women with a child born in the past five years that were tested for
Percentage iodised salt
Among women with a child under

of women who
three years living with them Number of days women took iron tablets or took de- Percentage
Percentage Percentage who had syrup during pregnancy for last birth worming with
Percentage Percentage who received night blindness during medication adequately
consumed consumed vitamin A pregnancy for last birth Don't during iodised salt Number
Background vitamin A- iron-rich Number of dose post- know/ pregnancy for Number in the of
2 3 5
characteristic rich foods1 foods women partum Reported Adjusted4 None <60 60-89 90+ missing last birth of women household6 women
Age
15-19 80.5 58.2 1,016 13.9 4.7 0.9 59.0 20.1 2.4 7.6 10.9 7.8 1,168 50.4 1,130
20-29 84.4 70.3 6,642 24.5 5.4 1.1 43.5 24.4 3.4 13.9 15.0 10.1 8,093 51.7 7,869
30-39 84.9 70.0 4,652 28.2 5.2 1.0 39.7 23.1 3.3 17.4 16.4 9.9 6,288 53.4 6,134
40-49 80.0 61.9 1,167 22.7 6.6 1.5 49.2 20.2 3.6 12.1 14.9 7.6 2,086 54.2 2,017
Residence
Urban 89.5 82.0 4,057 42.5 4.1 0.6 20.8 25.9 4.8 29.5 19.0 11.7 5,330 54.2 5,204
Rural 81.5 62.8 9,420 17.3 6.0 1.3 53.8 22.0 2.7 8.0 13.5 8.7 12,305 51.8 11,947
Zone
North Central 90.8 83.7 1,823 26.2 5.5 0.5 47.2 32.4 1.6 6.2 12.6 11.7 2,525 55.3 2,488
North East 74.0 50.6 2,175 12.1 7.4 1.9 53.3 27.5 4.2 11.0 4.0 5.9 2,751 33.8 2,687
North West 73.1 44.3 4,207 8.6 2.8 0.7 68.3 12.8 2.2 4.8 12.0 3.2 5,372 66.3 5,161
South East 91.9 82.4 1,227 37.1 4.4 0.2 20.8 36.9 5.9 9.6 26.8 11.4 1,603 59.2 1,539
South South 95.8 93.8 1,756 36.3 9.3 2.4 31.4 19.2 2.0 14.1 33.4 18.2 2,310 39.2 2,250
South West 94.5 91.4 2,287 48.9 5.9 1.1 11.4 25.6 5.4 44.2 13.3 14.6 3,075 49.9 3,027
Education
No education 75.1 50.2 6,170 9.3 4.9 1.0 68.2 16.7 1.9 5.1 8.0 4.2 8,017 53.3 7,764
Primary 88.8 78.5 3,045 25.8 6.6 1.2 33.8 30.1 4.1 14.3 17.8 12.4 4,012 51.7 3,925
Secondary 93.0 87.5 3,488 44.4 5.7 1.2 18.0 28.2 4.7 25.8 23.4 15.3 4,557 50.7 4,438
More than secondary 93.7 90.6 774 56.2 3.6 0.8 8.4 23.8 4.6 38.0 25.2 14.8 1,050 57.6 1,023
Wealth quintile
Lowest 73.0 46.9 3,155 7.0 6.2 1.3 74.8 14.4 1.6 2.9 6.3 4.2 4,074 46.3 3,944
Second 79.2 57.3 3,041 12.0 5.5 0.9 60.3 20.7 1.9 6.2 10.9 6.1 3,916 53.7 3,816
Middle 86.1 72.5 2,509 23.2 6.4 1.6 39.2 28.5 4.2 10.7 17.5 11.3 3,350 52.2 3,268
Fourth 92.0 84.6 2,423 34.5 5.8 0.9 22.4 31.0 5.3 18.7 22.7 14.7 3,204 55.7 3,107
Highest 94.2 91.5 2,349 56.9 2.8 0.7 9.5 23.8 4.3 40.1 22.2 13.7 3,091 56.2 3,016
Total 83.9 68.6 13,477 24.9 5.4 1.1 43.9 23.2 3.3 14.5 15.2 9.6 17,635 52.5 17,151
1
Includes meat (and organ meat), fish, poultry, eggs, pumpkin, yellow squash, carrots, orange sweet potatoes, mango, papaya, and palm nuts
2
Includes meat (and organ meat), fish, poultry, eggs
3
In the first two months after delivery of last birth
4
Women who reported night blindness but did not report difficulty with vision during the day
5
De-worming for intestinal parasites is commonly done for helminths and for schistosomiasis.
6
Salt containing at least 15 ppm of iodine or more
Breastfeeding children benefit from the micronutrient supplementation that mothers receive,
especially vitamin A. Table 11.10 includes several measures of vitamin A and iron supplementation
among mothers with young children and shows the proportion of mothers reporting night blindness
during pregnancy, a condition associated with vitamin A deficiency (VAD).
The survey results indicate that 25 percent of women with children born in the five years
preceding the survey received a dose of vitamin A in the first two months after the birth of the last
child. Post-partum vitamin A supplementation is highest among urban women (43 percent), those with
more than secondary education (56 percent), and those in the highest wealth quintile (57 percent). By
zone, the proportion of women who received post-partum vitamin A supplementation ranges from 9
percent in North West zone to 49 percent in South West zone.
Five percent of women said that they had experienced night blindness while pregnant with
their youngest child. After adjusting this figure for women who also reported vision problems during
the day, only 1 percent of women are estimated to have experienced VAD-related night blindness
during pregnancy.
Regarding iron supplementation, Table 11.11 shows the percent distribution of women who
gave birth during the five years preceding the survey by the number of days they took iron tablets or
syrup during the pregnancy for the last child. According to the results, 15 percent of women took iron
supplements for 90 days or more, 23 percent took the iron tablets for less than 60 days, and 44 percent
did not take any iron supplements at all. The percentage of women who did not take any iron
supplements during the pregnancy for the last birth ranged from 11 percent in South West to 68
percent in North West.
Regarding treatment for worms, Table 11.11 shows the percent distribution of women who
took de-worming medication while pregnant with the last child in the five years preceding the survey.
According to the results, 10 percent of women took de-worming medication during their last
pregnancy. The use of de-worming medication during pregnancy is highest among urban women (12
percent), those with secondary or higher levels of education (15 percent), and those in the fourth
wealth quintile (15 percent). By zone, the proportion of pregnant women who received de-worming
medication ranges from 3 percent in North West to 18 percent in South South.

MALARIA 12
12.1 INTRODUCTION
Malaria is endemic throughout Nigeria. The Sahel regions and the high mountain area of the
plateau experience slightly lower rates of transmission. Malaria currently accounts for nearly 110
million clinically diagnosed cases per year, 60 percent of outpatient visits, and 30 percent
hospitalisations. An estimated 300,000 children die of malaria each year. It is also believed to
contribute up to 11 percent maternal mortality, 25 percent infant mortality, and 30 percent under-five
mortality. In addition to the direct health impact of malaria, there are also severe social and economic
burdens on communities and the country as a whole, with about 132 billion Naira lost to malaria
annually in the form of treatment costs, prevention, loss of work time, etc. (FMoH and NMCP, 2009).
The National Malaria Control Strategic Plan (NMCSP) addresses national health and
development priorities including the Roll Back Malaria (RBM) Goals and the Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs). The NMCSP includes the following priorities: to reduce malaria related
mortality, to reduce malaria parasite prevalence in children under five, to increase ownership and use
of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), to introduce and scale-up
indoor residual spraying (IRS), to increase the use of diagnostic tests for fever patients, to improve
appropriate and timely treatment of malaria, and to increase coverage of intermittent preventive
treatment (IPT) of malaria during pregnancy. The NMCSP lays out specific targets to be achieved by
2010 and sustained through 2013 (FMoH and NMCP, 2009).
12.2 MOSQUITO NETS
The use of insecticide-treated nets is currently considered the most cost-effective method of
malaria prevention in highly endemic areas. The use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) or long-lasting
insecticidal nets (LLINs) is the main method of malaria prevention employed in Nigeria. Free
distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) is conducted through campaigns, public health
facilities, faith-based organisations (FBOs), and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) with the
goal of achieving universal access for the at-risk populations of children under age five and pregnant
women.
Nets are distributed through stand-alone campaigns and through integration with other
interventions such as measles vaccination. Nigeria implements a nationwide, routine LLIN
distribution system through health facilities that is modelled on the modified ITN Massive Promotion
and Awareness Campaign (IMPAC) system. Under this system, pregnant women attending antenatal
clinics receive an LLIN at first attendance, and children receive an LLIN on completion of their third
dose of the diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus vaccine (DPT3).
12.2.1 Ownership of Mosquito Nets
All households in the 2008 NDHS were asked whether they own a mosquito net and, if so,
how many. Table 12.1 shows the percentage of households with at least one mosquito net, with at
least one ever-treated net, and with at least one ITN, by background characteristics. Ownership of
ITNs among surveyed households measures access to effective personal protection from malaria
parasite-carrying mosquitoes.1
1
Malaria | 187
Table 12.1 Ownership of mosquito nets
Percentage of households with at least one and with more than one mosquito net (treated or untreated), ever-treated mosquito net, and
insecticide-treated net (ITN), and the average number of nets per household, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Ever-treated mosquito net1

Average Insecticide-treated mosquito
Any type of mosquito net number of nets (ITNs)2
Average ever- Average
Percentage Percentage number of Percentage Percentage treated Percentage Percentage number of
Background with at with more nets per with at with more nets per with at with more ITNs per Number of
characteristic least one than one household least one than one household least one than one household households
Residence
Urban 14.1 5.2 0.2 13.6 4.8 0.2 8.6 2.5 0.1 12,100
Rural 18.5 9.0 0.3 17.8 8.4 0.3 7.6 2.8 0.1 21,970
Zone
North Central 15.9 6.9 0.3 15.5 6.6 0.3 7.4 2.4 0.1 4,568
North East 27.8 15.7 0.5 27.4 15.3 0.5 7.1 3.2 0.1 3,730
North West 21.0 10.9 0.4 20.1 10.1 0.3 7.9 3.4 0.1 7,178
South East 13.4 5.0 0.2 12.8 4.7 0.2 9.8 3.4 0.1 4,527
South South 17.2 6.5 0.3 16.7 6.1 0.3 10.3 3.0 0.1 5,966
South West 10.8 3.6 0.2 10.2 3.2 0.1 6.0 1.4 0.1 8,100
Wealth quintile
Lowest 18.7 10.3 0.3 18.1 9.7 0.3 4.0 1.5 0.1 6,119
Second 18.3 9.4 0.3 17.8 8.8 0.3 6.2 2.5 0.1 6,219
Middle 16.7 7.4 0.3 16.2 7.0 0.3 7.9 2.8 0.1 7,065
Fourth 15.7 5.8 0.2 15.1 5.3 0.2 9.7 2.6 0.1 7,216
Highest 15.7 5.9 0.2 15.1 5.5 0.2 11.2 3.8 0.2 7,451
Total 16.9 7.6 0.3 16.3 7.1 0.3 8.0 2.7 0.1 34,070
1
An ever-treated net is a pre-treated net or a non-pre-treated net which has subsequently been soaked with insecticide at any time.
2
An insecticide-treated net (ITN) is 1) a factory-treated net that does not require any further treatment, or 2) a pre-treated net obtained
within the past 12 months, or 3) a net that has been soaked with insecticide within the past 12 months.
The 2008 NDHS results indicate that 17 percent of households in Nigeria own a mosquito net
(treated or untreated), and 8 percent of households own more than one mosquito net. Sixteen percent
of households own at least one ever-treated mosquito net, and 7 percent own more than one ever-
treated mosquito net. The percentage of households that own at least one ITN is 8, while 3 percent
own more than one ITN. The average number of ITNs per household is less than one.
By residence, more rural households (19 percent) than urban households (14 percent) own at
least one mosquito net. A similar trend is seen for ownership of ever-treated mosquito nets. In
contrast, urban households are more likely than rural households to own at least one ITN. There is
variation in the ownership of mosquito nets by zone. The percentage of households that own any
mosquito net in the Northern zones ranges from 16 percent to 28 percent, while in the Southern zones,
net ownership ranges from 11 percent to 17 percent. However, ownership of ITNs is higher among
households in the Southern zones. Ownership of mosquito nets and ever-treated net decreases with
increasing wealth quintile whereas ownership of ITNs increases with wealth quintile.
188 | Malaria
12.2.2 Use of Mosquito Nets by Children under Age Five
The use of mosquito nets by vulnerable groups in highly endemic communities is one of the
major malaria control and prevention strategies espoused by the Abuja Declaration and the Plan of
Action (RBM, 2000). Table 12.2 shows that 12 percent of children under age five slept under a
mosquito net on the night before the survey. The same proportion slept under an ever-treated net;
however, only 6 percent of the children slept under an ITN. It is interesting to note that only half of
children in households that own an ITN slept under an ITN on the night before the survey. The use of
any net, an ever-treated net, and an ITN decreases with increasing age of the child. The percentage of
children who slept under an ITN on the night before the survey increases with wealth quintile.
Table 12.2 Use of mosquito nets by children
Among children under five years in all households, the percentage who, on the night preceding the
interview, slept under a mosquito net (treated or untreated), under an ever-treated mosquito net, and
under an insecticide-treated net (ITN), and among children under five years in households with at least
one ITN, the percentage who slept under an ITN the past night, by background characteristics, Nigeria
2008
Among children under

five in households with
an ITN2
Among children under five in all households, Percentage
percentage who, the past night who slept
Slept under under an
Background Slept under an ever- Slept under Number of ITN the Number of
characteristic any net treated net1 an ITN2 children past night2 children
Age in months
<1 14.2 13.7 6.7 5,730 59.3 645
1 13.3 12.9 6.4 4,987 55.6 576
2 11.9 11.6 5.5 4,815 50.6 524
3 10.7 10.4 4.3 5,336 42.1 551
4 9.4 9.0 4.2 4,915 39.3 530
Sex
Male 11.7 11.4 5.3 13,079 49.8 1,396
Female 12.2 11.7 5.6 12,703 49.9 1,430
Residence
Urban 10.5 10.2 6.5 7,937 47.8 1,086
Rural 12.6 12.2 5.0 17,846 51.1 1,740
Zone
North Central 9.7 9.4 3.8 3,607 43.3 314
North East 12.8 12.5 3.6 4,118 41.7 358
North West 11.6 11.2 4.1 7,792 48.8 661
South East 14.3 13.9 10.5 2,490 57.6 456
South South 16.3 15.8 9.4 3,399 53.4 598
South West 8.8 8.5 5.0 4,377 49.9 439
Wealth quintile
Lowest 10.8 10.4 2.5 5,817 54.6 269
Second 12.6 12.1 4.3 5,770 53.0 468
Middle 13.2 12.8 6.3 4,953 51.5 607
Fourth 11.8 11.4 7.1 4,668 49.4 675
Highest 11.4 11.2 8.0 4,574 45.5 806
Total 11.9 11.6 5.5 25,783 49.8 2,825
Note: Total for children under age five in all households includes one child with information missing on
sex.
1
An ever-treated net is a pre-treated net or a non-pre-treated net which has subsequently been soaked
with insecticide at any time.
2
An insecticide-treated net (ITN) is 1) a factory-treated net that does not require any further treatment, or
2) a pre-treated net obtained within the past 12 months, or 3) a net that has been soaked with insecticide
within the past 12 months.
Malaria | 189
12.2.3 Use of Mosquito Nets by All Women and Pregnant Women Age 15-49
Use of mosquito nets by pregnant women is an important strategy to prevent malaria

morbidity and to reduce the negative effects of malaria on pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes. The
2008 NDHS collected information on the use of mosquito nets by women age 15-49, including
women who were pregnant at the time of the survey. The results for all women and for pregnant
women are presented in Tables 12.3 and 12.4, respectively.
As shown in Table 12.3, less than one in ten women slept under a mosquito net on the night
before the survey and only 4 percent slept under an ITN. Use of all three types of nets is slightly
higher in rural areas than urban areas. Use of any net or an ever-treated net generally decreases with
increasing level of education and wealth quintile, while use of an ITN generally increases with level
of education and wealth quintile. Forty-one percent of women in households with at least one ITN
slept under an ITN on the night before the survey. The proportion of women in households with an
ITN who slept under an ITN decreases with increasing level of education and wealth quintile.
Table 12.3 Use of mosquito nets by women
Among all women age 15-49 in all households, the percentage who slept the past night under a
mosquito net (treated or untreated), under an ever-treated mosquito net, and under an insecticide-
treated net (ITN); and among all women age 15-49 in households with at least one ITN, the percentage
who slept the past night under an ITN, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Women age 15-49 in
Among women age 15-49 in all households, households with an ITN2
percentage who, the past night: Percentage
Slept Slept under who slept
Background under an ever- Slept under Number of under an ITN2 Number of
characteristic any net treated net1 an ITN2 women the past night women
Residence
Urban 6.3 6.1 3.6 12,062 35.3 1,245
Rural 10.9 10.4 4.0 21,644 44.6 1,957
Zone
North Central 8.7 8.5 3.4 4,793 40.1 410
North East 13.8 13.5 3.8 4,304 46.2 356
North West 11.4 10.8 4.0 8,096 45.9 708
South East 6.2 6.0 4.2 4,132 35.5 487
South South 9.6 9.2 5.3 5,525 41.5 699
South West 5.7 5.4 2.8 6,855 35.8 541
Education
No education 11.4 10.8 3.0 12,049 48.7 748
Primary 10.1 9.9 4.3 6,649 47.5 595
Secondary 7.1 6.8 4.2 11,978 35.9 1,389
More than secondary 7.5 7.4 5.5 3,007 35.2 469
Wealth quintile
Lowest 10.7 10.2 2.3 6,263 51.5 277
Second 12.0 11.5 3.6 6,308 50.1 452
Middle 10.6 10.2 4.4 6,375 43.4 641
Fourth 7.9 7.6 4.8 7,001 42.4 791
Highest 5.9 5.8 4.2 7,759 31.5 1,040
Total 9.2 8.9 3.9 33,705 40.9 3,202
Note: Total for women age 15-49 includes 22 women with information missing on education.
1
2
An insecticide-treated net (ITN) is 1) a factory-treated net that does not require any further treatment,
or 2) a pre-treated net obtained within the past 12 months, or 3) a net that has been soaked with
insecticide within the past 12 months.
190 | Malaria
Table 12.4 shows the percentage of pregnant women age 15-49 that slept under a mosquito
net (treated or untreated) on the night before the survey. At the national level, 12 percent of pregnant
women slept under any net, and the same proportion slept under an ever-treated net. Five percent of
pregnant women slept under an ITN. The percentage of pregnant women living in households that
own at least one ITN who slept under an ITN is 44 percent.
Pregnant women in rural areas are more likely to have slept under any type of net than their
urban counterparts (13 percent compared with 9 percent). By zone, the use of any mosquito net ranges
from 9 percent in North Central and South West to 18 percent in North East. For use of ITNs, North
Central and South West are again the lowest, however, the highest percentages are observed in South
East and South South (6 percent and 7 percent, respectively). The percentage of pregnant women who
slept under any net generally decreases with increasing level of education and wealth quintile, while
the opposite is seen for use of an ITN.
Table 12.4 Use of mosquito nets by pregnant women
Among pregnant women age 15-49 in all households, the percentage who slept the past night under a
treated net (ITN); and among pregnant women age 15-49 in households with at least one ITN, the
percentage who slept the past night under an ITN, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Pregnant women
age 15-49 in households
with an ITN2
Among pregnant women age 15-49 in all Percentage
households, percentage who, the past night who slept
Background Slept under an ever- Slept under Number of ITN2 the Number of
characteristic any net treated net1 an ITN2 women past night women
Residence
Urban 9.2 9.2 4.6 1,049 37.4 130
Rural 13.0 12.5 4.9 2,348 48.3 237
Zone
North Central 9.4 9.3 3.4 481 45.1 37
North East 17.6 17.2 5.6 527 55.7 53
North West 12.4 12.0 4.2 1,051 47.8 93
South East 10.2 9.4 6.4 342 36.2 60
South South 11.3 11.1 7.2 444 47.3 67
South West 8.9 8.6 3.4 553 (33.4) 57
Education
No education 12.7 12.2 4.0 1,465 54.3 109
Primary 12.9 12.9 4.2 738 46.8 66
Secondary 10.4 10.0 6.2 953 41.5 143
More than secondary 8.9 8.3 5.8 241 (28.2) 49
Wealth quintile
Lowest 11.7 11.5 2.3 804 (52.5) 35
Second 14.2 13.5 4.6 698 55.1 59
Middle 13.5 13.1 6.8 649 53.2 83
Fourth 12.1 11.6 5.9 587 41.1 85
Highest 7.7 7.7 5.0 659 31.6 105
Total 11.8 11.5 4.8 3,397 44.4 367

1
2
An insecticide-treated net (ITN) is 1) a factory-treated net that does not require any further treatment,
Malaria | 191
12.2.4 Trends in Mosquito Net Ownership and Use
Figure 12.1 shows the trends in ownership and use of mosquito nets and ITNs from the 2003
NDHS to the 2008 NDHS. All net coverage and use indicators have increased between the two
surveys. The percentage of households that own any type of net increased from 12 percent in 2003 to
17 percent in 2008, while ownership of an ITN increased from 2 percent to 8 percent. The proportion
of children under age five who slept under a mosquito net on the night before the survey doubled in
the period between the two surveys from 6 percent to 12 percent. The proportion of children sleeping
under ITN increased from 1 percent to 6 percent. The percentage of pregnant women who slept under
any net and under an ITN on the night before the survey showed improvements similar to those
observed for children under age five.
Figure 12.1 Trends in Net Ownership and Use

NDHS 2003 AND NDHS 2008
Percent
20
17
15
12 12 12
10
8
6 6
5 5
5
2
1 1
0
At least At least Slept under Slept under Slept under Slept under
one net one ITN any net an ITN any net an ITN
HOUSEHOLD OWNERSHIP NET USE BY CHILDREN NET USE BY
OF NETS UNDER FIVE PREGNANT WOMEN
NDHS 2003 NDHS 2008
12.3 PROPHYLACTIC USE OF ANTI-MALARIAL DRUGS AND USE OF INTERMITTENT PREVENTIVE

TREATMENT IN PREGNANT WOMEN
Pregnant women who carry the malaria parasite may be at risk for serious problems that
jeopardise their own health, compromise the health of the foetus, and increase the likelihood of
adverse pregnancy outcomes such as stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, and low birth weight. As a
protective measure, in 2001, the Federal Ministry of Health recommended that pregnant women
receive Intermittent Preventive Treatment (IPT) of malaria during pregnancy using two doses of
sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP). There are many brand names of SP available in Nigeria; however,
Fansidar, Amalar, and Maloxine are some of the most common. IPT is offered as a package through
Focused Antenatal Care (FANC). In accordance with the national protocol, SP is given free of charge
to pregnant women through ANC services at public health facilities and non-governmental
organisation (NGO) facilities. Using an approach of directly observed therapy, one dose of SP is
given during the second and third trimesters. A third dose is recommended for pregnant women who
are HIV positive.
192 | Malaria
Table 12.5 presents information on malaria prevention for pregnant women through
prophylactic anti-malarial drug use and IPT. According to the 2008 NDHS, 18 percent of women
received an anti-malarial drug for prevention of malaria during the pregnancy for their last live birth
in the two years preceding the survey. This figure is comparable to the percentage reported in the
2003 NDHS (20 percent). The proportion of women taking anti-malarial drugs during pregnancy for
prevention of malaria is 26 percent in urban areas and 15 percent in rural areas.
The survey also collected information on the number of doses of SP taken by pregnant
women. Overall, 11 percent of pregnant women reported receiving at least one dose of SP to prevent
malaria during pregnancy and 7 percent of pregnant women received two or more doses. When IPT
uptake was assessed using ANC facilities as the delivery point, 8 percent of women reported receiving
at least one dose of SP for malaria prevention during an ANC visit and 5 percent received the
recommended two doses of SP, at least one dose during ANC.
More pregnant women received the complete schedule of SP doses as IPT during an ANC
visit in urban areas than in rural areas (8 percent compared with 4 percent). Pregnant women with
more than secondary education and those in the highest two wealth quintiles are more likely to receive
IPT during ANC than other women. Since the 2003 NDHS, there has been an increase in the coverage
of SP as IPT from 1 percent to 8 percent.
Table 12.5 Prophylactic use of anti-malarial drugs and use of Intermittent Preventive Treatment (IPT) by women during
pregnancy
Among women age 15-49 with a live birth in the two years preceding the survey, percentage who during their pregnancy
received anti-malarial drugs for prevention, percentage who received SP/Fansidar/Amalar/Maloxine (any and two or more
doses), and percentage who received Intermittent Preventive Treatment (IPT) (any and two or more doses), by background
SP/Fansidar/Amalar/ Intermittent Preventive

Maloxine Treatment1 Number of
Percentage who Percentage who Percentage who women with
Percentage who received any received any SP/ received 2+ a live birth in
received any SP/Fansidar/ Percentage Fansidar/Amalar/ doses, at least the two years
Background anti-malarial Amalar/ who received Maloxine during one during an preceding
characteristic drug Maloxine 2+ doses an ANC visit ANC visit the survey
Residence
Urban 26.0 16.6 9.9 12.6 7.9 3,289
Rural 15.2 8.5 5.1 6.0 3.7 7,738
Zone
North Central 21.0 12.0 9.1 9.1 6.9 1,478
North East 12.8 6.0 4.0 4.3 2.9 1,794
North West 10.6 7.5 4.9 6.0 3.9 3,410
South East 27.3 13.6 7.2 9.9 5.4 1,060
South South 27.0 17.9 9.3 12.4 6.3 1,462
South West 24.3 14.0 7.4 9.7 5.8 1,823
Education
No education 8.6 4.8 3.2 3.4 2.1 5,036
Primary 19.7 10.9 6.8 8.3 5.5 2,459
Secondary 28.9 18.5 10.8 13.4 8.2 2,922
More than secondary 43.7 25.2 13.0 18.6 10.5 610
Wealth quintile
Lowest 7.2 3.3 2.3 1.6 1.3 2,601
Second 10.8 5.4 3.1 3.7 2.1 2,494
Middle 19.9 11.4 6.6 8.4 4.8 2,085
Fourth 29.1 19.3 12.0 14.8 9.4 1,987
Highest 31.3 19.5 11.3 14.7 9.1 1,860
Total 18.4 10.9 6.5 8.0 4.9 11,027

1
IPT = Intermittent Preventive Treatment. SP/Fansidar is administered to pregnant women during one or more antenatal care
visits as preventive treatment against malaria.
Malaria | 193
12.4 PREVALENCE AND PROMPT TREATMENT OF FEVER IN CHILDREN UNDER AGE FIVE
Following a period of continuous increases in the resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to the

commonly used anti-malarial medicines, the new Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy (ACT)
was introduced in 2005 with Artemether-Lumefantrine (AL) as first-line treatment for uncomplicated
malaria and Artesunate+Amodiaquine (co-packaged) as an alternative.
As programmatic deployment of ACT will be scaled up to include persons above five years of
age over the period of the strategic plan, a policy to introduce improved diagnosis of malaria cases
through parasitological confirmation by microscopy or rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) has been put in
place.
In recent years, considerable efforts have been undertaken to increase access to malaria
treatment at the community level, including training of community health workers and role model
mothers (RMM) in treatment of febrile children with ACT.
The prevalence of fever measures the proportion of febrile children in the population. Because
fever is the main symptom of malaria, the proportion of febrile children in the population is a proxy
for assessing malaria prevalence. Any reduction in the malaria disease burden should lead to a
reduction in the overall prevalence of fever. In the 2008 NDHS, mothers were asked whether their
children under age five had had fever in the two weeks preceding the survey. If fever was reported,
the mother was asked whether treatment was sought at a health facility; whether the child was given
any medication; and if so, how soon the medication was taken after the fever began.
Table 12.6 shows the percentage of children under age five with fever in the two weeks
preceding the survey and, among children with fever, the percentage who took anti-malarial drugs,
and the percentage who took them on the same day or next day following the onset of fever, by
background characteristics.
The results of the 2008 NDHS indicate that 16 percent of children under age five had fever
during the two weeks preceding the interview (13 percent in urban areas and 17 percent in rural
areas). Children age 12-23 months were most likely to have had fever in the past two weeks (21
percent) while children age 48-59 months were least likely (12 percent). Prevalence of fever was
lowest in South West (8 percent) and highest in South East (23 percent). Fever was also lowest among
children of women with more than secondary education and children in households in the highest
wealth quintile.
Among children with fever in the two weeks preceding the survey, one in three received anti-
malarial drugs. Treatment of malaria varies by residence, with urban children being more likely than
rural children to receive anti-malarials (41 percent compared with 31 percent). Among the zones,
more than half of children (54 percent) in South West took anti-malarial drugs, compared with 22
percent in North East and South East zones. Use of anti-malarials increases with mother’s level of
education and wealth quintile.
Prompt treatment of fever is one indicator used to measure the quality of case management.
Fifteen percent of children with fever in the two weeks before the survey received anti-malarial drugs
on the same day or day after the onset of fever. Urban children are more likely to receive prompt
treatment with anti-malarials than rural children (19 percent compared with 14 percent). The
percentage of children treated promptly for fever increases with mother’s level of education, from 11
percent among women with no education to 21 percent among women with secondary education.
Likewise, prompt treatment of fever increases with wealth quintile.
194 | Malaria
Table 12.6 Prevalence and prompt treatment of fever
Percentage of children under age five with fever in the two weeks preceding the survey, and
among children with fever, the percentage who received anti-malarial drugs and the
percentage who received the drugs the same or next day following the onset of fever, by
Children under age five Children under age five with fever
with fever in Percentage who took
the two weeks who took anti-malarial
Background preceding Number of anti-malarial drugs same Number of
characteristic the survey children drugs or next day children
Age (in months)
<12 14.3 5,729 32.3 14.9 820
12-23 21.3 4,945 31.4 13.7 1,054
24-35 17.8 4,633 34.8 16.0 826
36-47 13.7 5,013 32.6 14.0 688
48-59 12.4 4,653 36.0 18.3 579
Residence
Urban 12.8 7,690 41.1 19.1 987
Rural 17.2 17,284 30.5 13.8 2,981
Zone
North Central 9.6 3,434 47.3 21.1 331
North East 21.9 3,989 21.8 11.5 872
North West 15.7 7,594 29.2 12.9 1,189
South East 22.9 2,428 21.5 10.4 555
South South 20.6 3,310 47.1 21.1 682
South West 8.1 4,221 53.6 22.3 340
Mother's education
No education 16.3 11,342 25.8 11.2 1,846
Primary 15.4 5,805 31.1 15.5 893
Secondary 16.0 6,385 44.9 20.8 1,022
More than secondary 14.4 1,441 50.0 21.1 207
Wealth quintile
Lowest 17.8 5,634 21.9 9.5 1,001
Second 17.1 5,566 26.4 11.2 953
Middle 16.0 4,787 35.5 16.9 765
Fourth 14.9 4,533 40.2 19.9 674
Highest 12.9 4,455 52.7 23.5 575
Total 15.9 24,975 33.2 15.2 3,968
In the 2008 NDHS, mothers with children under five who had fever in the two weeks
preceding the survey and were treated with anti-malarial drugs were asked about the type of drugs
used to treat the fever. Table 12.7 shows the percentage of children under five with fever who took
specific anti-malarial drugs, and when the drugs were taken. Although it is no longer the
recommended first line drug, chloroquine was the most common anti-malarial drug given to children
with fever (19 percent). Six percent of children received SP, 2 percent received Amodiaquine,
quinine, and ACT, while 5 percent received other anti-malarials. The use of SP, Amodiaquine,
quinine, and ACT is higher among urban children than their rural counterparts.
For children with fever who received anti-malarial drugs the same or next day, chloroquine
was the most commonly administered drug (9 percent). For the other anti-malarials, 1 to 3 percent of
children received them the day the fever began or the following day. Only 1 percent of children took
ACT on the day of, or the day following, the onset of fever. Prompt use of ACT is slightly higher
among urban children (2 percent) than rural children (1 percent).
Malaria | 195
Table 12.7 Type and timing of anti-malarial drugs
Among children under age five with fever in the two weeks preceding the survey, percentage who received specific anti-malarial drugs and
percentage who received the drugs the same or next day after developing the fever, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Percentage of children who receivedPercentage of children who received anti-malarial

specific anti-malarial drugs: drugs the same or next day:
SP/ SP/ Number
Fansidar/ Other Fansidar/ Other of
Background Amalar/ Chloro- Amodia- anti- Amalar/ Chloro- Amodia- anti- children
characteristic Maloxine quine quine Quinine ACT malarial Maloxine quine quine Quinine ACT malarial with fever
Age (in months)
<12 3.6 19.2 1.6 1.5 2.9 5.7 1.7 9.0 0.6 0.4 1.3 2.6 820
12-23 5.0 19.1 1.8 1.7 2.2 3.7 2.7 8.5 0.9 0.4 1.1 0.8 1,054
24-35 8.2 19.2 2.9 1.0 2.8 3.7 3.5 8.5 1.7 0.7 1.0 1.5 826
36-47 6.3 17.9 2.0 2.3 1.2 4.7 2.5 7.8 0.7 0.9 0.8 2.2 688
48-59 7.1 20.8 1.6 1.6 2.6 4.9 2.0 11.0 0.4 1.1 1.3 2.6 579
Residence
Urban 9.2 19.0 3.2 2.6 4.3 6.3 4.3 9.9 1.1 0.5 1.8 2.3 987
Rural 4.8 19.3 1.6 1.3 1.8 3.9 2.0 8.5 0.8 0.7 0.9 1.7 2,981
Zone
North Central 12.2 31.1 4.6 1.0 3.3 3.5 4.0 15.2 2.0 0.2 1.1 1.3 331
North East 2.0 15.3 0.5 0.5 1.9 2.9 1.1 8.5 0.4 0.0 1.2 1.1 872
North West 3.7 21.5 1.3 0.5 2.1 1.6 1.9 8.6 0.8 0.4 0.9 0.5 1,189
South East 6.4 8.5 0.8 2.3 0.4 4.0 3.3 3.8 0.6 0.5 0.0 2.5 555
South South 10.9 20.1 2.4 4.0 3.6 9.2 4.6 9.4 0.3 2.3 1.7 3.3 682
South West 6.4 24.9 6.6 2.7 4.3 10.9 1.5 11.5 3.3 0.4 1.7 4.6 340
Mother's education
No education 3.4 19.0 1.0 0.4 1.9 1.7 1.5 8.3 0.7 0.1 0.7 0.6 1,846
Primary 5.3 19.7 1.2 1.0 1.6 3.6 2.2 10.2 0.5 0.6 1.1 1.4 893
Secondary 9.2 20.0 3.6 4.1 2.4 9.4 4.1 8.9 1.4 1.6 0.9 4.4 1,022
More than secondary 14.4 14.5 5.6 2.6 9.5 8.4 5.4 7.3 2.6 0.9 5.2 2.2 207
Wealth quintile
Lowest 2.7 16.1 0.3 0.5 1.3 2.0 1.2 6.6 0.0 0.3 0.9 0.7 1,001
Second 3.5 19.5 0.7 0.7 1.5 1.9 1.7 7.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.9 953
Middle 6.7 21.7 2.4 2.5 1.9 3.7 2.5 11.1 1.7 0.1 0.7 1.5 765
Fourth 7.5 20.9 3.1 1.6 2.4 7.7 3.3 10.7 1.4 0.6 1.3 3.8 674
Highest 12.5 18.9 5.1 3.7 6.4 10.4 5.5 9.2 1.7 2.4 2.7 3.5 575
Total 5.9 19.2 2.0 1.6 2.4 4.5 2.5 8.8 0.9 0.6 1.1 1.8 3,968
ACT = Artemisinin Combination Therapy (Artemether-Lumefantrine (AL) for uncomplicated malaria, and Artesunate+Amodiaquine as an
alternate)
12.5 AVAILABILITY AT HOME OF ANTI-MALARIAL DRUGS TAKEN BY CHILDREN WITH FEVER
Anti-malarial drug policy in Nigeria does not Table 12.8 Availability at home of anti-malarial drugs
promote the storage of anti-malarial medications in the taken by children with fever
household. Instead, community-based agents called Among children under age five who had fever in the two
“Role Model Mothers” are trained to assist in weeks preceding the survey and who received specific
anti-malarial drugs, the percentage for whom the drug was
administering drugs for fever. However, the availability at home when the child became ill with fever, Nigeria
of anti-malarial drugs at home is one way to ensure 2008
prompt treatment. Percentage
of children for Number of
whom the children
Mothers whose children under age five had anti-malarial who
fever and received anti-malarial drugs were asked drug was at received
whether the drugs were at home at the time the child home when specific anti-
child became malarial
became ill with fever. Table 12.8 shows that for 29 Drug ill with fever drugs
percent of children who had fever and received anti- SP/Fansidar/Amalar/Maloxine 34.2 233
malarial drugs, the drugs were at home when they Chloroquine 30.0 761
Amodiaquine 21.9 78
became ill. It is interesting to note that although ACT Quinine 32.2 63
was used less commonly than other anti-malarial drugs ACT 42.8 94
to treat children with fever, it was the drug most likely Other anti-malarial 2.4 178
Any anti-malarial drugs 29.0 1,316
to be in the household at the time the child became sick.
ACT = Artemisinin Combination Therapy (Artemether-
For 43 percent of children who took ACT for fever, the Lumefantrine (AL) for uncomplicated malaria, and
drug was already in the household. Amodiaquine was Artesunate+Amodiaquine as an alternate)
the anti-malarial drug least likely to be in the household
at the time the child became sick (22 percent).
196 | Malaria
HIV AND AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES,
AND BEHAVIOUR 13
13.1 INTRODUCTION
The first case of AIDS in Nigeria was identified in 1985 and reported at an International
AIDS Conference in 1986. A sentinel surveillance system conducted among pregnant women age
15-49 attending antenatal care (ANC) has been used to track HIV prevalence in the country since
1991. Information obtained from the ANC surveys shows that, nationally, HIV prevalence increased
from 1.8 percent in 1991 to 4.6 percent in 2008. In 2008, state HIV prevalence rates ranged from 1.0
percent in Ekiti State to 10.6 percent in Benue State (FMoH, 2008b).
UNAIDS in its 2008 global report stated that although HIV prevalence is much lower in
Nigeria than in many other African countries such as South Africa and Zambia, the large size of
Nigeria’s population meant that by the end of 2007, there were an estimated 2,600,000 people
infected with HIV in Nigeria and approximately 170,000 people died from AIDS in 2007 alone
(UNAIDS, 2008). In recent years, life expectancy in Nigeria has declined partially as a result of the
effects of HIV and AIDS. In 1991, the average life expectancy was 53.8 years for women and 52.6
years for men (UNFPA, 2005). The 2007 estimate had fallen to 50 for women and 48 for men (WHO,
2009).
Poverty, low literacy levels, high rates of casual and transactional unprotected sex in the
general population, particularly among youth between the ages of 15 and 24, low levels of male and
female condom use, cultural and religious factors, as well as stigma and discrimination are major
factors in the transmission of HIV in Nigeria. (NACA, 2007)
In 1999, the Federal Government of Nigeria began implementing a multi-sectoral approach,

followed by the establishment of the National Action Committee on AIDS (NACA) in 2000 to
coordinate the national response and to ensure multi-sector and multi-level participation. In 2007
NACA was transformed from a committee to an agency—the National Agency for the Control of
AIDS (NACA)—by an act of parliament, for the purpose of sustainability and improving the
effectiveness and coordination of the national HIV response. There are also State and Local
Government Action Committees on AIDS (SACAs and LACAs), with 12 state committees already
transformed into agencies between 2003 and 2008 by acts of parliament.
National efforts coupled with support from various donors and development partners have
contributed to a significant scale up of prevention, care, and treatment programmes aimed at
combating the disease. Similarly, efforts have been made to strengthen monitoring and evaluation
systems for HIV response activities as the country seeks to continue supporting evidence-based
decision-making for a more efficient and effective response.
The future course of the national response to the HIV and AIDS epidemic depends on a
number of factors including levels of HIV and AIDS-related knowledge among the general
population; social stigmatisation; risk behaviour modification; access to quality services for sexually
transmitted infections (STI); provision and uptake of HIV counselling and testing; and access to care
and anti-retroviral therapy (ART), including prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections. The
principal objective of this chapter is to show the prevalence of relevant HIV and AIDS-related
knowledge, perceptions, and behaviours at the national level and by residence and by selected
demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the population.1
1
zone. State-level results are available in Appendix A
HIV/AIDS-Related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviour | 197

13.2 HIV AND AIDS KNOWLEDGE, TRANSMISSION AND PREVENTION METHODS
13.2.1 Awareness of HIV and AIDS
The 2008 NDHS respondents were asked whether they had heard of HIV or AIDS. Those
who reported having heard of HIV or AIDS were asked a number of questions about whether and how
HIV can be avoided.
Table 13.1 shows the percentage of women and men age 15-49 who have heard of HIV or
AIDS, by background characteristics. In Nigeria, 88 percent of women and 94 percent of men have
heard of HIV or AIDS. Awareness varies by background characteristics. Women and men who have
never been married and have ever had sex are most likely to have heard of HIV or AIDS (97 and 98
percent, respectively), while women currently in union (86 percent) and men who have never been
married and have not had sex (89 percent) are least likely to have heard of HIV or AIDS.
Table 13.1 Knowledge of AIDS
Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who have heard of AIDS, by
Women Men
Has heard Has heard
Background of HIV Number of of HIV or Number of
characteristic or AIDS women AIDS men
Age
15-24 87.1 12,626 91.4 4,910
15-19 85.3 6,493 88.3 2,532
20-24 89.1 6,133 94.8 2,378
25-29 89.8 6,309 94.6 2,459
30-39 89.4 8,546 94.7 3,852
40-49 87.2 5,904 94.4 2,587
Marital status
Never married 92.9 8,398 93.4 6,551
Ever had sex 96.5 3,718 98.0 3,186
Never had sex 90.0 4,680 89.0 3,365
Married/living together 86.4 23,578 93.6 7,018
Divorced/separated/widowed 91.3 1,409 92.0 238
Residence
Urban 95.3 11,934 97.9 5,215
Rural 84.3 21,451 90.8 8,593
Zone
North Central 75.9 4,748 90.7 2,065
North East 81.4 4,262 87.8 1,645
North West 87.8 8,022 90.9 3,237
South East 97.1 4,091 96.4 1,448
South South 92.0 5,473 96.1 2,437
South West 93.4 6,789 97.8 2,977
Education
No education 76.6 11,942 80.7 2,597
Primary 90.2 6,566 92.4 2,761
Secondary 96.0 11,904 97.1 6,470
More than secondary 99.3 2,974 99.7 1,979
Wealth quintile
Lowest 75.5 6,194 83.5 2,275
Second 81.7 6,234 89.9 2,332
Middle 88.8 6,341 93.8 2,570
Fourth 94.5 6,938 97.0 3,163
Highest 97.6 7,678 98.9 3,468
Total 15-49 88.2 33,385 93.5 13,808
50-59 na na 91.0 1,678
Total men 15-59 na na 93.2 15,486
na = Not applicable
198 | HIV/AIDS-Related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviour

Among urban women and men, HIV awareness is almost universal (95 and 98 percent,
respectively), while awareness among rural women and men is lower (84 and 91 percent,
respectively). When comparing results among zones, awareness is lowest among women in North
Central (76 percent) and men in North East (88 percent), and highest among women in South East (97
percent) and men in South West (98 percent).
13.2.2 Knowledge of HIV Prevention
HIV in adults is mainly transmitted through heterosexual contact between an HIV-positive

partner and an HIV-negative partner. Nigeria’s HIV prevention programme has sought to reduce
sexual transmission of the virus by promoting three behaviour change models—sexual abstinence,
mutually faithful monogamy between HIV-negative partners, and condom use for people not
practicing abstinence.
In the 2008 NDHS, men and women were asked if it is possible to reduce the risk of acquiring
HIV through consistently using condoms, limiting sexual intercourse to one HIV-negative partner
who has no other sex partners, and abstaining from sexual intercourse.
Table 13.2 shows that about half of women and almost three-quarters of men age 15-49 (53
and 72 percent, respectively) know that consistent use of condoms is a means of preventing the spread
of HIV. Sixty-eight percent of women and 83 percent of men know that limiting sexual intercourse to
one HIV-negative partner can reduce the chances of contracting HIV. Forty-eight percent of women
and 69 percent of men know that using condoms and limiting sexual intercourse to one HIV-negative
partner can reduce the risk of HIV infection. Sixty-five percent of women and 78 percent of men
know that abstaining from sexual intercourse can reduce the risk of HIV infection.
Currently married women and those who are unmarried and have never had sexual intercourse
are least likely to know that using condoms and limiting sexual intercourse to one HIV-negative
partner reduces the risk of HIV transmission (46 percent each). Women who have never been married
but have had sexual intercourse are most likely to know that using condoms and limiting sexual
intercourse to one HIV-negative partner reduces the risk of HIV transmission (63 percent). A similar
pattern is seen for men, with men who are unmarried and have never had sexual intercourse least
likely to be aware that using condoms and limiting sexually intercourse to one HIV-negative partner
reduces the risk of HIV transmission (61 percent). On the other hand, men who have never been
married but have had sexual intercourse are most likely to be aware of these prevention methods (77
percent).
Overall, women in urban areas are more likely to be knowledgeable about HIV prevention
methods than their counterparts in rural areas. The same pattern is seen for men, with the exception of
one prevention method—abstaining from sexual intercourse—for which the level of knowledge is the
same for men in urban and rural areas (78 percent).
Knowledge of HIV prevention varies by zone, and is highest in South South and South East.
Educational attainment is positively associated with increased awareness of HIV prevention methods.

Table 13.2 Knowledge of HIV prevention methods
Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who, in response to prompted questions, say that people can reduce the risk of getting HIV by using
condoms every time they have sexual intercourse, by having one sex partner who is HIV-negative and has no other partners, and by abstaining
from sexual intercourse, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Women Men
Using Using
condoms condoms
and and
Limiting limiting Limiting limiting
sexual sexual sexual sexual
intercourse intercourse intercourse intercourse
to one to one Abstaining to one to one Abstaining
HIV- HIV- from Number HIV- HIV- from
Background Using negative negative sexual of Using negative negative sexual Number
1 2 1,2 1 2 1,2
characteristic condoms partner partner intercourse women condoms partner partner intercourse of men
Age
15-24 52.0 66.3 46.6 64.4 12,626 69.7 80.2 65.9 75.1 4,910
15-19 48.3 63.2 42.9 61.6 6,493 64.6 75.5 60.6 71.9 2,532
20-24 55.9 69.5 50.6 67.3 6,133 75.0 85.3 71.5 78.5 2,378
25-29 57.1 70.2 52.2 66.0 6,309 77.3 84.7 72.9 78.9 2,459
30-39 54.9 70.3 50.0 67.0 8,546 74.5 85.2 70.8 80.0 3,852
40-49 47.9 65.4 43.5 63.6 5,904 69.5 83.5 66.2 78.8 2,587
Marital status
Never married 60.1 71.5 53.9 67.6 8,398 73.2 82.0 68.9 76.8 6,551
Ever had sex 70.0 77.6 63.2 69.7 3,718 81.5 87.1 76.9 78.4 3,186
Never had sex 52.3 66.7 46.4 66.0 4,680 65.3 77.2 61.4 75.3 3,365
Married/living together 50.2 66.4 45.6 64.1 23,578 71.7 84.1 68.4 79.1 7,018
Divorced/separated/widowed 57.1 72.3 52.8 69.8 1,409 70.1 79.3 63.9 70.8 238
Residence
Urban 63.2 74.5 56.9 68.8 11,934 77.7 86.9 73.3 77.9 5,215
Rural 47.3 64.3 43.1 63.2 21,451 69.1 80.7 65.7 77.8 8,593
Zone
North Central 48.3 62.1 45.4 55.7 4,748 74.3 80.5 69.6 74.2 2,065
North East 38.6 62.3 34.7 70.1 4,262 71.7 82.1 68.6 82.5 1,645
North West 46.4 66.2 43.0 66.8 8,022 65.5 80.3 63.0 81.8 3,237
South East 60.9 77.8 55.1 78.7 4,091 76.0 87.6 72.4 83.0 1,448
South South 64.6 73.2 59.8 70.2 5,473 77.6 88.6 74.9 83.1 2,437
South West 58.9 67.3 50.2 54.7 6,789 72.8 81.5 66.9 66.7 2,977
Education
No education 34.4 55.3 31.0 56.6 11,942 51.9 68.8 49.3 69.6 2,597
Primary 55.3 70.0 50.3 67.3 6,566 67.8 81.3 64.5 78.9 2,761
Secondary 65.4 76.1 59.1 71.1 11,904 79.0 86.9 74.6 80.1 6,470
More than secondary 72.6 81.2 66.7 71.6 2,974 83.7 91.3 80.0 79.8 1,979
Wealth quintile
Lowest 31.3 53.2 27.8 55.1 6,194 57.1 72.3 54.3 71.4 2,275
Second 42.4 62.1 38.5 60.8 6,234 67.8 79.6 64.4 77.5 2,332
Middle 55.4 69.2 50.5 68.6 6,341 73.4 84.2 69.6 81.5 2,570
Fourth 64.5 75.2 58.7 71.0 6,938 79.9 87.8 76.0 81.9 3,163
Highest 66.6 76.9 60.2 69.0 7,678 77.8 87.2 73.2 75.9 3,468
Total 15-49 53.0 67.9 48.0 65.2 33,385 72.4 83.0 68.6 77.9 3,808
50-59 na na na na na 61.3 78.8 58.3 74.5 1,678
Total men 15-59 na na na na na 71.2 82.6 67.5 77.5 5,486
na = Not applicable
1
Using condoms every time they have sexual intercourse
2
Partner who has no other partners
13.2.3 Rejection of Misconceptions about HIV and AIDS
As part of the effort to assess HIV and AIDS knowledge, the 2008 NDHS obtained
information on common misconceptions about HIV transmission. Respondents were asked whether
they think it is possible for a healthy-looking person to have HIV and whether they believe HIV is
transmitted through mosquito bites, supernatural means, or from sharing food with a person who has
HIV or AIDS.

Tables 13.3.1 and 13.3.2 show the proportion of women and men age 15-49 who know that a
healthy-looking person can have HIV and who reject common misconceptions about HIV
transmission. Sixty-six percent of women and 78 percent of men agree that a healthy-looking person
can have HIV. With respect to misconceptions about methods of HIV transmission, 56 percent of
women and 61 percent of men believe HIV cannot be transmitted by mosquitoes. Fifty-three percent
of women and 66 percent of men believe HIV cannot be transmitted by supernatural means. Sixty-
four percent of women and 74 percent of men believe a person cannot contract HIV by sharing food
with a person who has AIDS.
Table 13.3.1 Comprehensive knowledge about HIV and AIDS: Women
Percentage of women age 15-49 who say that a healthy-looking person can have HIV and who, in response to prompted questions,
correctly reject local misconceptions about HIV transmission and prevention, and the percentage with a comprehensive knowledge
about HIV and AIDS, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Percentage of women who say that:

A person
cannot Percentage who Percentage
HIV cannot contract say that a healthy- with a
HIV cannot be HIV by looking person can compre-
A healthy- be transmitted sharing food have HIV and who hensive
looking transmitted by with a reject the two most knowledge
Background person can by mosquito supernatural person who common local about HIV Number of
characteristic have HIV bites means has HIV misconceptions1 and AIDS2 women
Age
15-24 63.5 55.1 52.1 63.5 33.4 22.2 12,626
15-19 60.2 52.8 49.6 59.7 30.8 19.7 6,493
20-24 67.1 57.5 54.7 67.5 36.2 24.8 6,133
25-29 68.6 58.8 55.3 66.7 37.9 26.6 6,309
30-39 67.8 57.7 53.3 65.1 36.0 24.6 8,546
40-49 63.0 52.5 49.8 59.4 31.3 20.7 5,904
Marital status
Never married 72.8 64.9 60.5 74.4 42.2 28.2 8,398
Ever had sex 80.2 68.1 63.6 81.0 46.5 33.2 3,718
Never had sex 67.0 62.3 58.0 69.1 38.8 24.2 4,680
Married/living together 62.8 52.8 49.9 59.8 32.0 21.7 23,578
Divorced/separated/widowed 66.3 56.4 50.4 67.1 32.5 23.6 1,409
Residence
Urban 79.1 70.5 66.2 77.9 49.4 33.2 11,934
Rural 57.9 47.9 45.1 56.0 26.3 17.9 21,451
Zone
North Central 56.2 50.0 45.9 56.6 30.0 22.0 4,748
North East 53.8 44.4 43.8 53.8 24.4 14.4 4,262
North West 59.7 48.9 44.4 53.4 28.8 20.7 8,022
South East 69.3 70.0 63.9 81.1 42.1 30.9 4,091
South South 73.1 58.3 49.2 72.8 35.4 26.0 5,473
South West 77.7 65.6 68.4 69.8 45.9 26.5 6,789
Education
No education 47.7 39.9 37.7 44.3 20.8 12.6 11,942
Primary 64.8 52.4 51.0 61.5 30.2 20.9 6,566
Secondary 77.5 66.8 62.2 77.4 43.0 29.9 11,904
Wealth quintile
Lowest 43.0 36.2 32.8 40.8 16.3 9.5 6,194
Second 54.5 43.9 42.1 51.7 23.2 14.7 6,234
Middle 64.3 52.5 51.0 62.1 30.4 21.5 6,341
Fourth 75.9 64.6 61.4 73.5 42.2 30.5 6,938
Highest 84.2 76.9 70.5 84.9 55.1 36.8 7,678
Total 15-49 65.5 56.0 52.6 63.8 34.6 23.4 33,385
1
Two most common local misconceptions: HIV can be transmitted by mosquito bites and HIV can be transmitted by supernatural
means.
2
Comprehensive knowledge means knowing that consistent use of condoms during sexual intercourse and having just one HIV-
negative and faithful partner can reduce the chances of getting the AIDS virus, knowing that a healthy-looking person can have the
AIDS virus, and rejecting the two most common local misconceptions about AIDS transmission and prevention.

Table 13.3.2 Comprehensive knowledge about HIV and AIDS: Men
Percentage of men age 15-49 who say that a healthy-looking person can have the AIDS virus and who, in response to prompted
questions, correctly reject local misconceptions about AIDS transmission and prevention, and the percentage with a comprehensive
knowledge about HIV and AIDS, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Percentage of men who say that:

A person Percentage who Percentage
HIV cannot cannot say that a healthy with a
HIV cannot be contract HIV looking person can compre-
A healthy- be transmitted by sharing have HIV and who hensive
looking transmitted by food with a reject the two most knowledge
Background person can by mosquito supernatural person who common local about HIV Number of
characteristic have HIV bites means has HIV misconceptions1 and AIDS2 men
Age
15-24 74.2 57.2 62.1 70.0 40.3 32.6 4,910
15-19 68.6 52.7 57.9 64.7 35.9 28.2 2,532
20-24 80.3 62.1 66.5 75.6 45.0 37.2 2,378
25-29 80.6 63.5 69.0 78.6 47.8 40.2 2,459
30-39 81.3 63.3 67.6 75.0 47.5 38.4 3,852
40-49 79.7 62.2 65.6 73.1 46.6 36.7 2,587
Marital status
Never married 78.2 61.9 66.0 74.8 45.6 37.1 6,551
Ever had sex 84.7 67.1 70.9 81.2 49.9 41.0 3,186
Never had sex 72.0 57.0 61.3 68.8 41.5 33.4 3,365
Married/living together 78.6 60.4 65.3 72.4 44.4 35.9 7,018
Divorced/separated/widowed 76.0 52.3 60.5 70.1 36.8 27.3 238
Residence
Urban 87.5 72.0 74.1 83.4 56.9 45.4 5,215
Rural 72.9 54.3 60.3 67.5 37.6 30.8 8,593
Zone
North Central 73.3 55.4 59.2 69.2 37.6 32.5 2,065
North East 70.7 49.9 64.8 64.5 37.5 32.4 1,645
North West 76.4 59.5 66.1 69.8 45.2 37.7 3,237
South East 81.1 68.5 64.1 78.9 48.5 39.6 1,448
South South 80.1 62.8 62.0 78.3 43.6 37.0 2,437
South West 85.5 67.4 73.1 78.9 52.8 37.3 2,977
Education
No education 57.8 40.5 48.4 51.6 24.9 18.4 2,597
Primary 73.8 51.2 59.3 67.4 34.5 27.5 2,761
Secondary 83.7 65.7 69.7 79.1 49.2 40.1 6,470
Wealth quintile
Lowest 60.0 41.5 52.0 54.2 25.1 19.6 2,275
Second 71.3 50.3 58.5 64.5 34.0 27.9 2,332
Middle 78.4 58.7 62.7 72.7 42.1 35.4 2,570
Fourth 83.5 66.3 69.9 79.1 50.5 42.5 3,163
Highest 90.5 77.8 77.1 87.7 62.1 47.9 3,468
Total 15-49 78.4 61.0 65.5 73.5 44.9 36.3 13,808

50-59 72.7 54.6 59.2 66.7 39.8 29.7 1,678
Total men 15-59 77.8 60.3 64.8 72.8 44.3 35.6 15,486
1
Two most common local misconceptions: HIV can be transmitted by mosquito bites and HIV can be transmitted by supernatural
means.
2
Comprehensive knowledge means knowing that consistent use of condoms during sexual intercourse and having just one HIV-negative
faithful partner can reduce the chances of getting the AIDS virus, knowing that a healthy-looking person can have the AIDS virus, and
rejecting the two most common local misconceptions about AIDS transmission and prevention.

Two composite measures of HIV and AIDS knowledge are included in Tables 13.3.1 and
13.3.2. The first measure indicates that 35 percent of women and 45 percent of men know that the two
most common misconceptions about HIV and AIDS (i.e., HIV can be transmitted by mosquito bites
and by supernatural means) are incorrect, and they are also aware that a healthy-looking person can
have HIV. The second measure shows that 23 percent of women and 36 percent of men have
comprehensive knowledge about HIV and AIDS: 1) they know that using condoms and limiting
sexual intercourse to one HIV-negative partner are HIV prevention methods; 2) they are aware that a
healthy-looking person can have HIV; and 3) they reject the two most common local misconceptions
about HIV and AIDS, that HIV and AIDS can be transmitted by mosquito bites and by supernatural
means.
Respondents in urban areas are more likely than those in rural areas to have comprehensive
knowledge of HIV and AIDS. The level of comprehensive knowledge is highest in the South East (31
percent for women and 40 percent for men). The proportion with comprehensive knowledge about
HIV and AIDS rises with increasing level of education and wealth quintile among both women and
men.
13.3 KNOWLEDGE ABOUT MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION
Increasing the level of knowledge about HIV transmission from mother to child and reducing
the risk of transmission by using anti-retrovirals prior to delivery is critical to reducing mother-to-
child transmission (MTCT). To assess MTCT knowledge, respondents were asked if HIV can be
transmitted from a mother to a child through breastfeeding and whether a mother with HIV can reduce
the risk of transmission to her baby by taking certain drugs during pregnancy.
Table 13.4 shows that 52 percent of women and 59 percent of men know that HIV can be
transmitted through breastfeeding. This is an increase from the 2003 NDHS in which 46 percent of
women and 56 percent of men reported that HIV can be transmitted by breastfeeding. Although
knowledge about mother-to-child transmission has increased, knowledge about how this risk can be
reduced is still limited; 28 percent of women and 39 percent of men know that the risk of MTCT can
be reduced by taking special drugs. Twenty-six percent of women and 33 percent of men are aware
that HIV can be transmitted through breastfeeding and that the risk of MTCT can be reduced by
taking special drugs.
Knowledge of MTCT increases with level of education and wealth quintile, and it is higher in
urban areas than in rural areas.

Table 13.4 Knowledge of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV
Percentage of women and men who know that HIV can be transmitted from mother to child by breastfeeding and that the risk of mother-to-
child transmission (MTCT) of HIV can be reduced by mother taking special drugs during pregnancy, by background characteristics, Nigeria
2008
Women Men
HIV can be
HIV can be transmitted
Risk of transmitted by Risk of by
MTCT can breastfeeding MTCT can breastfeeding
be reduced and risk of be reduced and risk of
by mother MTCT can be by mother MTCT can be
taking reduced by taking reduced by
special mother taking HIV can be special mother
HIV can be drugs special drugs transmitted drugs taking special
Background transmitted by during during Number of by during drugs during Number of
characteristic breastfeeding pregnancy pregnancy women breastfeeding pregnancy pregnancy men
Age
15-24 47.1 25.4 23.2 12,626 55.2 34.7 29.3 4,910
15-19 41.7 21.1 19.2 6,493 48.7 29.1 24.0 2,532
20-24 52.8 30.0 27.5 6,133 62.1 40.7 34.9 2,378
25-29 56.7 32.5 30.2 6,309 60.9 42.4 36.0 2,459
30-39 56.3 31.6 28.9 8,546 61.4 40.8 34.3 3,852
40-49 51.9 24.7 22.8 5,904 61.2 39.5 33.4 2,587
Marital status
Never married 55.2 30.8 28.3 8,398 58.0 38.6 32.7 6,551
Ever had sex 64.8 38.1 35.4 3,718 67.6 43.0 37.5 3,186
Never had sex 47.6 25.1 22.6 4,680 48.9 34.5 28.2 3,365
Married/living together 50.6 27.2 25.1 23,578 60.1 38.7 32.6 7,018
Divorced/separated/
widowed 58.9 28.7 26.5 1,409 61.3 39.1 32.6 238
Currently pregnant
Pregnant 51.5 28.6 26.1 3,494 na na na na
Not pregnant or not sure 52.2 28.2 25.9 29,891 na na na na
Residence
Urban 65.3 40.8 37.2 11,934 63.2 45.8 38.1 5,215
Rural 44.8 21.2 19.7 21,451 56.6 34.4 29.4 8,593
Zone
North Central 50.1 30.8 29.1 4,748 66.1 36.2 33.1 2,065
North East 40.4 28.9 26.2 4,262 52.1 51.6 40.9 1,645
North West 33.6 22.0 19.1 8,022 48.3 39.9 33.3 3,237
South East 70.1 26.9 25.0 4,091 67.4 38.2 35.0 1,448
South South 58.7 35.2 32.8 5,473 67.2 36.2 30.1 2,437
South West 66.6 28.4 26.6 6,789 59.1 34.2 28.1 2,977
Education
No education 29.7 15.2 13.5 11,942 36.5 23.6 19.2 2,597
Primary 56.8 24.9 22.7 6,566 57.9 30.4 26.2 2,761
Secondary 64.9 34.8 32.5 11,904 64.5 40.6 34.5 6,470
More than secondary 80.5 61.7 56.8 2,974 72.6 63.7 53.3 1,979
Wealth quintile
Lowest 28.4 13.1 12.0 6,194 44.9 26.9 22.1 2,275
Second 37.5 18.4 16.9 6,234 54.2 34.0 28.6 2,332
Middle 53.4 24.3 22.4 6,341 58.8 37.4 32.0 2,570
Fourth 62.9 33.0 30.2 6,938 64.5 40.1 34.9 3,163
Highest 72.3 47.3 43.6 7,678 66.9 49.1 40.8 3,468
Total 15-49 52.1 28.2 25.9 33,385 59.1 38.7 32.7 13,808
50-59 na na na na 53.9 31.4 27.4 1,678
Total men 15-59 na na na na 58.5 37.9 32.1 15,486
na = Not applicable

13.4 ATTITUDES TOWARDS PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV AND AIDS
HIV and AIDS have generated fear, anxiety, and prejudice against people living with HIV
and AIDS. There is widespread stigma and discrimination regarding people who are HIV-positive.
These societal attitudes can adversely affect both people’s willingness to be tested for HIV and their
adherence to anti-retroviral therapy. Reducing stigma and discrimination is therefore an important
factor in prevention, management, and control of the HIV epidemic.
In the 2008 NDHS, women and men who had heard of HIV and AIDS were asked a number
of questions to assess the level of stigma associated with HIV and AIDS. Tables 13.5.1 and 13.5.2
present these results for women and men age 15-49, respectively.
Tables 13.5.1 and 13.5.2 show that more males (74 percent) than females (60 percent) are
willing to take care of a family member with HIV at home. This represents a substantial increase in
the levels observed in the 2003 NDHS (44 percent of women and 40 percent of men, respectively).
Slightly more than a third (37 percent) of the women and less than half (48 percent) of the
men said that they would buy fresh vegetables from a shopkeeper who has HIV. In 2003, only 20
percent of women and 28 percent of men said they would buy fresh vegetables from a shopkeeper
with HIV. About half (49 percent) of women and more than half of men (58 percent) think that a
female teacher with HIV should be allowed to continue teaching.
Sixty percent of women and two-thirds of men (66 percent) indicated that they would not
want to keep secret the fact that a family member was infected with HIV. Overall, 13 percent of
women and 22 percent of men expressed accepting attitudes regarding all four situations, i.e., they
would care for a family member with HIV or AIDS in their own home, they would buy fresh food
from a shopkeeper with HIV, they would allow an HIV-positive teacher to continue teaching, and
they would not want to keep secret the HIV-positive status of a family member.
Accepting attitudes are generally more common among respondents in urban areas than those
in rural areas. Similarly, it is more common among respondents in the highest wealth quintile. The
proportion of women expressing accepting attitudes on all four stigma indicators is highest for women
in the North Central (17 percent) and highest for men in the South East (26 percent).

Table 13.5.1 Accepting attitudes towards persons living with HIV or AIDS: Women
Among women age 15-49 who have heard of HIV or AIDS, percentage expressing specific accepting attitudes towards people
with HIV or AIDS, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Percentage of women who:

Say that a
Are willing to female teacher
care for a Would buy with HIV who Would not
family fresh is not sick want to keep Percentage
member with vegetables should be secret that expressing Number of
HIV in the from allowed to a family acceptance women who
Background respondent's shopkeeper continue member attitudes on all have heard of
characteristic home who has HIV teaching has HIV four indicators HIV or AIDS
Age
15-24 60.4 35.8 50.2 57.2 12.1 10,999
15-19 58.4 32.7 48.2 55.7 10.3 5,536
20-24 62.4 39.0 52.1 58.6 13.9 5,463
25-29 61.2 39.0 51.2 59.0 13.5 5,665
30-39 60.9 37.1 49.0 61.6 13.7 7,641
40-49 58.5 34.5 46.2 64.7 12.4 5,149
Marital status
Never married 66.0 43.6 57.7 54.7 14.7 7,799
Ever had sex 69.5 47.5 59.6 54.1 16.0 3,588
Never had sex 63.0 40.3 56.2 55.2 13.7 4,211
Married/living together 58.1 33.9 46.1 61.9 12.0 20,367
Divorced/separated/widowed 62.6 35.2 50.3 61.9 13.1 1,287
Residence
Urban 66.5 47.4 59.3 55.7 16.7 11,374
Rural 56.5 29.7 43.1 62.7 10.4 18,079
Zone
North Central 78.7 37.2 59.3 60.2 17.2 3,602
North East 65.1 25.9 46.5 66.2 13.3 3,469
North West 50.7 35.2 44.9 63.5 14.0 7,040
South East 65.1 38.5 49.1 60.6 12.7 3,971
South South 63.9 45.2 56.3 47.4 11.0 5,033
South West 52.3 35.3 44.9 62.1 10.3 6,339
Education
No education 49.8 24.4 37.2 64.8 8.2 9,149
Primary 58.3 28.9 43.2 62.7 10.5 5,925
Secondary 65.6 41.9 54.9 56.7 14.3 11,426
Wealth quintile
Lowest 52.4 20.5 32.4 62.4 6.8 4,674
Second 53.5 25.7 40.8 63.4 8.6 5,095
Middle 60.0 31.5 47.7 64.8 12.5 5,633
Fourth 60.9 41.0 53.3 59.7 14.6 6,553
Highest 69.7 53.7 63.5 52.8 18.1 7,498
Total 15-49 60.4 36.5 49.4 60.0 12.8 29,453

Table 13.5.2 Accepting attitudes towards persons living with HIV or AIDS: Men
Among men age 15-49 who have heard of HIV or AIDS, percentage expressing specific accepting attitudes towards people with
HIV or AIDS, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Percentage of men who:

Say that a female
Are willing to Would buy teacher with HIV Would not
care for a fresh who is not sick want to keep Percentage
family member vegetables should be secret that expressing Number of
with HIV in the from allowed to a family acceptance men who
Background respondent's shopkeeper continue member attitudes on all have heard of
characteristic home who has HIV teaching has HIV four indicators HIV or AIDS
Age
15-24 71.4 44.4 54.6 59.4 17.4 4,489
15-19 68.5 39.5 50.5 57.0 15.0 2,236
20-24 74.3 49.2 58.7 61.9 19.7 2,254
25-29 74.0 53.0 60.2 65.2 23.5 2,326
30-39 74.6 49.5 58.8 69.7 24.7 3,649
40-49 75.7 49.7 58.2 71.0 24.9 2,442
Marital status
Never married 73.1 50.0 59.4 61.5 21.3 6,118
Ever had sex 75.1 51.6 62.2 65.5 24.3 3,122
Never had sex 71.1 48.4 56.6 57.3 18.2 2,996
Married/living together 74.2 46.8 55.7 69.2 22.4 6,568
Residence
Urban 76.8 58.5 66.1 64.3 26.9 5,104
Rural 71.5 41.7 51.8 66.4 18.7 7,802
Zone
North Central 85.8 41.3 51.7 75.3 25.0 1,872
North East 81.9 45.8 50.2 57.1 19.5 1,445
North West 70.9 52.8 62.4 62.1 19.1 2,941
South East 80.4 52.3 64.3 62.9 26.3 1,395
South South 64.8 47.5 59.6 68.2 21.9 2,342
South West 68.2 48.6 54.8 66.1 22.1 2,910
Education
No education 74.0 31.4 40.7 59.8 11.0 2,097
Primary 68.6 35.3 47.6 65.8 14.9 2,552
Secondary 73.0 50.2 59.2 66.5 22.5 6,283
Wealth quintile
Lowest 72.3 30.6 41.4 63.1 11.7 1,899
Second 75.5 38.9 48.4 64.5 15.9 2,097
Middle 72.3 47.1 55.8 66.8 21.3 2,409
Fourth 68.4 50.6 59.6 66.9 23.1 3,070
Highest 78.7 62.9 71.1 65.6 30.8 3,430
Total 15-49 73.6 48.4 57.5 65.6 22.0 12,905

50-59 73.1 43.6 53.8 74.6 21.9 1,527
Total men 15-59 73.5 47.9 57.1 66.5 22.0 14,433
13.5 ATTITUDES TOWARDS NEGOTIATING SAFER SEXUAL RELATIONS WITH HUSBANDS
The high levels of HIV transmission through sexual intercourse make negotiating safer sex
indispensable. This is especially the case in marital unions where women’s status is compromised by
societal expectations, thereby increasing their vulnerability to HIV transmission.
Table 13.6 shows that 81 percent of women and 87 percent of men in Nigeria believe that if a
husband has a sexually transmitted disease, his wife is justified in refusing to have sexual intercourse
with him. A lower proportion of women and men believe it would be justified for women to ask their
husband or partner to use a condom (70 and 84 percent, respectively). Overall, 86 percent of women
and 92 percent of men believe that a wife is justified in taking some action to protect herself from
HIV either by refusing to have sexual intercourse or by requesting that her husband or partner use a
condom.

People living in rural areas have less favourable attitudes towards a wife refusing to have
sexual intercourse with her husband or asking him to use a condom if he has a sexually transmitted
disease. Eighty-four percent of women in rural areas have a favourable attitude, compared with 89
percent in urban areas. Among men, the comparable figures are 90 percent in rural areas and 95
percent in urban areas. Regarding education, the lowest proportions in agreement that a wife can
negotiate safer sex with her husband are seen among women and men who have no education (82 and
84 percent, respectively).
Table 13.6 Attitudes towards negotiating safer sexual relations with husband
Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who believe that, if a husband has a sexually transmitted disease, his wife is justified in
refusing to have sexual intercourse with him or asking that they use a condom, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Percentage of women who think Percentage of men who think

that a wife is justified in that a wife is justified in:
Refusing Refusing
sexual sexual
Refusing to intercourse Refusing to intercourse
have sexual or asking have sexual or asking
intercourse Asking that that they intercourse Asking that that they
Background with they use a use a Number of with they use a use a Number of
characteristic husband condom condom women husband condom condom men
Age
15-24 76.6 66.9 81.8 12,626 83.7 80.4 88.8 4,910
15-19 72.2 61.9 77.1 6,493 81.0 75.9 85.3 2,532
20-24 81.3 72.2 86.8 6,133 86.6 85.2 92.6 2,378
25-29 83.6 73.2 88.5 6,309 87.4 86.1 93.5 2,459
30-39 83.9 71.6 88.4 8,546 88.9 86.2 94.0 3,852
40-49 83.3 67.9 87.3 5,904 87.7 82.8 92.9 2,587
Marital status
Never married 74.9 70.2 81.4 8,398 85.0 82.8 90.5 6,551
Ever had sex 82.0 81.3 89.9 3,718 88.2 88.7 95.0 3,186
Never had sex 69.3 61.4 74.7 4,680 81.9 77.2 86.3 3,365
Married/living together 82.9 69.1 87.1 23,578 88.1 84.1 93.1 7,018
Divorced/separated/widowed 84.5 71.4 89.1 1,409 84.1 83.3 92.6 238
Residence
Urban 82.2 78.7 89.2 11,934 87.2 87.8 94.8 5,215
Rural 80.3 64.3 83.8 21,451 86.2 80.9 90.1 8,593
Zone
North Central 79.9 68.0 83.8 4,748 89.6 81.7 92.7 2,065
North East 79.3 60.1 84.0 4,262 85.3 82.3 90.0 1,645
North West 83.8 64.6 85.6 8,022 83.9 79.7 86.8 3,237
South East 71.5 59.2 78.9 4,091 88.8 81.7 94.3 1,448
South South 80.4 75.8 86.3 5,473 91.1 89.9 96.8 2,437
South West 85.7 83.2 91.9 6,789 83.3 85.0 92.5 2,977
Education
No education 79.2 57.9 82.0 11,942 79.4 71.1 83.5 2,597
Primary 82.6 70.0 86.7 6,566 86.7 81.8 92.2 2,761
Secondary 81.0 76.7 87.0 11,904 88.2 86.4 93.7 6,470
More than secondary 84.6 85.7 93.1 2,974 90.6 92.4 96.4 1,979
Wealth quintile
Lowest 77.2 52.2 80.1 6,194 80.5 72.4 84.8 2,275
Second 79.8 62.0 82.9 6,234 86.2 80.5 89.9 2,332
Middle 80.6 69.6 84.6 6,341 88.3 84.0 91.7 2,570
Fourth 83.0 77.5 88.7 6,938 88.1 86.7 93.3 3,163
Highest 83.5 82.1 90.8 7,678 88.1 89.5 96.6 3,468
Total 15-49 81.0 69.5 85.7 33,385 86.6 83.5 91.9 13,808
50-59 na na na na 87.0 77.0 90.6 1,678
na = Not applicable

13.6 ATTITUDES TOWARDS CONDOM EDUCATION FOR YOUTH
Condom use is one of the most effective strategies for combating the spread of HIV.
However, educating youth about condoms is sometimes controversial, with some people believing it
promotes early sexual initiation. To gauge attitudes towards condom education for youth, the 2008
NDHS asked respondents if they thought that young people age 12-14 should be taught about using a
condom to avoid HIV infection. Because the table focuses on adult opinions, results are tabulated for
respondents age 18-49.
Table 13.7 shows that less than a third of women (32 percent) and less than half of men (47
percent) support teaching young people age 12-14 about condoms for HIV prevention. Among
women, support for condom education for youths is lowest in the North East (21 percent) and highest
among women living in the South West (41 percent). Among men it is lowest in the North West (29
percent) and highest in the South South (61 percent). The proportion of men and women who support
condom education for youth increases with level of education and wealth quintile.
Table 13.7 Adult support of education about condom use to prevent transmission of
HIV
Percentage of women and men age 18-49 who agree that children age 12-14 years
should be taught about using a condom to avoid HIV infection, by background
Women age 18-49 Men age 18-49

Background Percentage Number of Percentage Number of
characteristic who agree women who agree men
Age
18-24 34.0 8,731 49.6 3,378
18-19 32.4 2,597 44.5 1,000
20-24 34.7 6,133 51.7 2,378
25-29 33.6 6,309 50.9 2,459
30-39 31.7 8,546 45.5 3,852
40-49 28.1 5,904 40.9 2,587
Marital status
Never married 44.0 5,349 51.9 5,024
Married or living together 29.0 22,746 43.0 7,013
Divorced/separated/widowed 35.9 1,395 48.1 238
Residence
Urban 37.8 10,577 50.2 4,674
Rural 28.8 18,913 44.6 7,602
Zone
North Central 32.9 4,195 56.4 1,803
North East 21.1 3,749 44.8 1,475
North West 23.6 7,234 28.6 2,914
South East 34.9 3,570 50.2 1,276
South South 39.2 4,791 60.6 2,136
South West 41.2 5,951 48.5 2,671
Education
No education 19.1 11,052 27.2 2,394
Primary 33.6 5,966 41.1 2,458
Secondary 41.7 9,515 54.1 5,452
Wealth quintile
Lowest 19.9 5,505 35.8 2,034
Second 23.7 5,519 42.4 2,057
Middle 33.2 5,566 48.5 2,242
Fourth 39.3 6,105 50.6 2,800
Highest 41.2 6,794 52.0 3,142
Total 18-49 32.1 29,489 46.8 12,276

50-59 na na 35.8 1,678
Total men 18-59 na na 45.4 13,954
na = Not applicable

13.7 PERCEPTIONS AND BELIEFS ABOUT ABSTINENCE AND FAITHFULNESS
Both male and female respondents age 15-49 were asked questions on their perceptions and
beliefs about abstinence and faithfulness. Figure 13.1 shows that men and women are of the view that
young people of both sexes should wait until they are married before they have sexual intercourse. A
lower proportion of men (89 percent) believe that married men should only have sex with their wives,
while a higher proportion of men (94 percent) think that married women should only have sex with
their husbands. However, only 28 percent of women and 36 percent of men think that most married
men they know only have sex with their wives. Less than half of the women (44 percent) and men (46
percent) think that married women only have sex with their husbands.
Figure 13.1 Perception and Beliefs about Abstinence

and Faithfulness
Percent
100 93 94
88 90 89
85 84 85
80
60
44 46
40 36
28
20
0
Young Most married
Youngmen
men Young women Married
Youngwomen Married men
men Married women Most
Married women Most married
married Most married
should wait should wait should only should only men they women they
until they are until they are have sex have sex know only know only
married to married to with their with their have sex have sex
have sexual have sexual wives husbands with their with their
intercourse intercourse wives husbands
Women Men
NDHS 2008
13.8 HIGHER-RISK SEX
Given that most HIV in Nigeria is transmitted through heterosexual contact, information on
multiple sexual partners and higher-risk sexual behaviour is important in designing and monitoring
intervention programmes to control the spread of the epidemic. The 2008 NDHS included questions
on respondents’ sexual partners during the past 12 months and during their lifetime.
Respondents were also asked detailed questions about their sexual behaviour, including the
number of partners they had in the 12 months preceding the survey, and whether they had sexual
intercourse with someone who was neither a spouse nor a cohabiting partner (i.e., a higher-risk sexual
partner). Women and men were also asked about condom use. The results are shown in Tables 13.8.1
and 13.8.2 for women and men age 15-49.

Table 13.8.1 Multiple sexual partners and higher-risk sexual intercourse in the past 12 months: Women
Among all women age 15-49, the percentage who had sexual intercourse with more than one sexual partner and the percentage who had higher-risk sexual intercourse in the past 12 months; among
women age 15-49 who had sexual intercourse in the past 12 months, the percentage who had sexual intercourse with more than one partner and the percentage who had higher-risk sexual
intercourse in the past 12 months; among women who had more than one partner in the past 12 months, the percentage who used a condom at last sexual intercourse; and among women who had
higher-risk sexual intercourse in the past 12 months, the percentage who used a condom at last sexual intercourse with that person; and among women who ever had sexual intercourse, the mean
number of sexual partners during lifetime, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Women who had

Women who had 2+ higher-risk sexual Women who ever
Women who had sexual intercourse in partners in the past intercourse1 in the past had sexual
All women the past 12 months 12 months 12 months intercourse
who had who had Percentage who used a
Percentage higher-risk Percentage higher-risk who used a condom at Mean
who had 2+ sexual who had 2+ sexual condom last sexual number of
partners in intercourse1 partners in intercourse1 during last intercourse sexual
Background the past in the past the past in the past sexual with that partners in
characteristic 12 months 12 months Number 12 months 12 months Number intercourse Number person Number lifetime Number
Age
15-24 1.2 17.1 12,626 2.1 28.8 7,469 29.0 156 35.5 2,154 1.4 8,110
15-19 1.0 13.9 6,493 2.3 33.3 2,708 24.8 63 28.6 903 1.3 2,945
20-24 1.5 20.4 6,133 2.0 26.3 4,761 31.8 93 40.5 1,251 1.5 5,164
25-29 1.4 10.4 6,309 1.6 11.9 5,503 27.0 88 38.4 657 1.6 5,895
30-39 0.8 4.2 8,546 0.9 4.7 7,601 15.5 66 25.7 361 1.7 8,241
40-49 0.6 2.9 5,904 0.7 3.5 4,876 (0.0) 36 4.5 172 1.6 5,728
Marital status
Never married 2.1 34.0 8,397 5.8 95.8 2,981 38.8 173 36.9 2,856 1.9 3,610
Married or living together 0.6 0.6 23,579 0.6 0.6 21,886 5.0 132 11.8 136 1.5 23,012
Divorced/separated/widowed 3.0 25.0 1,409 7.2 60.7 581 (14.1) 42 13.3 353 2.1 1,352
Residence
Urban 1.2 13.2 11,934 1.6 18.3 8,615 32.4 139 43.0 1,574 1.7 9,418
Rural 1.0 8.3 21,451 1.2 10.5 16,834 16.5 207 24.9 1,771 1.5 18,556
Zone
North Central 1.7 8.8 4,748 2.5 12.8 3,287 7.8 82 25.8 420 1.4 3,845
North East 0.7 3.1 4,262 0.8 3.7 3,598 (7.9) 29 19.1 131 1.4 3,818
North West 0.3 0.7 8,022 0.3 0.8 7,054 * 22 (23.8) 54 1.2 7,246
South East 1.0 13.1 4,091 1.7 21.9 2,446 (31.1) 42 40.7 535 1.7 3,010
South South 2.2 24.9 5,473 2.9 32.7 4,166 35.2 122 30.9 1,361 2.3 4,582
South West 0.7 12.4 6,789 1.0 17.2 4,897 (22.8) 49 39.5 844 1.7 5,473
Education
No education 0.4 1.1 11,942 0.5 1.2 10,530 1.8 54 4.2 126 1.3 11,363
Primary 1.2 6.2 6,566 1.5 8.0 5,097 5.4 78 13.0 406 1.6 5,813
Secondary 1.3 18.0 11,904 2.0 28.4 7,528 32.8 153 34.1 2,138 1.8 8,283
More than secondary 2.1 22.7 2,974 2.7 29.4 2,294 39.2 61 49.0 675 2.1 2,517
Wealth quintile
Lowest 0.9 3.6 6,194 1.0 4.2 5,319 4.4 55 7.4 223 1.4 5,715
Second 0.8 5.6 6,234 1.0 7.0 5,027 9.1 49 19.1 351 1.4 5,511
Middle 0.9 9.9 6,341 1.2 13.7 4,576 22.3 56 26.6 627 1.6 5,254
Fourth 1.3 14.9 6,938 1.9 20.7 4,994 27.5 93 36.4 1,032 1.7 5,559
Highest 1.2 14.5 7,678 1.7 20.1 5,532 36.8 93 44.2 1,112 1.9 5,935
Total 15-49 1.0 10.0 33,385 1.4 13.1 25,448 22.9 346 33.4 3,345 1.6 27,974
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has suppressed
1
Sexual intercourse with a non-marital, non-cohabiting partner

Table 13.8.2 Multiple sexual partners and higher-risk sexual intercourse in the past 12 months: Men
Among all men age 15-49, the percentage who had sexual intercourse with more than one sexual partner and the percentage who had higher-risk sexual intercourse in the past 12 months;
among men age 15-49 who had sexual intercourse in the past 12 months, the percentage who had sexual intercourse with more than one partner and the percentage who had higher-risk sexual
ntercourse in the past 12 months; among men who had more than one partner in the past 12 months, the percentage who used a condom at last sexual intercourse; and among men who had
higher-risk sexual intercourse in the past 12 months, the percentage who used a condom at last sexual intercourse with that person; and among men who ever had sexual intercourse, the mean
number of sexual partners during lifetime, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Men who had 2+ Men who had higher-

Men who had sexual intercourse in partners in the past risk sexual intercourse1 Men who ever had
All men the past 12 months 12 months in the past 12 months sexual intercourse
Percentage higher-risk Percentage higher-risk who used a condom at Mean
who had 2+ sexual who had 2+ sexual condom last sexual number of
Background the past in the past the past in the past sexual with that partners in
characteristic 12 months 12 months Number 12 months 12 months Number intercourse Number person Number lifetime Number
Age
15-24 5.8 27.0 4,910 17.1 79.2 1,674 56.4 286 49.4 1,326 3.1 1,973
15-19 2.4 15.7 2,532 14.5 94.5 422 61.3 61 36.3 398 2.3 550
20-24 9.4 39.0 2,378 17.9 74.1 1,252 55.0 225 55.1 928 3.4 1,422
25-29 12.5 34.8 2,459 16.8 46.7 1,833 47.8 308 60.7 856 4.3 1,971
30-39 11.7 18.5 3,852 13.0 20.5 3,482 24.1 452 58.5 712 4.7 3,486

40-49 12.6 8.1 2,587 13.8 8.8 2,373 11.5 326 46.5 210 4.7 2,344
Marital status
Never married 8.3 37.2 6,549 21.6 96.5 2,522 64.9 544 56.2 2,434 4.3 3,036
Married or living together 11.3 8.1 7,021 11.9 8.5 6,691 11.7 795 49.0 570 4.2 6,518
Divorced/separated/widowed 14.4 41.7 238 23.1 66.7 149 (26.0) 34 43.8 99 5.6 220
Residence
Urban 9.8 27.4 5,215 14.7 41.1 3,479 48.0 511 66.0 1,428 4.6 3,583
Rural 10.0 19.5 8,593 14.6 28.5 5,883 24.3 861 44.6 1,676 4.1 6,191
Zone
North Central 12.3 23.9 2,065 18.9 36.6 1,345 18.5 254 39.7 493 3.7 1,415
North East 5.6 8.9 1,645 8.2 13.0 1,128 15.3 93 32.8 146 2.9 1,193
North West 4.3 3.0 3,237 7.0 5.0 1,971 6.0 138 51.6 98 1.8 2,044
South East 5.0 25.3 1,448 8.0 40.4 907 53.5 73 64.4 366 3.6 1,012
South South 18.4 41.4 2,437 25.3 56.9 1,774 38.3 448 50.8 1,009 8.3 1,828
South West 12.3 33.3 2,977 16.4 44.3 2,237 47.8 367 65.2 992 4.6 2,281
Education
No education 6.4 3.6 2,597 8.7 4.9 1,907 4.2 167 13.2 93 2.3 1,975
Primary 9.0 15.0 2,761 12.5 20.9 1,980 18.1 248 37.9 413 4.0 2,064
Secondary 10.7 29.9 6,470 17.7 49.1 3,932 36.7 694 53.2 1,932 4.9 4,159
More than secondary 13.3 33.6 1,979 17.1 43.2 1,542 56.1 264 74.1 666 5.4 1,577
Wealth quintile
Lowest 7.8 10.7 2,275 10.9 15.0 1,622 8.9 177 23.0 244 2.8 1,668
Second 8.4 15.1 2,332 12.2 22.1 1,598 14.6 195 33.8 352 3.4 1,673
Middle 8.9 19.5 2,570 14.2 31.1 1,611 28.0 228 47.5 501 4.0 1,757
Fourth 10.1 27.5 3,163 16.0 43.4 2,006 37.6 321 57.7 870 4.6 2,153
Highest 13.0 32.8 3,468 17.9 45.0 2,526 50.1 452 68.1 1,136 5.8 2,523
Total 15-49 9.9 22.5 13,808 14.7 33.2 9,362 33.1 1,373 54.4 3,104 4.3 9,774
50-59 12.9 5.1 1,678 14.9 5.9 1,462 4.7 217 29.8 86 4.5 1,510
Total men 15-59 10.3 20.6 15,486 14.7 29.5 10,824 29.3 1,590 53.8 3,190 4.3 11,284
1
A much larger proportion of men than women reported having two or more sexual partners.
Ten percent of men reported having two or more partners in the 12 months preceding the survey,
compared with only 1 percent of women. The proportion engaging in higher-risk sex (i.e., sexual
intercourse with a non-marital, non-cohabiting partner) in the past 12 months is also higher among
men than women (23 percent compared with 10 percent). Among respondents who had sexual
intercourse in the 12 months preceding the survey, 15 percent of men and 1 percent of women had
two or more partners, while 33 percent of men and 13 percent of women engaged in higher-risk
sexual intercourse during that period. On the other hand, men were more likely than women to report
using a condom at last higher-risk sexual intercourse (54 and 33 percent, respectively). On average,
men have a mean of four lifetime sexual partners, compared with a mean of less than two partners for
women. It is interesting to note that the mean number of lifetime sexual partners for men in the South
South is eight, which is twice than the national average.
Among women who had sexual intercourse in the 12 months preceding the survey, the
proportion with two or more sexual partners is highest among women who are divorced, separated, or
widowed (7 percent), women in urban areas (2 percent), women in South South (3 percent), women
with more than secondary education (3 percent), and women in the fourth and the highest wealth
quintile (2 percent each).
Among women who had sexual intercourse in the 12 months preceding the survey, the
proportion who engaged in higher-risk sexual intercourse is highest among those age 15-19 (33
percent), never married women (96 percent), women in urban areas (18 percent), women in South
South (33 percent), women with more than a secondary education (29 percent), and women in the
fourth wealth quintile (21 percent).
Younger women age 15-24 are twice as likely as women age 40-49 to have had sexual
intercourse with two or more sexual partners in the past 12 months. Likewise, younger women age
20-24 who engaged in higher-risk sexual intercourse are more likely to have used a condom with their
last high-risk partner. Six percent of never-married women and 7 percent of divorced, separated, or
widowed women reported having two or more sexual partners, while less than 1 percent of married
women reported two or more sexual partners.
For men, the highest percentages with two or more sexual partners are seen among men age
20-24 (18 percent), men who are divorced, separated, or widowed (23 percent), men who live in
South South (25 percent), men with secondary education (18 percent); and men in the highest wealth
quintile (18 percent).
Among men who had sexual intercourse in the 12 months preceding the survey, the
percentage of respondents engaging in higher-risk sexual intercourse is highest among those age
15-19 (95 percent), never-married men (97 percent), men living in the urban areas (41 percent), men
in the South South (57 percent), men with secondary education (49 percent), and men in the highest
wealth quintile (45 percent).
13.9 PAYMENT FOR SEX
Transactional sex involves the exchange of money, favours, or gifts for sexual intercourse.
This type of sexual intercourse is associated with greater risk of contracting HIV and other STIs
because of compromised power relations between women and men and the tendency of those
involved to have multiple sexual relationships. Male respondents in the 2008 NDHS who had sexual
relations in the 12 months preceding the interview were asked if they paid anyone for sexual
intercourse during that time. Further, respondents who had engaged in paid sexual intercourse were
asked if they used a condom the last time they paid for sexual intercourse.
Table 13.9 presents information on men age 15-49 who engaged in paid sexual intercourse in
the 12 months preceding the survey and the prevalence of condom use during last paid sexual

intercourse. Two percent of men reported paying for sexual intercourse at least once during the past
12 months. Sixty-two percent of the men who engaged in paid sex reported that they used a condom
the last time they paid for sex. Paid sex was most common among men age 20-24 and 25-29 (2
percent each); divorced, widowed, or separated men (4 percent); men in urban areas (2 percent); men
in South South (4 percent); and men in the fourth and highest wealth quintile (2 percent each).
Condom use by men who paid for sexual intercourse is highest among men age 25-29 (75
percent), those who have never married (64 percent), and men in urban areas (73 percent).
A comparison of the 2003 and 2008 NDHS results suggests there has been a decrease in
payment for sexual intercourse among men from 3 percent to 2 percent. Condom use among men who
paid for sex increased from 48 percent in 2003 to 62 percent in 2008.
Table 13.9 Payment for sexual intercourse and condom use at last paid sexual
intercourse: Men
Percentage of men age 15-49 who paid for sexual intercourse in the past 12 months,
and among them, the percentage who used a condom the last time they paid for sexual
intercourse, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Condom use at last paid
Payment for sexual sexual intercourse
intercourse in the past Percentage Number of
12 months who used a men who paid
Percentage condom at for sexual
who paid last paid intercourse in
Background for sexual Number of sexual the past
characteristic intercourse men intercourse 12 months
Age
15-24 1.5 4,910 50.6 73
15-19 0.8 2,532 (37.8) 20
20-24 2.2 2,378 55.4 53
25-29 2.0 2,459 74.9 49
30-39 1.5 3,852 69.8 58
40-49 0.9 2,587 * 24
Marital status
Never married 1.9 6,549 64.3 125
Married or living together 1.0 7,021 56.8 70
Divorced/separated/widowed 3.8 238 * 9
Residence
Urban 1.6 5,215 72.6 85
Rural 1.4 8,593 53.8 120
Zone
North Central 1.5 2,065 (53.5) 30
North East 0.9 1,645 * 15
North West 0.5 3,237 * 16
South East 1.5 1,448 * 21
South South 4.0 2,437 65.5 98
South West 0.8 2,977 * 24
Education
No education 0.5 2,597 * 12
Primary 1.6 2,761 (58.3) 44
Secondary 1.8 6,470 63.3 118
More than secondary 1.6 1,979 (81.9) 31
Wealth quintile
Lowest 0.9 2,275 (28.8) 20
Second 1.3 2,332 (16.4) 31
Middle 1.1 2,570 (75.0) 28
Fourth 1.9 3,163 73.1 60
Highest 1.9 3,468 (77.1) 65
Total 15-49 1.5 13,808 61.6 205
50-59 0.4 1,678 * 7
Total men 15-59 1.4 15,486 61.3 212
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates
that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has suppressed.

13.10 COVERAGE OF HIV TESTING SERVICES
Knowing one’s HIV status is important for helping individuals make specific decisions about
adopting safer sex practices to reduce the risk of contracting or transmitting HIV. For those who are
HIV positive, knowledge of their HIV status allows them to take actions to protect their sexual
partners and to access treatment services for themselves.
To assess the awareness of coverage of HIV testing services, respondents were asked whether
they knew where to get an HIV test and whether they had ever been tested for HIV. If they said they
had been tested for HIV, respondents were asked whether they had received the results of their last
test. Tables 13.10.1 and 13.10.2 present the results for women and men age 15-49, respectively.
Table 13.10.1 Coverage of prior HIV testing: Women
Percentage of women age 15-49 who know where to get an HIV test, percent distribution of women age 15-49 by testing
status and by whether they received the results of the last test, the percentage of women ever tested, and the percentage of
women age 15-49 who received the results of the last HIV test taken in the past 12 months, according to background
Percent distribution of women

by testing status and by
whether they received the Percentage
results of the last test who received
Percentage Ever Ever results from
who know tested, tested, did last HIV test
where to and not Percentage taken in the
Background get an HIV received receive Never ever past Number of
characteristic test results results tested1 Total tested 12 months women
Age
15-24 45.4 9.2 1.5 89.4 100.0 10.6 5.2 12,626
15-19 40.3 4.0 0.8 95.2 100.0 4.8 2.2 6,493
20-24 50.8 14.7 2.1 83.2 100.0 16.8 8.4 6,133
25-29 54.3 21.7 3.6 74.7 100.0 25.3 10.3 6,309
30-39 52.0 20.5 3.0 76.5 100.0 23.5 8.0 8,546
40-49 44.3 10.1 1.5 88.4 100.0 11.6 3.4 5,904
Marital status
Never married 59.0 12.6 1.1 86.3 100.0 13.7 6.7 8,398
Ever had sex 68.6 20.9 1.8 77.2 100.0 22.8 11.1 3,718
Never had sex 51.3 6.0 0.4 93.5 100.0 6.5 3.3 4,680
Married/living together 44.5 15.3 2.7 82.1 100.0 17.9 6.5 23,578
Divorced/separated/
widowed 54.8 15.3 2.4 82.3 100.0 17.7 5.9 1,409
Residence
Urban 66.2 24.7 3.6 71.8 100.0 28.2 10.9 11,934
Rural 38.8 9.0 1.5 89.5 100.0 10.5 4.1 21,451
Zone
North Central 45.4 11.4 1.7 86.9 100.0 13.1 5.2 4,748
North East 28.4 4.7 1.0 94.3 100.0 5.7 2.1 4,262
North West 26.6 3.7 0.9 95.4 100.0 4.6 2.0 8,022
South East 72.2 31.9 2.8 65.3 100.0 34.7 13.8 4,091
South South 56.7 20.8 2.7 76.5 100.0 23.5 9.9 5,473
South West 68.7 20.5 4.4 75.0 100.0 25.0 8.6 6,789
Education
No education 21.1 2.1 0.6 97.3 100.0 2.7 1.0 11,942
Primary 48.9 11.0 2.7 86.3 100.0 13.7 4.3 6,566
Secondary 66.3 20.7 3.3 76.0 100.0 24.0 9.6 11,904
Wealth quintile
Lowest 20.9 1.5 0.3 98.2 100.0 1.8 0.6 6,194
Second 29.0 4.4 1.0 94.6 100.0 5.4 1.9 6,234
Middle 47.0 10.3 1.9 87.9 100.0 12.1 4.6 6,341
Fourth 61.9 18.2 3.3 78.5 100.0 21.5 8.6 6,938
Highest 76.1 33.8 4.2 62.0 100.0 38.0 14.8 7,678
Total 15-49 48.6 14.6 2.3 83.1 100.0 16.9 6.6 33,385
1
Includes 'don't know/missing'

Table 13.10.2 Coverage of prior HIV testing: Men
Percentage of men age 15-49 who know where to get an HIV test, percent distribution of men age 15-49 by testing status and by
whether they received the results of the last test, the percentage of men ever tested, and the percentage of men age 15-49 who
received the results of the last HIV test taken in the past 12 months, according to background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Percent distribution of men by

testing status and by whether Percentage
they received the results of the who received
last test results from
Percentage Ever tested, Ever last HIV test
who know and tested, did Percentage taken in
Background where to get received not receive Never ever the past Number of
characteristic an HIV test results results tested1 Total tested 12 months men
Age
15-24 59.3 7.4 1.0 91.6 100.0 8.4 3.9 4,910
15-19 52.0 3.8 0.7 95.6 100.0 4.4 2.2 2,532
20-24 67.1 11.3 1.4 87.3 100.0 12.7 5.6 2,378
25-29 69.0 16.7 1.5 81.8 100.0 18.2 7.9 2,459
30-39 69.5 19.3 1.7 79.0 100.0 21.0 9.1 3,852
40-49 65.7 16.2 1.3 82.5 100.0 17.5 6.3 2,587
Marital status
Never married 65.2 11.7 1.2 87.1 100.0 12.9 5.9 6,551
Ever had sex 76.2 19.4 1.9 78.6 100.0 21.4 9.7 3,186
Never had sex 54.8 4.4 0.6 95.1 100.0 4.9 2.3 3,365
Married/living together 64.8 16.1 1.4 82.5 100.0 17.5 7.0 7,018
Divorced/separated/
widowed 67.9 17.4 3.8 78.7 100.0 21.3 8.5 238
Residence
Urban 78.3 20.9 1.9 77.2 100.0 22.8 9.2 5,215
Rural 57.0 9.9 1.0 89.1 100.0 10.9 4.9 8,593
Zone
North Central 66.8 13.7 1.5 84.8 100.0 15.2 7.2 2,065
North East 55.2 4.3 1.0 94.8 100.0 5.2 2.2 1,645
North West 54.0 5.1 0.7 94.2 100.0 5.8 2.5 3,237
South East 73.8 25.2 1.1 73.7 100.0 26.3 11.2 1,448
South South 71.1 20.3 1.4 78.3 100.0 21.7 10.5 2,437
South West 72.1 18.7 2.3 79.0 100.0 21.0 7.4 2,977
Education
No education 38.7 1.4 0.4 98.2 100.0 1.8 0.6 2,597
Primary 56.7 9.7 1.1 89.2 100.0 10.8 4.3 2,761
Secondary 70.9 13.6 1.4 85.1 100.0 14.9 6.6 6,470
Wealth quintile
Lowest 43.0 2.5 0.7 96.8 100.0 3.2 1.2 2,275
Second 53.0 6.3 0.7 92.9 100.0 7.1 3.8 2,332
Middle 62.4 10.2 1.3 88.6 100.0 11.4 4.7 2,570
Fourth 71.8 15.3 1.7 83.0 100.0 17.0 6.9 3,163
Highest 83.5 28.4 2.0 69.6 100.0 30.4 12.9 3,468
Total 15-49 65.1 14.0 1.4 84.6 100.0 15.4 6.5 13,808
50-59 58.1 12.6 1.1 86.3 100.0 13.7 5.1 1,678
Total men 15-59 64.3 13.9 1.3 84.8 100.0 15.2 6.4 15,486
1
Overall, 49 percent of women and 65 percent of men know a place where they can get an HIV
test. Younger female and male respondents (age 15-19) are somewhat less likely to know a place
where they can go to be tested for HIV (40 and 52 percent, respectively). Married women (45 percent)
and unmarried men who have not yet initiated sexual activity (55 percent) are also less likely to know
a place to obtain an HIV test.

Knowing where to get an HIV test is more common among respondents in urban areas than
those in rural areas: 66 percent of women and 78 percent of men in urban areas, compared with 39
percent of women and 57 percent of men in rural areas. Zonal patterns show that women and men in
North West are the least likely to know a place to get tested for HIV (27 percent for women and 54
percent for men). Awareness of a place to obtain an HIV test increases with level of education and
wealth quintile for both females and males.
Tables 13.10.1 and 13.10.2 show respondents’ experience with prior HIV testing and whether
respondents received their results. The majority of women (83 percent) and men (85 percent) have
never been tested for HIV. Seventeen percent of women and 15 percent of men were tested for HIV at
some time prior to the survey. However, among women and men who were tested for HIV in the past
12 months, only 7 percent of women and 7 percent of men received their test results.
For women whose last HIV test was in the past 12 months, urban residents were more likely
than rural residents to have received the test results (11 and 4 percent, respectively). The percentages
for women by zone range from 2 percent in North East and North West to 14 percent in South East.
For men, the percentage who were tested for HIV in the past 12 months and received the results of the
test ranges from 2 percent in North East to 11 percent in South East and South South.
Table 13.11 presents information on HIV screening for pregnant women. This process is a
key tool in reducing HIV transmission from mother to child. Table 13.11 shows that 24 percent of
women who gave birth during the two years prior to the 2008 NDHS received HIV counselling.
Sixteen percent of the women were offered and accepted an HIV test during antenatal care and
received the test results. Thirteen percent of the women were counselled, were offered and accepted
an HIV test, and received the results of the test. Women most likely to be in the latter group were
those age 25-29 (17 percent), women who live in urban areas (29 percent), women in South East (35
percent), and women who have more than a secondary education (54 percent). Three percent of
women who gave birth in the two years preceding the survey were offered and accepted an HIV test
during antenatal care but did not receive the results.

Table 13.11 Pregnant women counselled and tested for HIV
Among all women age 15-49 who gave birth in the two years preceding the survey, the percentage
who received HIV counselling during antenatal care for their most recent birth, the percentage who
were offered and accepted an HIV test during antenatal care by whether they received their test
results, and the percentage who were counselled, were offered and accepted an HIV test, and
received the results, according to background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Percentage who were Percentage

offered and accepted who were
an HIV test during counselled,
Percentage antenatal care were offered Number of
who received and who:2 and accepted women who
HIV counselling Did not an HIV test, and gave birth in
Background during Received receive who received the past two
characteristic antenatal care1 results results results2 years3
Age
15-24 16.5 10.8 2.2 8.4 3,407
15-19 11.8 5.5 1.9 4.4 957
20-24 18.3 12.9 2.3 10.0 2,450
25-29 28.5 19.6 3.9 16.7 3,147
30-39 27.1 19.2 3.3 16.2 3,598
40-49 18.7 10.4 3.8 8.6 875
Residence
Urban 44.4 32.9 5.7 28.9 3,289
Rural 14.7 8.9 2.0 6.7 7,738
Zone
North Central 23.3 11.3 2.5 9.5 1,478
North East 12.1 5.3 1.3 4.5 1,794
North West 7.3 3.8 1.0 3.2 3,410
South East 47.4 44.7 4.7 35.3 1,060
South South 30.7 22.3 4.2 16.9 1,462
South West 45.8 31.6 7.7 28.4 1,823
Education
No education 6.1 2.5 0.7 2.0 5,036
Primary 22.8 12.9 3.6 10.4 2,459
Secondary 44.5 32.3 6.2 26.9 2,922
Wealth quintile
Lowest 4.4 1.2 0.3 0.9 2,601
Second 9.5 4.7 1.2 3.5 2,494
Middle 21.2 11.8 3.0 9.5 2,085
Fourth 34.6 22.6 5.3 18.2 1,987
Highest 60.0 49.8 7.5 42.9 1,860
Total 15-49 23.5 16.0 3.1 13.3 11,027

1
In this context, "counselled" means that someone talked with the respondent about all three of the
following topics: 1) babies getting the AIDS virus from their mother, 2) preventing transmission of the
virus, and 3) getting tested for the virus
2
Only women who were offered the test are included here; women who were either required or
asked for the test are excluded from the numerator of this measure
3
Denominator for percentages includes women who did not receive antenatal care for their last
birth in the past two years
13.11 MALE CIRCUMCISION
Circumcision is a common practice in many parts of Nigeria for traditional, health, and other
reasons and often serves as a rite of passage to adulthood. Recently, male circumcision has been
shown to be associated with lower STI transmission, including HIV (WHO and UNAIDS, 2007). To
examine this practice at the national level, men interviewed in the 2008 NDHS were asked whether
they were circumcised. The results are presented in Table 13.12.
Overall, 98 percent of the men interviewed reported that they were circumcised. The practice
is almost universal and shows little variation across age groups, location, ethnicity, zones, and
educational levels.

Table 13.12 Male circumcision
Percentage of men age 15-49 who reported having

been circumcised, by background characteristics,
Nigeria 2008
Background Percentage Number of

characteristic circumcised men
Age
15-24 97.7 4,910
15-19 97.5 2,532
20-24 97.8 2,378
25-29 97.8 2,459
30-39 98.3 3,852
40-49 97.8 2,587
Residence
Urban 97.4 5,215
Rural 98.2 8,593
Zone
North Central 97.6 2,065
North East 98.3 1,645
North West 98.2 3,237
South South 97.1 2,437
South West 98.5 2,977
Ethnicity
Ekoi 99.0 205
Fulani 98.3 744
Hausa 97.4 3,107
Ibibio 98.1 340
Igala 98.1 230
Igbo 97.9 1,999
Ijaw/Izon 98.0 621
Kanuri/Beriberi 98.6 241
Tiv 99.2 362
Yoruba 98.0 2,555
Others 97.9 3,381
Education
No education 97.7 2,597
Primary 97.9 2,761
Secondary 97.9 6,470
Wealth quintile
Lowest 98.1 2,275
Second 98.2 2,332
Middle 97.9 2,570
Fourth 97.7 3,163
Highest 97.7 3,468
Total 15-49 97.9 13,808
50-59 98.0 1,678
Total men 15-59 97.9 15,486
13.12 SELF-REPORTING OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS
In the 2008 NDHS, respondents who had ever had sexual intercourse were asked if in the past
12 months they had experienced a disease acquired through sexual contact, or if they had experienced
either of two symptoms associated with STIs: a bad-smelling abnormal discharge from the vagina or
penis, or a genital sore or ulcer. Table 13.13 shows the self-reported prevalence of STIs and STI
symptoms in the population for both women and men. Five percent of women and 3 percent of men
reported having had an STI or experiencing STI symptoms during the 12 months preceding the
survey.
Among women, 2 percent reported having an STI; 4 percent had a bad-smelling, abnormal
discharge, and 2 percent had a genital sore or ulcer. The prevalence of STIs and STI symptoms was
highest among never-married women. Women in urban areas were more likely to have had an STI or
STI symptoms than those in rural areas. The prevalence of STIs or STI symptoms among women was
highest in South East (8 percent) and increased with level of educational attainment.

Among men, 1 percent reported having an STI in the past 12 months; 2 percent had a bad-
smelling, abnormal discharge and 1 percent had a genital sore or ulcer. Men who are divorced,
separated or widowed are more likely to have an STI or STI symptoms than those who are married or
are never married but sexually active. Men in rural areas are more likely to have had an STI or STI
symptoms than men in urban areas. Self-reported STI prevalence was highest in North Central (6
percent).
Table 13.13 Self-reported prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and STI symptoms
Among women and men age 15-49 who ever had sexual intercourse, the percentage who reported having an STI and/or
symptoms of an STI in the past 12 months, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Percentage of women who reported: Percentage of men who reported:

Bad- STI/ Number of Bad- STI/ Number of
smelling/ genital women smelling/ genital men who
abnormal Genital discharge/ who ever abnormal Genital discharge ever had
Background genital sore/ sore or had sexual genital sore/ / sore or sexual
characteristic STI discharge ulcer ulcer intercourse STI discharge ulcer ulcer intercourse
Age
15-24 2.0 4.1 2.8 5.5 8,259 2.0 3.0 1.1 4.1 2,031
15-19 1.4 3.5 2.5 4.8 3,001 1.2 3.6 1.0 4.5 559
20-24 2.4 4.5 3.0 5.9 5,258 2.3 2.7 1.1 4.0 1,472
25-29 2.3 4.1 2.7 5.5 6,060 1.7 2.5 1.2 3.3 2,070
30-39 2.1 3.9 2.3 5.1 8,481 1.2 1.8 0.8 2.6 3,759
40-49 1.8 3.2 2.0 4.2 5,900 1.1 1.6 0.7 2.1 2,579
Marital status
Never married 2.9 5.9 3.1 7.6 3,717 1.9 2.6 1.2 3.7 3,184
Married or living together 1.9 3.5 2.3 4.7 23,573 1.1 1.8 0.8 2.5 7,016
Divorced/separated/
widowed 2.5 4.8 2.7 6.0 1,409 2.7 4.2 1.1 5.2 238
Male circumcision
Circumcised na na na na na 1.4 2.1 0.9 2.9 10,230
Not circumcised na na na na na 0.0 1.2 2.4 2.4 76
Don’t know/missing na na na na na 1.4 1.1 1.4 3.2 132
Residence
Urban 2.7 4.3 2.6 5.8 9,709 1.4 1.8 0.6 2.7 3,894
Rural 1.8 3.6 2.3 4.7 18,990 1.4 2.3 1.1 3.1 6,544
Zone
North Central 2.6 5.2 1.9 6.3 3,958 1.9 4.2 2.8 5.5 1,561
North East 1.5 4.7 3.5 6.5 3,866 1.4 2.4 1.4 3.0 1,223
North West 2.3 3.3 3.2 4.4 7,465 1.1 2.3 0.5 2.9 2,129
South East 3.9 6.2 3.3 8.1 3,128 1.4 1.3 0.3 2.2 1,095
South South 1.4 2.5 1.6 3.7 4,724 1.6 1.6 0.7 2.7 1,975
South West 1.3 3.0 1.4 3.7 5,559 1.2 1.2 0.2 1.9 2,456
Education
No education 1.7 3.5 2.6 4.8 11,641 0.8 1.9 1.4 2.7 2,062
Primary 1.7 3.4 2.0 4.3 5,965 1.4 2.7 1.1 3.3 2,219
Secondary 2.5 4.1 2.4 5.5 8,496 1.6 2.3 0.8 3.2 4,437
More than secondary 3.3 5.6 2.6 6.9 2,597 1.7 1.0 0.4 2.1 1,720
Wealth quintile
Lowest 1.4 3.8 2.6 4.9 5,831 1.1 2.4 1.5 3.2 1,768
Second 2.0 3.7 2.6 4.9 5,650 1.6 3.3 1.5 4.0 1,752
Middle 2.0 3.9 2.4 5.0 5,375 1.3 2.3 1.0 3.3 1,855
Fourth 2.2 3.8 2.4 5.3 5,736 1.6 1.5 0.5 2.3 2,289
Highest 2.7 4.1 2.2 5.4 6,107 1.4 1.5 0.4 2.5 2,773
Total 15-49 2.1 3.9 2.4 5.1 28,699 1.4 2.1 0.9 2.9 10,438
50-59 na na na na na 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.4 1,678
na = Not applicable

When women or men reported having an STI and/or STI symptoms in the past 12 months,
then they were asked whether they had sought any advice or treatment. Figure 13.2 shows that 46
percent of women and 58 percent of men sought advice or treatment from a clinic, hospital, private
doctor, or other health professional. However, 38 percent of women and 22 percent of men sought no
advice or treatment.
Figure 13.2 Women and Men Seeking Advice or Treatment

for STIs
Percent
80
60 58
46
40 38
22
20
12
4 4 6
0
Clinic/hospital/ Advice or Advice or treatment No advice
private doctor/ medicine from from any other or treatment
other health shop/pharmacy source
facility
faci
Women Men
NDHS 2008
13.13 PREVALENCE OF MEDICAL INJECTIONS
Injection overuse in a health care setting can contribute to the transmission of blood-borne
pathogens because it amplifies the effect of unsafe practices such as reuse of injection equipment. As
a result, the proportion of injections given with reused injection equipment is an important indicator
for programme initiatives to prevent and control the spread of HIV.
To obtain information for this indicator, respondents in the 2008 NDHS were asked if they
received any injections from a health worker in the 12 months preceding the survey and, if so,
whether their last injection was given with a syringe from a new, unopened package. It should be
noted that medical injections can also be self-administered (e.g., insulin for diabetes); these injections
were not included in the calculation.
Table 13.14 shows the reported prevalence of injections and safe injection practices. Twenty-
five percent of women and 28 percent of men reported receiving an injection from a health worker
during the 12 months preceding the survey. Generally, the average number of medical injections
received over the 12-month period was one per person for both women and men.

Looking at the differentials, injection prevalence was highest among women age 25-29 (29
percent), urban residents (30 percent), women in South East (35 percent), women with more than
secondary education (36 percent), and women in the highest wealth quintile (33 percent). Injection
prevalence was highest among men age 30-39 (30 percent), men in South East (31 percent), and men
with more than secondary education (31 percent). The likelihood of receiving at least one medical
injection increases with wealth quintile among men.
Table 13.14 Prevalence of medical injections
Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who received at least one medical injection in the past 12 months, the average number of
medical injections per person in the past 12 months, and among those who received a medical injection, the percentage of last medical
injections for which the syringe and needle were taken from a new, unopened package, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Women Men
For last For last
Percentage Average injection, Number of Percentage Average injection, Number
who number of syringe and women who number of syringe and of men
received a medical needle receiving received a medical needle receiving
medical injections taken from medical medical injections taken from medical
injection in per person Number a new, injections injection in per person Number a new, injections
Background the past in the past of unopened in the past the past in the past of unopened in the past
characteristic 12 months 12 months women package 12 months 12 months 12 months men package 12 months
Age
15-24 22.5 0.9 12,626 95.4 2,847 25.3 1.1 4,910 97.6 1,240
15-19 18.2 0.7 6,493 95.0 1,180 25.9 1.1 2,532 97.7 655
20-24 27.2 1.2 6,133 95.7 1,667 24.6 1.1 2,378 97.6 585
25-29 29.1 1.3 6,309 95.5 1,839 28.6 1.3 2,459 97.5 704
30-39 28.2 1.3 8,546 96.6 2,406 30.1 1.6 3,852 98.5 1,159
40-49 20.7 1.0 5,904 95.8 1,220 29.1 1.6 2,587 96.8 754
Residence
Urban 29.7 1.3 11,934 96.3 3,542 28.2 1.4 5,215 97.6 1,471
Rural 22.2 1.0 21,451 95.5 4,769 27.8 1.4 8,593 97.8 2,386
Zone
North Central 21.3 1.1 4,748 95.2 1,012 27.9 1.5 2,065 98.1 577
North East 21.6 0.8 4,262 92.3 921 29.0 1.3 1,645 98.5 476
North West 16.5 0.6 8,022 95.6 1,325 25.0 1.1 3,237 98.6 809
South East 34.7 1.8 4,091 96.5 1,421 30.8 1.6 1,448 98.3 446
South South 29.3 1.5 5,473 96.1 1,602 29.1 1.6 2,437 96.0 710
South West 29.9 1.2 6,789 97.4 2,030 28.2 1.4 2,977 97.3 839
Education
No education 15.4 0.6 11,942 94.1 1,843 19.6 0.9 2,597 96.9 510
Primary 26.8 1.2 6,566 95.8 1,760 28.7 1.5 2,761 98.2 792
Secondary 30.6 1.4 11,904 96.2 3,637 30.0 1.4 6,470 97.3 1,944
More than
secondary 36.0 1.8 2,974 97.6 1,071 30.9 1.7 1,979 99.1 611
Wealth quintile
Lowest 15.0 0.6 6,194 93.0 929 23.3 1.0 2,275 97.8 530
Second 18.9 0.8 6,234 95.0 1,175 27.4 1.3 2,332 97.8 638
Middle 25.1 1.1 6,341 96.3 1,590 28.6 1.4 2,570 97.1 736
Fourth 29.7 1.4 6,938 96.6 2,062 28.1 1.5 3,163 98.6 890
Highest 33.3 1.5 7,678 96.4 2,554 30.7 1.6 3,468 97.3 1,063
Total 15-49 24.9 1.1 33,385 95.9 8,311 27.9 1.4 13,808 97.7 3,857
Total men 15-59 na na na na na 27.9 1.4 15,486 97.8 4,314
Note : Medical injections are those given by a doctor, nurse, pharmacist, dentist or other health worker
na = Not applicable

13.14 HIV AND AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE AND BEHAVIOUR AMONG YOUTH
This section addresses HIV and AIDS-related knowledge among Nigerian youth age 15-24,
and assesses the extent to which Nigerian youth are engaged in behaviours that may place them at risk
of contracting HIV.
13.14.1 Knowledge about HIV and AIDS and Sources for Condoms
Knowledge of how HIV is transmitted is crucial to enabling people to avoid contracting HIV,
especially young people, who are often at greater risk because they may have shorter relationships
with more partners or engage in other risky behaviours. Table 13.15 shows the level of comprehensive
knowledge about HIV and AIDS among youth and the percentage of youth who know a source where
they can obtain condoms.
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV and AIDS is defined as knowing that condom use and
having just one HIV-negative and faithful partner can reduce the chances of contracting HIV,
knowing that a healthy-looking person can have HIV, and rejecting the two most common
misconceptions about HIV transmission—that HIV can be transmitted by mosquito bites and that HIV
can be transmitted by supernatural means.
Table 13.15 shows that only 22 percent of young women and 33 percent of young men have
comprehensive knowledge about HIV. The table also shows that comprehensive knowledge is higher
among youths in urban areas than those in rural areas. Among both sexes, the proportion with
comprehensive knowledge tends to increase with level of education and wealth quintile. Knowledge
of where to obtain a condom also tends to increase with education and wealth quintile for both young
women and young men.
Among young women, the level of comprehensive knowledge about HIV is highest in South
East (29 percent) and lowest in North East (13 percent). Thirty-seven percent of young women know
a place where they can obtain a condom. Knowledge of a source for condoms is higher among young
women in urban areas than those in rural areas (54 and 27 percent, respectively). At the zonal level,
young women in the South West (65 percent) are most likely to know a condom source, while those in
North West (8 percent) are least likely to know where to obtain a condom.
Young men in North West have the highest level of comprehensive knowledge (36 percent),
while those in North East have the lowest level of comprehensive knowledge (28 percent). Sixty-eight
percent of young men know a place where they can obtain a condom. Knowledge of a source for
condoms is higher among young men in urban areas than those in rural areas (81 and 60 percent,
respectively). At the zonal level, young men in South West (83 percent) are most likely to know a
condom source while those in North East (50 percent) are least likely to know a source for condoms.

Table 13.15 Comprehensive knowledge about HIV and AIDS and of a source of condoms among youth
Percentage of young women and young men age 15-24 with comprehensive knowledge about HIV and AIDS
and percentage with knowledge of a source of condoms, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008

Percentage with Percentage Percentage with Percentage
comprehensive who know comprehensive who know
Background knowledge of a condom Number of knowledge of a condom Number of
characteristic HIV and AIDS1 source2 women HIV and AIDS1 source2 men
Age
15-19 19.7 30.2 6,493 28.2 60.5 2,532
15-17 18.9 26.2 3,896 24.8 55.1 1,532
18-19 20.9 36.2 2,597 33.3 68.7 1,000
20-24 24.8 43.3 6,133 37.2 76.1 2,378
20-22 23.2 39.5 4,114 36.0 72.4 1,595
23-24 28.1 51.1 2,020 39.7 83.6 784
Marital status
Never married 26.2 48.2 6,940 33.1 69.0 4,516
Ever had sex 30.7 69.3 2,579 36.0 89.6 1,639
Never had sex 23.5 35.8 4,362 31.5 57.3 2,877
Ever married 17.3 22.4 5,686 25.8 57.1 394
Residence
Urban 29.8 53.8 4,529 39.7 81.0 1,847
Rural 17.9 27.0 8,097 28.2 60.2 3,064
Zone
North Central 21.1 28.7 1,877 29.2 67.2 821
North East 12.8 17.5 1,612 27.5 49.6 554
North West 19.5 8.4 2,873 36.1 52.5 1,061
South East 28.9 51.9 1,626 35.0 67.7 571
South South 26.2 51.6 2,223 34.5 81.9 934
South West 24.3 64.8 2,416 31.1 83.2 969
Education
No education 10.6 4.9 3,446 12.5 27.8 654
Primary 16.4 23.3 1,846 19.3 53.2 692
Secondary 27.8 51.7 6,598 36.5 77.0 3,222
More than secondary 40.9 82.7 736 60.1 90.5 342
Wealth quintile
Lowest 9.4 9.3 2,192 18.3 37.8 733
Second 14.7 17.0 2,288 25.4 56.1 821
Middle 21.2 33.2 2,477 32.9 67.0 1,010
Fourth 27.5 49.0 2,869 38.4 79.5 1,284
Highest 33.7 64.2 2,801 40.5 85.3 1,063
Total 22.2 36.6 12,626 32.6 68.0 4,910

1
Comprehensive knowledge means knowing that consistent use of condom during sexual intercourse and
having just one HIV-negative, faithful partner can reduce the chances of getting HIV, knowing that a healthy-
looking person can have HIV, and rejecting the two most common local misconceptions about HIV
transmission and prevention. The components of comprehensive knowledge are presented in Tables 13.3.1
and 13.3.2.
2
Friends, family members, and home are not considered sources for condoms.

13.14.2 Age at First Sexual Intercourse
Age at first sex is an important indicator of both exposure to risk of pregnancy and exposure
to STIs. Young people who initiate sex at an early age are considered to be at a higher risk of
becoming pregnant or contracting an STI than young people who delay initiation of sexual activity.
Consistent use of condoms can also reduce these risks.
Table 13.16 shows that 16 percent of young women and 6 percent of young men age 15-24
initiated sexual activity before age 15. About half of young women (49 percent) and more than a
quarter of young men (26 percent) age 18-24 had first sexual intercourse before age 18. As expected,
the proportion of youth initiating sexual activity early is higher among ever-married youth than
among those who have not yet married. The likelihood of early sexual debut generally decreases with
increasing level of education for both young women and young men.
Table 13.16 Age at first sexual intercourse among youth
Percentage of young women and of young men age 15-24 who had sexual intercourse before age 15 and percentage of young
women and of young men age 18-24 who had sexual intercourse before age 18, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Women age 15-24 Women age 18-24 Men age 15-24 Men age 18-24
Percentage Percentage Percentage Percentage
who had who had who had who had
Background before Number of before Number of before Number of before Number of
characteristic age 15 women age 18 women age 15 men age 18 men
Age
15-19 15.3 6,493 na na 6.2 2,532 na na
15-17 15.1 3,896 na na 6.1 1,532 na na
18-19 15.5 2,597 52.9 2,597 6.3 1,000 25.5 1,000
20-24 16.2 6,133 47.8 6,133 5.3 2,378 25.6 2,378
20-22 17.9 4,114 50.6 4,114 4.5 1,595 24.7 1,595
23-24 12.7 2,020 42.1 2,020 6.9 784 27.6 784
Marital status
Never married 5.1 6,940 23.9 3,891 5.4 4,516 23.3 2,990
Ever married 28.7 5,687 69.8 4,839 9.5 395 42.9 388
Knows condom source1

Yes 8.5 4,620 36.5 3,599 7.1 3,342 29.5 2,497
No 19.9 8,006 58.3 5,132 2.8 1,569 14.5 881
Residence
Urban 7.8 4,529 33.6 3,172 5.0 1,847 23.0 1,305
Rural 20.2 8,097 58.3 5,559 6.2 3,064 27.2 2,073
Zone
North Central 11.8 1,877 41.6 1,324 8.0 821 32.4 560
North East 28.4 1,612 67.5 1,099 3.0 554 21.1 385
North West 28.4 2,873 71.5 2,086 0.9 1,061 6.4 738
South East 4.9 1,626 25.7 1,104 7.1 571 24.2 399
South South 12.0 2,223 48.2 1,540 8.1 934 38.8 633
South West 5.9 2,416 31.4 1,577 7.6 969 32.1 663
Education
No education 34.7 3,446 78.4 2,556 3.3 654 16.5 451
Primary 17.3 1,846 58.8 1,246 6.4 692 26.9 389
Secondary 7.0 6,598 34.8 4,209 6.2 3,222 27.8 2,204
More than secondary 1.6 736 14.3 719 5.0 342 21.5 334
Wealth quintile
Lowest 30.0 2,192 73.5 1,502 5.6 733 22.7 492
Second 24.5 2,288 67.4 1,573 4.2 821 25.3 546
Middle 14.6 2,477 50.4 1,703 6.6 1,010 25.8 682
Fourth 9.7 2,869 39.2 2,036 5.7 1,284 28.7 921
Highest 4.5 2,801 25.4 1,917 6.2 1,063 23.7 737
Total 15.7 12,626 49.3 8,731 5.7 4,910 25.6 3,378
na = Not applicable
1
Friends, family members, and home are not considered a source for condoms.

Young women in rural areas are more likely to have initiated sex before age 15 and age 18
than their urban counterparts: 20 percent for rural women versus 8 percent for urban women before
age 15, and 58 percent for rural women versus 34 for urban women before age 18. Analysis by zone
indicates that women in the North East and North West have the highest proportion of young women
who had first sexual intercourse before age 15 (28 percent each). South East has the lowest proportion
of women age 18-24 who initiated sex by age 18 (26 percent) while North West has the highest
proportion (72 percent).
Young men in rural areas are more likely to have initiated sex before age 15 and before age
18: 6 percent for rural men versus 5 percent for urban men before age 15 and 27 percent for rural men
versus 23 percent for urban men before age 18. As with young women, the proportion of young men
initiating sexual intercourse by age 15 is highest in North Central and South South (8 percent each).
North West has the lowest proportion of men age 15-24 who initiated sex by age 15 (1 percent) as
well as the lowest proportion of men age 18-24 who initiated sex by age 18 (6 percent).
13.14.3 Trends in Age at First Sexual Intercourse
Figure 13.3 shows trends in the age at first sexual intercourse between the 2003 and 2008
NDHS surveys. It shows that early sexual activity has generally decreased in Nigeria. For example,
among women age 15-19, only 20 percent had first sexual intercourse by age 15 in the 2003 NDHS,
compared with 15 percent in the 2008 NDHS. The proportion of men age 15-19 who initiated sexual
activity before age 15 decreased from 8 to 6 percent. Likewise, the proportion of men age 18-19 who
had sexual intercourse before age 18 declined from 29 to 26 percent over the same period. In contrast,
the proportion of women age 18-19 who had first sexual intercourse before age 18 increased slightly
from 52 to 53 percent.
Figure 13.3 Trends in Age at First Sexual Intercourse
Percent
80
60
52 53
40
29
26
20
20 15
8 6
0
Women 15-19 Women 18-19 Men 15-19 Men age 18-19
who had sex who had sex who had sex who had sex
before before before before
exact age 15 exact age 18 exact age 15 exact age 18
2003 2008

13.14.4 Condom Use at First Sex
To assess the extent of condom use at the beginning of sexual exposure, sexually active youth
age 15-24 were asked whether they had used a condom the first time they had sexual intercourse.
Table 13.17 shows that young men were twice as likely (22 percent) to have used a condom during
the first sexual intercourse as young women (11 percent). Young women and men in urban areas were
much more likely than their counterparts in rural areas to have used a condom the first time they had
sexual intercourse. The likelihood that a condom was used the first time a young person had sexual
intercourse increases with level of education and household wealth quintile.
Table 13.17 Condom use at first sexual intercourse among youth
Among young women and young men age 15-24 who have ever had sexual
intercourse, percentage who used a condom the first time they had sexual intercourse,

Number of Percentage Number of
Percentage who women who who used a men who
used a condom have ever condom at have ever
Background at first sexual had sexual first sexual had sexual
characteristic intercourse intercourse intercourse intercourse
Age
15-19 9.5 3,001 19.5 559
15-17 7.9 1,341 14.7 226
18-19 10.8 1,660 22.7 333
20-24 11.0 5,258 23.3 1,472
20-22 10.4 3,418 23.0 896
23-24 12.3 1,840 23.8 576
Marital status
Never married 23.7 2,578 25.8 1,638
Ever married 4.5 5,681 7.2 393

Yes 21.8 3,060 25.4 1,693
No 3.8 5,198 6.2 338
Residence
Urban 17.7 2,493 30.3 754
Rural 7.4 5,766 17.5 1,277
Zone
North Central 8.0 1,130 14.9 378
North East 2.9 1,232 11.0 205
North West 2.7 2,346 6.4 172
South East 21.6 776 36.8 259
South South 16.2 1,509 22.1 521
South West 20.9 1,267 30.5 495
Education
No education 1.9 3,159 2.6 210
Primary 5.8 1,273 13.1 224
Secondary 16.8 3,324 24.7 1,375
More than secondary 34.3 503 34.7 222
Wealth quintile
Lowest 2.2 1,837 5.2 282
Second 5.5 1,722 15.2 301
Middle 9.8 1,574 21.9 402
Fourth 14.4 1,761 22.8 559
Highest 23.6 1,365 36.1 486
Total 10.5 8,259 22.2 2,031

1

Never-married women young women were about five times as likely (24 percent) as ever-
married young women (5 percent) to have used a condom the first time they had sexual intercourse.
At the zonal level, young women in South East (22 percent) were most likely to have used a condom
at first sex while those in North West and North East were least likely (3 percent each).
About a quarter of never-married young men (26 percent) and 7 percent of ever-married
young men reported using a condom at first sexual intercourse. Young men in South East were most
likely to use a condom at first sex (37 percent) while those in North West were least likely (6 percent).
13.14.5 Premarital Sex
The period between initiation of sexual intercourse and marriage is often a time of sexual
experimentation. Table 13.18 presents information on premarital sexual intercourse and condom use
among never-married youth age 15-24 in Nigeria.
Table 13.18 Premarital sexual intercourse and condom use during premarital sexual intercourse among youth
Among never-married women and men age 15-24, the percentage who have never had sexual intercourse, the percentage who had sexual
intercourse in the past 12 months, and, among those who had premarital sexual intercourse in the past 12 months, the percentage who used a
condom at the last sexual intercourse, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Never-married women age 15-24 Never-married men age 15-24

Among women Among men
who had sexual who had sexual
intercourse in the intercourse in the
Percentage past 12 months Percentage past 12 months
Percentage who had Percentage Percentage who had Percentage
who have sexual Number who used who have sexual Number who used
never had intercourse of never- condom at Number never had intercourse of never- condom at Number
Background sexual in the past married last sexual of sexual in the past married last sexual of
characteristic intercourse 12 months women intercourse women intercourse 12 months men intercourse men
Age
15-19 76.0 19.8 4,586 28.2 906 78.6 16.0 2,508 36.2 400
15-17 83.6 13.4 3,048 21.3 410 85.6 10.4 1,525 30.6 159
18-19 61.0 32.3 1,538 33.8 497 67.6 24.6 982 39.8 242
20-24 37.1 52.8 2,354 40.9 1,242 45.2 44.3 2,008 56.3 889
20-22 42.7 48.0 1,628 39.5 782 50.0 39.6 1,398 52.9 553
23-24 24.8 63.4 726 43.4 461 34.1 55.0 610 61.9 336
Yes 46.6 46.1 3,346 44.4 1,543 52.9 38.2 3,116 53.6 1,189
No 78.0 16.8 3,594 13.0 606 87.8 7.2 1,400 7.8 101
Residence
Urban 63.5 30.9 3,205 46.3 991 61.8 30.6 1,768 62.9 542
Rural 62.3 31.0 3,735 26.3 1,157 64.9 27.2 2,748 40.7 748
Zone
North Central 71.0 23.1 1,051 29.4 243 60.3 31.4 733 39.2 230
North East 78.6 17.7 484 17.4 85 74.6 17.9 468 23.5 84
North West 92.2 6.6 568 (22.4) 37 94.1 3.7 943 39.7 34
South East 65.0 24.1 1,306 40.6 315 56.0 29.1 556 66.7 162
South South 42.3 51.7 1,689 33.2 873 46.7 43.8 886 44.5 388
South West 62.4 32.3 1,842 42.1 595 50.9 42.1 930 61.6 392
Education
No education 88.9 8.4 319 (1.4) 27 89.1 7.4 497 (8.2) 37
Primary 71.3 21.5 803 17.7 173 75.7 17.1 619 30.3 105
Secondary 62.8 30.9 5,208 34.7 1,610 60.1 31.6 3,071 49.5 969
More than secondary 38.2 55.5 610 51.1 338 36.5 54.1 330 73.2 178
Wealth quintile
Lowest 67.4 25.4 520 10.7 132 76.1 18.2 589 18.0 107
Second 66.6 28.0 849 22.7 237 71.7 22.4 725 37.0 162
Middle 63.9 29.1 1,412 27.1 410 64.8 27.0 938 44.0 253
Fourth 57.4 35.8 1,930 37.9 691 59.0 32.0 1,229 55.6 394
Highest 64.4 30.4 2,228 47.5 678 55.7 36.1 1,035 63.2 373
Total 62.9 31.0 6,940 35.5 2,148 63.7 28.6 4,516 50.1 1,289

1
Friends, family members, and home are not considered sources for condoms. .

Sixty-three percent of never-married young women age 15-24 have never had sexual
intercourse. Abstinence is most common among those age 15-17 (84 percent). Thirty-one percent of
never-married young women age 15-24 had sexual intercourse during the 12 months preceding the
survey. Among never-married, sexually active young women, condom use at last sexual intercourse
was 36 percent. At the zonal level, condom use was highest in South West (42 percent) and lowest in
North East (17 percent).
Similar to their female counterparts, 64 percent of never-married young men age 15-24 have
never had sexual intercourse. Abstinence is most common among those age 15-17 (86 percent).
Twenty-nine percent of never-married young men age 15-24 had sexual intercourse during the 12
months preceding the survey. Among never-married, sexually active young men, condom use at last
sexual intercourse was 50 percent. Condom use is highest in South-East (67 percent) and lowest in
North East (24 percent). Condom use increases with level of education and wealth quintile. For
example, 73 percent of sexually active, never-married young men who have more than secondary
education used a condom the last time they had sexual intercourse, compared with 30 percent of those
with primary education.
13.14.6 Higher-Risk Sexual Intercourse
Tables 13.19.1 and 13.19.2 present information on young people age 15-24 who engaged in
higher-risk sexual intercourse (i.e., sexual intercourse with a non-marital, non-cohabiting partner)
during the 12 months preceding the survey, and condom use during last higher-risk sexual encounters.
Twenty-nine percent of young women age 15-24 reported having higher-risk sexual
intercourse in the 12 months preceding the survey. Among ever-married young women, only 2
percent reported having higher-risk sexual intercourse. Higher-risk sexual intercourse is most
prevalent among young women in South South (64 percent) and least prevalent among those in North
West (2 percent). Thirty-six percent of young women who had higher-risk sexual intercourse used a
condom the last time they had higher-risk sexual intercourse.
Young men were much more likely than young women to report having higher-risk sexual
intercourse in the past 12 months (79 percent). Among ever-married young men, 17 percent reported
having higher-risk sexual intercourse. Higher-risk sexual intercourse is most prevalent among young
men in South West and South East (93 percent each). Young men Male youth in North West are least
likely to engage in higher-risk sexual intercourse (25 percent). Forty-nine percent of young men who
had higher-risk sexual intercourse used a condom the last time they had higher-risk sexual intercourse.
In general, young women and men who have never married, who know a condom source, who
live in urban areas, who have more than a secondary education, and who are in the highest wealth
quintile are more likely to have had higher-risk sexual intercourse than other young women and men..

higher-risk intercourse in the past 12 months: Women
Among young women age 15-24 who had sexual intercourse in the past 12 months, the
percentage who had higher-risk sexual intercourse, and among those who had higher-
risk sexual intercourse in the past 12 months, the percentage who used a condom at last
higher-risk sexual intercourse, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Women age 15-24 who had

Women age 15-24 who higher-risk sexual
had sexual intercourse in intercourse in the past
the past 12 months 12 months:
Percentage who
Percentage who reported using a
had higher-risk condom at last
intercourse in higher-risk
Background the past Number of sexual Number of
characteristic 12 months1 women intercourse1 women
Age
15-19 33.3 2,708 28.6 903
15-17 33.0 1,212 21.9 400
18-19 33.6 1,496 33.9 503
20-24 26.3 4,761 40.5 1,251
20-22 25.4 3,097 39.0 786
23-24 28.0 1,665 42.8 466
Marital status
Never married 96.5 2,148 36.0 2,074
Ever married 1.5 5,321 22.9 80
Yes 56.4 2,751 44.1 1,550
No 12.8 4,718 13.4 604
Residence
Urban 43.9 2,250 46.1 989
Rural 22.3 5,219 26.5 1,166
Zone
North Central 25.9 955 28.7 248
North East 7.8 1,166 19.2 91
North West 1.6 2,251 (23.1) 36
South East 52.6 614 41.1 323
South South 64.2 1,379 32.6 886
South West 51.8 1,104 43.0 572
Education
No education 1.0 2,949 (1.3) 29
Primary 16.1 1,145 17.3 184
Secondary 55.2 2,917 34.7 1,610
Wealth quintile
Lowest 7.6 1,701 11.0 129
Second 15.4 1,574 21.0 243
Middle 29.8 1,389 27.8 415
Fourth 44.0 1,575 38.2 692
Highest 54.9 1,231 47.4 675
Total 15-24 28.8 7,469 35.5 2,154

1
2

higher-risk intercourse in the past 12 months: Men
Among young men age 15-24 who had sexual intercourse in the past 12 months, the
higher-risk sexual intercourse, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Men age 15-24 who had Men age 15-24 who had
sexual intercourse in thehigher-risk sexual intercourse
past 12 months in the past 12 months:
Percentage who
Background the past Number of sexual Number of
1
characteristic 12 months men intercourse1 men
Age
15-19 94.5 422 36.3 398
15-17 94.6 165 30.9 156
18-19 94.4 256 39.8 242
20-24 74.1 1,252 55.1 928
20-22 75.6 747 51.8 565
23-24 71.8 505 60.2 363
Marital status
Never married 97.7 1,289 50.4 1,260
Ever married 17.1 384 30.9 66

Yes 86.1 1,410 53.3 1,214
No 42.4 264 7.5 112
Residence
Urban 88.3 619 62.4 546
Rural 73.9 1,055 40.4 780
Zone
North Central 78.2 313 36.8 245
North East 47.1 169 24.2 80
North West 25.2 150 (36.3) 38
South East 92.7 176 66.2 163
South South 91.8 436 45.7 400
South West 93.3 430 60.3 401
Education
No education 22.1 190 7.1 42
Primary 66.7 177 31.5 118
Secondary 88.2 1,118 49.2 987
Wealth quintile
Lowest 47.6 247 18.7 118
Second 69.0 255 34.8 176
Middle 80.1 324 44.9 259
Fourth 89.8 448 55.7 402
Highest 92.7 400 62.6 371
Total 15-24 79.2 1,674 49.4 1,326

1
2

13.14.7 Age-mixing in Sexual Relationships Table 13.20 Age-mixing in sexual relationships among
women age 15-19
In many societies, young women have Percentage of young women age 15-19 who had higher-risk
sexual relationships with men who are considerably sexual intercourse in the past 12 months with a man who
older than them. This practice can contribute to the was 10 or more years older than them, by background
spread of HIV and other STIs because older men re
more likely to have been exposed to these diseases. Percentage of Number of
Using preventative methods such as negotiating women age women age
safer sex is more difficult when the age differences 15-19 who had 15-19 who
higher-risk had higher-risk
are large. To examine age-mixing in the 2008 sexual sexual
NDHS, young women age 15-19 who had sex with intercourse with intercourse
a non-marital, non-cohabiting partner in the 12 Background a man 10+ in the past
characteristic years older1 12 months1
months preceding the survey were asked whether
the man was younger, about the same age, or older Age
15-17 12.9 400
than they were. If older, they were asked if they 18-19 8.6 503
thought he was less than ten years older or ten or
more years older. Marital status
Never married 10.4 881
Ever married * 21
The results presented in Table 13.20 show
that, among women age 15-19 who had higher-risk Knows condom source2
sexual intercourse in the 12 months preceding the Yes 8.6 563
No 13.7 340
survey, 11 percent had higher-risk sex with a man
ten or more years older than them. Age mixing in Residence
sexual relationships is more common among young Urban 10.1 330
women who do not know a condom source, women Rural 10.8 573
in rural areas, women in North East, and women in Zone

the lowest wealth quintile than among other North Central 15.4 104
women. North East 26.8 38
North West * 13
13.14.8 Drunkenness during Sexual Intercourse South East 14.5 109
South South 9.5 420
South West 5.5 218
Sexual intercourse when one or both
partners are under the influence of alcohol is more Education
No education * 13
likely to be unplanned and couples are therefore Primary 20.2 102
less likely to use condoms. Respondents who had Secondary 9.0 765
sexual intercourse in the past 12 months were asked More than secondary * 23
if they or their partner drank alcohol the last time
Wealth quintile
they had sexual intercourse and, if so, whether they Lowest 23.7 72
or their partner were drunk. Second 9.8 140
Middle 9.8 216
Fourth 8.1 267
Table 13.21 shows the prevalence of sexual Highest 10.4 207
intercourse while drunk for young women and men
age 15-24 in the 12 months preceding the survey. Total 15-19 10.5 903
Less than 1 percent of young women and only 1 Note: An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer
percent of young men reported being drunk at least than 25 unweighted cases and has suppressed.
once when they had sexual intercourse during the 1
Sexual intercourse with a non-marital, non-cohabiting
past 12 months. One percent each of young women partner
2
Friends, family members, and home are not considered
and young men reported that they or their partner sources for condoms.
had been drunk when they had sexual intercourse in
the 12 months preceding the survey.

Table 13.21 Drunkenness during sexual intercourse among youth
Among all young women and young men age 15-24, the percentage who had sexual intercourse in the past 12
months while being drunk and percentage who had sexual intercourse in the past 12 months while drunk or with
a partner who was drunk, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008

Percentage Percentage who Percentage Percentage who
who had had sexual who had had sexual
sexual intercourse in the sexual intercourse in the
intercourse past 12 months intercourse past 12 months
in the past while drunk or Number in the past while drunk or Number
Background 12 months with a partner of 12 months with a partner of
characteristic while drunk who was drunk women while drunk who was drunk men
Age
15-19 0.3 0.7 6,493 0.2 0.2 2,532
15-17 0.1 0.4 3,896 0.2 0.2 1,532
18-19 0.6 1.2 2,597 0.2 0.2 1,000
20-24 0.4 1.6 6,133 2.0 2.1 2,378
20-22 0.5 1.8 4,114 2.0 2.2 1,595
23-24 0.1 1.2 2,020 2.0 2.1 784
Marital status
Never married 0.6 1.3 6,940 1.1 1.2 4,516
Ever married 0.1 1.0 5,687 0.8 0.8 395

Yes 0.9 2.1 4,620 1.6 1.7 3,342
No 0.1 0.6 8,006 0.0 0.0 1,569
Residence
Urban 0.5 1.3 4,529 1.3 1.4 1,847
Rural 0.3 1.0 8,097 0.9 1.0 3,064
Zone
North Central 0.1 1.0 1,877 1.2 1.2 821
North East 0.1 0.4 1,612 0.4 0.4 554
North West 0.0 0.2 2,873 0.0 0.0 1,061
South East 0.3 1.0 1,626 3.7 3.8 571
South South 1.7 3.6 2,223 1.5 1.8 934
South West 0.0 0.6 2,416 0.6 0.6 969
Education
No education 0.1 0.4 3,446 0.1 0.1 654
Primary 0.3 1.7 1,846 1.3 1.5 692
Secondary 0.5 1.3 6,598 1.0 1.0 3,222
More than secondary 0.9 2.0 736 3.1 3.5 342
Wealth quintile
Lowest 0.1 1.0 2,192 0.3 0.4 733
Second 0.2 0.7 2,288 1.0 1.0 821
Middle 0.5 1.4 2,477 0.7 0.8 1,010
Fourth 0.5 1.4 2,869 1.6 1.6 1,284
Highest 0.4 1.1 2,801 1.3 1.5 1,063
Total 15-24 0.4 1.1 12,626 1.1 1.1 4,910

1
13.14.9 HIV Testing
Obtaining an HIV test can be more difficult for youth than for adults because many youth lack
experience in accessing health services for themselves and because barriers often exist for youth
trying to obtain services. Table 13.22 presents information on sexually active youth who were tested
for HIV and received the results in the 12 months preceding the survey. Overall, 7 percent each of
young women and young men were tested for HIV in the past 12 months and received the results.

Table 13.22 Recent HIV tests among youth
Among young women and young men age 15-24 who had sexual intercourse in the
past 12 months, the percentage who were tested for HIV in the past 12 months and
received the results, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Women age 15-24 who Men age 15-24 who had

had sexual intercourse in sexual intercourse in the
the past 12 months past 12 months
who were who were
tested for HIV tested for HIV
in the past 12 in the past 12
months and months and
Background received the Number of received the Number of
characteristic results women results men
Age
15-19 3.0 2,708 6.5 422
15-17 2.0 1,212 2.6 165
18-19 3.8 1,496 9.0 256
20-24 9.0 4,761 7.3 1,252
20-22 6.7 3,097 5.9 747
23-24 13.2 1,665 9.4 505
Marital status
Never married 9.8 2,148 7.7 1,289
Ever married 5.6 5,321 5.2 384

Yes 13.8 2,751 8.2 1,410
No 2.7 4,718 1.1 264
Residence
Urban 12.3 2,250 8.7 619
Rural 4.4 5,219 6.2 1,055
Zone
North Central 4.8 955 7.9 313
North East 2.7 1,166 2.7 169
North West 1.6 2,251 3.0 150
South East 23.0 614 10.0 176
South South 10.8 1,379 9.4 436
South West 9.4 1,104 6.1 430
Education
No education 1.0 2,949 0.5 190
Primary 4.1 1,145 4.1 177
Secondary 10.5 2,917 6.9 1,118
Wealth quintile
Lowest 0.5 1,701 0.9 247
Second 2.6 1,574 6.7 255
Middle 6.2 1,389 6.2 324
Fourth 10.1 1,575 7.7 448
Highest 17.3 1,231 11.2 400
Total 15-24 6.8 7,469 7.1 1,674

1
Young women and men age 23-24 are more likely to have been tested for HIV and to have
received the results than their younger counterparts age 15-17. In urban areas, both young women and
young men are more likely to have been tested for HIV and received the results than their rural
counterparts.
Among young women, South East has the highest proportion tested for HIV who also
received the results of the test (23 percent), while North-West has the lowest proportion (2 percent).
Among young men, South East also has the highest proportion tested for HIV who also and received
the results of the test (10 percent), while the lowest proportion is in North East (3 percent). The
prevalence of HIV testing and receipt of test results increases among both young women and young
men with level of education and wealth quintile.

ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY 14
In the 2008 NDHS, data were collected on the survivorship of respondents’ siblings. These
data allow for the estimation of adult mortality. The inclusion of questions to determine if female
sibling deaths were maternity-related permits the estimation of the level of maternal mortality, a major
indicator of maternal health and well-being. In Chapter 8 of this report, survey findings relating to
child mortality were presented and discussed. While early childhood mortality is high and varies
substantially with social and economic development, death rates are much lower at adult ages, and
estimates for particular subgroups can be distorted by small sample sizes. Maternal mortality is an
aspect of adult mortality dynamics that is of particular interest in the Nigerian context. Maternal
mortality is an important indicator for women’s programmes and reproductive health programmes in
the country.
14.1 DATA
To obtain the sibling history, each respondent was first asked to give the total number of her
mother’s live births. The respondent was next asked to provide a list of all of the children born to her
mother starting with the first-born. Then, the respondent was asked whether each of these siblings was
still alive at the survey date. For living siblings, the current age was collected. For deceased siblings,
the age at death and number of years since the person’s death were collected. Interviewers were
instructed that, when a respondent could not provide precise information on age at death or years
since death, approximate but quantitative answers were acceptable. For sisters who died at age 12 or
above, three questions were used to determine whether the death was maternity-related: “Was [NAME
OF SISTER] pregnant when she died?” and if negative, “Did she die during childbirth?” and if
negative, “Did she die within two months after the end of a pregnancy or childbirth?” The estimation
of adult and maternal mortality by either direct or indirect means requires reasonably accurate
reporting of the number of sisters and brothers the respondent ever had, the number who have died,
and (for maternal mortality) the number of sisters who died of maternity-related causes. Table 14.1
shows the number of siblings reported by the respondents and the completeness of the data reported
on current age, age at death, and years since death.
Table 14.1 Completeness of reporting on siblings

Number of siblings reported by female survey respondents and completeness of reported data on sibling
age, age at death (AD) and years since death (YSD), Nigeria 2008
Sisters Brothers All siblings

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
Total siblings reported 86,223 100.0 92,541 100.0 178,764 100.0
Surviving 72,300 83.9 75,958 82.1 148,258 82.9
Deceased 13,743 15.9 16,355 17.7 30,098 16.8
Missing information 180 0.2 228 0.2 408 0.2
Surviving siblings 72,300 100.0 75,958 100.0 148,258 100.0

Age reported 71,537 98.9 75,111 98.9 146,647 98.9
Age missing 763 1.1 847 1.1 1,610 1.1
Deceased siblings 13,743 100.0 16,355 100.0 30,098 100.0

AD and YSD reported 13,085 95.2 15,461 94.5 28,546 94.8
Missing only AD 297 2.2 406 2.5 703 2.3
Missing only YSD 114 0.8 168 1.0 281 0.9
Missing both 247 1.8 320 2.0 567 1.9
Adult and Maternal Mortality | 235

Of the 178,764 siblings reported in the sibling histories of 2008 NDHS respondents, survival
status was not reported for 408 siblings (0.2 percent). Among surviving siblings, current age (used to
estimate exposure to death) was not reported for 1,610 siblings (1.1 percent). For 95 percent of
deceased siblings, both age at death and years since death (or year of death) were reported. In 2
percent of cases, both age at death and the years since death (or year of death) were missing.
14.2 DIRECT ESTIMATES OF ADULT MORTALITY
One way to assess the quality of the data used to Table 14.2 Adult mortality rates and trends
estimate maternal mortality is to evaluate the plausibility Direct estimates of age-specific mortality rates for
and stability of overall adult mortality. It is reasoned that women and men age 15-49 for the period 0-6
if estimated rates of overall adult mortality are years preceding the 2008 NDHS
implausible, rates based on a subset of deaths—i.e., Exposure
maternal deaths in particular—are unlikely to be free of (person- Mortality
Age Deaths years) rates1
serious problems. The direct estimation of adult mortality
WOMEN
uses the reported ages at death and years since death of
respondents’ brothers and sisters. Because of the 15-19 256 76,631 3.3
differentials in exposure to the risk of dying, age and sex- 20-24 286 84,488 3.4
specific death rates are presented in this report. Table 14.2 25-29 325 75,950 4.3
30-34 363 58,928 6.2
and Figure 14.1 present the age-specific rates for female 35-39 214 40,952 5.2
and male mortality (15-49 years) for the period zero to six 40-44 161 25,578 6.3
years before the 2008 NDHS. This seven-year period is 45-49 94 14,936 6.3
taken as a compromise between the desire for the most 15-49 1,699 377,463 4.7
a
recent data and the need to minimise the level of sampling

MEN
errors.
15-19 221 77,951 2.8
The results in Table 14.2 indicate that the age- 20-24 260 88,967 2.9
25-29 291 80,087 3.6
adjusted adult mortality rate for women and men over the 30-34 318 63,228 5.0
age range 15-49 years was 4.6 deaths per 1,000 years of 35-39 242 44,601 5.4
exposure for the period zero to six years preceding the 40-44 236 27,216 8.7
2008 NDHS. The rate is almost the same for women (4.7 45-49 132 16,080 8.2
a
deaths per 1,000 years of exposure) and men (4.6 deaths 15-49 1,700 398,130 4.6
per 1,000 years of exposure). Mortality levels rise rapidly TOTAL
with age among both women and men. For women, rates
rise steadily from 3.3 per 1,000 years of exposure for age 15-19 477 154,581 3.1
20-24 546 173,455 3.1
group 15-19 to 6.2 per 1,000 years of exposure for age
25-29 616 156,037 3.9
group 30-34, before decreasing in age group 35-39 and 30-34 681 122,156 5.6
increasing thereafter. For men, mortality levels increase 35-39 457 85,553 5.3
steadily up to age group 35-39 (5.4 deaths per 1,000 years 40-44 397 52,794 7.5
45-49 226 31,016 7.3
of exposure). Then for men age group 40-44 mortality
a
jumps to 8.7 deaths per 1,000 years of exposure, and 15-49 3,399 775,592 4.6
decreases to 8.2 deaths per 1,000 years of exposure for 1
Expressed per 1,000 person-years of exposure
men age 44-49. a
Age-adjusted rate
236 | Adult and Maternal Mortality

Figure 14.1 Adult Mortality Rates among Women and Men
Age 15-49
10
(
8 (
) ) )
6
(
)
(
)
4
) (
)
( (
2
0
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
Age
) Women ( Men
NDHS 2008
14.3 DIRECT ESTIMATES OF MATERNAL MORTALITY Table 14.3 Direct estimates of maternal mortality
Direct estimates of maternal mortality for the period
Maternal deaths are a subset of all female 0-6 years preceding the survey, Nigeria 2008
deaths and are associated with pregnancy and Exposure
childbearing. Two survey methods are generally used to (woman- Mortality
estimate maternal mortality in developing countries: the Age Deaths years) rates1
indirect sisterhood method (Graham et al., 1989) and a 15-19 63 76,631 0.822
direct variant of the sisterhood method (Rutenberg and 20-24 88 84,488 1.042
25-29 75 75,950 0.987
Sullivan, 1991). In this report, the direct estimation 30-34 94 58,928 1.595
procedure is applied. Age-specific estimates of maternal 35-39 47 40,952 1.148
mortality from the reported survivorship of sisters are 40-44 25 25,578 0.977
45-49 5 14,936 0.335
shown in Table 14.3 for the six-year period before the
a
2008 survey. 15-49 398 377,463 1.000
a
General fertility rate (GFR) 0.186
These rates were calculated by dividing the Maternal mortality ratio (MMR)2 545
number of maternal deaths by woman-years of
1
exposure. To remove the effect of truncation bias—the 2 Expressed per 1,000 woman-years of exposure
Expressed per 100,000 live births; calculated as the
upper boundary of eligibility for women interviewed in maternal mortality rate divided by the general fertility
the survey is 49 years—the overall rate for women age rate
15-49 was standardised by the age distribution of a Age-adjusted rate
survey respondents. Maternal deaths were defined as
any death that was reported as occurring during pregnancy, childbirth, or within two months after the
birth or termination of a pregnancy. Estimates of maternal mortality are therefore based solely on the
timing of the death in relationship to the pregnancy. The results in Table 14.3 indicate that the rate of
mortality associated with pregnancy and childbearing is 1.0 maternal deaths per 1,000 woman-years
of exposure.
Adult and Maternal Mortality | 237

The estimated age-specific mortality rates display a plausible pattern, being generally higher
during the peak childbearing ages than at the younger and older age groups. However, the age-specific
pattern should be interpreted with caution because of the small number of events—only 398 maternal
deaths for women of all ages. The maternal mortality rate can be converted to a maternal mortality
ratio and expressed per 100,000 live births by dividing the rate by the general fertility rate of 0.186,
which prevailed during the same period. Thus, the obstetrical risk of pregnancy and childbearing is
emphasised. Using this procedure, the maternal mortality ratio during the seven-year period preceding
the 2008 NDHS is estimated as 545 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. The confidence interval
for the estimate ranges from 475 to 615 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births.
238 | Adult and Maternal Mortality

WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT AND HEALTH
OUTCOMES 15
Gender equality and women’s empowerment are important indicators in development
strategies that focus on poverty reduction, improved standard of living, and good governance. In June
2007, the Federal Republic of Nigeria launched the National Gender Policy to promote gender equity
and sustainable development. The policy derives essentially from the Constitution of the Federal
Republic of Nigeria, 1999 which guarantees the fundamental human rights of all its citizens and
incorporates the principles of global and regional frameworks that support gender equity and women’s
empowerment.
This chapter presents information on factors affecting women’s status such as employment,
type of earnings, women’s control over cash earnings, and the magnitude of their earnings relative to
those of their partner’s. This chapter also defines three summary indices of women’s empowerment
derived from women’s responses. The indices are based on the number of household decisions in
which the respondent participates, her opinion on the number of circumstances in which a woman is
justified in refusing to have sexual intercourse with her husband, and her opinion on the number of
reasons wife beating is justified. The ranking of women on these three indices is then related to select
demographic and health outcomes, including contraceptive use and the receipt of health care services
during pregnancy, at delivery, and in the postnatal period.1
15.1 WOMEN’S AND MEN’S EMPLOYMENT
The 2008 NDHS collected information relating to women’s and men’s employment. In
measuring women’s employment it is important to take extra care because some of the activities that
women do are often not perceived by women themselves as employment and hence are not reported
as such. These activities include work on family farms, in family businesses and other aspects of the
informal sector. To avoid underestimating women’s employment, the 2008 NDHS asked female
respondents several questions to ascertain their employment status. First they were asked, “Aside from
your own housework, are you currently working?” Women who answered “no” to this question were
then asked, “As you know, some women take up jobs for which they are paid in cash or kind. Others
sell things, have a small business, or work on the family farm or in the family business. Are you
currently doing any of these things or any other work? Do you have any job or business from which
you were on leave, illness, vacation, maternity leave, or any other such reason? Have you done any
work in the last 12 months? What is your occupation, that is, what kind of work do you mainly do?”
It should be recognised however, that there are several obstacles standing in the way of
women gaining access to employment, the ‘most significant being inequality with respect to access to
education, discrimination in employment and occupation, which leads to categorisation of jobs
according to gender, national laws and regulations, inequality with respect to access to factors of
production, the low level of women’s participation in decision-making and social control bodies and
finally, social attitudes’ (ILO, 1995).
1
Women’s Empowerment and Health Outcomes | 239

15.1.1 Employment Status
Table 15.1 shows the percent distribution of women and men age 15-49, by employment
status and form of payment according to age. Overall, 71 percent of currently married women and
nearly all currently married men (99 percent) were employed in the 12 months preceding the survey.
The proportion of employed women increases steadily with age from 43 percent among women age
15-19 to 82 percent among women age 45-49. A higher proportion of married women than married
men were paid in cash only (71 versus 56 percent, respectively). Married men are almost twice as
likely as married women to receive no pay for their employment; 30 percent for married men
compared with 17 percent for married women.
Table 15.1 Employment and cash earnings of currently married women and men
Percentage of currently married women and men age 15-49 who were employed at any time in the past 12
months and the percent distribution of currently married women and men employed in the past 12 months by
type of earnings, according to age, Nigeria 2008
Currently married Percent distribution of currently married respondents employed in the

respondents past 12 months, by type of earnings
Number Number
Percentage of Cash Cash and In-kind Not of
Age employed respondents only in-kind only paid Missing Total respondents
WOMEN
15-19 43.4 1,863 70.9 10.7 3.9 14.1 0.4 100.0 810
20-24 58.2 3,659 69.5 10.4 2.7 17.2 0.3 100.0 2,130
25-29 69.3 5,112 70.6 10.1 1.8 17.2 0.3 100.0 3,544
30-34 76.8 4,173 73.4 10.1 0.9 15.4 0.2 100.0 3,205
35-39 80.1 3,575 71.1 10.9 1.2 16.6 0.2 100.0 2,863
40-44 80.4 2,711 69.2 11.9 0.9 17.7 0.4 100.0 2,180
45-49 81.6 2,484 68.4 11.8 1.2 18.2 0.4 100.0 2,026
Total 15-49 71.1 23,578 70.6 10.7 1.6 16.8 0.3 100.0 16,758
MEN
15-19 (96.9) 23 (18.7) (8.0) (4.4) (68.9) (0.0) (100.0) 23

20-24 96.0 354 38.1 14.0 2.8 45.1 0.0 100.0 340
25-29 98.5 1,076 54.1 11.9 1.9 32.0 0.2 100.0 1,060
30-34 98.9 1,504 55.8 12.3 1.5 30.2 0.2 100.0 1,488
35-39 99.2 1,618 60.2 11.1 0.7 28.0 0.1 100.0 1,605
40-44 99.0 1,316 57.1 13.3 0.9 28.7 0.1 100.0 1,303
45-49 98.7 1,127 58.0 13.7 1.2 26.9 0.2 100.0 1,112
Total 15-49 98.8 7,018 56.2 12.4 1.3 30.0 0.1 100.0 6,931
50-59 97.7 1,599 53.4 14.2 0.8 31.3 0.3 100.0 1,563
Total 15-59 98.6 8,618 55.6 12.8 1.2 30.2 0.1 100.0 8,494
Note: Numbers in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
15.2 WOMEN’S CONTROL OVER THEIR OWN EARNINGS AND RELATIVE MAGNITUDE OF
WOMEN’S EARNINGS
As a means of assessing women’s autonomy, currently married women who earned cash for
their work in the 12 months preceding the survey were asked who usually decides how their earnings
are spent. This information assesses women’s control over their own earnings. Women who earned
cash for their work were asked the relative magnitude of their earnings compared with those of their
husband or partner. It is expected that employment and earnings are more likely to empower women if
women themselves control their own earnings and perceive them as significant relative to those of
their husband or partner.
240 | Women’s Empowerment and Health Outcomes

Table 15.2.1 shows the percent distribution of currently married women age 15-49 who
received cash earnings for employment in the 12 months preceding the survey by the person who
decides how their cash earnings are used, and by the relative magnitude of their earnings compared
with those of their husband or partner, according to background characteristics. Two-thirds of women
(66 percent) decide for themselves how their earnings are used. On the other hand, 19 percent of
women make joint decisions with their husbands, while 13 percent report that decisions regarding
their earnings are mainly made by their husbands.
The percentage of women who make independent decisions on their earnings does not vary
widely by age or number of living children. Independent decision-making on earnings by women is
also not dependent on urban-rural residence (65 percent compared with 67 percent). Independent
decision-making on earnings varies by zone. Eighty-six percent of currently married women in the
North West decide independently what to do with their earnings compared with 27 percent in South
East. South East has the highest proportion of women (39 percent) who report joint decision-making
with their husbands regarding their earnings. On the other hand, women in South East also report the
highest proportion for their husbands mainly deciding on how their earning should be used (33
percent).
Table 15.2.1 Control over women's cash earnings and relative magnitude of women's earnings: Women
Percent distribution of currently married women age 15-49 who received cash earnings for employment in the 12 months preceding the
survey by person who decides how wife's cash earnings are used and by whether she earned more or less than her husband, according
Person who decides how the wife's cash Women's cash earnings compared with
earnings are used: husband's cash earnings:
Wife Husband/
and About partner Don't Number
Background Mainly husband Mainly the has no know/ of
characteristic wife jointly husband Other Missing Total More Less same earnings missing Total women
Age
15-19 71.4 10.0 15.8 1.3 1.6 100.0 2.2 85.2 1.1 1.1 10.3 100.0 660
20-24 69.5 14.7 14.5 0.4 0.8 100.0 2.8 86.4 2.9 0.3 7.5 100.0 1,702
25-29 65.1 19.7 14.3 0.0 0.9 100.0 2.9 84.6 5.0 1.0 6.4 100.0 2,859
30-34 65.1 20.8 13.2 0.0 0.9 100.0 4.2 83.2 5.1 0.9 6.7 100.0 2,676
35-39 64.1 22.1 12.8 0.1 1.0 100.0 4.8 81.7 5.3 0.8 7.4 100.0 2,348
40-44 66.9 20.8 11.4 0.2 0.7 100.0 5.8 79.0 6.3 1.0 7.9 100.0 1,766
45-49 67.9 19.1 11.8 0.2 1.0 100.0 7.9 74.9 7.1 1.5 8.5 100.0 1,625
Number of living
children
0 61.5 21.5 14.6 0.8 1.6 100.0 4.8 81.9 4.1 1.0 8.2 100.0 1,089
1-2 66.2 18.4 14.4 0.2 0.8 100.0 4.1 82.5 4.8 0.8 7.8 100.0 4,007
3-4 67.3 19.5 12.4 0.1 0.7 100.0 4.3 83.3 5.1 0.8 6.4 100.0 4,458
5+ 66.9 19.3 12.6 0.1 1.1 100.0 4.7 80.7 5.5 1.1 7.9 100.0 4,083
Residence
Urban 64.9 21.2 12.9 0.0 0.9 100.0 5.3 81.1 5.6 1.3 6.8 100.0 4,824
Rural 67.2 18.2 13.4 0.3 0.9 100.0 3.9 82.8 4.8 0.7 7.8 100.0 8,812
Zone
North Central 46.1 32.9 19.2 0.1 1.7 100.0 5.1 80.7 8.5 1.2 4.6 100.0 1,753
North East 71.9 9.9 16.2 1.1 1.0 100.0 2.8 89.3 3.3 1.4 3.3 100.0 1,678
North West 86.3 3.3 9.2 0.0 1.1 100.0 1.7 84.4 1.7 0.1 12.0 100.0 3,741
South East 26.7 38.8 33.1 0.4 0.9 100.0 9.3 74.3 9.8 1.2 5.5 100.0 1,244
South South 59.1 28.6 11.4 0.0 0.9 100.0 7.8 77.4 7.0 1.4 6.3 100.0 1,679
South West 70.1 22.5 7.0 0.0 0.4 100.0 4.4 82.3 5.1 1.1 7.2 100.0 3,541
Education
No education 76.1 8.7 13.7 0.2 1.3 100.0 2.4 85.3 3.3 0.8 8.2 100.0 5,750
Primary 62.7 22.4 13.8 0.3 0.7 100.0 5.0 80.4 6.1 1.2 7.3 100.0 3,163
Secondary 58.8 27.6 12.9 0.1 0.7 100.0 5.3 81.2 6.0 0.8 6.6 100.0 3,450
More than secondary 51.9 36.8 10.5 0.0 0.8 100.0 9.5 75.5 7.4 1.2 6.5 100.0 1,274
Wealth quintile
Lowest 70.6 9.6 18.4 0.4 1.0 100.0 2.7 85.8 3.0 0.8 7.7 100.0 2,505
Second 75.8 11.1 11.7 0.3 1.1 100.0 3.0 83.6 3.6 0.9 8.8 100.0 2,776
Middle 64.1 21.0 13.8 0.1 0.9 100.0 5.0 80.5 6.4 0.9 7.2 100.0 2,343
Fourth 60.0 26.1 13.0 0.2 0.8 100.0 5.2 80.0 6.7 0.8 7.3 100.0 2,675
Highest 62.0 26.6 10.5 0.0 0.9 100.0 5.8 81.4 5.5 1.1 6.2 100.0 3,339
Total 66.4 19.3 13.2 0.2 0.9 100.0 4.4 82.2 5.0 0.9 7.4 100.0 13,637

Table 15.2.1 also shows the relative magnitude of women’s earnings with respect to their
husbands’ earnings during the 12 months preceding the survey. While 82 percent of women report
that they earn less than their husband, 4 percent of women report that they earn more than their
husbands and 5 percent earn about the same as their husbands. The proportion of women who earn
more than their husbands generally increases with age. The South East zone has the highest
proportion (9 percent) of women reporting that they earn more than their husbands, while the North
West has the lowest proportion (2 percent). Regarding education, women with more than a secondary
education are most likely (10 percent) to report that they earn more than their husbands.
Table 15.2.2 shows the percent distributions of currently married men age 15-49 who receive
cash earnings, and of currently married women age 15-49 whose husbands receive cash earnings, by
the person who decides how men's cash earnings are used and according to background
characteristics.
Table 15.2.2 Control over men's cash earnings
Percent distribution of currently married men age 15-49 who receive cash earnings and percent distribution of currently married women age 15-49 whose
husbands receive cash earnings, by person who decides how men's cash earnings are used, according to background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Men Women
Person who decides how husband’s Person who decides how husband’s
cash earnings are used: cash earnings are used:
Husband Number Husband Number
Background Mainly and wife Mainly of Mainly and wife Mainly of
characteristic wife jointly husband Other Missing Total men wife jointly husband Other Missing Total women
Age
15-19 * * * * * * 6 4.2 14.1 80.9 0.3 0.4 100.0 1,826
20-24 3.9 23.4 71.5 1.2 0.0 100.0 177 4.6 21.0 73.6 0.2 0.6 100.0 3,608
25-29 1.2 15.7 81.8 0.6 0.7 100.0 699 4.9 25.9 68.9 0.1 0.2 100.0 5,025
30-34 1.1 17.3 80.6 0.4 0.5 100.0 1,014 6.5 26.1 67.1 0.0 0.3 100.0 4,111
35-39 1.0 18.7 79.9 0.2 0.2 100.0 1,144 6.7 26.1 66.7 0.1 0.4 100.0 3,526
40-44 1.0 19.7 78.7 0.3 0.4 100.0 917 6.8 26.1 66.6 0.0 0.6 100.0 2,666
45-49 1.6 18.8 78.9 0.0 0.7 100.0 797 6.9 24.5 68.2 0.1 0.3 100.0 2,421
Number of
living children
0 1.8 21.7 74.6 1.1 0.8 100.0 475 4.9 23.7 70.6 0.3 0.6 100.0 2,355
1-2 1.2 19.0 79.3 0.3 0.2 100.0 1,627 5.7 23.6 70.2 0.2 0.3 100.0 7,296
3-4 1.2 17.7 80.3 0.2 0.6 100.0 1,422 5.6 24.8 69.3 0.0 0.3 100.0 7,068
5+ 1.2 16.9 81.2 0.2 0.5 100.0 1,231 6.3 24.3 68.9 0.1 0.4 100.0 6,462
Residence
Urban 1.6 18.6 79.3 0.0 0.5 100.0 2,009 6.1 28.2 65.1 0.1 0.5 100.0 7,280
Rural 1.1 18.1 79.8 0.6 0.4 100.0 2,745 5.6 22.3 71.7 0.1 0.3 100.0 15,902
Zone
North Central 2.1 23.0 74.5 0.2 0.3 100.0 662 4.9 41.9 52.7 0.1 0.4 100.0 3,272
North East 1.1 5.4 92.6 0.0 0.9 100.0 337 7.5 12.6 79.3 0.3 0.4 100.0 3,455
North West 0.5 4.0 93.8 1.1 0.6 100.0 1,089 4.6 10.8 84.1 0.0 0.4 100.0 7,097
South East 3.1 29.4 66.4 0.0 1.1 100.0 550 3.3 45.9 50.1 0.2 0.5 100.0 2,118
South South 1.2 40.2 58.1 0.2 0.2 100.0 792 5.2 30.6 63.6 0.1 0.5 100.0 2,927
South West 0.8 13.4 85.5 0.0 0.2 100.0 1,325 8.7 26.8 64.3 0.1 0.2 100.0 4,313
Education
No education 1.7 4.5 92.0 1.1 0.7 100.0 823 5.7 13.7 80.1 0.1 0.4 100.0 10,905
Primary 1.5 17.7 79.8 0.6 0.4 100.0 1,224 5.7 28.3 65.6 0.1 0.3 100.0 5,053
Secondary 1.1 20.3 78.2 0.0 0.3 100.0 1,838 5.7 35.0 58.7 0.1 0.4 100.0 5,552
More than
secondary 0.8 28.1 70.6 0.0 0.5 100.0 870 6.5 43.6 49.6 0.1 0.2 100.0 1,672
Wealth quintile
Lowest 2.0 8.6 87.8 1.4 0.2 100.0 573 5.3 14.3 79.9 0.2 0.3 100.0 5,262
Second 1.0 13.8 84.2 0.7 0.3 100.0 695 5.7 18.1 75.7 0.1 0.4 100.0 4,956
Middle 1.3 18.2 79.8 0.1 0.6 100.0 877 5.7 26.9 66.9 0.1 0.4 100.0 4,255
Fourth 0.7 20.7 78.1 0.2 0.4 100.0 1,124 5.4 30.8 63.4 0.1 0.4 100.0 4,173
Highest 1.5 22.5 75.4 0.0 0.5 100.0 1,486 6.8 33.5 59.2 0.1 0.5 100.0 4,535
Total 15-49 1.3 18.3 79.6 0.3 0.5 100.0 4,755 5.8 24.1 69.6 0.1 0.4 100.0 23,182
50-59 1.0 17.1 80.9 0.4 0.6 100.0 1,057 na na na na na na na
Total 15-59 1.2 18.1 79.8 0.3 0.5 100.0 5,811 na na na na na na na
Note: An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
na = Not applicable

According to men, 80 percent report that most decisions about who decides how their cash
earnings are used are made mainly by the husband, with 18 percent stating that decisions are jointly
decided and only one percent stating that these decisions are mainly made by their wives. According
to women, 70 percent report that their husbands mainly decide how their cash earnings are used, 24
percent report that the decisions are jointly decided, and 6 percent report that they mainly decide how
to use their husband’s earnings.
15.3 WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN DECISION-MAKING
Decision-making can be a complex process; the ability of women to make decisions that
affect their personal circumstances is essential for their empowerment. To assess women’s decision-
making autonomy, the 2008 NDHS collected information on women’s participation in four types of
household decisions: respondent’s own health care; making major household purchases; making
household purchases for daily needs; and visits to family or relatives. Women are considered to
participate in decision-making if they make decisions alone or jointly with their husband or someone
else.
Table 15.3 shows that the majority of currently married women who earn more than their
husbands are more likely to decide mainly by themselves and jointly with their husbands on how their
earnings are spent (86 percent), that is, they are a part of the decision-making process. Likewise,
about half of the same group of women (49 percent) are a part of the decision-making process when it
comes to deciding how their husbands’ earnings are spent. The data show that a woman is more likely
to be a part of the decision-making process on how her earnings and her husband’s earnings are spent
if she makes more than or the same amount of money as her husband.
Table 15.3 Women's control over their own earnings and the earnings of their husband
Percent distributions of currently married women age 15-49 with cash earnings in the past 12 months by person who decides how the woman's cash
earnings are used and of currently married women age 15-49 whose husbands have cash earnings by person who decides how the husband's cash
earnings are used, according to the relation between woman's and husband's cash earnings, Nigeria 2008
Person who decides how the wife's Person who decides how husband's
Wife Wife
Women's earnings and Number and Number
relative to husband's Mainly husband Mainly of Mainly husband Mainly of
earnings wife jointly husband Other Missing Total women wife jointly husband Other Missing Total women
More than husband/partner 58.1 28.1 13.3 0.2 0.4 100.0 603 13.3 35.2 51.0 0.3 0.2 100.0 592
Less than husband/ partner 68.6 17.4 13.8 0.2 0.0 100.0 11,209 5.6 21.5 72.8 0.1 0.1 100.0 11,172
Same as husband partner 32.7 55.5 11.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 687 3.0 60.0 36.6 0.0 0.3 100.0 687
Husband partner has no cash
earnings/did not work 57.7 32.4 9.9 0.0 0.0 100.0 125 na na na na na na na
Woman has no cash earnings na na na na na na na 8.0 35.7 55.8 0.1 0.4 100.0 3,039
Woman did not work in past
12 months na na na na na na na 3.5 20.3 75.3 0.2 0.7 100.0 6,685
Don't know/missing 70.0 9.1 8.5 0.1 12.3 100.0 1,013 13.7 13.4 71.5 0.0 1.4 100.0 1,007
Total1 66.4 19.3 13.2 0.2 0.9 100.0 13,637 5.8 24.1 69.6 0.1 0.4 100.0 23,182
na = Not applicable
1
Excludes cases where a woman or her husband/partner has no earnings and includes cases where a woman does not know whether she
earned more or less than her husband/partner
Table 15.4.1 shows the percent distribution of currently married women by the person who
usually makes decisions, according to women. Half or more of married women report that their
husbands mainly make the decisions for their own health care (56 percent), major household
purchases (62 percent), and purchases for daily household needs (50 percent). The data show that
three in ten women report that they jointly make each of these decisions with their husbands. Less
than half of women report that their husbands alone make the decision about visits to their family or
relatives, and the same proportion report that this decision is made jointly with their husbands (44
percent).

Table 15.4.1 Women's participation in decision-making
Percent distribution of currently married women by person who usually makes decisions about four kinds of issues, Nigeria
2008
Wife and
Mainly husband Mainly Someone Number of
Decision wife jointly husband else Other Missing Total women
Own health care 9.8 33.8 55.7 0.3 0.1 0.3 100.0 23,578
Major household purchases 5.7 31.9 61.6 0.3 0.1 0.4 100.0 23,578
Purchases of daily household needs 16.7 32.9 49.7 0.3 0.1 0.4 100.0 23,578
Visits to her family or relatives 11.2 43.6 44.4 0.2 0.1 0.3 100.0 23,578
Table 15.4.2 shows the percent distribution of currently married men by the person whom
they think should have a greater say in making decisions in five areas: major household purchases,
purchases of daily household needs, visits to the wife’s family or relatives, how the money his wife
earns is spent, and how many children to have. The majority of men believe they should have the
greater say in decisions concerning major household purchases (84 percent), purchases of daily
household needs (54 percent), and visits to their wives’ family or relatives (52 percent). Twenty-nine
percent of men think that decisions about how to spend the wife’s cash earnings should be made
mainly by the husband, while 32 percent think that husbands and wives should decide jointly how to
spend money that the wife earns. Forty-seven percent of men think that decisions on the number of
children to have should be made jointly by the husband and wife. However, 43 percent of men think
that the husband alone should make the decision on the number of children to have.
Table 15.4.2 Women's participation in decision-making according to men
Percent distribution of currently married men 15-49 by person who they think should have a greater say in making
decisions about five kinds of issues, Nigeria 2008
Wife and Don't

husband know/ Number of
Decision Wife equally Husband depends Missing Total men
Major household purchases 2.1 14.1 83.5 0.3 0.0 100.0 7,018
Purchases of daily household needs 30.7 14.9 54.0 0.4 0.0 100.0 7,018
Visits to wife's family or relatives 4.9 42.5 51.8 0.6 0.3 100.0 7,018
What to do with the money wife earns 36.7 32.0 29.2 2.0 0.1 100.0 7,018
How many children to have 1.7 47.3 42.5 8.2 0.2 100.0 7,018
Table 15.5.1 shows how women’s participation in decision-making varies by background

characteristics. The table presents results on four specific topics in which a married woman usually
makes decisions either by herself or jointly with her husband: her own health care, making major
household purchases, making purchases for daily household needs, and visits to her family or
relatives. In addition, the table includes two summary indicators: the proportion of women involved in
making decisions in all four areas, and the proportion of women not involved in making any of the
decisions.
Table 15.5.1 shows that almost three in ten married women (31 percent) report taking part in
all four decisions, while almost four in ten women (38 percent) have no say in any of the four
decisions. The percentage of women participating in all four decisions increases with higher levels of
education; 53 percent of women with more than a secondary education participate in all four decisions
compared with 19 percent of women with no education. Participation in all four decisions also
increases with wealth quintile.

When observing data on specific decisions, married women are most likely to be involved in
decisions regarding visits to her family or relatives (55 percent) and purchases for daily household
needs (50 percent). Women are least likely to be involved in decisions regarding major household
purchases (38 percent). The table indicates that women’s participation in household decision-making
increases with age. It also shows that women who are employed, but not for cash (43 percent), and
women in urban areas (39 percent) are more likely to participate in all four decisions when compared
with their counterparts. The South West zone has the highest percentage of women who participate in
all four decisions (50 percent), followed by North Central (45 percent).
Table 15.5.1 Women's participation in decision-making by background characteristics
Percentage of currently married women age 15-49 who usually make specific decisions either by themselves or
jointly with their husband, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Specific decisions
Making Percentage Percentage
Making purchases Visits who who
Own major for daily to her participate participate in Number
Background health household household family or in all four none of the of
characteristic care purchases needs relatives decisions four decisions women
Age
15-19 23.7 19.9 26.1 35.0 15.6 58.9 1,863
20-24 35.1 29.9 41.3 47.6 23.9 45.2 3,659
25-29 44.4 37.5 50.1 55.9 31.5 37.4 5,112
30-34 46.8 41.8 53.6 57.7 34.7 35.5 4,173
35-39 49.0 42.6 55.8 60.2 36.0 32.9 3,575
40-44 49.6 43.4 56.6 59.7 36.5 33.3 2,711
45-49 49.6 42.1 54.8 60.8 36.1 33.3 2,484
Employment (past
12 months)
Not employed 29.8 26.6 32.4 39.6 22.0 54.4 6,771
Employed for cash 47.5 39.5 54.3 59.3 33.4 34.0 13,637
Employed not for cash 57.1 53.9 66.9 69.3 43.3 21.9 3,072
Missing 31.9 27.1 29.7 31.7 19.7 59.8 98
0 36.4 31.5 40.8 47.0 25.6 45.7 2,402
1-2 42.6 36.0 47.9 53.7 30.1 39.4 7,414
3-4 46.1 40.0 52.6 57.8 33.5 35.7 7,181
5+ 44.6 39.1 51.3 55.8 32.6 37.4 6,581
Residence
Urban 54.4 45.1 59.7 63.4 38.6 28.9 7,375
Rural 38.7 34.2 45.0 51.0 28.1 42.7 16,203
Zone
North Central 54.4 54.0 65.2 67.2 45.3 24.7 3,320
North East 26.7 21.9 28.2 37.7 15.8 55.8 3,585
North West 18.8 17.3 21.2 29.8 13.6 65.0 7,189
South East 58.2 52.5 68.1 65.5 43.4 24.6 2,139
South South 64.0 52.9 80.0 77.2 42.5 11.8 2,978
South West 68.9 53.8 71.9 80.3 49.5 15.4 4,366
Education
No education 26.5 23.2 30.2 38.9 18.5 55.8 11,120
Primary 52.8 45.9 61.4 64.4 38.3 27.7 5,143
Secondary 61.1 51.7 68.9 70.7 44.1 20.9 5,621
Wealth quintile
Lowest 25.7 23.3 30.2 37.4 18.3 57.1 5,408
Second 33.8 30.1 38.6 46.5 24.3 47.3 5,052
Middle 45.1 40.4 52.2 58.2 33.4 35.1 4,311
Fourth 55.8 46.3 62.2 66.3 39.2 26.3 4,216
Highest 62.8 52.2 70.3 71.1 45.5 20.6 4,590
Total 43.6 37.6 49.6 54.9 31.4 38.4 23,578
The 2008 NDHS also collected information on men’s opinions concerning women’s
participation in decision-making in five specified areas. Table 15.5.2 shows the percent distribution of
married men age 15-49 who think that a wife should have greater or equal say (either alone or jointly
with her husband) as her husband in specific household decisions.

Table 15.5.2 shows that almost half of the married men (46 percent) think that their wives
should participate in decisions about purchases for daily household needs. This proportion is similar
to the proportion of women in Table 15.5.1 who say that they do participate in decisions on purchases
for daily needs (50 percent). Sixty-nine percent of men think that a wife should participate in
decisions about how to spend the money she earns. Similarly, almost half the men (49 percent) think
that a wife should have a say in deciding the number of children to have.
Table 15.5.2 Men's attitude towards wives' participation in decision-making
Percentage of currently married men age 15-49 who think a wife should have the greater say alone or equal say with her
husband on five specific kinds of decisions, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Specific decision
Making What to
Making purchases Visits do with
major for daily to her the money How many All None of Number
Background household household family or the wife children five the five of
characteristic purchases needs relatives earns to have decisions decisions men
Age
15-19 (8.4) (25.6) (39.7) (44.2) (28.4) (0.0) (20.6) 23
20-24 14.5 38.0 41.3 60.7 43.7 6.3 21.1 354
25-29 13.9 41.3 43.6 64.5 46.2 8.0 19.6 1,076
30-34 15.9 44.2 46.7 66.9 50.1 8.5 16.9 1,504
35-39 17.1 46.5 47.9 70.6 48.9 9.3 15.4 1,618
40-44 14.9 47.6 49.3 71.4 48.6 8.9 14.8 1,316
45-49 19.5 50.9 51.1 72.2 53.5 11.8 13.9 1,127
Employment (past
12 months)
Not employed 30.9 70.7 62.6 74.2 64.0 22.2 7.2 83
Employed for cash 17.5 55.0 49.7 74.0 53.1 10.1 12.7 4,755
Employed not for cash 12.7 24.1 41.8 56.9 39.7 6.3 24.7 2,168
Missing * * * * * * * 13
0 17.4 44.0 49.5 63.4 49.9 9.5 18.9 747
1-2 16.6 48.1 46.4 69.5 49.3 9.2 16.2 2,308
3-4 16.4 47.9 49.7 71.3 53.2 9.9 14.3 1,996
5+ 15.0 41.1 45.4 67.1 44.3 8.0 17.6 1,968
Residence
Urban 17.8 57.5 52.2 78.5 55.6 9.7 10.1 2,309
Rural 15.4 39.8 45.0 63.9 45.9 8.8 19.4 4,709
Zone
North Central 21.7 52.5 48.7 72.2 50.7 11.6 13.8 1,040
North East 4.0 9.4 31.6 50.5 32.3 2.1 34.0 1,002
North West 5.9 20.4 48.1 63.9 38.3 3.7 22.6 1,951
South East 33.1 84.6 64.7 81.6 74.4 17.1 3.9 607
South South 38.5 81.4 56.2 69.0 61.5 24.4 6.0 989
South West 12.2 59.2 43.1 79.7 55.0 5.6 9.6 1,430
Education
No education 7.4 20.2 41.2 56.4 35.2 4.2 29.3 1,917
Primary 16.6 47.9 46.1 68.1 48.8 8.9 15.6 1,806
Secondary 19.8 58.8 48.8 74.4 54.8 10.2 9.6 2,323
Wealth quintile
Lowest 8.2 21.4 39.6 53.1 37.1 4.8 29.3 1,512
Second 12.2 31.5 43.5 62.7 42.0 5.2 20.9 1,378
Middle 18.8 47.6 47.8 69.0 47.7 10.3 15.5 1,244
Fourth 20.9 61.5 49.8 75.2 52.7 13.5 10.1 1,284
Highest 21.3 66.5 55.8 83.0 64.7 12.1 5.7 1,600
Total 15-49 16.2 45.6 47.4 68.7 49.1 9.1 16.3 7,018
50-59 18.6 47.4 48.0 70.5 46.9 11.4 16.9 1,599
Total 15-59 16.6 46.0 47.5 69.0 48.7 9.5 16.4 8,618
Note: An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed. Figures in
parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.

Nine percent of married men are of the opinion that wives, alone or jointly with their husband
or partner, should participate in all five of the specified decisions. Among the zones, the highest
proportion of men who think that wives should participate in all the specified decisions is in South
South (24 percent), while men in the North East zone are least likely to have this opinion (2 percent).
Men’s support of wives’ participation in decision-making increases with the man’s age and level of
education. For instance, only 4 percent of men with no education believe that a wife should participate
in all five decisions, compared with 16 percent of men with education beyond the secondary level.
15.4 ATTITUDES TOWARDS WIFE BEATING
The 2008 NDHS collected information on the degree of acceptance of wife beating by asking
whether a husband is justified in beating his wife in each of five situations: if she burns the food, if
she argues with him, if she goes out without telling him, if she neglects the children, and if she refuses
to have sex with him. Tables 15.6.1 and 15.6.2 show the percentage of women and men who agree
that a husband would be justified in hitting or beating his wife for these specific reasons. The last
column on each table shows the percentages (of women or men) who feel that wife beating is justified
for at least one of the specified reasons. A high proportion of women agreeing that wife beating is
acceptable is an indication that women generally accept the right of a man to control his wife’s
behaviour by means of violence. A low proportion agreeing that wife beating is acceptable indicates
that the majority of women reject conduct and beliefs that places them at a low status relative to men.
Table 15.6.1 shows that 43 percent of women find wife beating justified in certain
circumstances; that is, they agree that at least one of the specified reasons justifies wife beating. The
least likely reason women agreed to that justifies wife beating is burning the food (16 per cent). In
contrast, a third of women (32 percent) report that a husband is justified in beating his wife if she goes
out without telling him. Women who have never married are least likely to agree that wife beating is
justified (32 percent) for any of the reasons. Women in urban areas are less likely to agree with at
least one of the specified reasons than those in rural areas (31 and 50 percent, respectively).
The North East zone has the highest proportion of women who say that wife beating is
justified for at least one of the reasons (54 percent), while the South West zone has the lowest
proportion (24 percent). Except for the South West zone, 40 percent or more of women agree that
wife beating is justified for at least one of the specified reasons. Women with no education or with a
primary education are almost three times as likely as women with more than a secondary education to
agree that wife beating is justified for at least one reason (55 and 20 percent, respectively). Women in
the highest wealth quintile (23 percent) are less likely than women in the other wealth quintiles to
agree with at least one of the specified reasons for wife beating.

Table 15.6.1 Attitudes towards wife beating: Women
Percentage of all women age 15-49 who agree that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife for specific
reasons, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife if she:
Refuses to Percentage who
Burns Goes out Neglects have sexual agree with at Number
Background the Argues without the intercourse least one of
characteristic food with him telling him children with him specified reason women
Age
15-19 16.6 25.6 30.7 29.6 20.9 40.3 6,493
20-24 16.7 28.8 33.3 31.3 26.2 44.3 6,133
25-29 15.5 26.6 31.6 29.5 26.0 42.8 6,309
30-34 15.1 27.2 32.5 29.9 26.9 43.8 4,634
35-39 16.5 29.3 33.1 31.4 26.8 45.0 3,912
40-44 16.7 28.5 31.3 30.8 25.7 42.7 3,032
45-49 16.3 29.3 33.3 32.1 26.8 43.7 2,872
Employment (past
12 months)
Not employed 16.7 26.2 31.3 28.7 24.2 40.4 12,408
Missing 20.8 34.7 34.0 36.3 32.4 50.9 136
Marital status
Never married 11.6 19.1 22.7 23.8 12.8 31.9 8,397
Divorced/separated/
widowed 16.1 28.4 32.4 31.8 23.9 44.2 1,409
0 13.2 22.0 25.8 25.3 17.0 35.2 10,392
1-2 16.9 28.5 33.7 31.5 27.4 45.1 8,352
3-4 16.4 29.1 33.8 31.3 28.3 45.1 7,591
5+ 19.4 33.2 38.0 35.9 31.9 49.9 7,049
Residence
Urban 10.3 18.5 21.0 22.5 15.9 30.9 11,934
Rural 19.5 32.7 38.4 34.9 30.6 49.8 21,451
Zone
North Central 20.5 29.8 38.8 39.4 31.4 47.1 4,748
North East 29.2 32.6 39.9 37.4 41.3 53.5 4,262
North West 18.2 37.0 40.5 32.4 39.8 53.3 8,022
South East 13.4 24.8 31.4 27.4 13.9 40.1 4,091
South South 11.6 25.0 30.9 31.7 16.4 42.0 5,473
South West 8.0 15.7 14.3 18.4 8.0 24.1 6,789
Education
No education 21.9 37.0 42.5 36.8 39.9 54.9 11,942
Primary 19.4 31.8 36.4 36.0 26.3 48.0 6,566
Secondary 11.3 20.2 24.7 25.2 14.3 34.2 11,904
Wealth quintile
Lowest 23.4 37.5 42.5 37.9 39.3 55.8 6,194
Second 21.3 35.1 41.2 36.9 35.8 53.3 6,234
Middle 19.8 32.1 39.8 36.4 28.4 49.4 6,341
Fourth 12.9 24.3 28.4 28.8 18.7 39.3 6,938
Highest 6.2 12.9 13.6 16.0 8.9 22.6 7,678
Total 16.2 27.6 32.2 30.5 25.3 43.0 33,385
Table 15.6.2 shows that fewer men than women aged 15-49 agree that wife beating is justified
for at least one of the specified reasons (30 and 43 percent, respectively). There is an inverse
relationship between men’s age and the proportion of men who agree that wife beating is justified for
at least one reason; 35 percent of men age 15-19, compared with 24 percent of men age 45-49. Rural
men are more likely to agree with wife beating for one of the specified reasons than their urban
counterparts (33 versus 25 percent, respectively). By zones, North East has the highest proportion of
men who say wife beating is justified for at least one of the reasons specified (44 percent), while
North West has the lowest proportion (22 percent). Men with more than a secondary education are
half as likely as men with a primary education to accept wife beating (17 percent compared with 34
percent, respectively).

Table 15.6.2 Attitudes towards wife beating: Men
Percentage of all men age 15-49 who agree that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife for specific reasons,

Goes out Refuses to Percentage who
Burns without Neglects have sexual agree with at
Background the Argues telling the intercourse least one Number of
characteristic food with him him children with him specified reason men
Age
15-19 10.7 20.1 21.5 22.2 11.8 34.7 2,532
20-24 10.2 19.7 21.7 21.7 13.0 34.0 2,378
25-29 8.3 17.0 19.1 20.6 11.7 31.1 2,459
30-34 8.1 14.5 17.4 18.2 10.3 27.3 2,058
35-39 7.4 14.9 17.5 18.6 9.5 26.7 1,794
40-44 6.6 14.4 16.3 17.1 10.9 26.9 1,413
45-49 7.1 11.9 14.3 15.2 9.8 24.1 1,174
Employment (past
12 months)
Not employed 7.2 14.9 15.9 16.4 7.3 26.7 2,485
Missing * * * * * * 26
Marital status
Never married 9.2 18.2 19.4 20.5 10.8 31.6 6,548
Divorced/separated/
widowed 10.7 25.0 24.6 26.6 17.0 40.7 238

0 9.0 18.0 19.4 20.1 11.1 31.4 7,272
1-2 8.2 15.2 18.4 19.3 10.8 29.3 2,505
3-4 7.6 15.2 17.7 18.9 11.1 27.3 2,043
5+ 8.8 15.2 18.4 19.1 12.4 29.1 1,989
Residence
Urban 5.8 13.5 13.4 16.5 7.8 24.6 5,215
Rural 10.4 18.7 22.1 21.6 13.3 33.4 8,593
Zone
North Central 12.5 20.3 20.7 22.3 14.1 32.4 2,065
North East 17.1 29.3 28.2 27.4 29.6 44.0 1,645
North West 6.9 10.7 17.7 14.0 10.8 22.3 3,237
South East 7.9 17.6 23.5 20.5 6.7 37.2 1,448
South South 5.7 16.1 18.0 20.9 6.3 33.1 2,437
South West 5.9 13.8 11.9 18.3 5.7 23.4 2,977
Education
No education 11.6 18.5 23.0 19.6 19.2 32.2 2,597
Primary 10.1 19.5 22.6 23.4 11.4 34.4 2,761
Secondary 8.3 17.6 18.4 20.9 10.0 31.6 6,470
Wealth quintile
Lowest 14.5 23.5 26.1 24.1 20.6 38.6 2,275
Second 12.0 19.6 23.8 22.8 15.8 33.8 2,332
Middle 9.8 19.1 21.9 22.7 12.0 34.7 2,570
Fourth 6.9 15.1 18.2 19.0 8.0 28.6 3,163
Highest 3.3 9.9 9.0 12.9 4.4 20.0 3,468
Total 15-49 8.6 16.7 18.8 19.7 11.2 30.1 13,808

50-59 6.0 12.6 16.5 15.6 9.1 25.1 1,678
Total 15-59 8.4 16.3 18.6 19.2 11.0 29.6 15,486
Note: Total includes 3 men with information missing on marital status. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on

15.5 ATTITUDES TOWARDS REFUSING SEX WITH HUSBAND
The extent of control women have over when and with whom they have sex has important
implications for demographic and health outcomes such as the transmission of HIV and other sexually
transmitted infections. It is also an indicator of women’s autonomy and status. To measure women’s
agreement with the idea that a woman has the right to refuse to have sex with her husband,
respondents were asked whether a wife is justified in refusing to have sex with her husband under
three circumstances: she knows her husband has a sexually transmitted disease, she knows her
husband has had sex with other women, and she is tired or not in the mood.
Table 15.7.1 shows that almost half (47 percent) of women believe wives are justified in
refusing sexual intercourse with their husband or partner for all of the specified reasons, while about
one in ten women (12 percent) believe that a woman may not refuse to have sexual intercourse with
her husband for any of the specified reasons. Knowledge that a husband has a sexually transmitted
disease is the most widely accepted reason for refusing sexual relations (81 percent). Although
knowing that a husband is having sexual intercourse with other women and a wife being tired or not
in the mood for sexual intercourse are less accepted reasons, the majority of women still agree that
these are justified reasons for refusing sex with their husbands (62 and 64 percent, respectively).
There is little difference between women in urban and rural areas regarding a woman’s right
to refuse sex with her husband or partner. For instance, 49 per cent of women in urban areas agreed
with all the specified reasons, compared with 45 percent of women in rural areas who agree with all
the specified reasons for a woman to refuse sex with her husband. However, zonal variations are
pronounced. Women from the North East zone are least likely to agree with all of the reasons (38
percent), while those from the South West zone are most likely to agree (58 percent). Furthermore, the
belief that wives are justified in refusing to have sexual intercourse for all of the specified reasons
increases in a linear trend with education level from 39 percent among women with no education to
53 percent of women with more than secondary education.
Table 15.7.2 shows the percentage of men who believe that a wife is justified in refusing to
have sex with her husband for specific reasons, by background characteristics. Men are more likely
than women to agree that a wife is justified in refusing sex for all three of the specified reasons, 52
percent for men compared with 47 percent for women. Knowledge that a husband has a sexually
transmitted disease is the reason most frequently given by men to justify a woman refusing sexual
intercourse with her husband (87 percent), whereas knowing that the husband or partner is having
intercourse with other women is the least cited reason (68 percent).
Men who are divorced, separated, or widowed are least likely to agree with all the specified
reasons for a wife to refuse sex (48 percent). By zone, men in South West are least likely to agree
with all of the reasons that a wife is justified in refusing sex (44 percent), while those from South East
are most likely to agree (68 percent). Men with no education are less likely to agree with all the
specified reasons for a wife refusing intercourse with her husband (43 per cent) compared with men
who have been educated. There is no clear pattern by wealth quintile among men who believe that
wives are justified in refusing sex with their husbands for all three reasons. Men in the middle and
fourth wealth quintiles are most likely to agree with all the specified reasons for a wife refusing
intercourse with her husband (55 percent for both quintiles).

Table 15.7.1 Attitudes towards refusing sexual intercourse with husband: Women
Percentage of all women age 15-49 who think that a wife is justified in refusing to have sexual intercourse with
her husband in specific circumstances, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Wife is justified in refusing

intercourse with her husband if she:
Knows Knows Percentage Percentage
husband has husband has who agree who agree
a sexually intercourse Is tired or with all of the with none of Number
Background transmitted with other not in the specified the specified of
characteristic disease women mood reasons reasons women
Age
15-19 72.2 58.9 57.3 43.3 19.6 6,493
20-24 81.3 63.4 63.9 47.0 10.8 6,133
25-29 83.6 63.0 64.9 47.5 9.4 6,309
30-34 83.5 62.8 66.6 48.1 10.3 4,634
35-39 84.3 61.6 65.4 46.8 9.7 3,912
40-44 83.0 61.6 65.9 47.6 10.4 3,032
45-49 83.7 61.6 65.7 48.7 10.9 2,872
Employment (past
12 months)
Not employed 77.5 60.3 59.1 44.1 15.3 12,408
Employed for cash 84.4 63.5 66.9 48.9 9.4 16,532
Employed not for cash 78.4 59.7 64.8 46.0 13.0 4,309
Missing 71.4 60.2 54.6 38.5 16.7 136
Marital status
Never married 75.0 60.5 66.4 48.0 16.4 8,397
Divorced/separated/
widowed 84.5 64.7 70.3 51.5 8.9 1,409

0 75.7 59.9 63.5 45.7 15.8 10,392
1-2 83.5 63.0 64.4 47.8 10.0 8,352
3-4 83.4 62.6 64.3 47.4 10.6 7,591
5+ 83.3 62.5 62.5 46.2 10.5 7,049
Residence
Urban 82.2 63.6 68.6 49.0 9.5 11,934
Rural 80.3 60.8 61.0 45.4 13.5 21,451
Zone
North Central 79.9 59.9 68.9 50.3 12.9 4,748
North East 79.3 60.0 48.8 38.1 13.7 4,262
North West 83.8 64.9 47.5 40.1 12.7 8,022
South East 71.5 60.2 68.4 45.4 15.9 4,091
South South 80.4 57.1 70.6 47.2 12.0 5,473
South West 85.7 65.6 80.1 57.9 7.4 6,789
Education
No education 79.2 59.1 50.4 39.1 15.3 11,942
Primary 82.6 62.2 67.3 48.4 10.4 6,566
Secondary 81.0 63.7 71.7 51.8 10.9 11,904
Wealth quintile
Lowest 77.2 57.6 50.3 38.4 16.8 6,194
Second 79.8 60.4 55.7 42.4 14.2 6,234
Middle 80.6 63.6 65.0 49.1 12.7 6,341
Fourth 83.0 63.8 71.5 50.8 9.2 6,938
Highest 83.5 63.2 72.8 51.1 8.5 7,678
Total 81.0 61.8 63.7 46.7 12.1 33,385

Table 15.7.2 Attitudes towards refusing sexual intercourse with husband: Men
Percentage of all men age 15-49 who believe that a wife is justified in refusing to have sexual intercourse with
her husband in specific circumstances, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008

a sexually intercourse Is tired or with all of with none of Number
Background transmitted with other not in the the specified the specified of
characteristic disease women mood reasons reasons men
Age
15-19 81.0 66.0 71.3 49.4 8.7 2,532
20-24 86.6 67.9 77.5 53.1 5.1 2,378
25-29 87.4 68.0 76.3 51.2 4.0 2,459
30-34 88.0 67.4 77.6 50.8 3.5 2,058
35-39 89.9 69.3 78.2 54.7 3.4 1,794
40-44 88.0 68.4 76.9 53.5 3.8 1,413
45-49 87.4 70.2 77.2 52.6 2.9 1,174
Employment (past 12 months)
Not employed 87.1 65.2 78.1 53.9 6.1 2,485
Missing * * * * * 26
Marital status
Never married 85.0 65.9 75.9 50.9 6.0 6,548
Divorced/separated/
widowed 84.1 58.7 74.0 48.2 6.5 238
0 84.9 66.7 75.8 51.2 5.9 7,272
1-2 87.7 67.0 77.3 51.9 4.4 2,505
3-4 89.3 69.6 78.9 54.7 3.2 2,043
5+ 88.3 71.8 73.4 51.9 2.9 1,989
Residence
Urban 87.2 66.0 81.3 53.2 4.1 5,215
Rural 86.2 69.1 73.1 51.2 5.1 8,593
Zone
North Central 89.6 62.0 76.7 51.8 4.9 2,065
North East 85.3 84.7 72.3 58.5 2.8 1,645
North West 83.9 73.3 62.3 45.9 7.4 3,237
South East 88.8 77.8 87.9 68.2 2.9 1,448
South South 91.1 62.9 81.9 56.1 3.2 2,437
South West 83.3 56.3 82.7 43.7 5.0 2,977
Education
No education 79.4 70.9 62.0 43.3 8.2 2,597
Primary 86.7 69.2 75.4 53.0 5.0 2,761
Secondary 88.2 66.3 79.8 53.9 4.1 6,470
Wealth quintile
Lowest 80.5 71.1 65.1 46.3 7.6 2,275
Second 86.2 73.5 71.9 51.7 4.2 2,332
Middle 88.3 70.6 76.3 55.2 4.2 2,570
Fourth 88.1 66.7 78.5 54.8 5.1 3,163
Highest 88.1 61.2 84.2 50.8 3.5 3,468
Total 15-49 86.6 67.9 76.2 51.9 4.8 13,808
50-59 87.0 70.1 76.9 52.8 4.1 1,678
Total 15-59 86.6 68.2 76.3 52.0 4.7 15,486
Note: Total includes 3 men with information missing on marital status. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based
on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
Table 15.7.3 shows the percentage of men who believe that a husband has the right to certain
behaviours when his wife refuses to have sex with him when he wants her to. These behaviours
include getting angry and reprimanding her, refusing her financial support, forcing her to have sex,
and having sex with another woman. Almost half of men (47 percent) think that a man has no right to
carry out any of the specified behaviours when his wife or partner refuses to have sexual intercourse
with him. On the other hand, 2 percent of men think that a man has the right to engage in all of the
specified behaviours when denied sex by his wife or partner.

Table 15.7.3 Men's attitudes towards a husband's rights when his wife refuses to have sexual intercourse
Percentage of men age 15-49 who consider that a husband has the right to certain behaviours when his wife refuses to
have sex with him when he wants her to, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
When a wife refuses to have sex with her

husband, he has the right to:
Get angry Have sex who agree who agree
and Refuse her Use with with all of with none of Number
Background reprimand financial force to another the specified the specified of
characteristic her support have sex woman reasons reasons men
Age
15-19 45.2 17.4 6.5 8.0 1.7 50.0 2,532
20-24 48.4 16.3 6.9 10.3 1.9 46.0 2,378
25-29 49.0 14.3 5.7 10.7 1.6 45.7 2,459
30-34 48.0 14.7 5.8 7.8 1.5 47.8 2,058
35-39 46.8 14.0 4.8 7.0 1.5 48.8 1,794
40-44 50.8 15.9 5.5 7.8 1.6 45.0 1,413
45-49 47.7 15.2 5.3 8.0 1.6 46.8 1,174
Employment (past 12 months)
Not employed 36.5 11.1 3.4 8.2 0.9 58.8 2,485
Missing * * * * * * 26
Marital status
Never married 44.9 14.8 5.7 9.5 1.6 49.9 6,548
Divorced/separated/
widowed 51.6 17.4 7.3 17.4 1.3 39.1 238
0 45.6 15.1 5.9 9.2 1.6 49.3 7,272
1-2 48.3 15.2 5.7 8.7 1.5 47.0 2,505
3-4 48.1 14.2 5.2 8.0 1.4 47.3 2,043
5+ 55.3 18.4 7.0 7.7 2.1 40.1 1,989
Residence
Urban 43.2 13.2 3.9 8.0 1.0 52.1 5,215
Rural 50.7 16.8 7.1 9.1 2.0 44.3 8,593
Zone
North Central 38.7 14.7 5.8 10.5 1.6 54.2 2,065
North East 75.7 34.2 21.5 11.6 8.4 21.9 1,645
North West 68.6 22.2 5.5 2.7 1.0 29.8 3,237
South East 45.6 6.7 3.6 5.4 0.7 50.1 1,448
South South 35.0 5.8 3.2 11.9 0.3 58.6 2,437
South West 27.8 10.5 1.1 11.4 0.1 64.7 2,977
Education
No education 62.9 25.4 11.6 7.5 4.1 34.3 2,597
Primary 53.2 15.2 6.9 8.8 1.4 41.7 2,761
Secondary 42.1 13.4 4.3 9.8 1.1 51.8 6,470
Wealth quintile
Lowest 59.8 24.6 12.5 9.9 4.0 35.4 2,275
Second 58.0 21.2 8.7 10.0 2.5 36.4 2,332
Middle 49.9 15.4 5.3 7.8 1.5 46.2 2,570
Fourth 43.8 11.6 3.8 8.4 0.9 51.1 3,163
Highest 35.3 9.2 2.1 7.9 0.3 59.6 3,468
Total 15-49 47.8 15.5 5.9 8.7 1.6 47.3 13,808
50-59 48.5 14.6 4.6 7.4 1.9 47.7 1,678
Total 15-59 47.9 15.4 5.8 8.6 1.7 47.3 15,486
Note: Total includes 3 men with information missing on marital status. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on

Getting angry and reprimanding the wife is thought of as the most accepted behaviour by a
husband when a wife refuses to have sex with him (48 percent). Fifteen percent of men think that a
husband has the right to deny his wife financial support, 9 percent believe that he has the right to have
sex with another woman if his wife refuses to have sex with him, and 6 percent believe he has the
right to force his wife or partner to have sex with him.
Among zones, the highest percentage of men who think a man has no right to behave in any
of the specified manners when his wife or partner refuses to have sexual intercourse reside in South
West (65 percent). North East has the lowest percentage of men who agree with all of the specified
behaviour (22 percent). Men with more than a secondary education (57 percent) and those in the
highest wealth quintile (60 percent) are more likely than other men to believe that a man is not
justified in carrying out any of the specified behaviours if his wife or partner refuses to have sex with
him.
15.6 WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT INDICATORS
The three sets of empowerment indicators, namely women’s participation in making

household decisions, their attitude towards wife beating, and their attitude towards a wife’s right to
refuse sexual intercourse with her husband or partner can be summarised in three separate indices.
The first index shows the number of decisions (see Table 15.5.1 for the list of decisions) in
which women participate either alone or jointly with their husband or partner. This index ranges from
0 to 4 and is positively related to women’s empowerment. It reflects the degree of decision-making
control that women are able to exercise in areas that affect their own lives.
The second index, which ranges from 0 to 5, is the number of reasons (see Table 15.6.1 for a
list of reasons) for which a woman thinks that a husband is justified in beating his wife. A lower score
on this indicator is interpreted as reflecting a greater sense of entitlement and self esteem, and higher
status of women.
The final index, which ranges in value from 0 to 3, is the number of circumstances (see Table
15.7.1 for the list of circumstances) in which the respondent feels that a woman is justified in refusing
sexual intercourse with her husband or partner. This indicator reflects perceptions of sexual roles and
women’s right over their bodies and relates positively to women’s sense of self and empowerment.
Table 15.8 shows how these indices relate to each other. Some associations are observed
between the indices. More participation in decision-making is associated with agreeing on a woman’s
right to refuse sexual intercourse with her husband or partner. Women with more say in decision-
making are more likely to agree that a woman is justified in refusing sexual relations with her husband
for all the specified reasons than women with no say at all (56 and 36 percent, respectively).
Disapproval of wife beating is also associated with participation in all household decision-making and
agreement that a woman has a right to refuse sex with her husband. Women who think there is no
justifiable reason to beat a wife are more likely to participate in all household decisions than women
who think that a husband is justified in beating his wife for any or all of the specified reasons (36 and
22 percent, respectively). In addition, women who do not agree with any of the five reasons for
justifying wife beating are more likely to agree that a woman has a right to refuse sex with her
husband than women who agree with all five justifications for wife beating (63 and 58 percent,
respectively).

Table 15.8 Indicators of women's empowerment
Percentage of women age 15-49 who participate in all decision-making, percentage who disagree with all reasons
for justifying wife-beating, and percentage who agree with all reasons for refusing sexual intercourse with
husband, by value on each of the indicators of women's empowerment, Nigeria 2008
Currently married
women
Percentage Percentage who
who Percentage agree with all
participate who disagree the reasons for
in all Number with all the refusing sexual Number
decision- of reasons justifying intercourse with of
Empowerment indicator making1 women wife beating husband women
Number of decisions in which
women participate1
0 na na 48.6 36.4 9,047
1-2 na na 45.6 43.0 4,680
3-4 na na 60.8 56.1 9,851
Number of reasons for which

wife beating is justified2
0 36.2 12,514 na 47.2 19,016
1-2 29.9 4,244 na 49.6 5,767
3-4 24.5 3,867 na 44.6 4,998
5 22.1 2,953 na 42.4 3,605
Number of reasons given for

refusing to have sexual intercourse
with husband3
0 23.0 2,523 63.4 na 4,025
1-2 25.0 10,223 54.4 na 13,768
3 39.4 10,832 57.5 na 15,592
na = Not applicable
1
Restricted to currently married women. See Table 15.5.1 for specific decisions.
2
See Table 15.6.1 for reasons justifying wife beating.
3
See Table 15.7.1 for reasons justifying wife refusing to have sexual intercourse with husband.
15.7 CURRENT USE OF CONTRACEPTION BY WOMAN’S EMPOWERMENT STATUS
A woman’s desire and ability to control her fertility and her choice of contraceptive methods
are in part affected by her status in the household and her own sense of empowerment. A woman who
is unable to control other aspects of her life may be less able to make decisions regarding her fertility.
She may also feel the need to choose contraceptive methods that are less obvious or do not need the
approval of her husband.
Table 15.9 shows the relationship of each of the three empowerment indicators with current
use of contraceptive methods by married women. The expected relationships are observed between
contraceptive use and both disagreement with reasons for wife beating and agreement with reasons for
refusing sexual intercourse with the husband. Use of any contraceptive method and use of any modern
method increases as the number of reasons for which wife beating is justified decreases. Twenty-three
percent of women who participate in 3-4 household decisions use a method of family planning, and 15
percent use a modern method. Eighteen percent of women who do not agree with any of the reasons
for justifying wife beating are currently using a contraceptive method, compared with 6 percent of
women who agree with all five reasons justifying wife beating.

Use of any method and use of any modern method of contraception increase with the number
of reasons the respondent thinks a woman is justified in refusing sex with her husband. For example,
the percentage of women using any method of contraception increases from 8 percent among women
who do not agree with any of the reasons for which a woman can refuse sex with her husband to 17
percent among women who agree with all three reasons for refusing sex.
Table 15.9 Current use of contraception by women's status
Percent distribution of currently married women age 15-49 by current contraceptive method, according to selected indicators of women's status,
Nigeria 2008
Modern methods
Temporary
Any modern Any Not Number
Empowerment Any modern Female female Male traditional currently of
indicator method method sterilisation methods1 condom method using Total women
women participate2
0 6.2 4.5 0.2 3.1 1.2 1.7 93.8 100.0 9,047
1-2 13.2 8.8 0.2 6.5 2.0 4.5 86.8 100.0 4,680
3-4 23.0 14.9 0.6 10.5 3.8 8.1 77.0 100.0 9,851

0 18.3 11.8 0.4 8.3 3.1 6.5 81.7 100.0 12,514
1-2 13.5 9.4 0.5 6.7 2.2 4.1 86.5 100.0 4,244
3-4 9.9 7.0 0.3 5.0 1.7 2.9 90.1 100.0 3,867
5 6.4 4.6 0.4 3.3 0.9 1.8 93.6 100.0 2,953

with husband4
0 7.9 5.8 0.1 4.0 1.7 2.2 92.1 100.0 2,523
1-2 13.8 9.0 0.4 6.4 2.2 4.8 86.2 100.0 10,223
3 16.9 11.3 0.5 7.9 2.9 5.6 83.1 100.0 10,832
Total 14.6 9.7 0.4 6.9 2.4 4.9 85.4 100.0 23,578
1
Pill, IUD, injectables, implants, female condom, diaphragm, foam/jelly, and lactational amenorrhoea method
2
Restricted to currently married women. See Table 15.5.1 for specific decisions.
3
4
See Table 15.7.1 for reasons justifying wife refusing to have sexual intercourse with husband.
15.8 IDEAL FAMILY SIZE AND UNMET NEED BY WOMEN’S STATUS
Women’s fertility preferences (e.g., ideal number of children) are typically lower than those
of their husband or partner. As a woman becomes more empowered to negotiate fertility decision-
making, she has more control over contraceptive use and, thus, over her chances of becoming
pregnant and giving birth. Women who have a desire to space or limit their births, but are not using
family planning, are defined as having unmet need for family planning. Table 15.10 shows how
women’s ideal family size and their unmet need for family planning vary by the three indicators of
women’s status.
The results show that women who participate in 3-4 decisions have the lowest desired family
size (5.9 children) and a relatively higher unmet need for family planning for purposes of limiting
births (7 percent), compared with women who do not participate in any decisions. However, they have
a lower unmet need for spacing their children (13 percent) than other women. Conversely, women
who do not participate in any decision-making have a lower unmet need for limiting, but a higher
unmet need for spacing. Interestingly, women who participate in one or two decisions have a higher
unmet need for family planning services (16 percent for spacing and 6 percent for limiting).

Desired family size increases with the number of reasons a woman thinks that wife beating is
justified, from 5.6 children among women who do not agree with any of the reasons justifying wife
beating to 7.6 children among women who agree with all five reasons justifying wife beating. Total
unmet need for family planning is about the same (20 percent) for women who think that wife beating
is not justified for any reason and for those who agree with all five reasons justifying wife beating.
The number of reasons for which a respondent thinks that women can refuse sexual intercourse with
their husband is not strongly associated with desired family size or unmet need.
Table 15.10 Women's empowerment and ideal number of children and unmet need for family planning
Mean ideal number of children for women 15-49 and the percentage of currently married women age
15-49 with an unmet need for family planning, by indicators of women's empowerment, Nigeria 2008
Percentage of currently
married women with an Number
Mean ideal unmet need for family of
number Number planning2 currently
of of For For married
Empowerment indicator children1 women spacing limiting Total women
women participate3
0 7.8 6,935 16.9 3.0 19.9 9,047
1-2 6.7 4,136 15.7 5.8 21.5 4,680
3-4 5.9 8,823 13.0 6.9 19.9 9,851

0 5.6 16,728 14.1 5.4 19.5 12,514
1-2 6.4 5,036 16.6 5.4 21.9 4,244
3-4 6.8 4,293 15.5 5.3 20.9 3,867
5 7.6 2,817 16.1 3.8 19.9 2,953

with husband5
0 6.1 3,171 17.3 4.2 21.6 2,523
1-2 6.4 11,757 14.8 4.6 19.4 10,223
3 5.9 13,947 14.7 6.0 20.7 10,832
Total 6.1 28,874 15.0 5.2 20.2 23,578

1
Mean excludes respondents who gave non-numeric responses.
2
See table 7.3.1 for the definition of unmet need for family planning.
3
Restricted to currently married women. See Table 15.5.1 specific decisions.
4
5
See Table 15.7.1 for reasons justifying wife refusing sexual intercourse with husband.
15.9 WOMEN’S STATUS AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH CARE
In countries where health care is widespread, women’s empowerment may not affect their
access to reproductive health services. However, in other countries, increased empowerment of
women is likely to increase their ability to seek out and use health services to better meet their
reproductive health goals, including safe motherhood. Table 15.11 shows women’s use of antenatal,
delivery, and postnatal care services from health care workers by level of empowerment as measured
by the three indicators of women’s status

Table 15.11 Reproductive health care by women's empowerment
Percentage of women age 15-49 with a live birth in the five years preceding the survey who
received antenatal care, delivery assistance and postnatal care from health personnel for the most
recent birth, by indicators of women's empowerment, Nigeria 2008
Received
postnatal care
Received from health Number
Received delivery personnel of women
antenatal care assistance within the first with a child
from health from health two days since born in the
Empowerment indicator personnel personnel delivery1 last five years
women participate2
0 42.0 23.3 17.4 6,677
1-2 55.8 38.7 29.1 3,357
3-4 73.4 57.6 43.9 6,642

0 64.9 48.9 38.3 9,121
1-2 52.7 37.0 26.5 3,237
3-4 48.9 31.5 22.2 2,995
5 47.6 24.3 16.8 2,282

with husband4
0 42.9 26.8 17.9 1,829
1-2 54.5 35.9 26.2 7,597
3 64.0 48.0 37.5 8,209
Total 57.7 40.6 30.6 17,635
Note: Health personnel includes doctor, nurse, midwife, or auxiliary nurse, or auxiliary midwife.
1
Includes deliveries in a health facility and not in a health facility
2
Restricted to currently married women. See Table 15.5.1 specific decisions.
3
4
See Table 15.7.1 for reasons justifying wife refusing sexual intercourse with husband.
The results show the expected association between women’s empowerment and use of
services for delivery and postnatal care. The more decisions a woman participates in, the more likely
she is to have received assistance during delivery and postnatal care; for example, 42 percent of
women who do not participate in household decisions received delivery assistance from health
personnel, compared with 73 percent of women who participated in all four decisions. The lower the
number of reasons for which a woman thinks that wife beating is justified, the more likely she is to
receive care from health personnel during delivery. Similarly, the higher the number of reasons for
which a respondent believes a woman can refuse to have sex with her husband, the more likely she is
to receive health care from health personnel during delivery. The same relationships are observed for
the likelihood of receiving postnatal care.
15.10 WOMEN’S STATUS AND EARLY CHILDHOOD MORTALITY
As women become more empowered, they are more likely to participate in key decisions
regarding their well-being and the well-being of their children. Table 15.12 shows child mortality
rates by the three indicators of women’s status.

The results show that children of women who participate in 3-4 decisions have the lowest
infant mortality (77 deaths per 1,000 live births), child mortality (122 deaths per 1,000 live births),
and under-five mortality (203 deaths per 1,000) rates. The trend is the same for agreement with the
number of reasons a woman thinks wife beating is justified. However, the differentials in child
mortality rates by the number of reasons given by women for refusing to have sexual intercourse with
their husband are smaller than for the other two indexes.
Table 15.12 Early childhood mortality rates by women's status
Infant, child, and under-five mortality rates for the 10-year period preceding
the survey, by indicators of women's status, Nigeria 2008
Infant Child Under-five

mortality mortality mortality
Empowerment indicator (1q0) (4q1) (5q0)
women participate1
0 92 122 203
1-2 94 96 181
3-4 77 60 133
Number of reasons for which wife

beating is justified2
0 82 78 154
1-2 96 95 182
3-4 89 106 186
5 86 122 198

with husband3
0 83 98 173
1-2 93 103 186
3 81 80 155
1
Restricted to currently married women. See Table 15.5.1 for specific
decisions.
2
3
See Table 15.7.1 for reasons justifying wife refusing sexual intercourse with
husband.

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 16
Domestic violence is a confrontation between family or household members that typically
involves physical harm, sexual assault, or fear of physical harm. Family or household members
include spouses, former spouses, those in (or formerly in) a dating relationship, adults related by
blood or marriage, and those who have a biological or legal parent-child relationship. Domestic
violence can include physical and sexual abuse, emotional abuse, economic abuse, coercion and
threats, intimidation, isolation, jealousy, and blame.
Violence against women has been acknowledged worldwide as a violation of basic human
rights. An increasing amount of research highlights the health burdens, intergenerational effects, and
demographic consequences of such violence (United National General Assembly, 1991; Heise et al.,
1994, 1998; Jejeebhoy, 1998). Gender-based violence is defined as any act of violence that results in,
or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including
threats of such acts, coercion, or arbitrary deprivations of liberty, occurring in public or private life
(United Nations, 1993 and 1995).
Despite ongoing efforts to protect women and vulnerable populations against violence, there
is still much to be done to protect victims and to further inform and educate the population about the
problem. Nigeria is a signatory to the United Nation’s Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of
Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). However, CEDAW has not yet been adopted into
Nigeria’s legal code. In order for this to happen, the National Assembly and State Houses of
Assembly are required to pass legislation and put the convention into effect within the national laws.
After the law is passed at the federal level, for it to become a nationally binding legislation across the
country, it must be passed by at least two-thirds of the 36 State Houses of Assembly.
Gender activists, civil society organisations, and women-focused NGOs have formed a
coalition known as the National Coalition on Affirmative Action (NCAA) with representation from all
over the country. The NCAA has begun active lobbying and sensitisation of legislators in the National
and State Assemblies across the nation in preparation for the consideration of the bill. This initiative
aims to expedite the passage of the CEDAW Bill at the state level and secure the requisite assent by a
two-thirds majority of the State Houses of Assembly.
The 2008 NDHS included a special module designed to obtain information on the extent to
which women in Nigeria experience domestic violence. These findings may provide evidence that can
be used in advocating for improved legislation on domestic violence, such as the CEDAW bill,
expansion of domestic violence prevention efforts, and improved services for women who experience
domestic violence. The domestic violence module was administered to one eligible woman randomly
selected in each household using the Kish Grid technique (Kish, 1965). Although the module focused
on the extent of marital violence, information was also obtained on any physical violence involving
perpetrators other than the woman’s current husband (or the last husband for separated or divorced
women) that a woman might have experienced since her fifteenth birthday. Women were also asked
about lifetime experience of sexual violence. Women who reported recent marital violence were asked
about assistance they have received, whether they ever told anyone about the violence, and whether
they ever sought help.
The collection of information on domestic violence is challenging because women may not
disclose these experiences out of shame or fear. Collection of such sensitive information requires the
establishment of rapport between the interviewer and the respondent. The interviewers received
special training on gender-based violence, focusing on domestic violence, to prepare them to collect
information on domestic violence. Interviewers were instructed that interviews can only proceed when
Domestic Violence | 261

maximum privacy had been secured. If privacy was not assured, the questions in the domestic
violence module were not to be asked. The selection of one respondent per household for domestic
violence questions is an additional ethical protection for the respondent which strengthens the
confidentiality of the information discussed with the interviewer.
16.1 WOMEN EXPERIENCING PHYSICAL VIOLENCE

A total of 21,468 women were asked questions on domestic violence in the 2008 NDHS. In
Nigeria, domestic violence cuts across all socio-economic and cultural backgrounds. Table 16.1 shows the
percentage of women age 15-49 who have ever experienced physical violence since age 15, and the
percentage who have experienced physical violence during the 12 months preceding the survey, by
background characteristics. The results show that 28 percent of all women experienced physical violence
since the age of 15, and 15 percent of women experienced physical violence in the 12 months preceding
the survey.
The experience of physical violence varies substantially by background characteristics. The trend
by age group indicates an increase in physical violence from the 15-19 age group through the 25-29 age
group, and a decrease thereafter. Thirty percent of women age 25-29 have experienced physical violence at
some time since age 15, while 16 percent experienced violence during the 12 months preceding the survey.
Women who are employed but are not paid in cash are more likely than other women to have ever
experienced physical violence since age 15 and during the 12 months preceding the survey (38 and 23
percent, respectively). It is interesting to note that unemployed women are the least likely to experience
physical violence, with 23 percent having experienced violence since age 15 and 13 percent experiencing
physical violence during the 12 months preceding the survey.
By marital status, women who are divorced, separated or widowed are far more likely to have
experienced physical violence than other women. Forty-four percent of divorced, separated or widowed
women reported experiencing violence since age 15, compared with 25 percent of women who are married
or living together, and 33 percent of never-married women.
Differentials in experience of physical violence by number of living children are small; however,
women with no children (30 percent) are more likely to have experienced physical violence since age 15
than other women. Experience of physical violence in the past 12 months tends to increase with number of
living children.
Women in urban areas are more likely than their rural counterparts to report having experienced
physical violence since age 15 (30 percent as compared with 26 percent). There is notable variation in
experience of physical violence by zone. Experience of physical violence since age 15 is reported by the
highest proportion of women in South South (52 percent) compared with only 13 percent of women in
North West. The proportion of women experiencing physical violence in the past 12 months is again
highest in the South South (24 percent) and lowest in North West (6 percent).
Women with primary and secondary levels of schooling are more likely than other women to have
experienced physical violence since age 15. Women who never attended school are the least likely to have
experienced physical violence since age 15 (15 percent). A similar pattern is observed for physical
violence in the past 12 months. Experience of physical violence generally increases with wealth quintile. A
slight decrease is observed in physical violence in the past 12 months between the fourth and highest
quintiles.
262 | Domestic Violence

Table 16.1 Experience of physical violence
Percentage of women age 15-49 who have ever experienced physical violence since age 15 and
percentage who have experienced physical violence during the 12 months preceding the survey, by
background characteristics Nigeria 2008
Percentage who Percentage who have experienced

have ever physical violence in the past
experienced 12 months
Background physical violence Often or Number of
characteristic since age 151 Often Sometimes sometimes women
Current age
15-19 26.7 1.8 14.4 16.2 3,865
20-24 28.2 1.7 12.7 14.4 3,881
25-29 30.0 1.9 14.1 16.0 4,201
30-39 27.4 1.9 13.0 14.9 5,718
40-49 25.9 1.8 11.5 13.4 3,802
Employed past 12 months

Not employed 23.2 1.3 11.6 12.9 7,726
Employed for cash 28.1 1.9 12.6 14.4 10,938
Employed not for cash 38.4 3.2 19.8 23.0 2,752
Missing 26.4 3.8 13.1 16.9 52
Marital status
Never married 33.2 1.5 14.0 15.5 4,705
Married or living together 25.1 1.7 13.0 14.7 15,852
Divorced/separated/widowed 44.0 5.7 11.7 17.3 910

0 30.0 1.5 13.0 14.5 6,094
1-2 27.3 2.0 12.7 14.7 5,665
3-4 26.1 2.1 13.2 15.3 5,110
5+ 26.8 1.9 13.7 15.6 4,598
Residence
Urban 30.2 2.0 12.7 14.7 7,592
Rural 26.3 1.7 13.4 15.1 13,875
Zone
North Central 31.0 2.5 17.5 20.0 3,176
North East 19.7 2.1 12.5 14.6 2,859
North West 13.1 0.5 5.9 6.4 5,446
South East 29.6 2.2 13.4 15.6 2,501
South South 52.1 3.0 20.9 23.9 3,342
South West 28.9 1.8 13.4 15.1 4,146
Education
No education 14.9 1.3 8.6 9.9 8,033
Primary 35.6 2.8 17.4 20.2 4,308
Secondary 36.5 2.2 16.6 18.8 7,268
More than secondary 30.1 0.7 9.5 10.2 1,858
Wealth quintile
Lowest 18.8 1.4 11.3 12.7 4,177
Second 21.3 1.8 10.9 12.7 4,123
Middle 29.3 2.0 14.0 16.0 4,075
Fourth 34.1 2.2 15.7 17.9 4,361
Highest 33.7 1.8 13.6 15.4 4,732
Total 27.7 1.8 13.1 15.0 21,468

1
Includes in the past 12 months

16.2 PERPETRATORS OF PHYSICAL VIOLENCE
Table 16.2 shows for women who Table 16.2 Persons committing physical violence
experienced physical violence since age 15, the
Among women age 15-49 who have experienced physical
percentage who reported that specific persons violence since age 15, percentage who report specific persons
committed the violence, according to marital who committed the violence, according to the respondent's
status. The most commonly reported perpetrator marital status, Nigeria 2008
of physical violence is the current husband or Marital status
partner. A total of 45 percent of women who Ever Never
experienced violence since age 15 experienced Person married married Total
violence from their current husband or partner, Current husband/partner 60.6 na 44.7
while 7 percent reported that violence was Former husband/partner 9.0 na 6.6
committed against them by their former husband Current boyfriend 0.2 0.9 0.4
Former boyfriend 1.2 3.1 1.7
or partner. Among ever-married women, 61 Father/step-father 18.7 31.0 21.9
percent reported their current husband or partner Mother/step-mother 25.7 42.5 30.1
committed physical violence against them, and 9 Sister/brother 14.1 31.7 18.7
percent reported their former husband or partner Daughter/son 0.2 0.3 0.2
Other relative 5.7 11.3 7.1
did so. Among all women who experienced Mother-in-law 0.4 na 0.3
physical violence, the next most commonly Father-in-law 0.1 na 0.1
mentioned perpetrator is mother or stepmother Other in-law 1.9 na 1.6
Teacher 11.4 29.5 16.2
(30 percent), followed by father or stepfather (22 Employer/someone at work 0.5 1.6 0.8
percent), and sister or brother (19 percent). Police/soldier 0.1 0.2 0.2
Among never-married women, mother or Other 2.1 5.0 2.8
stepmother was mentioned as the most common
Number of women 4,377 1,564 5,941
perpetrator of physical violence (43 percent).
na = Not applicable
16.3 EXPERIENCE OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE
The 2008 NDHS asked women whether they had ever experience sexual violence in their
lifetime. As shown in Table 16.3, 7 percent of women age 15-49 reported that they had experienced
sexual violence at some time. There is no pronounced difference among the age groups. The
experience of sexual violence ranges from 6 percent among women age 30-49 to 9 percent among
women age 20-24. Women who are employed but not paid in cash are the most likely to have
experienced sexual violence (11 percent), while unemployed women are least likely (6 percent).
In examining marital status, women who are divorced, separated or widowed women are most
likely to have experienced sexual violence (11 percent), and women who are currently married are
least likely (6 percent). Nine percent of never-married women have experienced sexual violence.
There is no difference in the experience of sexual violence by urban-rural residence; however, the
differentials by zone are notable. By zone, the experience of sexual violence ranges from 3 percent in
North West and South West to 12 percent in South East and 13 percent in South South.
The experience of sexual violence is lower among women with no education (4 percent) than
among women who have been to school (8-9 percent). Women in the three highest wealth quintiles
are more likely to have experienced sexual violence than women in the two lowest wealth quintiles.

Table 16.3 Experience of sexual violence
Percentage of women age 15-49 who have ever experienced

sexual violence, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Percentage who
have ever
Background experienced Number of
characteristic sexual violence1 women
Current age
15-19 6.6 3,865
20-24 8.7 3,881
25-29 7.8 4,201
30-39 6.4 5,718
40-49 5.9 3,802
Employed past 12 months

Not employed 5.8 7,726
Employed for cash 7.0 10,938
Employed not for cash 10.5 2,752
Missing 8.1 52
Marital status
Never married 9.4 4,705
Married or living together 6.2 15,852
Divorced/separated/widowed 10.7 910
Residence
Urban 6.9 7,592
Rural 7.1 13,875
Zone
Education
Primary 8.9 4,308
Secondary 8.9 7,268
Wealth quintile
Lowest 5.8 4,177
Second 5.3 4,123
Middle 8.3 4,075
Fourth 8.4 4,361
Highest 7.2 4,732
Total 7.0 21,468

1
Includes those whose sexual initiation was forced against their
will
16.4 AGE AT FIRST EXPERIENCE OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE
Table 16.4 shows the distribution of women age 15-49 years who have experienced sexual
violence by age at first experience of sexual violence, according to current age. The results show that 14
percent of women age 15-49 experienced sexual violence for the first time between the ages of 10 and 14,
while 26 percent experienced sexual violence for the first time between the ages of 15 and 19.

Table 16.4 Age at first experience of sexual violence
Percent distribution of women age 15-49 who have experienced sexual violence by age at first experience of sexual
violence, according to current age, Nigeria 2008
Age at first experience of sexual violence
Less than 10-14 15-19 20-49 Don't Number of
Current age 10 years years years years know1 Missing Total women
15-19 5.1 22.9 44.8 na 26.6 0.6 100.0 256
20-24 0.9 15.0 34.3 14.7 33.6 1.7 100.0 339
25-29 0.8 12.0 22.6 16.4 47.4 0.8 100.0 329
30-39 3.1 12.8 13.9 11.7 57.3 1.2 100.0 365
40-49 3.3 9.8 14.1 10.8 61.8 0.2 100.0 224
Total 2.5 14.4 25.6 11.3 45.3 1.0 100.0 1,513
na = Not applicable
1
Includes women who report having ever experienced sexual violence committed only by their current husband if
currently married or most recent husband if divorced, separated, or widowed and whose sexual initiation was not
forced against their will. For these women, the age at first experience of sexual violence is not known.
16.5 PERSONS COMMITTING SEXUAL VIOLENCE
Table 16.5 shows for women who have ever experienced sexual violence, the percentage who
reported that specific persons committed the sexual violence against them by age at first experience of
sexual violence and current marital status. Overall, current husband or partner is the most commonly
reported perpetrator of sexual violence, reported by 36 percent of women. Among ever-married
women who have ever experienced sexual violence, the proportion who says that their current
husband or partner committed sexual violence against them increases to 50 percent. Among never-
married women, strangers are the most commonly reported perpetrators of sexual violence (23
percent), followed by a friend or acquaintance (18 percent) and current or former boyfriend (17
percent). The type of perpetrator does not vary much by age at first experience of sexual violence.
Table 16.5 Persons committing sexual violence
Among women age 15-49 who have experienced sexual violence, percentage who report specific
persons committing sexual violence according to age at first experience of sexual violence and current
marital status, Nigeria 2008
Age at first experience of
sexual violence Marital status
Person committing 15 years Don't Ever Never
sexual violence <15 years or higher know1 married married Total
Current husband/partner 2.7 6.9 71.6 50.3 na 35.7
Former husband/partner 1.2 1.4 7.2 5.6 na 4.0
Current/former boyfriend 10.3 22.6 1.1 7.9 17.3 10.6
Father 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1
Step father 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1
Other relative 11.1 5.5 0.5 3.3 6.4 4.2
In-law 1.5 1.0 0.0 0.7 0.5 0.6
Own friend/acquaintance 12.4 19.3 1.8 6.9 17.6 10.0
Family friend 7.2 9.5 0.6 3.2 9.4 5.0
Teacher 1.5 2.6 0.0 0.7 2.4 1.2
Employer/someone at work 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.1
Police/soldier 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.2
Priest/religious leader 1.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.7 0.3
Stranger 27.8 21.8 2.3 10.2 23.3 14.0
Other 4.0 2.5 0.3 1.7 2.0 1.8
Number of women 255 558 685 1,073 440 1,513
Note: Total includes 19 unweighted cases for which age at first experience of sexual violence is missing.
na = Not applicable
1
Includes women who report having ever experienced sexual violence committed only by their current
husband if currently married or most recent husband if divorced, separated, or widowed and whose
sexual initiation was not forced against their will. For these women, the age of first experience of sexual
violence is not known.

16.6 EXPERIENCE OF DIFFERENT FORMS OF VIOLENCE
Table 16.6 presents information on women age 15-49 who reported experiencing various
combinations of physical and sexual violence, by current age. Overall, 30 percent of women reported
that they had experienced either physical or sexual violence. About one in five women experienced
only physical violence, 2 percent experienced only sexual violence, and 5 percent experienced both
physical and sexual violence. There is not much variation in the experience of different forms of
violence by age.
Table 16.6 Experience of different forms of violence
Percentage of women age 15-49 who have experienced different forms of

violence by current age, Nigeria 2008
Physical Sexual Physical Physical or

violence violence and sexual sexual Number of
Age only only1 violence1 violence1 women
15-19 21.9 1.8 4.8 28.5 3,865
15-17 21.2 1.7 4.4 27.3 2,249
18-19 22.8 2.0 5.3 30.2 1,616
20-24 22.0 2.5 6.2 30.7 3,881
25-29 23.8 1.6 6.2 31.7 4,201
30-39 22.6 1.5 4.8 29.0 5,718
40-49 21.5 1.5 4.4 27.4 3,802
Total 22.4 1.8 5.3 29.5 21,468

1
Includes forced sexual initiation
16.7 VIOLENCE DURING PREGNANCY
Respondents to the Domestic Violence module who had ever been pregnant (whether the
pregnancy resulted in a live birth or not) were asked specifically whether they have ever experience
physical violence while pregnant and, if so, who the perpetrators of the violence were.
As shown in Table 16.7, 5 percent of women who have ever been pregnant reported that they
experienced violence while pregnant. Women who are divorced, separated, or widowed are more
likely than other women to have experienced violence during pregnancy (12 percent). Five percent of
currently married women have experienced violence during pregnancy. The proportion of never-
married women who had a pregnancy and who reported that they ever experienced violence while
pregnant was negligible.
Women with living children are more likely than women with no living children to have
experienced violence during pregnancy. In urban and rural areas, women were roughly equally likely
to have experienced physical violence during pregnancy. By zone, women in South South (9 percent),
South East (8 percent), and North Central (7 percent) are more likely to experience violence during
pregnancy than other women. By contrast only 2 percent of women in North West experienced
violence during pregnancy. Looking at education and wealth, women with primary education and
women in the middle and fourth wealth quintiles are more likely than other women to experience
violence during pregnancy. Women with no education (3 percent) are less likely to experience
physical violence during pregnancy, compared with other women (5 to 8 percent).

Table 16.7 Violence during pregnancy
Among women age 15-49 who have ever been pregnant,

percentage who have ever experienced physical violence during
pregnancy, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Percentage who
have ever
experienced Number of
physical women who
Background violence during have ever been
characteristic pregnancy pregnant
Current age
15-19 3.9 1,065
20-24 5.4 2,627
25-29 5.5 3,585
30-39 5.1 5,428
40-49 4.8 3,691
Marital status
Never married 0.0 496
Married or living together 4.9 15,028
Divorced/separated/widowed 11.7 872

0 3.5 1,023
1-2 5.0 5,665
3-4 5.3 5,110
5+ 5.3 4,598
Residence
Urban 4.7 5,237
Rural 5.3 11,159
Zone
Education
Primary 7.7 3,738
Secondary 6.0 4,127
Wealth quintile
Lowest 3.9 3,642
Second 4.3 3,433
Middle 6.6 3,122
Fourth 6.5 3,034
Highest 4.4 3,164
Total 5.1 16,396
16.8 MARITAL CONTROL BY HUSBAND OR PARTNER
Marital violence is violence perpetuated by a partner or spouse within the marital union. A
series of questions were asked in the 2008 NDHS to determine the degree of marital control exercised
by the husband or partner over the respondent. Attempts by a husband or partner to closely control
and monitor the activities of their female partner or spouse have been found to be among the most
important early warning signs of violence in a relationship. Controlling behaviours most often
manifest themselves in terms of extreme possessiveness, jealousy, and attempts to isolate the woman
from her family and friends.

To determine the degree of marital control by husbands over their wives, women were asked
whether they experienced any of a list of specific acts of controlling behaviours by their husbands,
such as the husband is jealous or gets angry if she talks to other men, accuses her of being unfaithful,
does not permit meetings with female friends, tries to limit her contact with her family, insists on
knowing where she is at all times, and does not trust her with any money. Table 16.8 shows the
percentage of ever-married women whose husband or partner displays each of the listed behaviours
by selected background characteristics. Since the accumulation of such behaviours is more significant
than the display of any single behaviour, the proportion of women whose husbands display at least
three of the specified behaviours is highlighted.
The results show that overall, 38 percent of ever-married women say that their husband or
partner exhibits none of the controlling behaviours. The main controlling behaviours women
experienced from their husbands were being jealous or angry if she talks to other men (49 percent)
and his insistence on knowing where she is at all times (34 percent). Eighteen percent of ever-married
women said that their husband does not trust them with any money, while 14 percent reported that
their husband frequently accuses them of being unfaithful, and 13 percent said their husband does not
permit them to meet their female friends. Furthermore, 8 percent of women reported that their
husband tries to limit their contact with their families. About one-fifth of women reported that their
spouse displays three or more of these behaviours.
Younger women are more likely than women age 30 and older to report that their husband or
partner displays at least three of the controlling behaviours. Women who are employed but not for
cash and women with fewer living children are more likely than other women to say that their
husband engages in at least three controlling behaviours. Women who are divorced, separated, or
widowed are more likely than currently married women to say that their husband engages in at least
three controlling behaviours (31 percent compared with 20 percent). Husband’s controlling
behaviours decrease with increasing marital duration.
By zone, women in South South are most likely to report that their husband or partner
participates in at least three controlling behaviours (28 percent), closely followed by women in North
Central and North East (27 percent each). On the other hand, only 11 percent of women in North West
say that their husband participates in at least three of the behaviours. Women with no education and
with more than secondary education are less likely than women with primary or secondary education
to report that their husband participates in at least three controlling behaviours. By wealth quintile,
women in the middle and fourth quintiles report the highest percentages of husbands who exhibit at
least three controlling behaviours.

Table 16.8 Degree of marital control exercised by husbands
Percentage of ever-married women age 15-49 whose husband/partners ever demonstrated specific types of controlling behaviours,
Percentage of women whose husband:

Does not Tries to Insists on Displays
Is jealous or Frequently permit her limit her knowing Does not Displays 3 none of
angry if she accuses her to meet her contact where trust her or more of the Number
Background talks to of being female with her she is at with any the specific specific of
characteristic other men unfaithful friends family all times money behaviours behaviours women
Current age
15-19 56.4 13.6 13.5 8.4 34.2 16.6 20.7 33.4 1,322
20-24 54.4 14.9 15.1 8.6 36.7 17.2 23.7 35.4 2,601
25-29 51.7 14.2 15.1 8.1 35.9 19.4 21.3 35.3 3,608
30-39 48.3 12.7 12.7 6.9 33.3 18.9 18.8 38.5 5,472
40-49 42.2 13.4 11.3 6.8 29.6 17.1 18.0 45.1 3,759
Employed past 12 months1

Not employed 51.7 12.3 12.4 8.5 31.7 18.7 19.2 36.2 4,744
Employed for cash 48.3 12.8 13.1 6.9 33.7 16.9 19.2 39.7 9,775
Employed not for cash 48.1 20.0 16.6 8.5 37.6 22.7 25.9 37.5 2,202

0 51.8 14.1 15.6 8.6 35.1 17.6 22.1 36.4 1,713
1-2 50.8 13.4 14.3 8.1 35.7 18.7 21.4 36.9 5,358
3-4 48.7 12.7 13.2 6.9 33.2 17.8 19.0 38.6 5,097
5+ 47.1 14.7 11.5 7.2 31.2 18.1 18.9 40.7 4,594
Marital status and duration

Currently married woman 49.3 12.9 12.9 7.2 33.3 17.8 19.5 38.5 15,852
Married only once 48.9 12.8 12.6 7.1 33.0 17.6 19.1 38.8 13,720
0-4 years 51.2 12.9 15.3 7.9 36.3 18.1 21.9 36.3 3,459
5-9 years 50.0 13.3 13.2 6.9 34.9 17.5 19.4 36.2 3,074
10+ years 47.3 12.5 11.0 6.9 30.6 17.4 17.6 41.0 7,186
Married more than once 51.8 14.1 15.1 7.5 34.8 18.8 21.9 36.9 2,132
Divorced/separated/widowed 48.7 25.1 21.1 13.5 40.0 25.2 30.8 36.2 910
Residence
Urban 47.7 12.0 13.8 7.5 36.7 19.7 20.2 37.3 5,289
Rural 50.0 14.4 13.2 7.6 32.2 17.5 20.0 38.9 11,473
Zone
North Central 50.9 24.5 13.1 5.9 35.8 19.3 26.9 39.7 2,429
North East 54.3 15.5 14.1 10.4 42.5 21.7 26.5 34.7 2,505
North West 53.6 7.9 9.4 6.4 24.1 10.6 11.3 38.0 5,071
South East 42.5 13.4 15.0 11.6 31.2 17.1 19.5 44.9 1,551
South South 39.7 16.1 23.0 10.2 38.2 29.7 28.4 39.4 2,205
South West 46.7 11.1 11.6 4.3 38.6 19.2 18.3 37.1 3,001
Education
No education 52.0 12.8 10.5 7.0 29.9 15.7 17.7 38.9 7,830
Primary 47.5 17.0 14.4 8.2 34.0 19.1 22.1 39.6 3,775
Secondary 48.3 13.7 18.1 8.2 39.6 21.8 23.8 35.4 3,950
Wealth quintile
Lowest 51.5 13.8 11.7 7.3 30.3 16.4 19.0 39.6 3,842
Second 52.7 14.2 11.8 7.2 31.3 15.4 18.3 37.3 3,584
Middle 49.3 15.6 13.7 8.2 33.8 18.6 21.2 38.2 3,111
Fourth 47.3 14.7 15.5 8.4 35.5 19.6 23.1 39.3 3,035
Highest 44.4 9.7 14.7 6.7 38.3 21.6 19.5 37.5 3,190
Total 49.2 13.6 13.4 7.5 33.6 18.2 20.1 38.4 16,762
Note: Husband/partner refers to the current husband/partner for currently married women and the most recent husband/partner for
divorced, separated or widowed women.
1
Includes 44 unweighted cases (not shown in the table) for which employment status is missing.

16.9 FORMS OF SPOUSAL VIOLENCE
To measure spousal violence, information was obtained in the 2008 NDHS from ever-married
women on whether they had ever experienced violent acts committed by their husband or partner. In
the survey, spousal violence was measured using a shortened and modified Conflict Tactics Scale
(CTS) (Straus, 1990). Women were asked the following eight questions:
(Does/did) your (last) husband ever do any of the following things to you?
a) Push you, shake you, or throw something at you?
b) Slap you?
c) Twist your arm or pull your hair?
d) Punch you with his fist or with something that could hurt you?
e) Kick you, drag you or beat you up?
f) Try to choke you or burn you on purpose?
g) Threaten or attack you with a knife, gun, or any other weapon?
h) Physically force you to have sexual intercourse with him even when you did not want
to?
These clearly worded questions were asked to estimate the prevalence of physical (a-g) and
sexual violence (h). For women who were currently married, the questions were asked with reference
to the current husband and for women who were formerly but not currently married, they were asked
with reference to women’s most recent husband. Women could respond ‘yes’ or ‘no’ to each item. A
‘yes’ response to one or more items (a) to (g) above constitutes evidence of physical violence, while a
‘yes’ response to item (h) constitutes evidence of sexual violence. In each case of a ‘yes’ response, if
the woman was currently married, she was asked about the frequency of the act in the 12 months
preceding the survey (often, sometimes, or not at all). Note that widowed women were asked about
the experience of spousal violence by their most recent husband or partner, but they were not asked
about their experience of violence in the past 12 months.
Table 16.9 shows the percentage of ever-married women who experienced physical, sexual,
and emotional violence from their husband or partner. It should be noted that different types of
violence are not mutually exclusive and women may report multiple forms of violence. Research
suggests that physical violence in intimate relationships is often accompanied by psychological abuse
and, in one-third to over half of cases, by sexual abuse (Krug et al., 2002).
The results from the 2008 NDHS shows that 18 percent of ever-married women reported
having ever experienced physical violence from their current or most recent husband, 4 percent
reported sexual violence, and 24 percent reported emotional violence. Figure 16.1 shows the
proportion of ever-married women who ever experienced different forms of violence committed by
their current or most recent husband, and violence experienced during the 12 months preceding the
survey.
Table 16.9 shows that the most common form of spousal physical violence is slapping (16
percent), followed by kicking, dragging or beating her up (6 percent), and pushing, shaking or
throwing something at her (5 percent). Fourteen percent of women reported that they had experienced
at least one form of these violent acts from their husband or partner in the 12 months preceding the
survey.
Three percent of women said that their husband or partner had forced them to have sex
against their will, and 2 percent reported that they had been forced to perform sexual acts they did not
want to do. The proportions of women who reported experiencing these acts of sexual violence by
their husband or partner in the past 12 months were similar.

Table 16.9 Forms of spousal violence
Percentage of ever-married women age 15-49 who experienced various forms of violence committed by their
husband/partner ever and in the 12 months preceding the survey, Nigeria 2008
In the past 12 months1

Often or
Ever Often Sometimes sometimes
Physical violence
Any 17.5 1.9 12.4 14.2
Pushed her, shook her, or threw something at her 5.4 0.6 3.8 4.4
Slapped her 16.0 1.4 11.4 12.8
Twisted her arm or pulled her hair 4.0 0.5 2.6 3.2
Punched her with his fist or with something that could hurt her 4.2 0.5 2.6 3.1
Kicked her, dragged her, or beat her up 6.0 0.7 3.9 4.6
Tried to choke her or burn her on purpose 1.0 0.2 0.5 0.6
Threatened her or attacked her with a knife, gun, or
any other weapon 1.4 0.2 0.7 0.9
Sexual violence
Any 3.9 0.6 2.6 3.2
Physically forced her to have sexual intercourse with
him even when she did not want to 3.4 0.5 2.2 2.7
Forced her to perform any sexual acts she did not want to 2.3 0.3 1.5 1.8
Emotional violence
Any 23.6 2.8 18.2 21.0
Said or did something to humiliate her in front of others 14.9 1.7 11.6 13.3
Threatened to hurt or harm her or someone close to her 6.4 1.0 4.3 5.3
Insulted her or made her feel bad about herself 16.6 1.9 12.7 14.6
Any form of physical and/or sexual violence 18.3 2.2 13.0 15.2
Any form of physical and sexual violence 3.0 0.3 1.8 2.1
Any form of emotional, physical and/or sexual violence 30.5 3.9 23.1 27.0
Any form of emotional, physical and sexual violence 2.5 0.2 1.4 1.6
Number of ever married women 16,762 16,262 16,262 16,262
Note: Husband/partner refers to the current husband/partner for currently married women and the most recent
husband/partner for divorced, separated or widowed women.
na = Not applicable
1
Excludes widows
The most common form of emotional spousal violence is a spouse insulting or making his
wife feel bad about herself (17 percent), followed by humiliating her in front of others (15 percent),
and threatening to harm her or someone close to her (6 percent). The percentages of women
experiencing these forms of emotional violence during the 12 months preceding the survey were
similar to those of women who ever experienced them.
Overall, 31 percent of ever-married women have ever experienced emotional, physical, or

sexual violence by their husbands or partners, and 27 percent have done so in the past 12 months.
Eighteen percent of ever-married women have experienced either physical or sexual violence, and 15
percent have experienced physical or sexual violence in the 12 months preceding the survey.

Figure 16.1 Forms of Spousal Violence
Pushed her, shook her, or threw something at her 5

4
Slapped her 16
13
Twisted her arm or pulled her hair 4

3
Punched her with his fist or with something that 4
could hurt her 3
Kicked her, dragged her, or beat her up 6

5
Tried to choke her or burn her on purpose 1

1
Threatened her or attacked her with a knife, gun, or 1
any other weapon 1
Physically forced her to have sexual intercourse 3
with him even when she did not want to 3
Forced her to perform any sexual acts she did not want to 2
2
At least one of these acts 18

15
0 5 10 15 20
Percent
Ever Past 12 months
NDHS 2008-09
16.10 SPOUSAL VIOLENCE BY BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS
Table 16.10 shows the percentage of ever-married women who have experienced emotional,
physical, or sexual spousal violence by selected background characteristics. Twenty-four percent of
ever-married women reported emotional spousal violence, 18 percent reported physical spousal
violence, and 4 percent reported sexual spousal violence. Overall, 31 percent of ever-married women
have ever experienced emotional, physical, or sexual violence committed by their husband or partner.
Women age 15-19 are least likely to have experienced each of the three types of spousal
violence. Women in the 25-29 age group are more likely than women of other ages to have
experienced each of the three types of violence. Women who are employed and not paid for cash are
the most likely to report that they have ever experienced spousal emotional, physical, or sexual
violence, while women who are unemployed are least likely to have experienced these types of
violence (38 percent compared with 26 percent, respectively). The likelihood of having experienced
each of the three types of violence increases with the number of living children from 23 percent
among women with no children to 34 percent among women with five or more children. By marital
status, women who are divorced, separated, or widowed were the most likely to report spousal abuse
(44 percent). Rural women are more likely than their urban counterparts to have ever experienced all
three types of spousal abuse (32 percent compared with 28 percent, respectively). Among the zones,
women in South South reported the highest proportion of spousal abuse (46 percent), while women in
South West reported the lowest proportion (18 percent). There was no clear pattern by level of
education or wealth status.
A family history of domestic violence is strongly associated with a respondent’s own

experience of domestic violence. Among women whose fathers beat their mothers, 53 percent have
themselves experience emotional, physical, or sexual violence, compared with 26 percent of women
whose fathers did not beat their mothers.

Table 16.10 Spousal violence by background characteristics
Percentage of ever-married women age 15-49 who ever experienced emotional, physical, or sexual violence
committed by their husband/partner, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Emotional,
Physical or physical or
Background Emotional Physical Sexual sexual sexual Number of
characteristic violence violence violence violence violence women
Current age
15-19 18.7 9.1 3.3 10.3 22.4 1,322
20-24 24.0 16.2 4.3 17.2 30.7 2,601
25-29 24.6 19.7 4.6 20.6 32.4 3,608
30-39 23.6 18.7 3.6 19.4 30.8 5,472
40-49 24.2 17.4 3.5 18.1 31.0 3,759

Not employed 20.5 12.1 3.2 12.9 25.6 4,744

0 17.7 11.0 2.8 12.4 22.7 1,713
1-2 22.5 16.9 3.6 17.6 29.4 5,358
3-4 23.6 18.1 4.1 18.9 30.9 5,097
5+ 27.2 19.8 4.4 20.6 34.4 4,594

Currently married woman 22.9 16.6 3.7 17.4 29.8 15,852
Married only once 22.4 16.8 3.6 17.5 29.5 13,720
0-4 years 18.2 13.6 3.4 14.6 24.4 3,459
5-9 years 23.5 18.1 3.9 18.8 30.7 3,074
10+ years 24.0 17.7 3.5 18.4 31.4 7,186
Married more than once 26.0 15.3 4.6 16.7 31.9 2,132
Residence
Urban 20.6 16.9 3.4 17.7 27.5 5,289
Rural 25.0 17.7 4.1 18.6 31.9 11,473
Zone
North Central 29.3 25.4 4.1 26.0 37.7 2,429
North East 22.2 14.8 5.7 16.6 28.0 2,505
North West 25.6 6.5 1.6 6.9 27.8 5,071
South East 28.8 23.0 5.9 23.9 35.4 1,551
South South 28.7 37.6 8.8 39.4 45.8 2,205
South West 10.6 14.2 1.3 14.4 17.6 3,001
Education
No education 23.3 10.9 2.8 11.7 27.0 7,830
Primary 27.6 26.1 5.5 26.9 38.1 3,775
Secondary 22.9 23.8 4.8 24.7 33.1 3,950
Wealth quintile
Lowest 24.1 13.3 3.3 14.2 29.0 3,842
Second 24.7 14.3 3.2 15.0 30.0 3,584
Middle 27.4 21.6 5.6 22.4 35.2 3,111
Fourth 23.2 22.4 4.8 23.2 32.7 3,035
Highest 18.6 17.4 3.0 18.3 26.3 3,190
Respondent's father beat

her mother
Yes 37.9 43.0 9.6 44.5 53.3 1,714
No 20.8 13.4 3.1 14.2 26.3 13,580
Don’t know 33.9 26.5 5.2 27.0 43.3 1,361
Missing 31.7 15.3 0.5 15.8 37.6 107
Total 23.6 17.5 3.9 18.3 30.5 16,762
Note: Husband/partner refers to the current husband/partner for currently married women and the most
recent husband/partner for divorced, separated or widowed women.
1

16.11 VIOLENCE BY SPOUSAL CHARACTERISTICS AND WOMEN’S INDICATORS
The section examines husbands’ characteristics that will help to understand some of the
underlying contributing factors to spousal violence. Table 16.11 presents information on ever-married
women age 15-49 who have ever experienced emotional, physical or sexual violence committed by
their husband or partner, by selected characteristics and empowerment indicators. Women whose
husbands have no education are less likely than husbands of other women to have experienced any of
the three types of spousal violence. For example, 27 percent of women with uneducated husbands
have experienced emotional, physical, or sexual violence, compared with 36 percent of women whose
husbands have primary education.
Women who say their husband or partner gets drunk often were more likely to report
emotional, physical, or sexual violence (68 percent) than women whose husbands drinks but does not
get drunk (44 percent) and women whose husband does not drink (26 percent). There are no clear
patterns between spousal violence and spousal age difference or education difference; however,
women who are older than their husband and who have less education than their husband are slightly
more likely than other women to experience emotional, physical or sexual violence.
Controlling behaviours are strongly associated with spousal violence. For example, 19 percent
of women whose husbands exhibit none of the controlling behaviours have experienced emotional,
physical, or sexual violence, compared with 55 percent of women whose husbands exhibit five to six
of the controlling behaviours. Each of the three types of spousal violence increases as the number of
controlling behaviours practiced by the husband increases.
The three empowerment indicators do not appear to have a consistently protective relationship
with spousal violence. Decision-making does not have the expected association with spousal violence:
women who participate in the smallest number of decisions are least likely to experience spousal
violence. On the other hand, as expected, women who agree with none of the five reasons justifying
wife beating are less likely to experience each of the three types of spousal violence than other
women.

Table 16.11 Spousal violence by husband's characteristics and empowerment indicators
Percentage of ever-married women age 15-49 who have ever experienced emotional, physical or sexual violence
committed by their husband/partner, by selected characteristics and empowerment indicators, Nigeria 2008
Emotional,
Physical or physical or
Characteristic and Emotional Physical Sexual sexual sexual Number of
empowerment indicator violence violence violence violence violence women
Husband/partner's education
No education 22.9 10.9 2.8 11.7 26.5 6,413
Primary 26.7 22.5 5.5 23.5 35.5 3,532
Secondary+ 22.6 21.3 4.1 22.1 31.7 6,558
Don’t know/missing 26.9 14.6 1.8 15.7 33.6 260
Husband/partner's alcohol
consumption
Does not drink 20.4 11.9 2.7 12.6 25.5 13,589
Drinks/never gets drunk 26.8 33.6 7.8 35.4 43.7 710
Gets drunk sometimes 38.3 41.3 7.6 42.8 52.8 1,868
Gets drunk very often 54.0 58.8 16.5 60.2 68.4 488
Spousal age difference1
Wife older 24.4 20.2 4.2 20.6 33.9 196
Wife is same age 22.1 15.3 5.5 18.3 29.7 201
Wife's 1-4 years younger 21.9 20.8 3.6 21.5 31.3 2,462
Wife's 5-9 years younger 22.7 18.2 4.2 19.0 30.2 5,265
Wife's 10+ years younger 23.4 14.0 3.3 14.8 28.9 7,447
Missing 22.0 16.2 3.5 16.7 29.6 282
Spousal education difference
Husband better educated 25.3 21.2 4.4 22.1 34.2 5,756
Wife better educated 24.3 21.9 5.2 22.8 33.0 2,271
Both equally educated 22.0 22.3 4.5 23.3 31.5 2,667
Neither educated 22.3 9.7 2.5 10.4 25.2 5,692
Number of marital-control
behaviours displayed by
husband/partner
0 13.8 9.6 1.5 10.1 18.7 6,436
1-2 24.1 15.9 3.2 16.6 31.0 6,962
3-4 40.4 33.5 8.8 35.2 51.4 2,586
5-6 45.5 43.0 14.3 45.1 55.2 779
women participate1
0 23.6 10.0 2.3 10.6 27.6 6,106
1-2 26.8 20.3 5.9 21.5 35.3 3,151
3-4 20.4 20.8 4.0 21.7 29.2 6,595
with husband
0 14.9 10.4 2.0 10.7 19.4 1,759
1-2 27.3 16.7 4.1 17.6 33.6 7,310
3 22.2 19.9 4.2 20.7 30.1 7,693
Number of reasons for which wife
beating is justified
0 19.9 14.6 2.9 15.3 26.0 8,895
1-2 25.1 21.4 4.7 22.2 32.6 2,989
3-4 32.3 23.3 5.6 24.1 41.0 2,765
5 26.0 16.6 4.7 18.0 33.0 2,114
Total 23.6 17.5 3.9 18.3 30.5 16,762
Note: Husband/partner refers to the current husband/partner for currently married women and the most recent
husband/partner for divorced, separated or widowed women.
1
Includes only currently married women

16.12 FREQUENCY OF SPOUSAL VIOLENCE
Table 16.12 shows the percent distribution of ever-married women who have ever
experienced emotional violence and physical or sexual violence perpetrated by their husband or
partner by how often it occurred in the 12 months prior to the survey, according to background
characteristics.
Table 16.12 Frequency of spousal violence among those who report violence
Percent distribution of ever-married women age 15-49 (excluding widows) who have ever experienced emotional violence committed
by their current or most recent husband/partner by frequency of violence in the 12 months preceding the survey, and percent
distribution of ever-married women age 15-49 who have ever experienced physical or sexual violence committed by their current or
most recent husband/partner by frequency of violence in the 12 months preceding the survey, according to background characteristics,
Nigeria 2008
Frequency of emotional violence Frequency of physical or sexual violence

in the past 12 months in the past 12 months
Background Not Number Not Number of
characteristic Often Sometimes at all Total of women Often Sometimes at all Total women
Current age
15-19 12.0 82.9 5.1 100.0 243 16.7 74.5 8.7 100.0 133
20-24 11.0 82.0 7.0 100.0 597 14.4 75.6 10.0 100.0 439
25-29 11.6 80.2 8.2 100.0 854 11.6 74.0 14.4 100.0 717
30-39 12.2 77.6 10.2 100.0 1,222 11.5 70.7 17.8 100.0 1,014
40-49 14.2 76.2 9.7 100.0 825 11.1 70.3 18.5 100.0 614
Not employed 11.0 80.5 8.5 100.0 935 13.6 73.2 13.2 100.0 586
Employed for cash 12.6 78.8 8.6 100.0 2,269 11.3 72.0 16.7 100.0 1,710
Employed not for cash 13.4 76.8 9.9 100.0 524 13.0 72.6 14.4 100.0 615
0 10.2 81.5 8.3 100.0 290 13.0 75.4 11.5 100.0 202
1-2 14.0 78.2 7.8 100.0 1,151 12.7 73.9 13.4 100.0 905
3-4 11.9 79.0 9.2 100.0 1,132 12.6 71.7 15.7 100.0 925
5+ 11.5 78.9 9.6 100.0 1,167 10.8 70.7 18.5 100.0 885
Currently married woman 11.1 81.0 7.8 100.0 3,529 11.2 74.2 14.6 100.0 2,717
Married only once 10.3 81.8 7.9 100.0 3,000 11.1 74.1 14.8 100.0 2,371
0-4 years 11.6 80.3 8.1 100.0 613 13.3 73.6 13.1 100.0 497
5-9 years 8.6 84.5 7.0 100.0 704 10.9 76.2 12.9 100.0 570
10+ years 10.6 81.2 8.2 100.0 1,684 10.3 73.4 16.3 100.0 1,304
Married more than once 15.6 77.0 7.4 100.0 530 12.4 74.7 12.9 100.0 346
Divorced/separated 31.6 43.3 25.1 100.0 211 24.3 47.5 28.2 100.0 201
Residence
Urban 13.1 77.0 9.9 100.0 1,022 13.3 69.7 17.0 100.0 895
Rural 12.0 79.6 8.4 100.0 2,719 11.6 73.5 14.9 100.0 2,023
Zone
North Central 11.3 77.8 10.9 100.0 675 11.0 73.1 15.9 100.0 595
North East 12.3 85.6 2.1 100.0 525 15.1 81.1 3.8 100.0 406
North West 9.5 83.9 6.7 100.0 1,227 9.3 78.1 12.6 100.0 321
South East 16.0 75.8 8.2 100.0 418 16.0 63.9 20.2 100.0 352
South South 12.8 67.4 19.8 100.0 601 10.2 64.1 25.7 100.0 830
South West 19.6 76.9 3.5 100.0 294 13.6 81.8 4.6 100.0 415
Education
No education 11.2 82.2 6.7 100.0 1,723 12.8 77.4 9.8 100.0 867
Primary 13.6 75.3 11.1 100.0 976 12.5 68.5 19.1 100.0 955
Secondary 13.9 75.7 10.4 100.0 859 11.7 72.0 16.2 100.0 939
More than secondary 8.0 82.6 9.4 100.0 183 9.0 69.8 21.2 100.0 156
Wealth quintile
Lowest 10.2 82.6 7.2 100.0 878 11.5 79.0 9.5 100.0 510
Second 10.7 82.9 6.4 100.0 829 13.6 73.6 12.9 100.0 512
Middle 15.1 75.2 9.7 100.0 804 13.1 69.5 17.4 100.0 656
Fourth 14.0 75.4 10.6 100.0 667 11.0 69.7 19.3 100.0 683
Highest 11.7 76.8 11.5 100.0 562 11.7 71.7 16.7 100.0 557
Total 12.3 78.9 8.8 100.0 3,740 12.1 72.3 15.5 100.0 2,918
1

The results show that 79 percent of ever-married women who have ever experienced
emotional violence from their husbands or partners experienced emotional violence ‘sometimes’ in
the past 12 months, and 12 percent experienced it ‘often.’ Among ever-married women who have ever
experienced physical or sexual violence from their husbands or partners, 72 percent reported that it
occurred sometimes in the past 12 months, and 12 percent reported that physical or sexual violence
occurred often during the past year.
Women in urban and rural areas experienced almost the same level of emotional violence
from their husband or partner ‘often’ during the 12 months preceding the survey (13 and 12 percent,
respectively). An analysis of the zones shows that South West has the highest percentage (20 percent)
of women who reported experiencing emotional violence often in the 12 months preceding the survey
and North West has the lowest percentage (10 percent). However, for physical or sexual violence,
women in South East (16 percent) and North East (15 percent) are most likely to experience these
forms of spousal violence often in the 12 months preceding the survey.
16.13 ONSET OF SPOUSAL VIOLENCE
To obtain information on the timing of the onset of marital violence, the 2008 NDHS asked
ever-married women who experienced physical or sexual spousal violence when the first episode of
violence took place. Table 16.13 shows the interval between marriage and the first episode of spousal
physical or sexual violence.
The results show that the majority of ever-married women have not experienced physical or
sexual violence by their husbands or partners (82 percent). However, 6 percent of all ever-married
women reported that physical or sexual violence began to occur during the first two years after
marriage. Two percent of women reported that violence was initiated less than a year into the
marriage, and 5 percent said that violence was initiated three to five years after marriage. Less than 1
percent reported that violence began prior to marriage.
Table 16.13 Onset of marital violence
Percent distribution of ever-married women by number of years between marriage and first experience of physical or sexual violence
by their husband/partner, if ever, according to marital status and duration, Nigeria 2008
Years between marriage and first experience of violence1

Don't
Marital status Experienced Before <1 1-2 3-5 6-9 10+ know/ Number of
and duration no violence marriage year years years years years missing2 Total women
Currently married 82.6 0.9 2.2 5.8 4.4 1.6 1.6 0.9 100.0 15,852
Married only once 82.5 1.0 2.1 5.9 4.5 1.6 1.6 0.9 100.0 13,720
<1 year 90.4 2.6 5.7 na na na na 1.3 100.0 690
1-2 years 86.1 1.3 4.2 6.9 na na na 1.5 100.0 1,452
3-5 years 80.9 1.5 2.9 9.4 4.1 na na 1.2 100.0 1,995
6-9 years 81.8 0.7 1.5 7.4 5.3 2.3 na 0.9 100.0 2,397
10+ years 81.6 0.7 1.3 4.7 5.6 2.3 3.1 0.6 100.0 7,186
Married more than once 83.3 0.6 2.6 5.5 4.2 1.5 1.4 0.9 100.0 2,132
Divorced/separated/widowed 66.0 1.2 2.8 12.8 8.9 3.8 3.5 1.1 100.0 910
Total 81.7 0.9 2.2 6.2 4.7 1.7 1.7 0.9 100.0 16,762
1
For couples who are not married but are living together as if married, the time of marriage refers to the time when the respondent
first started living together with her partner.
2
Includes women for whom the timing of the first experience of violence and duration of marriage are inconsistent.
na = Not applicable

16.14 TYPES OF INJURIES TO WOMEN BECAUSE OF SPOUSAL VIOLENCE
Table 16.14 presents information on the types of injuries received by ever-married women as
a result of spousal violence by whether they ever experienced spousal violence and their experience of
spousal violence in the 12 months preceding the survey. The results shows very little difference in the
prevalence of injuries by whether the violence was experienced ever or within the past 12 months. For
all the specified types of violence, the injuries most commonly resulting from spousal violence are
cuts, bruises or aches. These are followed by eye injuries, sprains, dislocations, or burns.
Among women who have ever experienced physical violence, 30 percent received an injury—
27 percent had cuts, bruises, or aches while 12 percent had eye injuries, sprains, dislocations, or
burns. Among women who have ever experienced sexual violence, 38 percent received injuries—35
percent had cuts, bruises, or aches, 18 percent had eye injuries, sprains, dislocations, or burns, and 12
percent had deep wounds, broken bones, broken teeth, or other serious injury.
Table 16.14 Injuries to women due to spousal violence
Percentage of ever-married women age 15-49 who have experienced specific types of spousal violence by
type of injury received from husband/partner and whether they experienced the violence ever and in the 12
months preceding the survey, Nigeria 2008
Deep
wounds,
broken
Eye injuries, bones, Number of
Cuts, sprains, broken teeth, Any of ever-
bruises, or Severe dislocations, or any other these married
Type of violence aches burns or burns serious injury injuries women
Experienced physical violence1
Ever2 27.1 6.2 12.4 6.6 30.4 2,929
In the past 12 months3 28.2 6.9 13.4 6.7 32.1 2,317
Experienced sexual violence4

Ever2 34.5 8.1 18.0 11.6 37.6 652
In the past 12 months3 37.1 9.4 19.6 11.8 40.4 514
Experienced physical or sexual

violence4
Ever2 26.3 5.9 12.0 6.3 29.5 3,070
In the past 12 months3 27.4 6.6 12.8 6.4 31.1 2,465
recent husband/partner for divorced, separated or widowed women.
1
Excludes women who experienced physical violence only during pregnancy
2
Includes in the past 12 months
3
Excludes widows
4
Excludes women whose sexual initiation was forced but who have not experienced any other form of
physical or sexual violence
16.15 VIOLENCE BY WOMEN AGAINST THEIR SPOUSE
In cases of domestic violence either the man or the woman can be the instigator of violent
behaviour. Ever-married women were asked about instances when they said or did something to
physically harm their husband or partner at times when he was not already physically hurting them.
Table 16.15 shows the percentage of ever-married women who committed physical violence against
their husband or partner when he was not already harming them, by selected characteristics. Overall, 2
percent of ever-married women reported that they had initiated physical violence against their
husband or partner when he was not already beating or physically hurting them.

Table 16.15 Violence by women against their spouse
Percentage of ever-married women age 15-49 who have committed physical violence against their
husband/partner when he was not already beating or physically hurting them, ever and in the past 12
months, by women's own experience of spousal violence and their own and husband/partner's
Percentage of ever-married women who have committed physical

violence against their current or most recent husband/partner
In the past 12 months
Number of Number of
Characteristic Ever women Often Sometimes Any women1
Woman's experience of spousal
physical violence
Ever 11.0 2,929 0.5 5.1 5.6 2,827
In the past 12 months 11.5 2,317 0.6 6.0 6.6 2,317
Not past 12 months/widow
/missing 9.0 612 0.2 0.7 0.9 510
Never 0.3 13,833 0.0 0.1 0.1 13,435
Current age
15-19 0.9 1,322 0.1 0.4 0.4 1,319
20-24 1.7 2,601 0.1 1.0 1.1 2,586
25-29 2.2 3,608 0.1 1.0 1.1 3,580
30-39 2.5 5,472 0.1 1.2 1.3 5,336
40-49 2.4 3,759 0.1 0.8 0.9 3,442

Not employed 1.3 4,744 0.1 0.6 0.7 4,695
Employed for cash 2.5 9,775 0.1 1.1 1.2 9,434
Employed not for cash 2.6 2,202 0.1 1.4 1.5 2,097

0 1.7 1,713 0.0 1.1 1.1 1,698
1-2 2.0 5,358 0.1 0.8 0.9 5,262
3-4 2.3 5,097 0.0 1.1 1.1 4,950
5+ 2.3 4,594 0.2 1.1 1.3 4,352
Residence
Urban 2.6 5,289 0.1 1.0 1.1 5,117
Rural 2.0 11,473 0.1 1.0 1.0 11,146
Zone
North Central 2.3 2,429 0.1 1.5 1.6 2,322
North East 1.3 2,505 0.1 0.9 0.9 2,467
North West 0.5 5,071 0.0 0.1 0.1 5,006
South East 2.8 1,551 0.2 0.9 1.0 1,434
South South 6.0 2,205 0.2 2.8 3.0 2,097
South West 2.4 3,001 0.1 0.9 1.0 2,936
Wealth quintile
Lowest 0.9 3,842 0.0 0.6 0.6 3,765
Second 1.6 3,584 0.1 0.8 0.9 3,481
Middle 2.3 3,111 0.1 1.0 1.1 2,977
Fourth 3.0 3,035 0.2 1.4 1.6 2,918
Highest 3.4 3,190 0.0 1.3 1.3 3,120
Continued. ...

Table 16.15—Continued
Percentage of ever-married women who have committed physical

violence against their current or most recent husband/partner
In the past 12 months
Number of Number of
Characteristic Ever women Often Sometimes Any women1
Currently married woman 1.9 15,852 0.1 1.0 1.0 15,852
Married only once 1.9 13,720 0.1 1.0 1.1 13,720
0-4 years 1.6 3,459 0.1 0.8 1.0 3,459
5-9 years 2.1 3,074 0.0 1.1 1.1 3,074
10+ years 1.9 7,186 0.1 1.0 1.1 7,186
Married more than once 1.9 2,132 0.1 0.8 1.0 2,132
Divorced/separated/widowed 6.7 910 0.2 2.0 2.2 410
Education
No education 1.0 7,830 0.1 0.5 0.6 7,658
Primary 2.9 3,775 0.1 1.4 1.5 3,575
Secondary 3.5 3,950 0.1 1.4 1.5 3,861
Husband/partner's education
No education 1.1 6,413 0.0 0.6 0.6 6,228
Primary 2.9 3,532 0.2 1.5 1.6 3,391
Secondary+ 2.9 6,558 0.1 1.2 1.3 6,393
Don’t know/missing 0.0 260 0.0 0.0 0.0 250
Husband/partner's alcohol
consumption
Does not drink 1.0 13,589 0.0 0.4 0.5 13,250
Drinks/never gets drunk 4.4 710 0.0 1.2 1.2 680
Gets drunk sometimes 7.2 1,868 0.1 4.0 4.1 1,771
Gets drunk very often 10.9 488 1.3 5.2 6.5 456
Spousal age difference3

Wife older 5.1 196 0.9 2.0 2.9 196
Wife is same age 2.2 201 0.3 0.8 1.1 201
Wife's 1-4 years younger 2.6 2,462 0.1 1.3 1.4 2,462
Wife's 5-9 years younger 2.1 5,265 0.1 1.0 1.1 5,265
Wife's 10+ years younger 1.5 7,447 0.1 0.8 0.8 7,447
Missing 1.2 282 0.0 0.5 0.5 282
Spousal education difference

Husband better educated 2.3 5,756 0.1 1.0 1.1 5,595
Wife better educated 3.5 2,271 0.0 1.6 1.7 2,174
Both equally educated 3.4 2,667 0.1 1.6 1.7 2,570
Neither educated 0.9 5,692 0.0 0.5 0.5 5,561
Total 2.2 16,762 0.1 1.0 1.1 16,262
recent husband/partner for divorced, separated. or widowed women.
1
Excludes widows
2
Includes 44 unweighted cases (not shown in the table) for which employment status is missing
3
Currently married women

Among women who have experienced physical violence by their husband or partner, 11
percent committed the physical violence against their husband or partner when he was not already
beating or physically hurting them. Women age 30 and older are slightly more likely than younger
women to have initiated physical violence against their current or most recent husband or partner.
Women age 15-19 were the least likely to have initiated marital violence (less than 1 percent).
Women who are employed, whether for cash or not, are more likely to initiate physical violence
against their husband or partner than unemployed women (3 percent each compared with 1 percent)
The analysis by residence shows that women who live in urban areas are slightly more likely
than women in rural areas to have ever initiated physical violence against their husband or partner (3
percent compared with 2 percent). By zones, South South has the highest percentage of women who
ever initiated physical violence against their husband or partner (6 percent), while North West has the
lowest percentage (less than 1 percent). The likelihood of women initiating physical violence against
their husband or partner increases with the household wealth quintile, from less than 1 percent among
women in the lowest wealth quintile to 3 percent among women in the highest wealth quintile.
Table 16.15 indicates that women who are divorced, separated, or widowed are more likely to
have initiated physical violence against their husband or partner than other women (7 percent).
Women with no education are less likely to initiate physical violence against their spouse than other
women—less than 1 percent, compared with 4 percent among women with secondary education and 3
percent among women with more than secondary education. Women whose husband or partner gets
drunk often are more likely to initiate physical violence than women whose husband does not drink
(11 and 1 percent, respectively). Women who are older than their husband or have more education
than their husband are more likely than other women to initiate physical violence against their
husband or partner.
16.16 HELP-SEEKING BEHAVIOUR BY WOMEN WHO EXPERIENCE VIOLENCE
The section describes help-seeking behaviour of women age 15-49 who have ever
experienced physical or sexual violence. Table 16.16 the percent distribution of women who have
ever experienced physical or sexual violence by whether they sought help to stop the violence, and for
those who did not seek help, whether or not they told anyone. According to the 2008 NDHS, nearly
half (45 percent) of women who experienced physical or sexual violence never told anyone. An
additional 8 percent told someone about the violence but did not seek help. One in three women (34
percent) who experienced physical or sexual violence sought help to stop the violence.
Women who have experienced both physical and sexual violence are more likely to have
sought help (51 percent) than women who experienced only physical violence (29 percent) or only
sexual violence (38 percent). Women who are unemployed are less likely to seek help (28 percent),
compared with women who are either employed for cash (35 percent), or who are employed but are
not paid in cash (37 percent). Divorced, separated, and widowed women are more likely to have
sought help to end the violence (46 percent) than women who are currently married (33 percent) or
women who are never-married (31 percent).
Women in rural areas reported a higher percentage of help seeking behaviour to stop violence
than their counterparts in urban areas (36 percent compared with 30 percent). There is notable
variation in help-seeking by zone. Women in South East are most likely to have ever sought
assistance to end violence against them (43 percent) while women in North West are least likely to
have done so (24 percent).

Table 16.16 Help seeking to stop violence
Percent distribution of women age 15-49 who have ever experienced physical or sexual violence by whether
sought help from any source, and for those who did not seek help the percentage who never told anyone
and the percentage who told someone, according to type of violence and background characteristics,
Nigeria 2008
Never sought help to

stop violence
Percentage Percentage Sought help Missing/
Type of violence/ who never who told from any don’t Number of
background characteristic told anyone someone source know Total women
Type of violence
Physical only 47.5 8.2 29.2 15.0 100.0 4,811
Sexual only 46.8 6.4 37.7 9.1 100.0 383
Both physical and sexual 32.7 7.7 50.6 9.0 100.0 1,130
Current age
15-19 48.5 10.0 28.9 12.6 100.0 1,102
20-24 46.6 9.9 32.1 11.5 100.0 1,193
25-29 41.3 7.6 35.9 15.2 100.0 1,331
30-39 44.6 7.0 35.7 12.7 100.0 1,657
40-49 43.8 5.9 33.9 16.4 100.0 1,042

Not employed 49.6 8.5 28.2 13.7 100.0 1,921

0 48.0 10.2 30.3 11.5 100.0 1,983
1-2 43.5 7.8 35.5 13.2 100.0 1,649
3-4 42.2 6.4 34.7 16.6 100.0 1,397
5+ 44.5 6.6 34.9 14.1 100.0 1,294

Never married 47.8 11.3 31.0 9.9 100.0 1,703
Currently married women 44.5 6.8 33.4 15.2 100.0 4,212
Married only once 45.3 6.7 33.0 14.9 100.0 3,657
0-4 years 46.9 6.7 32.2 14.3 100.0 935
5-9 years 43.9 7.9 34.8 13.4 100.0 879
10+ years 45.2 6.2 32.6 15.9 100.0 1,843
Married more than once 39.2 7.6 35.9 17.3 100.0 555
Residence
Urban 47.4 8.9 30.3 13.4 100.0 2,417
Rural 43.2 7.5 35.6 13.7 100.0 3,907
Zone
North Central 44.4 9.9 32.9 12.9 100.0 1,048
North East 44.0 7.6 28.0 20.4 100.0 647
North West 44.2 7.9 23.8 24.1 100.0 752
South East 38.8 5.6 42.9 12.7 100.0 838
South South 43.5 7.8 40.5 8.1 100.0 1,813
South West 52.0 8.7 26.4 12.9 100.0 1,226
Education
No education 43.6 8.1 28.8 19.4 100.0 1,298
Primary 43.3 6.0 37.2 13.5 100.0 1,607
Secondary 46.0 8.8 34.9 10.2 100.0 2,819
More than secondary 45.9 9.2 27.6 17.3 100.0 600
Wealth quintile
Lowest 41.2 8.3 32.2 18.2 100.0 857
Second 43.4 7.0 33.4 16.2 100.0 937
Middle 44.8 7.3 36.3 11.6 100.0 1,291
Fourth 45.0 7.2 36.3 11.5 100.0 1,579
Highest 47.3 9.7 29.7 13.3 100.0 1,660
Total 44.8 8.0 33.6 13.6 100.0 6,324
Note: Excludes women whose sexual initiation was forced but who have not experienced any other form of
physical or sexual violence
1
Includes 16 unweighted cases (not shown in the table) for which employment status is missing

Uneducated women and those who have more than secondary education are less likely to have
sought help, compared with women with primary and secondary education. There is little variation in
help-seeking behaviour by wealth quintile; however, women in the middle and fourth wealth quintiles
are slightly more likely than women in the highest wealth quintile to have sought help to stop the
violence.
16.17 SOURCES OF HELP
In the 2008 NDHS, information was collected on women age 15-49 who ever experienced
physical or sexual violence and sought help to stop the violence. Table 16.17 shows the sources of
help sought by type of violence committed. The majority of women who ever experienced physical or
sexual violence sought help from their family (65 percent), while 31 percent sought help from in-laws,
and 17 percent sought help from a friend or neighbour. Three percent sought help from a religious
leader and 2 percent from the police. Less than 1 percent of women sought help from a social service
organisation.
Table 16.17 Sources from where help was sought
Percentage of women age 15-49 who have ever experienced physical or

sexual violence and sought help, and source from which help was sought,
by type of violence experienced, Nigeria 2008
Type of violence
Both
Physical Sexual physical
Source of help only only and sexual Total
Own family 66.0 60.5 64.0 65.1
In-laws 35.9 5.2 25.5 31.0
Husband/partner boyfriend 3.0 7.2 4.1 3.6
Friend/neighbour 13.0 23.6 24.8 16.9
Religious leader 2.8 0.5 3.4 2.8
Doctor/medical personnel 0.5 0.0 0.3 0.4
Police 2.1 1.2 2.4 2.1
Lawyer 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.2
Social service organisation 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.3
Other 6.0 12.6 7.4 6.8
Number of women 1,407 144 572 2,123

ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN 17
One of the outcomes of the HIV epidemic has been an increased number of children who have
been orphaned or whose social and economic vulnerability has increased due to the serious illness of a
parent or other adult member of the household. The response to the crisis in Nigeria was initially
driven by the community, with the extended family providing protection and care and support to
family members in need. The Federal Government of Nigeria has initiated a number of policy
frameworks directed at improving the situation of orphans and vulnerable children (OVCs). These
include the passage of the Child Rights Act (2003), which incorporates the UN Convention on the
Rights of the Child, and the development of a five-year National Action Plan on Orphans and
Vulnerable Children (FMWA&SD, 2006e). The Plan and the National Standard of Practice
(FMWA&SD, 2006b) prioritise key areas of intervention including protection, care and support, and
education for orphans and vulnerable children.
This chapter looks first at the prevalence of orphaned and vulnerable children in Nigeria. It
examines the extent to which children who are orphaned and vulnerable are disadvantaged in
comparison to other children on several key measures of children’s welfare, including school
attendance. The chapter then reviews information on the care and support given to households in
which there are orphaned and vulnerable children.1
In reviewing the 2008 NDHS results, it is important to remember that the survey includes
only orphans and vulnerable children living in households. Children who are living in institutions or
other non-household settings, including children living on the street, are not included in the 2008
NDHS OVC results. Thus, the 2008 NDHS results should be considered as a minimum estimate of the
problem of OVCs in Nigeria
17.1 ORPHANED AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN
In the 2008 NDHS, an orphan is defined as a child under age 18 with one or both parents
deceased. A vulnerable child is defined as a child under age 18 who has a chronically ill parent (sick
for three or more consecutive months during the past 12 months) or who lives in a household where
an adult was chronically ill or died during the 12 months preceding the survey.
17.1.1 Children’s Living Arrangements and Orphanhood
The Household Questionnaire collected information on the living arrangements for all
children under age 18 in the households included in the 2008 NDHS sample. Information was also
collected of the survival status of the children’s parents. The results are presented in Table 17.1.
In the households sampled, 71 percent of children under age 18 were living with both of their
parents. Twelve percent of children were not living with a biological parent. The percentage of
children who do not live with either of their biological parents increases with age, from about 4
percent among children age 0-4 years to 30 percent among children age 15-17. Girls are more likely to
live in households with neither biological parent present than boys (13 and 10 percent, respectively).
Children in South South and South East (15 percent) are more likely to live in households without a
biological parent present than children in other zones.
1
Orphans and Vulnerable Children | 285

The 2003 NDHS obtained information on orphanhood only for children under age 15.
However, for the purposes of comparing the results of the 2003 and 2008 NDHS surveys, Table 17.1
includes the totals regarding living arrangements for children under age 15. A comparison of the
results from the 2003 and 2008 NDHS surveys for this age group indicates similar proportions of
children are orphaned, i.e., with one or both parents deceased (6 and 5 percent, respectively).
Table 17.1 Children's living arrangements and orphanhood
Percent distribution of de jure children under age 18 by children's living arrangements and survival status of parents, and the percentage of children
not living with a biological parent, according to background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Living with Living with Not living with either parent

Percentage
mother but not father but not
Living Information not living
father mother
with Only Only missing on with a Number
Background both Father Father Mother Mother Both father mother Both father/ biological of
characteristic parents alive dead alive dead alive alive alive dead mother Total parent children
Age
0-4 81.3 10.8 1.1 2.5 0.3 3.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.3 100.0 3.9 25,726
<2 84.1 12.6 0.7 1.0 0.1 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.4 100.0 1.5 10,434
2-4 79.4 9.5 1.4 3.6 0.5 4.6 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.3 100.0 5.6 15,292
5-9 72.0 7.9 2.4 6.1 1.0 8.5 0.5 1.0 0.3 0.3 100.0 10.5 23,118
10-14 63.3 7.2 4.4 7.9 1.8 11.3 0.8 1.9 0.7 0.6 100.0 15.4 18,042
15-17 47.7 7.3 6.2 6.6 2.1 20.5 1.4 3.1 1.4 3.8 100.0 30.2 7,901
Sex
Male 71.4 8.6 2.8 6.1 1.3 7.2 0.6 1.1 0.4 0.5 100.0 9.8 38,072
Female 69.7 8.7 2.8 4.6 0.9 10.0 0.6 1.3 0.5 1.0 100.0 13.3 36,716
Residence
Urban 69.7 9.1 3.2 5.2 1.0 9.0 0.7 1.1 0.5 0.6 100.0 11.9 23,206
Rural 70.9 8.5 2.7 5.4 1.1 8.4 0.6 1.2 0.4 0.8 100.0 11.3 51,582
Zone
North Central 68.4 7.5 3.4 5.8 1.4 10.2 0.7 1.4 0.5 0.6 100.0 13.5 11,279
North East 77.9 4.9 1.3 5.9 1.0 6.7 0.4 1.0 0.2 0.7 100.0 9.0 11,407
North West 79.5 4.9 1.4 5.9 1.0 4.9 0.4 0.6 0.2 1.1 100.0 7.3 21,374
South East 61.9 12.4 6.6 3.1 1.0 10.7 0.7 2.3 0.7 0.5 100.0 15.0 7,529
South South 57.4 16.4 4.5 5.1 1.2 11.2 0.8 1.8 1.1 0.5 100.0 15.4 10,059
South West 66.5 10.9 2.7 5.1 1.0 11.4 0.7 0.9 0.3 0.6 100.0 13.8 13,141
Wealth quintile
Lowest 76.4 5.3 2.1 5.3 1.2 7.0 0.5 0.9 0.3 0.9 100.0 9.6 16,266
Second 72.6 8.2 2.7 5.1 1.2 7.7 0.4 0.9 0.4 0.8 100.0 10.3 16,180
Middle 65.9 10.3 3.9 5.8 1.2 9.7 0.7 1.5 0.5 0.6 100.0 13.0 15,054
Fourth 66.9 10.6 3.2 5.7 0.8 9.5 0.8 1.3 0.5 0.7 100.0 12.8 14,016
Highest 69.9 9.6 2.4 4.8 0.9 9.3 0.7 1.2 0.5 0.7 100.0 12.3 13,272
Total <15 73.2 8.8 2.5 5.2 1.0 7.2 0.5 0.9 0.3 0.4 100.0 9.3 66,887
Total <18 70.5 8.7 2.8 5.3 1.1 8.6 0.6 1.2 0.4 0.7 100.0 11.5 74,788
Note: Table is based on children who usually live in the household.
17.1.2 Orphaned and Vulnerable Children
Children whose parents are ill for an extended period or who live in households where other
adults suffer from chronic illness can experience significant hardships as serious illness may limit the
resources available to feed, clothe, and educate a family’s youngest members. The 2008 NDHS
included several questions to determine if any adults in the household (including the child’s parents)
had been chronically ill during the 12-month period before the survey. Adult members of a household
age 18-59 years were considered to be chronically ill if they had been very sick—i.e., too sick to work
or do normal activities—for a period of at least three months during the 12-month period before the
survey. Questions were included for children whose parents were not living in the same household at
the time of the survey to determine if the parent(s) had been chronically ill prior in the 12-month
period before the survey.
286 | Orphans and Vulnerable Children

Table 17.2 shows the proportion of children considered vulnerable because of chronic illness
of a parent or other adult during the 12-month period prior to the 2008 NDHS. The table also shows
the overall proportion of children identified in the NDHS as orphaned or vulnerable. Six percent of
children under age 18 are orphaned; that is, one or both parents are deceased. For children who are
orphaned, the percentage rises rapidly with age, from 2 percent among children under age 5 to 14
percent among children age 15-17. The proportion of urban children and rural children that are
orphaned is the same (6 percent each). North West and North East (4 percent) have the lowest
proportions of orphaned children, and South East (11 percent) has the highest.
Table 17.2 Orphans and vulnerable children (OVC)
Percentage of de jure children under age 18 years who are orphans or were made vulnerable due to the illness of at least one adult
member of the household (OVC), by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Percentage of children who:

Live in a
household Have
Live in a where at least a very sick
household one adult died parent or live OVC children
Orphan Have a very where at least in the past 12 in a household
children sick parent one adult has months and where an adult Percentage
(sick for at been very sick adult had been has been very sick of children
Percentage of least for at least very sick for at or died in the past who are
children with 3 months in 3 months in least 3 months 12 months orphans
Background one or both the past the past before he/she (vulnerable and/or Number of
characteristic parents dead 12 months)1 12 months2 died2 children)2 vulnerable children
Age
0-4 2.0 2.5 3.5 0.8 4.4 6.1 25,726
<2 1.1 2.3 3.2 0.7 4.0 4.9 10,434
2-4 2.6 2.6 3.8 0.8 4.7 7.0 15,292
5-9 5.2 2.7 3.8 0.8 4.8 9.6 23,118
10-14 9.7 3.0 4.2 0.9 5.4 14.3 18,042
15-17 14.3 2.8 3.7 1.2 5.7 18.7 7,901
Sex
Male 6.2 2.7 3.8 0.9 4.9 10.5 38,072
Female 6.1 2.7 3.8 0.9 4.9 10.5 36,716
Residence
Urban 6.4 1.8 2.5 0.6 3.3 9.3 23,206
Rural 6.0 3.1 4.4 1.0 5.6 11.0 51,582
Zone
North Central 7.5 3.0 4.6 1.6 6.5 12.9 11,279
North East 3.9 3.3 5.3 0.7 6.3 9.8 11,407
North West 3.6 3.1 4.3 0.8 5.2 8.4 21,374
South East 11.4 3.1 3.7 1.4 5.4 16.1 7,529
South South 9.4 2.8 3.8 0.9 5.0 13.6 10,059
South West 5.5 1.0 1.1 0.2 1.6 6.9 13,141
Wealth quintile
Lowest 5.1 3.3 4.6 1.0 5.8 10.4 16,266
Second 5.6 3.3 4.8 0.9 5.9 10.8 16,180
Middle 7.8 3.0 4.3 1.1 5.7 12.9 15,054
Fourth 6.7 2.3 3.2 0.8 4.3 10.4 14,016
Highest 5.7 1.3 1.6 0.4 2.3 7.7 13,272
Total <15 5.2 2.7 3.8 0.8 4.8 9.5 66,887
Total <18 6.2 2.7 3.8 0.9 4.9 10.5 74,788
Note: Table is based on children who usually live in the household. Very sick means person was too sick to work or do normal
activities.
1
Whether or not parent lives in same household as child
2
Person age 18-59 years
Among children under age 18, 3 percent have a parent who was chronically ill during the past
year, 4 percent live in households in which at least one adult (a parent or other adult household
member) was chronically ill during past year, and 1 percent live in households in which at least one
adult who had been chronically ill died during the 12 months preceding the survey. Five percent of
children under age 18 are considered to be vulnerable, i.e., they lived in households in which at least
one adult was chronically ill during the past year, or they at least one parent living in the household or

elsewhere who had experienced a chronic illness. Overall, 11 percent of children under age 18 are
considered to be orphaned and vulnerable children or OVCs.
The percentage of children under age 18 who were orphaned or vulnerable increases with age,
from 5 percent among children under age three to 19 percent among children age 15-17. Rural
children (11 percent) are more likely to be orphaned or vulnerable than urban children (9 percent). At
the zonal level, South West (7 percent) has the lowest proportion of children orphaned and vulnerable
and South East (16 percent) has the highest.
17.2 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SITUATION OF ORPHANED AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN
Information collected in the 2008 NDHS Household Questionnaire can be used to look at
several important aspects of the social and economic situation of orphaned and vulnerable children,
including information on school attendance, possession of items considered basic for meeting a
child’s material needs, residence with siblings, and nutritional status. These results provide a way to
assess the impact on children’s welfare of the chronic illness and death of a parent or other adult
household member and to monitor and evaluate OVC programmes (UNICEF, 2005).
17.2.1 School Attendance
Orphaned and vulnerable children may be at greater risk of dropping out of school. This can
happen for many reasons, such as the inability to pay school fees, the need to help with household
labour, or to stay at home to care for a sick parent or younger siblings. Table 17.3 presents school
attendance rates for children age 10-14. The first few columns contrast the situations of two groups,
children whose parents are both dead and children whose parents are both alive and the child is living
with at least one parent. The last few columns compare school attendance for the entire population of
orphaned and vulnerable children to that of children who are neither orphaned nor vulnerable.
The results in Table 17.3 indicate that, in general, orphaned and vulnerable children are more
likely to be attending school than non-OVC children; 80 percent of OVCs are currently attending
school, compared with 73 percent of non-OVC children. Double orphans (i.e., children whose father
and mother are dead) are more likely to be attending school than children whose parents are both alive
and who live with at least one parent (84 and 72 percent, respectively).

Table 17.3 School attendance by survivorship of parents and by OVC status
For de jure children age 10-14 years , the percentage attending school by survivorship of parents and by OVC status, and the ratios
of the percentages attending school for parental survival and OVC status, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Percentage of children attending school

by survivorship of parents
Both
parents Percentage of children attending school by OVC status
alive and OVC Non-OVC
child living Percentage Number Percentage Number
Both with at Number attending of attending of
Background parents least one of school OVC school non-OVC
characteristic dead Number parent children Ratio1 (OVC) children (non-OVC) children Ratio2
Sex
Male 79.7 70 75.1 7,378 1.06 82.4 1,311 76.1 7,953 1.08
Female 88.6 63 68.0 6,768 1.30 76.9 1,272 69.7 7,506 1.10
Residence
Urban (84.8) 48 89.6 4,268 (0.95) 90.2 750 89.8 4,906 1.00
Rural 83.4 85 64.0 9,878 1.30 75.4 1,833 65.2 10,553 1.16
Zone
North Central (78.4) 21 80.3 2,170 (0.98) 86.9 479 80.1 2,379 1.08
North East * 7 49.5 2,238 * 51.9 313 49.3 2,280 1.05
North West * 12 50.4 4,354 * 55.9 529 49.9 4,403 1.12
South East 96.2 30 96.1 1,263 (1.00) 95.6 445 96.3 1,482 0.99
South South 92.1 52 95.5 1,705 (0.96) 92.3 475 95.3 1,993 0.97
South West 82.6 12 93.4 2,416 * 93.5 343 93.3 2,922 1.00
Wealth quintile
Lowest * 19 35.9 3,144 * 53.0 499 36.3 3,247 1.46
Second * 17 60.7 3,091 * 70.5 542 61.7 3,244 1.14
Middle (84.6) 35 81.5 2,834 (1.04) 86.7 641 82.0 3,098 1.06
Fourth (91.9) 30 93.1 2,633 (0.99) 92.9 500 92.8 2,950 1.00
Highest (96.9) 32 97.2 2,445 (1.00) 97.7 401 96.8 2,920 1.01
Total 83.9 134 71.7 14,147 1.17 79.7 2,583 73.0 15,459 1.09
Note: Table is based on children who usually live in the household. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on few than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1
Ratio of the percentage of children attending school with both parents dead to the percentage of children attending school with
both parents living and child is living with a parent
2
Ratio of the percentage of children attending school who are OVC to the percentage of children attending who are non-OVC
17.2.2 Basic Material Needs
The 2008 NDHS obtained information on whether the minimum basic material needs of
children age 5-17 are being met. Basic material needs are considered to be met if the child has a pair
of shoes, two sets of clothes, and a blanket. Table 17.4 shows that the minimum basic material needs
are met for about 7 in 10 of all children age 5-17. In terms of the basic items, children are least likely
to have a cover cloth or blanket (71 percent) and most likely to have at least two sets of clothes (91
percent). Children who are OVCs are slightly less likely than children who are non-OVCs to possess
the three basic needs (66 and 69 percent, respectively).
Table 17.4 shows that rural orphaned and vulnerable children are less likely than urban
orphaned and vulnerable children to have all three minimum basic material needs met (61 percent
compared with 77 percent). This pattern is consistent for urban and rural children regardless of OVC
status. There are differences by zone in the likelihood that orphaned and vulnerable children’s basic
needs are met; those in North East (55 percent) have the lowest proportion meeting all three basic
needs while those in South West have the highest proportion (94 percent).

Household wealth status is closely related to whether or not basic needs are met for all
children, including OVCs. The percentage of OVCs with all three basic needs met increases from 54
percent among children in the lowest wealth quintile to 87 percent in the highest quintile.
Table 17.4 Possession of basic material needs by orphans and vulnerable children
Among de jure children age 5-17, the percentage of children possessing a minimum of three basic material needs, the percentages of
OVC and non-OVC children who possess all three basic material needs, and the ratio of the percentages of children with all three basic
needs, for OVC and non-OVC, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
OVC Non-OVC
Among children 5-17 years of age, Percentage Percentage
percentage possessing: possessing Number possessing all Number
Cover All three Number all three of three basic of
Background Two sets cloth or basic of basic needs OVC needs non-OVC
characteristic Shoes of clothes blanket needs1 children (OVC)1 children (non-OVC)1 children Ratio2
Age
5-9 87.4 90.6 69.3 67.3 23,118 62.6 2,218 67.8 20,900 0.92
10-14 88.7 91.5 71.6 69.8 18,042 66.2 2,583 70.4 15,459 0.94
15-17 88.2 90.3 73.3 71.9 7,901 69.3 1,474 72.5 6,427 0.96
Sex
Male 87.9 91.0 70.4 68.5 25,005 66.0 3,215 68.9 21,790 0.96
Female 88.0 90.7 71.2 69.4 24,056 65.3 3,061 70.0 20,996 0.93
Residence
Urban 91.7 93.2 77.9 76.9 15,257 76.6 1,807 77.0 13,450 0.99
Rural 86.3 89.8 67.5 65.4 33,805 61.2 4,468 66.0 29,336 0.93
Zone
North Central 86.5 92.7 59.3 56.7 7,670 57.5 1,168 56.5 6,502 1.02
North East 86.3 88.6 60.0 58.4 7,266 55.2 822 58.8 6,444 0.94
North West 86.6 88.0 67.5 65.6 13,610 66.1 1,319 65.6 12,291 1.01
South East 86.4 91.2 67.6 66.5 5,061 61.9 1,007 67.6 4,054 0.92
South South 87.4 92.0 73.8 70.9 6,705 64.4 1,161 72.2 5,544 0.89
South West 94.3 94.5 94.3 93.7 8,751 94.1 799 93.6 7,951 1.00
Wealth quintile
Lowest 83.2 87.1 63.0 59.6 10,473 53.8 1,283 60.4 9,189 0.89
Second 85.6 89.3 64.7 62.7 10,408 61.3 1,315 62.9 9,092 0.98
Middle 87.2 91.4 66.4 64.6 10,116 62.3 1,570 65.0 8,546 0.96
Fourth 91.3 93.0 76.6 75.4 9,345 71.7 1,223 76.0 8,122 0.94
Highest 93.9 94.3 86.3 85.9 8,720 87.0 884 85.8 7,836 1.01
Total 88.0 90.9 70.8 69.0 49,062 65.6 6,276 69.4 42,786 0.95

1
Shoes, two sets of clothing, and a blanket
2
Ratio of the percentages of children with all three basic needs, for OVC and non-OVC.
17.2.3 Orphans Living with Siblings
Sibling connections may be particularly close in situations where a parent has died;
maintaining these bonds can be helpful in assisting children to deal with the loss of a parent. Table
17.5 assesses the success of families and communities in keeping orphaned siblings together.
The results of the 2008 NDHS indicate that over half (54 percent) of orphans are not living
with all their siblings. By zone, North West (43 percent) has the lowest proportion of orphans not
living with their siblings while South West has the highest proportion (69 percent).

Table 17.5 Orphan not living with siblings
Among orphans under age 18 years who have one or

more siblings under age 18 years, the percentage who do
not live with all their siblings under age 18, by background
Percentage of
orphans not
living with Number of
all siblings orphans with
Background under one or more
characteristic age 18 siblings
Age
0-4 54.7 297
5-9 52.2 751
10-14 53.7 1,103
15-17 58.5 607
Sex
Male 53.7 1,428
Female 55.2 1,331
Orphanhood status
Maternal orphan 51.9 713
Paternal orphan 55.6 1,872
Both parents deceased 52.4 174
Residence
Urban 55.5 854
Rural 54.0 1,905
Zone
North Central 46.9 543
North East 55.1 249
North West 42.9 376
South East 62.8 498
South South 50.4 637
South West 69.0 457
Wealth quintile
Lowest 48.9 505
Second 51.5 549
Middle 58.3 705
Fourth 59.2 542
Highest 52.6 457
Total 54.4 2,759
Note: Table is based on children who usually live in the

household
17.2.4 Nutritional Status
Table 17.6 considers the effects of orphanhood and vulnerability on the nutritional status of
children under age five. Similar proportions of OVCs and non-OVCs are underweight (28 and 27
percent, respectively). Among non-OVCs, South East has the lowest proportion of underweight
children (11 percent) and the North East has the highest proportion (40 percent).

Table 17.6 Underweight orphans and vulnerable children
Percentage of de jure children under age five years who slept in the household the night before the survey who are
underweight, total and by OVC status, and the ratio of the percentages of children underweight for OVC and non-OVC,
Children under age 5 Underweight by OVC status
Percentage of OVC Non-OVC
children under Number of Number of
Background five who are Number of Percentage OVC Percentage non-OVC
characteristic underweight1 children underweight1 children underweight1 children Ratio2
Age
<1 year 16.0 4,026 20.4 190 15.8 3,836 1.29
1-2 years 34.5 7,561 35.5 423 34.5 7,137 1.03
3-4 years 25.9 8,274 25.6 625 26.0 7,649 0.99
Sex
Male 28.1 9,986 27.6 632 28.1 9,354 0.98
Female 26.3 9,874 28.8 606 26.1 9,268 1.10
Residence
Urban 19.1 6,359 20.8 277 19.0 6,081 1.10
Rural 31.0 13,502 30.3 960 31.1 12,541 0.98
Zone
North Central 23.7 2,794 18.0 239 24.3 2,555 0.74
North East 39.7 3,108 36.3 214 39.9 2,895 0.91
North West 39.8 5,537 45.8 358 39.4 5,179 1.16
South East 11.7 1,947 16.8 170 11.2 1,777 1.50
South South 15.7 2,699 16.5 159 15.6 2,541 1.06
South West 17.2 3,775 10.2 99 17.4 3,676 0.58
Wealth quintile
Lowest 40.1 4,119 42.2 314 39.9 3,805 1.06
Second 34.0 4,350 29.8 340 34.3 4,010 0.87
Middle 26.5 3,924 22.7 277 26.8 3,648 0.85
Fourth 20.4 3,768 21.7 195 20.4 3,573 1.07
Highest 12.5 3,699 8.8 112 12.7 3,588 0.69
Total 27.2 19,861 28.2 1,238 27.1 18,623 1.04
Note: Table is based on children who usually live in the household and who also slept in household the night preceding
the interview.
1
Two or more standard deviations below the mean for the WHO Child Growth Standards for weight-for-age
2
Ratio of the percentages of children underweight and non-OVC
17.2.5 Sex before Age 15
Teenage orphans and vulnerable children may be at high risk for early sexual activity because
they often lack the guidance and supervision of adults to help them protect themselves. However, this
situation does not apply in Nigeria. Table 17.7 shows that for both girls and boys age 15-17, non-
OVCs were more likely than OVC children to have initiated sexual activity before age 15.
Table 17.7 shows that among children age 15-17, male non-OVCs were slightly more likely
than male OVCs to have initiated sexual activity before age 15 (6 and 5 percent, respectively). The
situation is similar for females, with a slightly larger proportion of non-OVC girls (15 percent) having
sexual intercourse before exact age 15, compared with OVCs (14 percent). It can be seen, however,
that for both OVC and non-OVC, initiation of sexual activity by exact age 15 is higher for females
than for males.

Table 17.7 Sexual intercourse before age 15 among orphans and vulnerable
children
Percentage of de jure children age 15-17 who had sexual intercourse before
exact age 15, total and by OVC status, and ratio of the percentages of
children age 15-17 who had sexual intercourse before exact age 15, for OVC
and non-OVC, by sex, Nigeria 2008
Female children age 15-17 Male children age 15-17

Percentage who Percentage who
had sexual had sexual
intercourse intercourse
before exact Number of before exact Number of
OVC status age 15 women age 15 men
OVC 14.0 694 5.1 303
Non-OVC 15.1 3,127 6.4 1,219
Total 14.9 3,820 6.1 1,522
Ratio1 0.93 na 0.80 na
Note: Table is based on children who usually live in the household and who
also slept in household the night preceding the interview
na = Not applicable
1
Ratio of the percentage of children age 15-17 who had sexual intercourse
before exact age 15, for OVC and non-OVC
17.3 CARE AND SUPPORT FOR OVCS
One of the important challenges in countries like Nigeria that have increased OVC
populations—partly due to the HIV/AIDS epidemic—is the need to assist families to care for these
children. The 2008 NDHS asked questions to assess the extent to which families and communities
recognise and address the need to care for orphaned and vulnerable children.
17.3.1 Succession Planning
Succession planning is important to ensure that children will receive appropriate care and
support in the event of the death of a parent or primary caregiver. Table 17.8 presents the results on
the extent to which women and men, who identified themselves as primary caregivers for at least one
child under age 18, had identified a guardian for the child(ren) in the event they could no longer care
for the child(ren).
Overall, almost two-thirds of respondents age 15-49 said that they were a primary caregiver
for a child under the age of 18. Table 17.8 shows that, among these primary caregivers, one-quarter
have made arrangements for care to be provided to a child in the event they are unable to provide care
because of illness or death.

Table 17.8 Succession planning
Percentage of de facto women and men age 15-49 who are the primary caregivers for
children under age 18 years, and among these primary caregivers, the percentage who
have made arrangements for someone else to care for the children in the event that they
are unable to do so because of illness or death, by background characteristics, Nigeria
2008
Percentage of
Percentage of caregivers who
women and men Number of have made Number of
Background who are primary women and succession primary
characteristic caregivers men 15-49 arrangements caregivers
Age
15-19 13.7 9,025 25.7 1,232
20-29 56.7 17,279 24.4 9,806
30-39 88.2 12,397 24.5 10,937
40-49 91.5 8,492 24.8 7,768
Sex
Male 49.1 13,808 25.4 6,783
Female 68.8 33,385 24.3 22,961
Education
No education 82.3 14,539 26.0 11,961
Primary 75.4 9,327 20.6 7,036
Secondary 44.4 18,374 23.7 8,156
Residence
Urban 55.9 17,150 24.7 9,594
Rural 67.1 30,043 24.5 20,150
Zone
North Central 63.2 6,812 28.3 4,303
North East 72.5 5,907 30.2 4,280
North West 73.4 11,259 28.6 8,265
South East 51.2 5,539 19.8 2,838
South South 54.8 7,910 23.0 4,331
South West 58.6 9,766 15.5 5,726
Wealth quintile
Lowest 75.2 8,469 23.6 6,367
Second 72.2 8,566 25.0 6,187
Middle 62.9 8,910 24.9 5,606
Fourth 54.8 10,101 24.0 5,535
Highest 54.3 11,147 25.6 6,048
Total 63.0 47,193 24.6 29,744
Note: Table is based on women and men who slept in household the night preceding the
interview
In the households interviewed, women who had ever been widowed were asked if they had
been dispossessed of property after their husband died. Table 17.9 shows that 4 percent women age
15-49 have ever been widowed, and 42 percent of the widows were dispossessed of property. Widows
in rural areas were more likely to be dispossessed of property than their urban counterparts (43 and 38
percent, respectively). Among the zones, North West (22 percent) has the lowest proportion of
widows dispossessed of property and South South (56 percent) has the highest proportion.

Table 17.9 Widows dispossessed of property
Percentage of de facto women age 15-49 who have been widowed, and the
percentage of widowed women who have been dispossessed of property, by
Ever-widowed women
of ever- who were
Background widowed Number of dispossessed Number of
characteristic women women of property1 women
Age
15-19 0.1 6,493 * 9
20-29 1.1 12,442 45.4 142
30-39 4.3 8,546 45.1 367
40-49 13.2 5,904 38.5 777
Marital status2
Married 2.3 23,578 50.3 536
Widowed 100.0 759 35.2 759
Age of youngest child

No children 0.4 9,981 (46.9) 38
< 18 years 5.0 22,917 41.5 1,150
18+ years 21.9 487 38.9 107
Residence
Urban 3.1 11,934 37.7 368
Rural 4.3 21,451 43.0 926
Zone
North Central 4.6 4,748 50.7 219
North East 4.3 4,262 47.0 182
North West 3.4 8,022 22.1 273
South East 5.3 4,091 32.2 219
South South 4.5 5,473 55.5 246
South West 2.3 6,789 46.8 156
Education
No education 5.1 11,942 38.8 615
Primary 6.6 6,566 46.0 436
Secondary 1.5 11,904 39.8 184
More than secondary 2.0 2,974 41.4 59
Wealth quintile
Lowest 4.6 6,194 40.3 282
Second 4.7 6,234 40.6 294
Middle 5.0 6,341 46.8 316
Fourth 3.7 6,938 42.4 260
Highest 1.9 7,678 32.3 143
Total 3.9 33,385 41.5 1,294
Note: Table is based on women and men who slept in household the night
preceding the interview. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted
cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted
cases and has been suppressed.
1
Dispossessed of property means that none of late husband's assets went to the
respondent
2
Excludes women who have never-been married and those who are currently
divorced or separated

17.3.2 External Support for Households with OVCs
The 2008 NDHS collected information on the extent to which free external care and support
services are reaching households with orphaned and vulnerable children. Table 17.10 shows for adults
age 18-59 who were chronically ill or died after a chronic illness during the past year, the percentage
whose household had received certain types of free external support during the past 30 days (or
because of the person’s death). Medical support was received for 5 percent of these persons, 10
percent received emotional support, and 6 percent received social or material support. Fifteen percent
received at least one type of support, while 1 percent received all three types of support. The
households of very sick persons (85 percent) did not receive any medical, emotional, social, or
material support. Levels of support in all categories are higher for males than for females.
Table 17.10 External support for very sick persons
Percentage of women and men age 18-59 who were either been very sick during the past 12 months, or who died
during the past 12 months after being very sick, whose households received certain free basic external support to
care for them during the past year, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Percentage of very sick persons whose households received:

Medical Social/ At least All three
support at Emotional material one type types of
least once a support in support in of support support in None of the
Background month during the past the past in the past the past three types Number of
characteristic illness 30 days1 30 days2 30 days 30 days of support persons
Age
18-29 4.3 8.1 5.5 12.7 0.8 87.3 401
30-39 4.2 6.8 3.6 11.0 0.9 89.0 334
40-49 6.5 13.2 7.2 18.8 0.8 81.2 346
50-59 4.9 13.4 6.2 17.6 1.8 82.4 324
Sex
Male 6.4 11.4 6.3 16.0 1.7 84.0 621
Female 3.8 9.4 5.1 14.1 0.6 85.9 783
Residence
Urban 5.0 9.9 6.0 15.0 1.1 85.0 347
Rural 4.9 10.4 5.5 14.9 1.1 85.1 1,057
Zone
North Central 5.3 8.4 7.7 15.7 0.7 84.3 250
North East 6.5 8.1 7.5 15.8 1.0 84.2 197
North West 4.4 5.2 3.4 9.1 0.7 90.9 343
South East 5.3 20.5 6.8 24.4 2.5 75.6 235
South South 2.1 9.9 4.3 12.3 0.0 87.7 275
South West 9.6 13.5 5.5 16.3 3.2 83.7 104
Wealth quintile
Lowest 4.2 5.4 4.2 10.2 0.8 89.8 318
Second 4.0 8.5 6.5 13.7 0.6 86.3 321
Middle 4.7 12.5 5.5 16.5 1.0 83.5 346
Fourth 6.4 15.2 7.5 19.8 2.1 80.2 271
Highest 6.5 10.4 3.8 15.2 0.8 84.8 149
Total 4.9 10.3 5.7 14.9 1.1 85.1 1,404
Note: Table is based on women and men who usually live in the household and who were very sick (unable to
work or do normal activities) in the last 12 months or who died in the last 12 months and were very sick at least 3
of the 12 months before death. Support refers to the past 30 days for living persons and in the 30 days preceding
death for deceased persons.
1
Support such as companionship, counselling from a trained counsellor or spiritual support for which there was no
payment
2
Support such as help with household work, training for a caregiver, legal services, clothing, food or financial
support for which there was no payment

Table 17.11 looks at the extent to which free external care and support was received by
households that included at least one OVC member. The results indicate that almost all OVC children
(94 percent) live in households that did not receive any type of support. Six percent of the children
received at least one type of support. Among those who did receive some type of support, the
household was most likely to have received emotional support (3 percent).
Urban OVCs were more likely than rural OVCs to live in households that received some type
of support (8 and 6 percent, respectively). Orphaned and vulnerable children in North West (2
percent) were the least likely to be living in households that received external support. Children in the
South South zone were the most likely to be in households that received some type of support (10
percent).
Table 17.11 External support for orphans and vulnerable children
Percentage of orphans and vulnerable children under age 18 years in households that received certain free basic
external support to care for the child during the 12 months preceding the survey, by background characteristics,
Nigeria 2008
Percentage of orphans and vulnerable children in households that received:

Social/ School-
Medical Emotional material related
support in support in support in assistance in Al least All of the None of Number
Background the past the past the past 3 the past one type types of the types of OVC
characteristic 12 months1 3 months2 months3 12 months4 of support5 support5 of support children
Age
0-4 3.3 3.2 2.3 na 6.5 0.0 93.5 1,581
5-9 2.4 3.3 1.9 1.5 6.6 0.1 93.4 2,218
10-14 1.5 2.8 2.2 2.0 6.2 0.1 93.8 2,583
15-17 1.6 2.7 1.5 1.8 5.6 0.0 94.4 1,474
Sex
Male 2.2 3.1 2.1 1.5 6.5 0.0 93.5 4,003
Female 2.1 3.0 1.9 1.4 6.1 0.1 93.9 3,854
Residence
Urban 3.0 3.0 2.4 2.5 7.7 0.1 92.3 2,161
Rural 1.8 3.0 1.9 1.1 5.7 0.0 94.3 5,696
Zone
North Central 2.2 2.4 2.5 1.1 5.0 0.0 95.0 1,455
North East 3.2 2.8 2.1 0.7 6.6 0.0 93.4 1,119
North West 1.6 1.2 1.0 0.2 2.4 0.1 97.6 1,799
South East 2.8 2.6 1.4 1.8 7.4 0.0 92.6 1,213
South South 1.4 4.7 2.0 2.6 9.5 0.0 90.5 1,366
South West 2.0 6.0 4.0 3.3 9.2 0.3 90.8 905
Wealth quintile
Lowest 1.8 1.9 1.8 0.7 4.2 0.0 95.8 1,691
Second 2.1 1.4 1.4 0.9 4.5 0.0 95.5 1,750
Middle 2.1 5.4 2.0 1.8 8.5 0.0 91.5 1,935
Fourth 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.7 7.9 0.1 92.1 1,459
Highest 1.3 3.2 2.3 1.1 6.2 0.1 93.8 1,022
Total 2.1 3.0 2.0 1.5 6.3 0.1 93.7 7,857
Note: Table is based on de jure household members, i.e., usual household members
na = Not applicable
1
Medical care, supplies or medicine
2
Companionship, counselling from a trained counsellor, or spiritual support for which there was no payment
3
Help with household work, training for a caregiver, legal services, clothing, food, or financial support for which there
was no payment
4
Allowance, free admission, books, or supplies for which there as no payment. Percentage calculated for ages 5-17
years
5
Four types of support for those age 5-17, three types of support (i.e. excluding school support) received by those age
0-4

FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING 18
18.1 KNOWLEDGE AND PREVALENCE OF FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING
Female genital cutting (FGC), also known as female circumcision or female genital mutilation
(FGM) is practiced in many societies in Nigeria and is present throughout the country. In many
cultures, FGC is a recognised and accepted practice that is considered important for the socialisation
of women, curbing their sexual appetites, and preparing them for marriage. Despite its cultural
importance, FGC has drawn considerable criticism because of the potential for both short- and long-
term medical complications, as well as harm to reproductive health and infringement on women’s
rights (Toubia, 1995; FMoH, 2008).
The 2008 NDHS collected information about FGC in Nigeria from all women age 15-49. The
topics covered include knowledge and prevalence of FGC, age at circumcision; person who
performed the circumcision, type of circumcision, perceived benefits of circumcision, and attitudes
towards the practice of circumcision.1
Table 18.1 presents the findings on women’s knowledge of female circumcision. Overall, 61
percent of Nigerian women age 15-49 have heard of the practice. There are marked variations in
knowledge by residence, zone, ethnicity, education, and wealth quintile. More than three-quarters of
urban respondents have heard of female circumcision, compared with about half of women in rural
areas (76 as compared with 53 percent). In general, about four in five women in the Southern zones
have heard of the practice, compared with about two in five women in the Northern zones. These
variations by zone and residence are a reflection of ethnic differentials. The Ekoi, Igbo, Ijaw/Izon and
Yoruba, who are primarily resident in the Southern zones, have greater knowledge of female
circumcision than the ethnic groups primarily resident in the North.
Table 18.1 also shows the prevalence of FGC by background characteristics. According to the
2008 NDHS findings, 30 percent of Nigerian women are circumcised. Variations in the prevalence of
circumcision are similar to those observed for knowledge of the practice. For example, the prevalence
of FGC is greatest in the Southern zones, among the Yoruba and Igbo, and among urban residents.
The prevalence of FGC among the Yoruba (58 percent) and Igbo (51 percent) helps to explain zonal
and urban-rural differentials because the Yoruba and Igbo traditionally reside in the South West and
South East zones, which are more urbanised than the Northern zones. Differentials in the prevalence
of female circumcision by age indicate that the practice has become less common over time. Women
age 45-49 are nearly twice as likely as women age 15-19 to have been circumcised (38 percent
compared with 22 percent).
The prevalence of female circumcision reported in the 2003 NDHS was 19 percent,
suggesting that FGC has have increased over the past five years. However, this conclusion is unlikely
given the decreasing prevalence of circumcision among sequentially younger age groups in both
surveys. Much of the increase in FGC is due to an observed prevalence of 20 percent in the North
West zone in 2008, compared with a prevalence of only 0.4 percent in 2003. It should be noted that
this increase in FGC prevalence in the North West zone is mostly due to a prevalence of 74 percent in
Kano state (See Table A-18.1 in Appendix A).
____________________________
1
Female Genital Cutting | 299

During the interviewing, the Kano state team included Angurya and Gishiri cuts in the
definition of female circumcision (the cutting of the clitoris), which resulted in an increase in FGC
prevalence. Angurya involves the scraping of the vaginal orifice and is usually performed on infants
within seven days of delivery. Gishiri cuts involve the cutting of the vaginal wall. According to
researchers, three major forms of FGC are practiced in Nigeria: female circumcision, Angurya and
Gishiri cuts, and hymenectomy (Mandara, 2004). Further investigation of the data collection
methodology for the 2008 NDHS, in relation to FGC prevalence, suggested that Angurya and Gishiri
cuts may not have been consistently included in the definition of FGC in the NDHS or in other data
collection efforts aimed at determining FGC prevalence in Nigeria. Realizing these limitations, there
is a need therefore for consensus on what constitutes FGC within Nigeria. There is also a need for
further research to ascertain a more accurate prevalence of the practice of FGC in Nigeria.
Table 18.1 Knowledge and prevalence of female circumcision
Percentage of women who have heard of female circumcision, percentage of women circumcised, and the percent distribution of
circumcised women by type of circumcision, according to background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Percentage Type of circumcision
of women
who heard Percentage Number Cut, Cut, no Don't Number of
Background of female of women of flesh flesh Sewn know/ women
characteristic circumcision circumcised women removed removed closed Other1 missing Total circumcised
Age
15-19 49.2 21.7 6,493 44.6 2.1 5.3 1.3 46.7 100.0 1,406
20-24 59.5 26.4 6,133 41.6 2.7 5.0 1.4 49.3 100.0 1,619
25-29 63.7 28.9 6,309 43.6 3.7 5.0 2.1 45.6 100.0 1,823
30-34 66.7 32.8 4,634 43.0 3.1 5.7 1.6 46.6 100.0 1,521
35-39 66.2 33.9 3,912 48.0 3.1 4.1 0.9 43.9 100.0 1,325
40-44 65.9 36.4 3,032 50.7 3.5 4.9 2.0 38.9 100.0 1,103
45-49 64.6 38.1 2,872 49.6 2.7 7.3 1.5 39.0 100.0 1,093
Residence
Urban 76.4 36.8 11,934 47.0 2.8 3.9 1.6 44.7 100.0 4,390
Rural 52.6 25.6 21,451 44.1 3.2 6.4 1.5 44.9 100.0 5,500
Zone
North Central 32.7 11.4 4,748 56.5 1.4 8.2 0.5 33.4 100.0 544
North East 38.9 2.7 4,262 48.0 13.8 17.6 0.0 20.6 100.0 116
North West2 39.4 19.6 8,022 24.4 0.6 10.5 0.4 64.0 100.0 1,573
South East 88.5 52.8 4,091 48.7 1.3 5.5 4.8 39.7 100.0 2,162
South South 82.1 34.2 5,473 50.8 3.6 5.7 1.5 38.4 100.0 1,873
South West 87.1 53.4 6,789 47.9 4.7 1.8 0.3 45.3 100.0 3,623
Ethnicity3
Ekoi 83.5 34.9 555 47.0 2.5 18.6 3.9 28.0 100.0 194
Fulani 28.2 8.5 2,020 20.2 3.6 5.8 0.0 70.5 100.0 172
Hausa 40.3 20.3 7,431 25.4 0.4 10.2 0.4 63.5 100.0 1,507
Ibibio 72.9 15.8 819 66.8 6.1 2.2 3.5 21.5 100.0 130
Igbo 87.6 51.4 5,295 46.6 1.4 5.2 4.0 42.7 100.0 2,724
Ijaw/Izon 82.9 23.5 1,169 59.1 6.9 4.7 1.8 27.4 100.0 274
Yoruba 87.8 58.4 5,924 50.3 4.7 1.9 0.4 42.7 100.0 3,458
Others 48.6 14.0 10,034 50.6 3.8 6.6 0.5 38.5 100.0 1,400
Education
No education 40.3 18.0 11,942 38.6 2.9 8.3 1.0 49.2 100.0 2,150
Primary 64.4 35.8 6,566 49.1 3.2 4.6 2.4 40.7 100.0 2,347
Secondary 73.2 36.0 11,904 46.2 2.7 4.5 1.3 45.4 100.0 4,286
More than secondary 88.7 37.2 2,974 47.2 4.2 3.9 1.9 42.8 100.0 1,107
Wealth quintile
Lowest 35.7 13.4 6,194 38.2 2.1 8.4 1.7 49.7 100.0 832
Second 45.5 23.0 6,234 47.2 2.2 8.2 1.1 41.3 100.0 1,436
Middle 59.2 29.9 6,341 47.8 3.4 5.6 1.7 41.6 100.0 1,897
Fourth 74.3 39.1 6,938 45.9 3.5 4.2 1.8 44.7 100.0 2,716
Highest 83.8 39.2 7,678 44.5 3.0 3.8 1.5 47.2 100.0 3,010
Total 61.1 29.6 33,385 45.4 3.0 5.3 1.6 44.8 100.0 9,890
1
This category consists of respondents who said they were circumcised, but responded ‘no’ to ‘cut, flesh removed,’ ‘cut, not flesh
removed,’ and ‘sewn closed’.
2
The observed prevalence of 20 percent in the North West zone in 2008 is due primarily to a prevalence of 74 percent in Kano State
(See Table A-18.1 in Appendix A). Angurya and Gishiri cuts were included in the definition of female circumcision in Kano State.
3
Total includes 31 cases with information missing on ethnicity.
300 | Female Genital Cutting

18.2 FLESH REMOVAL AND INFIBULATION
The 2008 NDHS included questions to ascertain the prevalence of the various types of FGC.
Women who said that they had been circumcised were asked whether or not any flesh was removed
and whether the vagina was sewn closed (a process known as infibulation). The 2008 NDHS results
on type of circumcision should be interpreted with caution because only 55 percent of circumcised
women were able to report the type of circumcision they received. As shown in Table 18.1, the most
common type of FGC practiced in Nigeria involves the cutting and removal of flesh. Forty-five
percent of the women who have undergone FGC reported that flesh was removed during their
circumcision. This type of FGC is the most common in both urban and rural areas, across all zones
and among all ethnic groups. Five percent of circumcised women said that they experienced
infibulation, while 3 percent of circumcised women reported that they were cut with no removal of
flesh during their circumcision. It is worth noting that although FGC is most common among the
Yoruba, only 2 percent of Yoruba women who have been circumcised reported they underwent
infibulation. On the other hand, the proportion of circumcised women who underwent infibulation is
10 percent among the Hausa and 19 percent among the Ekoi ethnic group.
18.3 AGE AT CIRCUMCISION
In Nigeria, female circumcision occurs mostly during infancy. As shown in Table 18.2, four
in five women (82 percent) who have been circumcised had their circumcision before their first
birthday. Two percent of circumcised women underwent the procedure between the ages of one and
four years while 13 percent were circumcised at age five or older. The likelihood of having been
circumcised at age five or older increases with age. The results show variations among ethnic groups
in age at circumcision. Among the Ibibio, two-thirds of circumcised women undergo the procedure at
age five or older, as do roughly half of women in the Ekoi and Ijaw/Izon ethnic groups. By zone,
circumcised women in North East are most likely to have been circumcised at age five or older (47
percent), followed by South South (35 percent) and North Central (20 percent). By contrast, less than
one percent of circumcised women in North West underwent the procedure at age five or older.
Differentials in age at circumcision by urban-rural residence, education and wealth are small.

Table 18.2 Age at circumcision
Percent distribution of circumcised women by age at circumcision, according to

Age at circumcision
Don't Number of
Background know/ women
characteristic <1 1-4 5+ missing Total circumcised
Age
15-19 88.8 0.8 6.5 3.9 100.0 1,406
20-24 83.7 1.8 10.6 3.9 100.0 1,619
25-29 81.8 1.5 13.0 3.7 100.0 1,823
30-34 82.4 1.7 12.3 3.6 100.0 1,521
35-39 80.9 2.2 14.2 2.7 100.0 1,325
40-44 77.4 1.9 17.5 3.2 100.0 1,103
45-49 80.5 1.7 15.1 2.7 100.0 1,093
Residence
Urban 85.5 1.6 9.6 3.3 100.0 4,390
Rural 80.0 1.7 14.8 3.6 100.0 5,500
Zone
North Central 71.1 3.0 20.3 5.6 100.0 544
North East 40.4 7.9 46.8 5.0 100.0 116
North West1 95.3 0.3 0.8 3.6 100.0 1,573
South East 87.1 0.6 9.3 3.0 100.0 2,162
South South 60.9 2.0 35.0 2.1 100.0 1,873
South West 88.3 2.2 5.5 4.0 100.0 3,623
Ethnicity2
Ekoi 38.3 7.8 48.0 5.9 100.0 194
Fulani 81.2 2.7 2.0 14.1 100.0 172
Hausa 96.8 0.1 0.1 3.0 100.0 1,507
Ibibio 29.2 2.5 66.8 1.6 100.0 130
Igbo 87.6 0.8 8.6 3.0 100.0 2,724
Ijaw/Izon 46.1 1.8 49.5 2.7 100.0 274
Yoruba 88.6 2.6 5.1 3.6 100.0 3,458
Others 60.0 1.5 35.4 3.1 100.0 1,400
Education
No education 82.6 1.8 11.8 3.9 100.0 2,150
Primary 75.7 2.2 18.6 3.4 100.0 2,347
Secondary 85.3 1.2 10.3 3.2 100.0 4,286
Wealth quintile
Lowest 77.5 1.7 17.2 3.6 100.0 832
Second 78.8 2.3 14.5 4.3 100.0 1,436
Middle 80.4 1.7 15.0 2.9 100.0 1,897
Fourth 83.0 1.7 11.8 3.5 100.0 2,716
Highest 86.3 1.3 9.1 3.3 100.0 3,010
Total 82.4 1.6 12.5 3.5 100.0 9,890

1
Angurya and Gishiri cuts were included in the definition of female circumcision
in Kano State.
2
18.4 PERSON WHO PERFORMED CIRCUMCISION
The 2008 NDHS also included questions on the person who performed the circumcision.
Table 18.3 shows that most women who have undergone FGC were circumcised by a traditional
circumciser (64 percent). Traditional birth attendants performed 9 percent of circumcisions while a
trained nurse or midwife performed 7 percent of circumcisions; 2 percent of circumcisions were
performed by a doctor.

Traditional circumcisers are the most common persons to perform FGC across all background
characteristics. Traditional birth attendants perform a higher proportion of circumcisions in South East
and South South zones (21 and 18 percent, respectively) than in other zones. Among ethnic groups,
women in Ijaw/Izon (30 percent), Ibibio (28 percent), and Igbo (20 percent) ethnic groups are more
likely to be circumcised by a traditional birth attendant than other women. At least 10 percent of
circumcised women had their circumcisions performed by a nurse or midwife in the 15-19 age group,
in urban areas, in South South zone, in the Ijaw/Izon ethnic group, if they attended secondary school
or higher, and in the highest wealth quintile. Women with more than secondary education (4 percent)
and in the highest wealth quintile (3 percent) were more likely than other women to report that a
doctor performed their circumcision.
Table 18.3 Person who performed circumcision
Percent distribution of circumcised women by the person who performed the circumcision, according to background
Health professional Traditional .

Trained Other Traditional Don't Number of
Background nurse/ health Traditional birth Other know/ women
characteristic Doctor midwife professional ‘circumciser’ attendant traditional missing Total circumcised
Age
15-19 2.5 10.6 0.1 59.6 7.9 0.7 18.6 100.0 1,406
20-24 2.2 9.3 0.0 61.0 8.6 0.4 18.5 100.0 1,619
25-29 1.9 8.8 0.1 60.8 9.4 0.5 18.5 100.0 1,823
30-34 2.2 5.7 0.1 64.9 8.5 0.9 17.7 100.0 1,521
35-39 1.1 5.7 0.3 66.0 9.4 0.2 17.4 100.0 1,325
40-44 0.9 3.8 0.1 67.8 10.6 0.4 16.3 100.0 1,103
45-49 0.5 3.5 0.1 68.7 12.2 0.5 14.4 100.0 1,093
Residence
Urban 2.7 9.7 0.2 60.6 7.1 0.8 18.9 100.0 4,390
Rural 0.9 5.0 0.1 66.1 11.2 0.3 16.5 100.0 5,500
Zone
North Central 2.1 2.2 0.2 82.6 3.7 0.6 8.6 100.0 544
North East 1.5 0.0 0.0 94.7 0.4 0.7 2.7 100.0 116
North West 0.0 0.1 0.0 92.5 3.4 0.0 4.0 100.0 1,573
South East 2.4 7.9 0.1 40.2 21.2 0.3 27.8 100.0 2,162
South South 1.9 12.7 0.1 55.0 17.7 0.4 12.2 100.0 1,873
South West 1.9 7.8 0.2 65.7 1.7 0.9 21.9 100.0 3,623
Ethnicity1
Ekoi 0.0 2.5 0.0 90.2 4.9 0.0 2.5 100.0 194
Fulani 0.0 0.0 0.0 66.9 0.0 0.0 33.1 100.0 172
Hausa 0.0 0.4 0.0 92.0 3.6 0.1 3.9 100.0 1,507
Ibibio 0.0 3.9 0.0 56.0 27.6 4.7 7.8 100.0 130
Igbo 2.5 9.2 0.1 41.4 19.6 0.4 26.8 100.0 2,724
Ijaw/Izon 1.8 10.3 0.0 48.2 30.3 0.2 9.3 100.0 274
Yoruba 1.9 6.2 0.1 69.8 1.7 0.6 19.6 100.0 3,458
Others 2.1 13.9 0.4 60.6 10.3 0.7 12.0 100.0 1,400
Education
No education 0.0 0.5 0.1 84.8 6.3 0.3 8.0 100.0 2,150
Primary 1.2 5.0 0.1 65.7 11.9 0.6 15.5 100.0 2,347
Secondary 2.3 10.1 0.2 55.5 9.6 0.6 21.8 100.0 4,286
Wealth quintile
Lowest 0.4 0.7 0.0 83.5 9.3 0.3 5.9 100.0 832
Second 0.5 2.8 0.2 73.2 10.4 0.3 12.7 100.0 1,436
Middle 1.1 5.7 0.0 63.5 12.0 0.2 17.5 100.0 1,897
Fourth 1.7 8.7 0.0 60.2 9.5 0.4 19.5 100.0 2,716
Highest 3.1 10.4 0.3 56.8 7.1 1.0 21.4 100.0 3,010
Total 1.7 7.1 0.1 63.7 9.4 0.5 17.5 100.0 9,890
1

18.5 CIRCUMCISION OF DAUGHTERS
In the 2008 NDHS, women who had heard of female genital cutting, or circumcision, and
who had at least one living daughter were asked if any of their daughters had been circumcised, and if
not, whether they intended to have a daughter circumcised. Table 18.4 shows that, among women who
have at least one daughter, 30 percent had at least one daughter who was circumcised and an
additional 5 percent intend to have a daughter circumcised. The proportion of women who have at
least one circumcised daughter ranges from 25 percent for women age 20-34 to 42 percent for women
age 45-49. Prevalence varies by residence, with women in rural areas slightly more likely than those
in urban areas to have at least one circumcised daughter (31 percent compared with 28 percent).
Intention to circumcise a daughter is also slightly higher in rural areas than urban areas (6 percent
compared with 4 percent).
Table 18.4 Daughter's circumcision experience and type of circumcision
Among women who have heard of female circumcision and who have at least one living daughter, percentage with at least one
circumcised daughter, percentage who intend to have their daughter circumcised, and percent distribution by type of circumcision
among most recently circumcised daughters, according to background characteristics, Nigeria 2008
Type of circumcision of daughter
Percentage of Percentage of Number of Number of
women with women who women most
at least one intend to have with at least Cut, Cut, no recently
Background daughter daughter one living flesh flesh Sewn Don't circumcised
characteristic circumcised circumcised daughter removed removed closed Other1 know daughters
Age
15-19 27.9 6.0 234 (43.3) (8.0) (13.2) (2.6) (38.3) 65
20-24 25.3 7.2 1,168 53.5 10.2 9.4 1.0 24.0 296
25-29 25.1 6.7 2,313 62.0 11.4 5.7 1.1 18.2 582
30-34 24.7 4.3 2,298 62.0 11.6 7.5 1.8 15.1 568
35-39 30.0 5.1 2,140 67.9 9.9 4.7 1.0 15.6 642
40-44 34.8 5.2 1,748 71.1 8.7 7.4 1.4 13.1 608
45-49 41.6 3.7 1,662 72.2 7.2 7.7 1.0 12.3 691
Residence
Urban 27.6 4.4 4,707 70.2 7.0 5.0 1.8 12.7 1,299
Rural 31.4 5.9 6,856 62.9 11.3 8.1 0.9 18.0 2,153
Zone
North Central 20.5 4.5 919 72.9 1.5 9.2 0.4 2.7 188
North East 5.5 2.3 1,114 92.3 6.1 31.0 0.0 0.0 61
North West2 44.7 0.9 2,228 41.4 12.0 9.5 1.0 34.7 997
South East 30.5 6.8 1,777 82.8 2.6 11.2 3.8 9.0 541
South South 19.1 10.8 2,278 82.1 4.5 2.6 1.6 8.9 435
South West 37.9 5.0 3,247 69.6 14.2 3.1 0.5 9.3 1,230
Ethnicity
Ekoi 9.6 10.8 257 (80.8) (0.0) (11.5) (0.0) (11.5) 25
Fulani 25.9 2.3 390 39.0 19.2 6.0 3.4 23.5 101
Hausa 45.5 1.1 2,112 43.1 11.7 9.5 0.9 34.1 961
Ibibio 5.3 9.2 321 * * * * * 17
Igbo 30.5 5.9 2,246 82.2 2.9 10.1 3.1 10.0 685
Ijaw/Izon 11.6 7.2 520 73.5 9.1 5.0 1.8 7.3 60
Yoruba 42.4 4.9 2,870 69.5 13.0 3.2 0.3 8.2 1,217
Others 13.6 7.5 2,791 85.6 4.5 6.8 0.8 6.4 379
Education
No education 36.1 4.5 3,675 56.4 12.0 9.1 1.1 20.6 1,328
Primary 32.9 8.1 3,123 70.5 7.8 4.9 1.6 14.2 1,027
Secondary 25.4 4.9 3,629 71.8 8.9 6.4 1.2 12.0 921
More than secondary 15.4 1.8 1,136 75.4 7.9 6.2 0.8 13.1 176
Wealth quintile
Lowest 28.1 5.0 1,545 50.7 11.8 7.9 1.7 24.0 434
Second 36.6 6.5 1,898 63.1 9.1 10.6 0.9 19.0 695
Middle 30.2 6.9 2,209 69.5 10.7 7.3 1.4 13.9 668
Fourth 30.4 5.3 2,715 69.6 9.5 6.0 1.2 13.4 824
Highest 26.0 3.7 3,197 68.8 8.4 4.1 1.4 13.6 830
Total 29.9 5.3 11,563 65.7 9.7 7.0 1.3 16.0 3,452
Note: Total includes 58 women with information missing on ethnicity and 6 daughters circumcised with information missing on
ethnicity. Figures in parentheses are based on 26-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25
1
removed,’ and ‘sewn closed’.
2
Angurya and Gishiri cuts were included in the definition of female circumcision in Kano State.

By zone, the proportion of women with daughters who have at least one daughter who is
circumcised ranges from 6 percent in North East to 45 percent in North West. The zone with the
highest proportion of women intending to circumcise a daughter is South South (11 percent). Among
the ethnic groups, women in Hausa (46 percent), Yoruba (42 percent), and Igbo (31 percent) ethnic
groups are most likely to have at least one daughter circumcised. Intention to circumcise a daughter is
highest among the Ekoi (11 percent) and Ibibio (9 percent). The percentage of women with at least a
daughter circumcised decreases with increasing level of education; however, there is no clear pattern
in circumcision of daughters by wealth quintile.
Table 18.4 also shows the percent distribution of most recently circumcised daughters by type
of circumcision. The results show that circumcision involving the cutting and removal of flesh
continues to be the most common type of FGC in Nigeria, accounting for more than two-thirds of all
circumcisions among daughters of respondents. Ten percent of circumcised daughters had no flesh
removed, and 7 percent were infibulated.
Table 18.5 indicates that nine in ten daughters were Table 18.5 Selected characteristics of
circumcised in infancy, and 3 percent were circumcised daughter's circumcision
between the ages of one and four years. With regard to the Percent distribution of most recently
person who performed the circumcision, traditional circumcised daughters by age of the daughter
circumcisers carried out most of the circumcisions (69 at the time she was circumcised and person
percent), with 18 percent performed by nurses and midwives, who performed the circumcision, Nigeria 2008
8 percent performed by traditional birth attendants, and 2 Characteristic Percent

percent performed by doctors. Age of daughter when she was
circumcised (in years)
18.6 REASONS FOR SUPPORTING FEMALE CIRCUMCISION 0 91.9
1-4 3.1
5-6 1.0
The 2008 NDHS included questions for both male 7-8 0.8
and female respondents on the perceived benefits of female 9-10 0.6
11-12 0.2
circumcision. This information helps to explain the context in 13+ 1.3
which FGC occurs. Women’s responses are shown in Table Don't know/missing 1.1
18.6.1 and men’s responses in Table 18.6.2. It is interesting
to note that more than half of women (58 percent) and men Total 100.0
(52 percent) reported that there are no benefits to female Person who performed
circumcision. circumcision of daughter
Doctor 2.3
Trained nurse/midwife 18.4
Among women, the most commonly reported benefit
Other health professional 0.5
was to preserve virginity or prevent premarital sex, Traditional ‘circumciser’ 68.9
mentioned by 11 percent of women. Eight percent of women Traditional birth attendant 8.4
said that better marriage prospects and social acceptance are Other traditional 0.2
Don't know/missing 1.3
benefits of circumcision, 6 percent mentioned cleanliness or
hygiene, and 5 percent mentioned enhanced sexual pleasure Total 100.0
for men as a benefit of female circumcision. Only 2 percent
of women said that religious approval is a benefit. Number of most recently
circumcised daughters 3,452
The proportion of women who reported that the

preservation of virginity or prevention of premarital sex is a benefit of female circumcision is highest
in the South East and South West zones (20 and 13 percent, respectively). It is also the benefit most
commonly mentioned by women in the Igbo and Yoruba ethnic groups. Among the Ekoi, improved
marriage prospects is the most commonly mentioned benefit, while among the Hausa, improved
sexual pleasure for the man is mentioned most often.

Table 18.6.1 Perceived benefits of female circumcision: Women
Percent distribution of all women who have heard of female circumcision by opinion on benefits of female circumcision, according
Benefits of female circumcision according to women

Preserve More Number of
virginity/ sexual women who
Better prevent pleasure have heard
Background Cleanliness/ Social marriage premarital for the Religious No of female
characteristic hygiene acceptance prospects sex man approval Other benefits circumcision
Age
15-19 4.7 6.0 6.9 8.3 3.8 1.7 2.5 59.3 3,197
20-24 5.6 6.1 6.8 9.5 4.9 1.4 2.4 58.2 3,647
25-29 6.1 6.6 7.2 11.6 4.6 2.1 3.0 60.1 4,019
30-34 6.2 7.1 8.5 11.0 5.5 2.0 2.5 59.7 3,090
35-39 6.6 9.5 8.4 12.3 5.4 1.9 3.6 58.4 2,589
40-44 9.1 11.6 8.9 13.6 5.3 2.1 3.6 54.9 1,998
45-49 9.2 12.2 9.8 15.1 5.0 2.8 4.0 51.8 1,855
Residence
Urban 6.3 7.3 7.3 13.1 4.0 1.9 2.5 60.1 9,115
Rural 6.6 8.3 8.2 9.7 5.6 2.0 3.3 56.5 11,280
Zone
North Central 3.2 5.9 10.6 9.0 2.2 11.9 1.8 65.5 1,553
North East 2.6 10.3 7.5 8.6 6.7 1.8 1.6 63.0 1,658
North West 8.4 5.1 10.2 6.0 18.5 1.3 0.9 39.3 3,159
South East 3.8 5.9 5.7 20.1 2.1 1.1 2.9 60.8 3,619
South South 5.2 6.6 7.4 6.7 1.2 1.4 4.5 63.8 4,492
South West 9.9 11.4 7.6 13.4 2.3 0.6 3.5 58.8 5,914
Ethnicity
Ekoi 2.5 7.8 24.4 2.5 0.4 0.0 0.0 62.1 463
Fulani 4.7 7.2 5.1 3.7 5.1 2.1 1.1 63.4 569
Hausa 8.6 5.7 11.1 6.5 19.1 1.9 0.8 37.9 2,997
Ibibio 2.0 4.2 4.3 2.6 1.4 0.4 5.2 78.8 597
Igbo 5.0 6.6 6.2 18.3 2.2 1.1 3.0 60.3 4,640
Ijaw/Izon 0.6 3.6 1.7 2.8 0.7 2.2 2.4 77.9 969
Yoruba 10.5 12.0 9.0 14.0 2.2 3.1 3.9 55.5 5,202
Others 4.4 7.4 6.6 8.8 3.2 1.8 3.5 63.7 4,880
Education
No education 8.0 10.2 11.7 9.4 11.1 3.6 2.1 47.5 4,816
Primary 7.2 10.1 7.6 11.9 4.6 2.2 4.2 55.5 4,229
Secondary 5.6 6.4 6.6 11.7 2.4 1.0 3.0 61.8 8,713
Wealth quintile
Lowest 5.5 8.9 10.4 7.7 10.7 3.4 1.3 53.1 2,214
Second 7.6 9.5 10.4 8.4 7.6 2.4 2.7 52.0 2,839
Middle 6.3 8.4 7.8 10.2 4.0 1.9 3.4 57.2 3,756
Fourth 6.9 8.2 7.5 13.0 4.0 1.7 4.1 56.5 5,153
Highest 6.0 6.2 6.1 12.9 2.9 1.4 2.4 64.3 6,433
Total 6.4 7.9 7.8 11.2 4.9 1.9 2.9 58.1 20,396
Note: Total includes 78 cases with information missing on ethnicity.
As seen for women, the benefit of female circumcision most commonly mentioned by men is
preservation of virginity or prevention of premarital sex (17 percent). Men were more likely than
women to mention sexual pleasure of the man as a benefit of female circumcision (7 percent). Six
percent of men said that improving marriage prospects is a benefit. Social acceptance was also given
as a benefit by 6 percent of men, and 4 percent mentioned cleanliness or hygiene. Three percent of
men said that religious approval is a benefit of female circumcision.

Table 18.6.2 Perceived benefits of female circumcision: Men
Percent distribution of all men who have heard of female circumcision by opinion on benefits of female circumcision, according to
Benefits of female circumcision according to men

Number of
Preserve More
virginity/ sexual men who
Background Cleanliness/ Social marriage premarital for the Religious No of female
characteristic hygiene acceptance prospects sex man approval Other benefits circumcision
Age
15-19 4.0 6.6 5.4 11.9 4.8 1.7 3.0 49.8 1,138
20-24 5.2 5.5 6.6 17.0 7.2 3.4 3.3 49.8 1,540
25-29 3.9 4.6 5.6 16.8 7.4 2.7 4.0 54.1 1,829
30-34 3.8 5.7 5.6 17.9 8.0 2.2 3.4 52.9 1,611
35-39 3.9 5.1 7.1 17.9 8.2 3.5 3.5 51.2 1,374
40-44 3.9 4.8 5.7 19.2 8.0 2.0 4.2 53.9 1,165
45-49 5.6 6.9 7.9 19.2 6.9 2.9 3.7 52.5 955
50-54 5.1 7.9 7.2 19.3 7.3 2.4 3.2 49.8 791
55-59 6.1 7.9 8.0 18.6 4.8 3.9 5.0 49.6 574
Residence
Urban 4.3 4.4 6.7 22.4 7.0 3.2 3.6 48.8 4,482
Rural 4.5 6.7 6.1 13.9 7.3 2.3 3.7 53.9 6,496
Zone
North Central 3.5 4.5 5.3 15.0 5.5 5.4 2.5 64.5 1,197
North East 3.8 4.1 4.2 10.6 11.2 1.0 1.7 62.8 1,264
North West 2.9 4.0 7.1 11.6 14.4 2.6 1.3 52.8 2,230
South East 11.9 11.2 12.1 33.1 4.3 1.3 2.2 44.8 1,366
South South 2.5 5.2 1.8 5.6 1.6 2.2 7.8 56.6 2,228
South West 4.2 6.4 8.0 28.0 6.1 3.5 4.4 39.7 2,694
Ethnicity
Ekoi 0.5 1.0 0.5 2.4 0.0 0.0 8.6 63.1 206
Fulani 2.4 3.6 4.8 12.9 7.7 3.4 2.8 57.3 486
Hausa 3.5 3.9 6.9 11.0 13.6 3.7 1.3 55.3 2,275
Ibibio 1.1 3.7 0.6 3.4 0.8 1.7 3.0 76.4 271
Igbo 8.8 8.8 9.6 28.7 4.5 1.3 4.0 47.2 1,812
Ijaw/Izon 2.4 8.8 2.5 4.2 3.2 5.6 5.6 55.9 611
Yoruba 4.5 6.5 9.2 28.3 6.3 3.4 4.2 37.8 2,387
Others 3.7 5.1 3.6 12.1 6.4 1.8 4.3 58.4 2,915
Missing 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.4 6.4 0.0 0.0 62.8 15
Education
No education 4.2 6.8 6.7 12.4 9.5 3.4 1.5 54.2 1,973
Primary 4.3 7.1 7.2 18.3 7.3 2.4 3.9 49.5 2,386
Secondary 4.7 5.7 6.1 18.8 6.2 2.7 4.2 49.1 4,646
Wealth quintile
Lowest 3.9 6.6 6.1 10.3 9.2 1.8 1.7 58.2 1,578
Second 3.4 5.5 5.9 11.3 7.2 2.3 2.9 56.0 1,715
Middle 5.2 6.8 7.4 17.1 7.7 2.6 3.4 49.8 1,985
Fourth 4.9 6.4 7.2 19.2 7.1 3.1 5.1 48.0 2,603
Highest 4.4 4.3 5.4 22.9 5.7 3.1 4.0 50.7 3,098
Total 4.4 5.8 6.4 17.3 7.2 2.7 3.6 51.8 10,979
18.7 ATTITUDES TOWARDS FEMALE CIRCUMCISION
Women and men who had heard of female circumcision were asked whether they thought that
female circumcision should be continued. As seen in Table 18.7.1, three in five women who have
heard of female circumcision are of the opinion that the practice should be discontinued (62 percent).
Twenty-two percent think it should be continued, and fifteen percent are not sure. There is
surprisingly little variation in attitudes towards circumcision by age. Only women in the oldest age
group (45-49 years) are slightly more likely than younger women to say that circumcision should be
continued (25 percent compared with 22 percent or less). Urban women are slightly more likely than
rural women to believe that circumcision should be discontinued (66 percent compared with 59
percent).

Table 18.7.1 Attitudes towards continuation of female circumcision: Women
Percent distribution of all women who have heard of female circumcision by opinion on whether
female circumcision should be continued or discontinued, according to background characteristics,
Nigeria 2008
Women’s opinion on continuation of Number of

female circumcision women who
Depends/ have heard
Background Should be Should be don't of female
characteristic continued discontinued know Missing Total circumcision
Age
15-19 21.4 57.7 19.6 1.3 100.0 3,197
20-24 21.1 62.4 14.5 2.0 100.0 3,647
25-29 21.3 63.9 13.4 1.4 100.0 4,019
30-34 20.3 63.8 14.4 1.4 100.0 3,090
35-39 21.1 63.7 13.8 1.5 100.0 2,589
40-44 22.2 63.1 13.5 1.3 100.0 1,998
45-49 25.0 59.2 14.4 1.4 100.0 1,855
Residence
Urban 19.7 65.8 13.1 1.4 100.0 9,115
Rural 23.0 59.1 16.3 1.6 100.0 11,280
Zone
North Central 18.3 69.5 9.4 2.8 100.0 1,553
North East 9.8 68.2 19.4 2.7 100.0 1,658
North West 27.0 48.2 22.4 2.4 100.0 3,159
South East 22.1 69.8 7.1 1.1 100.0 3,619
South South 17.0 65.7 16.5 0.7 100.0 4,492
South West 25.8 58.5 14.6 1.2 100.0 5,914
Ethnicity
Ekoi 11.1 84.8 3.5 0.6 100.0 463
Fulani 19.3 55.8 22.2 2.6 100.0 569
Hausa 28.6 46.3 23.0 2.0 100.0 2,997
Ibibio 5.5 78.3 15.4 0.8 100.0 597
Igbo 21.4 68.0 9.6 0.9 100.0 4,640
Ijaw/Izon 7.9 75.7 16.4 0.1 100.0 969
Yoruba 29.2 55.5 14.0 1.2 100.0 5,202
Others 15.0 67.1 15.6 2.4 100.0 4,880
Education
No education 26.4 51.4 20.5 1.8 100.0 4,816
Primary 24.1 59.2 15.4 1.3 100.0 4,229
Secondary 20.3 64.8 13.6 1.3 100.0 8,713
Wealth quintile
Lowest 21.0 54.9 22.3 1.8 100.0 2,214
Second 26.7 53.6 18.0 1.7 100.0 2,839
Middle 22.8 61.0 14.6 1.6 100.0 3,756
Fourth 23.2 61.8 13.5 1.4 100.0 5,153
Highest 17.3 69.2 12.2 1.3 100.0 6,433
Total 21.5 62.1 14.9 1.5 100.0 20,396
By zone, it is interesting to note that a high percentage of women in the Southern zone
(between 59 and 70 percent), where the practice is most prevalent, do not want it to continue. More
than three-quarters of women in the Ekoi, Ibibio, and Ijaw/Izon ethnic groups want the practice
discontinued. On the other hand, women from Yoruba, Hausa, and Igbo ethnic groups are most likely
to say that the practice should continue. Support for the practice decreases with increasing level of
education.

Table 18.7.2 shows the attitudes of Nigerian men concerning whether female circumcision
should be continued. Men’s views are similar to those of women (shown in Table 18.7.1). Sixty-four
percent of men think that the practice should be discontinued, 24 percent think it should continue, and
11 percent are not sure. Unlike women, men in urban areas are more likely than those in rural areas to
support the continuation of female circumcision. By zone, men in North East are most likely to think
that circumcision should be discontinued (82 percent), while men in South West are least likely (42
percent). Among ethnic groups, Yoruba and Igbo men are most likely to support the continuation of
circumcision. However, Hausa men are less likely than Hausa women (14 percent compared with 29
percent) to support the continuation of the practice.
Table 18.7.2 Attitudes towards continuation of female circumcision: Men
Percent distribution of all men who have heard of female circumcision by opinion on whether
female circumcision should be continued or discontinued, according to background
Men’s opinion on continuation of Number of

female circumcision men who
Depends/ have heard
Background Should be Should be don't of female
characteristic continued discontinued know Missing Total circumcision
Age
15-19 22.8 58.8 15.9 2.4 100.0 1,138
20-24 25.3 63.0 10.8 0.9 100.0 1,540
25-29 24.6 63.6 10.8 1.0 100.0 1,829
30-34 22.6 65.9 10.7 0.8 100.0 1,611
35-39 23.0 66.5 9.8 0.7 100.0 1,374
40-44 21.6 67.5 9.8 1.0 100.0 1,165
45-49 22.3 67.5 9.6 0.6 100.0 955
50-54 25.2 62.2 11.5 1.1 100.0 791
55-59 25.8 60.3 12.5 1.4 100.0 574
Residence
Urban 27.6 57.8 13.8 0.8 100.0 4,482
Rural 20.9 68.6 9.3 1.2 100.0 6,496
Zone
North Central 17.3 75.4 6.4 0.9 100.0 1,197
North East 13.3 82.4 3.8 0.6 100.0 1,264
North West 12.3 77.1 8.3 2.3 100.0 2,230
South East 37.2 53.4 9.4 0.0 100.0 1,366
South South 20.5 68.4 10.3 0.8 100.0 2,228
South West 36.3 42.0 20.6 1.1 100.0 2,694
Ethnicity
Ekoi 9.1 87.5 3.4 0.0 100.0 206
Fulani 15.9 76.1 5.7 2.3 100.0 486
Hausa 13.5 77.0 7.7 1.8 100.0 2,275
Ibibio 10.5 74.5 14.4 0.7 100.0 271
Igbo 32.8 55.1 11.9 0.2 100.0 1,812
Ijaw/Izon 12.7 75.2 11.0 1.1 100.0 611
Yoruba 39.1 40.6 19.1 1.1 100.0 2,387
Others 19.0 72.3 7.9 0.8 100.0 2,915
Education
No education 19.0 70.5 8.3 2.2 100.0 1,973
Primary 27.7 60.2 11.3 0.9 100.0 2,386
Secondary 25.9 60.6 12.6 0.9 100.0 4,646
Wealth quintile
Lowest 17.3 73.6 7.4 1.6 100.0 1,578
Second 17.9 73.0 7.5 1.5 100.0 1,715
Middle 24.4 64.3 10.4 1.0 100.0 1,985
Fourth 27.9 60.5 10.8 0.7 100.0 2,603
Highest 25.8 57.5 15.8 0.9 100.0 3,098
Total 23.6 64.2 11.1 1.1 100.0 10,979

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STATE TABLES Appendix A
CHAPTER 2 HOUSEHOLD POPULATION AND HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS
Table A-2.3.1 Educational attainment of the female household population: States
Percent distribution of the de facto female household population age six and over by highest level of schooling attended or
completed and median years completed, according to state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Don't Median
No Some Completed Some Completed More than know/ years
State of residence education primary primary1 secondary secondary2 secondary missing Total Number completed
North Central
FCT-Abuja 17.7 25.2 10.0 14.7 15.0 15.9 1.5 100.0 632 5.6
Benue 34.3 31.9 12.3 14.1 4.8 2.3 0.4 100.0 1,866 2.2
Kogi 29.6 22.7 13.4 16.6 11.4 5.5 0.8 100.0 1,496 4.1
Kwara 44.3 17.7 8.8 10.1 9.1 8.1 2.1 100.0 1,002 0.7
Nasarawa 40.3 23.9 9.4 13.9 5.7 3.1 3.5 100.0 813 1.3
Niger 68.3 13.3 4.4 4.3 3.8 2.4 3.5 100.0 1,546 0.0
Plateau 30.7 29.2 15.8 14.3 5.3 3.8 0.9 100.0 1,505 2.8
North East
Adamawa 49.8 22.6 7.5 11.1 4.2 1.8 3.0 100.0 1,364 0.0
Bauchi 72.2 14.9 6.6 2.7 1.4 0.3 2.0 100.0 1,856 0.0
Borno 79.8 7.7 4.6 3.3 2.1 1.2 1.4 100.0 1,693 0.0
Gombe 54.6 20.1 6.1 8.4 3.4 2.3 5.0 100.0 883 0.0
Taraba 48.9 23.6 6.8 13.0 4.8 2.7 0.2 100.0 999 0.0
Yobe 77.0 11.0 3.6 4.4 1.8 0.4 1.8 100.0 948 0.0
North West
Jigawa 76.0 12.3 7.3 1.0 0.8 0.6 2.0 100.0 1,839 0.0
Kaduna 41.9 23.0 9.2 12.9 7.0 4.1 1.9 100.0 2,560 1.0
Kano 59.5 14.4 10.4 5.1 4.7 1.8 4.1 100.0 3,945 0.0
Katsina 76.0 11.6 5.1 1.3 0.5 0.2 5.2 100.0 2,367 0.0
Kebbi 77.8 7.8 3.6 2.8 2.3 1.3 4.5 100.0 1,360 0.0
Sokoto 83.5 7.6 3.4 1.9 0.8 0.6 2.2 100.0 1,526 0.0
Zamfara 84.1 5.8 1.8 2.5 2.1 0.8 2.9 100.0 1,380 0.0
South East
Abia 16.0 20.0 13.8 22.1 18.9 7.5 1.7 100.0 1,370 5.9
Anambra 13.5 25.5 12.8 19.5 17.6 10.3 0.7 100.0 1,952 5.8
Ebonyi 34.5 26.6 13.7 12.2 7.1 4.0 2.0 100.0 1,053 2.7
Enugu 30.8 18.5 14.8 14.9 12.2 7.0 1.9 100.0 1,632 4.9
Imo 15.6 25.2 13.9 16.9 19.8 7.5 1.1 100.0 1,930 5.6
South South
Akwa Ibom 12.2 23.7 19.3 21.4 12.9 9.7 0.9 100.0 1,713 5.6
Bayelsa 17.8 23.7 12.7 27.0 14.6 3.5 0.7 100.0 770 5.6
Cross River 18.3 24.9 15.0 22.0 12.1 6.5 1.3 100.0 1,275 5.4
Delta 14.4 23.8 17.1 22.4 14.4 7.5 0.5 100.0 1,904 5.6
Edo 15.9 18.9 16.1 23.3 14.3 8.7 2.8 100.0 1,359 5.8
Rivers 14.0 19.0 12.8 20.9 24.2 8.9 0.2 100.0 2,234 6.8
South West
Ekiti 18.7 21.7 11.4 21.9 13.7 11.9 0.6 100.0 1,052 5.8
Lagos 9.7 16.9 11.1 19.5 27.5 14.8 0.6 100.0 3,866 8.7
Ogun 31.8 20.1 17.9 12.2 11.0 6.0 1.0 100.0 1,662 4.1
Ondo 23.6 25.1 11.2 18.8 13.1 6.2 2.0 100.0 1,563 5.0
Osun 33.0 16.6 15.9 13.8 13.5 6.3 0.9 100.0 2,354 5.0
Oyo 22.4 19.8 14.6 20.4 12.4 10.0 0.4 100.0 1,609 5.5
Total 39.9 18.9 10.9 12.9 10.2 5.4 1.8 100.0 60,879 2.1
1
2
Appendix A | 317
Table A-2.3.2 Educational attainment of the male household population: States
Percent distribution of the de facto male household population age six and over by highest level of schooling attended or
completed and median years completed, according to state of residence, Nigeria 2008
More Don't Median

No Some Completed Some Completed than know/ years
State of residence education primary primary1 secondary secondary2 secondary missing Total Number completed
North Central
FCT-Abuja 12.0 18.8 10.1 13.8 21.5 22.4 1.4 100.0 629 8.6
Benue 17.9 29.0 12.0 23.7 11.8 5.3 0.3 100.0 1,764 5.2
Kogi 13.4 23.9 10.3 19.9 20.7 11.7 0.1 100.0 1,428 6.3
Kwara 38.2 19.0 9.5 9.4 11.2 11.6 1.2 100.0 1,027 2.7
Nasarawa 22.0 26.0 9.2 19.9 12.7 8.5 1.7 100.0 854 5.1
Niger 46.3 20.9 6.1 11.2 7.6 4.8 3.1 100.0 1,670 0.0
Plateau 20.1 29.6 15.0 19.3 8.5 6.9 0.7 100.0 1,374 5.0
North East
Adamawa 34.8 27.2 6.8 14.9 9.0 5.6 1.7 100.0 1,334 2.2
Bauchi 60.0 20.1 7.6 6.3 3.3 1.9 0.9 100.0 1,856 0.0
Borno 71.3 10.7 4.9 4.6 4.6 2.8 1.3 100.0 1,646 0.0
Gombe 42.7 24.2 7.1 12.1 7.3 4.0 2.7 100.0 912 0.5
Taraba 28.4 28.5 7.9 18.2 9.4 7.5 0.1 100.0 962 3.5
Yobe 69.0 11.8 3.4 7.1 4.8 3.3 0.7 100.0 957 0.0
North West
Jigawa 56.4 19.7 10.7 5.6 3.0 3.6 0.9 100.0 1,716 0.0
Kaduna 26.6 24.7 10.4 15.1 13.0 8.5 1.7 100.0 2,640 4.4
Kano 39.9 19.4 11.6 11.0 8.6 7.2 2.2 100.0 3,778 1.6
Katsina 55.7 18.1 9.4 7.9 3.7 1.8 3.5 100.0 2,212 0.0
Kebbi 65.5 10.5 5.9 4.9 4.1 5.3 3.6 100.0 1,438 0.0
Sokoto 57.3 17.9 8.4 6.8 3.3 3.6 2.7 100.0 1,486 0.0
Zamfara 69.6 10.2 4.0 5.3 3.8 5.2 1.9 100.0 1,321 0.0
South East
Abia 8.4 18.2 19.4 23.8 19.8 8.7 1.6 100.0 1,204 6.7
Anambra 6.5 24.6 22.7 21.3 16.4 8.1 0.4 100.0 1,730 5.7
Ebonyi 20.5 30.5 16.8 13.8 10.7 6.7 1.0 100.0 820 4.7
Enugu 19.0 24.2 17.5 16.6 12.2 9.2 1.3 100.0 1,313 5.3
Imo 7.2 24.1 19.3 18.5 19.8 11.1 0.1 100.0 1,692 5.9
South South
Akwa Ibom 6.1 23.0 19.4 24.2 16.9 10.0 0.4 100.0 1,734 6.0
Bayelsa 6.7 21.6 8.3 25.8 27.9 9.0 0.8 100.0 730 8.3
Cross River 10.8 28.0 13.8 23.4 14.1 9.0 0.8 100.0 1,250 5.7
Delta 7.3 24.0 14.8 22.3 21.6 9.9 0.1 100.0 1,795 6.6
Edo 9.5 22.2 12.4 23.0 20.1 10.9 1.8 100.0 1,438 7.2
Rivers 6.1 17.5 13.2 17.4 29.5 15.9 0.4 100.0 2,419 9.8
South West
Ekiti 10.3 22.2 12.9 20.2 18.9 15.2 0.3 100.0 1,084 7.1
Lagos 4.6 14.9 11.3 15.5 34.5 18.3 0.8 100.0 4,195 11.1
Ogun 20.1 26.2 18.4 13.8 14.4 5.8 1.2 100.0 1,616 5.2
Ondo 14.3 22.3 13.1 20.7 19.8 8.5 1.4 100.0 1,408 5.9
Osun 10.7 22.1 12.3 19.6 21.5 13.9 0.0 100.0 1,503 6.9
Oyo 23.6 20.1 13.9 15.5 18.3 8.0 0.6 100.0 2,403 5.4
Total 27.7 21.0 11.8 15.1 14.5 8.6 1.2 100.0 59,336 5.1
1
2
318 | Appendix A
Table A-2.4 School attendance ratios: States
Net attendance ratios (NAR) and gross attendance ratios (GAR) for the de facto household population by sex and
level of schooling; and the gender parity index (GPI), according to state of residence, Nigeria 2008

Gender Gender
Parity Parity
State of residence Male Female Total Index3 Male Female Total Index3
PRIMARY SCHOOL
North Central
FCT-Abuja 81.8 77.4 79.4 0.9 108.6 113.3 111.2 1.0
Benue 78.7 77.2 78.0 1.0 119.7 113.2 116.4 0.9
Kogi 87.3 80.9 84.1 0.9 119.3 114.1 116.7 1.0
Kwara 65.3 69.6 67.3 1.1 87.0 92.0 89.3 1.1
Nasarawa 73.3 66.9 70.3 0.9 105.0 93.2 99.3 0.9
Niger 51.5 36.0 44.4 0.7 75.7 49.8 63.9 0.7
Plateau 77.5 85.1 81.4 1.1 123.4 119.4 121.4 1.0
North East
Adamawa 66.5 58.7 62.9 0.9 98.9 82.8 91.4 0.8
Bauchi 44.4 36.2 40.5 0.8 63.2 49.0 56.4 0.8
Borno 24.6 21.1 22.9 0.9 32.8 27.3 30.1 0.8
Gombe 56.5 54.4 55.5 1.0 78.8 72.7 75.9 0.9
Taraba 67.5 56.7 62.6 0.8 97.4 87.3 92.8 0.9
Yobe 33.8 31.9 32.9 0.9 44.2 42.9 43.6 1.0
North West
Jigawa 41.0 29.0 35.0 0.7 56.6 37.2 46.9 0.7
Kaduna 75.2 65.9 70.5 0.9 108.9 92.9 101.0 0.9
Kano 60.7 45.9 53.1 0.8 78.6 59.2 68.7 0.8
Katsina 46.3 31.8 38.9 0.7 63.0 40.8 51.5 0.6
Kebbi 30.1 23.2 26.8 0.8 41.1 30.6 36.1 0.7
Sokoto 42.0 20.0 31.1 0.5 59.2 28.0 43.8 0.5
Zamfara 24.4 16.9 20.5 0.7 36.5 20.7 28.3 0.6
South East
Abia 84.7 83.8 84.2 1.0 107.3 114.8 111.1 1.1
Anambra 83.8 91.0 87.6 1.1 115.6 114.4 115.0 1.0
Ebonyi 75.8 76.7 76.2 1.0 105.5 112.6 108.9 1.1
Enugu 81.7 72.7 77.2 0.9 112.7 96.7 104.7 0.9
Imo 84.8 88.9 86.7 1.0 105.1 115.6 110.0 1.1
South South
Akwa Ibom 81.9 77.6 79.8 0.9 108.9 98.0 103.5 0.9
Bayelsa 79.0 82.1 80.5 1.0 102.3 107.7 105.0 1.1
Cross River 80.5 80.6 80.5 1.0 109.6 111.0 110.2 1.0
Delta 81.3 84.1 82.6 1.0 109.3 116.5 112.5 1.1
Edo 81.2 77.3 79.3 1.0 117.4 100.4 109.3 0.9
Rivers 76.7 79.6 78.1 1.0 105.2 102.3 103.8 1.0
South West
Ekiti 82.0 82.7 82.3 1.0 110.5 105.1 107.9 1.0
Lagos 77.0 71.7 74.3 0.9 96.6 94.4 95.5 1.0
Ogun 84.4 80.7 82.7 1.0 111.3 99.5 106.0 0.9
Ondo 79.7 81.7 80.7 1.0 108.9 114.8 112.0 1.1
Osun 83.2 75.2 79.3 0.9 104.4 104.0 104.2 1.0
Oyo 68.4 68.9 68.6 1.0 88.9 87.0 88.0 1.0
Total
64.9 59.1 62.1 0.9 88.9 79.5 84.3 0.9
Continued…
Appendix A | 319
Table A-2.4—Continued

Gender Gender
Parity Parity
State of residence Male Female Total Index3 Male Female Total Index3
SECONDARY SCHOOL
North Central
FCT-Abuja 63.2 54.6 58.4 0.9 99.5 77.5 87.2 0.8
Benue 49.7 35.6 43.0 0.7 88.5 54.5 72.3 0.6
Kogi 70.3 60.2 64.9 0.9 125.3 89.5 106.0 0.7
Kwara 44.3 49.9 46.9 1.1 66.3 75.1 70.4 1.1
Nasarawa 53.1 44.3 49.0 0.8 86.0 61.7 74.7 0.7
Niger 35.6 16.0 26.7 0.5 60.2 27.8 45.6 0.5
Plateau 46.4 42.5 44.6 0.9 77.9 62.3 70.7 0.8
North East
Adamawa 37.7 30.8 34.4 0.8 66.5 48.9 58.0 0.7
Bauchi 17.9 10.8 14.2 0.6 25.1 13.0 18.8 0.5
Borno 20.4 15.6 17.9 0.8 30.9 21.1 25.7 0.7
Gombe 35.8 28.9 32.6 0.8 59.2 39.5 50.1 0.7
Taraba 45.7 37.9 41.7 0.8 72.8 49.1 60.5 0.7
Yobe 28.4 20.0 24.0 0.7 45.2 26.7 35.6 0.6
North West
Jigawa 22.0 4.1 13.8 0.2 32.6 6.9 20.8 0.2
Kaduna 51.2 41.7 46.9 0.8 74.3 67.9 71.4 0.9
Kano 42.9 26.5 35.0 0.6 73.0 37.6 55.9 0.5
Katsina 27.9 5.4 15.9 0.2 49.0 8.2 27.3 0.2
Kebbi 20.5 14.0 17.2 0.7 37.3 17.4 27.1 0.5
Sokoto 17.2 6.0 11.4 0.3 31.8 8.3 19.8 0.3
Zamfara 21.4 15.6 18.7 0.7 34.0 18.8 26.9 0.6
South East
Abia 77.8 68.6 73.0 0.9 102.6 98.6 100.5 1.0
Anambra 68.7 71.7 70.2 1.0 93.2 91.5 92.4 1.0
Ebonyi 56.0 53.8 54.7 1.0 89.2 74.5 80.9 0.8
Enugu 62.1 69.0 65.7 1.1 97.6 99.5 98.6 1.0
Imo 74.2 75.4 74.8 1.0 104.3 90.0 96.8 0.9
South South
Akwa Ibom 72.4 65.4 69.3 0.9 106.3 100.5 103.8 0.9
Bayelsa 75.0 67.2 70.8 0.9 107.9 87.0 96.7 0.8
Cross River 62.3 59.7 61.1 1.0 99.2 90.8 95.1 0.9
Delta 62.9 65.0 63.9 1.0 95.1 89.1 92.2 0.9
Edo 66.1 72.4 69.0 1.1 101.8 105.6 103.5 1.0
Rivers 64.7 64.4 64.6 1.0 97.4 89.4 93.3 0.9
South West
Ekiti 70.2 79.7 75.1 1.1 116.5 106.5 111.3 0.9
Lagos 72.5 71.3 71.9 1.0 102.9 106.0 104.5 1.0
Ogun 56.2 59.1 57.7 1.1 81.7 79.8 80.7 1.0
Ondo 70.1 67.4 68.8 1.0 103.3 106.7 105.0 1.0
Osun 76.7 73.6 75.1 1.0 121.0 100.5 110.0 0.8
Oyo 60.8 61.3 61.0 1.0 88.4 84.7 86.6 1.0
Total 51.8 46.4 49.1 0.9 80.0 65.9 73.0 0.8

1
The NAR for primary school is the percentage of the primary-school-age (1-6 years) population that is attending
primary school. The NAR for secondary school is the percentage of the secondary-school-age (1-6 years)
population that is attending secondary school. By definition the NAR cannot exceed 100 percent.
2
The GAR for primary school is the total number of primary school students, expressed as a percentage of the
official primary-school-age population. The GAR for secondary school is the total number of secondary school
students, expressed as a percentage of the official secondary-school-age population. If there are significant
numbers of over-age and under-age students at a given level of schooling, the GAR can exceed 100 percent.
3
The Gender Parity Index for primary school is the ratio of the primary school NAR (GAR) for females to the NAR
(GAR) for males. The Gender Parity Index for secondary school is the ratio of the secondary school NAR(GAR) for
females to the NAR (GAR) for males.
320 | Appendix A
Table A-2.6.1 Household drinking water: Zones
Percent distribution of households and de jure population by type of

source of drinking water; and percentage of households and the de jure
population by treatment of drinking water, according to zone of
Source of drinking Percentage

water using an
Non- appropriate
Improved improved treatment
Zone source source method Number
HOUSEHOLDS
North Central 49.7 47.8 12.3 4,568

North East 33.7 64.8 9.8 3,730
North West 49.5 48.9 11.9 7,178
South East 67.6 30.3 8.5 4,527
South South 58.8 37.2 6.6 5,966
South West 66.6 22.2 11.8 8,100
Total 55.9 39.6 10.3 34,070
POPULATION
North Central 47.4 51.2 13.3 21,971

North East 32.6 66.1 9.6 20,353
North West 49.8 48.7 12.0 38,913
South East 68.2 30.6 8.9 17,430
South South 57.8 39.0 6.9 22,329
South West 68.8 21.9 12.3 29,594
Total 54.2 42.6 10.8 150,589
Appendix A | 321
Table A-2.6.2 Household drinking water: States
Percent distribution of households and de jure population by type of

source of drinking water; and percentage of households and the de jure
population by treatment of drinking water, according to state of residence,
Nigeria 2008

water using an
Non- appropriate
State of residence source source method Number
HOUSEHOLDS
North Central
FCT-Abuja 65.0 18.9 12.3 371
Benue 47.0 52.3 30.4 859
Kogi 45.4 52.4 4.7 877
Kwara 65.4 33.1 4.1 617
Nasarawa 47.9 51.7 14.1 389
Niger 52.0 47.3 5.8 759
Plateau 35.0 63.5 13.1 696
North East
Adamawa 23.2 75.8 9.1 676
Bauchi 35.8 63.9 8.7 877
Borno 42.7 52.5 16.4 869
Gombe 22.9 76.4 12.2 404
Taraba 19.3 80.1 3.9 430
Yobe 50.3 49.5 3.8 474
North West
Jigawa 79.4 17.9 3.1 862
Kaduna 48.3 51.2 17.3 1,152
Kano 53.8 42.0 12.0 1,882
Katsina 38.0 61.9 22.7 1,113
Kebbi 72.4 27.6 5.7 679
Sokoto 24.5 75.3 10.8 817
Zamfara 27.6 71.7 3.3 675
South East
Abia 80.8 17.0 9.4 781
Anambra 66.7 29.6 7.3 1,252
Ebonyi 56.8 40.0 11.8 528
Enugu 63.2 35.5 6.2 849
Imo 67.9 31.8 9.3 1,117
South South
Akwa Ibom 64.8 34.0 7.9 999
Bayelsa 26.6 68.7 7.5 502
Cross River 25.8 74.0 5.3 765
Delta 72.3 23.1 2.1 1,222
Edo 59.6 33.8 5.3 760
Rivers 69.3 24.9 10.0 1,718
South West
Ekiti 62.9 35.2 4.7 700
Lagos 62.5 8.9 18.5 2,522
Ogun 66.2 33.6 6.1 1,276
Ondo 63.2 35.2 9.5 939
Osun 76.3 18.9 8.1 968
Oyo 70.7 22.4 12.6 1,694
Total 55.9 39.6 10.3 34,070
Continued...
322 | Appendix A
Table A-2.6.2—Continued

water using an
Non- appropriate
State of residence source source method Number
POPULATION
North Central
FCT-Abuja 66.3 22.2 11.7 1,584
Benue 44.6 55.2 33.1 4,546
Kogi 43.0 55.6 5.1 3,519
Kwara 64.6 34.6 4.8 2,543
Nasarawa 47.1 52.8 13.0 2,033
Niger 48.8 50.5 5.5 4,207
Plateau 32.8 66.3 12.5 3,539
North East
Adamawa 22.1 77.0 9.8 3,431
Bauchi 34.3 65.5 8.2 5,092
Borno 40.4 55.3 16.7 4,461
Gombe 23.6 75.9 10.8 2,346
Taraba 19.9 79.8 3.4 2,460
Yobe 50.3 49.3 4.4 2,562
North West
Jigawa 78.7 19.0 3.1 4,660
Kaduna 48.5 50.9 18.1 6,583
Kano 53.4 42.7 11.4 10,209
Katsina 37.4 62.5 22.7 6,270
Kebbi 73.4 26.6 6.5 3,584
Sokoto 26.0 73.8 10.2 4,048
Zamfara 29.5 70.1 3.2 3,560
South East
Abia 83.6 15.1 9.3 3,067
Anambra 68.4 29.4 7.6 4,462
Ebonyi 54.5 44.3 13.3 2,322
Enugu 63.8 35.5 6.5 3,405
Imo 67.9 31.8 9.5 4,174
South South
Akwa Ibom 65.0 34.1 8.0 3,963
Bayelsa 27.2 69.6 7.3 1,835
Cross River 24.5 75.3 5.5 3,138
Delta 72.7 23.8 1.8 4,338
Edo 59.3 35.1 6.1 3,425
Rivers 69.0 26.5 11.3 5,630
South West
Ekiti 61.3 37.4 5.5 2,503
Lagos 67.7 9.4 18.2 9,719
Ogun 66.8 33.1 5.8 4,058
Ondo 63.7 35.0 10.4 3,658
Osun 78.0 18.4 9.4 3,716
Oyo 72.4 22.2 12.9 5,939
Total 54.2 42.6 10.8 150,589
Appendix A | 323
Table A-2.7.1 Household sanitation facilities: Zones
Percent distribution of households and de jure population

by type of toilet/latrine facilities, according to zone of
Improved, Non-
not shared improved
Zone facility facility Number
HOUSEHOLDS

North East 24.5 75.5 3,730
North West 43.8 56.2 7,178
South East 36.7 63.3 4,527
South South 22.3 77.7 5,966
South West 15.6 84.4 8,100
Total 27.0 73.0 34,070
POPULATION

North East 27.1 72.9 20,353
North West 47.6 52.4 38,913
South East 39.6 60.4 17,430
South South 26.2 73.8 22,329
South West 17.8 82.2 29,594
Total 31.2 68.8 150,589
324 | Appendix A
Table A-2.7.2 Household sanitation facilities: States
Percent distribution of households and de jure population by

type of toilet/latrine facilities, according to state of residence,
Nigeria 2008
Improved, Non-
not shared improved
State of residence facility facility Number
HOUSEHOLDS
North Central
FCT-Abuja 37.6 62.4 371
Benue 14.5 85.5 859
Kogi 16.4 83.6 877
Kwara 9.6 90.4 617
Nasarawa 38.2 61.8 389
Niger 22.9 77.1 759
Plateau 13.8 86.2 696
North East
Adamawa 21.3 78.7 676
Bauchi 22.2 77.8 877
Borno 25.6 74.4 869
Gombe 44.8 55.2 404
Taraba 9.5 90.5 430
Yobe 27.4 72.6 474
North West
Jigawa 21.8 78.2 862
Kaduna 28.9 71.1 1,152
Kano 63.3 36.7 1,882
Katsina 47.0 53.0 1,113
Kebbi 38.3 61.7 679
Sokoto 56.5 43.5 817
Zamfara 27.5 72.5 675
South East
Abia 38.7 61.3 781
Anambra 43.2 56.8 1,252
Ebonyi 13.1 86.9 528
Enugu 18.8 81.2 849
Imo 52.6 47.4 1,117
South South
Akwa Ibom 39.0 61.0 999
Bayelsa 6.1 93.9 502
Cross River 10.1 89.9 765
Delta 21.8 78.2 1,222
Edo 29.9 70.1 760
Rivers 19.6 80.4 1,718
South West
Ekiti 16.7 83.3 700
Lagos 23.8 76.2 2,522
Ogun 12.5 87.5 1,276
Ondo 14.7 85.3 939
Osun 13.3 86.7 968
Oyo 7.1 92.9 1,694
Total
27.0 73.0 34,070
Continued...
Appendix A | 325
Table A-2.7.2—Continued
Improved, Non-
not shared improved
State of residence facility facility Number
POPULATION
North Central
FCT-Abuja 40.5 59.5 1,584
Benue 16.3 83.7 4,546
Kogi 19.7 80.3 3,519
Kwara 10.4 89.6 2,543
Nasarawa 42.1 57.9 2,033
Niger 26.1 73.9 4,207
Plateau 17.0 83.0 3,539
North East
Adamawa 25.3 74.7 3,431
Bauchi 22.5 77.5 5,092
Borno 30.1 69.9 4,461
Gombe 48.1 51.9 2,346
Taraba 9.6 90.4 2,460
Yobe 31.4 68.6 2,562
North West
Jigawa 22.2 77.8 4,660
Kaduna 33.4 66.6 6,583
Kano 67.9 32.1 10,209
Katsina 52.6 47.4 6,270
Kebbi 41.7 58.3 3,584
Sokoto 60.7 39.3 4,048
Zamfara 31.4 68.6 3,560
South East
Abia 45.4 54.6 3,067
Anambra 47.6 52.4 4,462
Ebonyi 15.4 84.6 2,322
Enugu 20.5 79.5 3,405
Imo 55.8 44.2 4,174
South South
Akwa Ibom 45.3 54.7 3,963
Bayelsa 6.4 93.6 1,835
Cross River 12.2 87.8 3,138
Delta 25.0 75.0 4,338
Edo 34.5 65.5 3,425
Rivers 22.7 77.3 5,630
South West
Ekiti 18.0 82.0 2,503
Lagos 25.3 74.7 9,719
Ogun 14.6 85.4 4,058
Ondo 17.5 82.5 3,658
Osun 16.0 84.0 3,716
Oyo 8.8 91.2 5,939
Total 31.2 68.8 150,589
326 | Appendix A
Table A-2.8.1 Household access to electricity: Zones
Percent distribution of households and de jure population by

access to electricity, according to zone of residence, Nigeria
2008
Electricity
Zone Yes No Number
HOUSEHOLDS

North East 24.0 75.9 3,730
North West 36.6 63.0 7,178
South East 64.2 35.6 4,527
South South 55.8 44.0 5,966
South West 70.7 28.9 8,100
Total 50.3 49.4 34,070
POPULATION

North East 25.1 74.8 20,353
North West 38.5 61.1 38,913
South East 64.5 35.2 17,430
South South 56.8 43.0 22,329
South West 70.8 28.8 29,594
Total 47.9 51.8 150,589
Appendix A | 327
Table A-2.8.2 Household access to electricity: States
Percent distribution of households and de jure population by access to electricity, according

to state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Electricity
State of residence Yes No Missing Total Number
HOUSEHOLDS
North Central
FCT-Abuja 73.1 26.6 0.2 100.0 371
Benue 15.0 84.8 0.2 100.0 859
Kogi 52.2 47.8 0.0 100.0 877
Kwara 54.0 45.8 0.2 100.0 617
Nasarawa 26.1 73.8 0.1 100.0 389
Niger 35.3 64.4 0.3 100.0 759
Plateau 14.6 85.2 0.2 100.0 696
North East
Adamawa 32.5 67.2 0.3 100.0 676
Bauchi 18.3 81.6 0.1 100.0 877
Borno 21.6 78.4 0.0 100.0 869
Gombe 32.4 67.6 0.0 100.0 404
Taraba 18.6 81.3 0.1 100.0 430
Yobe 24.5 75.4 0.1 100.0 474
North West
Jigawa 18.6 81.0 0.4 100.0 862
Kaduna 54.3 45.6 0.1 100.0 1,152
Kano 49.6 50.1 0.3 100.0 1,882
Katsina 30.2 68.7 1.1 100.0 1,113
Kebbi 38.3 61.4 0.2 100.0 679
Sokoto 22.8 77.1 0.1 100.0 817
Zamfara 18.8 80.6 0.6 100.0 675
South East
Abia 69.2 30.8 0.0 100.0 781
Anambra 83.6 15.9 0.5 100.0 1,252
Ebonyi 41.3 58.7 0.0 100.0 528
Enugu 48.4 51.6 0.0 100.0 849
Imo 62.0 37.7 0.3 100.0 1,117
South South
Akwa Ibom 58.2 41.6 0.2 100.0 999
Bayelsa 50.8 49.1 0.1 100.0 502
Cross River 32.0 67.9 0.1 100.0 765
Delta 63.6 36.1 0.3 100.0 1,222
Edo 74.2 25.7 0.1 100.0 760
Rivers 52.7 46.9 0.4 100.0 1,718
South West
Ekiti 63.2 36.8 0.0 100.0 700
Lagos 90.9 8.5 0.7 100.0 2,522
Ogun 65.7 34.1 0.2 100.0 1,276
Ondo 48.2 51.4 0.4 100.0 939
Osun 67.2 32.6 0.2 100.0 968
Oyo 62.2 37.5 0.3 100.0 1,694
Total 50.3 49.4 0.3 100.0 34,070

Continued...
328 | Appendix A
Table A.2.8.2—Continued
Electricity
State of residence Yes No Missing Total Number
POPULATION
North Central
FCT-Abuja 72.7 27.1 0.3 100.0 1,584
Benue 13.2 86.7 0.1 100.0 4,546
Kogi 50.4 49.6 0.0 100.0 3,519
Kwara 52.2 47.6 0.1 100.0 2,543
Nasarawa 23.7 76.2 0.0 100.0 2,033
Niger 32.4 67.3 0.4 100.0 4,207
Plateau 12.3 87.5 0.2 100.0 3,539
North East
Adamawa 30.0 69.7 0.3 100.0 3,431
Bauchi 20.0 79.9 0.1 100.0 5,092
Borno 23.3 76.7 0.0 100.0 4,461
Gombe 34.0 66.0 0.0 100.0 2,346
Taraba 20.6 79.3 0.1 100.0 2,460
Yobe 28.2 71.6 0.2 100.0 2,562
North West
Jigawa 20.5 79.2 0.3 100.0 4,660
Kaduna 55.1 44.9 0.0 100.0 6,583
Kano 51.5 48.2 0.2 100.0 10,209
Katsina 30.7 68.2 1.1 100.0 6,270
Kebbi 40.9 58.8 0.2 100.0 3,584
Sokoto 25.5 74.3 0.2 100.0 4,048
Zamfara 20.6 78.5 0.9 100.0 3,560
South East
Abia 70.8 29.2 0.0 100.0 3,067
Anambra 86.0 13.3 0.7 100.0 4,462
Ebonyi 37.7 62.3 0.0 100.0 2,322
Enugu 49.5 50.5 0.0 100.0 3,405
Imo 64.2 35.5 0.3 100.0 4,174
South South
Akwa Ibom 58.9 40.9 0.2 100.0 3,963
Bayelsa 52.0 47.9 0.1 100.0 1,835
Cross River 31.2 68.8 0.0 100.0 3,138
Delta 64.3 35.4 0.3 100.0 4,338
Edo 74.9 25.0 0.1 100.0 3,425
Rivers 54.4 45.4 0.3 100.0 5,630
South West
Ekiti 61.1 38.9 0.0 100.0 2,503
Lagos 91.4 8.1 0.5 100.0 9,719
Ogun 66.4 33.3 0.3 100.0 4,058
Ondo 46.2 53.3 0.5 100.0 3,658
Osun 68.5 31.3 0.2 100.0 3,716
Oyo 60.9 38.7 0.4 100.0 5,939
Total 47.9 51.8 0.3 100.0 150,589
Appendix A | 329
Table A-2.11 Birth registration of children under age five:
States
Percentage of de jure children under five years of age

whose births are registered with the civil authorities,
according to state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Birth
certificate Total Number of
State of residence seen registered children
North Central
FCT-Abuja 65.9 45.6 243
Benue 44.3 23.7 783
Kogi 29.6 39.7 486
Kwara 45.7 37.5 413
Nasarawa 51.5 20.6 309
Niger 37.4 15.3 801
Plateau 28.8 22.6 575
North East
Adamawa 33.3 18.9 641
Bauchi 32.0 11.1 1,086
Borno 35.0 9.4 932
Gombe 62.2 21.8 476
Taraba 73.2 19.6 440
Yobe 62.4 9.9 565
North West
Jigawa 22.0 10.7 935
Kaduna 28.0 25.5 1,118
Kano 40.0 31.3 2,083
Katsina 12.9 29.5 1,410
Kebbi 38.4 13.2 639
Sokoto 19.6 13.8 855
Zamfara 30.7 10.3 723
South East
Abia 32.3 56.1 432
Anambra 23.7 71.3 719
Ebonyi 51.4 25.5 386
Enugu 26.5 41.3 406
Imo 25.0 61.0 526
South South
Akwa Ibom 35.7 30.4 528
Bayelsa 14.0 10.3 309
Delta 40.1 32.6 625
Edo 27.4 57.6 520
Rivers 34.9 26.3 850
South West
Ekiti 24.4 58.6 344
Lagos 65.1 52.8 1,403
Ogun 36.2 45.6 670
Ondo 38.8 36.4 509
Osun 43.0 59.0 491
Oyo 43.3 40.4 973
Total 37.6 30.0 25,726
330 | Appendix A
Table A-2.12 Birth registration of children under age five by authority: States
Among de jure children under five years of age whose births are registered with the civil authorities, percent
distribution of children by the authority with which the birth is registered, according to state of residence, Nigeria
2008
Authority where birth certification registered
National Local Private
Population Government clinic/ Total Number of
State of residence Commission Administration hospital Other Missing registered children
North Central
FCT-Abuja 74.3 1.5 13.5 9.0 1.7 100.0 111
Benue 35.8 8.2 49.2 6.9 0.0 100.0 185
Kogi 9.7 12.5 70.4 6.9 0.5 100.0 193
Kwara 15.7 35.9 36.5 11.9 0.0 100.0 155
Nasarawa 43.6 26.8 23.8 4.3 1.4 100.0 64
Niger 22.7 22.0 36.2 10.8 8.2 100.0 123
Plateau 35.3 8.1 40.4 16.2 0.0 100.0 130
North East
Adamawa 35.2 34.0 18.5 9.3 3.1 100.0 121
Bauchi 19.2 15.9 42.2 20.3 2.4 100.0 120
Borno 33.8 5.4 33.0 0.0 27.7 100.0 87
Gombe 66.6 11.1 19.6 1.4 1.3 100.0 104
Taraba 46.1 22.3 25.3 5.3 1.1 100.0 86
Yobe 42.7 38.4 16.0 1.1 1.9 100.0 56
North West
Jigawa 46.7 30.4 11.0 1.6 10.3 100.0 100
Kaduna 11.4 16.7 64.0 6.6 1.3 100.0 285
Kano 85.5 4.9 7.9 0.5 1.2 100.0 652
Katsina 23.3 75.3 0.0 0.0 1.4 100.0 416
Kebbi 42.0 33.9 12.5 4.5 7.1 100.0 84
Sokoto 26.8 52.2 18.1 0.7 2.2 100.0 118
Zamfara 53.6 6.3 29.3 8.7 2.1 100.0 74
South East
Abia 13.9 6.9 66.1 13.0 0.0 100.0 242
Anambra 14.9 10.8 69.1 4.9 0.3 100.0 513
Ebonyi 35.1 6.5 45.2 9.4 3.7 100.0 98
Enugu 36.8 0.6 46.8 15.8 0.0 100.0 167
Imo 15.0 8.1 66.7 10.3 0.0 100.0 321
South South
Akwa Ibom 35.5 2.0 42.7 19.1 0.7 100.0 161
Bayelsa 35.1 15.8 40.4 0.0 8.8 100.0 32
Cross River 57.2 7.7 24.2 3.3 7.7 100.0 86
Delta 30.5 13.4 44.2 12.0 0.0 100.0 204
Edo 13.1 2.0 67.1 17.0 0.8 100.0 300
Rivers 41.4 16.8 31.0 9.1 1.7 100.0 223
South West
Ekiti 23.7 30.9 26.5 18.8 0.0 100.0 202
Lagos 56.2 11.5 21.4 9.4 1.6 100.0 741
Ogun 36.8 14.1 27.6 21.1 0.4 100.0 305
Ondo 31.3 32.0 16.4 19.8 0.5 100.0 185
Osun 39.3 9.7 42.1 7.2 1.7 100.0 290
Oyo 25.6 13.0 47.1 14.3 0.0 100.0 393
Total 35.9 16.9 36.4 9.2 1.6 100.0 7,727
Appendix A | 331
Table A-2.13 Neglected tropical diseases reported in households: States
Percentage of de jure women, men, and children who reported taking drugs for onchoceriasis, lymphatic filariasis, and schistosomiasis and
the percentage who saw a worm emerging from a skin lesion (blister or boil) in the past 12 months, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Mass drug administration for onchoceriasis,
lymphatic filariasis, and shcistomsomiasis
Percentage who Guinea worm
took any drug for disease Schistosomiasis in children
onchoceriasis Percentage who Percentage who Percentage who ages 5-17
(river blindness), took any drug for took any drug for saw a worm Percentage of
a disease that lymphatic filariasis schistosomiasis emerging from children age
causes itchy skin, (elephantitis), (bilharazia), a skin lesion Number of 5-17 who had
lumps in the which causes which causes (blister or boil) women, blood in their
skin, and swelling in the blood in in the past men, and urine in the Number of
State of residence blindness arms and legs the urine 12 months children past 30 days children
North Central
FCT-Abuja 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 1,584 0.5 512
Benue 2.9 0.1 0.4 0.1 4,546 7.3 1,639
Kogi 4.2 0.8 0.7 0.8 3,519 0.1 1,164
Kwara 6.9 0.2 0.1 0.2 2,543 0.7 816
Nasarawa 22.0 10.0 3.5 3.9 2,033 1.8 728
Niger 11.0 2.0 2.2 1.8 4,207 1.1 1,586
Plateau 19.1 15.8 8.2 5.9 3,539 0.2 1,226
North East
Adamawa 22.1 0.4 0.7 0.1 3,431 1.3 1,179
Bauchi 2.2 1.2 0.6 0.3 5,092 2.2 1,888
Borno 1.7 0.9 2.2 0.2 4,461 8.1 1,564
Gombe 6.1 4.6 1.8 1.6 2,346 1.6 864
Taraba 20.3 2.3 1.7 0.4 2,460 4.3 867
Yobe 1.6 0.7 1.3 0.6 2,562 0.4 904
North West
Jigawa 2.9 1.0 2.5 0.4 4,660 1.4 1,671
Kaduna 9.7 1.8 1.4 1.2 6,583 0.7 2,358
Kano 2.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 10,209 1.4 3,451
Katsina 0.3 0.1 0.5 0.1 6,270 0.9 2,178
Kebbi 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 3,584 2.5 1,331
Sokoto 1.9 0.6 1.3 0.4 4,048 2.0 1,339
Zamfara 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 3,560 0.2 1,282
South East
Abia 0.9 0.1 0.2 0.1 3,067 0.1 839
Anambra 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4,462 0.0 1,230
Ebonyi 3.7 0.2 0.2 0.0 2,322 1.0 811
Enugu 1.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 3,405 1.1 1,052
Imo 1.9 0.2 0.2 0.2 4,174 0.1 1,128
South South
Akwa Ibom 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3,963 0.0 1,237
Bayelsa 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1,835 0.4 585
Cross River 5.3 0.4 0.2 0.2 3,138 0.2 1,002
Delta 1.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 4,338 0.2 1,354
Edo 1.8 0.4 0.3 0.3 3,425 0.3 1,059
Rivers 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 5,630 0.1 1,469
South West
Ekiti 6.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 2,503 0.9 731
Lagos 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 9,719 0.0 2,611
Ogun 2.9 0.3 0.2 0.2 4,058 0.3 1,180
Ondo 2.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 3,658 0.6 1,221
Osun 2.8 0.2 0.1 0.2 3,716 0.0 1,210
Oyo 0.7 0.1 0.0 0.1 5,939 0.1 1,797
Total 3.9 1.0 0.8 0.5 150,589 1.3 49,062
332 | Appendix A
CHAPTER 3 RESPONDENT CHARACTERISTICS
Table A-3.1 Background characteristics of respondents
Percent distribution of women and men age 15-49 by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Women Men
Weighted Weighted
State of residence percent Weighted Unweighted percent Weighted Unweighted
North Central
FCT-Abuja 1.1 369 852 1.2 170 411
Benue 2.9 972 985 3.0 407 404
Kogi 2.4 792 878 2.6 360 398
Kwara 1.7 553 737 1.7 235 328
Nasarawa 1.4 458 953 1.5 211 413
Niger 2.5 827 945 2.6 359 397
Plateau 2.3 777 1,016 2.3 323 422
North East
Adamawa 2.3 764 1,018 2.2 302 420
Bauchi 3.0 998 1,008 3.1 421 428
Borno 2.7 912 990 2.4 332 377
Gombe 1.4 465 1,005 1.4 200 441
Taraba 1.8 587 1,217 1.4 198 429
Yobe 1.6 537 979 1.4 192 349
North West
Jigawa 2.9 959 1,019 2.3 316 337
Kaduna 4.0 1,333 1,081 5.1 700 603
Kano 6.2 2,070 1,237 6.2 853 528
Katsina 4.1 1,372 1,182 3.6 496 425
Kebbi 2.2 732 966 2.2 298 396
Sokoto 2.5 822 945 2.2 303 353
Zamfara 2.2 733 867 2.0 271 288
South East
Abia 2.3 775 736 2.3 311 281
Anambra 3.1 1,042 648 2.9 402 253
Ebonyi 1.8 586 964 1.3 174 284
Enugu 2.3 780 708 1.7 229 189
Imo 2.7 908 611 2.4 332 230
South South
Akwa Ibom 2.8 938 819 3.0 413 374
Bayelsa 1.4 468 845 1.6 225 421
Cross River 2.2 735 773 2.1 291 295
Delta 3.2 1,071 763 3.1 429 312
Edo 2.3 770 846 2.4 336 371
Rivers 4.5 1,490 767 5.4 743 394
South West
Ekiti 1.7 556 743 1.9 261 359
Lagos 7.3 2,446 1,252 8.7 1,200 644
Ogun 2.6 870 642 2.1 284 221
Ondo 2.4 791 782 2.5 339 350
Osun 2.8 922 926 2.8 390 413
Oyo 3.6 1,205 680 3.6 502 300
Total 100.0 33,385 33,385 100.0 13,808 13,838
Appendix A | 333
Table A-3.2.1 Educational attainment: Women by state
Percent distribution of women age 15-49 by highest level of schooling attended or completed, and median years completed,

No Some Completed Some Completed More than Median years Number of
State of residence education primary primary1 secondary secondary2 secondary Total completed women
North Central
FCT-Abuja 15.4 4.4 14.6 15.3 25.5 24.8 100.0 11.0 369
Benue 25.2 17.7 19.9 24.2 9.5 3.5 100.0 5.4 972
Kogi 20.5 5.4 22.0 21.8 21.6 8.8 100.0 6.9 792
Kwara 46.6 1.5 11.2 10.4 17.0 13.2 100.0 5.2 553
Nasarawa 40.9 10.1 13.2 21.2 10.2 4.5 100.0 4.7 458
Niger 74.7 3.2 4.9 8.4 4.4 4.4 100.0 a 827
Plateau 20.5 10.6 27.7 24.5 9.7 7.0 100.0 5.7 777
North East
Adamawa 50.9 10.5 10.6 18.1 7.3 2.7 100.0 a 764
Bauchi 76.5 7.2 9.8 3.7 2.5 0.4 100.0 a 998
Borno 81.2 3.1 5.5 3.8 3.9 2.5 100.0 a 912
Gombe 64.6 5.4 10.3 9.7 6.4 3.5 100.0 a 465
Taraba 46.9 11.9 9.6 19.1 8.2 4.2 100.0 2.1 587
Yobe 80.8 3.7 5.6 5.5 3.6 0.9 100.0 a 537
North West
Jigawa 84.6 3.4 8.8 0.9 1.1 1.2 100.0 a 959
Kaduna 40.5 7.3 13.8 19.2 12.6 6.7 100.0 5.2 1,333
Kano 65.7 3.4 12.5 7.1 8.4 2.9 100.0 a 2,070
Katsina 91.1 4.0 2.7 1.1 0.6 0.5 100.0 a 1,372
Kebbi 85.9 0.9 3.8 2.9 3.7 2.7 100.0 a 732
Sokoto 87.3 3.2 4.6 2.5 1.4 1.1 100.0 a 822
Zamfara 87.9 1.8 2.5 3.2 3.3 1.3 100.0 a 733
South East
Abia 2.6 5.5 15.2 33.0 32.5 11.2 100.0 10.4 775
Anambra 1.5 5.4 14.8 29.2 31.6 17.5 100.0 10.9 1,042
Ebonyi 25.0 16.3 20.5 19.3 12.4 6.4 100.0 5.4 586
Enugu 8.3 12.3 14.5 32.4 18.8 13.6 100.0 7.8 780
Imo 0.9 4.6 13.2 27.6 40.5 13.1 100.0 11.1 908
South South
Akwa Ibom 4.1 12.6 17.2 32.2 18.5 15.4 100.0 7.8 938
Bayelsa 10.4 6.7 17.0 36.9 23.8 5.1 100.0 8.1 468
Cross River 8.5 8.5 20.9 30.5 21.5 10.1 100.0 8.0 735
Delta 4.0 7.7 20.3 31.1 24.1 12.7 100.0 8.6 1,071
Edo 8.3 4.1 18.6 30.4 25.7 12.9 100.0 9.0 770
Rivers 4.9 5.9 14.4 26.5 35.5 12.7 100.0 10.6 1,490
South West
Ekiti 7.6 4.3 13.0 27.2 28.0 19.9 100.0 10.7 556
Lagos 5.9 2.6 11.3 17.9 41.3 21.0 100.0 11.3 2,446
Ogun 19.0 6.1 24.1 19.6 19.9 11.2 100.0 6.5 870
Ondo 13.6 7.2 14.7 28.1 24.7 11.6 100.0 8.8 791
Osun 12.8 4.4 20.2 27.0 19.0 16.6 100.0 8.5 922
Oyo 19.6 4.4 22.4 18.2 24.6 10.9 100.0 7.6 1,205
Total 35.8 6.1 13.6 18.1 17.5 8.9 100.0 5.6 33,385
a = Omitted because more than 50 percent of women had no formal schooling

1
2
334 | Appendix A
Table A-3.2.2 Educational attainment: Men by state
Percent distribution of men age 15-49 by highest level of schooling attended or completed, and median years completed, according to
state of residence, Nigeria 2008

No Some Completed Some Completed More than Median years Number of
State of residence education primary primary1 secondary secondary2 secondary Total completed men
North Central
FCT-Abuja 4.4 3.5 12.3 15.2 33.8 30.9 100.0 11.4 170
Benue 3.4 8.5 18.4 37.4 24.0 8.2 100.0 8.6 407
Kogi 6.0 1.3 11.1 27.4 35.4 18.8 100.0 11.1 360
Kwara 31.3 3.6 15.9 13.2 18.5 17.5 100.0 5.9 235
Nasarawa 11.3 6.0 11.6 30.3 26.3 14.5 100.0 9.6 211
Niger 42.0 5.5 11.3 18.7 15.0 7.4 100.0 5.2 359
Plateau 8.4 7.5 21.9 34.3 14.5 13.4 100.0 7.7 323
North East
Adamawa 22.6 10.5 11.2 27.4 18.3 10.0 100.0 7.3 302
Bauchi 50.7 9.3 16.3 12.3 6.8 4.5 100.0 a 421
Borno 63.7 4.9 7.5 8.4 8.9 6.6 100.0 a 332
Gombe 39.0 9.0 13.6 18.3 14.5 5.6 100.0 5.1 200
Taraba 19.7 12.0 10.7 26.2 16.9 14.7 100.0 7.8 198
Yobe 67.8 3.5 3.2 14.5 5.2 5.8 100.0 a 192
North West
Jigawa 44.1 6.6 25.1 7.6 6.4 10.2 100.0 4.7 316
Kaduna 16.9 5.4 15.4 23.3 25.6 13.4 100.0 8.6 700
Kano 30.6 2.7 22.2 15.1 17.5 11.9 100.0 5.7 853
Katsina 58.6 4.5 16.7 10.1 7.3 2.8 100.0 a 496
Kebbi 59.8 1.3 12.1 7.6 8.1 11.1 100.0 a 298
Sokoto 48.4 7.9 16.7 13.0 4.8 9.1 100.0 1.2 303
Zamfara 67.3 3.5 6.9 8.1 5.8 8.5 100.0 a 271
South East
Abia 0.7 4.2 18.8 34.9 31.0 10.3 100.0 9.1 311
Anambra 0.4 7.1 29.7 19.6 28.7 14.5 100.0 8.8 402
Ebonyi 4.2 11.8 25.0 26.1 20.6 12.3 100.0 7.7 174
Enugu 1.1 6.3 22.1 22.1 30.1 18.2 100.0 10.7 229
Imo 0.0 2.9 18.5 27.5 35.9 15.1 100.0 11.0 332
South South
Akwa Ibom 2.9 4.5 19.0 28.2 27.6 17.9 100.0 10.4 413
Bayelsa 1.0 1.7 8.6 34.9 45.1 8.8 100.0 11.1 225
Cross River 2.7 5.8 17.3 34.9 24.7 14.6 100.0 9.5 291
Delta 2.2 3.3 12.4 31.6 37.5 13.1 100.0 11.0 429
Edo 3.3 4.8 13.5 33.5 26.6 18.2 100.0 10.4 336
Rivers 1.8 4.3 10.9 22.1 40.9 20.1 100.0 11.3 743
South West
Ekiti 1.7 3.6 10.5 22.7 37.9 23.5 100.0 11.3 261
Lagos 3.1 1.1 8.8 13.3 45.5 28.2 100.0 11.5 1,200
Ogun 9.7 8.1 25.0 19.9 24.8 12.4 100.0 8.1 284
Ondo 4.7 5.3 15.1 28.8 32.7 13.4 100.0 10.3 339
Osun 3.1 3.4 11.3 23.7 38.0 20.5 100.0 11.2 390
Oyo 11.3 4.2 14.6 23.4 32.7 13.8 100.0 10.1 502
Total 15-49 18.8 4.9 15.1 21.3 25.5 14.3 100.0 8.7 13,808
50-59 41.3 8.6 23.1 4.7 9.3 13.1 100.0 5.0 1,678
Total men 15-59 21.2 5.3 16.0 19.5 23.8 14.2 100.0 8.2 15,486
a = Omitted because more than 50 percent of men had no formal schooling

1
2
Appendix A | 335
Table A-3.3.1 Literacy: Women by state
Percent distribution of women age 15-49 by level of schooling attended and level of literacy, and percentage literate, according to

No card
school or a whole part of a read required visually Percentage of
State of residence higher sentence sentence at all language impaired Missing Total literate1 women
North Central
FCT-Abuja 65.6 3.6 7.6 22.5 0.0 0.0 0.7 100.0 76.8 369
Benue 37.2 1.2 5.2 53.6 2.4 0.1 0.3 100.0 43.6 972
Kogi 52.1 2.3 10.0 35.0 0.0 0.1 0.5 100.0 64.4 792
Kwara 40.7 1.5 5.3 52.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 100.0 47.5 553
Nasarawa 35.8 0.8 5.6 57.4 0.0 0.0 0.3 100.0 42.3 458
Niger 17.1 1.2 2.3 77.6 0.3 0.0 1.5 100.0 20.6 827
Plateau 41.3 4.1 8.5 45.6 0.0 0.1 0.5 100.0 53.9 777
North East
Adamawa 28.0 1.1 7.2 63.1 0.0 0.0 0.7 100.0 36.2 764
Bauchi 6.5 3.1 3.4 85.9 0.3 0.1 0.6 100.0 13.1 998
Borno 10.2 0.6 1.6 87.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 100.0 12.3 912
Gombe 19.7 1.7 8.6 69.8 0.0 0.0 0.3 100.0 29.9 465
Taraba 31.6 3.2 7.5 57.6 0.1 0.0 0.2 100.0 42.2 587
Yobe 9.9 0.3 1.9 87.7 0.0 0.0 0.2 100.0 12.1 537
North West
Jigawa 3.2 0.3 2.3 94.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 100.0 5.7 959
Kaduna 38.4 3.5 8.5 48.5 0.0 0.0 1.0 100.0 50.5 1,333
Kano 18.4 4.7 7.4 68.9 0.0 0.2 0.3 100.0 30.5 2,070
Katsina 2.2 0.5 2.1 93.2 0.2 0.1 1.7 100.0 4.8 1,372
Kebbi 9.3 2.2 1.1 86.6 0.1 0.6 0.0 100.0 12.6 732
Sokoto 5.0 2.0 2.3 90.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 100.0 9.3 822
Zamfara 7.7 1.6 3.8 86.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 100.0 13.0 733
South East
Abia 76.7 4.1 7.3 11.5 0.0 0.1 0.3 100.0 88.1 775
Anambra 78.2 3.1 6.9 10.2 0.0 0.1 1.5 100.0 88.2 1,042
Ebonyi 38.2 4.1 10.5 46.7 0.0 0.0 0.5 100.0 52.8 586
Enugu 64.8 2.1 6.1 26.3 0.0 0.0 0.7 100.0 73.0 780
Imo 81.2 3.4 8.7 6.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 100.0 93.3 908
South South
Akwa Ibom 66.1 3.8 10.5 18.2 0.2 0.0 1.2 100.0 80.4 938
Bayelsa 65.8 1.2 4.6 27.8 0.5 0.0 0.1 100.0 71.6 468
Cross River 62.1 0.8 7.0 29.7 0.0 0.0 0.5 100.0 69.8 735
Delta 67.9 1.1 8.1 22.3 0.0 0.0 0.5 100.0 77.2 1,071
Edo 69.0 0.9 5.6 23.9 0.0 0.0 0.6 100.0 75.5 770
Rivers 74.7 3.2 5.7 15.2 0.0 0.9 0.3 100.0 83.7 1,490
South West
Ekiti 75.1 1.6 7.5 15.3 0.3 0.0 0.3 100.0 84.2 556
Lagos 80.2 2.9 6.5 9.2 0.2 0.0 1.0 100.0 89.6 2,446
Ogun 50.8 12.1 5.6 29.8 1.4 0.0 0.3 100.0 68.4 870
Ondo 64.5 1.0 9.9 24.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 75.4 791
Osun 62.6 3.0 12.6 21.5 0.0 0.0 0.3 100.0 78.2 922
Oyo 53.7 7.3 9.0 26.3 3.2 0.0 0.4 100.0 70.1 1,205
Total 44.6 2.8 6.4 45.3 0.3 0.1 0.6 100.0 53.7 33,385
1
Refers to women who attended secondary school or higher and women who can read a whole sentence or part of a sentence
336 | Appendix A
Table A-3.3.2 Literacy: Men by state
Percent distribution of men age 15-49 by level of schooling attended and level of literacy, and percentage literate, according to

No card
school or a whole part of a read required visually Percentage of
State of residence higher sentence sentence at all language impaired Missing Total literate1 men
North Central
FCT-Abuja 79.8 2.4 6.6 9.8 0.0 0.0 1.4 100.0 88.8 170
Benue 69.6 4.2 8.3 14.2 3.2 0.2 0.2 100.0 82.1 407
Kogi 81.6 3.5 4.5 10.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 100.0 89.7 360
Kwara 49.2 3.1 10.1 37.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 62.4 235
Nasarawa 71.0 2.2 3.1 23.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 76.3 211
Niger 41.1 3.6 5.0 49.5 0.5 0.0 0.2 100.0 49.7 359
Plateau 62.2 10.9 9.7 16.9 0.0 0.2 0.0 100.0 82.8 323
North East
Adamawa 55.7 6.0 7.6 29.5 0.7 0.0 0.5 100.0 69.3 302
Bauchi 23.6 13.5 14.3 48.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 100.0 51.5 421
Borno 23.9 3.5 10.8 61.6 0.0 0.0 0.3 100.0 38.2 332
Gombe 38.3 11.2 18.0 32.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 100.0 67.5 200
Taraba 57.7 5.5 5.9 30.7 0.0 0.2 0.0 100.0 69.1 198
Yobe 25.5 1.1 5.0 67.8 0.0 0.0 0.6 100.0 31.6 192
North West
Jigawa 24.3 6.2 27.2 42.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 57.7 316
Kaduna 62.3 7.2 10.3 13.0 6.8 0.0 0.3 100.0 79.8 700
Kano 44.6 15.6 11.4 26.8 0.9 0.0 0.8 100.0 71.5 853
Katsina 20.2 3.5 15.5 59.1 0.0 0.0 1.6 100.0 39.3 496
Kebbi 26.8 2.0 33.6 37.1 0.0 0.3 0.3 100.0 62.4 298
Sokoto 26.9 7.4 11.0 53.8 0.0 0.0 0.8 100.0 45.3 303
Zamfara 22.3 7.3 4.1 65.2 0.0 0.0 1.1 100.0 33.8 271
South East
Abia 76.2 7.5 7.4 8.2 0.0 0.0 0.7 100.0 91.1 311
Anambra 62.8 16.1 20.4 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 99.2 402
Ebonyi 59.0 9.5 8.9 20.9 0.0 0.0 1.7 100.0 77.4 174
Enugu 70.5 6.3 18.5 4.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 95.3 229
Imo 78.5 10.7 7.4 3.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 96.7 332
South South
Akwa Ibom 73.6 1.8 9.8 14.5 0.0 0.3 0.0 100.0 85.2 413
Bayelsa 88.8 2.9 4.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 100.0 95.7 225
Cross River 74.3 1.7 3.4 20.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 79.4 291
Delta 82.2 2.9 3.7 11.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 88.8 429
Edo 78.4 2.2 7.3 11.9 0.0 0.0 0.3 100.0 87.8 336
Rivers 83.1 4.6 6.8 5.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 100.0 94.5 743
South West
Ekiti 84.2 1.9 5.8 8.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 92.0 261
Lagos 87.0 3.1 5.4 3.9 0.3 0.0 0.3 100.0 95.5 1,200
Ogun 57.1 7.7 11.4 20.2 3.2 0.5 0.0 100.0 76.2 284
Ondo 74.9 2.1 3.2 18.1 1.2 0.0 0.6 100.0 80.1 339
Osun 82.3 2.4 8.2 6.9 0.0 0.0 0.2 100.0 92.9 390
Oyo 69.9 5.6 9.9 14.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 85.4 502
Total 15-49 61.2 5.9 9.7 22.1 0.7 0.0 0.3 100.0 76.8 13,808
50-59 27.0 14.5 13.1 42.6 0.9 0.3 1.5 100.0 54.6 1,678
Total men 15-59 57.5 6.9 10.0 24.4 0.7 0.1 0.5 100.0 74.4 15,486
1
Refers to men who attended secondary school or higher and men who can read a whole sentence or part of a sentence
Appendix A | 337
Table A-3.4.1 Exposure to mass media: Women by state
Percentage of women age 15-49 who are exposed to specific media on a weekly basis, by state
of residence, Nigeria 2008

at least once least once least once least once once of
State of residence a week a week a week a week a week women
North Central
FCT-Abuja 30.6 70.4 70.0 27.6 21.1 369
Benue 7.5 22.9 47.5 4.6 46.1 972
Kogi 7.3 42.8 54.9 5.9 37.3 792
Kwara 14.4 45.9 51.8 13.5 43.3 553
Nasarawa 7.2 24.0 44.6 5.3 51.2 458
Niger 6.9 20.4 30.0 5.8 63.6 827
Plateau 7.5 21.7 46.4 6.4 52.6 777
North East
Adamawa 4.3 22.9 58.9 3.3 36.7 764
Bauchi 1.4 8.1 42.0 0.7 56.5 998
Borno 2.4 14.5 18.1 1.3 77.9 912
Gombe 5.6 16.7 38.5 3.0 56.8 465
Taraba 3.8 15.7 28.3 2.4 66.9 587
Yobe 2.6 10.2 21.0 1.2 75.6 537
North West
Jigawa 1.4 5.2 29.1 1.0 69.7 959
Kaduna 7.0 35.7 60.6 5.7 36.7 1,333
Kano 6.0 22.7 62.8 3.4 34.7 2,070
Katsina 1.0 11.0 40.9 0.7 57.4 1,372
Kebbi 2.6 14.3 22.7 2.2 74.2 732
Sokoto 1.4 10.5 46.8 1.3 50.9 822
Zamfara 4.0 12.1 46.4 3.1 51.9 733
South East
Abia 15.5 47.7 53.4 11.5 33.5 775
Anambra 27.8 60.7 54.6 20.3 24.9 1,042
Ebonyi 4.9 27.9 49.6 3.3 46.3 586
Enugu 17.4 39.1 47.1 13.5 43.2 780
Imo 17.5 38.5 61.7 11.0 29.2 908
South South
Akwa Ibom 22.2 58.5 73.3 18.5 19.0 938
Bayelsa 9.9 57.9 51.0 9.2 30.8 468
Cross River 17.6 51.0 46.3 13.7 36.6 735
Delta 16.1 63.9 54.0 13.9 31.9 1,071
Edo 24.0 74.6 63.9 20.8 17.9 770
Rivers 22.1 49.7 40.2 14.9 38.8 1,490
South West
Ekiti 12.3 58.6 77.7 10.4 16.8 556
Lagos 28.7 86.1 77.6 26.2 7.1 2,446
Ogun 15.0 57.3 78.5 11.4 15.5 870
Ondo 9.6 55.0 57.7 8.6 30.3 791
Osun 14.3 52.7 75.7 11.2 22.8 922
Oyo 10.6 65.1 85.9 9.2 7.9 1,205
Total 11.8 39.6 53.7 9.4 38.5 33,385
338 | Appendix A
Table A-3.4.2 Exposure to mass media: Men by state
Percentage of men age 15-49 who are exposed to specific media on a weekly basis, by state of

at least once least once least once least once once of
State of residence a week a week a week a week a week men
North Central
FCT-Abuja 34.8 61.5 91.3 26.6 6.2 170
Benue 12.9 28.1 78.8 8.3 18.0 407
Kogi 33.4 40.9 86.7 18.5 9.1 360
Kwara 29.3 56.1 84.0 27.5 14.1 235
Nasarawa 38.1 53.2 86.6 26.4 8.3 211
Niger 15.1 35.0 56.2 10.8 34.3 359
Plateau 32.9 55.7 82.1 25.4 11.3 323
North East
Adamawa 26.0 42.6 80.5 18.1 13.6 302
Bauchi 4.1 8.3 63.5 1.2 35.5 421
Borno 9.7 25.2 48.2 7.6 47.1 332
Gombe 18.5 22.2 74.7 7.4 20.5 200
Taraba 16.2 27.7 67.3 7.7 26.3 198
Yobe 12.2 16.2 33.0 8.4 63.1 192
North West
Jigawa 13.9 19.9 75.8 7.7 22.0 316
Kaduna 17.9 40.6 94.9 15.6 4.2 700
Kano 25.5 48.1 86.3 19.8 10.5 853
Katsina 8.5 16.9 81.6 5.2 16.9 496
Kebbi 10.1 18.2 36.4 6.8 57.1 298
Sokoto 16.4 26.1 83.9 9.1 12.7 303
Zamfara 8.0 16.4 67.1 6.9 30.5 271
South East
Abia 38.9 78.7 90.0 33.5 4.6 311
Anambra 41.1 77.7 89.4 38.7 7.4 402
Ebonyi 35.5 47.2 83.6 25.4 12.5 174
Enugu 59.9 71.4 94.1 55.1 3.7 229
Imo 27.0 43.9 84.7 19.3 10.3 332
South South
Akwa Ibom 30.5 60.3 74.1 25.0 15.5 413
Bayelsa 50.1 86.2 88.4 47.7 6.9 225
Cross River 25.2 56.7 81.1 19.8 14.5 291
Delta 43.4 77.0 81.0 32.7 5.2 429
Edo 28.4 69.8 70.0 22.7 14.4 336
Rivers 38.2 75.3 87.3 33.9 9.3 743
South West
Ekiti 35.3 62.1 86.7 29.7 9.4 261
Lagos 64.5 88.3 91.6 57.7 1.9 1,200
Ogun 29.6 56.5 90.9 23.7 6.4 284
Ondo 21.6 65.8 85.1 18.4 10.0 339
Osun 53.0 62.5 90.6 39.9 5.5 390
Oyo 29.4 66.5 97.4 25.5 2.3 502
Total 29.8 52.0 81.2 24.1 14.1 13,808

50-59 24.1 37.0 77.3 19.8 20.8 1,678
Total men 15-59 29.2 50.4 80.8 23.6 14.9 15,486
Appendix A | 339
Table A-3.5.1 Employment status: Women by state
Percent distribution of women age 15-49 by employment status, according to state of residence,
Nigeria 2008
Not
Employed in the
employed
12 months preceding
in the
the survey
12 months Missing/
Currently Not currently preceding don't Number of
State of residence employed1 employed the survey know Total women
North Central
FCT-Abuja 53.8 2.4 43.7 0.1 100.0 369
Benue 78.7 8.4 12.9 0.0 100.0 972
Kogi 69.3 1.9 28.7 0.1 100.0 792
Kwara 71.6 0.5 27.8 0.0 100.0 553
Nasarawa 65.8 0.7 33.2 0.2 100.0 458
Niger 58.1 1.4 40.3 0.2 100.0 827
Plateau 37.4 3.5 58.6 0.5 100.0 777
North East
Adamawa 69.6 0.4 29.8 0.2 100.0 764
Bauchi 59.1 0.6 40.2 0.2 100.0 998
Borno 63.2 1.1 35.5 0.2 100.0 912
Gombe 43.7 1.6 54.4 0.3 100.0 465
Taraba 61.2 9.3 29.3 0.2 100.0 587
Yobe 32.1 17.6 50.2 0.1 100.0 537
North West
Jigawa 45.4 4.7 49.9 0.1 100.0 959
Kaduna 35.6 4.2 60.2 0.0 100.0 1,333
Kano 47.3 13.8 38.6 0.3 100.0 2,070
Katsina 41.5 12.2 45.9 0.5 100.0 1,372
Kebbi 58.0 1.0 40.9 0.1 100.0 732
Sokoto 58.5 2.3 39.0 0.1 100.0 822
Zamfara 44.1 0.1 55.6 0.1 100.0 733
South East
Abia 59.7 0.5 39.6 0.1 100.0 775
Anambra 61.0 1.3 37.7 0.0 100.0 1,042
Ebonyi 69.1 1.5 29.1 0.3 100.0 586
Enugu 51.9 1.1 45.9 1.0 100.0 780
Imo 54.4 0.8 44.7 0.2 100.0 908
South South
Akwa Ibom 63.4 2.5 34.0 0.1 100.0 938
Bayelsa 54.9 1.4 43.7 0.0 100.0 468
Cross River 69.8 2.2 27.9 0.1 100.0 735
Delta 60.3 1.2 38.3 0.1 100.0 1,071
Edo 65.9 1.9 31.5 0.7 100.0 770
Rivers 65.6 4.0 30.5 0.0 100.0 1,490
South West
Ekiti 55.6 11.0 33.4 0.0 100.0 556
Lagos 66.7 0.7 32.6 0.0 100.0 2,446
Ogun 77.9 0.5 21.5 0.1 100.0 870
Ondo 63.4 1.2 35.4 0.0 100.0 791
Osun 68.8 0.0 31.2 0.0 100.0 922
Oyo 82.1 0.4 17.4 0.0 100.0 1,205
Total 59.1 3.5 37.2 0.2 100.0 33,385
Note: Total includes 1 woman with information missing on marital status who is not shown
separately.
1
Currently employed is defined as having done work in the past seven days. Includes persons who
did not work in the past seven days but who are regularly employed and were absent from work for
leave, illness, vacation, or any other such reason.
340 | Appendix A
Table A-3.5.2 Employment status: Men by state
Percent distribution of men age 15-49 by employment status, according to state of residence, Nigeria
2008
Not
Employed in the
employed
12 months preceding
in the
the survey
12 months Missing/
Currently Not currently preceding don't Number of
State of residence employed1 employed the survey know Total men
North Central
FCT-Abuja 75.8 0.7 23.5 0.0 100.0 170
Benue 87.6 2.1 10.3 0.0 100.0 407
Kogi 67.9 2.0 30.1 0.0 100.0 360
Kwara 80.6 1.5 17.8 0.0 100.0 235
Nasarawa 92.5 1.4 6.1 0.0 100.0 211
Niger 99.0 0.3 0.5 0.2 100.0 359
Plateau 87.5 9.2 3.3 0.0 100.0 323
North East
Adamawa 74.8 1.2 24.0 0.0 100.0 302
Bauchi 95.7 2.2 2.2 0.0 100.0 421
Borno 90.1 1.3 8.6 0.0 100.0 332
Gombe 94.1 3.0 2.6 0.3 100.0 200
Taraba 97.7 1.2 1.1 0.0 100.0 198
Yobe 95.6 0.9 3.5 0.0 100.0 192
North West
Jigawa 98.3 0.6 0.6 0.6 100.0 316
Kaduna 68.8 0.5 30.7 0.0 100.0 700
Kano 85.3 3.2 11.5 0.0 100.0 853
Katsina 95.1 1.2 3.5 0.2 100.0 496
Kebbi 88.6 1.0 10.4 0.0 100.0 298
Sokoto 96.3 2.0 1.7 0.0 100.0 303
Zamfara 92.3 2.7 4.6 0.3 100.0 271
South East
Abia 74.4 0.4 25.2 0.0 100.0 311
Anambra 72.3 0.0 27.7 0.0 100.0 402
Ebonyi 82.1 1.7 16.2 0.0 100.0 174
Enugu 77.8 2.6 19.6 0.0 100.0 229
Imo 64.1 1.7 34.2 0.0 100.0 332
South South
Akwa Ibom 65.1 4.5 30.5 0.0 100.0 413
Bayelsa 68.4 4.0 27.6 0.0 100.0 225
Cross River 84.7 3.4 11.9 0.0 100.0 291
Delta 68.1 5.1 26.8 0.0 100.0 429
Edo 67.3 1.1 31.7 0.0 100.0 336
Rivers 68.0 3.1 28.9 0.0 100.0 743
South West
Ekiti 70.5 0.8 28.7 0.0 100.0 261
Lagos 81.4 1.1 17.5 0.0 100.0 1,200
Ogun 85.7 0.5 13.8 0.0 100.0 284
Ondo 69.0 0.6 30.4 0.0 100.0 339
Osun 62.6 0.5 36.9 0.0 100.0 390
Oyo 75.3 1.7 23.0 0.0 100.0 502
Total 80.0 1.9 18.0 0.0 100.0 13,808

50-59 96.6 1.0 2.2 0.2 100.0 1,678
Total men 15-59 81.8 1.8 16.3 0.1 100.0 15,486
Note: Total includes 3 men with information missing on marital status who are not shown separately.
1
Currently employed is defined as having done work in the past seven days. Includes persons who
did not work in the past seven days but who are regularly employed and were absent from work for
leave, illness, vacation, or any other such reason.
Appendix A | 341
Table A-3.6.1 Occupation: Women by state
Percent distribution of women age 15-49 employed in the 12 months preceding the survey by occupation,
Professional/ Sales Number

technical/ and Skilled Unskilled of
State of residence managerial Clerical services manual manual Agriculture Missing Total women
North Central
FCT-Abuja 16.2 5.0 54.1 8.4 0.7 15.3 0.4 100.0 208
Benue 2.4 0.2 12.8 1.1 0.0 83.0 0.4 100.0 846
Kogi 7.2 1.9 54.7 12.3 0.2 23.7 0.0 100.0 564
Kwara 7.8 1.9 44.5 9.7 0.2 35.3 0.6 100.0 399
Nasarawa 3.5 0.9 21.7 4.7 0.8 68.3 0.2 100.0 305
Niger 5.0 0.9 62.1 14.3 0.7 15.3 1.6 100.0 492
Plateau 5.4 0.5 29.6 4.8 0.7 58.4 0.5 100.0 318
North East
Adamawa 1.7 0.8 36.5 15.1 0.0 44.7 1.1 100.0 535
Bauchi 1.0 0.0 61.6 32.0 0.5 3.9 1.0 100.0 595
Borno 2.1 0.5 22.1 12.8 0.2 61.4 0.9 100.0 586
Gombe 2.1 0.7 52.8 12.5 3.2 25.8 2.9 100.0 211
Taraba 2.7 1.0 37.1 6.2 0.0 52.2 0.8 100.0 414
Yobe 1.8 1.1 60.5 12.9 0.2 22.6 0.8 100.0 267
North West
Jigawa 0.7 0.2 57.7 38.7 0.0 2.4 0.3 100.0 480
Kaduna 8.6 1.4 48.1 13.5 0.0 27.6 0.7 100.0 531
Kano 1.2 0.1 59.3 38.3 0.3 0.5 0.3 100.0 1,264
Katsina 0.0 0.0 78.1 10.1 0.6 10.6 0.6 100.0 736
Kebbi 3.5 0.0 57.4 10.0 0.2 27.4 1.6 100.0 432
Sokoto 4.7 0.0 55.1 37.6 1.0 0.5 1.0 100.0 500
Zamfara 1.9 0.0 82.9 11.5 0.3 2.6 0.8 100.0 324
South East
Abia 11.8 2.9 53.1 8.8 0.2 21.5 1.6 100.0 467
Anambra 13.1 3.2 58.5 9.0 1.0 15.0 0.2 100.0 649
Ebonyi 5.3 1.0 33.2 8.1 1.3 50.8 0.3 100.0 414
Enugu 7.2 2.2 50.8 9.0 0.8 29.7 0.3 100.0 414
Imo 12.0 1.4 58.0 9.7 0.3 18.4 0.3 100.0 501
South South
Akwa Ibom 9.1 2.2 65.4 14.8 0.4 7.8 0.4 100.0 618
Bayelsa 7.1 1.7 43.1 4.4 0.0 43.5 0.2 100.0 264
Cross River 5.4 1.1 26.1 6.7 0.2 59.8 0.7 100.0 530
Delta 6.7 2.6 52.1 8.3 0.6 29.4 0.2 100.0 659
Edo 6.9 2.9 50.2 10.4 1.0 27.2 1.2 100.0 522
Rivers 6.6 4.4 52.6 8.8 1.0 26.1 0.6 100.0 1,036
South West
Ekiti 13.2 4.5 53.9 13.9 0.2 13.5 0.8 100.0 370
Lagos 12.9 8.4 60.4 14.9 0.7 1.5 1.1 100.0 1,649
Ogun 6.2 0.6 54.9 9.0 0.4 28.0 1.0 100.0 682
Ondo 12.3 0.2 48.9 10.2 0.8 26.6 1.0 100.0 511
Osun 12.2 1.4 67.6 14.9 0.3 3.2 0.3 100.0 634
Oyo 8.9 1.1 65.7 8.7 0.0 14.7 0.9 100.0 995
Total 6.6 1.9 52.2 13.9 0.5 24.3 0.7 100.0 20,921
342 | Appendix A
Table A-3.6.2 Occupation: Men by state
Percent distribution of men age 15-49 employed in the 12 months preceding the survey by occupation, according to state
Professional/
technical/ Sales and Skilled Unskilled Number of
State of residence managerial Clerical services manual manual Agriculture Missing Total men
North Central
FCT-Abuja 20.2 2.6 30.9 22.0 0.3 23.4 0.6 100.0 130
Benue 4.8 0.0 9.9 4.9 0.0 79.3 1.1 100.0 365
Kogi 11.9 3.2 21.9 19.0 1.8 42.2 0.0 100.0 252
Kwara 12.0 2.6 16.9 18.0 0.4 49.7 0.4 100.0 193
Nasarawa 5.2 1.3 13.5 10.2 0.5 69.1 0.3 100.0 198
Niger 4.1 0.8 13.1 8.0 16.5 56.9 0.8 100.0 356
Plateau 8.2 0.7 16.0 11.1 21.5 42.0 0.5 100.0 312
North East
Adamawa 4.4 0.9 28.5 8.5 0.9 56.1 0.6 100.0 229
Bauchi 2.5 0.5 14.6 9.8 1.8 69.1 1.7 100.0 412
Borno 3.7 1.1 30.9 7.8 0.3 56.2 0.0 100.0 303
Gombe 3.8 1.0 22.8 8.6 2.8 60.1 1.0 100.0 194
Taraba 6.2 1.1 8.6 7.1 20.4 55.9 0.7 100.0 196
Yobe 4.0 1.6 13.7 10.1 0.0 70.3 0.3 100.0 185
North West
Jigawa 5.5 1.5 30.4 10.6 3.4 48.6 0.0 100.0 313
Kaduna 9.2 1.7 15.9 11.2 0.3 61.5 0.2 100.0 485
Kano 8.1 2.6 38.9 20.1 6.6 22.2 1.5 100.0 755
Katsina 2.2 0.5 17.8 9.0 2.4 66.7 1.2 100.0 477
Kebbi 4.5 1.1 9.3 3.1 5.9 75.5 0.6 100.0 267
Sokoto 7.5 0.3 23.1 10.7 0.3 57.9 0.3 100.0 297
Zamfara 4.1 0.4 7.2 4.7 1.4 82.1 0.0 100.0 258
South East
Abia 8.1 2.9 42.0 33.8 2.9 9.4 1.0 100.0 233
Anambra 11.5 2.6 41.7 25.2 0.6 17.9 0.6 100.0 291
Ebonyi 7.2 0.9 27.1 25.9 0.0 37.8 1.2 100.0 146
Enugu 12.5 1.3 27.2 24.3 2.0 32.0 0.6 100.0 184
Imo 10.9 1.4 44.0 39.3 1.3 2.5 0.6 100.0 219
South South
Akwa Ibom 13.1 2.0 44.1 27.6 0.8 12.2 0.4 100.0 287
Bayelsa 9.5 4.6 30.2 35.1 1.3 18.7 0.7 100.0 163
Cross River 8.4 0.4 30.5 13.9 2.7 44.1 0.0 100.0 256
Delta 8.0 2.2 35.1 34.1 0.9 19.3 0.5 100.0 314
Edo 10.2 1.6 28.3 32.5 1.6 24.3 1.6 100.0 230
Rivers 13.2 3.2 39.4 27.6 0.7 15.5 0.4 100.0 528
South West
Ekiti 9.4 2.4 29.0 20.8 2.7 34.5 1.2 100.0 186
Lagos 18.3 3.4 39.6 32.8 0.9 3.8 1.1 100.0 990
Ogun 7.3 2.1 28.1 26.3 0.0 36.3 0.0 100.0 245
Ondo 9.8 1.6 23.7 17.0 2.9 42.9 2.1 100.0 236
Osun 15.6 2.0 29.9 26.6 0.4 25.6 0.0 100.0 246
Oyo 13.1 0.5 32.5 26.6 0.0 26.5 0.9 100.0 386
Total 9.0 1.7 27.1 18.9 3.0 39.6 0.7 100.0 11,317
50-59 11.1 1.8 24.8 13.0 0.5 48.3 0.5 100.0 1,638
Total men 15-59 9.2 1.7 26.8 18.1 2.7 40.7 0.7 100.0 12,955
Appendix A | 343
Table A-3.7.1 Type of earnings: Women by state
Percent distribution of women age 15-49 employed in the 12 months preceding the survey by type of
earnings, Nigeria 2008
Number of
women
Type of earnings employed
Cash Cash and In-kind Not during the past
State of residence only in-kind only paid Missing Total 12 months
North Central
FCT-Abuja 81.2 3.5 1.2 13.5 0.6 100.0 208
Benue 21.4 44.9 15.8 17.9 0.0 100.0 846
Kogi 66.5 2.6 2.4 27.5 1.0 100.0 564
Kwara 81.6 9.6 0.9 7.5 0.4 100.0 399
Nasarawa 28.1 13.2 1.3 57.4 0.0 100.0 305
Niger 78.0 2.3 3.9 15.2 0.5 100.0 492
Plateau 35.3 7.9 13.1 43.7 0.0 100.0 318
North East
Adamawa 51.8 0.0 0.3 47.3 0.7 100.0 535
Bauchi 89.8 6.4 0.7 2.8 0.3 100.0 595
Borno 28.2 40.9 7.5 22.8 0.5 100.0 586
Gombe 64.3 3.7 0.8 30.7 0.5 100.0 211
Taraba 12.4 50.5 1.1 35.9 0.1 100.0 414
Yobe 84.3 3.5 1.6 10.7 0.0 100.0 267
North West
Jigawa 98.1 0.8 0.0 0.0 1.1 100.0 480
Kaduna 54.8 19.3 3.1 21.9 0.9 100.0 531
Kano 98.4 0.4 0.0 0.7 0.5 100.0 1,264
Katsina 92.6 2.7 0.8 3.2 0.8 100.0 736
Kebbi 66.5 14.4 0.5 17.4 1.2 100.0 432
Sokoto 96.3 0.9 0.0 2.1 0.7 100.0 500
Zamfara 88.0 3.0 0.3 8.5 0.3 100.0 324
South East
Abia 55.1 29.0 1.1 14.2 0.5 100.0 467
Anambra 52.7 6.8 0.7 39.8 0.0 100.0 649
Ebonyi 22.0 62.7 2.0 12.3 0.9 100.0 414
Enugu 51.1 1.3 0.3 47.1 0.3 100.0 414
Imo 71.0 12.7 1.1 15.1 0.0 100.0 501
South South
Akwa Ibom 64.6 26.3 4.3 4.8 0.0 100.0 618
Bayelsa 73.7 2.9 0.8 22.5 0.0 100.0 264
Cross River 29.9 5.0 1.3 63.8 0.0 100.0 530
Delta 72.1 6.9 2.2 18.6 0.2 100.0 659
Edo 75.9 1.1 0.0 22.5 0.5 100.0 522
Rivers 48.4 7.0 1.7 42.5 0.4 100.0 1,036
South West
Ekiti 82.2 7.9 2.2 7.5 0.2 100.0 370
Lagos 93.5 2.1 2.1 1.8 0.5 100.0 1,649
Ogun 92.2 1.6 2.4 3.6 0.2 100.0 682
Ondo 24.2 14.3 2.0 58.9 0.6 100.0 511
Osun 95.0 2.6 0.8 1.5 0.0 100.0 634
Oyo 94.9 1.8 0.9 2.4 0.0 100.0 995
Total 68.3 10.7 2.3 18.3 0.4 100.0 20,921
344 | Appendix A
Table A-3.7.2 Type of earnings: Men by state
Percent distribution of men age 15-49 employed in the 12 months preceding the survey by type of
earnings, Nigeria 2008
Number of
Type of earnings men employed
Cash Cash and In-kind Not during the past
State of residence only in-kind only paid Missing Total 12 months
North Central
FCT-Abuja 76.1 2.2 0.0 21.4 0.3 100.0 130
Benue 31.6 23.6 25.7 19.1 0.0 100.0 365
Kogi 42.8 8.6 0.4 48.2 0.0 100.0 252
Kwara 54.2 33.5 4.5 7.4 0.4 100.0 193
Nasarawa 25.4 2.1 15.9 56.7 0.0 100.0 198
Niger 27.1 23.2 2.0 47.2 0.5 100.0 356
Plateau 32.6 10.9 3.7 52.6 0.2 100.0 312
North East
Adamawa 39.2 0.6 0.3 59.9 0.0 100.0 229
Bauchi 22.5 5.8 6.9 64.4 0.5 100.0 412
Borno 38.0 2.0 1.5 58.5 0.0 100.0 303
Gombe 26.3 0.9 3.7 69.1 0.0 100.0 194
Taraba 18.0 29.4 0.2 52.4 0.0 100.0 196
Yobe 31.0 0.0 0.0 69.0 0.0 100.0 185
North West
Jigawa 31.9 42.2 13.7 12.0 0.3 100.0 313
Kaduna 61.7 8.8 0.9 28.4 0.3 100.0 485
Kano 43.0 22.9 0.4 33.7 0.0 100.0 755
Katsina 38.9 4.6 0.5 55.5 0.5 100.0 477
Kebbi 19.2 0.6 0.6 79.7 0.0 100.0 267
Sokoto 35.7 0.6 0.0 63.1 0.6 100.0 297
Zamfara 10.4 26.7 14.6 48.3 0.0 100.0 258
South East
Abia 75.2 16.6 3.4 4.3 0.5 100.0 233
Anambra 71.1 24.9 1.1 2.3 0.6 100.0 291
Ebonyi 56.8 4.2 9.3 29.7 0.0 100.0 146
Enugu 59.5 6.5 5.3 28.1 0.6 100.0 184
Imo 85.1 10.4 0.6 3.8 0.0 100.0 219
South South
Akwa Ibom 85.1 13.7 0.4 0.8 0.0 100.0 287
Bayelsa 94.1 1.6 0.3 3.9 0.0 100.0 163
Cross River 39.8 6.5 3.1 50.7 0.0 100.0 256
Delta 91.2 2.5 1.5 4.8 0.0 100.0 314
Edo 92.5 3.6 0.8 3.2 0.0 100.0 230
Rivers 63.8 2.5 0.7 33.0 0.0 100.0 528
South West
Ekiti 80.2 5.0 2.7 10.9 1.2 100.0 186
Lagos 85.5 8.1 2.3 4.0 0.2 100.0 990
Ogun 91.0 3.7 0.5 4.8 0.0 100.0 245
Ondo 39.9 25.1 8.0 26.6 0.4 100.0 236
Osun 96.5 1.1 0.0 2.3 0.0 100.0 246
Oyo 81.2 17.4 0.5 0.9 0.0 100.0 386
Total 54.4 11.8 3.1 30.5 0.2 100.0 12,955
Appendix A | 345
Table A-3.7.3 Type of employer: Women by state
Percent distribution of women age 15-49 employed in the 12 months preceding the survey by type of
employer, Nigeria 2008
Number of
Type of employer women
Employed by Employed by employed
family non-family Self- during the past
State of residence member member employed Missing Total 12 months
North Central
FCT-Abuja 12.8 33.2 53.6 0.4 100.0 208
Benue 35.9 6.3 57.8 0.0 100.0 846
Kogi 23.9 7.0 68.8 0.3 100.0 564
Kwara 11.5 12.7 75.6 0.2 100.0 399
Nasarawa 37.7 7.6 54.7 0.0 100.0 305
Niger 9.2 7.3 82.8 0.7 100.0 492
Plateau 65.6 11.8 22.6 0.0 100.0 318
North East
Adamawa 30.3 2.1 67.0 0.6 100.0 535
Bauchi 5.6 1.5 92.4 0.5 100.0 595
Borno 19.1 11.1 69.5 0.3 100.0 586
Gombe 29.7 4.6 65.2 0.5 100.0 211
Taraba 29.6 3.3 67.0 0.1 100.0 414
Yobe 5.1 4.5 90.4 0.0 100.0 267
North West
Jigawa 34.8 1.1 63.9 0.2 100.0 480
Kaduna 17.9 8.3 72.8 0.9 100.0 531
Kano 22.9 0.5 76.1 0.5 100.0 1,264
Katsina 5.4 1.7 92.3 0.6 100.0 736
Kebbi 16.0 2.5 81.2 0.4 100.0 432
Sokoto 4.7 1.2 93.7 0.3 100.0 500
Zamfara 10.2 3.0 86.6 0.3 100.0 324
South East
Abia 7.6 27.6 64.3 0.5 100.0 467
Anambra 11.0 21.8 67.2 0.0 100.0 649
Ebonyi 12.6 16.9 70.3 0.1 100.0 414
Enugu 31.2 15.2 53.4 0.3 100.0 414
Imo 15.2 24.5 60.4 0.0 100.0 501
South South
Akwa Ibom 6.1 20.5 73.4 0.0 100.0 618
Bayelsa 2.5 11.3 86.1 0.0 100.0 264
Cross River 17.0 12.3 70.5 0.2 100.0 530
Delta 3.2 16.5 80.3 0.0 100.0 659
Edo 20.1 15.8 63.9 0.2 100.0 522
Rivers 9.0 23.0 67.6 0.4 100.0 1,036
South West
Ekiti 14.1 23.7 62.0 0.2 100.0 370
Lagos 2.5 31.1 66.2 0.2 100.0 1,649
Ogun 4.5 6.7 88.8 0.0 100.0 682
Ondo 7.9 12.8 78.3 1.0 100.0 511
Osun 12.8 16.9 70.3 0.0 100.0 634
Oyo 6.2 11.5 82.3 0.0 100.0 995
Total 15.0 12.6 72.2 0.3 100.0 20,921
346 | Appendix A
Table A-3.7.4 Type of employer: Men by state
Percent distribution of men age 15-49 employed in the 12 months preceding the survey by type of
employer, Nigeria 2008
Type of employer Number of
Employed by Employed by men employed
family non-family Self- during the past
State of residence member member employed Missing Total 12 months
North Central
FCT-Abuja 14.3 51.8 33.6 0.3 100.0 130
Benue 30.7 10.8 58.6 0.0 100.0 365
Kogi 18.7 21.9 59.4 0.0 100.0 252
Kwara 18.4 14.3 67.3 0.0 100.0 193
Nasarawa 53.3 14.8 32.0 0.0 100.0 198
Niger 18.4 11.3 70.1 0.3 100.0 356
Plateau 34.7 18.0 47.3 0.0 100.0 312
North East
Adamawa 30.4 9.7 59.6 0.3 100.0 229
Bauchi 23.2 8.9 67.9 0.0 100.0 412
Borno 25.3 10.6 64.1 0.0 100.0 303
Gombe 20.7 8.0 71.1 0.2 100.0 194
Taraba 21.2 9.4 69.4 0.0 100.0 196
Yobe 12.7 10.1 77.1 0.0 100.0 185
North West
Jigawa 74.6 9.9 15.5 0.0 100.0 313
Kaduna 15.2 15.6 68.9 0.3 100.0 485
Kano 14.2 18.8 67.0 0.0 100.0 755
Katsina 44.0 8.8 46.2 1.0 100.0 477
Kebbi 23.1 7.6 69.3 0.0 100.0 267
Sokoto 36.0 24.5 38.9 0.6 100.0 297
Zamfara 30.2 10.1 59.0 0.7 100.0 258
South East
Abia 9.1 31.9 59.0 0.0 100.0 233
Anambra 14.9 22.6 62.0 0.6 100.0 291
Ebonyi 15.9 32.6 51.4 0.0 100.0 146
Enugu 28.3 29.1 42.0 0.6 100.0 184
Imo 2.1 29.1 68.8 0.0 100.0 219
South South
Akwa Ibom 2.6 36.3 61.1 0.0 100.0 287
Bayelsa 2.6 35.4 62.0 0.0 100.0 163
Cross River 16.9 25.5 57.6 0.0 100.0 256
Delta 2.2 36.6 61.3 0.0 100.0 314
Edo 0.8 36.9 62.4 0.0 100.0 230
Rivers 3.6 43.0 53.5 0.0 100.0 528
South West
Ekiti 14.0 27.0 57.8 1.2 100.0 186
Lagos 0.8 53.0 46.3 0.0 100.0 990
Ogun 3.2 17.8 78.0 1.0 100.0 245
Ondo 8.4 25.7 65.4 0.4 100.0 236
Osun 2.6 27.4 70.0 0.0 100.0 246
Oyo 3.0 29.5 67.5 0.0 100.0 386
Total 17.3 23.4 59.1 0.2 100.0 12,955
Appendix A | 347
Table A-3.7.5 Continuity of employment: Women by state
Percent distribution of women age 15-49 employed in the 12 months preceding the survey by
continuity of employment, Nigeria 2008
Number of
women
Continuity of employment employed
All during the past
State of residence year Seasonal Occasional Missing Total 12 months
North Central
FCT-Abuja 78.0 19.1 2.1 0.8 100.0 208
Benue 53.2 44.0 2.5 0.2 100.0 846
Kogi 83.0 11.4 5.0 0.6 100.0 564
Kwara 84.2 13.9 1.3 0.6 100.0 399
Nasarawa 27.8 63.1 8.3 0.8 100.0 305
Niger 64.8 29.5 5.0 0.7 100.0 492
Plateau 46.3 51.3 2.0 0.5 100.0 318
North East
Adamawa 48.7 47.4 3.4 0.6 100.0 535
Bauchi 54.7 40.0 4.6 0.7 100.0 595
Borno 22.3 70.8 6.4 0.6 100.0 586
Gombe 53.8 40.9 4.2 1.2 100.0 211
Taraba 44.6 52.7 2.5 0.2 100.0 414
Yobe 53.6 39.7 6.3 0.4 100.0 267
North West
Jigawa 67.2 30.1 1.3 1.4 100.0 480
Kaduna 63.3 35.3 0.5 0.9 100.0 531
Kano 82.4 10.1 6.6 0.9 100.0 1,264
Katsina 44.8 43.8 10.6 0.8 100.0 736
Kebbi 67.7 28.9 1.8 1.6 100.0 432
Sokoto 90.6 4.7 3.5 1.2 100.0 500
Zamfara 35.1 45.5 18.3 1.0 100.0 324
South East
Abia 66.7 28.8 3.8 0.7 100.0 467
Anambra 74.7 22.3 3.0 0.0 100.0 649
Ebonyi 71.5 23.5 4.5 0.5 100.0 414
Enugu 60.8 36.1 2.6 0.5 100.0 414
Imo 71.2 27.9 0.9 0.0 100.0 501
South South
Akwa Ibom 85.1 13.6 1.3 0.0 100.0 618
Bayelsa 68.3 28.4 3.4 0.0 100.0 264
Cross River 53.7 38.0 7.7 0.5 100.0 530
Delta 88.4 10.1 1.5 0.0 100.0 659
Edo 91.6 6.4 1.4 0.5 100.0 522
Rivers 79.2 15.9 4.6 0.4 100.0 1,036
South West
Ekiti 73.0 19.8 7.1 0.2 100.0 370
Lagos 93.5 4.7 1.4 0.3 100.0 1,649
Ogun 98.6 0.4 1.0 0.0 100.0 682
Ondo 78.3 18.1 2.8 0.8 100.0 511
Osun 95.4 3.9 0.8 0.0 100.0 634
Oyo 96.9 2.3 0.4 0.4 100.0 995
Total 71.9 24.0 3.6 0.5 100.0 20,921
348 | Appendix A
Table A-3.7.6 Continuity of employment: Men by state
Percent distribution of men age 15-49 employed in the 12 months preceding the survey by
continuity of employment, Nigeria 2008
Number of
Continuity of employment men employed
All during the past
State of residence year Seasonal Occasional Missing Total 12 months
North Central
FCT-Abuja 75.6 22.5 1.6 0.3 100.0 130
Benue 31.5 55.3 12.4 0.8 100.0 365
Kogi 73.7 22.7 3.6 0.0 100.0 252
Kwara 76.4 12.9 9.9 0.8 100.0 193
Nasarawa 46.4 31.3 22.3 0.0 100.0 198
Niger 62.4 35.3 1.5 0.8 100.0 356
Plateau 67.0 32.0 0.8 0.2 100.0 312
North East
Adamawa 46.4 50.2 3.4 0.0 100.0 229
Bauchi 28.3 70.2 1.5 0.0 100.0 412
Borno 49.0 48.1 1.8 1.2 100.0 303
Gombe 45.6 51.1 2.9 0.4 100.0 194
Taraba 52.3 35.1 12.2 0.4 100.0 196
Yobe 27.9 71.8 0.3 0.0 100.0 185
North West
Jigawa 69.1 30.1 0.6 0.3 100.0 313
Kaduna 48.7 49.9 1.2 0.3 100.0 485
Kano 67.5 29.0 3.0 0.4 100.0 755
Katsina 54.8 42.3 0.2 2.7 100.0 477
Kebbi 54.6 44.8 0.3 0.3 100.0 267
Sokoto 40.3 57.3 1.7 0.6 100.0 297
Zamfara 26.6 69.4 1.5 2.5 100.0 258
South East
Abia 79.5 13.4 6.7 0.5 100.0 233
Anambra 97.7 1.1 0.6 0.6 100.0 291
Ebonyi 68.4 18.7 12.9 0.0 100.0 146
Enugu 75.1 18.3 5.3 1.3 100.0 184
Imo 81.5 10.5 8.1 0.0 100.0 219
South South
Akwa Ibom 87.2 5.1 7.8 0.0 100.0 287
Bayelsa 72.8 9.5 17.7 0.0 100.0 163
Cross River 81.9 5.8 11.6 0.8 100.0 256
Delta 68.4 22.7 8.9 0.0 100.0 314
Edo 83.8 15.4 0.8 0.0 100.0 230
Rivers 82.1 10.7 7.2 0.0 100.0 528
South West
Ekiti 90.3 4.7 3.9 1.2 100.0 186
Lagos 90.3 7.7 2.1 0.0 100.0 990
Ogun 93.4 5.6 1.0 0.0 100.0 245
Ondo 80.7 12.2 5.9 1.3 100.0 236
Osun 95.4 3.5 1.1 0.0 100.0 246
Oyo 90.0 7.0 2.6 0.4 100.0 386
Total 67.8 27.8 4.0 0.5 100.0 12,955
Appendix A | 349
Table A-3.9.1 Knowledge and attitudes concerning tuberculosis: Women by state
Percentage of women age 15-49 who have heard of tuberculosis (TB), and among women who have heard
of TB, the percentages who know that TB is spread through the air by coughing, the percentage who believe
that TB can be cured, and the percentage who would want to keep secret that a family member has TB, by
Among women who have heard of TB,

the percentage who:
Among all women
Report that TB Would want
Percentage Number is spread Believe that a family Number
who have of through the air TB can be member's TB of
State of residence heard of TB women by coughing cured kept secret women
North Central
FCT-Abuja 69.5 369 86.6 70.5 11.0 257
Benue 91.9 972 61.7 71.6 32.2 893
Kogi 49.3 792 67.9 71.6 6.2 391
Kwara 51.5 553 67.0 63.0 26.4 285
Nasarawa 48.8 458 85.5 88.6 16.2 223
Niger 33.2 827 68.4 85.9 29.0 274
Plateau 61.2 777 57.5 88.3 20.3 475
North East
Adamawa 78.6 764 45.6 68.1 10.0 600
Bauchi 70.3 998 29.8 52.8 17.6 701
Borno 74.2 912 56.4 41.2 34.8 677
Gombe 63.0 465 56.5 78.6 11.3 293
Taraba 69.8 587 76.8 77.2 19.4 410
Yobe 40.0 537 41.4 55.1 10.6 215
North West
Jigawa 48.4 959 33.2 76.4 49.0 465
Kaduna 79.2 1,333 49.7 66.3 15.4 1,056
Kano 69.5 2,070 37.5 64.0 21.2 1,439
Katsina 57.1 1,372 41.8 65.3 1.6 783
Kebbi 47.3 732 74.6 85.3 6.8 346
Sokoto 65.6 822 35.6 38.1 36.9 540
Zamfara 62.7 733 61.7 64.2 21.9 460
South East
Abia 95.1 775 61.3 87.7 12.3 737
Anambra 98.5 1,042 51.2 88.4 30.2 1,026
Ebonyi 88.2 586 74.0 75.1 11.2 517
Enugu 83.8 780 53.7 77.4 28.4 654
Imo 96.0 908 45.9 76.8 14.1 871
South South
Akwa Ibom 81.8 938 70.5 90.6 15.3 767
Bayelsa 83.8 468 85.2 79.9 5.5 392
Cross River 86.1 735 88.0 94.4 48.8 633
Delta 58.6 1,071 79.7 52.3 9.5 627
Edo 74.4 770 63.2 75.9 30.6 573
Rivers 68.5 1,490 52.6 71.3 21.8 1,021
South West
Ekiti 61.5 556 54.6 60.1 17.3 342
Lagos 82.6 2,446 67.4 78.4 33.5 2,020
Ogun 61.1 870 65.2 73.2 10.1 531
Ondo 68.8 791 61.2 71.4 7.4 544
Osun 81.3 922 79.9 68.2 17.5 749
Oyo 76.1 1,205 63.9 69.3 3.2 918
Total 71.0 33,385 58.8 72.0 20.6 23,705
350 | Appendix A
Table A-3.9.2 Knowledge and attitudes concerning tuberculosis: Men by state
Percentage of men age 15-49 who have heard of tuberculosis (TB), and among men who have heard of TB, the
percentages who know that TB is spread through the air by coughing, the percentage who believe that TB can be
cured, and the percentage who would want to keep secret that a family member has TB, by state of residence,
Nigeria 2008
Among men who have heard of TB,

the percentage who:
Among all men
Reported that Would want
who have of through the air TB can be member's TB of
State of residence heard of TB men by coughing cured kept secret men
North Central
FCT-Abuja 66.5 170 92.7 98.5 7.3 113
Benue 94.8 407 68.5 76.0 11.0 386
Kogi 83.9 360 95.2 94.6 4.8 302
Kwara 80.7 235 94.2 82.5 6.9 189
Nasarawa 74.0 211 83.5 93.8 18.0 156
Niger 63.9 359 59.4 93.6 14.6 229
Plateau 86.8 323 81.3 92.1 15.9 280
North East
Adamawa 86.4 302 72.5 87.3 36.1 261
Bauchi 90.7 421 69.7 81.6 38.5 382
Borno 66.9 332 76.5 79.7 39.3 222
Gombe 88.9 200 86.1 87.5 12.8 178
Taraba 84.9 198 99.0 90.4 3.9 168
Yobe 37.0 192 90.8 65.4 7.1 71
North West
Kaduna 75.4 700 65.4 92.5 6.0 528
Kano 92.2 853 84.1 95.5 45.0 787
Katsina 84.2 496 39.7 70.7 21.8 418
Kebbi 73.5 298 60.8 70.8 32.0 219
Sokoto 63.2 303 47.5 73.5 40.8 191
Zamfara 88.2 271 51.0 64.1 17.9 239
South East
Abia 88.7 311 75.9 92.8 30.9 276
Anambra 95.7 402 81.4 92.0 26.4 385
Ebonyi 93.7 174 76.5 86.1 5.4 163
Enugu 75.3 229 79.5 86.6 14.5 172
Imo 84.0 332 46.0 78.5 14.5 279
South South
Akwa Ibom 68.4 413 63.8 91.0 9.7 283
Bayelsa 98.1 225 53.0 93.9 18.9 220
Cross River 93.2 291 69.1 92.4 11.6 271
Delta 76.9 429 60.0 84.9 9.2 330
Edo 91.6 336 81.7 81.4 12.9 308
Rivers 81.3 743 55.6 89.7 11.7 605
South West
Ekiti 92.2 261 90.3 91.0 5.7 240
Lagos 89.2 1,200 71.1 87.1 11.1 1,071
Ogun 82.6 284 82.5 84.6 5.5 235
Ondo 88.0 339 69.9 84.2 9.8 299
Osun 97.1 390 95.6 95.0 9.2 379
Oyo 91.1 502 82.0 92.0 14.1 457
Total 83.7 13,808 71.8 86.9 17.5 11,552

50-59 91.9 1,678 68.8 85.0 10.1 1,542
Total men 15-59 84.6 15,486 71.5 86.6 16.6 13,094
Appendix A | 351
CHAPTER 4 FERTILITY
Table A-4.2 Fertility by state of residence: States
Total fertility rate for the three years preceding the survey,
percentage of women age 15-49 currently pregnant, and mean
number of children ever born to women age 40-49 years, by state of
Percentage Mean
of women number of
Total age 15-49 children ever
fertility currently born to women
State of residence rate pregnant age 40-49
North Central
FCT-Abuja 4.0 7.2 5.3
Benue 5.9 12.8 7.1
Kogi 4.2 7.5 5.9
Kwara 4.5 12.0 5.5
Nasarawa 4.7 9.1 6.6
Niger 7.5 10.8 7.0
Plateau 5.3 10.9 6.3
North East
Adamawa 6.8 10.3 7.1
Bauchi 8.1 13.8 8.1
Borno 7.1 14.0 7.3
Gombe 7.4 14.9 7.8
Taraba 5.9 10.8 6.9
Yobe 7.5 11.3 7.4
North West
Jigawa 7.1 13.3 7.8
Kaduna 6.3 13.0 7.4
Kano 8.1 12.7 8.3
Katsina 7.2 14.2 7.2
Kebbi 6.0 12.6 7.1
Sokoto 8.7 12.7 8.3
Zamfara 7.5 17.1 7.7
South East
Abia 4.4 7.8 5.9
Anambra 5.0 10.0 5.0
Ebonyi 5.6 9.8 6.8
Enugu 4.4 7.6 6.2
Imo 4.8 8.6 5.6
South South
Akwa Ibom 4.0 6.7 6.2
Bayelsa 5.8 9.5 6.3
Cross River 5.4 5.4 6.3
Delta 4.5 9.5 6.1
Edo 5.3 8.8 6.3
Rivers 4.3 9.8 6.0
South West
Ekiti 5.0 9.1 5.5
Lagos 4.0 7.7 4.3
Ogun 5.4 7.8 5.7
Ondo 4.9 9.6 5.5
Osun 4.0 6.3 5.1
Oyo 5.0 9.8 4.9
Total 5.7 10.5 6.5
Note: Total fertility rates are for the period 1-36 months prior to
interview.
352 | Appendix A
Table A-4.5 Birth intervals: States
Percent distribution of non-first births in the five years preceding the survey by number of months since preceding birth, and
median number of months since preceding birth, according to state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Median
number of
Number of months since
Months since preceding birth
non-first preceding
State of residence 7-17 18-23 24-35 36-47 48-59 60+ Total births birth
North Central
FCT-Abuja 6.7 14.3 39.2 22.8 6.5 10.4 100.0 193 32.3
Benue 8.3 14.4 38.2 21.2 7.2 10.6 100.0 658 31.7
Kogi 2.1 12.8 41.0 20.6 9.4 14.2 100.0 394 33.8
Kwara 2.1 9.6 33.3 27.7 10.5 16.8 100.0 321 38.1
Nasarawa 4.7 11.8 36.6 20.7 12.1 14.1 100.0 255 34.2
Niger 7.3 19.0 37.3 21.8 8.1 6.6 100.0 794 30.4
Plateau 3.8 11.4 32.9 23.9 13.3 14.6 100.0 480 36.6
North East
Adamawa 7.9 18.2 36.1 22.6 7.9 7.3 100.0 608 31.4
Bauchi 8.3 14.8 39.2 22.6 8.3 6.8 100.0 992 31.0
Borno 10.4 22.6 40.3 16.3 5.8 4.6 100.0 914 27.8
Gombe 5.8 15.3 39.1 22.6 8.8 8.5 100.0 434 32.6
Taraba 4.5 12.2 41.1 20.6 12.1 9.5 100.0 394 33.1
Yobe 7.6 16.0 42.7 22.3 6.2 5.2 100.0 520 30.5
North West
Jigawa 7.7 15.8 38.0 20.8 8.7 8.9 100.0 900 31.8
Kaduna 7.2 15.7 36.9 22.8 9.0 8.4 100.0 987 32.6
Kano 9.7 16.8 39.8 19.2 8.3 6.3 100.0 2,048 30.2
Katsina 9.0 19.1 37.4 20.1 7.4 7.0 100.0 1,334 28.9
Kebbi 6.9 17.6 41.9 17.3 7.5 8.8 100.0 578 29.9
Sokoto 5.6 13.1 47.3 21.7 6.8 5.6 100.0 827 31.1
Zamfara 6.5 16.9 36.6 21.4 9.0 9.6 100.0 689 32.6
South East
Abia 14.5 20.4 37.7 15.1 2.5 9.8 100.0 341 27.2
Anambra 14.7 25.4 36.5 13.3 5.6 4.5 100.0 626 25.6
Ebonyi 9.2 17.9 41.9 17.1 6.4 7.5 100.0 358 29.6
Enugu 7.4 15.3 37.9 20.7 8.5 10.1 100.0 339 32.6
Imo 13.3 27.4 32.2 13.5 5.4 8.1 100.0 459 26.2
South South
Akwa Ibom 14.8 12.7 35.7 18.7 7.9 10.2 100.0 458 29.5
Bayelsa 8.3 15.0 37.9 19.1 7.9 11.8 100.0 273 31.2
Cross River 5.0 10.2 39.8 16.7 11.1 17.2 100.0 437 33.9
Delta 6.2 18.9 38.7 16.8 9.2 10.2 100.0 507 30.0
Edo 8.6 15.3 36.0 18.7 10.6 10.8 100.0 448 31.9
Rivers 10.2 21.4 38.7 17.5 5.1 7.0 100.0 722 28.5
South West
Ekiti 6.1 10.4 39.4 19.1 9.8 15.2 100.0 281 33.9
Lagos 5.8 12.1 35.9 21.6 9.3 15.2 100.0 1,045 34.7
Ogun 5.6 12.2 38.5 21.3 10.6 11.9 100.0 563 33.4
Ondo 5.0 11.4 38.0 22.6 8.5 14.5 100.0 416 34.1
Osun 2.0 9.2 33.4 23.3 17.8 14.3 100.0 346 37.8
Oyo 5.1 10.3 37.7 24.4 9.4 13.1 100.0 755 35.1
Total 7.8 16.0 38.3 20.2 8.4 9.3 100.0 22,694 31.4
Note: Single-order births are excluded. The interval for multiple births is the number of months since the preceding pregnancy
that ended in a live birth.
Appendix A | 353
Table A-4.8 Median age at first birth: States
Median age at first birth among women age 20-49 (25-49) years, according to state of residence, Nigeria
2008
Current age Women Women
age age
State of residence 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 20-49 25-49
North Central
FCT-Abuja a 23.5 23.2 22.4 20.9 20.5 a 22.8
Benue a 19.6 18.4 18.7 19.2 17.5 19.1 18.7
Kogi a 20.5 20.6 20.1 20.8 19.5 a 20.4
Kwara a 19.9 20.9 20.6 20.6 19.1 a 20.2
Nasarawa a 19.9 19.8 20.3 20.1 20.1 a 20.0
Niger 17.9 17.7 18.7 19.9 20.4 23.1 19.0 19.3
Plateau a 20.5 20.6 19.6 20.5 20.3 a 20.3
North East
Adamawa a 19.4 18.8 19.0 19.0 19.6 19.4 19.2
Bauchi 17.1 17.4 17.6 17.5 16.8 17.6 17.4 17.5
Borno 16.7 17.4 17.7 18.3 17.6 21.3 17.6 17.9
Gombe 18.2 18.5 18.0 18.2 18.7 18.6 18.3 18.4
Taraba a 19.8 19.4 19.3 19.5 18.3 19.7 19.4
Yobe 17.9 17.9 17.4 17.9 17.1 17.7 17.7 17.7
North West
Jigawa 17.6 18.3 18.4 19.3 18.1 19.0 18.4 18.6
Kaduna 19.6 19.3 18.9 18.8 18.6 20.3 19.2 19.0
Kano 18.2 18.2 17.4 18.0 17.0 18.9 18.0 17.9
Katsina 16.7 17.6 17.4 18.2 18.6 18.9 17.6 17.9
Kebbi 18.1 18.6 18.5 19.8 17.0 17.7 18.4 18.5
Sokoto 17.9 18.1 17.7 17.9 16.8 18.2 17.9 17.9
Zamfara 18.5 18.4 18.6 19.5 18.4 18.3 18.5 18.5
South East
Abia a - 27.9 23.0 21.5 22.6 a 24.4
Anambra a 24.6 25.0 23.4 24.0 23.4 a 24.4
Ebonyi a 22.0 22.3 21.3 20.5 18.9 a 21.0
Enugu a - 24.0 22.9 21.9 20.5 a 23.0
Imo a - 24.9 24.4 23.9 20.6 a 24.3
South South
Akwa Ibom a 24.7 23.7 21.9 19.5 18.9 a 22.0
Bayelsa a 20.0 19.0 19.6 17.9 19.0 19.5 19.1
Cross River a 21.0 20.0 20.8 18.5 18.7 a 19.8
Delta a 24.7 22.0 21.0 20.7 19.7 a 21.8
Edo a 22.9 22.7 21.0 19.8 20.1 a 21.8
Rivers a 24.5 24.3 19.1 18.5 18.6 a 21.7
South West
Ekiti a 23.6 24.3 22.2 21.6 21.8 a 22.7
Lagos a - 25.6 23.6 23.3 21.2 a 24.3
Ogun a 22.3 21.2 22.2 21.7 21.3 a 21.8
Ondo a 22.3 22.6 21.8 21.4 22.0 a 22.1
Osun a 23.1 22.4 21.6 23.1 21.0 a 22.4
Oyo a 21.7 21.3 22.8 21.7 20.8 a 21.6
Total a 20.9 20.5 20.4 20.0 19.8 a 20.4
a = Omitted because less than 50 percent of the women had a birth before reaching the beginning of
the age group
354 | Appendix A
Table A-4.9 Teenage pregnancy and motherhood: States
Percentage of women age 15-19 who have had a live birth or who are pregnant with
their first child and percentage who have begun childbearing, by state of residence,
Nigeria 2008
Percentage who: Percentage who Number

Have had a Are pregnant have begun of
State of residence live birth with first child childbearing women
North Central
FCT-Abuja 5.3 1.3 6.6 64
Benue 16.0 6.7 22.7 221
Kogi 12.3 2.8 15.2 190
Kwara 23.6 5.9 29.5 100
Nasarawa 14.0 5.7 19.7 92
Niger 31.8 9.6 41.4 145
Plateau 12.7 2.1 14.8 145
North East
Adamawa 19.2 5.1 24.3 161
Bauchi 41.3 9.7 51.0 195
Borno 35.9 12.1 48.0 177
Gombe 34.8 11.7 46.5 89
Taraba 16.6 4.9 21.5 129
Yobe 36.5 5.2 41.7 106
North West
Jigawa 34.1 11.0 45.0 138
Kaduna 23.5 8.1 31.6 273
Kano 34.7 7.5 42.2 358
Katsina 51.9 13.1 65.0 212
Kebbi 28.9 10.1 38.9 113
Sokoto 37.4 9.3 46.7 158
Zamfara 32.5 14.5 47.0 126
South East
Abia 10.7 2.7 13.4 157
Anambra 3.9 2.4 6.2 201
Ebonyi 6.7 1.5 8.2 125
Enugu 5.8 0.0 5.8 188
Imo 5.5 2.4 7.9 181
South South
Akwa Ibom 13.9 1.2 15.1 187
Bayelsa 18.1 3.0 21.1 131
Cross River 16.8 1.2 18.1 152
Delta 6.3 2.0 8.2 210
Edo 2.3 0.6 2.9 156
Rivers 8.6 1.3 9.9 291
South West
Ekiti 7.3 0.6 7.9 124
Lagos 4.0 1.4 5.3 433
Ogun 10.2 1.8 12.0 147
Ondo 6.5 1.2 7.7 171
Osun 3.8 1.2 5.0 238
Oyo 14.5 5.2 19.7 207
Total 18.0 4.8 22.9 6,493
Appendix A | 355
Table A-5.2 Knowledge of contraceptive methods by state of residence: States
Percentage of currently married women and currently married men age 15-49 who have heard
of at least one contraceptive method and who have heard of at least one modern method, by
Women Men
Heard Heard of Heard Heard of
of any any modern of any any modern
State of residence method method1 Number method method1 Number
North Central
FCT-Abuja 88.7 88.5 229 97.7 97.7 81
Benue 91.8 91.3 626 99.0 99.0 191
Kogi 81.3 79.0 473 87.9 86.6 149
Kwara 61.6 57.6 420 73.6 70.7 144
Nasarawa 47.5 46.9 321 97.5 97.5 104
Niger 26.3 25.9 730 85.3 82.2 202
Plateau 71.0 70.8 521 96.9 96.9 170
North East
Adamawa 61.1 60.2 566 94.6 94.1 146
Bauchi 70.0 67.2 942 96.6 95.9 282
Borno 54.7 54.0 800 67.1 63.3 212
Gombe 48.7 48.4 403 98.5 98.2 124
Taraba 79.4 79.2 393 96.3 96.3 110
Yobe 31.2 28.5 481 25.4 25.4 128
North West
Jigawa 43.1 42.3 910 54.4 54.0 227
Kaduna 83.9 82.9 1,023 97.4 97.4 342
Kano 47.0 46.6 1,804 95.7 95.0 455
Katsina 25.7 23.9 1,336 92.7 92.0 350
Kebbi 18.0 13.5 666 52.9 50.0 205
Sokoto 46.8 44.5 759 86.4 83.6 183
Zamfara 47.5 40.0 691 65.0 58.6 189
South East
Abia 96.3 96.0 397 97.5 96.6 129
Anambra 89.2 86.5 578 96.7 96.7 194
Ebonyi 60.7 59.9 318 94.9 91.6 71
Enugu 79.7 78.8 361 68.8 67.6 97
Imo 92.9 92.3 484 94.9 94.9 115
South South
Akwa Ibom 96.6 94.7 489 96.8 96.8 168
Bayelsa 89.0 88.4 257 100.0 100.0 97
Cross River 77.9 77.0 409 100.0 100.0 127
Delta 85.9 81.8 618 97.9 96.7 193
Edo 87.6 87.2 459 99.3 99.3 134
Rivers 97.2 95.9 745 95.2 95.2 270
South West
Ekiti 94.9 94.9 333 98.1 97.5 114
Lagos 98.8 97.9 1,469 99.3 99.0 534
Ogun 88.6 88.4 606 99.2 99.2 163
Ondo 92.4 91.2 496 96.9 96.3 163
Osun 96.6 96.1 541 99.0 99.0 180
Oyo 93.7 93.3 922 99.4 98.2 275
Total 68.4 67.0 23,578 89.7 88.8 7,018

50-59 na na na 84.1 81.8 1,599
Total men 15-59 na na na 88.7 87.5 8,618
na = Not applicable
1
Female sterilisation, male sterilisation, pill, IUD, injectables, implants, male condom, female
condom, diaphragm, foam or jelly, lactational amenorrhoea method (LAM), and emergency
contraception
356 | Appendix A
Table A-5.5 Current use of contraception by state of residence: States
Percent distribution of currently married women age 15-49 by contraceptive method currently used, according to state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Any Female Any tradi- Not
Any modern sterili- Inject- Male Female tional With- Folk currently Number of
State of residence method method sation Pill IUD ables Implants condom condom LAM method Rhythm drawal method using Total women
North Central
FCT-Abuja 28.0 20.8 0.6 2.4 3.7 5.9 0.2 7.6 0.0 0.4 7.2 4.2 2.2 0.9 72.0 100.0 229
Benue 14.2 12.5 4.3 1.6 0.5 1.4 0.0 2.1 0.0 2.6 1.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 85.8 100.0 626
Kogi 9.7 6.9 1.0 0.6 0.4 2.9 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.8 2.9 1.7 0.8 0.4 90.3 100.0 473
Kwara 24.6 16.5 0.2 2.2 0.9 4.1 0.4 4.9 0.0 3.7 8.1 3.9 1.6 2.5 75.4 100.0 420
Nasarawa 12.0 11.4 0.6 1.8 0.4 8.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.3 88.0 100.0 321
Niger 4.6 4.4 0.1 0.6 0.6 1.8 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 95.4 100.0 730
Plateau 11.1 10.4 0.4 1.9 0.5 6.8 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.2 88.9 100.0 521
North East
Adamawa 2.8 2.3 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 97.2 100.0 566
Bauchi 2.7 2.0 0.2 0.9 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.0 0.5 97.3 100.0 942
Borno 6.5 6.4 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 5.8 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 93.5 100.0 800
Gombe 5.6 4.5 0.4 1.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.1 0.4 0.6 94.4 100.0 403
Taraba 5.0 3.9 0.4 0.6 0.3 1.9 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.1 1.1 0.4 0.1 0.5 95.0 100.0 393
Yobe 1.9 1.7 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 98.1 100.0 481
North West
Jigawa 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 99.8 100.0 910
Kaduna 9.6 8.4 0.4 2.0 0.9 4.8 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 1.2 1.0 0.0 0.2 90.4 100.0 1,023
Kano 2.3 2.1 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 97.7 100.0 1,804
Katsina 0.8 0.7 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 99.2 100.0 1,336
Kebbi 1.9 1.8 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 98.1 100.0 666
Sokoto 2.1 1.9 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 97.9 100.0 759
Zamfara 2.5 2.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.4 97.5 100.0 691
South East
Abia 23.9 15.6 2.1 2.1 2.4 3.2 0.0 4.8 0.0 1.1 8.2 3.5 4.5 0.3 76.1 100.0 397
Anambra 34.4 16.5 0.5 2.2 2.6 2.5 0.9 5.8 0.0 2.0 17.9 6.8 10.8 0.3 65.6 100.0 578
Ebonyi 6.1 3.4 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.8 0.0 1.6 2.7 1.4 1.3 0.0 93.9 100.0 318
Enugu 21.1 11.3 0.0 2.2 0.0 1.2 0.3 7.3 0.0 0.3 9.9 4.7 4.6 0.6 78.9 100.0 361
Imo 22.7 8.8 0.3 0.7 1.1 1.6 0.0 3.6 0.0 1.5 13.9 10.4 3.5 0.0 77.3 100.0 484
South South
Akwa Ibom 32.7 18.3 0.8 2.8 1.4 5.8 0.0 5.4 0.0 2.1 14.5 10.0 2.8 1.7 67.3 100.0 489
Bayelsa 10.1 7.5 0.4 2.8 0.2 1.5 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.9 2.6 0.6 1.5 0.4 89.9 100.0 257
Cross River 20.3 16.3 0.2 3.0 0.5 7.0 0.5 4.4 0.2 0.5 4.0 1.2 2.8 0.0 79.7 100.0 409
Delta 26.6 15.1 0.0 1.4 0.0 4.5 0.0 4.7 0.0 4.5 11.5 5.0 4.2 2.3 73.4 100.0 618
Edo 31.6 19.0 0.6 3.8 0.6 4.3 0.0 2.8 0.0 7.0 12.5 9.8 1.2 1.6 68.4 100.0 459
Rivers 27.2 14.1 1.1 2.6 1.1 2.1 0.0 5.5 0.3 1.6 13.0 3.6 6.0 3.4 72.8 100.0 745
South West
Ekiti 17.3 15.1 0.5 3.2 2.5 3.1 0.0 4.7 0.0 1.1 2.3 0.7 1.4 0.2 82.7 100.0 333
Lagos 49.6 27.5 0.4 6.5 3.5 2.5 0.0 8.3 0.0 6.3 22.1 7.0 10.8 4.3 50.4 100.0 1,469
Ogun 13.9 12.6 0.2 1.6 0.9 4.9 0.0 4.7 0.0 0.2 1.3 0.4 0.7 0.2 86.1 100.0 606
Ondo 21.2 15.3 0.2 3.0 3.6 3.4 0.0 2.0 0.0 3.1 5.8 2.2 2.4 1.3 78.8 100.0 496
Osun 38.0 26.8 0.0 2.8 5.9 7.0 0.0 11.1 0.0 0.0 11.2 4.6 4.1 2.5 62.0 100.0 541
Oyo 21.9 18.1 0.0 2.9 2.5 7.1 0.0 3.5 0.0 1.9 3.9 1.0 1.2 1.8 78.1 100.0 922
Total 14.6 9.7 0.4 1.7 1.0 2.6 0.0 2.4 0.0 1.6 4.9 2.1 2.0 0.9 85.4 100.0 23,578
Appendix A | 357
Table A-5.18 Exposure to family planning messages: States
Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who heard or saw a family planning message on the radio or television or in a newspaper
in the past few months, according to state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Women Men
None None of
News- of these News- these
Tele- paper/ media Tele- paper/ media
State of residence Radio vision magazine Other sources Number Radio vision magazine Other sources Number
North Central
FCT-Abuja 22.4 27.9 11.6 19.1 66.2 369 46.5 25.6 16.7 19.9 46.8 170
Benue 16.3 8.2 4.8 11.7 78.7 972 51.5 24.3 21.8 29.2 47.2 407
Kogi 31.5 17.9 6.9 8.1 68.2 553 69.9 44.8 23.6 4.6 28.9 235
Kwara 22.1 15.4 3.5 4.7 76.0 792 48.7 34.6 23.4 27.9 49.0 360
Nasarawa 13.9 6.3 2.5 10.4 80.4 458 63.2 35.0 26.4 56.7 27.1 211
Niger 18.7 17.0 9.8 12.6 79.6 827 47.5 27.3 19.3 31.5 46.7 359
Plateau 12.1 8.1 5.6 8.2 86.1 777 61.7 32.5 22.0 56.7 24.8 323
North East
Adamawa 23.3 11.0 4.6 18.6 72.4 764 48.6 14.5 13.3 23.8 46.7 302
Bauchi 17.3 2.3 1.1 8.9 81.1 998 27.1 2.7 3.1 9.2 69.9 421
Borno 11.9 6.7 3.1 9.0 86.4 912 37.2 19.2 11.0 9.9 62.0 332
Gombe 17.8 10.0 2.4 15.0 75.7 465 74.1 16.8 8.5 45.9 18.4 200
Taraba 7.4 4.2 2.0 4.8 89.9 587 80.5 20.1 18.1 78.1 10.1 198
Yobe 13.8 5.9 2.1 11.1 82.1 537 22.8 7.9 6.2 1.7 76.0 192
North West
Jigawa 18.0 0.7 0.2 0.3 81.9 959 55.8 6.8 5.0 2.1 43.6 316
Kaduna 23.5 11.8 4.7 7.3 74.7 1,333 74.6 31.0 24.5 44.9 22.7 700
Kano 36.9 10.4 5.8 16.2 61.7 2,070 48.8 11.5 13.4 20.7 47.8 853
Katsina 46.7 3.3 1.9 7.9 53.0 1,372 55.8 7.5 4.2 13.6 43.1 496
Kebbi 20.2 6.4 2.5 5.3 77.3 732 29.5 8.6 6.6 15.2 65.9 298
Sokoto 26.1 3.4 0.3 0.3 73.8 822 43.1 9.3 8.2 3.4 55.5 303
Zamfara 18.1 2.8 1.4 2.0 81.9 733 48.3 6.9 4.9 9.3 49.3 271
South East
Abia 63.1 47.2 23.3 27.0 34.2 775 76.5 58.4 41.7 52.4 17.0 311
Anambra 50.0 39.5 19.1 21.5 44.7 1,042 94.5 77.4 34.8 26.9 5.1 402
Ebonyi 33.6 14.6 6.9 12.9 64.2 586 66.0 35.5 29.8 40.1 27.9 174
Enugu 49.3 30.3 11.9 9.8 49.7 780 28.1 13.9 5.3 14.5 66.6 229
Imo 71.5 37.8 13.2 21.8 26.2 908 68.5 39.1 18.3 24.1 29.2 332
South South
Akwa Ibom 60.7 40.8 15.7 27.2 33.8 938 65.6 35.4 18.8 43.4 29.3 413
Bayelsa 47.1 35.7 10.2 15.1 49.2 468 88.4 78.4 38.2 25.4 8.3 225
Cross River 44.0 19.5 9.8 23.2 50.6 735 57.0 27.9 25.5 34.9 37.6 291
Delta 23.2 22.2 8.9 7.9 71.8 1,071 46.7 31.2 21.4 34.8 42.2 429
Edo 53.0 48.6 15.6 23.2 39.5 770 73.4 54.5 23.6 28.5 13.8 336
Rivers 43.4 39.3 13.2 28.4 44.6 1,490 59.9 54.4 36.3 39.6 34.7 743
South West
Ekiti 59.6 40.9 14.9 31.4 38.4 556 91.1 60.1 35.0 44.7 5.3 261
Lagos 68.6 68.3 25.1 64.5 17.6 2,446 62.9 59.4 39.3 34.2 24.7 1,200
Ogun 65.0 46.3 18.3 33.6 29.0 870 45.6 26.0 16.2 1.3 49.8 284
Ondo 64.0 41.1 16.1 19.4 34.5 791 51.0 41.1 18.6 3.9 48.1 339
Osun 80.7 41.9 5.5 19.4 18.3 922 90.3 55.6 31.8 67.0 1.9 390
Oyo 62.7 35.0 9.3 25.3 33.8 1,205 61.2 13.6 2.4 17.8 38.1 502
Total 39.5 24.5 9.3 18.6 56.5 33,385 58.8 32.7 20.8 28.6 36.2 13,808
50-59 na na na na na na 60.0 29.2 20.0 23.4 38.0 1,678
Total men 15-59 na na na na na na 58.9 32.3 20.7 28.0 36.4 15,486
na = Not applicable
358 | Appendix A
Table A-5.21 Contact of non-users with family planning providers: States
Among women age 15-49 who are not using contraception, the percentage who during the past
12 months were visited by a fieldworker who discussed family planning, the percentage who
visited a health facility and discussed family planning, the percentage who visited a health facility
but did not discuss family planning, and the percentage who neither discussed family planning
with a fieldworker nor at a health facility, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Percentage of women
who visited a health Percentage of
Percentage of facility in the past 12 women who
women who months and who: neither discussed
were visited by Did not family planning
fieldworker who Discussed discuss with fieldworker
discussed family family family nor at a health Number of
State of residence planning planning planning facility women
North Central
FCT-Abuja 2.0 6.1 23.2 92.7 280
Benue 2.5 6.6 24.2 91.5 839
Kogi 6.6 8.2 16.3 89.2 693
Kwara 9.1 6.3 9.9 88.4 427
Nasarawa 3.1 1.1 5.0 96.5 412
Niger 1.7 6.8 6.1 92.3 790
Plateau 1.9 2.8 6.1 95.8 709
North East
Adamawa 2.9 4.9 8.3 93.7 740
Bauchi 1.2 3.4 22.6 96.1 972
Borno 1.2 2.1 9.8 97.3 857
Gombe 2.2 1.8 9.0 96.7 441
Taraba 1.9 3.4 22.6 95.8 553
Yobe 1.7 1.9 9.0 97.0 528
North West
Jigawa 0.3 0.3 2.0 99.6 956
Kaduna 2.0 4.8 10.2 93.5 1,218
Kano 3.8 1.9 24.6 95.2 2,027
Katsina 1.5 0.2 9.9 98.3 1,361
Kebbi 2.1 1.2 1.2 97.7 718
Sokoto 0.3 0.6 5.4 99.2 806
Zamfara 0.7 1.4 4.4 98.5 716
South East
Abia 9.9 5.4 12.2 89.4 649
Anambra 15.7 4.1 16.0 81.9 768
Ebonyi 5.1 4.7 16.9 93.4 553
Enugu 4.6 1.7 7.9 95.0 659
Imo 2.4 2.0 12.4 96.0 737
South South
Akwa Ibom 5.1 11.2 13.2 85.6 597
Bayelsa 1.4 3.1 8.6 95.8 399
Cross River 7.9 10.1 10.1 86.5 555
Delta 1.6 2.7 6.2 96.7 755
Edo 1.1 6.9 15.7 92.9 578
Rivers 2.5 11.2 22.2 87.9 1,029
South West
Ekiti 13.3 16.3 10.1 79.2 472
Lagos 4.9 13.3 21.8 84.3 1,423
Ogun 7.8 15.5 17.2 79.9 762
Ondo 3.9 8.1 4.8 90.3 638
Osun 6.3 15.3 19.8 82.9 635
Oyo 5.3 12.9 8.9 84.2 982
Total 3.8 5.6 13.0 92.2 28,234
Appendix A | 359
Table A-5.22 Husband/partner's knowledge of women's use of contraception:
States
Percent distribution of currently married women age 15-49 who are using a
contraceptive method by whether their husband/partner knows about their use,
Unsure
whether
Does not knows/ Number of
State of residence Knows1 know missing Total women
North Central
FCT-Abuja 86.1 2.0 11.8 100.0 64
Benue 89.9 6.8 3.3 100.0 89
Kogi 76.4 13.7 9.8 100.0 46
Kwara 85.5 4.3 10.2 100.0 103
Nasarawa 75.2 12.3 12.5 100.0 38
Niger (63.3) (0.0) (36.7) 100.0 34
Plateau 69.7 1.3 29.0 100.0 58
North East
Adamawa 57.1 19.0 23.8 100.0 16
Bauchi 75.8 8.3 15.9 100.0 25
Borno 83.7 0.0 16.3 100.0 52
Gombe 67.2 6.4 26.5 100.0 22
Taraba 79.6 10.2 10.2 100.0 20
Yobe 69.9 11.4 18.7 100.0 9
North West
Jigawa 50.0 50.0 0.0 100.0 2
Kaduna 63.4 6.1 30.5 100.0 99
Kano 68.0 8.0 24.0 100.0 42
Katsina 44.4 22.2 33.3 100.0 10
Kebbi 52.9 5.9 41.2 100.0 13
Sokoto 55.6 22.2 22.2 100.0 16
Zamfara 61.3 9.7 29.1 100.0 17
South East
Abia 91.1 1.1 7.7 100.0 95
Anambra 93.4 3.3 3.3 100.0 199
Ebonyi 84.9 12.1 3.0 100.0 20
Enugu 80.6 2.9 16.4 100.0 76
Imo 93.5 2.6 3.9 100.0 110
South South
Akwa Ibom 82.6 8.7 8.7 100.0 160
Bayelsa 80.9 14.9 4.3 100.0 26
Cross River 82.7 5.7 11.6 100.0 83
Delta 85.8 8.8 5.5 100.0 165
Edo 79.2 6.9 13.8 100.0 145
Rivers 88.5 5.8 5.8 100.0 202
South West
Ekiti 81.9 14.3 3.9 100.0 58
Lagos 87.7 6.9 5.4 100.0 728
Ogun 91.9 6.5 1.6 100.0 84
Ondo 83.7 2.8 13.5 100.0 105
Osun 87.3 10.2 2.4 100.0 205
Oyo 85.7 10.6 3.7 100.0 202
Total 84.2 6.8 9.0 100.0 3,439

1
Includes women who reported use of male sterilisation, male condoms, and
withdrawal
360 | Appendix A
Table A-6.2.1 Number of women's co-wives: States
Percent distribution of currently married women age 15-49 by number of co-wives, according to
Number of co-wives Number of

State of residence 0 1 2+ Missing Total women
North Central
FCT-Abuja 84.7 12.1 2.6 0.6 100.0 229
Benue 62.6 21.6 15.8 0.0 100.0 626
Kogi 64.9 24.2 9.9 0.9 100.0 473
Kwara 66.4 28.1 5.3 0.2 100.0 420
Nasarawa 53.7 28.8 17.5 0.0 100.0 321
Niger 50.0 38.7 10.5 0.8 100.0 730
Plateau 68.9 20.8 10.2 0.2 100.0 521
North East
Adamawa 56.2 31.4 11.9 0.4 100.0 566
Bauchi 54.2 39.0 6.7 0.1 100.0 942
Borno 55.8 33.8 10.0 0.3 100.0 800
Gombe 59.4 29.2 10.2 1.2 100.0 403
Taraba 59.8 29.1 11.1 0.0 100.0 393
Yobe 57.3 34.5 8.3 0.0 100.0 481
North West
Jigawa 57.6 36.1 5.9 0.4 100.0 910
Kaduna 60.8 29.6 8.6 1.0 100.0 1,023
Kano 54.0 39.1 6.5 0.5 100.0 1,804
Katsina 50.5 39.6 8.9 1.0 100.0 1,336
Kebbi 73.5 22.1 2.8 1.6 100.0 666
Sokoto 60.9 32.6 6.2 0.3 100.0 759
Zamfara 55.3 36.8 7.1 0.7 100.0 691
South East
Abia 91.8 5.8 1.3 1.1 100.0 397
Anambra 91.6 5.6 1.7 1.1 100.0 578
Ebonyi 60.6 23.9 14.1 1.3 100.0 318
Enugu 83.4 11.4 2.5 2.7 100.0 361
Imo 94.0 4.5 1.5 0.0 100.0 484
South South
Akwa Ibom 89.4 6.9 2.3 1.4 100.0 489
Bayelsa 63.8 27.6 7.3 1.3 100.0 257
Cross River 78.4 16.5 3.9 1.2 100.0 409
Delta 78.2 15.0 4.5 2.3 100.0 618
Edo 79.2 15.6 4.0 1.2 100.0 459
Rivers 89.9 9.4 0.3 0.5 100.0 745
South West
Ekiti 78.7 15.5 4.9 0.9 100.0 333
Lagos 86.8 9.5 3.1 0.5 100.0 1,469
Ogun 58.8 30.5 10.7 0.0 100.0 606
Ondo 66.0 25.1 7.4 1.4 100.0 496
Osun 68.9 25.8 5.3 0.0 100.0 541
Oyo 66.8 25.1 7.9 0.2 100.0 922
Total 66.7 25.8 6.9 0.7 100.0 23,578
Appendix A | 361
Table A-6.2.2 Number of men's wives: States
Percent distribution of currently married men age 15-49 by number of wives,

Number of wives Number of

State of residence 1 2+ Missing Total men
North Central
FCT-Abuja 94.9 4.6 0.5 100.0 81
Benue 85.5 14.5 0.0 100.0 191
Kogi 86.7 12.7 0.6 100.0 149
Kwara 80.2 18.8 1.0 100.0 144
Nasarawa 73.8 25.2 1.0 100.0 104
Niger 70.5 28.5 0.9 100.0 202
Plateau 83.4 16.6 0.0 100.0 170
North East
Adamawa 75.9 23.6 0.5 100.0 146
Bauchi 74.9 25.1 0.0 100.0 282
Borno 80.4 19.6 0.0 100.0 212
Gombe 79.1 19.7 1.1 100.0 124
Taraba 77.0 23.0 0.0 100.0 110
Yobe 76.9 22.6 0.5 100.0 128
North West
Jigawa 76.9 23.1 0.0 100.0 227
Kaduna 82.7 16.9 0.4 100.0 342
Kano 70.4 28.5 1.1 100.0 455
Katsina 71.0 29.0 0.0 100.0 350
Kebbi 82.7 17.3 0.0 100.0 205
Sokoto 80.8 19.2 0.0 100.0 183
Zamfara 77.2 22.3 0.5 100.0 189
South East
Abia 96.6 2.5 0.8 100.0 129
Anambra 93.1 6.9 0.0 100.0 194
Ebonyi 83.8 15.4 0.8 100.0 71
Enugu 88.6 11.4 0.0 100.0 97
Imo 97.6 2.4 0.0 100.0 115
South South
Akwa Ibom 92.1 7.2 0.6 100.0 168
Bayelsa 83.4 16.6 0.0 100.0 97
Cross River 96.9 3.1 0.0 100.0 127
Delta 87.1 10.6 2.3 100.0 193
Edo 85.7 13.0 1.4 100.0 134
Rivers 93.0 5.6 1.4 100.0 270
South West
Ekiti 89.2 10.8 0.0 100.0 114
Lagos 95.6 4.1 0.3 100.0 534
Ogun 84.1 15.9 0.0 100.0 163
Ondo 88.0 12.0 0.0 100.0 163
Osun 91.1 8.9 0.0 100.0 180
Oyo 87.5 11.9 0.6 100.0 275
Total 15-49 83.5 16.0 0.5 100.0 7,018
50-59 68.9 30.3 0.8 100.0 1,599
Total 15-59 80.8 18.7 0.5 100.0 8,618
362 | Appendix A
Table A-6.7.1 Recent sexual activity: Women by state
Percent distribution of women age 15-49 by timing of last sexual intercourse, according to state of residence,
Nigeria 2008

the past Within more sexual of
1
State of residence 4 weeks 1 year years Missing intercourse Total women
North Central
FCT-Abuja 48.5 21.5 8.4 1.2 20.4 100.0 369
Benue 44.5 26.5 13.3 0.5 15.1 100.0 972
Kogi 43.6 20.5 13.7 0.3 21.9 100.0 792
Kwara 35.2 27.9 21.2 0.3 15.4 100.0 553
Nasarawa 53.2 22.0 9.1 0.2 15.5 100.0 458
Niger 61.1 12.8 12.4 4.8 8.9 100.0 827
Plateau 43.0 24.6 10.3 1.0 21.2 100.0 777
North East
Adamawa 56.8 19.4 6.7 1.0 16.2 100.0 764
Bauchi 76.7 15.4 1.9 2.0 4.1 100.0 998
Borno 75.6 11.5 4.2 0.7 8.0 100.0 912
Gombe 68.1 13.8 8.6 1.5 7.9 100.0 465
Taraba 51.0 23.6 10.5 0.2 14.8 100.0 587
Yobe 81.9 8.5 2.9 0.0 6.7 100.0 537
North West
Jigawa 85.3 9.7 1.9 0.5 2.5 100.0 959
Kaduna 58.9 16.9 7.5 1.8 14.9 100.0 1,333
Kano 74.7 11.8 2.7 1.8 9.0 100.0 2,070
Katsina 87.8 4.9 0.8 5.3 1.1 100.0 1,372
Kebbi 77.4 10.8 2.2 2.3 7.3 100.0 732
Sokoto 78.4 13.1 1.7 1.6 5.2 100.0 822
Zamfara 84.9 6.6 1.7 1.9 4.8 100.0 733
South East
Abia 42.5 24.9 11.4 1.2 20.0 100.0 775
Anambra 42.2 21.4 12.0 1.6 22.7 100.0 1,042
Ebonyi 29.2 24.6 21.8 1.3 23.1 100.0 586
Enugu 26.4 22.3 16.8 3.4 31.2 100.0 780
Imo 36.5 25.8 16.1 0.4 21.3 100.0 908
South South
Akwa Ibom 51.6 27.9 9.3 1.4 9.9 100.0 938
Bayelsa 57.0 23.7 7.1 0.4 11.8 100.0 468
Cross River 43.9 28.9 11.8 1.3 14.2 100.0 735
Delta 49.5 27.2 9.8 0.7 12.8 100.0 1,071
Edo 45.0 25.8 8.4 1.8 19.1 100.0 770
Rivers 52.6 24.0 9.1 0.0 14.3 100.0 1,490
South West
Ekiti 45.1 26.1 13.7 0.3 14.8 100.0 556
Lagos 51.8 22.0 6.4 0.7 19.1 100.0 2,446
Ogun 44.8 26.5 12.4 1.3 15.0 100.0 870
Ondo 41.3 32.9 8.7 2.3 14.8 100.0 791
Osun 43.0 21.4 8.8 0.6 26.2 100.0 922
Oyo 44.8 29.4 8.3 1.5 16.0 100.0 1,205
Total 56.2 20.1 8.3 1.4 14.0 100.0 33,385

1
Excludes women who had sexual intercourse within the past 4 weeks
Appendix A | 363
Table A-6.7.2 Recent sexual activity: Men by state
Percent distribution of men age 15-49 by timing of last sexual intercourse, according to state of residence,
Nigeria 2008

the past Within more sexual of
1
State of residence 4 weeks 1 year years Missing intercourse Total men
North Central
FCT-Abuja 39.1 20.2 7.6 0.3 32.8 100.0 170
Benue 44.3 27.5 4.5 0.5 23.2 100.0 407
Kogi 50.2 21.1 7.0 0.0 21.6 100.0 360
Kwara 39.8 25.7 12.8 0.0 21.7 100.0 235
Nasarawa 35.4 33.3 9.8 0.2 21.1 100.0 211
Niger 45.4 14.7 8.8 1.0 30.1 100.0 359
Plateau 34.7 21.1 20.6 1.2 22.4 100.0 323
North East
Adamawa 42.6 20.7 10.0 0.5 26.2 100.0 302
Bauchi 58.1 8.6 1.8 1.2 30.3 100.0 421
Borno 61.5 11.8 4.5 0.3 22.0 100.0 332
Gombe 58.5 10.2 2.5 0.8 28.1 100.0 200
Taraba 52.1 20.7 12.0 0.3 14.9 100.0 198
Yobe 66.9 1.5 2.3 0.0 29.4 100.0 192
North West
Jigawa 67.6 5.8 2.0 0.9 23.8 100.0 316
Kaduna 43.3 14.5 2.8 1.2 38.2 100.0 700
Kano 48.0 4.2 3.0 1.7 43.1 100.0 853
Katsina 65.6 3.8 1.6 2.1 26.8 100.0 496
Kebbi 47.2 11.4 10.1 1.3 30.1 100.0 298
Sokoto 55.5 5.1 2.5 2.3 34.6 100.0 303
Zamfara 66.1 3.1 2.1 2.7 26.0 100.0 271
South East
Abia 42.7 27.4 12.4 0.0 17.4 100.0 311
Anambra 33.7 34.8 9.8 0.0 21.6 100.0 402
Ebonyi 27.9 29.8 13.1 0.3 28.8 100.0 174
Enugu 32.5 23.3 12.7 3.7 27.9 100.0 229
Imo 28.7 27.1 14.2 0.5 29.5 100.0 332
South South
Akwa Ibom 53.5 20.8 6.9 0.3 18.5 100.0 413
Bayelsa 59.9 19.5 5.2 0.5 15.0 100.0 225
Cross River 48.8 24.4 10.5 0.7 15.6 100.0 291
Delta 46.7 25.3 8.8 0.3 18.9 100.0 429
Edo 40.7 24.8 7.5 0.8 26.2 100.0 336
Rivers 48.4 25.2 7.9 0.0 18.6 100.0 743
South West
Ekiti 47.4 30.1 6.7 0.3 15.6 100.0 261
Lagos 46.9 27.6 7.8 0.5 17.3 100.0 1,200
Ogun 43.4 33.0 11.4 0.9 11.3 100.0 284
Ondo 43.8 32.1 5.2 0.6 18.3 100.0 339
Osun 42.5 25.7 4.9 0.2 26.7 100.0 390
Oyo 46.4 33.3 4.7 0.7 14.9 100.0 502
Total 15-49 47.6 20.2 7.0 0.8 24.4 100.0 13,808

50-59 67.7 19.4 11.0 1.9 0.0 100.0 1,678
Total 15-59 49.8 20.1 7.4 0.9 21.8 100.0 15,486
1
Excludes men who had sexual intercourse within the past 4 weeks
364 | Appendix A
No state tables included in Appendix A.
Appendix A | 365
Table A-9.1 Antenatal care: States
Percent distribution of women age 15-49 who had a live birth in the five years preceding the survey by antenatal care (ANC) provider during
pregnancy for the most recent birth and the percentage receiving antenatal care from a skilled provider for the most recent birth, according to
Percentage
receiving
Auxiliary Community Traditional antenatal care
Nurse/ nurse/ health birth No from a skilled Number of
State of residence Doctor midwife midwife worker attendant Other one Missing Total provider1 women
North Central
FCT-Abuja 53.6 33.8 1.7 1.4 0.0 0.0 8.9 0.5 100.0 89.2 169
Benue 30.0 29.0 4.3 6.3 0.0 0.0 30.5 0.0 100.0 63.2 526
Kogi 24.5 40.1 17.0 3.1 0.8 0.3 14.2 0.0 100.0 81.6 324
Kwara 35.1 17.7 5.3 3.2 2.8 1.8 33.9 0.2 100.0 58.1 296
Nasarawa 30.1 37.3 5.2 3.9 0.0 0.2 23.2 0.0 100.0 72.6 224
Niger 9.2 25.6 1.9 5.5 17.2 0.0 39.2 1.4 100.0 36.6 566
Plateau 7.3 59.4 17.4 0.0 0.2 0.0 15.7 0.0 100.0 84.1 421
North East
Adamawa 2.2 41.4 17.6 0.5 0.3 0.0 37.8 0.2 100.0 61.2 443
Bauchi 2.0 34.4 8.5 5.4 0.0 0.3 49.1 0.3 100.0 44.9 705
Borno 4.0 26.9 1.7 0.6 1.4 0.3 64.8 0.3 100.0 32.6 604
Gombe 1.9 37.8 4.7 14.4 0.2 0.3 40.5 0.1 100.0 44.5 327
Taraba 5.5 31.0 2.8 14.4 0.0 0.0 46.3 0.0 100.0 39.3 309
Yobe 11.5 22.9 1.6 1.2 0.0 0.0 62.5 0.3 100.0 36.0 362
North West
Jigawa 5.3 14.3 0.6 0.0 1.1 0.0 78.7 0.0 100.0 20.1 667
Kaduna 5.3 49.6 7.2 0.3 0.5 0.2 36.2 0.8 100.0 62.1 780
Kano 12.7 35.8 1.3 1.2 0.0 0.1 48.7 0.2 100.0 49.8 1,428
Katsina 2.3 10.0 2.1 0.4 0.6 0.1 82.8 1.7 100.0 14.4 942
Kebbi 5.1 6.9 0.3 1.4 0.0 0.2 84.7 1.4 100.0 12.3 442
Sokoto 4.9 7.4 1.5 0.6 0.1 0.0 85.3 0.1 100.0 13.8 599
Zamfara 4.5 4.7 3.8 1.0 0.0 0.0 85.5 0.5 100.0 13.1 514
South East
Abia 39.4 31.7 18.0 1.1 1.1 0.4 8.3 0.0 100.0 89.1 279
Anambra 46.8 43.6 7.2 0.4 1.2 0.0 0.8 0.0 100.0 97.7 422
Ebonyi 39.3 26.7 9.7 0.7 2.5 0.9 20.1 0.0 100.0 75.7 261
Enugu 16.2 36.4 15.6 7.8 12.0 0.0 10.8 1.2 100.0 68.1 285
Imo 47.1 37.7 11.5 0.8 0.4 0.0 2.5 0.0 100.0 96.3 355
South South
Akwa Ibom 24.9 38.1 3.7 0.3 19.7 0.0 12.6 0.6 100.0 66.8 367
Bayelsa 20.8 12.9 1.3 6.3 22.4 0.8 35.5 0.0 100.0 35.0 211
Cross River 27.3 38.9 1.8 4.0 11.6 0.3 15.9 0.3 100.0 68.0 376
Delta 25.9 40.4 11.8 1.1 1.5 0.3 19.0 0.0 100.0 78.1 436
Edo 56.5 31.9 2.1 0.0 3.3 0.3 5.4 0.5 100.0 90.5 355
Rivers 38.7 27.6 0.3 1.4 5.1 0.0 26.6 0.3 100.0 66.6 565
South West
Ekiti 48.1 44.1 1.2 0.6 1.5 1.2 3.0 0.3 100.0 93.4 250
Lagos 65.5 21.3 0.8 0.2 8.0 1.6 1.8 0.8 100.0 87.6 986
Ogun 43.0 38.8 8.1 0.0 4.1 0.6 5.4 0.0 100.0 89.9 457
Ondo 44.2 22.3 3.7 2.9 9.8 1.3 14.7 1.1 100.0 70.1 359
Osun 43.1 49.4 1.1 3.9 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.3 100.0 93.6 354
Oyo 47.4 37.0 3.2 0.8 0.3 0.8 10.5 0.0 100.0 87.6 669
Total 22.9 30.0 4.9 2.2 3.1 0.3 36.3 0.4 100.0 57.7 17,635
Note: If more than one source of ANC was mentioned, only the provider with the highest qualifications is considered in this tabulation.
1
Skilled provider includes doctor, nurse, midwife, and auxiliary nurse/midwife
366 | Appendix A
Table A-9.3 Components of antenatal care: States
Among women age 15-49 with a live birth in the five years preceding the survey, the percentage who took iron tablets or syrup and
drugs for intestinal parasites during the pregnancy for the most recent birth, and among women receiving antenatal care (ANC) for the
most recent live birth in the five years preceding the survey, the percentage receiving specific ANC services, according to state of
Among women
with a live birth in
the past five years,
the percentage
who during the Among women who received antenatal care for their
pregnancy for their most recent birth in the past five years, the percentage Number of
last birth: Number of receiving selected services women
Took women with Informed of receiving
Took iron intestinal a live birth signs of Blood Urine Blood ANC for
tablets or parasite in the past pregnancy pressure sample sample most recent
State of residence syrup drugs five years complications Weighed measured taken taken birth
North Central
FCT-Abuja 85.6 4.2 169 91.1 96.9 97.2 89.1 84.2 153
Benue 53.5 13.2 526 25.0 71.3 77.3 74.3 67.1 366
Kogi 42.9 31.8 324 71.4 88.3 87.6 78.5 77.9 278
Kwara 61.2 3.6 296 69.0 86.3 88.2 81.3 81.3 195
Nasarawa 55.8 16.1 224 26.3 83.2 81.7 70.2 68.2 172
Niger 29.4 6.9 566 28.9 70.2 71.3 52.3 47.9 336
Plateau 55.3 7.4 421 39.8 94.0 83.1 85.7 85.9 355
North East
Adamawa 55.6 4.4 443 85.5 93.7 64.8 46.4 43.7 275
Bauchi 47.7 8.1 705 37.3 80.3 65.9 46.7 48.4 357
Borno 32.1 4.6 604 61.2 80.6 80.2 71.8 69.6 211
Gombe 55.1 8.5 327 39.1 93.1 86.8 69.6 73.9 194
Taraba 55.7 5.1 309 82.6 94.7 96.9 69.0 77.4 166
Yobe 37.4 4.1 362 54.2 92.8 96.0 78.7 79.9 134
North West
Jigawa 21.8 1.6 667 39.4 77.4 78.3 73.0 72.9 142
Kaduna 57.1 14.8 780 51.5 93.6 82.7 64.5 63.5 492
Kano 50.1 0.8 1,428 31.3 92.0 76.8 69.6 55.2 729
Katsina 15.4 0.6 942 57.9 85.7 82.5 60.3 68.3 146
Kebbi 13.7 3.4 442 56.8 88.9 93.8 64.2 77.8 61
Sokoto 13.2 0.3 599 18.0 92.0 94.0 62.0 66.0 87
Zamfara 10.1 2.5 514 38.1 89.0 83.1 82.1 79.6 72
South East
Abia 89.1 10.9 279 81.5 86.9 94.3 85.7 91.0 256
Anambra 89.8 7.5 422 77.8 88.4 90.6 83.4 89.9 419
Ebonyi 69.8 13.3 261 55.9 76.5 82.4 50.5 57.5 209
Enugu 39.5 8.1 285 36.4 73.0 69.5 62.6 71.4 250
Imo 86.3 17.5 355 82.6 86.3 92.9 90.0 94.5 346
South South
Akwa Ibom 70.1 25.8 367 60.0 68.2 68.5 59.3 62.1 318
Bayelsa 58.4 22.6 211 58.4 49.0 57.1 42.9 40.8 136
Cross River 56.9 18.4 376 63.0 80.2 79.6 73.5 74.4 316
Delta 58.9 16.3 436 23.4 87.9 83.3 67.7 57.9 353
Edo 66.9 10.0 355 81.1 92.3 92.9 86.3 91.2 334
Rivers 68.1 18.3 565 62.7 83.6 88.8 79.0 79.4 413
South West
Ekiti 80.3 18.5 250 76.6 96.9 97.2 80.6 72.6 242
Lagos 92.5 7.5 986 81.9 93.2 93.2 84.7 85.0 960
Ogun 87.5 21.2 457 85.8 91.8 94.3 84.1 86.1 432
Ondo 79.6 15.7 359 76.5 81.2 83.4 79.3 71.2 302
Osun 97.2 16.9 354 97.8 97.7 97.8 94.1 94.6 351
Oyo 83.4 17.4 669 80.1 93.8 98.8 90.5 85.1 599
Total 54.3 9.6 17,635 61.3 86.8 85.1 74.5 73.6 11,158
Appendix A | 367
Table A-9.4 Tetanus toxoid injections: States
Among mothers age 15-49 with a live birth in the five years preceding the
survey, the percentage receiving two or more tetanus toxoid (TT)
injections during the pregnancy for the last live birth and the percentage
whose last live birth was protected against neonatal tetanus, according to
receiving two whose last birth
or more was protected
injections against
during last neonatal Number of
State of residence pregnancy tetanus1 mothers
North Central
FCT-Abuja 58.1 69.6 169
Benue 40.6 46.0 526
Kogi 63.8 67.1 324
Kwara 44.6 46.1 296
Nasarawa 34.6 35.3 224
Niger 28.5 29.4 566
Plateau 62.9 65.5 421
North East
Adamawa 41.2 42.2 443
Bauchi 22.8 24.1 705
Borno 21.0 23.3 604
Gombe 40.2 40.7 327
Taraba 32.0 33.7 309
Yobe 24.5 25.2 362
North West
Jigawa 10.2 10.3 667
Kaduna 40.0 41.5 780
Kano 24.3 30.8 1,428
Katsina 10.1 10.7 942
Kebbi 11.7 11.7 442
Sokoto 6.8 6.8 599
Zamfara 9.6 10.0 514
South East
Abia 84.9 86.8 279
Anambra 87.7 93.4 422
Ebonyi 56.1 57.2 261
Enugu 63.1 67.0 285
Imo 87.7 91.5 355
South South
Akwa Ibom 58.2 65.0 367
Bayelsa 47.1 49.7 211
Delta 66.3 71.6 436
Edo 69.0 75.1 355
Rivers 71.3 76.4 565
South West
Ekiti 88.0 91.0 250
Lagos 80.8 83.0 986
Ogun 72.2 72.8 457
Ondo 57.2 64.2 359
Osun 90.5 93.1 354
Oyo 73.3 73.6 669
Total 45.3 48.0 17,635

1
Includes mothers with two injections during the pregnancy for her last
live birth, or two or more injections (the last within 3 years of the last live
birth), or three or more injections (the last within 5 years of the last birth),
or four or more injections (the last within ten years of the last live birth),
or five or more injections prior to the last birth
368 | Appendix A
Table A-9.5 Place of delivery: States
Percent distribution of live births in the five years preceding the survey by place of delivery and percentage delivered in a
health facility, according to state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Percentage
Health facility
delivered in
Public Private a health Number of
State of residence sector sector Home Other Missing Total facility births
North Central
FCT-Abuja 31.5 22.6 43.7 0.7 1.4 100.0 54.2 254
Benue 25.8 25.2 48.0 0.5 0.6 100.0 50.9 832
Kogi 53.6 23.8 22.1 0.4 0.2 100.0 77.3 478
Kwara 30.1 18.7 49.0 1.9 0.4 100.0 48.8 412
Nasarawa 26.9 6.1 66.2 0.3 0.6 100.0 32.9 320
Niger 13.3 2.6 80.5 0.0 3.6 100.0 15.9 927
Plateau 24.8 5.4 69.2 0.3 0.4 100.0 30.2 607
North East
Adamawa 10.5 0.2 88.7 0.2 0.4 100.0 10.7 729
Bauchi 12.7 0.3 86.6 0.2 0.3 100.0 13.0 1,172
Borno 11.8 0.0 87.3 0.1 0.7 100.0 11.8 1,049
Gombe 16.4 0.8 81.8 0.1 0.9 100.0 17.2 526
Taraba 15.6 5.5 78.8 0.0 0.1 100.0 21.1 482
Yobe 6.0 0.1 92.9 0.0 1.0 100.0 6.1 618
North West
Jigawa 4.5 0.0 95.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 4.5 1,052
Kaduna 15.4 2.9 79.9 0.0 1.8 100.0 18.4 1,222
Kano 10.0 1.2 87.3 0.0 1.5 100.0 11.1 2,430
Katsina 4.1 0.1 93.1 0.0 2.7 100.0 4.2 1,569
Kebbi 4.7 0.1 92.3 0.1 2.8 100.0 4.8 708
Sokoto 4.4 0.0 95.3 0.0 0.3 100.0 4.4 983
Zamfara 6.3 0.2 92.3 0.0 1.2 100.0 6.5 815
South East
Abia 23.4 51.1 16.2 8.9 0.4 100.0 74.4 472
Anambra 26.1 61.7 8.9 2.1 1.2 100.0 87.8 781
Ebonyi 19.7 21.0 56.6 1.1 1.6 100.0 40.7 432
Enugu 21.4 32.1 37.9 7.3 1.3 100.0 53.6 444
Imo 32.5 61.8 3.1 2.4 0.2 100.0 94.3 602
South South
Akwa Ibom 29.2 7.7 57.4 5.5 0.2 100.0 36.9 590
Bayelsa 14.3 4.1 80.7 1.0 0.0 100.0 18.4 341
Cross River 35.9 2.6 57.9 2.6 1.0 100.0 38.5 549
Delta 36.4 20.8 41.6 0.9 0.4 100.0 57.2 682
Edo 34.5 41.7 20.3 2.1 1.4 100.0 76.2 568
Rivers 25.4 22.5 48.0 3.9 0.2 100.0 47.9 937
South West
Ekiti 63.6 11.6 14.4 9.5 1.0 100.0 75.2 374
Lagos 20.5 56.4 9.1 12.7 1.3 100.0 76.9 1,454
Ogun 32.9 31.0 34.2 1.6 0.4 100.0 63.8 703
Ondo 31.5 15.4 48.5 3.4 1.2 100.0 46.9 528
Osun 58.0 27.1 13.4 1.2 0.2 100.0 85.1 484
Oyo 37.7 29.4 27.7 5.0 0.2 100.0 67.1 978
Total 20.0 15.0 62.1 1.9 1.0 100.0 35.0 28,100
Appendix A | 369
Table A-9.6 Assistance during delivery: States
Percent distribution of live births in the five years preceding the survey by person providing assistance during delivery, percentage of births
assisted by a skilled provider and percentage delivered by caesarean section, according to state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Person providing assistance during delivery Percentage Percentage

Auxiliary Traditional Don't delivered delivered
Nurse/ nurse/ birth Relative/ No know/ by a skilled by C- Number of
State of residence Doctor midwife midwife attendant other one missing Total provider1 section births
North Central
FCT-Abuja 32.0 30.9 1.3 4.9 24.7 4.0 2.2 100.0 64.3 4.6 254
Benue 8.4 34.9 9.0 8.1 36.5 2.2 0.9 100.0 52.3 1.1 832
Kogi 10.8 46.8 18.3 5.1 13.2 5.5 0.4 100.0 75.8 3.8 478
Kwara 18.3 31.1 3.8 1.3 17.9 26.9 0.7 100.0 53.2 2.0 412
Nasarawa 10.0 20.0 3.8 13.2 43.4 8.9 0.7 100.0 33.8 3.0 320
Niger 4.8 11.0 1.4 22.2 38.2 18.6 3.9 100.0 17.2 0.9 927
Plateau 3.9 22.5 4.3 0.9 63.8 4.1 0.5 100.0 30.7 1.9 607
North East
Adamawa 0.4 11.0 3.2 41.3 24.5 18.3 1.2 100.0 14.6 0.2 729
Bauchi 1.8 9.2 4.7 13.6 35.0 34.3 1.4 100.0 15.7 0.9 1,172
Borno 0.6 12.1 0.5 60.4 17.2 8.0 1.1 100.0 13.2 0.6 1,049
Gombe 1.2 14.7 2.3 7.2 58.1 13.3 3.1 100.0 18.3 1.3 526
Taraba 1.7 21.6 2.6 3.6 59.2 11.1 0.1 100.0 25.9 0.1 482
Yobe 3.3 6.0 0.0 63.0 9.4 17.3 0.9 100.0 9.3 0.3 618
North West
Jigawa 0.3 4.7 0.1 34.9 30.3 29.4 0.3 100.0 5.1 0.0 1,052
Kaduna 4.6 15.8 1.4 48.2 20.9 6.4 2.7 100.0 21.8 1.0 1,222
Kano 4.2 7.6 0.9 12.3 15.3 57.9 1.9 100.0 12.7 0.6 2,430
Katsina 0.7 3.7 0.4 17.3 15.5 59.5 3.0 100.0 4.7 0.1 1,569
Kebbi 1.4 4.0 0.9 14.1 23.3 53.0 3.3 100.0 6.2 0.1 708
Sokoto 1.2 3.4 0.6 64.0 4.1 25.2 1.6 100.0 5.1 0.4 983
Zamfara 0.8 4.2 2.7 2.1 28.3 60.6 1.3 100.0 7.7 0.1 815
South East
Abia 13.5 48.7 24.9 6.9 2.7 2.2 1.1 100.0 87.1 3.1 472
Anambra 15.5 67.6 12.1 2.1 1.0 0.0 1.7 100.0 95.2 4.7 781
Ebonyi 10.8 26.0 9.4 20.5 17.2 14.4 1.7 100.0 46.3 2.4 432
Enugu 5.5 41.0 18.9 20.6 10.7 1.2 2.0 100.0 65.5 3.1 444
Imo 12.9 66.2 18.9 0.0 1.2 0.5 0.2 100.0 98.0 5.4 602
South South
Akwa Ibom 10.1 28.1 5.8 52.1 3.2 0.6 0.2 100.0 44.0 4.5 590
Bayelsa 5.7 13.3 2.6 76.9 1.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 21.6 1.5 341
Cross River 7.3 33.8 3.1 34.5 15.2 3.6 2.4 100.0 44.2 1.7 549
Delta 13.0 36.4 12.1 23.4 11.6 3.3 0.2 100.0 61.5 2.7 682
Edo 24.7 51.8 3.4 12.4 4.0 2.3 1.4 100.0 79.9 2.4 568
Rivers 10.8 50.5 2.3 23.0 7.4 5.7 0.2 100.0 63.6 4.6 937
South West
Ekiti 12.2 64.8 4.2 7.2 7.2 3.4 1.0 100.0 81.2 5.6 374
Lagos 49.7 31.0 2.1 10.4 3.5 2.0 1.3 100.0 82.8 5.2 1,454
Ogun 17.0 42.0 12.8 9.6 17.8 0.4 0.4 100.0 71.8 1.7 703
Ondo 12.2 31.1 7.2 33.3 8.9 6.0 1.2 100.0 50.5 1.5 528
Osun 13.4 74.4 1.4 2.5 6.1 1.8 0.4 100.0 89.2 5.0 484
Oyo 11.6 60.4 4.3 2.8 14.5 6.2 0.2 100.0 76.4 1.1 978
Total 9.1 25.3 4.6 21.6 18.8 19.3 1.4 100.0 38.9 1.8 28,100
Note: If the respondent mentioned more than one person attending during delivery, only the most qualified person is considered in this
tabulation.
1
Skilled provider includes doctor, nurse, midwife and auxiliary nurse/midwife
370 | Appendix A
Table A-9.7 Timing of first postnatal check-up: States
Percent distribution of women age 15-49 with a birth in the five years preceding the survey by timing of mother's
first postnatal check-up (for the last live birth), according to state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Timing of first postnatal check-up

(time since delivery)
Don't No
Less than 4-23 3-41 know/ postnatal Number of
State of residence 4 hours hours 2 days days missing check-up1 Total women
North Central
FCT-Abuja 52.5 8.1 3.1 2.0 1.0 33.3 100.0 169
Benue 24.1 8.2 6.7 2.7 1.2 57.2 100.0 526
Kogi 52.6 14.2 5.3 1.7 1.7 24.5 100.0 324
Kwara 43.2 1.8 1.5 2.3 0.5 50.7 100.0 296
Nasarawa 27.7 2.5 1.7 1.7 0.6 65.8 100.0 224
Niger 15.7 0.8 3.1 1.2 3.0 76.2 100.0 566
Plateau 18.0 7.7 3.7 6.2 1.3 63.1 100.0 421
North East
Adamawa 13.4 2.0 3.6 2.0 0.5 78.5 100.0 443
Bauchi 14.3 1.8 1.4 2.8 0.8 78.8 100.0 705
Borno 20.8 3.5 1.4 1.1 0.3 72.9 100.0 604
Gombe 22.9 1.1 3.0 3.0 0.1 69.9 100.0 327
Taraba 19.8 5.0 5.7 2.4 0.4 66.8 100.0 309
Yobe 53.9 0.2 1.5 1.3 0.4 42.7 100.0 362
North West
Jigawa 20.6 1.2 6.5 0.9 1.3 69.5 100.0 667
Kaduna 38.5 1.0 0.8 3.5 1.8 54.5 100.0 780
Kano 11.9 0.5 0.5 1.8 1.0 84.4 100.0 1,428
Katsina 6.0 0.6 0.5 0.9 0.6 91.4 100.0 942
Kebbi 14.2 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.9 83.5 100.0 442
Sokoto 5.4 0.4 1.7 0.3 0.7 91.4 100.0 599
Zamfara 12.3 0.9 0.5 0.8 1.5 84.0 100.0 514
South East
Abia 27.2 4.9 9.1 8.7 3.0 47.1 100.0 279
Anambra 25.2 4.9 13.6 11.9 3.1 41.2 100.0 422
Ebonyi 14.9 4.9 11.3 4.7 1.2 63.0 100.0 261
Enugu 24.8 1.2 6.6 1.5 5.5 60.5 100.0 285
Imo 18.6 16.2 12.5 2.4 0.4 49.8 100.0 355
South South
Akwa Ibom 62.8 7.6 4.7 3.4 2.8 18.7 100.0 367
Bayelsa 22.9 6.8 12.9 11.3 0.8 45.3 100.0 211
Cross River 30.6 11.1 8.1 5.3 3.3 41.6 100.0 376
Delta 18.7 9.4 22.4 4.4 5.2 39.9 100.0 436
Edo 49.4 13.6 6.9 2.3 19.0 8.7 100.0 355
Rivers 48.1 9.4 4.5 2.7 5.6 29.8 100.0 565
South West
Ekiti 24.2 14.6 11.1 8.1 2.1 39.9 100.0 250
Lagos 66.0 8.5 5.1 7.9 3.0 9.5 100.0 986
Ogun 43.1 7.2 19.7 6.5 0.6 22.9 100.0 457
Ondo 26.5 3.1 10.8 5.4 0.8 53.4 100.0 359
Osun 59.2 16.5 5.1 1.1 0.6 17.5 100.0 354
Oyo 49.4 4.3 8.5 2.6 5.3 30.0 100.0 669
Total 28.4 4.7 5.2 3.2 2.1 56.3 100.0 17,635

1
Appendix A | 371
Table A-9.8 Provider of first postnatal check-up: States
Percent distribution of women age 15-49 with a birth in the five years preceding the survey by provider of mother's first
postnatal check-up (for the last live birth), according to state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Provider of mother's first postnatal check-up

Doctor/ Auxiliary Community Traditional Don't No
nurse/ nurse/ health birth know/ postnatal Number of
State of residence midwife midwife worker attendant Other missing check-up1 Total women
North Central
FCT-Abuja 63.8 1.0 0.5 1.4 0.0 0.0 33.3 100.0 169
Benue 30.0 4.1 3.9 4.8 0.0 0.0 57.2 100.0 526
Kogi 52.1 17.3 0.3 5.0 0.6 0.3 24.5 100.0 324
Kwara 43.7 2.8 1.5 1.2 0.0 0.0 50.7 100.0 296
Nasarawa 28.9 2.8 1.1 1.4 0.0 0.0 65.8 100.0 224
Niger 17.4 1.3 1.4 2.8 0.0 0.9 76.2 100.0 566
Plateau 34.0 2.2 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.2 63.1 100.0 421
North East
Adamawa 15.6 3.4 0.2 1.9 0.2 0.3 78.5 100.0 443
Bauchi 10.1 3.1 0.6 7.1 0.0 0.3 78.8 100.0 705
Borno 12.2 0.9 0.2 13.1 0.3 0.5 72.9 100.0 604
Gombe 18.9 3.4 1.9 5.4 0.3 0.3 69.9 100.0 327
Taraba 20.8 1.9 5.5 4.6 0.0 0.2 66.8 100.0 309
Yobe 10.7 0.0 0.5 45.6 0.1 0.4 42.7 100.0 362
North West
Jigawa 6.3 0.1 0.1 23.8 0.0 0.1 69.5 100.0 667
Kaduna 26.7 1.1 0.9 16.1 0.0 0.6 54.5 100.0 780
Kano 13.7 0.8 0.2 0.6 0.1 0.1 84.4 100.0 1,428
Katsina 4.8 0.4 0.6 2.3 0.0 0.5 91.4 100.0 942
Kebbi 6.0 0.9 0.9 8.7 0.0 0.0 83.5 100.0 442
Sokoto 6.1 0.4 1.2 0.9 0.0 0.0 91.4 100.0 599
Zamfara 8.6 1.2 2.0 3.7 0.2 0.3 84.0 100.0 514
South East
Abia 39.0 11.3 0.4 0.8 1.5 0.0 47.1 100.0 279
Anambra 51.1 6.9 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.4 41.2 100.0 422
Ebonyi 28.9 6.5 0.0 0.7 0.5 0.5 63.0 100.0 261
Enugu 31.0 5.5 0.0 1.9 0.4 0.8 60.5 100.0 285
Imo 42.3 7.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 49.8 100.0 355
South South
Akwa Ibom 34.1 5.5 0.3 39.8 0.6 0.9 18.7 100.0 367
Bayelsa 17.4 2.9 0.5 33.9 0.0 0.0 45.3 100.0 211
Cross River 35.9 4.0 2.8 14.9 0.5 0.3 41.6 100.0 376
Delta 37.8 11.4 0.6 10.3 0.0 0.0 39.9 100.0 436
Edo 75.1 2.3 0.0 10.8 0.3 2.8 8.7 100.0 355
Rivers 57.9 0.7 0.0 11.3 0.0 0.3 29.8 100.0 565
South West
Ekiti 57.1 1.8 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.0 39.9 100.0 250
Lagos 83.6 1.6 0.0 4.3 0.2 0.8 9.5 100.0 986
Ogun 62.1 9.7 0.9 4.4 0.0 0.0 22.9 100.0 457
Ondo 37.5 3.4 0.3 5.2 0.0 0.3 53.4 100.0 359
Osun 75.6 1.9 3.6 0.8 0.3 0.3 17.5 100.0 354
Oyo 65.7 2.6 0.3 0.8 0.0 0.6 30.0 100.0 669
Total 31.9 3.0 0.8 7.4 0.1 0.4 56.3 100.0 17,635
1
372 | Appendix A
Table A-9.9 Problems in accessing health care: States
Percentage of women age 15-49 who reported that they have serious problems in accessing health care for themselves when they are
sick, by type of problem and state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Problems in accessing health care

At least
Getting Getting Distance Not Concerned Concerned one
permission money to Having wanting no female no Concerned problem
to go for for health to take to go provider provider no drugs accessing Number of
State of residence treatment treatment facility transport alone available available available health care women
North Central
FCT-Abuja 3.4 44.9 17.0 12.7 5.4 0.8 2.8 12.1 49.8 369
Benue 7.1 84.8 51.2 44.3 16.0 8.9 14.3 26.4 89.2 972
Kogi 10.8 52.5 29.5 30.3 14.6 16.8 29.6 40.5 68.5 792
Kwara 18.0 57.7 45.1 45.2 20.5 7.5 12.6 15.1 67.6 553
Nasarawa 5.2 50.0 21.2 9.3 6.7 0.7 1.1 2.3 55.1 458
Niger 32.1 68.1 50.1 47.4 30.2 28.4 44.6 63.1 84.9 827
Plateau 15.4 75.4 47.8 42.4 30.9 28.0 51.4 55.6 87.1 777
North East
Adamawa 13.4 67.7 36.0 38.8 27.0 3.5 26.1 59.5 86.9 764
Bauchi 27.1 54.8 34.3 34.7 21.0 28.0 60.6 65.6 92.6 998
Borno 28.4 78.9 64.8 60.2 37.8 38.7 57.0 63.0 96.5 912
Gombe 17.6 44.5 43.5 41.6 22.0 25.6 47.4 51.2 72.9 465
Taraba 11.6 85.1 71.5 73.2 51.0 36.9 57.8 72.7 95.7 587
Yobe 16.9 38.3 39.1 39.8 34.1 21.7 25.6 26.2 65.3 537
North West
Jigawa 16.0 64.1 39.1 35.1 12.0 26.2 27.3 32.8 71.7 959
Kaduna 5.6 59.6 43.3 40.2 28.4 9.5 39.1 51.3 72.0 1,333
Kano 34.8 51.0 46.8 45.5 19.5 69.7 72.0 74.7 81.4 2,070
Katsina 12.9 65.3 27.2 27.6 2.3 17.5 29.4 44.2 89.7 1,372
Kebbi 39.8 64.4 35.5 46.6 12.5 34.6 54.2 60.2 75.3 732
Sokoto 13.2 65.9 23.7 20.5 31.2 66.1 58.3 60.0 81.1 822
Zamfara 14.7 35.9 37.1 40.2 30.9 40.9 47.1 66.2 90.9 733
South East
Abia 9.4 36.0 34.6 31.9 7.7 10.4 18.3 19.6 51.9 775
Anambra 14.8 57.4 27.0 18.1 10.5 6.2 16.1 26.0 64.4 1,042
Ebonyi 32.2 84.0 57.7 68.0 34.0 26.1 63.3 68.0 92.6 586
Enugu 25.2 78.5 70.6 63.5 35.1 26.2 54.7 64.1 89.2 780
Imo 4.8 74.5 32.1 45.6 2.9 3.2 14.2 35.3 81.1 908
South South
Akwa Ibom 9.1 63.4 39.1 19.4 15.8 5.3 22.4 38.3 77.2 938
Bayelsa 8.2 71.6 58.7 56.6 28.0 20.8 63.0 76.8 92.3 468
Cross River 14.3 54.6 39.3 32.8 5.6 1.3 9.4 17.5 68.4 735
Delta 5.5 49.8 33.7 28.8 7.3 10.5 51.6 52.5 74.0 1,071
Edo 0.9 28.9 9.0 6.9 1.8 2.4 25.4 30.4 46.6 770
Rivers 5.3 46.1 26.7 27.9 11.6 23.6 27.1 27.9 65.1 1,490
South West
Ekiti 15.5 30.5 20.1 16.5 13.4 10.8 19.1 21.5 43.1 556
Lagos 2.1 39.7 23.7 19.7 9.1 13.5 18.9 24.3 57.3 2,446
Ogun 11.3 61.8 31.0 37.4 18.5 21.6 20.7 25.6 93.1 870
Ondo 3.9 35.9 36.0 26.0 8.9 7.1 10.6 23.5 59.2 791
Osun 1.4 27.5 15.4 8.4 4.8 4.0 7.5 9.6 32.8 922
Oyo 4.1 62.9 18.7 16.4 11.0 1.3 12.4 11.3 65.4 1,205
Total 13.6 56.4 36.2 34.0 17.2 20.5 33.4 41.3 73.7 33,385
Appendix A | 373
Table A-10.3 Vaccinations by state of residence: States
Percentage of children age 12-23 months who received specific vaccines at any time before the survey (according to a vaccination card or the
mother's report), and percentage with a vaccination card seen, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
All Percentage
basic No with a Number
DPT Polio1 vacci- of
vacci- vaccination
State of residence BCG 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 Measles nations2 nations card seen children
North Central
FCT-Abuja 84.7 87.2 82.0 75.9 66.4 90.5 86.0 65.2 73.5 55.4 7.6 54.6 48
Benue 59.9 60.5 46.9 36.8 35.2 74.0 58.9 43.8 43.3 18.8 18.8 33.9 137
Kogi 76.4 78.6 65.2 55.0 53.9 83.2 64.0 46.1 69.6 39.3 13.5 24.7 80
Kwara 70.8 71.8 65.2 55.2 52.0 78.4 70.7 41.9 60.9 30.9 21.6 31.0 68
Nasarawa 50.1 53.6 45.7 30.1 38.5 57.0 39.8 31.0 38.6 16.1 39.5 24.9 54
Niger 37.5 38.7 28.9 20.9 22.8 55.2 44.9 25.8 33.2 12.3 41.7 17.2 142
Plateau 78.2 79.5 74.7 56.8 51.4 82.3 69.1 44.2 64.4 31.2 13.0 43.6 111
North East
Adamawa 43.8 52.5 40.7 30.2 32.7 78.4 66.7 46.3 41.4 19.1 14.2 28.4 122
Bauchi 17.7 16.4 4.7 1.0 7.9 68.6 43.3 27.4 14.9 1.0 26.7 6.7 194
Borno 17.9 17.0 7.1 2.5 11.5 38.5 24.8 13.4 12.5 1.5 56.9 8.0 179
Gombe 42.4 48.6 37.4 28.2 26.7 69.7 58.6 35.5 37.0 15.5 25.8 23.0 97
Taraba 40.9 51.8 33.6 19.6 24.7 88.6 73.4 42.0 35.2 14.1 7.7 16.6 88
Yobe 15.0 19.3 10.2 9.1 14.7 36.3 25.0 18.0 25.0 4.0 56.6 18.7 101
North West
Jigawa 8.6 11.7 5.4 0.0 6.8 43.4 35.4 25.1 8.3 0.0 54.2 2.9 188
Kaduna 46.8 60.5 49.1 32.7 29.3 86.6 72.3 50.8 56.9 21.4 10.9 17.3 247
Kano 23.3 24.6 16.1 7.6 11.8 39.9 27.6 15.7 17.8 5.5 53.7 5.5 394
Katsina 7.8 8.6 4.7 1.7 6.9 39.7 30.2 19.8 8.2 0.9 57.8 4.3 269
Kebbi 15.1 26.5 19.9 7.2 12.7 48.8 42.2 28.3 21.1 4.8 50.6 4.2 126
Sokoto 4.5 5.5 4.5 2.0 1.5 34.8 29.4 10.9 3.5 1.0 64.7 1.0 175
Zamfara 15.9 23.9 19.2 8.8 3.0 47.2 37.5 22.8 14.1 5.4 52.2 1.1 145
South East
Abia 76.2 74.7 70.3 59.8 70.3 77.7 71.8 52.3 61.2 38.9 19.4 46.4 71
Anambra 84.7 88.6 82.4 76.3 68.5 87.5 83.3 63.2 71.0 51.9 10.4 47.8 158
Ebonyi 79.4 76.9 71.8 60.1 66.8 74.2 72.6 56.8 60.8 50.0 19.0 58.4 72
Enugu 66.2 63.8 59.2 50.0 61.6 70.8 59.2 35.3 53.6 28.4 28.1 41.1 96
Imo 83.9 83.9 82.6 77.0 72.8 85.2 82.6 49.5 66.2 40.3 14.8 40.0 109
South South
Akwa Ibom 68.0 72.4 63.7 51.5 50.6 90.2 82.6 59.1 50.2 32.4 8.7 42.0 103
Bayelsa 65.3 53.1 37.8 27.6 37.8 73.5 59.2 34.7 30.6 20.4 18.4 37.8 54
Cross River 75.8 76.7 74.8 64.6 57.1 84.2 77.6 51.5 63.6 42.1 15.8 54.3 102
Delta 81.5 83.9 74.3 58.1 59.8 85.9 75.1 57.4 61.3 38.4 7.7 52.5 102
Edo 88.8 87.9 79.5 61.8 62.8 91.7 79.7 54.6 74.0 38.8 3.7 44.3 98
Rivers 71.7 68.9 58.5 51.8 59.3 87.8 71.6 54.6 48.9 36.5 10.4 45.0 204
South West
Ekiti 97.1 96.2 94.3 88.5 75.1 97.1 94.3 70.2 85.7 57.7 1.9 42.3 78
Lagos 84.6 86.1 83.2 73.6 75.1 83.1 77.2 60.9 69.2 52.8 11.7 52.8 263
Ogun 67.8 64.4 57.6 42.0 51.0 68.8 55.4 35.3 41.9 23.1 26.7 26.5 122
Ondo 75.3 71.9 66.3 54.3 43.4 74.1 68.6 48.8 64.4 37.0 22.6 29.9 92
Osun 95.3 95.3 95.3 85.6 85.7 89.1 87.9 68.4 84.4 58.7 4.7 56.2 82
Oyo 70.6 79.4 74.4 60.7 49.5 89.0 78.9 42.7 59.4 30.6 8.9 38.3 176
Total 49.7 52.0 44.7 35.4 36.7 67.8 57.2 38.7 41.4 22.7 28.7 26.1 4,945
1
2
374 | Appendix A
Table A-10.5 Vaccinations received during national immunization day campaigns: States
Percentage of children age 12-59 months who received specific vaccines through a national
immunisation day campaign at any time before the survey (according to a vaccination card or the
mother's report), by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
National immunisation campaigns and vaccines received
Measles All 2008
2005 and All 2007 (IPDs/
Polio 2006 2006 (SIA/ All 2006 (IPDs/Jan, Jan-Feb,
(NIDs/ Dec 2005, (IPDs/ SIPDs/ SIPDs/ Number of
State of residence Feb-Mar)1 Oct 2006)2 May-Jul3 Mar-Sep)4 Apr)5 children
North Central
FCT-Abuja 15.5 5.4 18.8 41.4 36.0 175
Benue 16.8 6.3 7.7 43.1 37.7 455
Kogi 33.1 38.2 41.7 64.6 64.6 300
Kwara 29.5 28.2 43.5 58.6 46.7 239
Nasarawa 23.2 8.2 11.6 23.8 15.2 121
Niger 31.7 16.4 28.6 46.0 46.9 358
Plateau 5.4 5.4 10.0 37.4 40.1 337
North East
Adamawa 13.8 4.5 15.5 52.3 50.0 420
Bauchi 8.1 1.6 6.0 54.4 66.8 561
Borno 10.4 6.2 5.2 12.0 9.8 332
Gombe 24.3 16.7 31.6 62.7 62.4 251
Taraba 33.6 16.8 28.2 67.2 72.7 300
Yobe 2.6 4.1 11.0 44.3 64.3 199
North West
Jigawa 3.7 1.4 4.7 18.6 25.4 337
Kaduna 20.2 18.2 30.1 56.7 67.2 780
Kano 1.4 0.9 3.5 18.9 43.1 718
Katsina 3.0 1.2 9.7 56.8 79.9 468
Kebbi 11.1 14.5 23.1 57.9 61.6 272
Sokoto 6.2 10.6 16.1 61.7 83.6 238
Zamfara 0.6 0.9 3.6 39.7 67.5 284
South East
Abia 14.2 7.7 21.1 30.9 28.8 259
Anambra 4.5 3.6 8.5 23.2 16.0 495
Ebonyi 16.0 20.1 25.8 45.2 24.5 234
Enugu 21.7 15.7 22.4 42.2 40.8 216
Imo 30.1 18.8 24.5 49.3 55.9 377
South South
Akwa Ibom 17.0 4.1 18.9 56.0 62.9 362
Bayelsa 37.8 23.2 25.4 42.9 36.8 175
Cross River 10.6 10.5 11.6 32.0 47.2 344
Delta 16.0 17.6 13.1 34.6 21.0 402
Edo 14.6 11.9 15.1 46.6 40.8 375
Rivers 38.6 10.6 23.1 51.7 39.9 588
South West
Ekiti 31.9 29.0 39.0 75.8 81.7 253
Lagos 20.3 17.0 26.9 52.8 55.1 943
Ogun 37.3 26.6 25.3 49.2 47.6 395
Ondo 5.3 2.1 9.6 25.7 44.4 288
Osun 5.9 1.5 12.6 24.9 68.5 324
Oyo 39.1 33.7 34.3 49.2 49.8 630
Total 17.7 12.3 18.9 44.8 49.6 13,808

1
National immunisation days (NIDs) in February-March 2006 for polio vaccination
2
Supplemental immunisation activities (SIAs) in December 2005 and October 2006 for measles
vaccination
3
Immunisation plus days (IPDs) in May-July 2006 for a range of vaccines including polio, measles,
and DPT
4
Immunisation plus days (IPDs) in January 2007 and sub-national immunisation plus days (SIPDs) in
March-September 2007 for a range of vaccines including polio, measles, and DPT
5
Immunisation plus days (IPDs) in January–February 2008 and sub-national immunisation plus days
(SIPDs) in April 2008 for a range of vaccines including polio, measles, and DPT
Appendix A | 375
Table A-10.6 Reasons for child not receiving any vaccines: States
Percentage of children age 12-59 months who did not receive any vaccines at any time before the survey, by mother's reason for
child not receiving any vaccinations and state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Main reasons child has not received any vaccinations

Fear of Fear child Vaccines Child
Lack of side may get do not Religious Post was Number of
State of residence information effects disease work reasons too far absent Other children
North Central
FCT-Abuja (9.2) (25.5) (36.8) (2.1) (2.1) (0.0) (2.1) (20.5) 18
Benue 49.1 10.4 2.1 0.0 0.0 19.4 10.9 16.8 98
Kogi 28.3 13.2 0.0 5.7 0.0 9.4 30.2 17.0 48
Kwara 51.5 17.6 1.0 2.1 4.1 51.4 1.0 2.1 72
Nasarawa 52.1 32.3 2.3 1.4 5.1 14.5 2.8 5.1 104
Niger 56.6 26.9 15.2 14.8 24.9 14.5 4.5 2.1 250
Plateau 9.9 37.5 0.0 0.0 4.0 8.9 3.0 7.9 77
North East
Adamawa 1.2 13.6 1.2 0.0 2.5 21.0 1.2 22.2 61
Bauchi 17.9 4.5 10.3 0.5 3.5 12.5 3.5 37.5 203
Borno 49.5 29.5 12.1 8.0 3.4 12.4 7.4 2.5 392
Gombe 6.9 3.3 0.8 1.4 13.7 34.5 4.1 26.6 105
Taraba (26.1) (8.0) (3.3) (0.0) (2.4) (42.7) (2.4) (17.5) 19
Yobe 68.5 13.2 6.7 1.0 2.9 7.2 1.7 1.6 228
North West
Jigawa 28.4 26.3 4.3 6.8 0.7 1.0 8.7 4.2 392
Kaduna 1.4 10.1 1.4 0.0 19.3 9.7 7.2 27.3 86
Kano 19.2 31.4 2.7 4.0 0.8 2.7 2.5 27.2 797
Katsina 13.5 48.5 17.9 4.9 3.6 11.2 3.8 3.0 610
Kebbi 1.9 1.3 9.2 6.0 40.6 13.0 15.2 4.1 239
Sokoto 9.2 31.3 1.8 1.1 14.1 31.3 5.8 10.7 389
Zamfara 45.5 12.1 4.1 1.6 1.9 13.4 7.6 21.9 267
South East
Abia (8.9) (48.7) (15.5) (0.0) (2.3) (0.0) (4.5) (11.1) 47
Anambra (15.9) (37.0) (0.0) (5.4) (8.1) (0.0) (5.1) (7.4) 61
Ebonyi 42.6 17.3 9.9 0.0 4.9 25.3 0.0 2.0 60
Enugu 28.2 22.3 4.6 5.6 2.3 20.2 2.3 13.6 99
Imo (3.8) (43.4) (0.0) (13.2) (11.3) (11.3) (7.6) (20.7) 38
South South
Akwa Ibom (33.1) (39.2) (3.0) (3.0) (3.0) (18.1) (0.0) (24.1) 37
Bayelsa 32.1 53.1 6.2 0.0 0.0 9.9 8.6 6.2 45
Cross River 47.3 3.6 3.6 0.0 0.0 9.1 3.6 9.1 52
Delta (51.3) (16.4) (5.8) (5.8) (4.9) (27.7) (7.3) (22.8) 50
Edo (20.7) (10.3) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (17.1) (0.0) (17.1) 27
Rivers (25.7) (5.8) (11.5) (0.0) (5.7) (57.0) (3.0) (11.5) 67
South West
Ekiti * * * * * * * * 16
Lagos (21.9) (10.9) (2.2) (4.3) (2.2) (17.1) (0.0) (17.5) 89
Ogun 49.7 41.7 0.0 0.0 2.8 0.0 1.5 0.0 95
Ondo 20.8 12.7 1.1 0.0 0.0 33.5 1.2 20.6 90
Osun (0.0) (68.4) (19.6) (0.0) (8.1) (7.9) (0.0) (7.9) 24
Oyo 14.3 36.5 6.0 4.0 0.0 12.0 10.2 12.3 86
Total 27.2 25.9 6.9 4.0 6.6 13.4 5.2 12.6 5,437
376 | Appendix A
Table A-10.7 Reasons for child not receiving any polio vaccine: States
Percent distribution of children age 12-59 months by whether child received any polio vaccine, and for children who did not receive polio vaccine,
mother’s reason for child not being immunised against polio, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Distribution of children
age 12-59 months by
receipt of polio vaccine Mother’s reasons for child not receiving polio vaccine
Did not
receive Lack Fear
Received any Don’t Number of Fear of child Vaccines Post Child Number
polio polio know/ of informa- side may get do not Religious too was of
State of residence vaccine vaccine missing Total children tion effects disease work reasons far absent Other children
North Central
FCT-Abuja 89.7 10.3 0.0 100.0 193 (6.5) (21.1) (29.1) (0.0) (1.9) (3.8) (1.9) (25.3) 20
Benue 80.1 19.9 0.0 100.0 553 47.5 10.1 4.5 0.0 0.0 18.3 10.7 13.2 110
Kogi 83.7 15.6 0.8 100.0 348 38.4 13.3 0.0 5.0 0.0 18.4 33.4 13.3 54
Kwara 76.7 23.1 0.2 100.0 311 52.5 14.5 0.0 1.0 8.2 50.4 1.0 4.1 72
Nasarawa 52.2 47.8 0.0 100.0 225 54.3 28.1 4.5 1.4 5.8 13.2 3.1 3.5 108
Niger 56.9 42.8 0.3 100.0 608 61.9 23.8 13.5 14.2 24.2 16.9 5.0 1.3 260
Plateau 78.5 21.3 0.2 100.0 414 9.4 32.7 0.0 0.0 3.4 6.9 6.0 12.1 88
North East
Bauchi 70.9 28.7 0.4 100.0 764 14.8 3.7 12.7 0.0 1.4 10.3 4.0 41.2 220
Borno 44.4 55.6 0.0 100.0 724 44.5 26.6 10.7 4.6 2.1 9.7 3.4 2.7 402
Gombe 67.1 32.7 0.2 100.0 356 8.3 1.7 2.3 1.5 11.1 35.4 3.7 22.1 117
Taraba 93.7 6.3 0.0 100.0 320 (29.4) (7.7) (5.4) (2.3) (2.3) (40.8) (2.3) (19.9) 20
Yobe 41.4 58.3 0.2 100.0 427 65.5 12.4 6.0 1.1 2.5 6.6 2.0 1.4 249
North West
Jigawa 44.8 55.2 0.0 100.0 729 28.3 28.7 5.7 4.3 1.4 10.9 10.5 6.6 402
Kaduna 89.0 10.8 0.2 100.0 866 1.3 6.8 3.8 2.7 20.0 10.6 7.9 33.1 94
Kano 45.7 53.4 0.9 100.0 1,515 18.9 28.4 2.5 2.9 0.4 4.0 2.7 27.0 809
Katsina 42.6 56.8 0.5 100.0 1,078 13.3 49.4 18.4 4.0 3.6 12.1 4.2 3.8 613
Kebbi 53.3 46.6 0.1 100.0 511 1.3 0.3 5.1 6.1 39.8 11.5 14.0 3.2 238
Sokoto 37.4 62.1 0.4 100.0 627 8.9 32.6 2.5 1.1 13.4 31.0 5.6 9.6 390
Zamfara 50.5 49.2 0.3 100.0 551 46.4 12.6 2.2 1.3 2.5 12.6 7.4 18.5 271
South East
Abia 83.2 16.8 0.0 100.0 306 (12.2) (38.7) (18.2) (0.0) (2.1) (0.0) (4.1) (12.3) 51
Anambra 88.2 11.2 0.6 100.0 556 (10.2) (35.3) (2.6) (0.0) (7.9) (2.6) (5.3) (17.8) 63
Ebonyi 78.7 21.1 0.2 100.0 294 35.5 25.0 14.6 0.0 4.8 16.7 0.0 4.9 62
Enugu 67.8 31.8 0.4 100.0 315 22.2 23.4 1.2 3.2 0.0 25.6 0.0 15.7 100
Imo 89.9 9.4 0.7 100.0 415 (3.6) (36.4) (0.0) (20.0) (7.3) (21.8) (3.6) (10.9) 39
South South
Akwa Ibom 90.4 9.6 0.0 100.0 399 (29.2) (38.0) (2.9) (2.9) (2.9) (17.5) (2.9) (11.7) 38
Bayelsa 78.3 21.7 0.0 100.0 220 25.6 51.2 4.7 0.0 0.0 11.6 8.1 9.3 48
Cross River 85.2 14.4 0.5 100.0 396 53.3 8.4 5.0 0.0 0.0 11.7 5.0 8.4 57
Delta 87.5 12.2 0.3 100.0 452 (52.6) (14.1) (0.0) (2.2) (2.2) (34.1) (8.9) (25.2) 55
Edo 93.2 6.8 0.0 100.0 402 (23.4) (9.9) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (16.5) (0.0) (19.9) 27
Rivers 89.7 9.7 0.6 100.0 656 (24.2) (6.0) (9.2) (0.0) (6.0) (42.3) (3.1) (12.1) 63
South West
Ekiti 93.9 6.1 0.0 100.0 268 * * * * * * * * 16
Lagos 90.6 9.4 0.0 100.0 1,033 28.1 10.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 13.8 2.0 20.1 97
Ogun 79.2 20.8 0.0 100.0 490 58.3 48.5 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 2.7 1.4 102
Ondo 75.0 23.3 1.7 100.0 379 24.9 15.2 2.4 0.0 0.0 37.9 3.6 17.6 88
Osun 93.0 7.0 0.0 100.0 348 (0.0) (52.7) (23.8) (0.0) (8.1) (11.8) (0.0) (7.9) 24
Oyo 87.0 12.4 0.5 100.0 716 7.7 37.0 7.9 0.0 2.1 17.3 9.8 14.1 89
Total 70.5 29.2 0.3 100.0 19,245 27.1 25.0 6.7 3.0 6.1 14.1 5.3 12.9 5,624
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 cases.
Appendix A | 377
Table A-10.9 Prevalence and treatment of fever: States
Among children under age five, the percentage who had a fever in the two weeks preceding the survey; and
among children with fever, the percentage for whom treatment was sought from a health facility or provider,
the percentage who took anti-malarial drugs, and the percentage who took antibiotic drugs, by state of
Children under age five with fever

Percentage for
whom advice or
Children under treatment was Percentage Percentage
age five sought from a who took who took
Percentage Number of health facility or anti-malarial antibiotic Number of
1
State of residence with fever children provider drugs drugs children
North Central 5.1 234 (75.8) (51.6) (7.0) 12
FCT-Abuja 16.7 737 71.6 44.8 16.1 123
Benue 4.5 438 * * * 20
Kogi 6.9 394 (45.0) (47.8) (28.1) 27
Kwara 9.7 293 57.7 54.4 27.1 28
Nasarawa 11.4 792 49.4 43.9 14.6 90
Niger 5.5 547 (59.1) (53.8) (35.8) 30
Plateau
North East 11.9 618 48.0 53.1 15.3 74

Bauchi 36.4 1,012 47.8 15.1 12.5 369
Borno 22.6 914 24.5 14.2 17.1 206
Gombe 13.8 468 53.1 16.9 14.1 65
Taraba 20.3 425 60.1 41.6 32.7 86
Yobe 13.3 552 32.5 26.6 31.0 73
North West
Jigawa 13.9 923 42.4 18.8 14.9 128
Kaduna 10.2 1,083 45.9 49.3 14.1 110
Kano 21.3 2,034 46.4 20.5 12.0 433
Katsina 19.4 1,371 45.4 36.2 12.7 266
Kebbi 8.3 637 67.1 70.0 7.1 53
Sokoto 9.7 827 30.4 34.8 5.4 80
Zamfara 16.5 719 29.9 15.7 15.3 119
South East
Abia 27.4 418 78.0 20.1 14.7 115
Anambra 11.3 708 72.4 27.9 30.5 80
Ebonyi 30.5 380 70.5 22.1 19.2 116
Enugu 27.0 399 61.2 6.0 5.1 108
Imo 26.2 523 76.3 30.5 10.4 137
South South
Akwa Ibom 20.5 523 66.2 33.6 10.0 107
Bayelsa 18.1 298 58.8 36.1 36.1 54
Cross River 19.8 515 76.6 51.4 28.0 102
Delta 15.1 610 59.4 57.1 19.2 92
Edo 14.2 514 73.9 47.4 28.9 73
Rivers 29.9 850 64.2 49.7 29.0 254
South West
Ekiti 14.9 345 60.9 53.6 32.0 52
Lagos 7.4 1,362 57.7 57.8 30.8 101
Ogun 7.7 645 (58.5) (38.6) (52.7) 49
Ondo 7.6 492 (62.1) (43.0) (21.2) 38
Osun 9.0 463 (64.5) (73.9) (28.9) 42
Oyo 6.4 914 (60.3) (51.2) (24.5) 58
Total 15.9 24,975 54.1 33.2 18.3 3,968
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is
based on fewer than 25 cases.
1
378 | Appendix A
Table A-10.11 Prevalence of diarrhoea: States
Percentage of children under age five who had diarrhoea in

the two weeks preceding the survey, by state of residence,
Nigeria 2008
Children under five with

diarrhoea in the two weeks
All Diarrhoea Number of
State of residence diarrhoea with blood children
North Central
FCT-Abuja 1.1 0.3 234
Benue 7.3 1.9 737
Kogi 2.9 0.4 438
Kwara 3.4 0.2 394
Nasarawa 7.2 2.0 293
Niger 9.6 1.1 792
Plateau 2.4 0.8 547
North East
Adamawa 9.0 2.5 618
Bauchi 32.0 6.8 1,012
Borno 22.9 8.4 914
Gombe 15.3 1.8 468
Taraba 15.8 3.0 425
Yobe 18.7 3.7 552
North West
Jigawa 8.2 1.2 923
Kaduna 7.8 1.1 1,083
Kano 17.2 2.6 2,034
Katsina 17.8 3.0 1,371
Kebbi 8.6 2.3 637
Sokoto 14.0 1.4 827
Zamfara 10.2 4.0 719
South East
Abia 4.5 0.7 418
Anambra 3.1 0.0 708
Ebonyi 8.5 0.5 380
Enugu 7.4 1.1 399
Imo 3.2 1.6 523
South South
Akwa Ibom 4.1 1.5 523
Bayelsa 3.2 1.9 298
Delta 2.5 1.1 610
Edo 2.7 0.5 514
Rivers 3.8 0.9 850
South West
Ekiti 9.1 0.9 345
Lagos 6.1 0.3 1,362
Ogun 8.0 0.2 645
Ondo 6.6 0.4 492
Osun 4.9 0.4 463
Oyo 4.3 0.4 914
Total 10.1 2.0 24,975
Appendix A | 379
Table A-10.14 Knowledge of ORS packets or pre-
packaged liquids: States
Percentage of women age 15-49 with a birth in the five

years preceding the survey who know about ORS
packets or ORS pre-packaged liquids for treatment of
diarrhoea, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Percentage of
women who
know about
ORS packets
or ORS
pre-packaged Number of
State of residence liquids women
North Central
FCT-Abuja 90.3 169
Benue 63.4 526
Kogi 45.1 324
Kwara 61.2 296
Nasarawa 54.2 224
Niger 47.6 566
Plateau 63.9 421
North East
Adamawa 77.8 443
Bauchi 68.9 705
Borno 53.4 604
Gombe 60.9 327
Taraba 68.1 309
Yobe 54.9 362
North West
Jigawa 86.8 667
Kaduna 66.1 780
Kano 80.7 1,428
Katsina 52.6 942
Kebbi 40.8 442
Sokoto 23.0 599
Zamfara 44.5 514
South East
Abia 89.1 279
Anambra 87.9 422
Ebonyi 77.0 261
Enugu 55.1 285
Imo 81.8 355
South South
Akwa Ibom 45.5 367
Bayelsa 76.8 211
Cross River 82.6 376
Delta 57.5 436
Edo 61.7 355
Rivers 59.2 565
South West
Ekiti 85.1 250
Lagos 83.2 986
Ogun 67.3 457
Ondo 58.4 359
Osun 86.8 354
Oyo 67.1 669
Total 65.5 17,635
ORS = Oral rehydration salts
380 | Appendix A
Table A-10.15 Disposal of children's stools: States
Percent distribution of youngest children under age five living with the mother by the manner of disposal of the child's last faecal
matter, and percentage of children whose stools are disposed of safely, according to state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Manner of disposal of children's stools Percentage

Put/ of children
Child rinsed whose
used into Put/rinsed Thrown stools are
toilet or toilet or into drain into disposed of Number of
State of residence latrine latrine Buried or ditch garbage Uncontained Other Missing Total safely mothers
North Central
FCT-Abuja 12.5 46.3 0.0 0.6 37.1 0.2 0.0 3.3 100.0 58.8 160
Benue 2.7 7.0 6.0 1.4 79.5 1.7 0.4 1.2 100.0 15.8 479
Kogi 3.3 36.4 10.2 16.3 6.6 19.6 0.3 7.2 100.0 49.9 300
Kwara 5.0 22.6 0.3 1.3 65.1 4.6 0.3 0.8 100.0 27.9 287
Nasarawa 0.5 39.8 19.2 2.6 35.8 0.2 0.2 1.6 100.0 59.5 206
Niger 3.7 23.0 0.0 16.2 9.7 37.9 2.0 7.6 100.0 26.7 528
Plateau 7.0 22.3 0.2 47.2 21.3 0.0 0.4 1.6 100.0 29.5 387
North East
Adamawa 0.7 27.0 2.4 11.8 48.7 1.3 0.6 7.5 100.0 30.1 401
Bauchi 5.3 58.3 0.3 6.5 25.1 0.9 0.0 3.7 100.0 63.9 664
Borno 4.9 74.5 12.1 2.6 4.3 0.2 0.0 1.3 100.0 91.5 568
Gombe 0.6 50.1 3.0 25.9 16.4 0.4 0.0 3.5 100.0 53.8 308
Taraba 3.6 37.5 2.8 1.2 51.6 2.5 0.0 0.8 100.0 43.9 291
Yobe 0.7 54.2 9.3 0.2 14.3 16.2 0.6 4.6 100.0 64.1 345
North West
Jigawa 15.7 51.5 5.7 3.4 10.1 9.8 0.3 3.5 100.0 72.9 621
Kaduna 4.7 75.2 0.5 2.0 2.3 11.4 0.3 3.7 100.0 80.3 732
Kano 5.3 84.6 0.3 4.3 2.7 0.1 0.3 2.6 100.0 90.1 1,301
Katsina 1.3 74.3 0.1 7.0 12.5 0.9 0.3 3.6 100.0 75.8 881
Kebbi 2.7 43.8 12.0 1.3 16.2 19.6 0.4 4.0 100.0 58.5 417
Sokoto 3.7 62.2 0.2 3.0 9.1 17.7 1.6 2.7 100.0 66.1 557
Zamfara 4.2 33.6 1.5 9.3 35.6 3.3 9.2 3.4 100.0 39.3 488
South East
Abia 8.1 65.9 1.6 5.7 14.2 0.8 0.0 3.6 100.0 75.7 259
Anambra 2.9 73.0 0.0 9.4 12.5 0.7 0.7 0.8 100.0 75.9 398
Ebonyi 4.8 20.1 1.0 6.1 55.3 1.8 8.0 2.9 100.0 25.9 240
Enugu 9.6 14.3 1.3 1.8 68.3 3.0 0.8 0.9 100.0 25.2 257
Imo 12.2 69.9 1.3 4.4 8.6 2.6 0.4 0.4 100.0 83.4 322
South South
Akwa Ibom 13.1 57.0 4.5 9.3 10.9 1.4 1.4 2.5 100.0 74.6 329
Bayelsa 1.7 4.9 1.4 56.1 32.1 3.5 0.0 0.3 100.0 8.1 192
Cross River 0.8 20.3 0.5 7.1 64.6 0.8 1.9 3.8 100.0 21.7 348
Delta 1.8 21.5 5.5 27.0 42.5 0.3 0.0 1.3 100.0 28.8 397
Edo 13.8 55.8 0.5 9.8 8.2 7.8 0.5 3.4 100.0 70.2 344
Rivers 4.5 32.0 5.9 18.3 15.3 21.5 0.8 1.8 100.0 42.4 522
South West
Ekiti 7.4 28.8 0.3 3.8 13.7 43.2 2.5 0.3 100.0 36.5 235
Lagos 6.6 63.3 1.0 5.2 16.3 3.5 0.4 3.6 100.0 70.9 923
Ogun 3.4 52.2 0.0 0.6 37.9 3.5 0.3 2.2 100.0 55.5 441
Ondo 7.1 35.0 0.0 25.4 14.5 10.3 6.2 1.5 100.0 42.2 333
Osun 0.3 46.4 0.9 0.9 51.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 47.6 337
Oyo 2.0 38.6 6.8 4.6 43.8 3.1 0.3 0.9 100.0 47.4 627
Total 5.0 49.6 2.9 8.5 23.6 6.6 1.0 2.8 100.0 57.4 16,423
Appendix A | 381
Table A-11.1 Nutritional status of children: States
Percentage of children under five years considered malnourished according to three anthropometric indices of nutritional status: height-for-age, weight-for-
height, and weight-for-age, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Percentage Percentage Mean Percentage Percentage Percentage Mean Percentage Percentage Percentage Mean
below below Z-score below below above Z-score below below above Z-score Number of
State of residence -3 SD -2 SD1 (SD) -3 SD -2 SD1 +2 SD (SD) -3 SD -2 SD1 +2 SD (SD) children
North Central
FCT-Abuja 15.0 30.2 -1.0 4.2 9.0 7.8 0.0 2.3 11.1 4.1 -0.6 208
Benue 17.4 37.1 -1.5 2.5 5.5 8.1 0.2 4.2 13.2 0.8 -0.7 729
Kogi 20.6 35.8 -1.2 3.9 6.8 13.6 0.3 3.4 15.2 5.2 -0.5 342
Kwara 34.4 51.4 -2.0 5.6 12.2 10.7 -0.1 10.1 26.9 0.7 -1.2 327
Nasarawa 25.4 44.1 -1.7 3.2 5.6 11.3 0.3 5.7 16.6 2.4 -0.8 248
Niger 27.4 46.6 -1.8 13.0 19.9 6.3 -0.5 12.3 32.7 1.3 -1.4 514
Plateau 37.4 58.8 -2.2 2.6 5.4 18.8 0.7 5.5 17.8 3.5 -0.8 431
North East
Adamawa 26.7 42.4 -1.6 11.8 21.4 8.8 -0.5 12.1 30.7 1.8 -1.3 536
Bauchi 28.7 51.0 -1.8 25.5 41.4 5.8 -1.4 28.6 52.2 1.3 -2.0 725
Borno 30.2 49.2 -1.7 4.0 13.4 9.4 -0.1 12.1 28.1 2.2 -1.1 723
Gombe 34.8 52.3 -1.9 8.1 17.2 12.5 -0.1 11.6 28.4 1.8 -1.2 312
Taraba 22.1 43.0 -1.7 3.3 9.3 6.8 0.0 3.4 18.2 0.7 -1.0 395
Yobe 34.5 54.0 -2.1 9.2 20.9 9.7 -0.6 15.3 39.4 1.1 -1.6 407
North West
Jigawa 34.3 53.4 -2.0 17.5 34.4 3.7 -1.2 25.5 51.1 0.1 -2.0 694
Kaduna 33.0 51.8 -1.9 4.7 9.4 10.7 0.2 6.4 21.8 1.7 -1.0 968
Kano 28.9 46.3 -1.6 10.9 17.1 9.5 -0.3 13.0 30.7 4.5 -1.1 1,491
Katsina 39.2 58.4 -2.1 10.2 20.3 7.7 -0.5 15.1 37.7 1.4 -1.6 897
Kebbi 43.6 63.5 -2.5 21.0 35.1 9.0 -1.0 31.1 54.2 1.1 -2.2 277
Sokoto 32.1 53.6 -2.0 11.3 24.4 3.8 -1.0 19.1 45.8 0.3 -1.8 743
Zamfara 33.2 54.0 -1.9 4.9 11.3 23.0 0.4 5.5 18.3 2.3 -0.8 417
South East
Abia 11.0 24.1 -0.8 4.8 8.5 6.5 -0.2 2.5 11.0 2.3 -0.6 348
Anambra 4.5 12.4 -0.4 2.0 6.3 6.1 0.0 2.9 8.1 4.5 -0.2 565
Ebonyi 13.5 32.4 -1.2 2.4 8.4 4.1 -0.2 5.4 15.6 1.2 -0.8 361
Enugu 10.5 20.0 -0.4 7.6 16.5 14.9 0.1 3.3 6.6 6.3 -0.1 214
Imo 8.8 23.5 -0.8 3.0 7.9 8.8 0.1 2.9 8.8 1.5 -0.4 460
South South
Akwa Ibom 11.9 27.7 -0.9 6.7 14.1 8.0 -0.3 6.5 16.6 2.6 -0.8 460
Bayelsa 14.5 28.7 -1.0 3.3 7.4 10.7 0.3 2.3 8.0 4.1 -0.3 272
Cross River 16.8 31.5 -1.3 1.7 6.2 7.6 0.1 4.3 15.9 1.0 -0.7 483
Delta 15.2 34.8 -1.5 2.1 6.2 9.0 0.1 4.1 13.4 0.5 -0.8 509
Edo 19.8 37.5 -1.2 3.0 8.2 15.2 0.3 3.0 10.9 2.1 -0.5 283
Rivers 11.1 28.9 -1.0 1.7 4.8 8.5 0.1 2.9 10.6 1.7 -0.5 762
South West
Ekiti 13.3 32.9 -1.2 2.1 4.8 8.3 0.2 1.4 8.8 1.6 -0.6 314
Lagos 7.8 21.0 -0.6 4.1 9.8 9.3 -0.1 1.8 10.1 3.9 -0.4 1,187
Ogun 17.4 41.5 -1.6 3.2 7.3 6.3 -0.1 5.5 18.2 0.9 -1.0 598
Ondo 16.0 32.0 -1.2 3.2 6.0 8.6 0.1 3.0 11.3 0.7 -0.6 426
Osun 13.3 31.2 -1.0 5.6 12.4 8.7 -0.2 3.0 13.3 1.2 -0.7 428
Oyo 19.0 37.2 -1.5 5.6 11.7 5.5 -0.2 7.8 17.1 0.8 -1.0 841
Total 22.8 40.6 -1.5 7.0 13.9 8.8 -0.2 9.0 23.1 2.0 -1.0 19,896
Note: Table is based on children who slept in the household the night before the interview. Each of the indices is expressed in standard deviation units (SD) from
the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards adopted in 2006. The indices in this table are NOT comparable to those based on the previously used
NCHS/CDC/WHO reference. Total includes 2 children with information missing on mother’s interview status and 10 children with information missing on
mother’s education. Table is based on children with valid dates of birth (month and year) and valid measurement of both height and weight.
1
Includes children who are below -3 standard deviations (SD) from the WHO Child Growth standards population median
382 | Appendix A
Table A-11.2 Initial breastfeeding: States
Among children born in the five years preceding the survey, the percentage ever breastfed, and for last-born
children ever breastfed, the percentage who started breastfeeding within one hour of birth and within one day of
birth and the percentage who received a prelacteal feed, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Breastfeeding among
children born in past
five years Among last-born children ever breastfed:
Number of who started who started Percentage Number of
Percentage children breastfeeding breastfeeding who received last-born
ever born in past within 1 hour within 1 day a prelacteal children ever
State of residence breastfed five years of birth of birth1 feed2 breastfed
North Central
FCT-Abuja 96.8 254 82.1 91.8 35.3 163
Benue 97.8 832 64.1 90.2 38.7 519
Kogi 98.3 478 57.0 72.5 48.2 319
Kwara 98.6 412 89.7 98.4 17.6 291
Nasarawa 97.0 320 45.6 83.2 40.4 218
Niger 95.1 927 34.6 55.0 66.0 541
Plateau 96.6 607 71.6 91.0 12.3 406
North East
Adamawa 97.5 729 33.3 43.9 81.7 431
Bauchi 97.4 1,172 8.6 38.6 88.5 686
Borno 98.4 1,049 40.3 62.5 67.5 598
Gombe 98.1 526 14.8 50.7 73.0 322
Taraba 97.4 482 13.7 58.2 77.5 302
Yobe 98.9 618 37.4 45.1 84.3 358
North West
Jigawa 98.7 1,052 29.2 51.1 89.0 661
Kaduna 98.3 1,222 37.5 56.7 55.7 769
Kano 97.7 2,430 19.9 64.9 72.0 1,405
Katsina 98.2 1,569 39.9 54.2 57.1 934
Kebbi 97.4 708 38.1 59.1 59.3 433
Sokoto 98.3 983 38.4 54.6 68.4 594
Zamfara 98.7 815 27.2 39.9 72.2 509
South East
Abia 95.5 472 33.7 79.4 37.8 265
Anambra 95.9 781 30.2 79.0 68.1 408
Ebonyi 95.4 432 35.6 80.1 26.4 252
Enugu 95.8 444 53.4 84.5 35.0 277
Imo 95.9 602 40.1 76.4 76.6 343
South South
Akwa Ibom 95.3 590 51.4 84.7 45.5 353
Bayelsa 94.6 341 3.6 88.7 46.2 202
Cross River 98.1 549 86.4 92.8 70.5 370
Delta 94.3 682 39.0 68.3 76.8 414
Edo 97.1 568 46.0 85.1 24.3 349
Rivers 97.7 937 57.4 82.0 61.8 559
South West
Ekiti 98.8 374 57.1 86.1 14.1 247
Lagos 96.2 1,454 21.9 63.9 37.1 962
Ogun 96.7 703 20.1 65.7 34.9 448
Ondo 98.3 528 56.8 85.3 37.5 353
Osun 98.3 484 30.4 94.5 16.3 347
Oyo 97.8 978 49.1 81.0 28.7 660
Total 97.3 28,100 38.4 67.5 56.0 17,269
Note: Table is based on births in the past five years whether the child was living or dead at the time of the interview.
1
Includes children who started breastfeeding within one hour of birth
2
Children given something other than breast milk during the first three days of life
3
Doctor, nurse/midwife, or auxiliary midwife
Appendix A | 383
Table A-11.4 Median duration and frequency of breastfeeding: States
Median duration of any breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding, and predominant breastfeeding among children born
in the three years preceding the survey, percentage of breastfeeding children under six months living with the mother
who were breastfed six or more times in the 24 hours preceding the survey, and mean number of feeds (day/night),
by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Median duration (months) of

breastfeeding among children born Frequency of breastfeeding among
in the past three years1 children under six months2
Percentage
Any Exclusive Predominant breastfed 6+ Mean Mean
breast- breast- breast- times in past number of number of Number of
State of residence feeding feeding feeding3 24 hours day feeds night feeds children
North Central
FCT-Abuja 17.5 (1.2) (3.7) (100.0) (8.5) (4.8) 16
Benue 19.2 (0.5) 1.6 94.4 8.1 4.9 86
Kogi (16.6) * 4.1 98.2 10.1 9.2 50
Kwara (19.5) (2.3) 4.7 100.0 11.1 6.7 37
Nasarawa 19.2 * * 96.6 6.2 7.9 29
Niger 20.6 * * 100.0 6.9 7.9 64
Plateau 20.0 (0.5) 1.9 98.8 7.0 7.5 63
North East
Adamawa 19.1 (0.4) 4.3 97.7 7.9 6.0 66
Bauchi 21.2 (0.4) 5.0 98.5 8.8 5.1 133
Borno 21.6 (0.4) 3.1 100.0 15.0 6.1 81
Gombe 19.7 (0.4) 3.9 100.0 7.3 6.1 55
Taraba 20.2 (0.5) 5.1 99.2 10.0 5.0 55
Yobe (20.5) (0.4) (0.4) 96.4 7.5 5.2 73
North West
Jigawa 20.7 * 2.2 100.0 7.0 9.1 88
Kaduna 19.1 * 5.9 97.8 9.6 6.5 108
Kano 19.8 (0.4) 5.9 98.4 8.9 5.8 203
Katsina 20.4 (0.4) (0.7) 100.0 10.3 4.7 127
Kebbi 20.5 (0.4) (0.6) 100.0 7.4 6.2 39
Sokoto 20.5 * 6.6 100.0 12.0 5.5 100
Zamfara 20.0 (0.4) 5.4 100.0 12.2 6.5 79
South East
Abia (14.0) * (2.3) 100.0 8.2 5.6 56
Anambra 14.7 * (1.5) 98.0 9.5 6.5 83
Ebonyi 17.4 * 2.9 100.0 10.2 6.5 35
Enugu (16.5) * * (96.6) (10.8) (7.1) 34
Imo (11.7) * (3.1) (97.3) (7.8) (5.8) 53
South South
Akwa Ibom 14.8 * (1.2) 90.6 6.0 4.6 60
Bayelsa 15.2 * (2.3) 98.6 9.0 4.8 40
Cross River 16.7 * (0.9) 96.5 7.1 5.0 54
Delta 16.0 * (2.3) 98.3 7.2 5.6 74
Edo 15.5 * (1.8) 91.9 10.6 5.7 46
Rivers 15.2 * (2.3) (97.9) (8.2) (5.5) 94
South West
Ekiti 16.3 (1.6) 5.5 (100.0) (10.2) (8.1) 36
Lagos 14.4 * 3.6 100.0 9.7 5.3 152
Ogun (17.2) * (2.3) 100.0 8.0 5.8 73
Ondo 16.9 * 3.7 100.0 9.6 5.7 53
Osun (18.8) (2.0) 4.7 (98.0) (10.6) (7.5) 48
Oyo 18.5 (0.8) (2.4) (100.0) (10.2) (5.2) 87
Total 18.1 0.5 3.0 98.5 9.1 6.0 2,629
Mean for all children 17.9 1.6 4.7 na na na na
Note: Median and mean durations are based on current status. Includes children born in the specified period
whether living or dead at the time of the survey. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An
asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 cases.
na = Not applicable
1
It is assumed that non-last-born children and last-born children not currently living with the mother are not currently
breastfeeding
2
Excludes children without a valid answer on the number of times breastfed
3
Either exclusively breastfed or received breast milk and plain water, and/or non-milk liquids only
384 | Appendix A
Table A-11.6 Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices: States
Percentage of youngest children age 6-23 months living with their mother who are fed according to three IYCF practices based on breastfeeding status, number
of food groups consumed, and number of times they are fed during the day and night preceding the survey, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Among breastfed children

age 6-23 months,
percentage fed:
Both 3+ Among all children 6-23 months,
food Among non-breastfed children percentage fed:
groups Number age 6-23 months, percentage fed: Number
and of breast- of non- Mini- Number
Mini- mini- fed 4+ With 3 breastfed Breast 3+ or mum With all of all
3+ mum mum children Milk or 4+ times IYCF children milk or 4+ times 3 IYCF children
food times or times or age 6-23 milk food or prac- age 6-23 milk food or prac- age 6-23
State of residence groups1
more2
more 3
months products groups more tices4 3 5
months products groups more6 tices months
North Central
FCT-Abuja 56.2 47.5 27.3 47 (56.4) (76.9) (23.1) (18.7) 21 86.7 62.5 40.0 24.7 68
Benue 70.1 73.7 53.9 172 (23.4) (67.0) (35.5) (7.8) 39 85.9 69.5 66.6 45.4 211
Kogi 53.8 53.8 33.8 72 (36.7) (43.9) (19.5) (12.2) 37 78.5 50.4 42.2 26.5 109
Kwara 55.8 67.4 43.7 88 (67.9) (82.4) (57.0) (42.9) 21 93.7 61.0 65.4 43.5 109
Nasarawa 25.8 70.2 21.1 71 (16.1) (26.4) (37.8) (2.5) 18 83.3 25.9 63.7 17.4 88
Niger 72.7 50.9 39.6 176 62.9 74.7 13.6 13.6 52 91.6 73.2 42.5 33.7 228
Plateau 55.3 76.9 45.4 138 (63.4) (77.8) (29.4) (24.5) 31 93.2 59.5 68.1 41.5 169
North East
Adamawa 39.0 63.1 27.7 146 (34.2) (44.7) (47.4) (10.5) 29 89.3 39.9 60.5 24.9 175
Bauchi 34.2 56.1 25.4 259 (44.0) (44.0) (35.8) (13.6) 36 93.1 35.4 53.6 23.9 295
Borno 60.9 61.9 43.6 229 (65.9) (70.7) (31.8) (19.8) 38 95.2 62.3 57.6 40.3 267
Gombe 42.7 42.6 27.2 123 (42.5) (38.2) (30.8) (26.0) 21 91.7 42.0 40.9 27.1 143
Taraba 63.9 56.8 47.1 117 (12.8) (61.4) (48.7) (9.1) 17 88.9 63.6 55.7 42.2 134
Yobe 27.5 90.1 25.4 133 (42.8) (47.1) (76.7) (19.6) 14 94.5 29.4 88.8 24.8 148
North West
Jigawa 33.3 48.1 24.2 241 (27.9) (40.9) (31.0) (9.5) 35 90.8 34.3 45.9 22.3 277
Kaduna 54.7 42.2 30.1 260 36.2 60.5 34.5 19.7 82 84.7 56.1 40.4 27.6 342
Kano 33.2 45.3 22.6 570 36.5 36.5 32.7 15.3 87 91.6 33.6 43.6 21.7 657
Katsina 45.4 52.9 29.4 340 (37.0) (32.6) (30.4) (13.0) 53 91.4 43.7 49.9 27.1 393
Kebbi 21.4 67.6 18.1 159 (22.4) (12.2) (28.6) (4.1) 37 85.3 19.7 60.2 15.4 196
Sokoto 50.7 51.8 39.5 240 (66.7) (78.8) (57.6) (45.5) 29 96.4 53.7 52.4 40.1 269
Zamfara 41.8 46.1 29.2 192 (74.7) (52.1) (21.7) (16.3) 31 96.5 43.2 42.7 27.5 223
South East
Abia 59.3 57.9 40.6 67 (55.6) (66.6) (55.4) (24.3) 47 81.6 62.4 56.8 33.8 115
Anambra 69.6 72.6 57.9 109 47.5 62.1 30.4 7.3 88 76.6 66.2 53.8 35.3 197
Ebonyi 47.9 64.2 34.8 82 26.0 32.0 42.5 6.3 30 79.9 43.6 58.3 27.1 112
Enugu 48.6 31.7 22.1 79 (64.1) (72.5) (25.6) (14.9) 52 85.8 58.1 29.3 19.3 131
Imo (67.2) (59.9) (38.4) 63 61.0 66.9 38.9 18.0 85 77.6 67.1 47.8 26.7 148
South South
Akwa Ibom 77.4 68.4 57.2 90 49.2 73.5 32.1 15.3 60 79.7 75.8 53.9 40.4 150
Bayelsa 45.3 63.2 30.5 53 26.7 30.0 36.7 6.7 33 71.6 39.4 52.9 21.3 86
Cross River 77.5 61.8 51.1 97 40.7 74.6 20.4 5.1 56 78.3 76.4 46.6 34.2 153
Delta 66.2 71.7 56.6 119 (59.5) (72.1) (43.2) (24.7) 49 88.2 67.9 63.5 47.3 167
Edo 73.6 47.0 35.7 89 59.4 80.5 27.6 14.6 56 84.3 76.2 39.5 27.6 146
Rivers 77.7 64.4 53.2 174 59.5 74.2 26.1 16.8 105 84.8 76.4 50.0 39.5 279
South West
Ekiti 60.6 37.4 33.3 74 39.8 78.1 9.9 4.0 37 79.8 66.4 28.2 23.5 111
Lagos 53.0 43.5 33.0 223 68.1 69.1 40.4 24.4 184 85.6 60.3 42.1 29.1 407
Ogun 63.1 24.7 16.5 149 (43.0) (73.4) (8.1) (5.3) 50 85.6 65.7 20.5 13.7 199
Ondo 71.4 50.0 36.4 95 (22.5) (74.3) (33.2) (9.9) 40 77.1 72.3 45.1 28.5 134
Osun 75.8 76.9 63.4 112 * * * * 22 91.7 77.5 74.7 56.7 134
Oyo 76.0 52.2 39.3 191 (33.0) (95.3) (39.2) (14.0) 77 80.8 81.5 48.5 32.1 267
Total 52.3 55.3 34.8 5,639 48.2 63.3 33.4 15.8 1,799 87.5 54.9 50.0 30.2 7,438
1
Food groups: a. infant formula, milk other than breast milk, cheese or yogurt or other milk products; b. foods made from grains, roots, and tubers, including
porridge, fortified baby food from grains; c. vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables and palm nuts; d. other fruits and vegetables; e. eggs; f. meat, poultry, fish, and
shellfish (and organ meats); g. legumes and nuts; h. foods made with oil, fat, or butter.
2
At least twice a day for breastfed infants 6-8 months and at least three times a day for breastfed children 9-23 months
3
Includes commercial infant formula, fresh, tinned and powdered animal milk, and cheese, yogurt and other milk products
4
Non-breastfed children age 6-23 months are considered to be fed with a minimum standard of three Infant and Young Child Feeding practices if they receive
other milk or milk products and are fed at least the minimum number of times per day with at least the minimum number of food groups
5
3+ food groups for breastfed children and 4+ food groups for non-breastfed children
6
Fed solid or semi-solid food at least twice a day for infants age 6-8 months, 3+ times for other breastfed children, and 4+ times for non-breastfed children
Appendix A | 385
Table A-11.7 Micronutrient intake among children: States
Among youngest children age 6-35 months who are living with their mother, the percentages who consumed vitamin A-rich and iron-rich
foods in the day and night preceding the survey; and among all children age 6-59 months, the percentages who were given vitamin A
supplements in the six months preceding the survey, who were given iron supplements in the past seven days, and the percentage who were
given de-worming medication in the six months preceding the survey; and among all children age 6-59 months who live in households that
were tested for iodised salt, the percentage with adequately iodised salt in household, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Youngest children age Children age 6-59

6-35 months living with months in households
the mother All children age 6-59 months: tested for iodised salt
who who given Percentage Percentage
consumed consumed vitamin A Percentage given de- with
foods rich foods rich supple- given iron worming adequately
in vitamin A in iron in ments in supple- medica- iodised
in past 24 past 24 Number of past 6 ments in tion in past Number of salt in Number of
1 2
State of residence hours hours children months past 7 days 6 months3 children household4 children
North Central
FCT-Abuja 76.5 74.4 102 42.3 4.1 7.6 216 78.3 215
Benue 90.6 85.1 299 20.3 2.9 9.8 645 35.9 632
Kogi 79.6 72.3 172 30.9 11.2 23.2 385 43.3 383
Kwara 75.4 65.5 179 31.7 10.4 8.5 353 59.7 345
Nasarawa 58.3 54.2 127 26.4 10.1 9.4 263 71.4 260
Niger 82.1 76.1 318 25.1 7.3 5.5 705 58.8 699
Plateau 64.9 54.0 245 17.4 4.7 5.0 479 59.6 468
North East
Adamawa 68.4 51.0 259 18.7 3.9 4.5 545 50.3 539
Bauchi 50.4 30.1 431 12.0 2.5 5.3 868 18.6 850
Borno 67.1 44.6 377 13.7 3.5 5.0 820 29.9 792
Gombe 64.3 37.5 208 12.8 7.8 8.2 410 24.6 402
Taraba 81.5 62.4 185 51.5 6.5 8.4 369 52.5 360
Yobe 35.2 29.3 218 18.5 3.2 4.5 476 44.8 471
North West
Jigawa 46.8 31.0 400 16.7 2.0 1.0 822 41.8 790
Kaduna 67.7 43.7 493 20.3 9.5 11.2 973 48.4 941
Kano 51.6 31.3 918 6.8 0.7 2.0 1,812 89.4 1,726
Katsina 51.8 25.3 592 17.6 2.5 2.4 1,215 92.2 1,164
Kebbi 40.4 29.4 296 34.2 6.8 12.3 587 36.5 571
Sokoto 59.7 39.6 373 5.0 1.3 0.4 726 66.0 707
Zamfara 53.2 40.3 318 5.0 2.3 2.5 635 40.4 599
South East
Abia 85.3 79.0 165 31.2 18.5 60.9 358 46.8 303
Anambra 77.3 69.9 259 32.3 25.9 39.0 621 75.7 613
Ebonyi 83.5 72.5 162 20.2 10.4 23.0 342 60.8 335
Enugu 70.9 60.8 166 12.1 7.7 17.0 362 54.4 354
Imo 89.3 86.5 202 40.2 13.4 66.9 469 49.7 454
South South
Akwa Ibom 88.0 82.0 208 34.6 36.9 36.1 460 30.4 458
Bayelsa 77.3 74.9 115 17.5 21.8 53.8 257 51.5 251
Cross River 89.3 85.5 222 57.0 35.0 32.3 457 10.8 441
Delta 87.0 85.0 249 23.3 5.4 49.0 527 61.7 522
Edo 86.1 84.4 216 32.6 11.3 40.1 459 47.9 443
Rivers 92.8 92.3 355 35.0 36.0 68.6 751 38.5 727
South West
Ekiti 79.0 76.2 157 38.3 41.2 33.8 309 73.9 309
Lagos 78.7 77.0 565 51.2 55.9 62.1 1,196 42.4 1,186
Ogun 82.4 76.2 266 31.1 48.5 31.8 568 80.4 562
Ondo 87.3 87.3 214 30.6 44.1 38.6 432 26.7 416
Osun 81.6 77.9 217 84.2 39.9 42.0 408 9.3 407
Oyo 87.3 81.1 392 41.4 47.1 32.7 823 68.7 801
Total 69.6 57.8 10,642 25.8 15.7 21.3 22,100 52.9 21,496
Note: Information on vitamin A and iron supplements and de-worming medication is based on mothers’ reports.
na = Not applicable
1
Includes meat (and organ meat), fish, poultry, eggs, pumpkin, yellow squash, carrots, orange sweet potatoes, dark green leafy vegetables,
mango, papaya, and palm nuts
2
Includes meat (including organ meat), fish, poultry, and eggs
3
De-worming for intestinal parasites is commonly done for helminths and for schistosomiasis
4
Salt containing at least 15 parts per million (ppm) of iodine
386 | Appendix A
Table A-11.8 Presence of iodised salt in household: States
Among all households, percentage with salt tested for iodine content and percentage with no salt; and among households
with salt tested, the percent distribution by level of iodine in salt (parts per million or ppm), according to state of residence,
Nigeria 2008
Among households with salt tested,

the percent distribution by iodine
All households content of salt
Percentage Percentag Number
with salt e with of None Inadequate Adequate Number of
State of residence tested no salt households (0 ppm) (<15 ppm) (15+ ppm) Total households
North Central
FCT-Abuja 96.8 3.2 371 0.4 17.7 81.9 100.0 359
Benue 92.3 7.7 859 8.3 56.8 34.9 100.0 793
Kogi 94.3 5.7 877 5.4 53.5 41.1 100.0 827
Kwara 95.2 4.8 617 0.5 33.9 65.6 100.0 587
Nasarawa 93.5 6.5 389 3.2 20.7 76.1 100.0 364
Niger 95.6 4.4 759 0.9 37.6 61.5 100.0 726
Plateau 95.7 4.3 696 2.3 36.2 61.6 100.0 667
North East
Adamawa 90.7 9.3 676 4.3 44.2 51.6 100.0 613
Bauchi 96.9 3.1 877 2.8 79.1 18.2 100.0 850
Borno 90.1 9.9 869 7.1 64.5 28.5 100.0 783
Gombe 94.3 5.7 404 7.3 67.5 25.2 100.0 381
Taraba 87.6 12.4 430 8.9 42.5 48.6 100.0 377
Yobe 90.0 10.0 474 1.1 55.8 43.1 100.0 427
North West
Jigawa 90.3 9.7 862 13.8 43.7 42.5 100.0 778
Kaduna 91.4 8.6 1,152 8.3 46.5 45.2 100.0 1,053
Kano 87.2 12.8 1,882 0.2 10.1 89.7 100.0 1,641
Katsina 93.9 6.1 1,113 0.2 8.0 91.8 100.0 1,044
Kebbi 96.2 3.8 679 2.3 59.9 37.8 100.0 653
Sokoto 96.3 3.7 817 0.5 31.6 67.8 100.0 787
Zamfara 90.4 9.6 675 4.1 57.8 38.1 100.0 610
South East
Abia 86.7 13.3 781 7.6 41.8 50.6 100.0 677
Anambra 97.6 2.4 1,252 3.2 23.1 73.7 100.0 1,222
Ebonyi 96.2 3.8 528 3.5 33.4 63.1 100.0 508
Enugu 97.9 2.1 849 2.7 48.2 49.1 100.0 831
Imo 97.5 2.5 1,117 5.3 50.7 44.0 100.0 1,089
South South
Akwa Ibom 97.7 2.3 999 6.8 61.5 31.7 100.0 976
Bayelsa 93.0 7.0 502 8.3 41.0 50.7 100.0 467
Cross River 94.6 5.4 765 1.9 89.9 8.1 100.0 724
Delta 96.8 3.2 1,222 2.3 33.3 64.4 100.0 1,183
Edo 95.2 4.8 760 1.2 54.8 44.0 100.0 724
Rivers 91.2 8.8 1,718 2.1 61.7 36.1 100.0 1,567
South West
Ekiti 98.3 1.7 700 0.1 24.6 75.3 100.0 688
Lagos 94.4 5.6 2,522 3.3 55.1 41.7 100.0 2,380
Ogun 99.2 0.8 1,276 0.1 17.4 82.5 100.0 1,266
Ondo 95.4 4.6 939 3.9 63.5 32.5 100.0 896
Osun 99.4 0.6 968 0.0 91.9 8.1 100.0 962
Oyo 94.4 5.6 1,694 2.0 31.7 66.3 100.0 1,600
Total 94.2 5.8 34,070 3.4 45.1 51.5 100.0 32,079
Appendix A | 387
Table A-11.9 Nutritional status of women: States
Among women age 15-49, the percentage with height under 145 cm, the mean body mass index (BMI), and the percentage of
women with specific BMI levels, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Body Mass Index1

Normal Thin Overweight/obese
≥25.0
Mean <17 (total
Height Body 18.5- 17.0- (moder- over- 25.0-
Percentage Number Mass 24.9 <18.5 18.4 ately or weight 29.9 Number
below of Index (total (total (mildly severely or (over- ≥30.0 of
State of residence 145 cm women (BMI) normal) thin) thin) thin) obese) weight) (obese) women
North Central
FCT-Abuja 1.6 366 24.3 57.0 6.4 4.0 2.3 36.6 25.8 10.8 333
Benue 2.8 953 22.2 78.0 7.9 6.1 1.9 14.0 10.7 3.3 795
Kogi 3.6 780 23.0 68.6 9.1 6.7 2.4 22.3 16.7 5.6 712
Kwara 3.3 546 22.8 64.2 12.2 9.4 2.7 23.7 17.5 6.2 469
Nasarawa 3.1 437 22.8 72.7 6.7 5.0 1.7 20.6 17.0 3.6 386
Niger 1.9 797 23.0 66.9 9.7 7.7 2.0 23.4 16.7 6.6 693
Plateau 3.0 768 22.5 76.8 6.7 5.8 0.9 16.5 13.1 3.4 656
North East
Adamawa 2.8 747 21.7 73.1 15.3 10.2 5.0 11.6 8.1 3.5 645
Bauchi 5.6 965 20.7 65.5 25.4 18.1 7.3 9.1 7.5 1.5 786
Borno 2.5 886 21.2 61.4 24.3 15.5 8.8 14.3 10.5 3.7 732
Gombe 1.2 426 21.1 69.4 19.7 12.5 7.2 10.9 7.3 3.6 347
Taraba 3.3 583 22.6 67.4 10.7 7.3 3.4 21.9 18.0 3.9 503
Yobe 1.1 523 20.7 64.7 26.2 18.3 8.0 9.1 6.8 2.2 443
North West
Jigawa 10.1 924 21.1 67.0 21.4 13.2 8.3 11.5 8.3 3.3 772
Kaduna 2.7 1,291 22.8 68.4 9.0 6.3 2.7 22.6 16.1 6.5 1,092
Kano 7.3 1,985 21.2 67.6 18.6 13.9 4.7 13.8 12.2 1.6 1,666
Katsina 1.7 1,243 21.1 71.5 18.4 13.9 4.5 10.1 7.9 2.3 1,029
Kebbi 10.4 708 22.6 59.6 16.6 8.3 8.3 23.8 19.6 4.2 602
Sokoto 2.1 798 20.5 64.6 27.6 18.7 8.9 7.8 5.4 2.4 678
Zamfara 5.5 692 21.6 59.9 25.1 15.4 9.7 14.9 9.9 5.1 555
South East
Abia 1.4 749 23.1 65.6 8.0 7.7 0.3 26.4 18.7 7.7 671
Anambra 0.6 997 24.7 58.2 3.7 3.2 0.5 38.1 24.7 13.5 871
Ebonyi 4.0 578 21.5 73.7 14.9 11.8 3.1 11.4 7.7 3.7 513
Enugu 2.7 740 24.0 62.7 3.6 2.6 1.0 33.7 26.9 6.8 667
Imo 2.4 896 23.5 62.6 6.7 5.3 1.5 30.7 22.4 8.3 807
South South
Akwa Ibom 3.1 912 23.2 66.0 7.3 5.8 1.5 26.7 19.6 7.1 834
Bayelsa 1.8 457 23.4 68.7 5.0 3.8 1.2 26.3 19.6 6.7 407
Cross River 1.5 718 23.3 69.0 7.1 6.2 0.9 23.9 16.3 7.6 670
Delta 0.5 1,039 22.9 67.8 9.2 7.4 1.9 23.0 16.0 7.0 919
Edo 3.2 732 23.6 63.9 6.7 4.6 2.1 29.4 23.7 5.7 653
Rivers 1.2 1,455 23.6 62.3 8.3 6.4 1.9 29.4 18.7 10.7 1,296
South West
Ekiti 2.2 546 22.9 67.5 9.0 6.9 2.1 23.4 17.5 6.0 488
Lagos 1.1 2,411 24.6 55.0 6.3 4.0 2.2 38.7 26.3 12.4 2,178
Ogun 1.8 862 22.8 62.1 14.8 9.9 4.9 23.1 14.4 8.6 777
Ondo 1.2 773 22.7 67.2 10.7 8.5 2.2 22.1 16.3 5.8 676
Osun 2.8 909 22.0 73.1 10.9 8.3 2.6 16.1 13.8 2.3 839
Oyo 1.3 1,177 22.9 63.9 11.8 8.4 3.5 24.3 17.8 6.5 1,039
Total 3.0 32,367 22.6 65.7 12.2 8.7 3.5 22.1 16.1 6.0 28,200
Note: The Body Mass Index (BMI) is expressed as the ratio of weight in kilograms to the square of height in metres (kg/m2).
1
Excludes pregnant women and women with a birth in the preceding 2 months
388 | Appendix A
Table A-11.10 Foods consumed by mothers in the day and night preceding the interview: States
Among mothers age 15-49 with a child under age three years living with them, the percentage who consumed specific types of foods
in the day and night preceding the interview, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Foods Meat/ Vitamin Foods

Foods made Foods fish/ A-rich Other made
Liquids
made from made shellfish/ fruits/ fruits/ with Number
Tea/ from roots/ from poultry/ Cheese/ vege- vege- oil/ fat/ Sugary of
State of residence Milk coffee grains tubers legumes eggs yogurt tables1 tables butter foods mothers
North Central
FCT-Abuja 35.7 40.2 86.0 38.6 29.6 90.2 7.3 69.3 43.6 65.2 5.3 119
Benue 5.9 5.1 71.8 75.2 21.3 89.0 3.6 81.7 37.6 46.2 17.9 390
Kogi 21.6 34.1 56.9 62.6 36.6 85.0 7.7 59.0 32.5 32.1 10.2 222
Kwara 46.2 35.6 84.4 51.8 60.1 85.2 49.4 87.2 61.2 62.0 44.1 221
Nasarawa 11.1 15.7 93.8 44.0 16.5 73.5 6.8 53.7 20.8 5.5 5.3 156
Niger 36.0 26.7 88.4 56.3 71.6 87.3 53.5 80.4 46.9 62.7 38.9 403
Plateau 46.1 35.7 64.3 60.6 51.2 73.1 34.3 73.6 54.6 36.1 15.3 312
North East
Adamawa 21.5 17.6 87.6 31.0 36.4 65.2 18.8 65.2 27.8 21.9 18.6 332
Bauchi 14.6 12.4 90.2 26.0 33.3 36.2 25.0 47.0 11.5 18.3 5.0 573
Borno 41.7 41.1 85.2 33.8 65.9 58.6 25.8 72.1 21.7 20.4 14.0 471
Gombe 30.9 24.7 86.9 37.9 38.1 49.2 21.8 83.2 27.0 30.6 3.1 266
Taraba 7.6 19.1 94.6 46.2 26.9 70.0 8.0 67.1 23.2 44.5 3.7 240
Yobe 21.1 20.4 88.3 15.9 38.1 35.1 18.2 31.6 8.0 20.0 12.5 293
North West
Jigawa 19.2 18.6 84.1 16.0 20.9 36.8 11.9 46.5 17.1 17.1 13.7 500
Kaduna 27.5 28.7 87.0 43.5 34.3 50.0 11.3 65.8 46.6 28.0 4.8 601
Kano 13.3 17.8 82.4 24.9 49.5 39.0 20.8 60.5 25.3 5.6 4.7 1,141
Katsina 10.7 4.2 73.5 18.5 43.3 35.4 17.6 56.9 13.1 21.5 3.7 745
Kebbi 19.4 10.3 74.9 15.5 13.5 46.7 11.8 50.2 19.0 8.1 8.1 347
Sokoto 29.5 5.1 90.3 18.0 39.8 48.4 27.5 69.7 16.0 51.9 8.8 474
Zamfara 72.3 41.3 96.8 65.9 75.1 70.2 84.3 82.2 48.6 66.6 12.9 399
South East
Abia 30.1 41.8 77.5 53.9 26.3 91.1 9.5 67.6 48.8 24.9 27.2 224
Anambra 36.4 36.1 80.8 69.0 20.2 75.6 16.3 67.5 40.7 40.5 12.1 347
Ebonyi 8.8 12.6 61.9 54.3 21.0 83.1 3.2 67.8 35.0 2.1 3.9 199
Enugu 14.7 10.4 65.1 56.0 34.7 70.5 30.5 71.7 47.7 53.7 25.0 203
Imo 40.8 56.8 80.6 59.1 28.3 93.0 5.7 82.1 37.8 13.7 13.7 255
South South
Akwa Ibom 32.5 31.6 77.9 80.1 24.5 92.4 5.1 81.3 35.4 45.6 19.4 269
Bayelsa 16.0 17.1 66.9 26.3 12.1 90.7 3.2 50.2 33.1 18.5 14.9 156
Cross River 26.3 32.0 75.5 82.6 35.4 86.1 8.5 73.4 46.6 33.0 16.7 279
Delta 27.0 45.8 61.7 47.9 30.0 97.0 22.3 58.3 50.5 21.4 12.4 331
Edo 27.9 31.7 75.3 68.1 38.1 95.9 14.8 70.2 33.8 67.6 25.3 270
Rivers 31.4 37.9 77.8 63.7 25.9 97.0 10.8 81.1 51.1 31.0 35.2 452
South West
Ekiti 25.2 33.0 81.4 57.3 63.5 90.3 25.5 75.1 58.5 64.4 41.1 193
Lagos 46.3 48.7 69.8 22.2 38.8 91.4 7.2 51.0 37.0 54.2 17.3 730
Ogun 30.9 41.7 74.3 23.2 55.7 91.1 7.1 72.5 20.7 35.5 19.0 341
Ondo 15.2 33.5 90.5 61.2 53.1 94.4 7.2 70.0 40.2 51.1 11.3 271
Osun 34.6 40.7 88.5 56.3 93.3 83.7 13.5 85.2 66.7 64.4 8.7 270
Oyo 22.9 45.5 89.7 28.1 65.0 94.4 21.5 93.3 32.3 64.3 15.8 483
Total 26.7 27.4 80.6 41.3 41.3 68.6 19.3 66.8 33.2 34.3 14.1 13,477
Note: Foods consumed in the past 24-hour period (yesterday and the past night)
1
Includes pumpkin, yellow squash, carrots, orange sweet potatoes, green leafy vegetables, mangoes, papayas, and palm nuts
Appendix A | 389
Table A-11.11 Micronutrient intake among mothers: States
Among women age 15-49 with a child under age three years living with them, the percentages who consumed vitamin A-rich and iron-rich foods in the 24 hours preceding the
survey; and among women age 15-49 with a child born in the past five years, the percentage who received a vitamin A dose in the first two months after the birth of the last
child, the percentage who during the pregnancy for the last child had night blindness, the percentage who took iron tablets or syrup for specific numbers of days, and the
390 | Appendix A
percentage who took de-worming medication; and among women age 15-49 with a child born in the past five years, who live in households that were tested for iodised salt, the
percentage with adequately iodised salt in the household, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Women with a child

Women with a child born in the past five years born in the past five
Percentage years in households
of women that were tested for
iodised salt
who took
Among women with a child de-
under three years living with her Percentage Number of days women took iron worming Percentage
who Percentage who had tablets or syrup during pregnancy for medication with
night blindness last birth
Percentage Percentage received during adequately
during pregnancy for Don't pregnancy iodised salt
consumed consumed Number vitamin A
last birth
vitamin A- iron-rich of dose post- 60- know/ for last Number in the Number
State of residence rich foods1 foods2 women partum3 Reported Adjusted4 None <60 89 90+ missing birth5 of women household6 of women
North Central
FCT-Abuja 90.9 90.2 119 34.2 0.2 0.0 13.9 17.3 12.4 48.9 7.4 4.2 169 80.7 168
Benue 95.0 89.0 390 18.5 6.9 0.4 41.3 44.0 1.3 0.8 12.5 13.2 526 36.3 516
Kogi 91.1 85.0 222 39.3 3.6 0.6 51.5 40.4 0.0 0.3 7.8 31.8 324 44.8 322
Kwara 94.9 85.2 221 35.9 2.3 0.5 37.8 16.1 4.3 19.9 21.8 3.6 296 60.5 289
Nasarawa 82.0 73.5 156 22.3 14.1 0.4 43.6 54.2 0.0 0.0 2.3 16.1 224 72.7 221
Niger 93.5 87.3 403 27.8 4.6 0.5 68.3 23.7 0.0 0.0 8.1 6.9 566 58.7 561
Plateau 83.1 73.1 312 15.6 6.0 0.7 44.5 29.6 0.2 2.2 23.4 7.4 421 59.6 411
North East
Adamawa 83.9 65.2 332 16.1 3.4 2.4 43.7 29.8 6.8 18.3 1.4 4.4 443 49.7 437
Bauchi 62.2 36.2 573 7.8 4.9 1.0 51.5 34.5 3.1 6.8 4.1 8.1 705 18.6 687
Borno 81.6 58.6 471 13.5 13.2 3.6 67.1 27.1 0.9 1.8 3.2 4.6 604 28.7 583
Gombe 88.9 49.2 266 10.0 2.5 0.6 44.1 19.4 5.7 28.9 2.0 8.5 327 26.3 321
Taraba 93.1 70.0 240 22.1 8.2 2.2 43.8 20.8 9.6 18.1 7.8 5.1 309 50.5 301
Yobe 44.4 35.1 293 6.8 11.1 1.0 62.1 24.8 2.7 3.2 7.1 4.1 362 44.1 359
North West
Jigawa 57.7 36.8 500 4.5 3.3 1.4 78.0 11.4 0.0 0.4 10.1 1.6 667 41.4 639
Kaduna 76.9 50.0 601 26.4 3.0 0.5 41.0 17.0 5.3 19.4 17.4 14.8 780 48.5 755
Kano 72.5 39.0 1,141 10.8 0.7 0.1 49.1 23.9 4.4 6.1 16.5 0.8 1,428 89.3 1,358
Katsina 70.6 35.4 745 3.1 5.5 0.5 82.5 4.3 0.1 0.1 12.9 0.6 942 91.7 908
Kebbi 69.7 46.7 347 4.6 4.6 2.7 84.7 9.6 0.2 0.0 5.5 3.4 442 37.4 430
Sokoto 80.6 48.4 474 0.7 1.2 0.6 86.3 5.1 1.9 2.2 4.5 0.3 599 66.2 585
Zamfara 86.8 70.2 399 3.8 2.6 0.2 88.7 4.4 0.2 0.5 6.2 2.5 514 41.1 486
South East
Abia 97.6 91.1 224 45.0 4.9 0.8 10.2 23.4 6.8 44.2 15.5 10.9 279 48.9 241
Anambra 84.9 75.6 347 54.8 3.8 0.0 8.7 68.4 1.9 2.6 18.4 7.5 422 75.2 417
Ebonyi 95.5 83.1 199 16.8 3.0 0.7 29.8 47.0 12.9 5.0 5.4 13.3 261 63.8 257
Enugu 85.2 70.5 203 15.0 0.8 0.0 52.3 18.9 0.4 0.0 28.3 8.1 285 53.7 277
Imo 98.7 93.0 255 42.6 8.5 0.0 11.7 16.9 9.1 2.1 60.1 17.5 355 48.0 346
Continued…
Table A-11.11—Continued
Women with a child

Women with a child born in the past five years born in the past five
Percentage years in households
of women that were tested for
iodised salt
who took
Among women with a child de-
under three years living with her Percentage Number of days women took iron worming Percentage
who Percentage who had tablets or syrup during pregnancy for medication with
night blindness last birth
Percentage Percentage received during adequately
during pregnancy for
consumed consumed Number vitamin A Don't pregnancy iodised salt
last birth
vitamin A- iron-rich of dose post- 60- know/ for last Number in the Number
State of residence rich foods1 foods2 women partum3 Reported Adjusted4 None <60 89 90+ missing birth5 of women household6 of women
South South
Akwa Ibom 96.6 92.4 269 32.9 17.8 1.8 28.7 28.7 2.5 28.6 11.6 25.8 367 31.5 363
Bayelsa 93.2 90.7 156 18.4 8.2 4.2 40.3 26.3 5.5 22.9 5.0 22.6 211 51.6 206
Cross River 88.4 86.1 279 41.2 20.2 6.5 41.4 21.7 1.0 4.1 31.9 18.4 376 10.4 364
Delta 98.5 97.0 331 38.5 1.1 0.6 36.5 29.6 0.0 0.6 33.3 16.3 436 61.2 429
Edo 96.6 95.9 270 49.6 4.6 0.5 16.9 11.0 1.6 19.4 51.1 10.0 355 49.0 340
Rivers 98.3 97.0 452 32.0 6.2 2.1 28.4 5.8 2.7 15.1 47.9 18.3 565 35.5 547
South West
Ekiti 94.6 90.3 193 42.7 12.2 3.9 17.3 22.7 5.4 18.8 35.8 18.5 250 74.1 250
Lagos 91.7 91.4 730 74.3 2.2 0.2 6.9 1.4 2.8 85.0 4.0 7.5 986 42.1 974
Ogun 97.1 91.1 341 29.7 7.5 0.6 12.3 64.3 4.5 9.2 9.8 21.2 457 78.9 453
Ondo 94.4 94.4 271 42.8 10.0 2.9 18.7 20.1 5.9 36.5 18.8 15.7 359 25.1 348
Osun 91.0 83.7 270 41.4 7.6 1.1 2.5 13.7 18.1 64.9 0.8 16.9 354 8.8 353
Oyo 98.8 94.4 483 34.2 5.0 0.8 16.1 45.3 2.9 10.8 24.9 17.4 669 67.6 649
Total 83.9 68.6 3,477 24.9 5.4 1.1 43.9 23.2 3.3 14.5 15.2 9.6 17,635 52.5 17,151
1
Includes meat (and organ meat), fish, poultry, eggs, pumpkin, yellow squash, carrots, orange sweet potatoes, mango, papaya, and palm nuts
2
Includes meat (and organ meat), fish, poultry, eggs
3
In the first two months after delivery of last birth
4
Women who reported night blindness but did not report difficulty with vision during the day
5
De-worming for intestinal parasites is commonly done for helminths and for schistosomiasis.
6
Salt containing at least 15 ppm of iodine or more
Appendix A | 391
CHAPTER 12 MALARIA
Table A-12.1 Ownership of mosquito nets: States
Percentage of households with at least one and with more than one mosquito net (treated or untreated), ever-treated mosquito net, and
insecticide- treated net (ITN), and the average number of nets per household, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Ever-treated mosquito net1

Average Insecticide-treated mosquito nets
Any type of mosquito net number of (ITNs)2
Average ever- Average
Percentage Percentage number of Percentage Percentage treated Percentage Percentage number of
with at with more nets per with at with more nets per with at with more ITNs per Number of
State of residence least one than one household least one than one household least one than one household households
North Central
FCT-Abuja 14.6 5.0 0.2 14.5 4.6 0.2 10.0 2.9 0.1 371
Benue 15.2 8.8 0.3 14.8 8.8 0.3 3.1 1.3 0.1 859
Kogi 15.0 8.3 0.3 14.9 8.2 0.3 4.3 1.0 0.1 877
Kwara 14.5 4.7 0.2 13.4 4.0 0.2 8.3 2.1 0.1 617
Nasarawa 24.9 11.0 0.4 24.4 10.7 0.4 14.4 6.0 0.2 389
Niger 11.4 5.7 0.2 11.2 5.4 0.2 5.2 2.3 0.1 759
Plateau 19.6 4.9 0.3 19.4 4.4 0.3 13.0 3.5 0.2 696
North East
Adamawa 13.1 5.7 0.2 13.1 5.4 0.2 4.1 1.3 0.1 676
Bauchi 22.6 12.2 0.4 21.6 11.5 0.4 7.4 3.7 0.1 877
Borno 53.4 34.2 1.1 53.0 33.9 1.1 3.4 1.7 0.1 869
Gombe 28.6 12.9 0.5 28.5 12.3 0.5 20.1 8.1 0.3 404
Taraba 20.1 10.2 0.4 20.1 10.1 0.4 8.7 3.8 0.1 430
Yobe 17.5 10.1 0.3 17.0 9.6 0.3 5.3 3.0 0.1 474
North West
Jigawa 32.0 18.8 0.6 29.9 17.4 0.6 20.5 9.6 0.4 862
Kaduna 19.6 9.1 0.3 18.8 8.4 0.3 9.7 4.4 0.2 1,152
Kano 11.7 5.1 0.2 11.4 4.7 0.2 7.2 2.8 0.1 1,882
Katsina 5.0 1.4 0.1 4.5 1.2 0.1 2.3 0.2 0.0 1,113
Kebbi 20.0 13.2 0.4 18.8 11.9 0.4 5.0 3.3 0.1 679
Sokoto 62.1 33.2 1.1 60.5 30.8 1.0 6.1 1.4 0.1 817
Zamfara 12.4 6.7 0.2 12.0 5.9 0.2 5.1 2.9 0.1 675
South East
Abia 4.3 1.8 0.1 3.9 1.8 0.1 3.0 1.4 0.0 781
Anambra 15.0 6.4 0.2 14.9 6.3 0.2 12.7 4.8 0.2 1,252
Ebonyi 24.7 8.8 0.4 24.2 8.4 0.4 14.7 4.7 0.2 528
Enugu 9.7 3.4 0.1 9.5 3.3 0.1 5.5 1.7 0.1 849
Imo 15.4 5.1 0.2 13.8 4.3 0.2 12.3 3.8 0.2 1,117
South South
Akwa Ibom 17.3 6.0 0.2 17.0 5.7 0.2 13.7 4.7 0.2 999
Bayelsa 21.6 9.0 0.3 21.2 8.8 0.3 6.6 2.4 0.1 502
Cross River 26.5 8.7 0.4 26.2 8.5 0.4 15.7 3.9 0.2 765
Delta 12.4 5.2 0.2 12.2 4.9 0.2 5.5 1.4 0.1 1,222
Edo 15.1 7.0 0.3 14.0 5.5 0.2 5.8 1.9 0.1 760
Rivers 16.0 5.8 0.2 15.4 5.5 0.2 12.3 3.4 0.2 1,718
South West
Ekiti 15.2 3.1 0.2 14.4 2.5 0.2 12.3 2.2 0.2 700
Lagos 14.7 4.9 0.2 13.4 4.2 0.2 9.3 2.2 0.1 2,522
Ogun 9.5 2.4 0.1 9.2 2.0 0.1 5.1 1.3 0.1 1,276
Ondo 17.9 8.6 0.3 17.6 8.2 0.3 5.1 0.9 0.1 939
Osun 4.1 0.8 0.1 3.9 0.7 0.0 2.1 0.2 0.0 968
Oyo 3.9 1.5 0.1 3.6 1.4 0.1 1.9 0.7 0.0 1,694
Total 16.9 7.6 0.3 16.3 7.1 0.3 8.0 2.7 0.1 34,070
1
An ever-treated net is a pre-treated net or a non-pre-treated which has subsequently been soaked with insecticide at any time.
2
An insecticide-treated net (ITN) is 1) a factory treated net that does not require any further treatment, or 2) a pre-treated net obtained within
the past 12 months, or 3) a net that has been soaked with insecticide within the past 12 months.
392 | Appendix A
Table A-12.2 Use of mosquito nets by children: States
Among children under five years in all households, the percentage who, on the night preceding
the interview, slept under a mosquito net (treated or untreated), under an ever-treated mosquito
net, and under an insecticide-treated net (ITN), and among children under five years in
households with at least one ITN, the percentage who slept under an ITN the past night, by state
Among children under
five in households
with an ITN2
Among children under five in all households, Percentage
percentage who, the past night: who slept
Slept under an ever- Slept under Number of ITN the Number of
State of residence any net treated net1 an ITN2 children past night2 children
North Central
FCT-Abuja 8.7 8.7 7.8 236 45.5 40
Benue 14.7 14.0 1.6 782 * 22
Kogi 11.6 11.6 2.6 486 (53.9) 23
Kwara 10.9 9.5 5.2 410 56.2 38
Nasarawa 9.6 9.6 5.6 309 34.6 50
Niger 2.0 1.9 1.0 806 17.2 45
Plateau 11.8 11.7 8.0 578 48.4 96
North East
Adamawa 5.3 5.3 2.1 639 36.7 37
Bauchi 12.0 11.4 3.8 1,060 49.7 81
Borno 22.0 21.9 1.1 934 (39.6) 25
Gombe 17.0 16.8 11.8 478 42.3 133
Taraba 8.5 8.5 4.1 439 36.4 50
Yobe 6.9 6.7 2.0 567 34.3 33
North West
Jigawa 20.2 18.8 11.3 944 51.4 207
Kaduna 13.6 13.4 6.0 1,122 56.9 118
Kano 5.9 5.6 3.3 2,085 43.9 158
Katsina 2.7 2.3 1.1 1,407 (48.1) 31
Kebbi 11.6 11.3 3.5 646 51.7 44
Sokoto 32.3 31.9 2.5 853 39.1 55
Zamfara 6.9 6.7 2.8 736 43.0 48
South East
Abia 3.8 3.8 3.4 435 53.5 28
Anambra 15.9 15.9 12.2 719 57.6 152
Ebonyi 22.7 22.4 12.9 394 57.1 89
Enugu 10.6 10.6 8.1 410 64.2 52
Imo 17.3 15.9 14.2 533 56.1 135
South South
Akwa Ibom 15.3 15.3 13.5 546 52.4 141
Bayelsa 20.3 19.9 8.1 312 72.6 35
Cross River 27.4 27.3 16.1 529 71.1 120
Delta 10.4 10.3 5.7 638 56.5 64
Edo 12.7 11.2 3.3 527 (46.5) 37
Rivers 15.2 14.6 9.6 847 40.4 201
South West
Ekiti 14.6 14.0 12.9 352 57.0 80
Lagos 9.9 9.4 6.5 1,402 43.0 211
Ogun 9.3 9.1 5.1 669 (58.1) 58
Ondo 16.6 16.4 4.0 507 (53.8) 38
Osun 4.3 4.3 1.6 489 * 18
Oyo 3.0 2.7 2.1 958 * 34
Total 11.9 11.6 5.5 25,783 49.8 2,825
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a
figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1
An ever-treated net is a pre-treated net or a non-pre-treated which has subsequently been
soaked with insecticide at any time.
2
An insecticide-treated net (ITN) is 1) a factory-treated net that does not require any further
treatment, or 2) a pre-treated net obtained within the past 12 months, or 3) a net that has been
soaked with insecticide within the past 12 months.
Appendix A | 393
Table A-12.3 Use of mosquito nets by women: States
Among all women age 15-49 in all households, the percentage who slept the past night under a
treated net (ITN); and among all women age 15-49 in households with at least one ITN, the percentage
who slept the past night under an ITN, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Women age 15-49 in
Among women age 15-49 in all households, households with an ITN2
percentage who, the past night: Percentage
Slept Slept under who slept
under an ever- Slept under Number of under an ITN2 Number of
1 2
State of residence any net treated net an ITN women the past night women
North Central
FCT-Abuja 5.8 5.7 5.4 373 38.7 52
Benue 11.8 11.6 1.9 981 (49.2) 39
Kogi 10.4 10.4 1.2 800 (29.0) 34
Kwara 9.1 8.0 4.8 558 56.2 48
Nasarawa 10.2 10.1 5.5 463 32.2 79
Niger 3.3 3.2 1.4 835 25.4 46
Plateau 8.9 8.7 6.5 784 45.5 112
North East
Adamawa 5.2 5.2 1.5 770 29.6 40
Bauchi 15.9 15.3 5.3 1,008 64.6 83
Borno 26.1 25.7 1.5 920 (41.3) 34
Gombe 14.6 14.4 11.2 470 48.5 108
Taraba 6.2 6.2 2.7 593 28.4 57
Yobe 9.2 8.6 3.0 542 48.8 33
North West
Jigawa 19.7 17.6 10.7 968 49.2 211
Kaduna 12.3 11.8 5.6 1,346 46.7 161
Kano 6.2 5.9 3.9 2,089 46.8 173
Katsina 1.0 0.9 0.4 1,385 * 25
Kebbi 12.1 11.3 2.9 739 51.9 41
Sokoto 34.2 33.5 2.2 830 31.8 57
Zamfara 7.1 6.6 2.8 740 50.6 41
South East
Abia 2.0 2.0 1.5 783 (44.5) 27
Anambra 7.9 7.7 6.5 1,053 42.8 159
Ebonyi 13.2 13.1 6.6 592 40.2 97
Enugu 4.7 4.7 2.4 787 (38.5) 50
Imo 4.8 4.1 3.8 917 22.5 155
South South
Akwa Ibom 6.5 6.5 5.7 947 35.5 153
Bayelsa 13.3 13.2 4.5 473 53.5 40
Cross River 19.3 19.0 11.1 742 55.6 148
Delta 6.4 6.4 2.5 1,080 39.2 69
Edo 7.6 6.5 2.2 778 33.8 51
Rivers 8.8 8.3 5.8 1,505 36.9 239
South West
Ekiti 9.0 8.5 8.0 561 47.3 95
Lagos 5.4 5.1 3.0 2,469 27.1 278
Ogun 6.0 6.0 3.4 879 (56.4) 53
Ondo 14.4 14.0 2.8 799 (46.8) 48
Osun 1.0 1.0 0.3 930 (12.1) 25
Oyo 2.5 2.1 1.5 1,217 (43.4) 43
Total 9.2 8.9 3.9 33,705 40.9 3,202
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases; an asterisk indicates that a figure is
based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1
An ever-treated net is a pre-treated net or a non-pre-treated which has subsequently been soaked with
insecticide at any time.
2
An insecticide-treated net (ITN) is 1) a factory treated net that does not require any further treatment,
394 | Appendix A
Table A-12.4 Use of mosquito nets by pregnant women: States
Among pregnant women age 15-49 in all households, the percentage who slept the past night under a
treated net (ITN); and among pregnant women age 15-49 in households with at least one ITN, the
percentage who slept the past night under an ITN, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Pregnant women
age 15-49 in households
with an ITN2
Among pregnant women age 15-49 in all Percentage
households, percentage who, the past night: who slept
Slept under an ever- Slept under Number of ITN2 the Number of
State of residence any net treated net1 an ITN2 women past night women
North Central
FCT-Abuja 4.9 4.9 4.9 26 * 2
Benue 11.6 11.6 1.6 122 * 5
Kogi 16.7 16.7 1.5 59 * 3
Kwara 10.2 9.1 6.9 66 * 6
Nasarawa 12.7 12.7 4.7 39 * 7
Niger 1.0 1.0 1.0 86 * 3
Plateau 9.0 9.0 6.4 83 * 11
North East
Adamawa 7.6 7.6 1.9 78 * 5
Bauchi 20.1 18.7 7.8 132 * 18
Borno 26.6 26.6 2.7 126 * 4
Gombe 19.3 19.3 14.7 68 * 15
Taraba 7.8 7.8 3.5 63 * 8
Yobe 14.0 14.0 3.8 60 * 3
North West
Jigawa 23.8 23.1 14.1 126 * 30
Kaduna 11.6 11.6 3.6 170 * 20
Kano 9.5 9.5 4.4 251 * 17
Katsina 2.4 2.4 0.6 191 * 7
Kebbi 15.6 14.8 1.6 92 * 5
Sokoto 31.7 29.2 3.3 103 * 7
Zamfara 4.1 4.1 2.8 117 * 8
South East
Abia 3.5 3.5 3.5 56 * 3
Anambra 12.2 12.2 10.6 98 * 27
Ebonyi 18.1 18.1 7.4 56 * 10
Enugu 3.9 3.9 1.9 55 * 3
Imo 11.4 7.7 5.5 77 * 17
South South
Akwa Ibom 5.7 5.7 3.6 60 * 12
Bayelsa 16.2 16.2 10.0 45 * 6
Cross River 21.4 21.4 14.3 39 * 7
Delta 8.8 8.8 5.2 97 * 6
Edo 12.3 10.9 2.7 64 * 6
Rivers 10.5 10.5 9.2 138 * 29
South West
Ekiti 4.5 4.5 4.5 50 * 7
Lagos 6.2 6.2 2.1 186 * 25
Ogun 18.2 18.2 10.0 68 * 11
Ondo 17.8 17.8 1.3 74 * 3
Osun 0.0 0.0 0.0 58 * 2
Oyo 8.7 7.2 4.3 117 * 8
Total 11.8 11.5 4.8 3,397 44.4 367
Note: An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been
suppressed.
1
An ever-treated net is a pre-treated net or a non-pre-treated which has subsequently been soaked with
insecticide at any time.
2
An insecticide-treated net (ITN) is 1) a factory treated net that does not require any further treatment,
Appendix A | 395
Table 12.5 Prophylactic use of anti-malarial drugs and use of Intermittent Preventive Treatment (IPT) by women during
pregnancy: States
Among women age 15-49 with a live birth in the two years preceding the survey, percentage who during their pregnancy
received anti-malarial drugs for prevention, percentage who received SP/Fansidar/Amalar/Maloxine (any and two or more
doses), and percentage who received Intermittent Preventive Treatment (IPT) (any and two or more doses), by state of
SP/Fansidar/Amalar/ Intermittent Preventive

Maloxine Treatment1 Number of
Percentage who Percentage who Percentage who women with
Percentage who received any received any SP/ received 2+ a live birth in
received any SP/Fansidar/ Percentage Fansidar/Amalar/ doses, at least the two years
anti-malarial Amalar/ who received Maloxine during one during an preceding
State of residence drug Maloxine 2+ doses an ANC visit ANC visit the survey
North Central
FCT-Abuja 29.3 17.9 7.2 16.4 6.7 92
Benue 15.8 6.0 4.3 1.9 1.9 332
Kogi 32.8 24.3 23.3 21.1 20.1 170
Kwara 19.0 4.8 3.9 4.3 3.4 157
Nasarawa 35.9 21.4 14.0 18.8 12.5 126
Niger 19.9 15.3 12.2 11.2 8.7 345
Plateau 12.1 4.6 3.1 2.8 1.9 255
North East
Adamawa 10.8 3.0 1.9 2.4 1.6 277
Bauchi 8.7 3.4 3.0 1.5 1.3 475
Borno 4.6 1.8 0.7 1.1 0.5 388
Gombe 20.7 9.7 5.9 6.2 4.2 215
Taraba 20.4 10.3 6.4 8.1 5.2 203
Yobe 23.1 14.9 10.3 12.0 8.2 235
North West
Jigawa 15.1 13.8 10.3 9.1 6.7 399
Kaduna 11.0 5.1 2.5 4.1 2.1 484
Kano 13.8 12.1 7.9 11.2 7.4 952
Katsina 4.0 3.6 1.6 3.0 1.0 586
Kebbi 11.5 4.9 3.7 2.9 2.3 264
Sokoto 3.5 2.0 0.9 1.3 0.7 399
Zamfara 15.2 6.0 5.5 3.8 3.8 326
South East
Abia 29.9 15.9 6.8 9.7 5.1 186
Anambra 25.9 12.2 9.6 10.0 8.5 302
Ebonyi 22.9 8.4 3.4 6.9 2.7 162
Enugu 13.7 5.3 2.4 1.8 1.2 184
Imo 41.3 24.0 10.9 18.8 7.1 226
South South
Akwa Ibom 46.2 32.8 18.9 19.8 12.6 220
Bayelsa 36.7 14.1 8.6 7.4 3.9 142
Cross River 38.9 35.1 14.1 30.4 12.4 222
Delta 15.1 7.4 4.8 4.4 2.4 272
Edo 10.0 4.3 3.0 3.9 2.6 208
Rivers 23.4 15.6 7.8 9.8 4.8 398
South West
Ekiti 15.6 7.5 5.2 6.6 4.7 158
Lagos 21.1 14.2 6.8 9.4 5.5 604
Ogun 30.0 15.3 6.7 12.0 5.7 286
Ondo 23.8 11.9 7.0 6.0 4.5 202
Osun 20.8 9.3 5.7 6.7 4.6 193
Oyo 30.9 18.7 11.0 13.3 8.1 378
Total 18.4 10.9 6.5 8.0 4.9 11,027
IPT = Intermittent Preventive Treatment. SP/Fansidar is administered to pregnant women during one or more antenatal
care visits as preventive treatment against malaria.
396 | Appendix A
Table A-12.6 Prevalence and prompt treatment of fever: States
Percentage of children under age five with fever in the two weeks preceding the survey, and
among children with fever, the percentage who received anti-malarial drugs and the
percentage who received the drugs the same or next day following the onset of fever, by state
Children under age five Children under age five with fever
with fever in Percentage who took
the two weeks who took anti-malarial
preceding Number of anti-malarial drugs same Number of
State of residence the survey children drugs or next day children
North Central
FCT-Abuja 5.1 234 (51.6) (28.0) 12
Benue 16.7 737 44.8 16.0 123
Kogi 4.5 438 * * 20
Kwara 6.9 394 (47.8) (25.6) 27
Nasarawa 9.7 293 54.4 35.6 28
Niger 11.4 792 43.9 22.4 90
Plateau 5.5 547 (53.8) (10.3) 30
North East
Adamawa 11.9 618 53.1 35.7 74
Bauchi 36.4 1,012 15.1 8.3 369
Borno 22.6 914 14.2 3.9 206
Gombe 13.8 468 16.9 4.1 65
Taraba 20.3 425 41.6 29.9 86
Yobe 13.3 552 26.6 9.9 73
North West
Jigawa 13.9 923 18.8 9.9 128
Kaduna 10.2 1,083 49.3 17.4 110
Kano 21.3 2,034 20.5 8.9 433
Katsina 19.4 1,371 36.2 22.3 266
Kebbi 8.3 637 70.0 7.1 53
Sokoto 9.7 827 34.8 12.0 80
Zamfara 16.5 719 15.7 8.7 119
South East
Abia 27.4 418 20.1 13.8 115
Anambra 11.3 708 27.9 11.9 80
Ebonyi 30.5 380 22.1 6.4 116
Enugu 27.0 399 6.0 2.0 108
Imo 26.2 523 30.5 16.7 137
South South
Akwa Ibom 20.5 523 33.6 20.8 107
Bayelsa 18.1 298 36.1 19.6 54
Cross River 19.8 515 51.4 19.6 102
Delta 15.1 610 57.1 17.4 92
Edo 14.2 514 47.4 28.7 73
Rivers 29.9 850 49.7 21.4 254
South West
Ekiti 14.9 345 53.6 23.2 52
Lagos 7.4 1,362 57.8 19.3 101
Ogun 7.7 645 (38.6) (19.0) 49
Ondo 7.6 492 (43.0) (19.1) 38
Osun 9.0 463 (73.9) (49.9) 42
Oyo 6.4 914 (51.2) (11.7) 58
Total 15.9 24,975 33.2 15.2 3,968
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases; an asterisk indicates that a
Appendix A | 397
Table A-12.7 Type and timing of anti-malarial drugs: States
Among children under age five with fever in the two weeks preceding the survey, percentage who received specific anti-malarial drugs and
percentage who received the drugs the same or next day after developing the fever, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Percentage of children who received Percentage of children who received anti-malarial

specific anti-malarial drugs: drugs the same or next day: Number
SP/ SP/ of
Fansidar/ Other Fansidar/ Other children
Amalar/ Chloro- Amodia- anti- Amalar/ Chloro- Amodia- anti- with
State of residence Maloxine quine quine Quinine ACT malarial Maloxine quine quine Quinine ACT malarial fever
North Central
FCT-Abuja (3.2) (36.4) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (15.2) (0.0) (20.4) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (7.6) 12
Benue 12.0 26.3 6.5 0.8 0.8 4.0 3.9 7.2 2.5 0.0 0.8 1.7 123
Kogi * * * * * * * * * * * * 20
Kwara (5.5) (36.8) (0.0) (0.0) (5.6) (2.7) (0.0) (25.6) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) 27
Nasarawa 13.5 34.2 13.5 0.0 5.2 5.0 8.3 23.8 6.7 0.0 3.5 5.0 28
Niger 14.6 30.0 3.9 0.0 4.9 2.9 3.9 19.5 1.9 0.0 2.0 0.0 90
Plateau (10.5) (46.1) (0.0) (5.1) (5.1) (0.0) (2.7) (10.3) (0.0) (2.5) (0.0) (0.0) 30
North East
Adamawa 3.1 41.8 0.0 0.0 7.1 9.2 3.1 28.6 0.0 0.0 4.1 7.1 74
Bauchi 2.1 10.5 0.0 0.0 0.3 2.2 1.1 6.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 369
Borno 0.8 8.6 0.0 0.0 1.7 3.1 0.4 2.7 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 206
Gombe 4.1 5.1 0.8 3.1 2.5 3.8 2.4 1.7 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.8 65
Taraba 1.5 30.1 3.1 2.3 5.2 1.5 0.7 21.4 2.5 0.0 5.2 0.0 86
Yobe 2.4 23.7 1.4 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 7.7 1.4 0.0 0.7 0.0 73
North West
Jigawa 7.0 11.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 4.9 5.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 128
Kaduna 11.2 36.2 2.2 1.1 0.0 5.9 1.1 11.9 2.2 1.1 0.0 1.2 110
Kano 0.4 15.1 1.5 0.4 1.2 1.9 0.4 6.2 0.8 0.4 0.8 0.4 433
Katsina 4.8 26.2 1.3 0.4 3.9 0.9 3.5 14.0 1.3 0.4 2.6 0.9 266
Kebbi 5.7 55.7 1.4 1.4 10.0 1.4 4.3 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 53
Sokoto 1.1 29.3 2.2 1.1 4.3 0.0 0.0 10.9 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 80
Zamfara 3.5 11.5 0.7 0.7 0.0 1.4 2.1 6.5 0.7 0.7 0.0 0.0 119
South East
Abia 5.5 3.6 2.7 2.7 0.0 5.5 2.8 1.8 2.7 1.8 0.0 4.6 115
Anambra 8.3 11.6 0.0 2.1 0.0 5.9 4.1 3.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.9 80
Ebonyi 2.7 12.0 1.0 3.3 2.0 2.2 1.7 3.2 0.0 0.5 0.0 1.1 116
Enugu 2.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 108
Imo 12.8 11.5 0.0 3.1 0.0 6.3 7.3 7.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.1 137
South South
Akwa Ibom 15.4 9.4 0.0 0.0 2.5 10.0 11.2 5.2 0.0 0.0 1.2 5.6 107
Bayelsa 5.2 22.7 1.0 1.0 3.1 3.1 4.1 13.4 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 54
Cross River 14.0 21.4 1.9 0.9 7.5 6.6 2.8 9.3 0.0 0.9 4.7 1.9 102
Delta 12.9 34.3 5.3 0.0 3.1 8.9 1.8 11.1 1.3 0.0 3.1 0.0 92
Edo 10.0 15.0 1.3 11.2 2.5 11.2 6.2 8.8 0.0 7.5 1.2 6.2 73
Rivers 8.5 19.8 3.1 6.9 3.1 10.6 3.1 10.0 0.0 3.8 0.8 3.8 254
South West
Ekiti 7.3 26.1 5.8 7.2 0.0 7.2 1.4 16.0 2.9 0.0 0.0 2.9 52
Lagos 11.5 23.1 5.8 1.9 9.7 5.8 1.9 7.7 3.9 0.0 3.9 1.9 101
Ogun (5.4) (19.4) (2.8) (2.8) (0.0) (13.8) (2.6) (8.2) (0.0) (2.8) (0.0) (8.2) 49
Ondo (0.0) (34.9) (2.8) (5.6) (0.0) (5.4) (0.0) (13.5) (2.8) (0.0) (0.0) (2.8) 38
Osun (4.9) (47.4) (9.7) (0.0) (7.2) (7.2) (2.4) (33.1) (7.3) (0.0) (4.7) (4.7) 42
Oyo (2.9) (9.1) (12.3) (0.0) (2.9) (26.9) (0.0) (0.0) (2.9) (0.0) (0.0) (8.8) 58
Total 5.9 19.2 2.0 1.6 2.4 4.5 2.5 8.8 0.9 0.6 1.1 1.8 3,968
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases; an asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 cases and has
been suppressed.
ACT = Artemisinin Combination Therapy (Artemether-Lumefantrine (AL) for uncomplicated malaria, and Artesunate+Amodiaquine as an
alternate)
398 | Appendix A
BEHAVIOUR
Table A-13.1 Knowledge of AIDS: States
Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who have heard of AIDS, by
Women Men
Has heard Has heard
of HIV Number of of HIV or Number of
State of residence or AIDS women AIDS men
North Central
FCT-Abuja 88.3 369 95.6 170
Benue 97.8 972 97.3 407
Kogi 88.2 792 96.2 360
Kwara 58.1 553 71.5 235
Nasarawa 71.8 458 93.7 211
Niger 41.4 827 78.5 359
Plateau 81.8 777 99.1 323
North East
Adamawa 85.7 764 98.6 302
Bauchi 89.1 998 98.2 421
Borno 83.8 912 85.4 332
Gombe 73.2 465 99.6 200
Taraba 92.3 587 97.6 198
Yobe 52.1 537 30.1 192
North West
Jigawa 96.8 959 96.7 316
Kaduna 97.0 1,333 96.5 700
Kano 94.2 2,070 96.4 853
Katsina 83.9 1,372 96.9 496
Kebbi 76.6 732 72.0 298
Sokoto 78.4 822 66.6 303
Zamfara 69.6 733 89.0 271
South East
Abia 98.9 775 96.8 311
Anambra 99.5 1,042 99.2 402
Ebonyi 91.6 586 96.1 174
Enugu 93.7 780 87.4 229
Imo 99.0 908 98.7 332
South South
Akwa Ibom 98.3 938 94.2 413
Bayelsa 90.4 468 99.5 225
Cross River 95.2 735 99.3 291
Delta 89.6 1,071 94.6 429
Edo 85.1 770 95.4 336
Rivers 92.1 1,490 96.0 743
South West
Ekiti 95.7 556 99.4 261
Lagos 98.0 2,446 99.7 1,200
Ogun 85.2 870 95.5 284
Ondo 84.2 791 93.2 339
Osun 95.3 922 97.3 390
Oyo 93.3 1,205 97.0 502
Total 15-49 88.2 33,385 93.5 13,808

50-59 na na 91.0 1,678
Total men 15-59 na na 93.2 15,486
na = Not applicable
Appendix A | 399
Table A-13.2 Knowledge of HIV prevention methods: States
Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who, in response to prompted questions, say that people can reduce the risk of getting HIV by
using condoms every time they have sexual intercourse, by having one sex partner who is not HIV negative and has no other partners, and
by abstaining from sexual intercourse, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Women Men
Using Using
condoms condoms
and and
Limiting limiting Limiting limiting
to one to one Abstaining to one to one Abstaining
HIV- HIV- from HIV- HIV- from
Using negative negative sexual Number Using negative negative sexual Number
1 2 1,2 1 2 1,2
State of residence condoms partner partner intercourse of women condoms partner partner intercourse of men
North Central
FCT-Abuja 80.0 87.0 79.4 85.1 369 88.9 92.8 87.3 85.1 170
Benue 55.6 83.9 53.3 69.8 972 74.3 78.7 64.1 66.6 407
Kogi 51.6 59.2 44.1 51.4 792 84.4 87.4 80.4 84.7 360
Kwara 30.4 33.6 28.4 28.4 553 46.4 49.4 36.3 36.8 235
Nasarawa 52.9 61.2 49.6 59.1 458 84.6 91.3 82.4 81.9 211
Niger 28.1 33.9 26.3 34.7 827 56.1 66.9 53.3 66.1 359
Plateau 52.0 76.7 50.8 68.6 777 89.1 99.1 89.1 97.4 323
North East
Adamawa 57.3 80.8 55.5 82.3 764 82.1 93.1 80.2 93.1 302
Bauchi 26.4 65.7 24.2 74.8 998 81.7 95.6 80.5 97.7 421
Borno 31.4 47.1 23.7 65.7 912 61.1 78.5 59.2 69.1 332
Gombe 52.5 56.0 43.5 59.4 465 76.7 97.1 76.0 97.0 200
Taraba 50.4 85.2 49.0 88.9 587 91.5 96.2 91.1 93.3 198
Yobe 21.9 36.1 20.2 40.5 537 26.1 11.4 9.9 29.5 192
North West
Jigawa 34.6 59.1 26.0 50.9 959 37.9 63.0 34.1 81.9 316
Kaduna 75.1 84.7 74.2 81.7 1,333 90.4 93.1 88.8 93.5 700
Kano 52.9 61.2 47.3 76.1 2,070 85.9 94.7 85.2 93.3 853
Katsina 25.7 68.5 24.6 59.3 1,372 58.6 79.8 55.5 85.6 496
Kebbi 56.1 63.9 52.5 60.0 732 27.3 59.1 24.7 60.4 298
Sokoto 38.8 59.4 37.1 56.5 822 45.0 59.2 41.9 53.5 303
Zamfara 29.2 61.3 28.4 67.1 733 47.0 70.6 39.0 63.9 271
South East
Abia 82.8 94.3 80.7 91.0 775 81.5 87.9 75.5 84.7 311
Anambra 73.0 92.3 70.2 87.5 1,042 84.4 96.4 83.2 84.8 402
Ebonyi 53.5 71.0 45.6 68.4 586 74.1 87.9 70.2 88.0 174
Enugu 40.2 49.9 29.3 51.3 780 72.6 79.4 68.3 77.9 229
Imo 50.7 75.5 44.2 88.1 908 64.0 82.2 60.2 79.9 332
South South
Akwa Ibom 75.9 88.6 71.7 91.3 938 71.0 87.0 68.6 74.6 413
Bayelsa 71.7 73.3 68.9 69.6 468 90.5 96.4 88.8 82.4 225
Cross River 88.9 93.3 87.7 77.0 735 87.1 95.9 85.4 84.1 291
Delta 48.3 53.0 40.5 55.2 1,071 66.8 84.4 63.0 79.5 429
Edo 63.4 77.0 61.2 73.6 770 87.1 92.2 85.5 88.2 336
Rivers 55.7 66.1 48.9 62.7 1,490 75.5 85.0 72.1 87.3 743
South West
Ekiti 62.9 64.5 48.8 72.6 556 73.9 70.3 64.7 75.3 261
Lagos 53.7 66.1 43.9 53.7 2,446 65.4 77.5 58.1 61.5 1,200
Ogun 63.1 74.2 57.9 58.5 870 79.5 85.0 72.7 72.4 284
Ondo 52.5 55.4 44.2 39.1 791 70.1 81.2 66.9 65.4 339
Osun 80.0 85.4 75.6 68.8 922 87.1 93.7 85.2 51.7 390
Oyo 52.5 60.0 42.5 45.2 1,205 76.6 85.3 71.2 84.2 502
Total 15-49 53.0 67.9 48.0 65.2 33,385 72.4 83.0 68.6 77.9 13,808
50-59 na na na na na 61.3 78.8 58.3 74.5 1,678
na = Not applicable
1
Using condoms every time they have sexual intercourse
2
Partner who has no other partners
400 | Appendix A
Table A-13.3.1 Comprehensive knowledge about HIV and AIDS: Women by state
Percentage of women age 15-49 who say that a healthy-looking person can have HIV and who, in response to prompted
questions, correctly reject local misconceptions about HIV transmission and prevention, and the percentage with a
comprehensive knowledge about HIV, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Percentage of women who say that:

A person
cannot Percentage who Percentage
HIV cannot contract say that a healthy- with a
HIV cannot be HIV by looking person can compre-
A healthy- be transmitted sharing food have HIV and who hensive
looking transmitted by with a reject the two most knowledge
person can by mosquito supernatural person who common local about HIV Number of
State of residence have HIV bites means has HIV misconceptions1 and AIDS2 women
North Central
FCT-Abuja 82.2 83.1 72.8 83.9 67.2 61.6 369
Benue 58.3 56.0 35.6 71.8 16.8 12.9 972
Kogi 64.2 54.8 60.4 62.6 34.6 24.1 792
Kwara 46.3 33.0 37.7 39.5 24.6 10.6 553
Nasarawa 56.1 50.2 50.3 51.4 33.4 27.5 458
Niger 30.9 27.7 24.2 23.8 16.6 12.4 827
Plateau 67.0 57.6 57.6 68.4 40.0 27.3 777
North East
Adamawa 60.6 51.4 57.1 68.8 32.6 24.1 764
Bauchi 57.8 27.4 33.3 45.7 12.7 5.0 998
Borno 44.3 53.3 50.1 54.5 25.2 14.6 912
Gombe 54.3 47.7 46.3 51.6 26.2 18.5 465
Taraba 70.6 58.5 44.1 66.6 32.6 16.1 587
Yobe 34.1 32.8 31.5 34.0 22.3 12.4 537
North West
Jigawa 45.2 44.0 38.9 45.0 21.0 12.3 959
Kaduna 76.3 46.5 44.9 54.1 34.9 33.9 1,333
Kano 58.9 58.5 47.5 65.3 27.2 21.6 2,070
Katsina 65.3 49.6 48.8 52.2 28.4 12.9 1,372
Kebbi 68.1 66.8 61.9 60.2 52.5 39.2 732
Sokoto 39.7 31.5 38.2 37.0 22.5 16.5 822
Zamfara 54.4 32.9 23.1 43.0 16.0 6.0 733
South East
Abia 81.0 74.5 71.3 84.2 56.3 50.0 775
Anambra 87.1 85.4 74.8 92.4 64.1 48.8 1,042
Ebonyi 58.4 60.4 66.7 72.5 32.7 19.3 586
Enugu 34.3 56.6 49.3 67.4 14.0 8.0 780
Imo 76.1 66.2 55.8 83.0 34.8 21.4 908
South South
Akwa Ibom 87.3 44.9 27.0 70.5 17.9 15.1 938
Bayelsa 74.1 70.3 61.7 74.9 51.2 41.7 468
Cross River 79.3 60.5 57.0 86.7 38.5 37.0 735
Delta 64.0 76.2 64.9 76.8 49.4 23.9 1,071
Edo 74.1 66.8 53.3 69.7 44.3 39.4 770
Rivers 66.8 44.7 42.2 65.6 25.3 17.1 1,490
South West
Ekiti 80.4 52.0 50.7 68.4 28.7 18.2 556
Lagos 86.6 78.0 70.0 86.8 56.0 26.9 2,446
Ogun 63.7 55.9 64.9 52.7 36.3 27.2 870
Ondo 66.3 50.3 63.0 65.4 36.8 20.2 791
Osun 88.1 53.3 76.2 57.0 46.0 37.2 922
Oyo 68.0 72.9 73.4 61.0 46.0 24.8 1,205
Total 15-49 65.5 56.0 52.6 63.8 34.6 23.4 33,385

1
Two most common local misconceptions: HIV can be transmitted by mosquito bites and HIV can be transmitted by
supernatural means.
2
Comprehensive knowledge means knowing that consistent use of condom during sexual intercourse and having just one
HIV-negative and faithful partner can reduce the chances of getting the AIDS virus, knowing that a healthy-looking person
can have the AIDS virus, and rejecting the two most common local misconceptions about AIDS transmission and
prevention.
Appendix A | 401
Table A-13.3.2 Comprehensive knowledge about HIV and AIDS: Men by state
Percentage of men age 15-49 who say that a healthy-looking person can have the AIDS virus and who, in response to
prompted questions, correctly reject local misconceptions about AIDS transmission and prevention, and the percentage with a
comprehensive knowledge about HIV and AIDS, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Percentage of men who say that:

A person Percentage who Percentage
HIV cannot cannot say that a healthy with a
HIV cannot be contract HIV looking person can compre-
A healthy- be transmitted by sharing have HIV and who hensive
looking transmitted by food with a reject the two most knowledge
person can by mosquito supernatural person who common local about HIV Number of
State of residence have HIV bites means has HIV misconceptions1 and AIDS2 men
North Central
FCT-Abuja 91.3 82.8 84.6 90.0 77.1 75.1 170
Benue 73.9 55.8 49.5 74.4 27.5 20.8 407
Kogi 78.4 61.5 72.6 70.8 47.0 44.5 360
Kwara 55.4 47.8 57.0 56.4 38.3 22.1 235
Nasarawa 81.4 56.2 61.9 78.0 38.2 34.9 211
Niger 52.1 34.9 35.1 37.6 14.5 12.0 359
Plateau 88.9 61.5 69.9 88.7 43.7 40.4 323
North East
Adamawa 75.7 48.1 74.3 76.9 37.4 34.0 302
Bauchi 82.4 43.7 67.5 67.4 32.8 29.0 421
Borno 51.7 43.9 57.3 65.9 25.4 20.9 332
Gombe 88.9 61.7 84.4 79.3 51.7 42.8 200
Taraba 94.0 90.0 82.9 75.6 77.0 73.0 198
Yobe 26.9 22.9 18.1 9.1 13.6 4.3 192
North West
Jigawa 82.2 47.1 77.4 73.1 34.8 12.7 316
Kaduna 92.0 72.2 88.0 88.6 68.4 66.7 700
Kano 89.0 75.3 75.8 84.4 60.8 57.7 853
Katsina 78.8 56.9 53.9 57.6 34.1 21.2 496
Kebbi 55.1 40.9 46.7 55.6 28.3 13.6 298
Sokoto 39.1 29.5 43.6 38.5 17.8 13.3 303
Zamfara 50.3 49.9 34.9 44.4 17.8 13.3 271
South East
Abia 83.0 67.3 74.4 84.7 52.7 43.5 311
Anambra 89.5 75.7 68.5 81.0 55.6 47.6 402
Ebonyi 73.9 61.9 65.9 78.4 43.3 36.2 174
Enugu 74.3 64.1 65.6 62.9 52.9 45.0 229
Imo 77.6 67.3 47.4 82.2 35.6 24.2 332
South South
Akwa Ibom 82.1 57.9 48.3 75.2 32.8 25.3 413
Bayelsa 91.7 88.8 87.6 75.3 76.2 69.1 225
Cross River 91.2 56.0 56.7 84.8 36.0 34.0 291
Delta 75.1 62.1 64.0 80.7 37.1 26.3 429
Edo 66.7 66.2 66.5 73.5 51.9 49.5 336
Rivers 80.0 59.3 60.8 79.0 42.8 35.6 743
South West
Ekiti 84.7 72.7 77.2 87.0 56.6 41.9 261
Lagos 92.1 78.8 78.3 88.4 64.4 38.4 1,200
Ogun 87.7 57.3 79.9 63.7 50.0 39.7 284
Ondo 71.1 54.6 70.2 53.0 41.9 32.7 339
Osun 89.8 70.8 86.9 79.2 63.7 57.5 390
Oyo 75.5 49.5 45.8 78.1 23.6 18.5 502
Total 15-49 78.4 61.0 65.5 73.5 44.9 36.3 13,808

50-59 72.7 54.6 59.2 66.7 39.8 29.7 1,678
Total men 15-59 77.8 60.3 64.8 72.8 44.3 35.6 15,486
1
Two most common local misconceptions: HIV can be transmitted by mosquito bites and HIV can be transmitted by
supernatural means.
2
Comprehensive knowledge means knowing that consistent use of condom during sexual intercourse and having just one HIV-
negative and faithful partner can reduce the chances of getting the AIDS virus, knowing that a healthy-looking person can have
the AIDS virus, and rejecting the two most common local misconceptions about AIDS transmission and prevention.
402 | Appendix A
Table A-13.4 Knowledge of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV: States
Percentage of women and men who know that HIV can be transmitted from mother to child by breastfeeding and that the risk of mother-to-
child transmission (MTCT) of HIV can be reduced by mother taking special drugs during pregnancy, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Women Men
HIV can be HIV can be
transmitted by Risk of transmitted by
Risk of breastfeeding MTCT can breastfeeding
MTCT can and risk of be reduced and risk of
be reduced MTCT can be by mother MTCT can be
by mother reduced by taking reduced by
taking mother taking special mother taking
HIV can be special drugs special drugs HIV can be drugs special drugs
transmitted by during during Number of transmitted by during during Number of
State of residence breastfeeding pregnancy pregnancy women breastfeeding pregnancy pregnancy men
North Central
FCT-Abuja 63.9 54.5 47.7 369 67.2 43.8 39.8 170
Benue 84.8 41.4 41.1 972 83.3 24.8 23.8 407
Kogi 42.1 13.8 11.7 792 50.7 28.9 23.1 360
Kwara 42.1 26.9 26.6 553 40.9 14.8 14.5 235
Nasarawa 29.7 24.7 24.2 458 71.2 54.6 49.8 211
Niger 23.2 21.4 19.0 827 53.8 40.0 36.5 359
Plateau 54.6 40.2 38.2 777 89.6 53.9 51.1 323
North East
Adamawa 47.1 41.6 35.7 764 64.8 58.1 54.5 302
Bauchi 46.8 21.5 19.2 998 59.8 65.7 48.1 421
Borno 23.6 17.3 15.6 912 28.3 23.4 18.9 332
Gombe 52.6 44.4 43.1 465 53.1 83.9 48.8 200
Taraba 55.5 42.2 41.0 587 86.4 63.4 61.1 198
Yobe 20.9 16.2 13.3 537 19.8 13.2 12.3 192
North West
Jigawa 27.7 18.2 15.7 959 43.0 19.3 15.3 316
Kaduna 57.9 37.1 36.3 1,333 78.0 71.1 70.1 700
Kano 34.2 20.5 14.7 2,070 37.1 51.1 32.6 853
Katsina 23.2 15.6 14.4 1,372 51.8 16.2 15.5 496
Kebbi 43.5 30.2 28.0 732 34.6 20.5 18.2 298
Sokoto 16.6 14.6 9.4 822 37.7 28.6 24.1 303
Zamfara 24.0 16.4 15.9 733 33.9 25.0 20.8 271
South East
Abia 81.8 15.8 14.6 775 77.3 35.2 31.3 311
Anambra 67.5 44.7 40.2 1,042 78.3 37.1 34.7 402
Ebonyi 74.2 22.5 22.1 586 74.4 37.0 34.6 174
Enugu 49.8 15.8 14.7 780 66.6 66.1 63.5 229
Imo 78.1 28.5 27.4 908 42.0 23.9 19.3 332
South South
Akwa Ibom 87.2 35.1 34.2 938 69.7 24.9 22.8 413
Bayelsa 44.4 38.3 36.6 468 69.6 66.3 48.5 225
Cross River 85.5 64.8 63.8 735 78.0 48.5 44.1 291
Delta 26.5 18.0 12.4 1,071 68.5 37.0 30.1 429
Edo 54.5 37.1 36.3 770 57.5 25.2 20.7 336
Rivers 57.2 30.9 28.3 1,490 64.4 33.1 27.5 743
South West
Ekiti 45.1 21.2 19.2 556 63.8 23.5 20.7 261
Lagos 72.3 48.2 45.2 2,446 60.0 46.3 36.5 1,200
Ogun 63.3 14.7 14.7 870 56.2 20.8 18.2 284
Ondo 63.7 16.6 15.8 791 70.4 15.0 14.1 339
Osun 70.6 10.5 8.3 922 40.5 23.8 20.6 390
Oyo 66.3 23.0 22.0 1,205 63.1 39.2 32.6 502
Total 15-49 52.1 28.2 25.9 33,385 59.1 38.7 32.7 13,808
50-59 na na na na 53.9 31.4 27.4 1,678
na = Not applicable
Appendix A | 403
Table A-13.5.1 Accepting attitudes towards persons living with HIV or AIDS: Women by state
Among women age 15-49 who have heard of HIV or AIDS, percentage expressing specific accepting attitudes towards
people with HIV or AIDS, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Percentage of women who:

Say that a
Are willing to female teacher
care for a Would buy with HIV who Would not
family fresh is not sick want to keep Percentage
member with vegetables should be secret that expressing Number of
HIV in the from allowed to a family acceptance women who
respondent's shopkeeper continue member attitudes on all have heard of
State of residence home who has HIV teaching has HIV four indicators HIV or AIDS
North Central
FCT-Abuja 96.3 50.1 84.2 59.4 34.2 326
Benue 87.7 18.4 48.7 54.7 8.8 950
Kogi 77.8 33.2 61.6 75.9 16.9 698
Kwara 39.1 41.8 48.6 57.7 20.8 321
Nasarawa 66.3 38.0 64.2 68.6 16.5 329
Niger 56.8 55.5 68.8 52.1 4.4 342
Plateau 95.6 50.6 57.4 52.9 26.7 635
North East
Adamawa 79.2 26.9 49.1 83.3 20.1 654
Bauchi 61.0 23.6 33.5 55.6 8.3 889
Borno 44.0 17.0 40.2 63.1 8.8 764
Gombe 72.2 39.5 59.7 79.1 21.9 340
Taraba 81.0 27.4 61.5 57.3 12.8 542
Yobe 63.6 36.3 54.2 70.3 15.9 280
North West
Jigawa 52.9 30.4 35.7 53.5 7.0 929
Kaduna 88.1 59.4 66.5 69.1 38.7 1,293
Kano 33.8 25.1 38.6 54.7 5.6 1,951
Katsina 42.6 34.3 38.6 90.0 13.9 1,151
Kebbi 50.4 36.5 55.8 83.2 13.6 561
Sokoto 44.7 24.7 41.6 34.4 6.2 645
Zamfara 42.0 35.6 36.9 57.2 6.2 510
South East
Abia 71.2 31.1 43.7 71.5 15.9 767
Anambra 69.4 48.8 63.6 47.7 11.5 1,037
Ebonyi 73.3 27.9 40.0 79.7 12.9 537
Enugu 52.0 48.6 55.6 45.7 8.9 731
Imo 60.5 31.0 36.9 66.7 14.1 899
South South
Akwa Ibom 63.8 44.3 62.2 48.1 7.4 922
Bayelsa 53.5 30.1 32.2 84.3 12.8 424
Cross River 94.4 57.1 89.8 37.5 18.9 700
Delta 54.4 52.7 53.5 59.4 12.8 959
Edo 71.5 41.8 56.5 13.8 5.4 655
Rivers 54.5 40.8 44.6 48.2 10.3 1,373
South West
Ekiti 51.3 35.7 40.8 57.6 5.6 532
Lagos 79.2 52.9 59.5 45.2 17.5 2,397
Ogun 34.2 22.1 34.8 85.1 4.7 741
Ondo 58.2 26.8 42.5 65.9 8.5 666
Osun 14.8 23.3 34.2 48.5 1.7 878
Oyo 33.2 20.6 32.2 93.7 8.6 1,125
Total 15-49 60.4 36.5 49.4 60.0 12.8 29,453
404 | Appendix A
Table A-13.5.2 Accepting attitudes towards persons living with HIV or AIDS: Men by state
Among men age 15-49 who have heard of HIV or AIDS, percentage expressing specific accepting attitudes towards
people with HIV or AIDS, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Percentage of men who:

Say that a female
Are willing to Would buy teacher with HIV Would not
care for a fresh who is not sick want to keep Percentage
family member vegetables should be secret that expressing Number of
with HIV in the from allowed to a family acceptance men who
respondent's shopkeeper continue member attitudes on all have heard of
State of residence home who has HIV teaching has HIV four indicators HIV or AIDS
North Central
FCT-Abuja 97.5 80.6 90.2 82.4 69.6 163
Benue 95.4 24.6 46.4 76.9 14.3 397
Kogi 71.0 27.1 34.4 91.4 19.8 346
Kwara 69.5 51.6 53.3 84.4 26.3 168
Nasarawa 80.2 44.2 53.3 67.4 17.2 197
Niger 84.0 32.4 40.7 53.6 13.9 282
Plateau 97.6 58.3 64.9 71.6 34.8 320
North East
Adamawa 77.1 45.7 54.3 51.4 21.5 297
Bauchi 84.4 40.6 43.0 56.6 13.8 413
Borno 87.2 42.2 44.6 28.0 6.5 284
Gombe 80.8 52.5 58.0 68.3 31.7 199
Taraba 85.4 54.6 57.2 93.2 38.6 193
Yobe 54.1 48.4 57.7 73.6 9.0 58
North West
Jigawa 25.8 35.4 46.7 71.4 6.3 306
Kaduna 57.7 71.1 89.4 77.6 29.9 676
Kano 84.3 76.6 68.1 50.4 24.9 822
Katsina 89.6 27.7 45.1 65.8 14.6 481
Kebbi 86.7 28.1 69.1 48.4 7.7 214
Sokoto 71.9 37.9 44.7 41.7 8.5 201
Zamfara 67.3 26.5 30.9 68.9 13.3 241
South East
Abia 77.2 54.4 62.8 56.6 18.0 301
Anambra 94.0 47.8 68.3 58.8 22.2 399
Ebonyi 78.9 44.9 51.7 83.3 26.6 167
Enugu 91.6 71.6 80.2 65.9 50.3 200
Imo 60.8 47.8 57.7 61.3 23.9 328
South South
Akwa Ibom 41.6 34.0 61.2 77.9 15.1 390
Bayelsa 57.0 46.3 56.3 69.0 18.9 223
Cross River 78.9 66.6 67.9 64.8 30.7 289
Delta 69.5 40.4 60.9 74.9 22.6 406
Edo 71.1 42.1 51.8 72.9 17.5 321
Rivers 68.6 54.0 59.3 58.0 24.5 714
South West
Ekiti 89.6 57.8 64.2 87.1 38.8 259
Lagos 84.3 57.7 63.8 66.1 31.0 1,197
Ogun 57.1 33.2 35.3 82.1 15.1 271
Ondo 66.3 37.1 40.9 50.7 11.2 316
Osun 12.2 41.9 39.4 84.9 3.3 380
Oyo 68.4 42.5 59.5 41.6 17.2 487
Total 15-49 73.6 48.4 57.5 65.6 22.0 12,905

50-59 73.1 43.6 53.8 74.6 21.9 1,527
Total men 15-59 73.5 47.9 57.1 66.5 22.0 14,433
Appendix A | 405
Table A-13.6 Attitudes towards negotiating safer sexual relations with husband: States
Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who think that, if a husband has a sexually transmitted disease, his wife is justified in
refusing to have sexual intercourse with him or asking that they use a condom, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Percentage of women who think that Percentage of men who think that
a wife is justified in: a wife is justified in:
Refusing Refusing
sexual sexual
Refusing to intercourse Refusing to intercourse
have sexual or asking have sexual or asking
intercourse Asking that that they intercourse Asking that that they
with they use a use a Number of with they use a use a Number of
State of residence husband condom condom women husband condom condom men
North Central
FCT-Abuja 94.5 79.8 96.7 369 95.2 91.4 97.3 170
Benue 86.5 61.5 88.8 972 93.1 83.2 96.5 407
Kogi 77.9 73.7 83.3 792 81.6 83.7 88.2 360
Kwara 54.7 45.9 61.5 553 74.5 66.7 77.3 235
Nasarawa 63.3 52.1 65.9 458 97.8 95.2 99.0 211
Niger 85.0 80.5 89.1 827 88.5 71.5 90.5 359
Plateau 89.1 76.5 92.9 777 98.0 86.3 100.0 323
North East
Adamawa 87.1 63.4 90.3 764 97.1 96.0 99.3 302
Bauchi 77.6 45.2 80.0 998 90.6 87.5 95.6 421
Borno 73.8 77.5 85.4 912 81.6 72.9 85.9 332
Gombe 74.7 67.2 80.4 465 97.8 94.0 98.9 200
Taraba 94.9 81.4 97.2 587 92.2 80.5 93.6 198
Yobe 67.3 23.9 69.1 537 41.7 55.5 57.2 192
North West
Jigawa 77.1 40.3 79.9 959 80.3 55.3 81.4 316
Kaduna 93.5 90.1 95.0 1,333 90.4 91.4 92.3 700
Kano 73.7 57.6 75.0 2,070 90.1 91.5 93.7 853
Katsina 94.0 73.3 96.0 1,372 77.6 76.5 79.5 496
Kebbi 66.9 64.8 70.5 732 76.3 69.9 79.8 298
Sokoto 95.8 75.6 96.5 822 94.6 93.5 96.6 303
Zamfara 88.1 41.3 89.7 733 59.5 42.6 67.2 271
South East
Abia 84.5 72.8 91.7 775 92.5 87.5 96.4 311
Anambra 69.4 64.3 80.4 1,042 95.3 93.2 98.5 402
Ebonyi 63.9 32.3 70.5 586 82.1 65.4 90.9 174
Enugu 53.5 51.2 60.9 780 74.7 60.1 85.2 229
Imo 82.9 66.2 87.2 908 90.7 85.7 95.4 332
South South
Akwa Ibom 93.2 91.8 96.8 938 92.5 88.4 95.3 413
Bayelsa 88.8 88.4 92.0 468 88.6 94.3 94.8 225
Cross River 73.6 72.2 78.1 735 88.8 92.2 95.9 291
Delta 67.9 54.7 74.1 1,071 96.5 80.0 98.1 429
Edo 91.1 86.1 93.6 770 96.8 98.4 99.2 336
Rivers 76.4 73.5 86.9 1,490 86.2 90.3 96.7 743
South West
Ekiti 72.5 72.8 80.1 556 51.0 54.6 56.0 261
Lagos 89.6 85.2 95.7 2,446 78.9 84.8 96.4 1,200
Ogun 83.8 80.4 87.9 870 92.3 93.1 96.4 284
Ondo 85.3 76.0 89.5 791 92.7 78.2 94.7 339
Osun 85.4 87.5 92.9 922 95.9 98.3 98.6 390
Oyo 85.6 87.1 93.1 1,205 89.3 91.1 93.7 502
Total 15-49 81.0 69.5 85.7 33,385 86.6 83.5 91.9 13,808
50-59 na na na na 87.0 77.0 90.6 1,678
na = Not applicable
406 | Appendix A
Table A-13.7 Adult support of education about condom use to prevent
transmission of HIV: States
Percentage of women and men age 18-49 who agree that children age 12-14
years should be taught about using a condom to avoid HIV, by state of
Percentage Number of Percentage Number of
State of residence who agree women who agree men
North Central
FCT-Abuja 25.8 329 20.7 152
Benue 48.3 844 63.3 333
Kogi 49.5 673 81.3 319
Kwara 26.6 495 38.3 214
Nasarawa 35.0 403 70.2 188
Niger 16.4 757 29.2 321
Plateau 22.7 693 75.0 276
North East
Adamawa 15.6 679 73.7 268
Bauchi 16.0 876 45.3 366
Borno 18.3 799 44.3 303
Gombe 30.2 419 36.8 180
Taraba 35.5 499 42.6 177
Yobe 19.9 476 11.5 181
North West
Jigawa 31.0 878 10.2 290
Kaduna 51.6 1,191 51.4 608
Kano 11.6 1,871 20.4 772
Katsina 21.4 1,243 14.4 455
Kebbi 18.2 672 47.0 275
Sokoto 9.1 725 25.6 268
Zamfara 22.4 654 28.7 246
South East
Abia 63.6 690 70.4 269
Anambra 13.6 910 38.1 360
Ebonyi 50.9 514 60.9 149
Enugu 32.1 668 54.2 208
Imo 26.5 788 37.9 290
South South
Akwa Ibom 32.7 833 40.1 352
Bayelsa 62.9 384 91.6 190
Cross River 51.7 649 71.9 266
Delta 23.3 952 48.0 374
Edo 28.0 664 68.5 295
Rivers 47.5 1,308 61.6 659
South West
Ekiti 51.7 465 64.4 228
Lagos 38.1 2,180 55.0 1,106
Ogun 46.5 774 42.8 269
Ondo 35.4 689 46.0 288
Osun 23.3 762 45.3 329
Oyo 55.6 1,081 32.0 452
Total 15-49 32.1 29,489 46.8 12,276

50-59 na na 35.8 1,678
Total men 15-59 na na 45.4 13,954
na = Not applicable
Appendix A | 407
Table A-13.8.1 Multiple sexual partners and higher-risk sexual intercourse in the past 12 months: Women by state
Among all women age 15-49, the percentage who had sexual intercourse with more than one sexual partner and the percentage who had higher-risk sexual intercourse in the past 12
months; among women age 15-49 who had sexual intercourse in the past 12 months, the percentage who had sexual intercourse with more than one partner and the percentage who had
408 | Appendix A
higher-risk sexual intercourse in the past 12 months; among women who had more than one partner in the past 12 months, the percentage who used a condom at last sexual intercourse;
and among women who had higher-risk sexual intercourse in the past 12 months, the percentage who used a condom at last sexual intercourse with that person; and among women who
ever had sexual intercourse, the mean number of sexual partners during lifetime, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Women who had

Women who had 2+ higher-risk sexual Women who ever
Women who had sexual intercourse in partners in the past intercourse1 in the past had sexual
All women the past 12 months 12 months 12 months intercourse
Percentage higher-risk Percentage higher-risk who used a condom at last Mean
who had 2+ sexual who had 2+ sexual condom sexual number of
the past in the past the past in the past sexual with that partners in
State of residence 12 months 12 months Number 12 months 12 months Number intercourse Number person Number lifetime Number
North Central
FCT-Abuja 0.5 11.7 369 0.7 16.7 259 * 2 55.4 43 1.3 289
Benue 6.5 18.8 972 9.2 26.4 690 6.5 64 15.2 183 2.1 788
Kogi 0.6 12.3 792 0.9 19.2 508 * 5 34.3 97 1.4 614
Kwara 0.3 4.4 553 0.4 7.0 349 * 2 (41.0) 24 1.3 463
Nasarawa 1.1 9.2 458 1.4 12.2 344 * 5 10.5 42 1.3 386
Niger 0.6 1.3 827 0.9 1.7 611 * 5 * 11 1.2 702
Plateau 0.1 2.6 777 0.1 3.8 525 * 1 (19.4) 20 1.2 603
North East
Adamawa 0.4 5.0 764 0.5 6.6 581 * 3 37.3 38 1.2 630
Bauchi 0.5 0.3 998 0.5 0.3 918 * 5 * 3 1.3 943
Borno 0.5 0.6 912 0.6 0.7 794 * 5 * 5 1.4 826
Gombe 0.1 2.4 465 0.1 2.9 381 * 0 * 11 1.2 422
Taraba 1.9 12.5 587 2.5 16.8 438 * 11 7.6 74 2.2 497
Yobe 0.9 0.0 537 1.0 0.0 485 * 5 na 0 1.2 501
North West
Jigawa 0.5 0.0 959 0.5 0.0 911 * 5 na 0 1.2 924
Kaduna 0.7 3.7 1,333 0.9 4.9 1,010 * 9 (24.3) 50 1.1 1,087
Kano 0.1 0.1 2,070 0.1 0.1 1,792 * 2 * 2 1.2 1,845
Katsina 0.2 0.1 1,372 0.2 0.1 1,272 * 2 * 1 1.2 1,287
Kebbi 0.1 0.0 732 0.1 0.0 646 * 1 na 0 1.1 662
Sokoto 0.4 0.2 822 0.5 0.2 753 * 3 50.0 2 1.2 768
Zamfara 0.0 0.0 733 0.0 0.0 671 na 0 na 0 1.2 673
South East
Abia 0.4 18.6 775 0.6 27.6 522 * 3 32.2 144 2.0 604
Anambra 2.0 12.6 1,042 3.2 19.8 663 * 21 45.5 131 1.6 782
Ebonyi 0.5 9.8 586 1.0 18.2 315 * 3 26.4 57 1.4 441
Enugu 0.7 11.1 780 1.5 22.9 379 * 6 49.5 87 1.8 495
Imo 1.0 12.7 908 1.6 20.3 565 * 9 46.4 115 1.6 688
Continued...
Table A- 13.8.1—Continued
Women who had 2+ Women who had higher- Women who ever
Women who had sexual intercourse in partners in the past risk sexual intercourse1 in had sexual
All women the past 12 months 12 months the past 12 months intercourse
South South
Akwa Ibom 3.5 30.2 938 4.4 38.0 746 (36.9) 33 33.3 283 2.7 812
Bayelsa 2.7 28.4 468 3.4 35.2 378 * 13 16.7 133 2.3 410
Cross River 1.4 22.7 735 2.0 31.2 535 * 11 43.5 167 1.7 615
Delta 1.2 21.8 1,071 1.5 28.5 821 * 12 38.2 233 2.0 911
Edo 0.9 14.4 770 1.3 20.3 545 * 7 29.4 111 1.7 604
Rivers 3.1 29.1 1,490 4.1 37.9 1,142 * 46 25.3 433 2.7 1,229
South West
Ekiti 1.2 15.8 556 1.7 22.1 396 * 7 22.3 88 2.0 467
Lagos 1.1 15.6 2,446 1.5 21.1 1,806 * 27 50.3 381 2.0 1,957
Ogun 0.7 9.9 870 1.0 13.9 621 * 6 19.8 86 1.7 726
Ondo 0.1 15.4 791 0.2 20.8 587 * 1 32.3 122 1.7 651
Osun 0.2 11.1 922 0.3 17.2 593 * 2 48.2 102 1.3 675
Oyo 0.4 5.4 1,205 0.6 7.2 895 * 5 (24.9) 65 1.4 997
Total 15-49 1.0 10.0 33,385 1.4 13.1 25,448 22.9 346 33.4 3,345 1.6 27,974
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has suppressed.
na = Not applicable
1
Appendix A | 409
Table A-13.8.2 Multiple sexual partners and higher-risk sexual intercourse in the past 12 months: Men by state
Among all men age 15-49, the percentage who had sexual intercourse with more than one sexual partner and the percentage who had higher-risk sexual intercourse in the past 12 months; among men
age 15-49 who had sexual intercourse in the past 12 months, the percentage who had sexual intercourse with more than one partner and the percentage who had higher-risk sexual iintercourse in the
past 12 months; among men who had more than one partner in the past 12 months, the percentage who used a condom at last sexual intercourse; and among men who had higher-risk sexual
410 | Appendix A
intercourse in the past 12 months, the percentage who used a condom at last sexual intercourse with that person; and among men who ever had sexual intercourse, the mean number of sexual partners
during lifetime, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Men who had 2+ Men who had higher-risk

Men who had sexual intercourse in partners in the past sexual intercourse1 in the Men who ever had
All men the past 12 months 12 months past 12 months sexual intercourse
North Central
FCT-Abuja 1.6 14.8 170 2.7 24.9 101 * 3 42.4 25 2.7 114
Benue 28.6 42.9 407 39.8 59.8 293 21.1 117 32.4 175 6.8 210
Kogi 12.5 36.9 360 17.6 51.7 257 22.0 45 38.8 133 3.0 281
Kwara 0.9 13.5 235 1.4 20.6 154 * 2 (57.0) 32 3.2 181
Nasarawa 7.8 30.5 211 11.4 44.3 145 (6.3) 16 40.4 64 4.6 154
Niger 17.1 5.6 359 28.4 9.3 216 * 61 * 20 2.6 231
Plateau 3.1 13.5 323 5.6 24.2 180 * 10 45.7 44 3.3 244
North East
Adamawa 6.2 18.8 302 9.8 29.7 191 (23.1) 19 41.8 57 3.6 220
Bauchi 4.9 1.1 421 7.3 1.7 281 * 21 * 5 1.9 289
Borno 3.5 7.0 332 4.7 9.6 243 * 12 (29.0) 23 2.8 257
Gombe 2.8 6.1 200 4.1 9.0 137 * 6 (24.6) 12 2.2 143
Taraba 18.0 24.6 198 24.7 33.8 144 12.9 36 27.7 49 5.3 168
Yobe 0.3 0.3 192 0.4 0.4 131 * 1 * 1 1.4 117
North West
Jigawa 8.1 0.6 316 11.0 0.8 232 (0.0) 26 * 2 2.1 234
Kaduna 5.3 11.0 700 9.2 19.1 405 (15.7) 37 57.6 77 2.4 416
Kano 0.2 0.4 853 0.4 0.7 445 * 2 * 3 1.7 464
Katsina 13.2 1.4 496 19.0 2.0 344 0.0 65 * 7 1.7 352
Kebbi 0.3 0.3 298 0.4 0.4 174 * 1 * 1 1.3 196
Sokoto 2.5 1.4 303 4.2 2.3 183 * 8 * 4 1.7 192
Zamfara 0.0 1.4 271 0.0 2.0 187 na 0 * 4 1.4 189
South East
Abia 13.2 36.0 311 18.8 51.3 218 (51.4) 41 71.4 112 5.1 234
Anambra 0.4 22.7 402 0.6 33.1 276 * 2 63.0 91 2.7 309
Ebonyi 3.5 21.6 174 6.0 37.4 100 * 6 46.5 37 3.5 118
Enugu 2.1 20.2 229 3.8 36.3 127 * 5 (55.7) 46 2.7 153
Imo 5.7 23.9 332 10.3 42.7 185 * 19 69.8 79 4.2 199
Continued...
Table 13.8.2—Continued
Men who had 2+ Men who had higher-risk

Men who had sexual intercourse in partners in the past sexual intercourse1 in the Men who ever had
All men the past 12 months 12 months past 12 months sexual intercourse
South South
Akwa Ibom 13.6 38.4 413 18.3 51.7 307 52.9 56 53.3 159 8.2 304
Bayelsa 22.1 48.5 225 27.8 61.1 178 20.4 50 29.9 109 8.9 187
Cross River 13.5 37.3 291 18.5 51.0 213 (37.6) 39 50.0 109 8.1 229
Delta 23.0 37.7 429 32.0 52.4 309 39.0 99 58.9 162 11.0 322
Edo 15.3 34.4 336 23.4 52.6 220 31.4 52 64.0 116 6.6 226
Rivers 20.6 47.8 743 28.0 64.9 547 40.7 153 48.5 355 7.3 560
South West
Ekiti 1.7 36.5 261 2.1 47.1 202 * 4 52.8 95 3.4 219
Lagos 14.1 35.9 1,200 18.9 48.1 894 63.9 169 75.4 431 4.8 855
Ogun 18.0 31.5 284 23.6 41.2 217 (24.8) 51 54.3 89 5.8 246
Ondo 14.3 36.2 339 18.8 47.7 258 53.8 48 61.9 123 5.3 260
Osun 4.3 25.4 390 6.3 37.3 266 * 17 69.6 99 2.8 285
Oyo 15.2 30.8 502 19.1 38.6 400 (30.6) 76 50.8 154 5.0 417
Total 15-49 9.9 22.5 13,808 14.7 33.2 9,362 33.1 1,373 54.4 3,104 4.3 9,774
50-59 12.9 5.1 1,678 14.9 5.9 1,462 4.7 217 29.8 86 4.5 1,510
Total men 15-59 10.3 20.6 15,486 14.7 29.5 10,824 29.3 1,590 53.8 3,190 4.3 11,284
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has suppressed.
na = Not applicable
1
Appendix A | 411
Table A-13.9 Payment for sexual intercourse and condom use at last paid sexual
intercourse: Men by state
Percentage of men age 15-49 who paid for sexual intercourse in the past 12 months,
and among them, the percentage who used a condom the last time they paid for
sexual intercourse, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Condom use at last paid

Payment for sexual sexual intercourse
intercourse in the past Percentage Number of
12 months who used a men who paid
Percentage condom at for sexual
who paid last paid intercourse in
for sexual Number of sexual the past
State of residence intercourse men intercourse 12 months
North Central
FCT-Abuja 0.0 170 na 0
Benue 1.3 407 * 5
Kogi 1.0 360 * 4
Kwara 0.0 235 na 0
Nasarawa 3.4 211 * 7
Niger 3.3 359 * 12
Plateau 0.7 323 * 2
North East
Adamawa 1.7 302 * 5
Bauchi 0.7 421 * 3
Borno 0.8 332 * 3
Gombe 0.9 200 * 2
Taraba 1.3 198 * 3
Yobe 0.3 192 * 1
North West
Jigawa 0.6 316 * 2
Kaduna 0.6 700 * 4
Kano 0.2 853 * 2
Katsina 0.9 496 * 5
Kebbi 0.0 298 na 0
Sokoto 0.3 303 * 1
Zamfara 1.0 271 * 3
South East
Abia 1.8 311 * 6
Anambra 0.4 402 * 2
Ebonyi 0.3 174 * 1
Enugu 2.7 229 * 6
Imo 2.2 332 * 7
South South
Akwa Ibom 2.5 413 * 10
Bayelsa 9.3 225 (30.8) 21
Cross River 1.7 291 * 5
Delta 5.4 429 * 23
Edo 1.9 336 * 6
Rivers 4.3 743 * 32
South West
Ekiti 0.6 261 * 1
Lagos 1.4 1,200 * 17
Ogun 0.5 284 * 1
Ondo 0.3 339 * 1
Osun 0.0 390 na 0
Oyo 0.7 502 * 4
Total 15-49 1.5 13,808 61.6 205

50-59 0.4 1,678 * 7
Total men 15-59 1.4 15,486 61.3 212
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk

indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has
suppressed.
na = Not applicable
412 | Appendix A
Table A-13.10.1 Coverage of prior HIV testing: Women by state
Percentage of women age 15-49 who know where to get an HIV test, percent distribution of women age 15-49 by testing
status and by whether they received the results of the last test, the percentage of women ever tested, and the percentage
of women age 15-49 who received their test results the last time they were tested for HIV in the past 12 months,
Percent distribution of women

by testing status and by whether
they received the results of the
last test Percentage
Percentage who received
who know Ever Ever results from last
where to tested, and tested, did Percentage HIV test taken
get an HIV received not receive Never ever in the past Number of
State of residence test results results tested1 Total tested 12 months women
North Central
FCT-Abuja 80.1 38.1 5.2 56.8 100.0 43.2 15.0 369
Benue 64.1 12.9 2.5 84.6 100.0 15.4 6.6 972
Kogi 34.5 8.5 1.6 89.9 100.0 10.1 3.6 792
Kwara 24.2 4.1 1.9 93.9 100.0 6.1 1.4 553
Nasarawa 22.3 6.9 0.9 92.2 100.0 7.8 3.3 458
Niger 18.6 5.9 0.3 93.8 100.0 6.2 2.6 827
Plateau 73.6 13.2 1.0 85.8 100.0 14.2 7.1 777
North East
Adamawa 39.9 1.6 0.2 98.2 100.0 1.8 0.9 764
Bauchi 24.4 4.9 1.7 93.4 100.0 6.6 2.1 998
Borno 9.0 2.0 1.1 96.9 100.0 3.1 0.7 912
Gombe 35.9 16.2 1.6 82.2 100.0 17.8 6.4 465
Taraba 52.0 7.0 0.3 92.7 100.0 7.3 4.1 587
Yobe 20.3 1.2 0.5 98.3 100.0 1.7 0.4 537
North West
Jigawa 12.7 0.8 0.3 98.9 100.0 1.1 0.4 959
Kaduna 70.9 12.3 3.1 84.6 100.0 15.4 5.1 1,333
Kano 14.5 4.7 1.0 94.4 100.0 5.6 3.4 2,070
Katsina 14.6 0.7 0.1 99.2 100.0 0.8 0.6 1,372
Kebbi 7.2 0.5 0.2 99.3 100.0 0.7 0.2 732
Sokoto 22.1 0.4 0.1 99.5 100.0 0.5 0.2 822
Zamfara 44.8 1.9 0.2 97.9 100.0 2.1 0.6 733
South East
Abia 69.2 32.6 3.0 64.4 100.0 35.6 16.5 775
Anambra 79.3 42.3 3.4 54.3 100.0 45.7 18.2 1,042
Ebonyi 65.3 11.2 3.4 85.4 100.0 14.6 4.5 586
Enugu 57.6 19.3 2.6 78.2 100.0 21.8 7.1 780
Imo 83.5 43.6 1.6 54.8 100.0 45.2 18.3 908
South South
Akwa Ibom 82.1 22.8 3.6 73.6 100.0 26.4 11.3 938
Bayelsa 44.0 6.9 0.9 92.2 100.0 7.8 2.4 468
Cross River 69.0 35.6 3.2 61.1 100.0 38.9 18.1 735
Delta 37.6 12.4 2.6 85.1 100.0 14.9 4.7 1,071
Edo 58.9 19.6 2.0 78.4 100.0 21.6 8.7 770
Rivers 51.3 23.2 2.9 73.8 100.0 26.2 11.6 1,490
South West
Ekiti 44.5 10.4 2.4 87.2 100.0 12.8 4.7 556
Lagos 79.0 36.5 2.9 60.6 100.0 39.4 15.4 2,446
Ogun 66.1 14.3 8.5 77.2 100.0 22.8 3.6 870
Ondo 61.8 10.8 6.4 82.9 100.0 17.1 5.2 791
Osun 64.1 8.3 2.0 89.7 100.0 10.3 3.9 922
Oyo 69.2 12.9 6.2 80.9 100.0 19.1 6.1 1,205
Total 15-49 48.6 14.6 2.3 83.1 100.0 16.9 6.6 33,385
1
Appendix A | 413
Table A-13.10.2 Coverage of prior HIV testing: Men by state
Percentage of men age 15-49 who know where to get an HIV test, percent distribution of men age 15-49 by testing status and by
whether they received the results of the last test, the percentage of men ever tested, and the percentage of men age 15-49 who
received their test results the last time they were tested for HIV in the past 12 months, according to state of residence, Nigeria
2008
Percent distribution of men by

testing status and by whether Percentage
they received the results of the who received
last test results from
Percentage Ever tested, Ever last HIV test
who know and tested, did Percentage taken in the
where to get received not receive Never ever past Number of
State of residence an HIV test results results tested1 Total tested 12 months men
North Central
FCT-Abuja 90.7 11.8 0.8 87.4 100.0 12.6 3.6 170
Benue 76.5 17.1 3.0 79.9 100.0 20.1 12.4 407
Kogi 73.1 15.1 0.3 84.7 100.0 15.3 7.0 360
Kwara 48.6 4.0 2.2 93.8 100.0 6.2 1.5 235
Nasarawa 55.3 18.9 1.0 80.1 100.0 19.9 12.0 211
Niger 50.4 6.4 1.0 92.6 100.0 7.4 2.6 359
Plateau 73.9 20.8 1.5 77.7 100.0 22.3 9.1 323
North East
Adamawa 75.0 9.8 0.5 89.8 100.0 10.2 4.0 302
Bauchi 44.6 0.9 1.9 97.2 100.0 2.8 0.0 421
Borno 59.0 1.8 1.1 97.1 100.0 2.9 0.8 332
Gombe 64.7 9.4 0.4 90.2 100.0 9.8 7.9 200
Taraba 65.4 5.7 1.0 93.4 100.0 6.6 2.1 198
Yobe 20.6 0.3 0.0 99.7 100.0 0.3 0.3 192
North West
Jigawa 47.7 3.3 0.3 96.4 100.0 3.6 1.3 316
Kaduna 54.4 8.1 1.0 91.0 100.0 9.0 3.1 700
Kano 79.9 8.1 0.8 91.1 100.0 8.9 4.9 853
Katsina 45.4 0.5 0.2 99.3 100.0 0.7 0.0 496
Kebbi 42.9 4.0 0.8 95.2 100.0 4.8 1.8 298
Sokoto 25.5 3.4 0.0 96.6 100.0 3.4 1.4 303
Zamfara 38.7 1.7 1.4 96.9 100.0 3.1 0.7 271
South East
Abia 77.0 24.9 2.8 72.2 100.0 27.8 12.1 311
Anambra 83.2 32.2 0.4 67.4 100.0 32.6 12.8 402
Ebonyi 73.1 20.4 1.7 77.8 100.0 22.2 9.1 174
Enugu 57.0 14.9 1.0 84.1 100.0 15.9 7.5 229
Imo 71.3 26.5 0.0 73.5 100.0 26.5 12.0 332
South South
Akwa Ibom 70.4 17.8 0.0 82.2 100.0 17.8 8.5 413
Bayelsa 71.7 6.4 0.2 93.3 100.0 6.7 3.1 225
Cross River 89.2 35.0 2.4 62.6 100.0 37.4 19.7 291
Delta 70.9 18.5 1.2 80.3 100.0 19.7 11.2 429
Edo 83.2 17.2 1.9 80.9 100.0 19.1 8.1 336
Rivers 58.9 22.7 2.0 75.3 100.0 24.7 10.9 743
South West
Ekiti 63.3 10.9 0.8 88.3 100.0 11.7 4.7 261
Lagos 79.9 28.5 3.0 68.6 100.0 31.4 12.3 1,200
Ogun 55.4 11.2 3.1 85.7 100.0 14.3 1.7 284
Ondo 60.8 6.4 0.6 93.0 100.0 7.0 1.9 339
Osun 87.3 17.3 3.1 79.6 100.0 20.4 4.8 390
Oyo 63.7 13.2 1.7 85.1 100.0 14.9 5.8 502
Total 15-49 65.1 14.0 1.4 84.6 100.0 15.4 6.5 13,808
50-59 58.1 12.6 1.1 86.3 100.0 13.7 5.1 1,678
Total men 15-59 64.3 13.9 1.3 84.8 100.0 15.2 6.4 15,486
1
414 | Appendix A
Table A-13.11 Pregnant women counselled and tested for HIV: States
Among all women age 15-49 who gave birth in the two years preceding the survey, the percentage
who received HIV counselling during antenatal care for their most recent birth, and percentage who
accepted an offer of HIV testing by whether they received their test results, according to state of
Percentage who were Percentage

offered and accepted who were
an HIV test during counselled,
Percentage antenatal care were offered Number of
who received and who:2 and accepted women who
HIV counselling Did not an HIV test, and gave birth in
during Received receive who received the past two
State of residence antenatal care1 results results results2 years3
North Central
FCT-Abuja 59.6 40.9 7.1 39.9 92
Benue 25.6 12.8 3.1 10.4 332
Kogi 28.5 13.7 3.7 12.2 170
Kwara 25.7 4.9 5.3 2.9 157
Nasarawa 7.9 9.0 1.1 5.2 126
Niger 8.3 4.2 0.3 3.4 345
Plateau 30.1 11.9 1.5 10.1 255
North East
Adamawa 12.7 0.0 0.3 0.0 277
Bauchi 7.7 6.3 2.1 4.9 475
Borno 10.9 1.8 1.0 1.6 388
Gombe 22.7 20.0 1.6 16.7 215
Taraba 21.4 6.1 0.9 5.7 203
Yobe 4.2 1.5 1.2 1.2 235
North West
Jigawa 2.2 0.6 0.6 0.2 399
Kaduna 22.1 12.3 3.1 11.2 484
Kano 9.1 5.6 1.6 4.5 952
Katsina 2.4 1.0 0.2 0.8 586
Kebbi 2.0 0.6 0.0 0.3 264
Sokoto 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.2 399
Zamfara 8.2 1.7 0.0 1.4 326
South East
Abia 50.9 48.7 6.3 38.0 186
Anambra 63.5 58.4 4.2 50.5 302
Ebonyi 21.2 10.8 6.1 8.6 162
Enugu 19.0 19.7 3.5 9.6 184
Imo 64.8 68.0 3.9 53.0 226
South South
Akwa Ibom 42.7 30.1 3.6 27.4 220
Bayelsa 11.7 5.1 0.4 4.7 142
Cross River 42.8 32.9 3.4 24.8 222
Delta 7.4 12.5 5.4 2.7 272
Edo 50.6 25.7 5.2 24.8 208
Rivers 29.5 23.0 4.9 16.7 398
South West
Ekiti 44.0 13.2 4.7 12.2 158
Lagos 69.1 61.1 5.2 57.3 604
Ogun 27.0 18.1 11.9 11.8 286
Ondo 35.9 16.5 8.8 14.6 202
Osun 41.8 18.1 3.6 17.6 193
Oyo 31.0 17.3 11.5 14.3 378
Total 15-49 23.5 16.0 3.1 13.3 11,027

1
In this context, ‘counselled’ means that someone talked with the respondent about all three of the
following topics: 1) babies getting the AIDS virus from their mother, 2) preventing transmission of the
virus, and 3) getting tested for the virus
2
Only women who were offered the test are included here; women who were either required or
asked for the test are excluded from the numerator of this measure
3
Denominator for percentages includes women who did not receive antenatal care for their last
birth in the past two years
Appendix A | 415
Table A-13.12 Male circumcision: States
Percentage of men age 15-49 who reported having

been circumcised, by state of residence, Nigeria
2008
Percentage Number of
State of residence circumcised men
North Central
FCT-Abuja 99.3 170
Benue 99.5 407
Kogi 97.2 360
Kwara 94.1 235
Nasarawa 100.0 211
Niger 94.7 359
Plateau 99.1 323
North East
Adamawa 99.3 302
Bauchi 97.1 421
Borno 98.4 332
Gombe 99.1 200
Taraba 98.6 198
Yobe 98.0 192
North West
Jigawa 97.6 316
Kaduna 99.2 700
Kano 98.3 853
Katsina 97.6 496
Kebbi 98.5 298
Sokoto 98.3 303
Zamfara 96.2 271
South East
Abia 96.1 311
Anambra 98.0 402
Ebonyi 98.6 174
Enugu 94.1 229
Imo 99.6 332
South South
Akwa Ibom 98.2 413
Bayelsa 99.3 225
Cross River 98.6 291
Delta 95.8 429
Edo 97.3 336
Rivers 95.9 743
South West
Ekiti 98.1 261
Lagos 98.8 1,200
Ogun 97.8 284
Ondo 96.9 339
Osun 99.8 390
Oyo 98.4 502
Total 15-49 97.9 13,808

50-59 98.0 1,678
Total men 15-59 97.9 15,486
416 | Appendix A
Table A-13.13 Self-reported prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and STI symptoms: States
Among women and men age 15-49 who ever had sexual intercourse, the percentage who reported having an STI and/or
symptoms of an STI in the past 12 months, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Percentage of women who reported: Percentage of men who reported:

Bad- STI/ Number of Bad- STI/ Number of
smelling/ genital women who smelling/ genital men who
abnormal Genital discharge/ ever had abnormal Genital discharge/ ever had
genital sore/ sore or sexual genital sore/ sore or sexual
State of residence STI discharge ulcer ulcer intercourse STI discharge ulcer ulcer intercourse
North Central
FCT-Abuja 0.8 1.2 0.6 1.7 294 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.7 114
Benue 5.1 9.1 1.5 11.2 825 3.2 3.5 1.0 4.2 313
Kogi 0.9 1.3 0.9 2.0 619 0.6 1.0 0.6 1.6 282
Kwara 1.6 0.7 0.3 2.3 468 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.8 184
Nasarawa 8.0 13.0 3.8 13.6 387 3.7 6.5 4.3 8.0 166
Niger 1.2 6.9 4.6 8.3 753 1.8 9.4 10.8 15.1 251
Plateau 1.2 2.1 1.1 2.5 612 2.4 6.2 1.2 6.2 250
North East
Adamawa 0.9 2.1 1.3 2.5 640 0.6 3.9 1.9 4.5 223
Bauchi 1.4 3.7 2.8 5.7 957 0.3 1.6 0.7 1.6 294
Borno 2.8 9.5 5.5 13.1 839 0.7 2.0 1.4 3.1 259
Gombe 1.3 2.5 2.0 3.5 428 2.7 1.3 1.0 3.0 144
Taraba 1.7 8.1 8.2 10.2 500 5.5 5.5 3.8 5.5 169
Yobe 0.1 0.6 0.9 1.4 501 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 135
North West
Jigawa 1.6 1.1 1.5 3.5 935 0.0 2.8 0.4 2.8 241
Kaduna 2.7 4.6 4.1 5.4 1,134 1.6 1.3 0.3 1.9 433
Kano 3.5 5.3 5.8 6.2 1,884 0.3 0.7 0.3 1.3 486
Katsina 0.6 0.9 0.5 1.4 1,357 0.6 1.6 0.3 1.9 363
Kebbi 5.3 3.5 2.9 6.4 678 5.1 7.9 1.1 9.4 208
Sokoto 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.7 780 0.4 4.3 1.7 4.8 198
Zamfara 2.0 6.0 5.5 7.0 697 1.0 1.5 0.5 1.9 201
South East
Abia 5.8 9.5 6.5 12.8 620 3.9 3.9 0.9 6.1 257
Anambra 4.5 3.8 2.4 4.9 805 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.5 315
Ebonyi 2.7 7.7 2.7 9.2 451 0.0 1.5 1.0 2.5 124
Enugu 3.5 9.0 4.1 11.6 537 1.4 0.7 0.0 1.4 165
Imo 2.9 2.8 1.3 4.4 715 0.7 0.7 0.0 0.7 234
South South
Akwa Ibom 0.7 0.8 1.1 1.6 845 2.4 3.1 1.0 4.1 337
Bayelsa 3.5 5.9 2.4 6.8 413 2.8 1.1 0.8 3.4 191
Cross River 1.5 2.9 2.0 4.5 631 0.0 0.8 0.8 1.2 246
Delta 0.3 0.6 0.5 1.2 933 2.5 2.9 1.0 4.4 348
Edo 0.6 0.6 0.4 1.3 624 0.7 0.4 0.4 1.1 248
Rivers 2.3 4.6 2.7 6.5 1,278 1.2 0.9 0.3 1.9 606
South West
Ekiti 0.3 2.0 0.9 2.8 473 1.0 0.3 0.3 1.0 220
Lagos 2.4 5.8 2.2 6.6 1,979 1.3 1.5 0.2 2.4 993
Ogun 0.2 1.6 0.4 2.2 740 2.0 2.0 1.0 2.6 252
Ondo 0.9 1.2 1.5 2.1 674 0.7 0.0 0.4 1.1 277
Osun 1.5 2.4 2.2 3.5 680 0.3 1.6 0.0 1.6 286
Oyo 0.7 0.4 0.0 0.9 1,013 1.2 0.8 0.0 1.2 427
Total 15-49 2.1 3.9 2.4 5.1 28,699 1.4 2.1 0.9 2.9 10,438
50-59 na na na na na 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.4 1,678
na = Not applicable
Appendix A | 417
Table A-13.14 Prevalence of medical injections: States
Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who received at least one medical injection in the past 12 months, the average number of medical
injections per person in the past 12 months, and among those who received a medical injection, the percentage of last medical injections for
which the syringe and needle were taken from a new, unopened package, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Women Men
For last For last
Percentage Average injection, Number of Percentage Average injection, Number of
who number of syringe and women who number of syringe and men
received a medical needle receiving received a medical needle receiving
medical injections taken from medical medical injections taken from medical
injection in per person Number a new, injections injection in per person Number a new, injections
the past in the past of unopened in the past the past in the past of unopened in the past
State of residence 12 months 12 months women package 12 months 12 months 12 months men package 12 months
North Central
FCT-Abuja 12.8 0.5 369 98.2 47 14.9 0.6 170 100.0 25
Benue 35.0 1.9 972 95.7 340 40.1 1.9 407 98.2 164
Kogi 17.9 1.0 792 96.2 141 22.1 1.9 360 100.0 80
Kwara 17.5 0.4 553 93.1 97 12.0 0.3 235 (94.9) 28
Nasarawa 24.6 1.1 458 95.3 113 43.3 2.1 211 98.9 91
Niger 17.1 1.0 827 92.0 141 22.8 1.4 359 93.4 82
Plateau 17.0 0.8 777 96.6 132 33.1 1.4 323 100.0 107
North East
Adamawa 23.8 0.8 764 97.5 182 46.4 1.9 302 98.5 140
Bauchi 28.8 1.2 998 90.5 287 30.1 1.6 421 97.7 127
Borno 16.4 0.6 912 79.1 149 25.4 0.9 332 99.0 84
Gombe 16.7 0.5 465 97.2 78 29.1 1.1 200 98.5 58
Taraba 22.2 1.0 587 98.6 131 25.5 1.4 198 99.1 50
Yobe 17.7 0.6 537 95.4 95 8.7 0.2 192 (100.0) 17
North West
Jigawa 10.0 0.3 959 97.0 96 35.9 1.4 316 96.6 114
Kaduna 19.9 1.0 1,333 97.2 266 21.2 0.9 700 100.0 148
Kano 16.2 0.5 2,070 95.0 336 22.5 1.0 853 100.0 192
Katsina 13.8 0.5 1,372 91.4 189 23.1 1.0 496 98.0 114
Kebbi 22.8 0.6 732 98.2 167 18.4 0.7 298 100.0 55
Sokoto 19.2 0.9 822 95.0 158 33.4 1.3 303 99.2 101
Zamfara 15.6 0.6 733 96.2 114 31.3 1.7 271 94.5 85
South East
Abia 44.5 2.3 775 96.6 345 28.9 1.7 311 100.0 90
Anambra 41.3 2.2 1,042 95.1 430 32.7 2.0 402 98.8 132
Ebonyi 20.8 0.7 586 96.1 122 18.4 0.9 174 94.5 32
Enugu 19.3 1.5 780 96.2 150 31.8 1.5 229 96.7 73
Imo 41.1 1.9 908 98.1 373 36.1 1.6 332 98.6 120
South South
Akwa Ibom 26.6 1.4 938 93.3 249 20.8 0.9 413 98.7 86
Bayelsa 24.1 1.0 468 93.1 113 32.8 1.5 225 99.3 74
Cross River 35.5 1.4 735 98.6 261 34.9 2.3 291 100.0 102
Delta 24.3 1.2 1,071 95.4 260 34.9 1.8 429 93.7 150
Edo 30.1 1.7 770 93.3 232 25.1 1.4 336 92.5 84
Rivers 32.6 1.7 1,490 98.4 486 28.9 1.8 743 94.8 215
South West
Ekiti 34.7 1.6 556 96.1 193 23.7 1.0 261 97.6 62
Lagos 37.1 1.5 2,446 97.2 907 30.0 1.6 1,200 94.8 360
Ogun 23.5 1.1 870 98.1 204 28.6 1.5 284 98.4 81
Ondo 22.2 0.9 791 95.9 176 30.6 1.8 339 99.0 104
Osun 37.3 1.3 922 98.5 344 21.5 0.9 390 100.0 84
Oyo 17.1 0.7 1,205 98.3 206 29.5 1.2 502 100.0 148
Total 15-49 24.9 1.1 33,385 95.9 8,311 27.9 1.4 13,808 97.7 3,857
Total men 15-59 na na na na na 27.9 1.4 15,486 97.8 4,314
Note : Medical injections are those given by a doctor, nurse, pharmacist, dentist, or other health worker. Figures in parentheses are based on
25-49 unweighted cases.
na = Not applicable
418 | Appendix A
Table A-13.15 Comprehensive knowledge about HIV and AIDS and of a source of condoms among youth:
States
Percentage of young women and young men age 15-24 with comprehensive knowledge about HIV and
AIDS and percentage with knowledge of a source of condoms, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008

Percentage with Percentage Percentage with Percentage
comprehensive who know comprehensive who know
knowledge of a condom Number of knowledge of a condom Number of
State of residence HIV and AIDS1 source2 women HIV and AIDS1 source2 men
North Central
FCT-Abuja 60.3 53.0 131 70.6 83.2 48
Benue 13.2 35.3 424 15.4 68.6 184
Kogi 25.7 34.6 334 41.4 78.7 153
Kwara 6.2 36.9 195 22.3 59.9 75
Nasarawa 26.5 12.0 178 37.2 80.4 93
Niger 13.0 11.3 306 10.9 47.1 143
Plateau 24.6 25.0 310 37.5 62.7 124
North East
Adamawa 21.2 36.1 297 26.3 78.9 126
Bauchi 4.2 4.8 372 28.6 27.2 139
Borno 13.0 16.6 333 13.8 45.3 106
Gombe 15.2 12.4 182 33.9 56.3 68
Taraba 14.6 25.0 229 65.5 62.3 62
Yobe 11.5 10.7 198 2.2 24.7 54
North West
Jigawa 12.0 1.2 288 10.7 1.1 71
Kaduna 30.1 25.9 531 60.5 81.9 278
Kano 20.7 6.9 798 53.2 71.7 297
Katsina 10.8 1.8 442 14.0 33.9 141
Kebbi 39.4 5.3 244 6.0 23.1 88
Sokoto 13.2 1.9 322 8.9 12.2 105
Zamfara 5.5 7.8 248 19.0 43.7 80
South East
Abia 49.5 55.9 300 38.0 82.9 129
Anambra 48.3 50.0 396 45.9 85.8 129
Ebonyi 17.6 51.1 223 29.7 60.6 78
Enugu 8.4 52.7 351 37.6 47.7 99
Imo 17.4 50.4 355 22.9 54.6 136
South South
Akwa Ibom 16.7 64.8 349 21.5 81.1 161
Bayelsa 45.2 56.5 231 72.5 89.6 97
Cross River 40.9 39.9 289 33.6 86.4 109
Delta 22.8 37.8 441 24.2 77.4 162
Edo 36.9 50.1 295 45.0 89.3 145
Rivers 14.8 58.4 618 29.1 76.2 260
South West
Ekiti 19.4 49.5 209 33.4 76.8 87
Lagos 23.6 80.2 820 31.6 91.3 343
Ogun 25.7 59.7 283 34.5 86.6 78
Ondo 16.2 48.9 304 29.2 78.6 135
Osun 34.0 56.1 393 51.4 79.1 154
Oyo 23.7 65.7 408 10.8 75.9 171
Total 22.2 36.6 12,626 32.6 68.0 4,910

1
Comprehensive knowledge means knowing that consistent use of condom during sexual intercourse and
having just one HIV-negative, uninfected faithful partner can reduce the chances of getting HIV, knowing
that a healthy-looking person can have HIV, and rejecting the two most common local misconceptions
about HIV transmission and prevention. The components of comprehensive knowledge are presented in
Tables 13.3.1 and 13.3.2.
2
Appendix A | 419
Table A-13.16 Age at first sexual intercourse among youth: States
Percentage of young women and of young men age 15-24 who had sexual intercourse before age 15 and percentage of young
women and of young men age 18-24 who had sexual intercourse before age 18, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Women age 15-24 Women age 18-24 Men age 15-24 Men age 18-24
Percentage Percentage Percentage Percentage
who had who had who had who had
before Number of before Number of before Number of before Number of
State of residence age 15 women age 18 women age 15 men age 18 men
North Central
FCT-Abuja 4.9 131 u u 2.7 48 u u
Benue 11.6 424 53.8 297 9.8 184 41.1 110
Kogi 13.0 334 37.4 215 3.0 153 34.7 112
Kwara 12.9 195 35.5 137 5.8 75 26.9 54
Nasarawa 14.6 178 41.3 124 11.5 93 40.9 71
Niger 19.9 306 53.2 236 8.2 143 25.0 105
Plateau 3.2 310 27.1 226 12.3 124 30.9 77
North East
Adamawa 14.4 297 46.6 212 2.9 126 32.0 92
Bauchi 40.7 372 77.9 251 2.1 139 16.3 84
Borno 40.6 333 73.1 221 3.5 106 18.4 77
Gombe 20.2 182 72.6 136 0.6 68 12.9 48
Taraba 16.9 229 61.9 141 10.1 62 36.3 41
Yobe 26.7 198 72.4 138 0.0 54 6.3 43
North West
Jigawa 25.6 288 80.8 207 4.0 71 12.7 45
Kaduna 16.2 531 52.0 389 1.6 278 12.3 185
Kano 29.0 798 69.7 599 0.0 297 2.2 216
Katsina 35.7 442 83.7 313 0.8 141 5.8 100
Kebbi 17.7 244 68.3 184 0.0 88 2.3 65
Sokoto 45.9 322 80.2 225 0.8 105 3.6 71
Zamfara 30.4 248 80.7 169 0.0 80 6.8 54
South East
Abia 6.3 300 27.9 215 9.5 129 41.0 87
Anambra 5.2 396 31.0 264 3.6 129 16.0 87
Ebonyi 6.1 223 28.3 151 5.6 78 22.7 54
Enugu 4.0 351 20.3 239 4.9 99 18.4 78
Imo 3.2 355 21.9 236 10.7 136 22.1 94
South South
Akwa Ibom 21.7 349 57.0 243 5.4 161 40.1 100
Bayelsa 20.2 231 77.7 146 4.9 97 55.9 63
Cross River 8.9 289 49.2 203 14.5 109 38.9 84
Delta 9.3 441 45.4 323 10.1 162 41.3 107
Edo 4.9 295 27.5 189 5.0 145 28.7 104
Rivers 10.4 618 44.1 436 8.7 260 36.4 176
South West
Ekiti 12.9 209 40.5 118 10.0 87 37.3 54
Lagos 3.1 820 23.1 555 4.8 343 21.8 248
Ogun 6.2 283 32.9 186 13.3 78 55.1 63
Ondo 9.8 304 45.4 203 11.6 135 47.7 83
Osun 3.5 393 27.8 233 5.5 154 16.1 93
Oyo 7.3 408 36.1 283 8.0 171 40.4 121
Total 15.7 12,626 49.3 8,731 5.7 4,910 25.6 3,378
420 | Appendix A
Table A-13.17 Condom use at first sexual intercourse among youth: States
Among young women and young men age 15-24 who have ever had sexual
intercourse, percentage who used a condom the first time they had sexual intercourse,
by state of residence, Nigeria 2008

Number of Percentage Number of
Percentage who women who who used a men who
used a condom have ever condom at have ever
at first sexual had sexual first sexual had sexual
State of residence intercourse intercourse intercourse intercourse
North Central
FCT-Abuja 23.2 60 * 7
Benue 5.5 279 8.6 95
Kogi 10.9 173 12.4 88
Kwara 9.8 116 (31.8) 29
Nasarawa 4.8 112 13.3 54
Niger 4.5 235 21.5 47
Plateau 10.0 154 15.6 59
North East
Adamawa 8.5 177 15.0 57
Bauchi 1.2 332 (2.7) 35
Borno 3.0 267 19.0 46
Gombe 3.3 148 (11.9) 16
Taraba 2.3 145 6.6 36
Yobe 0.3 162 (0.0) 15
North West
Jigawa 2.1 265 * 16
Kaduna 10.3 342 11.2 61
Kano 0.8 622 * 21
Katsina 2.4 427 (0.0) 32
Kebbi 0.8 193 * 12
Sokoto 1.2 283 * 12
Zamfara 0.4 213 * 19
South East
Abia 22.7 158 32.8 78
Anambra 17.2 196 (39.8) 52
Ebonyi 13.7 98 28.8 32
Enugu 26.3 143 (27.8) 44
Imo 26.0 181 (51.6) 54
South South
Akwa Ibom 21.1 265 18.7 84
Bayelsa 9.5 176 9.0 65
Cross River 28.3 188 29.1 68
Delta 10.1 307 29.1 90
Edo 12.4 153 31.5 66
Rivers 16.3 419 18.0 147
South West
Ekiti 15.9 132 22.1 49
Lagos 31.5 396 39.6 160
Ogun 16.2 158 (19.9) 51
Ondo 19.2 190 36.3 75
Osun 24.3 160 36.4 57
Oyo 7.7 232 18.1 103
Total 10.5 8,259 22.2 2,031

indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been
suppressed.
Appendix A | 421
Table A-13.18 Premarital sexual intercourse and condom use during premarital sexual intercourse among youth: States
Among never-married women and men age 15-24, the percentage who have never had sexual intercourse, the percentage who had sexual
intercourse in the past 12 months, and, among those who had premarital sexual intercourse in the past 12 months, the percentage who used
a condom at the last sexual intercourse, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Never-married women age 15-24 Never-married men age 15-24

Among women Among men
who had sexual who had sexual
intercourse in the intercourse in the
Percentage past 12 months Percentage past 12 months
Percentage who had Percentage Percentage who had Percentage
who have sexual Number who used who have sexual Number who used
never had intercourse of never- condom at Number never had intercourse of never- condom at Number
State of sexual in the past married last sexual of sexual in the past married last sexual of
residence intercourse 12 months women intercourse women intercourse 12 months men intercourse men
North Central
FCT-Abuja 69.3 22.4 103 54.3 23 86.9 10.6 48 * 5
Benue 66.7 26.5 218 23.2 58 55.5 38.3 161 30.0 62
Kogi 66.4 30.6 242 34.1 74 45.9 50.3 142 38.0 71
Kwara 74.7 19.5 105 (45.0) 20 65.8 25.7 67 * 17
Nasarawa 60.3 32.1 110 12.5 35 48.8 39.5 82 33.3 32
Niger 85.1 7.4 83 * 6 79.6 12.9 121 * 16
Plateau 80.7 13.7 191 (14.9) 26 58.4 23.9 112 (43.1) 27
North East
Adamawa 80.4 15.6 149 (38.7) 23 57.9 29.9 118 34.7 35
Bauchi 95.4 4.6 42 * 2 96.4 0.9 108 * 1
Borno 97.2 1.4 68 * 1 73.1 21.5 81 * 17
Gombe 76.2 17.7 44 * 8 83.0 13.4 63 * 8
Taraba 58.4 35.5 145 7.8 52 45.4 37.4 58 (19.7) 22
Yobe 100.0 0.0 36 na 0 97.2 0.0 40 na 0
North West
Jigawa 100.0 0.0 23 na 0 90.9 3.1 61 * 2
Kaduna 82.8 15.6 228 (23.4) 36 88.2 10.4 246 * 26
Kano 99.1 0.9 178 * 2 97.7 1.2 281 * 3
Katsina 92.9 0.0 16 na 0 95.9 1.0 114 * 1
Kebbi 98.5 0.0 52 na 0 99.0 1.0 77 * 1
Sokoto 97.8 0.0 39 na 0 95.6 0.9 98 * 1
Zamfara 97.4 0.0 32 na 0 92.7 1.4 66 * 1
South East
Abia 58.2 30.6 244 29.6 75 40.7 44.2 125 74.2 55
Anambra 65.1 25.4 307 (39.4) 78 60.5 28.5 128 * 36
Ebonyi 70.2 18.6 179 34.9 33 62.5 24.2 73 (41.4) 18
Enugu 70.7 19.2 293 55.2 56 58.1 21.6 95 * 21
Imo 61.7 25.6 283 (44.6) 73 61.1 23.5 134 * 32
South South
Akwa Ibom 32.1 61.1 260 32.9 159 49.3 43.4 155 48.2 67
Bayelsa 33.7 61.6 163 16.6 100 37.3 55.9 86 26.7 48
Cross River 42.8 45.8 235 50.5 108 37.6 48.6 108 54.8 52
Delta 43.8 50.9 306 42.4 156 48.6 44.1 148 54.4 65
Edo 60.6 34.1 235 30.5 80 56.6 35.0 140 51.9 49
Rivers 40.6 55.0 490 28.2 270 45.5 42.4 249 35.8 106
South West
Ekiti 45.1 47.4 170 18.6 81 44.0 52.6 85 43.6 45
Lagos 60.8 35.3 698 58.0 246 53.9 39.5 339 68.2 134
Ogun 63.1 28.7 198 (23.3) 57 37.2 50.5 73 (65.6) 37
Ondo 47.6 41.3 239 34.7 99 46.3 49.9 130 67.0 65
Osun 75.8 22.9 306 50.1 70 65.2 25.9 150 (73.5) 39
Oyo 76.7 18.7 230 (25.0) 43 44.8 47.4 153 (47.4) 72
Total 62.9 31.0 6,940 35.5 2,148 63.7 28.6 4,516 50.1 1,289
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted
na = Not applicable
422 | Appendix A
higher-risk intercourse in the past 12 months: Women by state
Among young women age 15-24 who had sexual intercourse in the past 12 months, the
higher-risk sexual intercourse, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Women age 15-24 who had

Women age 15-24 who higher-risk sexual
had sexual intercourse in intercourse in the past
the past 12 months 12 months:
Percentage who
the past Number of sexual Number of
State of residence 12 months1 women intercourse1 women
North Central
FCT-Abuja 47.0 51 54.1 24
Benue 31.3 248 19.9 78
Kogi 48.8 150 34.5 73
Kwara 21.2 86 (46.3) 18
Nasarawa 35.2 100 11.1 35
Niger 3.8 186 * 7
Plateau 9.2 134 * 12
North East
Adamawa 15.5 164 (41.2) 26
Bauchi 0.9 321 * 3
Borno 0.4 263 * 1
Gombe 6.3 131 * 8
Taraba 41.6 127 7.6 53
Yobe 0.0 159 na 0
North West
Jigawa 0.0 260 na 0
Kaduna 10.9 317 (24.2) 34
Kano 0.3 603 * 2
Katsina 0.0 406 na 0
Kebbi 0.0 187 na 0
Sokoto 0.0 273 na 0
Zamfara 0.0 205 na 0
South East
Abia 58.2 128 29.6 75
Anambra 50.1 166 41.0 83
Ebonyi 45.0 75 32.5 34
Enugu 54.7 107 56.8 58
Imo 52.7 138 (44.6) 73
South South
Akwa Ibom 70.0 242 32.2 169
Bayelsa 62.9 166 16.5 104
Cross River 66.5 153 49.6 102
Delta 54.0 288 42.4 156
Edo 57.2 138 30.8 79
Rivers 70.3 392 27.7 275
South West
Ekiti 59.7 115 21.8 69
Lagos 65.4 361 57.1 236
Ogun 47.6 125 (24.4) 59
Ondo 59.9 158 32.9 95
Osun 49.9 142 50.8 71
Oyo 20.4 202 * 41
Total 15-24 28.8 7,469 35.5 2,154
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates
that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has suppressed.
na = Not applicable.
1
Appendix A | 423
higher-risk intercourse in the past 12 months: Men by state
Among young men age 15-24 who had sexual intercourse in the past 12 months, the
percentage who had higher-risk sexual intercourse, and among those who had
higher-risk sexual intercourse in the past 12 months, the percentage who used a
condom at last higher-risk sexual intercourse, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Men age 15-24 who had Men age 15-24 who had
sexual intercourse in thehigher-risk sexual intercourse
past 12 months in the past 12 months:
Percentage who
the past Number of sexual Number of
State of residence 12 months1 men intercourse1 men
North Central
FCT-Abuja * 5 * 5
Benue 89.2 85 27.1 76
Kogi 90.0 81 37.0 73
Kwara (70.1) 24 * 17
Nasarawa 82.4 44 35.2 36
Niger 28.4 35 * 10
Plateau 71.7 38 (44.6) 27
North East
Adamawa 81.4 42 (35.4) 34
Bauchi (3.0) 32 * 1
Borno (33.5) 42 * 14
Gombe (55.2) 14 * 8
Taraba 89.0 25 20.9 23
Yobe (0.0) 13 na 0
North West
Jigawa * 12 * 2
Kaduna 48.7 57 * 28
Kano * 18 * 3
Katsina * 28 * 1
Kebbi * 12 * 1
Sokoto * 8 * 1
Zamfara * 15 * 2
South East
Abia 96.2 59 74.7 57
Anambra 96.2 38 * 36
Ebonyi 81.3 23 (43.5) 18
Enugu 84.9 24 * 21
Imo 95.8 33 * 32
South South
Akwa Ibom 92.6 73 51.3 68
Bayelsa 90.1 59 23.0 53
Cross River 98.2 53 54.8 52
Delta 89.8 79 55.5 71
Edo 88.3 54 54.7 48
Rivers 92.0 117 38.7 108
South West
Ekiti 96.9 46 43.6 45
Lagos 98.6 138 67.3 136
Ogun (93.8) 42 (61.2) 40
Ondo 94.5 69 67.1 65
Osun (91.3) 43 (71.8) 40
Oyo 83.2 91 (45.4) 76
Total 15-24 79.2 1,674 49.4 1,326

indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has
suppressed.
na = Not applicable
1
424 | Appendix A
Table A-13.20 Age-mixing in sexual relationships among
women age 15-19: States
Percentage of young women age 15-19 who had higher-risk

sexual intercourse in the past 12 months with a man who
was 10 or more years older than them, by state of
Percentage of Number of
women age women age
15-19 who had 15-19 who
higher-risk had higher-risk
sexual sexual
intercourse with intercourse
a man 10+ in the past
State of residence years older1 12 months1
North Central
FCT-Abuja * 6
Benue (13.5) 32
Kogi (5.1) 35
Kwara * 5
Nasarawa (40.2) 18
Niger * 3
Plateau * 5
North East
Adamawa * 9
Bauchi * 1
Borno * 1
Gombe * 4
Taraba (37.8) 23
Yobe na 0
North West
Jigawa na 0
Kaduna 9.0 13
Kano na 0
Katsina na 0
Kebbi na 0
Sokoto na 0
Zamfara na 0
South East
Abia (9.1) 35
Anambra * 26
Ebonyi * 12
Enugu * 22
Imo * 15
South South
Akwa Ibom 11.9 94
Bayelsa 8.4 59
Cross River (6.2) 47
Delta (6.4) 71
Edo (2.7) 34
Rivers 13.3 116
South West
Ekiti (0.0) 37
Lagos (9.6) 82
Ogun * 19
Ondo (0.0) 46
Osun * 23
Oyo * 12
Total 15-19 10.5 903
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49
unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is
based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has
suppressed
na = Not applicable
1
Sexual intercourse with a non-marital, non-cohabiting
partner
Appendix A | 425
Table A-13.21 Drunkenness during sexual intercourse among youth: States
Among all young women and young men age 15-24, the percentage who had sexual intercourse in the past 12
months while being drunk and percentage who had sexual intercourse in the past 12 months while drunk or with
a partner who was drunk, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008

Percentage Percentage who Percentage Percentage who
who had had sexual who had had sexual
sexual intercourse in the sexual intercourse in the
intercourse past 12 months intercourse past 12 months
in the past while drunk or Number in the past while drunk or Number
12 months with a partner of 12 months with a partner of
State of residence while drunk who was drunk women while drunk who was drunk men
North Central
FCT-Abuja 0.3 0.3 131 0.0 0.0 48
Benue 0.0 2.3 424 2.8 2.8 184
Kogi 0.3 1.1 334 0.6 0.6 153
Kwara 0.0 0.0 195 0.0 0.0 75
Nasarawa 0.3 1.3 178 2.8 2.8 93
Niger 0.0 0.6 306 0.0 0.0 143
Plateau 0.0 0.5 310 0.6 0.6 124
North East
Adamawa 0.0 1.3 297 1.7 1.7 126
Bauchi 0.0 0.0 372 0.0 0.0 139
Borno 0.0 0.0 333 0.0 0.0 106
Gombe 0.0 0.8 182 0.0 0.0 68
Taraba 0.4 0.8 229 0.0 0.0 62
Yobe 0.0 0.0 198 0.0 0.0 54
North West
Jigawa 0.0 0.0 288 0.0 0.0 71
Kaduna 0.0 0.7 531 0.0 0.0 278
Kano 0.0 0.0 798 0.0 0.0 297
Katsina 0.0 0.0 442 0.0 0.0 141
Kebbi 0.0 0.3 244 0.0 0.0 88
Sokoto 0.3 0.3 322 0.0 0.0 105
Zamfara 0.0 0.0 248 0.0 0.0 80
South East
Abia 0.0 0.7 300 6.9 6.9 129
Anambra 0.0 1.6 396 2.5 2.5 129
Ebonyi 0.0 0.0 223 1.5 2.4 78
Enugu 1.6 2.2 351 3.7 3.7 99
Imo 0.0 0.0 355 3.1 3.1 136
South South
Akwa Ibom 1.0 1.3 349 0.7 1.3 161
Bayelsa 1.0 2.2 231 0.0 0.0 97
Cross River 0.3 2.0 289 1.8 1.8 109
Delta 3.3 6.3 441 0.0 1.0 162
Edo 0.3 0.3 295 3.7 3.7 145
Rivers 2.5 6.0 618 2.2 2.2 260
South West
Ekiti 0.0 0.4 209 0.0 0.0 87
Lagos 0.0 1.2 820 1.1 1.1 343
Ogun 0.0 0.9 283 1.7 1.7 78
Ondo 0.0 0.0 304 0.0 0.0 135
Osun 0.0 0.5 393 0.6 0.6 154
Oyo 0.0 0.0 408 0.0 0.0 171
Total 15-24 0.4 1.1 12,626 1.1 1.1 4,910
426 | Appendix A
Table A-13.22 Recent HIV tests among youth: States
Among young women and young men age 15-24 who had sexual intercourse in the
past 12 months, the percentage who were tested for HIV in the past 12 months and
received the results, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Women age 15-24 who Men age 15-24 who had

had sexual intercourse in sexual intercourse in the
the past 12 months past 12 months
who were who were
tested for HIV tested for HIV
in the past 12 in the past 12
months and months and
received the Number of received the Number of
State of residence results women results men
North Central
FCT-Abuja 12.0 51 * 5
Benue 6.7 248 11.9 85
Kogi 1.8 150 5.6 81
Kwara 0.9 86 (3.0) 24
Nasarawa 3.9 100 11.5 44
Niger 2.4 186 (8.0) 35
Plateau 8.7 134 4.0 38
North East
Adamawa 1.4 164 8.5 42
Bauchi 3.2 321 (0.0) 32
Borno 0.3 263 (2.2) 42
Gombe 7.4 131 (0.0) 14
Taraba 5.5 127 0.0 25
Yobe 1.1 159 (0.0) 13
North West
Jigawa 0.0 260 * 12
Kaduna 4.0 317 2.2 57
Kano 2.5 603 * 18
Katsina 1.4 406 * 28
Kebbi 0.0 187 * 12
Sokoto 0.0 273 * 8
Zamfara 1.3 205 * 15
South East
Abia 24.6 128 15.1 59
Anambra 27.4 166 * 38
Ebonyi 11.5 75 (8.2) 23
Enugu 12.4 107 * 24
Imo 30.7 138 * 33
South South
Akwa Ibom 11.0 242 4.7 73
Bayelsa 3.3 166 0.9 59
Cross River 24.2 153 22.2 53
Delta 3.7 288 9.6 79
Edo 8.5 138 8.3 54
Rivers 14.5 392 11.2 117
South West
Ekiti 4.5 115 4.7 46
Lagos 13.5 361 8.1 138
Ogun 6.4 125 (0.0) 42
Ondo 8.1 158 5.5 69
Osun 7.8 142 (8.7) 43
Oyo 8.8 202 5.8 91
Total 15-24 6.8 7,469 7.1 1,674

indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has suppressed.
Appendix A | 427
428 | Appendix A
Table A-15.2.1 Control over women's cash earnings and relative magnitude of women's earnings: Women by state
Percent distribution of currently married women age 15-49 who received cash earnings for employment in the 12 months preceding the
survey by person who decides how wife's cash earnings are used and by whether she earned more or less than her husband, according
to state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Person who decides how the wife's cash Women's cash earnings compared with
earnings are used: husband's cash earnings:
Wife Husband/
and About partner Don't Number
Mainly husband Mainly the has no know/ of
State of residence wife jointly husband Other Missing Total More Less same earnings missing Total women
North Central
FCT-Abuja 65.8 28.8 5.4 0.0 0.0 100.0 4.0 87.9 3.7 1.3 3.0 100.0 138
Benue 47.3 33.6 18.9 0.3 0.0 100.0 6.5 85.3 4.9 1.2 2.1 100.0 433
Kogi 44.3 52.9 2.9 0.0 0.0 100.0 3.2 79.0 8.6 0.3 8.9 100.0 283
Kwara 24.3 24.4 51.3 0.0 0.0 100.0 3.9 83.1 11.6 0.7 0.7 100.0 331
Nasarawa 35.5 55.0 9.1 0.0 0.4 100.0 6.1 64.3 29.1 0.0 0.4 100.0 100
Niger 67.6 12.1 12.4 0.0 7.9 100.0 6.2 74.2 6.2 2.9 10.5 100.0 366
Plateau 23.4 61.6 14.9 0.0 0.0 100.0 5.3 87.2 6.8 0.0 0.7 100.0 102
North East
Adamawa 67.9 12.3 18.2 0.0 1.7 100.0 5.3 91.1 0.7 1.0 2.0 100.0 227
Bauchi 78.0 3.4 14.7 3.0 0.9 100.0 3.7 91.1 1.3 2.3 1.6 100.0 547
Borno 64.6 6.1 27.8 0.3 1.3 100.0 1.3 86.3 5.3 1.3 5.9 100.0 360
Gombe 72.6 19.9 6.8 0.0 0.7 100.0 2.3 94.7 1.2 1.1 0.7 100.0 120
Taraba 63.9 26.7 8.7 0.2 0.4 100.0 2.7 82.4 10.6 1.0 3.4 100.0 209
Yobe 80.1 8.4 10.9 0.0 0.5 100.0 0.8 91.9 1.7 0.0 5.6 100.0 215
North West
Jigawa 55.0 2.5 41.8 0.0 0.8 100.0 1.8 90.3 1.4 0.0 6.4 100.0 457
Kaduna 80.7 12.6 4.8 0.0 1.9 100.0 2.3 89.3 4.7 0.0 3.7 100.0 340
Kano 94.2 0.1 5.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 1.6 67.4 0.9 0.1 30.0 100.0 1,178
Katsina 94.1 3.0 2.7 0.0 0.2 100.0 1.0 94.9 3.4 0.2 0.5 100.0 688
Kebbi 82.2 3.4 5.5 0.2 8.7 100.0 4.8 85.9 0.2 0.2 8.9 100.0 333
Sokoto 95.4 2.9 1.3 0.0 0.4 100.0 0.8 97.9 0.2 0.0 1.1 100.0 454
Zamfara 82.3 8.0 9.4 0.0 0.3 100.0 1.5 90.8 2.4 0.3 4.9 100.0 291
South East
Abia 37.2 43.9 17.3 0.4 1.2 100.0 7.9 79.6 5.9 2.7 3.9 100.0 269
Anambra 42.1 20.0 36.1 0.5 1.2 100.0 15.6 77.6 4.9 0.0 1.9 100.0 267
Ebonyi 30.7 25.3 43.3 0.0 0.7 100.0 6.0 83.2 8.4 0.5 1.9 100.0 250
Enugu 13.0 46.9 36.2 1.5 2.3 100.0 14.4 73.5 6.8 1.5 3.8 100.0 145
Imo 7.8 57.5 34.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 5.2 60.1 19.7 1.4 13.6 100.0 313
South South
Akwa Ibom 52.7 38.2 8.7 0.0 0.3 100.0 9.1 81.5 3.6 0.9 5.0 100.0 381
Bayelsa 58.4 11.2 29.0 0.0 1.5 100.0 10.8 71.4 14.5 1.9 1.5 100.0 149
Cross River 31.1 58.3 8.3 0.0 2.3 100.0 8.4 72.0 16.6 0.8 2.3 100.0 126
Delta 79.5 15.9 3.3 0.0 1.3 100.0 7.2 75.3 9.3 1.4 6.8 100.0 388
Edo 71.8 10.3 17.3 0.0 0.6 100.0 3.4 79.9 3.2 1.4 12.1 100.0 317
Rivers 40.6 47.1 11.7 0.0 0.6 100.0 9.8 77.8 5.0 1.9 5.6 100.0 318
South West
Ekiti 61.6 28.5 9.4 0.0 0.6 100.0 8.0 72.4 8.3 0.6 10.8 100.0 262
Lagos 70.1 18.7 10.8 0.0 0.3 100.0 4.8 81.3 3.7 2.3 7.8 100.0 1,170
Ogun 73.3 24.0 2.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 4.9 81.8 9.0 0.5 3.8 100.0 561
Ondo 29.2 56.0 10.2 0.0 4.6 100.0 3.1 60.3 1.3 0.6 34.7 100.0 157
Osun 61.5 34.0 4.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 2.7 84.8 8.4 0.2 3.9 100.0 516
Oyo 83.0 12.1 4.9 0.0 0.0 100.0 3.5 89.2 2.2 0.6 4.4 100.0 875
Total 66.4 19.3 13.2 0.2 0.9 100.0 4.4 82.2 5.0 0.9 7.4 100.0 13,637
Appendix A | 429
Table A-15.2.2 Control over men's cash earnings: States
Percent distribution of currently married men age 15-49 who receive cash earnings and percent distribution of currently married women age 15-49
whose husbands receive cash earnings, by person who decides how men's cash earnings are used, according to state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Men Women
Person who decides how husband’s Person who decides how husband’s
Husband Number Husband Number
Mainly and wife Mainly of Mainly and wife Mainly of
State of residence wife jointly husband Other Missing Total men wife jointly husband Other Missing Total women
North Central
FCT-Abuja 0.0 1.9 98.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 68 1.9 26.9 70.7 0.2 0.3 100.0 227
Benue 3.0 32.3 64.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 139 4.8 31.7 63.2 0.3 0.0 100.0 596
Kogi 0.0 12.6 87.4 0.0 0.0 100.0 79 7.9 47.6 43.8 0.0 0.8 100.0 470
Kwara 0.0 1.7 98.3 0.0 0.0 100.0 131 3.8 32.6 63.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 417
Nasarawa 1.9 27.8 68.4 1.9 0.0 100.0 27 6.2 54.5 38.9 0.0 0.3 100.0 321
Niger 6.6 11.9 79.3 0.7 1.5 100.0 123 7.4 27.3 64.6 0.1 0.6 100.0 719
Plateau 0.8 75.7 23.4 0.0 0.0 100.0 95 0.3 74.7 24.1 0.0 0.9 100.0 521
North East
Adamawa 0.0 19.2 79.5 0.0 1.3 100.0 56 24.7 23.1 51.0 0.3 0.9 100.0 510
Bauchi 1.2 0.0 97.6 0.0 1.2 100.0 79 2.7 3.4 93.2 0.6 0.1 100.0 909
Borno 0.0 1.2 97.6 0.0 1.2 100.0 70 2.5 11.6 85.5 0.0 0.5 100.0 782
Gombe 8.2 15.0 76.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 33 18.6 26.0 54.8 0.1 0.3 100.0 401
Taraba 0.0 2.7 97.3 0.0 0.0 100.0 60 2.2 21.7 75.9 0.0 0.2 100.0 374
Yobe 0.0 0.0 98.6 0.0 1.4 100.0 39 0.9 2.1 96.4 0.3 0.2 100.0 479
North West
Jigawa 0.0 2.2 95.0 2.2 0.6 100.0 173 4.1 2.6 93.3 0.0 0.0 100.0 910
Kaduna 1.0 1.5 97.1 0.0 0.5 100.0 247 2.8 32.0 65.3 0.0 0.0 100.0 972
Kano 0.0 3.6 95.4 0.5 0.5 100.0 317 0.6 1.8 97.3 0.0 0.4 100.0 1,797
Katsina 0.7 3.6 90.0 4.3 1.4 100.0 163 2.1 17.5 79.0 0.3 1.1 100.0 1,330
Kebbi 0.0 31.0 69.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 44 30.1 4.1 65.6 0.0 0.2 100.0 665
Sokoto 1.2 5.9 92.9 0.0 0.0 100.0 73 1.4 2.4 96.2 0.0 0.0 100.0 757
Zamfara 1.3 1.3 97.4 0.0 0.0 100.0 72 2.2 18.5 78.8 0.0 0.5 100.0 665
South East
Abia 2.6 39.5 57.0 0.0 0.9 100.0 126 3.2 52.7 43.5 0.0 0.5 100.0 390
Anambra 3.2 11.9 84.9 0.0 0.0 100.0 191 3.4 36.6 59.8 0.0 0.3 100.0 575
Ebonyi 12.9 52.3 32.3 0.0 2.5 100.0 47 4.6 23.1 72.1 0.0 0.2 100.0 316
Enugu 0.0 17.8 77.2 0.0 5.0 100.0 75 4.3 48.5 45.1 0.6 1.6 100.0 359
Imo 1.3 46.4 52.3 0.0 0.0 100.0 110 1.6 64.5 33.2 0.4 0.3 100.0 478
South South
Akwa Ibom 2.1 53.4 44.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 166 9.1 34.7 55.7 0.0 0.5 100.0 485
Bayelsa 2.4 39.6 56.7 0.0 1.2 100.0 87 4.9 21.0 73.8 0.0 0.2 100.0 248
Cross River 0.0 33.8 66.2 0.0 0.0 100.0 64 5.4 49.0 45.0 0.0 0.7 100.0 408
Delta 0.0 54.7 45.3 0.0 0.0 100.0 178 5.3 15.8 78.6 0.0 0.2 100.0 608
Edo 0.0 11.5 87.8 0.0 0.7 100.0 133 3.0 14.2 81.7 0.0 1.0 100.0 448
Rivers 2.4 37.2 59.2 1.1 0.0 100.0 163 3.7 43.1 52.2 0.5 0.5 100.0 730
South West
Ekiti 0.0 9.6 89.6 0.0 0.8 100.0 98 10.0 38.4 51.2 0.2 0.2 100.0 330
Lagos 1.5 21.4 77.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 514 12.8 28.3 58.5 0.1 0.3 100.0 1,438
Ogun 0.0 17.0 83.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 161 5.9 25.5 68.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 602
Ondo 0.9 7.3 91.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 107 9.0 32.2 58.6 0.0 0.2 100.0 490
Osun 1.6 11.2 86.0 0.0 1.1 100.0 174 3.2 35.7 61.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 538
Oyo 0.0 1.3 98.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 272 6.6 13.1 80.1 0.0 0.2 100.0 916
Total 15-49 1.3 18.3 79.6 0.3 0.5 100.0 4,755 5.8 24.1 69.6 0.1 0.4 100.0 23,182
50-59 1.0 17.1 80.9 0.4 0.6 100.0 1,057 na na na na na na na
Total 15-59 1.2 18.1 79.8 0.3 0.5 100.0 5,811 na na na na na na na
na = Not applicable
430 | Appendix A
Table A-15.5.1 Women's participation in decision-making by state of residence: States
Percentage of currently married women age 15-49 who usually make specific decisions either by themselves or
jointly with their husband, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Specific decisions
Making Percentage Percentage
Making purchases Visits who who
Own major for daily to her participate participate in Number
health household household family or in all four none of the of
State of residence care purchases needs relatives decisions four decisions women
North Central
FCT-Abuja 49.3 49.5 55.5 54.4 46.3 41.0 229
Benue 52.1 55.2 75.7 69.7 42.3 14.4 626
Kogi 76.7 66.0 85.5 87.0 58.6 6.5 473
Kwara 35.5 34.4 47.7 57.4 29.0 39.8 420
Nasarawa 68.0 64.1 65.2 67.7 59.8 26.5 321
Niger 43.0 39.3 46.2 58.2 32.7 36.5 730
Plateau 62.0 74.0 79.3 72.3 58.2 16.5 521
North East
Adamawa 42.8 37.1 38.5 49.2 30.0 46.4 566
Bauchi 16.5 12.0 20.4 27.4 6.7 66.0 942
Borno 27.3 18.5 30.0 39.1 10.7 51.3 800
Gombe 44.1 41.0 48.3 57.1 33.3 35.0 403
Taraba 34.4 34.5 36.6 47.7 26.4 46.7 393
Yobe 5.7 2.7 5.0 18.0 1.8 78.9 481
North West
Jigawa 13.7 15.0 17.3 18.2 10.7 78.6 910
Kaduna 48.1 39.5 40.4 48.7 35.4 42.4 1,023
Kano 6.2 6.3 11.1 4.6 3.0 87.4 1,804
Katsina 23.8 23.8 34.2 59.2 19.6 39.9 1,336
Kebbi 13.3 12.5 12.1 29.1 8.2 64.7 666
Sokoto 4.6 1.6 2.6 24.4 1.1 74.4 759
Zamfara 26.4 25.0 28.7 32.7 19.9 60.9 691
South East
Abia 51.5 47.8 80.1 69.5 33.7 12.2 397
Anambra 61.0 51.7 65.3 64.8 39.9 25.2 578
Ebonyi 49.3 37.0 57.1 57.6 27.7 29.5 318
Enugu 58.2 59.4 64.3 64.1 53.7 31.7 361
Imo 66.1 62.6 71.7 69.5 58.0 25.5 484
South South
Akwa Ibom 63.6 44.9 83.7 82.6 28.3 7.4 489
Bayelsa 50.9 45.9 76.5 71.1 38.6 13.6 257
Cross River 67.9 68.4 91.9 90.0 56.3 2.8 409
Delta 78.1 58.6 80.0 91.4 51.9 5.5 618
Edo 67.0 57.2 72.4 73.8 51.2 22.6 459
Rivers 53.2 44.6 76.9 59.1 32.5 17.7 745
South West
Ekiti 76.2 62.1 72.2 82.3 57.1 13.0 333
Lagos 68.9 58.0 72.9 74.7 53.6 19.9 1,469
Ogun 65.7 54.2 66.5 79.8 48.6 15.8 606
Ondo 74.4 61.2 77.9 80.5 55.7 13.3 496
Osun 65.3 52.3 64.9 74.9 49.1 23.7 541
Oyo 67.7 41.1 74.8 92.0 37.6 5.2 922
Total 43.6 37.6 49.6 54.9 31.4 38.4 23,578
Appendix A | 431
Table A-15.5.2 Men's attitudes towards wives' participation in decision-making: States
Percentage of currently married men age 15-49 who think a wife should have the greater say alone or equal say with her
husband on five specific kinds of decisions, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Specific decision
Making What to
Making purchases Visits do with
major for daily to her the money How many All None of Number
household household family or the wife children five the five of
State of residence purchases needs relatives earns to have decisions decisions men
North Central
FCT-Abuja 2.0 35.9 54.9 60.3 46.3 0.5 36.7 81
Benue 32.2 78.1 55.2 70.0 23.6 4.2 3.7 191
Kogi 9.1 38.2 36.4 65.5 46.1 4.2 15.7 149
Kwara 9.0 51.0 55.5 76.9 60.0 7.0 11.2 144
Nasarawa 33.6 39.0 43.3 49.8 45.1 23.8 30.3 104
Niger 34.7 59.8 56.7 85.3 56.2 25.4 10.2 202
Plateau 18.3 45.4 37.1 80.2 76.1 11.5 9.0 170
North East
Adamawa 4.4 25.6 75.9 71.4 60.6 2.0 4.9 146
Bauchi 0.4 1.1 13.1 59.7 40.1 0.4 27.2 282
Borno 1.2 6.6 20.0 26.5 18.4 0.4 61.7 212
Gombe 19.5 22.6 54.3 56.3 33.4 10.9 24.8 124
Taraba 2.9 3.9 15.3 74.4 20.8 1.3 23.2 110
Yobe 2.1 5.6 33.4 20.0 15.0 0.8 54.2 128
North West
Jigawa 1.3 3.7 22.5 12.4 33.7 0.8 47.7 227
Kaduna 6.7 71.3 48.2 84.6 23.9 4.9 9.0 342
Kano 1.1 1.1 38.7 77.2 49.5 0.4 15.0 455
Katsina 4.0 18.0 59.3 63.7 37.7 1.7 30.0 350
Kebbi 30.1 30.9 59.9 65.8 39.0 20.2 19.9 205
Sokoto 3.3 3.3 58.9 68.7 65.9 1.9 15.0 183
Zamfara 1.5 5.0 57.0 50.1 16.9 0.5 32.6 189
South East
Abia 46.1 77.8 60.7 66.7 68.5 22.2 4.2 129
Anambra 17.4 97.5 85.1 96.8 84.4 13.3 0.0 194
Ebonyi 30.0 79.3 62.1 71.0 56.2 12.8 7.8 71
Enugu 29.9 66.2 51.2 73.9 80.1 6.2 10.0 97
Imo 49.4 89.2 47.6 85.8 70.8 29.8 2.7 115
South South
Akwa Ibom 67.8 92.8 90.1 95.4 93.9 65.1 1.9 168
Bayelsa 26.5 48.6 64.6 81.2 56.4 19.3 7.7 97
Cross River 41.1 79.1 42.7 54.4 46.6 12.4 7.0 127
Delta 20.1 79.4 32.4 63.4 57.3 6.5 4.6 193
Edo 47.2 97.3 66.2 70.9 69.6 40.5 0.7 134
Rivers 32.1 80.5 50.5 58.1 49.0 11.2 11.1 270
South West
Ekiti 10.8 26.8 46.0 59.3 35.7 5.1 22.3 114
Lagos 16.7 61.7 53.7 87.2 62.8 8.0 5.6 534
Ogun 11.1 55.9 14.9 61.1 21.4 4.0 20.6 163
Ondo 18.9 49.7 28.2 72.7 61.0 8.1 9.2 163
Osun 2.6 70.4 35.7 81.9 24.7 0.5 9.3 180
Oyo 6.7 68.0 51.9 87.3 84.3 3.6 6.0 275
Total 15-49 16.2 45.6 47.4 68.7 49.1 9.1 16.3 7,018
50-59 18.6 47.4 48.0 70.5 46.9 11.4 16.9 1,599
Total 15-59 16.6 46.0 47.5 69.0 48.7 9.5 16.4 8,618
432 | Appendix A
Table A-15.6.1 Attitudes towards wife beating: Women by state
Percentage of all women age 15-49 who agree that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife for
specific reasons, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008

Refuses to Percentage who
Burns Goes out Neglects have sexual agree with at Number
the Argues without the intercourse least one of
State of residence food with him telling him children with him specified reason women
North Central
FCT-Abuja 1.5 10.9 5.3 11.6 2.6 14.3 369
Benue 26.2 47.8 48.7 50.1 42.4 60.6 972
Kogi 16.4 13.1 34.1 39.7 21.8 45.1 792
Kwara 2.5 5.6 11.3 9.7 5.2 16.5 553
Nasarawa 10.4 16.9 30.6 19.2 24.3 39.0 458
Niger 28.7 46.4 66.2 67.1 54.6 70.9 827
Plateau 36.7 40.2 42.1 42.9 39.1 49.2 777
North East
Adamawa 12.1 13.7 25.0 17.5 37.6 44.1 764
Bauchi 48.6 57.5 56.8 56.5 59.4 71.3 998
Borno 30.9 32.8 39.5 35.6 43.9 58.2 912
Gombe 34.1 31.9 49.7 44.9 39.1 57.1 465
Taraba 27.9 29.8 40.6 45.4 35.6 51.8 587
Yobe 11.8 16.3 21.1 18.3 16.9 24.4 537
North West
Jigawa 40.5 44.0 50.3 46.2 44.3 59.6 959
Kaduna 23.4 33.0 38.6 36.8 37.2 42.5 1,333
Kano 17.2 28.4 27.8 23.0 32.3 36.6 2,070
Katsina 15.5 51.4 44.0 36.0 57.5 75.6 1,372
Kebbi 6.3 36.2 51.1 42.7 54.0 68.8 732
Sokoto 12.7 42.0 56.3 25.6 38.2 62.6 822
Zamfara 5.5 27.1 32.4 24.0 14.0 44.1 733
South East
Abia 7.7 22.1 30.1 24.8 7.5 39.3 775
Anambra 2.1 7.0 13.8 15.1 4.7 21.4 1,042
Ebonyi 29.0 56.6 56.8 50.7 29.6 71.4 586
Enugu 33.2 43.2 52.4 45.3 32.8 58.0 780
Imo 4.1 11.2 18.3 13.3 3.8 26.5 908
South South
Akwa Ibom 6.5 23.1 35.1 28.0 10.9 43.5 938
Bayelsa 5.9 17.0 22.4 26.4 13.3 33.0 468
Cross River 14.0 17.2 40.2 44.7 19.0 52.9 735
Delta 12.3 31.8 34.8 35.1 15.4 42.4 1,071
Edo 9.6 18.3 22.0 27.5 12.0 32.5 770
Rivers 15.9 30.9 28.1 29.0 22.6 43.1 1,490
South West
Ekiti 11.9 20.7 26.6 32.1 10.9 39.8 556
Lagos 2.4 4.8 2.6 5.8 1.6 8.4 2,446
Ogun 23.5 41.2 32.3 39.6 25.5 53.5 870
Ondo 13.2 21.5 24.6 26.0 10.3 36.7 791
Osun 5.6 9.1 8.6 13.9 4.7 15.8 922
Oyo 4.7 18.6 16.9 20.9 7.9 25.9 1,205
Total 16.2 27.6 32.2 30.5 25.3 43.0 33,385
Appendix A | 433
Table A-15.6.2 Attitudes towards wife beating: Men by state
Percentage of all men age 15-49 who agree that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife for specific
reasons, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008

Goes out Refuses to Percentage who
Burns without Neglects have sexual agree with at
the Argues telling the intercourse least one Number of
State of residence food with him him children with him specified reason men
North Central
FCT-Abuja 0.9 0.9 2.1 0.9 2.3 4.2 170
Benue 13.3 32.4 27.2 30.0 14.6 48.0 407
Kogi 7.5 7.8 12.6 13.3 8.3 18.6 360
Kwara 1.8 5.2 4.6 6.4 0.9 9.2 235
Nasarawa 42.8 48.5 55.0 51.5 42.7 71.2 211
Niger 6.7 19.0 15.3 19.3 13.2 30.9 359
Plateau 17.7 22.9 27.0 29.4 18.0 36.5 323
North East
Adamawa 17.9 28.3 36.0 29.8 26.0 46.4 302
Bauchi 12.3 21.7 23.4 19.9 20.8 32.0 421
Borno 25.6 47.0 40.9 36.6 49.5 62.3 332
Gombe 9.3 25.3 21.9 20.0 23.1 40.1 200
Taraba 4.8 16.0 8.3 17.1 12.4 29.1 198
Yobe 33.0 34.7 31.9 42.4 44.6 54.6 192
North West
Jigawa 6.8 9.9 9.7 8.8 11.7 14.3 316
Kaduna 2.4 8.3 9.9 10.5 4.2 15.1 700
Kano 1.1 2.8 4.2 4.0 2.7 5.7 853
Katsina 3.5 7.8 11.3 7.3 10.1 18.4 496
Kebbi 25.8 28.0 78.5 56.1 29.0 80.8 298
Sokoto 25.8 29.5 38.0 32.6 28.9 44.8 303
Zamfara 1.4 8.3 11.4 5.5 13.9 19.7 271
South East
Abia 8.9 22.7 20.9 18.9 6.8 38.7 311
Anambra 4.7 9.4 7.0 8.6 6.3 12.5 402
Ebonyi 13.1 15.2 30.7 55.7 7.0 64.2 174
Enugu 15.2 31.7 54.7 28.4 12.7 69.2 229
Imo 3.0 14.4 20.6 12.6 3.0 29.6 332
South South
Akwa Ibom 2.4 9.0 23.4 16.5 4.5 28.8 413
Bayelsa 5.0 10.2 10.5 11.2 8.3 25.2 225
Cross River 10.1 34.5 32.5 39.9 12.5 53.8 291
Delta 11.4 17.4 19.4 27.9 8.2 40.5 429
Edo 0.5 10.6 12.4 28.6 1.9 32.1 336
Rivers 5.1 16.3 13.2 11.4 5.3 25.9 743
South West
Ekiti 2.0 13.1 8.3 7.5 3.3 15.8 261
Lagos 1.7 12.2 8.4 15.5 4.5 21.4 1,200
Ogun 5.0 21.8 16.1 22.3 6.9 30.0 284
Ondo 1.5 4.1 6.2 6.8 2.7 9.4 339
Osun 24.6 27.0 24.9 28.5 13.0 32.5 390
Oyo 6.9 9.7 13.9 28.3 5.3 31.0 502
Total 15-49 8.6 16.7 18.8 19.7 11.2 30.1 13,808

50-59 6.0 12.6 16.5 15.6 9.1 25.1 1,678
Total 15-59 8.4 16.3 18.6 19.2 11.0 29.6 15,486
434 | Appendix A
Table A-15.7.1 Attitudes towards refusing sexual intercourse with husband: Women by state
Percentage of all women age 15-49 who believe that a wife is justified in refusing to have sexual
intercourse with her husband in specific circumstances, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008

a sexually intercourse Is tired or with all of the with none of Number
transmitted with other not in the specified the specified of
State of residence disease women mood reasons reasons women
North Central
FCT-Abuja 94.5 49.6 75.5 44.0 3.0 369
Benue 86.5 74.7 82.0 65.2 6.9 972
Kogi 77.9 65.3 72.3 56.2 14.9 792
Kwara 54.7 27.8 52.4 15.6 29.2 553
Nasarawa 63.3 55.3 53.1 44.9 29.3 458
Niger 85.0 70.0 75.0 60.2 8.7 827
Plateau 89.1 55.5 60.2 46.1 5.9 777
North East
Adamawa 87.1 60.0 50.3 41.8 9.0 764
Bauchi 77.6 72.4 43.9 39.2 14.6 998
Borno 73.8 61.0 53.9 42.7 12.5 912
Gombe 74.7 49.3 35.5 19.7 16.6 465
Taraba 94.9 69.5 84.8 65.0 3.2 587
Yobe 67.3 34.3 19.4 9.5 29.7 537
North West
Jigawa 77.1 62.9 50.2 38.6 18.6 959
Kaduna 93.5 77.5 58.4 53.5 5.0 1,333
Kano 73.7 50.8 25.4 21.0 23.0 2,070
Katsina 94.0 76.1 78.6 66.2 3.6 1,372
Kebbi 66.9 69.2 42.7 36.4 23.9 732
Sokoto 95.8 61.6 24.1 20.4 3.1 822
Zamfara 88.1 62.3 59.5 47.9 7.0 733
South East
Abia 84.5 62.6 82.0 54.3 5.6 775
Anambra 69.4 73.3 67.8 48.1 11.7 1,042
Ebonyi 63.9 62.1 63.4 48.6 23.9 586
Enugu 53.5 50.2 54.8 37.6 35.2 780
Imo 82.9 50.7 72.4 39.2 7.9 908
South South
Akwa Ibom 93.2 57.9 80.7 51.7 3.3 938
Bayelsa 88.8 71.4 86.5 65.2 5.1 468
Cross River 73.6 65.8 68.7 58.5 21.3 735
Delta 67.9 46.2 64.0 31.0 15.1 1,071
Edo 91.1 59.0 73.8 54.8 6.9 770
Rivers 76.4 54.5 63.4 40.7 15.3 1,490
South West
Ekiti 72.5 66.9 73.8 55.9 15.9 556
Lagos 89.6 64.0 71.6 54.2 5.3 2,446
Ogun 83.8 69.4 85.1 61.7 8.5 870
Ondo 85.3 54.9 83.4 50.0 8.5 791
Osun 85.4 73.5 87.4 68.3 8.0 922
Oyo 85.6 66.4 88.8 60.6 5.7 1,205
Total 81.0 61.8 63.7 46.7 12.1 33,385
Appendix A | 435
Table A-15.7.2 Attitudes towards refusing sexual intercourse with husband: Men by state
Percentage of all men age 15-49 who believe that a wife is justified in refusing to have sexual
intercourse with her husband in specific circumstances, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008

a sexually intercourse Is tired or with all of with none of Number
transmitted with other not in the the specified the specified of
State of residence disease women mood reasons reasons men
North Central
FCT-Abuja 95.2 55.2 74.8 48.0 1.8 170
Benue 93.1 80.0 86.3 68.6 1.7 407
Kogi 81.6 34.9 78.9 33.2 14.6 360
Kwara 74.5 41.3 78.4 33.7 10.3 235
Nasarawa 97.8 82.2 89.6 74.2 0.5 211
Niger 88.5 75.6 70.6 56.5 3.5 359
Plateau 98.0 59.6 60.4 46.6 0.5 323
North East
Adamawa 97.1 88.1 80.7 76.0 0.7 302
Bauchi 90.6 92.4 62.6 59.2 1.8 421
Borno 81.6 65.8 55.1 42.8 8.3 332
Gombe 97.8 95.8 81.6 77.7 0.2 200
Taraba 92.2 74.0 79.8 59.1 2.6 198
Yobe 41.7 94.5 92.5 35.9 1.1 192
North West
Jigawa 80.3 67.9 50.0 32.8 10.4 316
Kaduna 90.4 55.6 80.9 49.8 6.7 700
Kano 90.1 93.9 65.5 57.0 1.3 853
Katsina 77.6 80.7 48.2 29.9 6.8 496
Kebbi 76.3 56.8 59.6 45.5 15.9 298
Sokoto 94.6 90.4 76.2 72.5 2.5 303
Zamfara 59.5 45.8 31.5 16.3 22.5 271
South East
Abia 92.5 71.8 92.5 66.8 1.8 311
Anambra 95.3 86.6 96.2 83.5 1.1 402
Ebonyi 82.1 67.9 84.7 56.2 4.9 174
Enugu 74.7 76.3 86.3 59.4 3.7 229
Imo 90.7 78.8 76.4 63.3 4.7 332
South South
Akwa Ibom 92.5 32.5 54.3 22.5 4.3 413
Bayelsa 88.6 83.6 90.7 74.8 2.6 225
Cross River 88.8 83.7 91.5 73.2 1.7 291
Delta 96.5 71.6 92.2 67.4 0.0 429
Edo 96.8 77.7 92.2 73.6 0.8 336
Rivers 86.2 53.6 80.1 47.9 6.4 743
South West
Ekiti 51.0 66.0 91.6 24.2 4.2 261
Lagos 78.9 39.2 81.7 30.0 7.6 1,200
Ogun 92.3 48.2 90.9 42.3 2.7 284
Ondo 92.7 63.0 83.9 56.9 5.0 339
Osun 95.9 91.8 94.7 87.7 0.7 390
Oyo 89.3 64.9 65.5 44.2 3.8 502
Total 15-49 86.6 67.9 76.2 51.9 4.8 13,808

50-59 87.0 70.1 76.9 52.8 4.1 1,678
Total 15-59 86.6 68.2 76.3 52.0 4.7 15,486
Note: Total includes 3 men with information missing on marital status
436 | Appendix A
Table A-15.7.3 Men's attitudes towards a husband's rights when his wife refuses to have sexual intercourse:
States
Percentage of men age 15-49 who consider that a husband has the right to certain behaviours when his wife
refuses to have sex with him when he wants her to, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
When a wife refuses to have sex with her

husband, he has the right to:
Get angry Have sex who agree who agree
and Refuse her Use with with all of with none of Number
reprimand financial force to another the specified the specified of
State of residence her support have sex woman reasons reasons men
North Central
FCT-Abuja 46.5 12.7 2.1 0.5 0.2 52.6 170
Benue 18.1 19.4 4.5 19.4 1.0 62.0 407
Kogi 16.1 4.5 3.8 10.3 1.3 78.2 360
Kwara 5.0 2.8 1.2 12.8 0.6 83.8 235
Nasarawa 79.8 38.2 19.8 15.3 6.1 16.8 211
Niger 54.6 13.3 5.5 5.5 1.0 43.6 359
Plateau 66.0 15.9 6.4 5.7 1.9 33.0 323
North East
Adamawa 84.8 20.2 11.7 8.1 3.1 14.3 302
Bauchi 79.4 31.3 17.8 1.8 1.2 18.7 421
Borno 66.1 43.3 34.8 11.2 8.6 30.9 332
Gombe 87.5 29.8 7.5 2.4 0.9 11.5 200
Taraba 50.7 22.1 8.0 10.7 0.9 42.3 198
Yobe 83.5 63.9 50.7 49.5 47.8 15.3 192
North West
Jigawa 55.9 14.4 3.3 1.7 0.9 43.0 316
Kaduna 69.1 8.2 3.3 2.3 0.5 30.3 700
Kano 80.5 30.1 2.7 1.5 0.6 18.9 853
Katsina 64.9 25.4 11.5 5.9 2.4 30.6 496
Kebbi 59.8 36.6 6.8 3.8 1.8 38.4 298
Sokoto 81.6 24.6 9.3 2.3 0.3 16.7 303
Zamfara 47.0 17.9 6.2 2.1 1.4 51.5 271
South East
Abia 49.1 8.9 5.7 6.0 1.1 48.0 311
Anambra 51.6 4.7 2.8 1.6 0.8 47.2 402
Ebonyi 69.9 6.8 1.4 5.3 0.0 28.0 174
Enugu 38.9 10.5 7.4 13.3 1.1 46.3 229
Imo 26.9 4.4 1.4 4.0 0.4 69.9 332
South South
Akwa Ibom 43.2 3.5 4.5 7.2 0.3 54.9 413
Bayelsa 9.3 4.8 4.3 11.9 0.5 79.8 225
Cross River 56.5 13.9 5.4 11.8 0.7 39.4 291
Delta 48.0 6.9 2.3 13.0 0.6 46.5 429
Edo 30.7 2.7 1.9 3.2 0.3 68.2 336
Rivers 24.3 5.1 2.3 17.7 0.0 64.3 743
South West
Ekiti 7.8 5.0 1.4 6.7 0.6 87.8 261
Lagos 30.0 10.1 0.5 11.8 0.0 63.4 1,200
Ogun 65.0 12.3 1.8 23.4 0.0 25.4 284
Ondo 19.8 12.5 2.9 19.9 0.6 62.7 339
Osun 25.2 21.6 1.0 4.4 0.2 69.7 390
Oyo 19.2 3.3 1.0 5.9 0.0 75.6 502
Total 15-49 47.8 15.5 5.9 8.7 1.6 47.3 13,808

50-59 48.5 14.6 4.6 7.4 1.9 47.7 1,678
Total 15-59 47.9 15.4 5.8 8.6 1.7 47.3 15,486
Note: Total includes 3 men with information missing on marital status.
Appendix A | 437
438 | Appendix A
Table A-17.1 Children's living arrangements and orphanhood: States
Percent distribution of de jure children under age 18 by children's living arrangements and survival status of parents, and the percentage of children
not living with a biological parent, according to state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Living with Living with Not living with either parent

Percentage
mother but not father but not
Living Information not living
father mother
with Only Only missing on with a Number
both Father Father Mother Mother Both father mother Both father/ biological of
State of residence parents alive dead alive dead alive alive alive dead mother Total parent children
North Central
FCT-Abuja 76.4 4.5 2.3 3.7 1.4 8.2 0.5 1.9 0.1 1.1 100.0 11.7 755
Benue 56.8 10.6 7.7 6.6 2.7 11.0 1.3 2.2 1.1 0.1 100.0 15.8 2,422
Kogi 60.2 11.7 4.0 4.7 1.0 15.6 1.1 1.0 0.4 0.4 100.0 18.5 1,649
Kwara 78.1 3.4 1.0 2.3 0.9 12.3 0.4 0.6 0.1 1.0 100.0 14.3 1,229
Nasarawa 67.4 6.0 2.0 11.9 1.2 7.2 0.4 1.9 0.7 1.2 100.0 11.4 1,037
Niger 82.0 1.7 0.8 4.2 0.9 8.2 0.2 0.7 0.3 0.9 100.0 10.3 2,387
Plateau 64.3 12.2 3.5 7.3 1.2 8.0 0.7 1.5 0.7 0.5 100.0 11.4 1,800
North East
Adamawa 71.1 11.7 1.4 5.4 1.0 6.8 0.5 0.9 0.2 1.0 100.0 9.4 1,820
Bauchi 84.3 1.0 0.9 4.8 1.0 5.7 0.5 1.2 0.1 0.5 100.0 7.9 2,974
Borno 77.1 4.3 1.3 7.0 0.6 7.1 0.6 0.9 0.2 0.8 100.0 9.7 2,496
Gombe 80.5 3.1 1.2 4.9 1.1 7.4 0.2 0.7 0.1 0.8 100.0 9.2 1,340
Taraba 68.4 10.3 3.0 5.7 2.3 7.5 0.7 1.6 0.3 0.2 100.0 10.3 1,307
Yobe 80.7 2.6 0.9 7.9 0.3 6.6 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.5 100.0 7.7 1,470
North West
Jigawa 75.7 6.2 1.2 6.8 0.7 8.2 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.6 100.0 9.5 2,606
Kaduna 76.9 5.3 1.9 6.6 1.3 5.2 0.7 0.7 0.2 1.2 100.0 8.0 3,477
Kano 76.3 8.0 1.8 5.8 1.0 4.8 0.5 0.9 0.2 0.8 100.0 7.2 5,534
Katsina 84.9 1.2 0.5 6.9 0.7 2.6 0.3 0.3 0.2 2.4 100.0 5.8 3,588
Kebbi 86.7 1.8 0.6 4.0 0.5 5.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.8 100.0 6.3 1,970
Sokoto 77.4 5.2 2.3 4.5 2.5 4.9 0.7 1.2 0.6 0.7 100.0 8.2 2,194
Zamfara 83.2 3.5 0.8 5.7 0.2 4.7 0.4 0.4 0.0 1.2 100.0 6.7 2,005
South East
Abia 66.2 9.6 6.2 3.0 1.0 10.3 0.5 1.9 0.8 0.5 100.0 14.0 1,271
Anambra 66.3 13.0 4.7 2.6 0.5 9.1 0.8 2.0 0.8 0.3 100.0 13.0 1,949
Ebonyi 57.0 13.7 8.7 3.8 0.5 11.1 0.8 2.8 1.0 0.6 100.0 16.3 1,197
Enugu 61.0 12.9 7.3 3.4 1.5 10.7 0.6 1.6 0.3 0.8 100.0 13.9 1,458
Imo 57.8 12.5 7.0 2.9 1.5 12.8 1.0 3.3 0.9 0.3 100.0 18.3 1,654
South South
Akwa Ibom 56.8 14.2 5.7 4.9 0.9 13.7 0.7 1.8 1.0 0.4 100.0 17.5 1,765
Bayelsa 45.5 25.2 3.9 6.4 0.7 14.9 0.6 1.7 0.9 0.2 100.0 18.3 894
Cross River 59.2 17.0 2.6 6.1 1.8 10.1 0.5 1.5 0.6 0.7 100.0 13.3 1,524
Delta 57.2 19.5 3.5 4.2 1.2 11.6 1.1 1.0 0.7 0.0 100.0 14.4 1,979
Edo 66.3 11.4 3.7 4.7 0.7 9.3 0.5 2.0 0.5 0.9 100.0 13.2 1,579
Rivers 55.6 15.0 6.3 5.0 1.7 9.7 1.2 2.5 2.2 0.7 100.0 16.4 2,319
South West
Ekiti 63.3 12.2 2.7 5.8 0.6 12.8 0.8 1.0 0.3 0.5 100.0 15.4 1,075
Lagos 70.4 7.7 2.6 5.9 1.1 9.6 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.9 100.0 12.3 4,014
Ogun 64.7 14.5 2.0 4.6 0.6 10.8 1.6 0.9 0.1 0.3 100.0 13.7 1,850
Ondo 57.9 18.3 3.2 5.5 1.3 10.3 0.7 1.3 0.1 1.4 100.0 13.8 1,730
Osun 65.4 7.0 3.8 4.3 1.1 16.7 0.2 0.8 0.5 0.2 100.0 18.3 1,701
Oyo 69.3 10.4 2.3 4.2 1.0 11.2 0.4 0.9 0.1 0.2 100.0 12.7 2,770
Total <15 73.2 8.8 2.5 5.2 1.0 7.2 0.5 0.9 0.3 0.4 100.0 9.3 66,887
Total <18 70.5 8.7 2.8 5.3 1.1 8.6 0.6 1.2 0.4 0.7 100.0 11.5 74,788
Appendix A | 439
Table A-17.2 Orphans and vulnerable children (OVC): States
Percentage of de jure children under age 18 years who are orphans or were made vulnerable due to the illness of at least one adult
member of the household (OVC), by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Percentage of children who:

Live in a
household Have
Live in a where at least a very sick
household one adult died parent or live OVC children
Orphan Have a very where at least in the past 12 in a household
children sick parent one adult has months and where an adult Percentage
(sick for at been very sick adult had been has been very sick of children
Percentage of least for at least very sick for at or died in the past who are
children with 3 months in 3 months in least 3 months 12 months orphans
one or both the past the past before he/she (vulnerable and/or Number of
State of residence parents dead 12 months)1 12 months2 died2 children)2 vulnerable children
North Central
FCT-Abuja 6.1 0.3 0.9 0.2 1.0 7.0 755
Benue 15.0 3.8 6.6 3.4 10.2 22.9 2,422
Kogi 7.4 6.0 7.5 1.3 9.2 15.0 1,649
Kwara 3.0 1.0 2.1 0.1 2.3 5.2 1,229
Nasarawa 6.2 5.1 7.3 1.7 10.1 15.5 1,037
Niger 3.0 2.8 3.4 1.0 4.8 7.4 2,387
Plateau 7.7 0.8 2.4 1.6 4.1 11.1 1,800
North East
Adamawa 3.9 3.3 4.2 1.0 6.1 9.4 1,820
Bauchi 3.7 3.5 4.2 0.2 4.5 8.1 2,974
Borno 3.8 4.8 10.0 1.3 11.8 14.9 2,496
Gombe 3.2 4.0 5.0 0.9 5.7 8.2 1,340
Taraba 7.9 1.5 4.3 1.1 5.4 12.6 1,307
Yobe 1.8 1.5 2.1 0.2 2.4 4.0 1,470
North West
Jigawa 2.6 4.0 6.9 1.1 7.9 10.0 2,606
Kaduna 4.9 2.8 3.4 1.9 5.6 9.3 3,477
Kano 4.4 2.8 3.7 0.2 4.2 8.3 5,534
Katsina 2.0 3.0 4.3 0.5 4.8 6.7 3,588
Kebbi 1.6 2.6 2.6 0.9 3.8 5.2 1,970
Sokoto 7.4 5.1 7.0 0.7 7.7 14.4 2,194
Zamfara 1.7 2.0 3.0 0.0 3.0 4.7 2,005
South East
Abia 10.5 2.9 4.0 1.4 5.7 15.5 1,271
Anambra 8.7 1.1 1.4 1.3 2.7 10.5 1,949
Ebonyi 13.8 6.4 8.9 1.7 11.5 24.4 1,197
Enugu 11.4 2.9 2.9 1.4 4.5 15.4 1,458
Imo 13.7 3.3 3.0 1.1 4.6 17.9 1,654
South South
Akwa Ibom 10.2 2.2 3.0 1.1 4.4 13.7 1,765
Bayelsa 7.8 1.1 1.1 0.6 1.8 9.1 894
Cross River 7.0 0.6 0.7 0.0 0.8 7.8 1,524
Delta 7.6 3.9 5.0 0.8 6.3 13.4 1,979
Edo 7.5 3.6 5.7 0.8 6.6 13.9 1,579
Rivers 14.0 3.9 5.0 1.7 7.3 19.0 2,319
South West
Ekiti 5.4 1.2 1.5 1.4 3.0 8.2 1,075
Lagos 5.4 0.9 0.9 0.0 1.1 6.3 4,014
Ogun 5.2 0.4 0.8 0.3 1.4 6.3 1,850
Ondo 6.7 1.8 2.5 0.5 3.3 9.4 1,730
Osun 6.5 1.3 1.6 0.0 1.8 8.2 1,701
Oyo 4.7 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.6 5.2 2,770
Total <15 5.2 2.7 3.8 0.8 4.8 9.5 66,887

Total <18 6.2 2.7 3.8 0.9 4.9 10.5 74,788
Note: Table is based on children who usually live in the household. Very sick means person was too sick to work or do normal
activities.
1
Whether or not parent lives in same household as child
2
Person age 18-59 years
440 | Appendix A
Table A-17-3.1 School attendance by survivorship of parents: States
For de jure children age 10-14 years of age, the percentage of children attending
school by survivorship of parents, and the ratio of the percentage attending, by state
Percentage of children attending school

by survivorship of parents
Both parents
alive and
Both Number child living Number
parents of with at least of
State of residence dead children one parent children Ratio1
North Central
FCT-Abuja na 0 92.2 155 na
Benue 90.0 11 92.3 396 1.0
Kogi 100.0 1 97.6 294 1.0
Kwara na 0 74.3 241 na
Nasarawa 42.0 3 84.1 221 0.5
Niger 48.7 2 52.5 498 0.9
Plateau 83.5 5 88.2 366 0.9
North East
Adamawa 66.7 2 72.2 375 0.9
Bauchi na 0 41.6 599 na
Borno 0.0 1 30.5 460 0.0
Gombe na 0 59.8 274 na
Taraba 100.0 2 74.5 244 1.3
Yobe 0.0 1 36.2 288 0.0
North West
Jigawa 0.0 2 41.1 511 0.0
Kaduna 100.0 2 78.4 746 1.3
Kano 0.0 3 63.3 1,101 0.0
Katsina 100.0 2 41.9 693 2.4
Kebbi na 0 31.5 500 na
Sokoto 33.3 3 36.9 381 0.9
Zamfara na 0 26.9 425 na
South East
Abia 100.0 6 99.6 225 1.0
Anambra 100.0 12 94.6 307 1.1
Ebonyi 71.4 4 95.7 194 0.7
Enugu 100.0 1 96.0 288 1.0
Imo 100.0 7 95.5 249 1.0
South South
Akwa Ibom 100.0 11 96.1 298 1.0
Bayelsa 77.8 5 96.7 137 0.8
Cross River 100.0 3 95.4 262 1.0
Delta 80.0 6 95.1 411 0.8
Edo 100.0 5 96.1 287 1.0
Rivers 91.8 22 94.2 316 1.0
South West
Ekiti 100.0 3 98.1 194 1.0
Lagos 100.0 4 97.1 731 1.0
Ogun na 0 93.2 320 na
Ondo na 0 96.1 363 na
Osun 33.3 3 98.7 290 0.3
Oyo 100.0 2 81.7 518 1.2
Total 83.9 134 71.7 14,158 1.2

na = Not applicable
1
Ratio of the percentage of children attending school with both parents dead to the
percentage of children attending school with both parents living and child is living
with a parent
Appendix A | 441
Table A-17.3.2 School attendance by OVC status: States
For de jure children age 10-14 years, the percentage of children attending
school by OVC status, and the ratio of the percentages attending school for
OVC and non-OVC, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
OVC Non-OVC
Percentage Number Percentage Number
attending of attending of
school OVC school non-OVC
State of residence (OVC) children (not OVC) children Ratio1
North Central
FCT-Abuja 90.2 26 91.5 183 0.99
Benue 87.4 188 92.5 420 0.94
Kogi 98.8 75 97.2 345 1.02
Kwara (87.3) 23 75.0 286 (1.16)
Nasarawa 75.2 50 82.8 222 0.91
Niger 71.6 47 50.7 524 1.41
Plateau 90.4 70 88.0 399 1.03
North East
Adamawa 68.0 56 72.3 380 0.94
Bauchi 54.0 49 40.3 626 1.34
Borno 26.2 102 30.4 426 0.86
Gombe 73.3 37 57.7 287 1.27
Taraba 72.1 51 75.0 258 0.96
Yobe (40.3) 18 35.7 303 (1.13)
North West
Jigawa 42.0 69 39.3 518 1.07
Kaduna 84.9 102 77.7 764 1.09
Kano 67.1 156 62.7 1,122 1.07
Katsina 49.1 60 41.3 679 1.19
Kebbi (32.4) 28 31.9 516 (1.02)
Sokoto 30.9 81 36.2 367 0.85
Zamfara (35.7) 33 27.2 438 (1.31)
South East
Abia 95.0 60 99.6 267 0.95
Anambra 98.0 76 95.2 379 1.03
Ebonyi 94.5 88 95.5 200 0.99
Enugu 89.7 100 95.4 319 0.94
Imo 100.0 121 96.0 317 1.04
South South
Akwa Ibom 92.4 98 96.1 351 0.96
Bayelsa 90.0 28 95.4 170 0.94
Cross River (89.8) 46 94.8 321 (0.95)
Delta 91.0 91 95.1 468 0.96
Edo 96.6 76 95.8 311 1.01
Rivers 91.9 136 95.1 373 0.97
South West
Ekiti (100.0) 31 97.2 238 (1.03)
Lagos 98.1 104 96.1 891 1.02
Ogun * 29 93.8 394 *
Ondo 95.4 67 95.3 413 1.00
Osun (93.3) 45 98.7 367 (0.95)
Oyo (84.8) 66 83.1 619 (1.02)
79.7 2,583 73.0 15,459 1.09

Total
Note: Table is based on children who usually live in the household. Figures in
parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a
1
Ratio of the percentage of children attending school who are OVC to the
percentage of children who are non-OVC
442 | Appendix A
Table A-17.4 Possession of basic material needs by orphans and vulnerable children: States
Among de jure children age 5-17 years, the percentage of children possessing a minimum of three basic material needs, the percentages
of OVC and non-OVC children who possess all three basic material needs, and the ratio of the percentages of children with all three basic
needs, for OVC and non-OVC, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
OVC Non-OVC
Among children 5-17 years of age, Percentage Percentage
percentage possessing: possessing Number possessing all Number
Cover All three Number all three of three basic of
Two sets cloth or basic of basic needs OVC needs non-OVC
State of residence Shoes of clothes blanket needs1 children (OVC)1 children (non-OVC)1 children Ratio2
North Central
FCT-Abuja 89.7 89.7 77.6 77.6 512 75.5 48 77.8 464 0.97
Benue 71.8 94.1 73.4 63.4 1,639 57.3 443 65.6 1,196 0.87
Kogi 91.8 93.8 88.4 87.0 1,164 86.8 190 87.1 973 1.00
Kwara 96.6 96.6 96.4 95.8 816 97.3 58 95.7 759 1.02
Nasarawa 89.2 93.2 36.8 35.9 728 42.0 128 34.6 599 1.21
Niger 86.3 89.6 28.1 27.8 1,586 39.5 138 26.7 1,448 1.48
Plateau 91.8 92.5 34.5 33.8 1,226 32.0 163 34.1 1,062 0.94
North East
Adamawa 89.3 91.3 43.6 43.5 1,179 45.7 131 43.2 1,049 1.06
Bauchi 91.7 92.4 68.2 67.3 1,888 60.6 174 68.0 1,714 0.89
Borno 83.3 84.2 58.7 55.6 1,564 54.5 254 55.8 1,310 0.98
Gombe 89.5 87.3 50.1 48.0 864 56.0 88 47.1 776 1.19
Taraba 66.0 80.4 43.5 39.9 867 44.9 133 39.0 734 1.15
Yobe 92.7 93.7 92.1 91.8 904 96.2 44 91.6 861 1.05
North West
Jigawa 94.1 93.2 77.5 76.2 1,671 76.4 183 76.1 1,487 1.00
Kaduna 83.5 88.8 41.3 39.6 2,358 31.4 263 40.7 2,095 0.77
Kano 86.8 89.8 66.9 65.6 3,451 67.4 348 65.4 3,103 1.03
Katsina 83.5 80.0 72.4 69.8 2,178 71.0 157 69.7 2,021 1.02
Kebbi 75.9 78.8 49.6 47.5 1,331 57.6 69 47.0 1,262 1.23
Sokoto 94.2 94.4 92.9 92.7 1,339 92.1 227 92.8 1,112 0.99
Zamfara 89.8 91.2 88.2 83.2 1,282 75.6 70 83.6 1,212 0.90
South East
Abia 90.8 91.5 68.0 67.4 839 71.8 153 66.4 686 1.08
Anambra 94.6 95.3 89.0 88.0 1,230 83.7 171 88.7 1,059 0.94
Ebonyi 89.3 93.1 50.8 50.6 811 48.3 228 51.4 583 0.94
Enugu 65.2 81.5 46.9 44.1 1,052 36.2 199 45.9 853 0.79
Imo 91.8 94.2 75.2 74.7 1,128 73.5 254 75.1 873 0.98
South South
Akwa Ibom 91.7 93.2 70.1 69.8 1,237 67.1 200 70.3 1,037 0.95
Bayelsa 86.7 91.7 85.9 82.5 585 76.2 68 83.4 516 0.91
Cross River 83.3 86.6 64.7 62.6 1,002 63.0 101 62.6 900 1.01
Delta 88.7 92.4 80.7 77.0 1,354 70.6 221 78.3 1,133 0.90
Edo 95.0 96.2 83.7 83.6 1,059 74.9 186 85.4 874 0.88
Rivers 80.1 91.6 64.8 58.0 1,469 52.8 385 59.9 1,084 0.88
South West
Ekiti 96.7 97.0 96.4 96.1 731 98.1 79 95.9 651 1.02
Lagos 93.5 93.3 93.1 92.7 2,611 96.6 230 92.4 2,382 1.05
Ogun 94.9 95.9 95.3 94.2 1,180 95.8 94 94.1 1,086 1.02
Ondo 92.1 92.8 92.5 91.4 1,221 86.0 144 92.1 1,078 0.93
Osun 98.0 97.8 97.9 97.6 1,210 100.0 122 97.4 1,088 1.03
Oyo 92.9 93.1 93.2 92.4 1,797 89.2 131 92.7 1,666 0.96
Total 88.0 90.9 70.8 69.0 49,062 65.6 6,276 69.4 42,786 0.95

1
Shoes, two sets of clothing, and a blanket
2
Ratio of the percentages of children with all three basic needs, for OVC and non-OVC.
Appendix A | 443
Table A-17.5 Orphan not living with siblings: States
Among orphans under age 18 years who have one or

more siblings under age 18 years, the percentage who do
not live with all their siblings under age 18, by state of
Percentage of
orphans not Number of
living with orphans with
all siblings one or more
State of residence under age 18 siblings
North Central
FCT-Abuja 39.7 23
Benue 37.3 284
Kogi 69.4 67
Kwara * 14
Nasarawa 54.0 45
Niger (61.3) 41
Plateau 49.5 70
North East
Adamawa (45.5) 33
Bauchi 55.0 49
Borno 52.0 48
Gombe 47.3 25
Taraba 72.1 73
Yobe (27.9) 21
North West
Jigawa (59.6) 31
Kaduna 48.6 79
Kano 44.0 105
Katsina * 25
Kebbi * 14
Sokoto 34.7 101
Zamfara (38.5) 20
South East
Abia 66.6 82
Anambra 49.3 90
Ebonyi 65.0 83
Enugu 57.0 99
Imo 72.0 144
South South
Akwa Ibom 31.8 135
Bayelsa 34.7 40
Cross River 55.5 66
Delta 55.2 95
Edo 52.5 74
Rivers 60.1 227
South West
Ekiti 62.5 30
Lagos 60.8 89
Ogun 76.2 72
Ondo 64.1 69
Osun 72.1 97
Oyo 73.6 100
Total 15-49 54.4 2,759
Note: Table is based on children who usually live in the

household. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49
unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is
based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been
suppressed.
444 | Appendix A
Table A-17.8 Succession planning: States
Percentage of de facto women and men age 15-49 who are the primary caregivers for
children under age 18 years, and among these primary caregivers, the percentage who
have made arrangements for someone else to care for the children in the event that they
are unable to do so because of illness or death, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Percentage of
Percentage of caregivers who
women and men Number of have made Number of
who are primary women and succession primary
State of residence caregivers men 15-49 arrangements caregivers
North Central
FCT-Abuja 56.2 540 12.7 303
Benue 62.9 1,379 25.8 868
Kogi 53.4 1,152 20.9 615
Kwara 68.1 788 27.2 536
Nasarawa 61.0 669 29.3 408
Niger 74.1 1,186 51.7 879
Plateau 63.2 1,099 15.3 694
North East
Adamawa 64.2 1,065 41.9 684
Bauchi 77.4 1,419 34.2 1,099
Borno 74.0 1,244 15.3 920
Gombe 74.1 665 38.9 493
Taraba 67.4 785 28.1 529
Yobe 76.2 728 26.9 555
North West
Jigawa 79.1 1,275 19.5 1,008
Kaduna 63.7 2,034 21.3 1,295
Kano 72.5 2,923 36.5 2,118
Katsina 79.2 1,868 37.5 1,479
Kebbi 74.8 1,030 31.3 770
Sokoto 71.7 1,125 9.3 807
Zamfara 78.5 1,004 30.9 788
South East
Abia 50.8 1,086 37.6 552
Anambra 50.5 1,444 5.8 729
Ebonyi 58.7 760 22.6 446
Enugu 50.0 1,009 6.5 504
Imo 49.0 1,240 29.4 607
South South
Akwa Ibom 53.6 1,351 27.9 724
Bayelsa 54.3 693 1.3 377
Cross River 64.1 1,027 24.8 658
Delta 55.7 1,500 18.8 835
Edo 55.1 1,106 24.3 610
Rivers 50.5 2,234 28.3 1,128
South West
Ekiti 55.2 816 16.6 450
Lagos 53.8 3,646 22.5 1,960
Ogun 68.9 1,154 8.4 795
Ondo 59.6 1,130 2.4 674
Osun 53.6 1,312 22.9 703
Oyo 66.9 1,707 11.2 1,143
Total 63.0 47,193 24.6 29,744
Note: Table is based on women and men who slept in household the night preceding the
interview
Appendix A | 445
Table A-17.9 Widows dispossessed of property: States
Percentage of de facto women age 15-49 who have been widowed, and the
percentage of widowed women who have been dispossessed of property, by state
Ever-widowed women
of ever- who were
widowed Number of dispossessed Number of
State of residence women women of property1 women
North Central
FCT-Abuja 2.4 369 * 9
Benue 9.8 972 57.7 95
Kogi 4.2 792 (62.2) 33
Kwara 2.6 553 * 14
Nasarawa 3.7 458 (45.9) 17
Niger 2.1 827 * 17
Plateau 4.3 777 (38.7) 34
North East
Adamawa 3.1 764 (75.0) 24
Bauchi 5.8 998 42.4 58
Borno 3.7 912 (22.5) 34
Gombe 2.1 465 * 10
Taraba 5.0 587 59.8 29
Yobe 5.1 537 (58.6) 27
North West
Jigawa 2.7 959 (18.2) 26
Kaduna 3.7 1,333 (39.3) 50
Kano 3.6 2,070 (9.0) 75
Katsina 3.1 1,372 (35.1) 43
Kebbi 1.8 732 * 13
Sokoto 4.8 822 (15.6) 39
Zamfara 3.7 733 (24.9) 27
South East
Abia 5.1 775 (47.2) 40
Anambra 3.0 1,042 * 32
Ebonyi 10.0 586 32.4 58
Enugu 5.3 780 (42.3) 42
Imo 5.2 908 (15.2) 47
South South
Akwa Ibom 6.7 938 63.6 63
Bayelsa 3.3 468 (85.7) 16
Cross River 3.4 735 (80.7) 25
Delta 3.8 1,071 (34.7) 40
Edo 4.0 770 (58.8) 31
Rivers 4.8 1,490 (43.4) 72
South West
Ekiti 2.2 556 * 12
Lagos 1.7 2,446 * 41
Ogun 2.6 870 * 23
Ondo 3.4 791 (74.0) 27
Osun 3.1 922 (27.7) 28
Oyo 2.1 1,205 * 25
3.9 33,385 41.5 1,294

Total
Note: Table is based on women and men who slept in household the night
preceding the interview. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted
cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted
1
Dispossessed of property means that none of late husband's assets went to the
respondent
446 | Appendix A
Table A-17.11 External support for orphans and vulnerable children: States
Percentage of orphans and vulnerable children under age 18 years in households that received certain free basic
external support to care for the child during the 12 months preceding the survey, by state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Percentage of orphans and vulnerable children in households that received:

Social/ School-
Medical Emotional material related
support in support in support in assistance in Al least All of the None of Number
the past the past the past 3 the past one type types of the types of OVC
1 2 3
State of residence 12 months 3 months months 12 months of support support5 of support
4 5
children
North Central
FCT-Abuja 0.0 1.7 0.0 4.6 6.3 0.0 93.7 53
Benue 1.3 1.8 1.3 1.0 2.9 0.0 97.1 555
Kogi 0.0 4.7 3.6 0.0 6.5 0.0 93.5 247
Kwara 2.4 1.2 1.2 1.2 4.7 0.0 95.3 63
Nasarawa 4.0 2.3 3.7 0.5 6.3 0.0 93.7 160
Niger 7.0 4.2 6.1 3.7 11.3 0.0 88.7 177
Plateau 2.3 0.0 1.2 0.0 2.3 0.0 97.7 199
North East
Adamawa 8.7 5.2 3.9 3.5 13.0 0.0 87.0 172
Bauchi 2.8 0.0 3.6 0.0 6.0 0.0 94.0 241
Borno 1.4 3.5 0.2 0.0 4.7 0.0 95.3 373
Gombe 2.5 4.0 5.0 1.4 9.0 0.0 91.0 109
Taraba 3.6 2.8 1.4 0.3 5.5 0.0 94.5 165
Yobe 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 99.0 59
North West
Jigawa 1.2 0.3 1.7 0.3 2.6 0.0 97.4 262
Kaduna 3.5 5.3 1.8 0.4 5.7 0.4 94.3 325
Kano 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 99.7 461
Katsina 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 239
Kebbi 0.7 2.9 2.9 0.0 2.9 0.0 97.1 103
Sokoto 4.3 0.0 1.4 0.0 4.3 0.0 95.7 316
Zamfara 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 94
South East
Abia 8.0 6.0 2.5 2.5 17.0 0.0 83.0 197
Anambra 2.8 0.0 1.3 0.8 3.6 0.0 96.4 204
Ebonyi 1.0 2.2 0.4 4.7 7.1 0.0 92.9 292
Enugu 4.1 3.6 1.8 0.4 8.2 0.0 91.8 225
Imo 0.0 1.9 1.4 0.0 3.3 0.0 96.7 296
South South
Akwa Ibom 0.0 4.8 0.4 0.0 4.8 0.0 95.2 241
Bayelsa 2.1 6.2 3.4 2.1 11.7 0.0 88.3 81
Cross River 2.4 4.7 0.0 1.6 7.1 0.0 92.9 118
Delta 2.8 2.5 4.5 5.8 13.8 0.0 86.2 265
Edo 1.6 7.0 4.3 3.5 12.9 0.0 87.1 219
Rivers 0.8 4.5 0.4 2.1 7.9 0.0 92.1 441
South West
Ekiti 5.0 7.5 2.5 5.0 13.4 0.8 86.6 88
Lagos 3.1 1.5 1.5 0.8 5.4 0.0 94.6 253
Ogun 2.3 7.8 4.5 2.3 11.2 1.1 88.8 116
Ondo 0.6 0.6 1.2 0.6 1.2 0.6 98.8 163
Osun 1.4 11.9 7.7 5.0 15.5 0.0 84.5 139
Oyo 0.0 12.1 8.3 8.8 14.6 0.0 85.4 145
Total 2.1 3.0 2.0 1.5 6.3 0.1 93.7 7,857
Note: Table is based on de jure household members, i.e., usual household members.
1
Medical care, supplies or medicine
2
Companionship, counselling from a trained counsellor, or spiritual support for which there was no payment
3
Help with household work, training for a caregiver, legal services, clothing, food, or financial support for which there
was no payment
4
Allowance, free admission, books, or supplies for which there as no payment. Percentage calculated for ages 5-17
years
5
Four types of support for those age 5-17, three types of support (i.e. excluding school support) received by those age
0-4
Appendix A | 447
Table A-18.1 Knowledge and prevalence of female circumcision: States
Percentage of women who have heard of female circumcision, percentage of women circumcised, and the percent distribution of
circumcised women by type of circumcision, according to state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Percentage Type of circumcision
of women
who heard Percentage Number Cut, Cut, no Don't Number of
of female of women of flesh flesh Sewn know/ women
State of residence circumcision circumcised women removed removed closed Other1 missing Total circumcised
North Central
FCT-Abuja 56.8 11.9 369 31.6 0.9 9.2 0.0 58.3 100.0 44
Benue 37.4 3.8 972 * * * * * 100.0 37
Kogi 14.8 1.2 792 * * * * * 100.0 10
Kwara 79.2 67.4 553 61.2 0.6 4.1 0.4 33.7 100.0 373
Nasarawa 40.0 10.5 458 64.8 3.0 30.1 0.0 2.0 100.0 48
Niger 12.4 3.2 827 (27.9) (9.9) (31.1) (3.5) (27.6) 100.0 26
Plateau 17.9 0.7 777 * * * * * 100.0 6
North East
Adamawa 35.7 0.5 764 * * * * * 100.0 4
Bauchi 25.3 0.5 998 * * * * * 100.0 5
Borno 79.0 10.4 912 51.7 13.8 14.3 0.0 20.2 100.0 95
Gombe 25.1 0.7 465 * * * * * 100.0 3
Taraba 27.6 1.5 587 * * * * * 100.0 9
Yobe 25.0 0.1 537 * * * * * 100.0 1
North West
Jigawa 12.6 0.1 959 * * * * * 100.0 1
Kaduna 25.0 2.0 1,333 (56.9) (0.0) (18.3) (0.0) (24.9) 100.0 26
Kano2 83.5 74.0 2,070 23.6 0.4 10.4 0.4 65.2 100.0 1,531
Katsina 25.9 0.0 1,372 * * * * * 0.0 0
Kebbi 32.9 0.0 732 * * * * * 0.0 0
Sokoto 27.4 0.6 822 * * * * * 100.0 5
Zamfara 21.1 1.3 733 * * * * * 100.0 9
South East
Abia 90.8 55.2 775 53.3 2.0 4.9 3.2 36.6 100.0 428
Anambra 85.8 29.6 1,042 14.3 2.7 3.8 12.3 67.0 100.0 308
Ebonyi 96.6 82.6 586 77.1 1.5 4.7 8.3 8.4 100.0 484
Enugu 77.1 46.8 780 54.3 1.2 8.0 3.0 33.5 100.0 365
Imo 94.0 63.5 908 36.4 0.0 5.7 0.3 57.5 100.0 576
South South
Akwa Ibom 69.5 15.2 938 76.7 7.9 0.8 3.2 11.5 100.0 143
Bayelsa 96.3 25.9 468 75.8 8.2 6.4 0.9 8.7 100.0 121
Cross River 83.5 34.4 735 45.5 2.3 21.1 3.8 27.4 100.0 253
Delta 92.4 56.5 1,071 50.4 2.9 3.9 1.3 41.5 100.0 605
Edo 87.1 51.2 770 45.8 0.7 1.2 0.5 51.9 100.0 394
Rivers 74.8 23.9 1,490 41.8 5.4 4.8 1.1 46.9 100.0 357
South West
Ekiti 85.4 63.2 556 37.3 2.8 1.5 1.5 56.9 100.0 351
Lagos 86.2 36.0 2,446 37.8 1.6 4.0 0.4 56.2 100.0 880
Ogun 74.0 22.5 870 63.7 0.7 4.9 0.7 30.0 100.0 196
Ondo 83.2 53.4 791 75.9 1.2 0.7 0.0 22.2 100.0 422
Osun 91.2 82.8 922 95.4 0.3 1.2 0.0 3.1 100.0 763
Oyo 98.7 83.9 1,205 9.7 13.7 0.4 0.2 76.1 100.0 1,011
Total 61.1 29.6 33,385 45.4 3.0 5.3 1.6 44.8 100.0 9,890
1
removed,’ and ‘sewn closed.’
2
Due to the inclusion of Angurya and Gishiri cuts in the definition of female circumcision in Kano State, the observed prevalence of is
74 percent in Kano State.
448 | Appendix A
Table A-18.2 Age at circumcision: States
Percent distribution of circumcised women by age at circumcision, according to

Age at circumcision
Don't Number of
know/ women
State of residence <1 1-4 5+ missing Total circumcised
North Central
FCT-Abuja 79.3 1.9 15.6 3.1 100.0 44
Benue (28.9) (2.6) (54.9) (13.6) 100.0 37
Kogi * * * * 100.0 10
Kwara 82.6 3.0 10.7 3.7 100.0 373
Nasarawa 22.2 2.9 69.8 5.1 100.0 48
Niger (65.4) (3.5) (24.1) (7.0) 100.0 26
Plateau * * * * 100.0 6
North East
Adamawa * * * * 100.0 4
Bauchi * * * * 100.0 5
Borno 40.0 6.6 49.5 3.9 100.0 95
Gombe * * * * 100.0 3
Taraba * * * * 100.0 9
Yobe * * * * 100.0 1
North West
Jigawa * * * * 100.0 1
Kaduna * * * * 100.0 26
Kano1 96.7 0.0 0.1 3.2 100.0 1,531
Sokoto * * * * 100.0 5
Zamfara * * * * 100.0 9
South East
Abia 97.5 0.0 0.7 1.7 100.0 428
Anambra 95.3 0.0 1.5 3.1 100.0 308
Ebonyi 57.5 2.3 38.7 1.5 100.0 484
Enugu 94.0 0.3 0.9 4.8 100.0 365
Imo 95.5 0.2 0.2 4.0 100.0 576
South South
Akwa Ibom 17.3 5.5 76.4 0.8 100.0 143
Bayelsa 30.1 1.8 66.2 1.8 100.0 121
Cross River 37.3 6.4 50.3 6.0 100.0 253
Delta 63.3 1.0 35.1 0.6 100.0 605
Edo 82.5 0.0 14.5 3.0 100.0 394
Rivers 77.3 1.6 19.4 1.6 100.0 357
South West
Ekiti 86.8 2.8 4.7 5.8 100.0 351
Lagos 88.4 1.3 8.9 1.3 100.0 880
Ogun 86.0 1.4 11.2 1.4 100.0 196
Ondo 79.1 1.4 6.7 12.8 100.0 422
Osun 92.1 4.7 2.9 0.4 100.0 763
Oyo 90.1 1.4 3.3 5.2 100.0 1,011
Total 82.4 1.6 12.5 3.5 100.0 9,890

indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been
suppressed.
1
Angurya and Gishiri cuts were included in the definition of female circumcision
in Kano State.
Appendix A | 449
Table A-18.3 Person who performed circumcision: States
Percent distribution of circumcised women by the person who performed the circumcision, according to state of residence,
Nigeria 2008
Health professional Traditional .

Trained Other Traditional Don't Number of
nurse/ health Traditional birth Other know/ women
State of residence Doctor midwife professional ‘circumciser’ attendant traditional missing Total circumcised
North Central
FCT-Abuja 1.9 5.2 0.0 63.9 2.1 6.6 20.3 100.0 44
Benue (2.6) (0.0) (0.0) (86.4) (0.0) (0.0) (11.0) 100.0 37
Kogi * * * * * * * 100.0 10
Kwara 1.8 1.2 0.0 88.8 1.4 0.0 6.7 100.0 373
Nasarawa 0.0 1.0 0.0 73.8 22.2 1.0 2.0 100.0 48
Niger (6.8) (14.0) (0.0) (65.3) (3.5) (0.0) (10.5) 100.0 26
Plateau * * * * * * * 100.0 6
North East
Adamawa * * * * * * * 100.0 4
Bauchi * * * * * * * 100.0 5
Borno 0.0 0.0 0.0 98.1 0.0 0.9 1.0 100.0 95
Gombe * * * * * * * 100.0 3
Taraba * * * * * * * 100.0 9
Yobe * * * * * * * 100.0 1
North West
Jigawa * * * * * * * 100.0 1
Kaduna * * * * * * * 100.0 26
Kano1 0.0 0.0 0.0 92.7 3.5 0.0 3.8 100.0 1,531
Sokoto * * * * * * * 100.0 5
Zamfara * * * * * * * 100.0 9
South East
Abia 0.7 10.3 0.0 59.5 10.8 0.2 18.4 100.0 428
Anambra 13.7 14.1 0.0 18.9 20.2 0.0 33.1 100.0 308
Ebonyi 0.5 3.2 0.1 55.7 35.5 0.2 4.8 100.0 484
Enugu 0.9 6.1 0.3 25.4 36.8 1.2 29.4 100.0 365
Imo 0.2 8.0 0.0 33.7 7.7 0.0 50.3 100.0 576
South South
Akwa Ibom 0.0 1.6 0.0 61.3 27.7 4.7 4.7 100.0 143
Bayelsa 0.9 5.0 0.0 80.8 8.7 0.5 4.1 100.0 121
Cross River 0.0 2.6 0.0 85.7 5.6 0.0 6.0 100.0 253
Delta 1.0 27.1 0.2 36.9 17.0 0.0 17.7 100.0 605
Edo 5.5 2.5 0.0 72.1 2.8 0.0 17.1 100.0 394
Rivers 2.1 13.7 0.0 33.8 42.8 0.0 7.6 100.0 357
South West
Ekiti 1.5 9.2 0.0 48.8 1.1 0.2 39.3 100.0 351
Lagos 2.7 14.0 0.7 56.6 4.7 3.6 17.8 100.0 880
Ogun 2.8 1.4 0.7 94.3 0.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 196
Ondo 1.2 15.5 0.0 47.7 1.4 0.0 34.2 100.0 422
Osun 0.5 4.5 0.0 92.7 0.4 0.0 2.0 100.0 763
Oyo 2.3 2.3 0.0 61.2 0.6 0.0 33.5 100.0 1,011
Total 1.7 7.1 0.1 63.7 9.4 0.5 17.5 100.0 9,890
1
450 | Appendix A
Table A-18.4 Daughter's circumcision experience and type of circumcision: States
Among women who have heard of female circumcision and who have at least one living daughter, percentage with at least one
circumcised daughter, percentage who intend to have their daughter circumcised, and percent distribution by type of circumcision
among most recently circumcised daughters, according to state of residence, Nigeria 2008
Type of circumcision of daughter

Percentage of Percentage of Number of Number of
women with women who women most
at least one intend to have with at least Cut, Cut, no recently
daughter daughter one living flesh flesh Sewn Don't circumcised
State of residence circumcised circumcised daughter removed removed closed Other1 know daughters
North Central
FCT-Abuja 8.2 1.6 112 * * * * * 9
Benue 2.1 1.7 232 * * * * * 5
Kogi 2.6 1.3 69 * * * * * 2
Kwara 59.9 7.1 263 70.5 1.4 8.6 0.5 2.4 158
Nasarawa 9.8 14.1 107 * * * * * 11
Niger 6.2 1.5 58 * * * * * 4
Plateau 1.0 0.0 77 * * * * * 1
North East
Adamawa 0.9 1.3 168 * * * * * 2
Bauchi 6.4 1.1 183 * * * * * 12
Borno 9.3 3.5 487 (89.7) (8.2) (35.1) (0.0) (0.0) 45
Gombe 0.0 1.3 78 * * * * * 0
Taraba 2.3 3.4 104 * * * * * 2
Yobe 0.0 0.0 94 * * * * * 0
North West
Jigawa 0.0 0.0 79 * * * * * 0
Kaduna 3.6 0.6 212 * * * * * 8
Kano2 80.3 1.4 1,223 40.7 12.1 9.4 1.0 35.1 983
Katsina 0.0 0.0 260 * * * * * 0
Kebbi 0.0 0.0 174 * * * * * 0
Sokoto 1.1 0.5 160 * * * * * 2
Zamfara 3.6 0.7 119 * * * * * 4
South East
Abia 25.1 1.8 343 88.9 1.2 12.2 3.7 6.1 86
Anambra 12.7 2.9 437 (64.2) (3.0) (9.0) (17.9) (6.0) 55
Ebonyi 41.4 24.7 313 92.3 2.8 4.6 3.9 0.5 130
Enugu 39.0 4.0 275 89.9 2.0 11.1 2.0 3.0 107
Imo 39.8 3.1 409 73.6 3.5 16.6 0.0 22.1 163
South South
Akwa Ibom 6.1 11.1 366 * * * * * 22
Bayelsa 8.0 12.4 228 (72.7) (9.1) (9.1) (6.1) (3.0) 18
Cross River 9.3 12.6 347 (79.3) (0.0) (14.7) (6.0) (8.8) 32
Delta 30.0 17.3 463 75.6 3.0 0.0 2.1 19.4 139
Edo 40.7 8.6 349 94.3 1.9 0.7 0.0 1.9 142
Rivers 15.4 4.4 526 (78.5) (9.6) (4.7) (0.0) (7.1) 81
South West
Ekiti 47.0 5.4 250 76.4 3.2 7.6 1.3 17.9 117
Lagos 19.9 3.8 1,088 69.5 2.7 6.3 0.0 23.3 217
Ogun 11.6 7.4 427 (83.2) (5.6) (0.0) (2.8) (5.6) 50
Ondo 52.8 5.7 357 90.1 2.6 2.6 0.5 0.0 189
Osun 61.1 3.5 400 99.6 0.0 2.8 0.0 0.4 245
Oyo 57.0 5.9 725 39.0 38.0 0.9 0.4 9.6 413
Total 29.9 5.3 11,563 65.7 9.7 7.0 1.3 16.0 3,452
1
removed,’ and ‘sewn closed.’
2
Appendix A | 451
Table A-18.6.1 Perceived benefits of female circumcision: Women by state
Percent distribution of all women who have heard of female circumcision by opinion on benefits of female circumcision,
Benefits of female circumcision according to women

virginity/ sexual women who
State of Cleanliness/ Social marriage premarital for the Religious No of female
residence hygiene acceptance prospects sex man approval Other benefits circumcision
North Central
FCT-Abuja 1.9 1.3 2.0 3.2 1.6 0.8 1.9 91.0 210
Benue 0.5 0.3 1.6 2.4 0.3 0.6 2.1 87.1 363
Kogi 4.6 1.5 4.6 5.4 5.4 1.5 2.3 66.9 117
Kwara 4.7 17.2 22.3 16.4 1.2 39.3 1.9 35.2 438
Nasarawa 7.6 3.6 7.6 8.7 3.7 2.6 1.3 69.0 183
Niger 3.5 3.5 36.5 24.3 11.4 2.6 2.6 32.1 102
Plateau 0.0 0.0 0.6 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 84.9 139
North East
Adamawa 4.7 9.4 1.1 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.3 73.0 272
Bauchi 1.6 5.1 4.3 0.4 2.1 1.2 3.1 73.2 252
Borno 3.1 14.1 14.7 17.8 13.1 3.2 2.2 44.1 721
Gombe 1.4 1.4 0.9 3.3 0.9 0.5 0.0 93.5 117
Taraba 1.3 0.6 2.5 5.3 1.0 1.5 0.8 86.5 162
Yobe 0.0 20.9 0.0 0.0 4.9 0.0 0.8 69.9 134
North West
Jigawa 0.8 1.4 1.4 0.0 2.2 1.4 0.0 79.5 121
Kaduna 0.4 3.3 0.4 8.8 3.8 0.0 2.5 72.7 333
Kano 14.4 8.4 17.5 8.9 32.6 2.1 1.0 5.5 1,729
Katsina 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.3 96.7 355
Kebbi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 90.6 241
Sokoto 0.4 0.4 4.2 1.2 1.5 0.4 0.4 50.6 225
Zamfara 8.7 1.6 3.8 1.6 1.6 2.2 0.5 85.3 155
South East
Abia 3.4 0.7 0.9 17.7 1.0 0.1 4.3 69.8 703
Anambra 1.3 1.8 5.3 20.4 2.4 0.4 0.0 70.3 894
Ebonyi 5.9 28.5 15.7 13.1 4.7 5.9 4.7 55.0 566
Enugu 1.3 4.2 6.2 17.6 2.2 0.0 1.9 58.0 601
Imo 7.2 0.5 3.1 28.2 0.9 0.4 4.3 49.3 854
South South
Akwa Ibom 1.4 6.4 0.9 1.0 1.8 0.5 6.3 80.4 652
Bayelsa 1.0 2.3 0.7 2.0 0.1 2.6 2.2 91.4 451
Cross River 3.3 8.1 27.1 2.9 0.6 0.0 0.2 59.2 614
Delta 12.0 11.4 7.9 8.0 1.4 3.7 7.9 50.8 990
Edo 10.3 4.7 7.8 19.0 2.2 0.0 7.2 42.1 671
Rivers 0.9 4.3 2.5 5.3 0.9 0.9 2.3 70.2 1,115
South West
Ekiti 9.6 12.1 9.0 13.9 5.5 1.1 8.2 50.5 474
Lagos 5.0 5.9 5.3 11.9 3.2 0.9 2.0 69.3 2,108
Ogun 6.2 15.8 3.1 5.0 0.8 0.4 3.4 72.5 644
Ondo 6.0 18.6 4.2 5.8 1.1 0.6 2.9 51.8 658
Osun 16.7 13.6 18.6 10.1 2.7 0.2 0.1 53.0 840
Oyo 18.1 12.9 7.6 26.8 0.8 0.2 7.2 44.2 1,190
Total 6.4 7.9 7.8 11.2 4.9 1.9 2.9 58.1 20,396
452 | Appendix A
Table A-18.6.2 Perceived benefits of female circumcision: Men by state
Percent distribution of all men who have heard of female circumcision by opinion on benefits of female circumcision,
Benefits of female circumcision according to men

virginity/ sexual men who
State of Cleanliness/ Social marriage premarital for the Religious No of female
residence hygiene acceptance prospects sex man approval Other benefits circumcision
North Central
FCT-Abuja 2.3 0.6 5.9 8.3 0.3 0.0 0.3 87.9 126
Benue 1.5 2.2 0.7 1.9 2.0 0.4 2.6 87.5 267
Kogi 7.1 3.5 5.7 5.0 4.3 2.8 1.4 82.3 127
Kwara 4.6 10.9 10.1 19.2 8.6 18.6 0.9 33.8 236
Nasarawa 3.2 4.9 6.4 24.9 15.6 9.9 6.0 53.4 144
Niger 8.2 7.5 10.1 33.1 5.4 1.3 6.0 46.6 134
Plateau 0.0 0.0 0.5 19.8 2.8 0.0 0.9 63.7 163
North East
Adamawa 0.3 0.9 2.4 7.4 5.0 0.3 2.1 77.9 244
Bauchi 2.7 0.3 1.5 2.9 6.3 0.3 3.5 71.8 341
Borno 10.8 10.9 9.4 11.7 20.8 3.3 0.8 43.7 315
Gombe 0.3 2.9 1.8 16.6 15.5 0.0 0.6 58.8 155
Taraba 0.4 1.7 6.4 32.5 12.1 0.4 0.4 51.3 123
Yobe 3.5 9.5 2.0 3.6 4.1 0.0 0.0 78.5 85
North West
Jigawa 0.8 1.2 4.2 5.4 8.1 0.0 0.4 52.8 225
Kaduna 2.4 2.5 3.7 29.2 7.7 10.7 2.2 34.0 357
Kano 4.0 2.1 7.6 12.0 27.5 1.1 0.8 52.6 771
Katsina 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.0 3.3 0.7 0.4 84.7 320
Kebbi 4.4 6.9 15.0 10.0 18.8 1.3 1.9 34.4 120
Sokoto 2.4 1.6 15.1 3.7 4.5 0.8 2.4 52.7 210
Zamfara 5.0 21.1 11.6 13.4 9.4 3.0 2.5 47.8 227
South East
Abia 4.5 8.6 12.7 27.9 2.1 1.2 4.5 56.9 270
Anambra 2.9 2.1 6.0 40.7 0.4 0.4 0.0 46.8 397
Ebonyi 1.3 30.2 16.8 6.5 1.9 0.0 1.6 53.0 188
Enugu 57.9 16.9 34.9 52.7 21.0 4.8 2.5 18.3 200
Imo 6.5 9.8 1.9 31.3 1.8 0.9 3.1 43.7 312
South South
Akwa Ibom 0.4 4.7 1.6 2.6 1.1 0.8 1.5 84.7 287
Bayelsa 2.1 8.3 4.4 2.3 5.5 7.8 0.2 68.0 232
Cross River 1.0 3.6 0.7 2.7 0.7 0.0 7.6 58.9 298
Delta 2.1 5.7 1.7 6.1 2.5 0.3 13.7 50.6 398
Edo 8.4 1.7 1.7 15.9 0.3 0.5 10.0 32.0 326
Rivers 1.6 6.5 1.6 4.1 1.1 3.8 8.5 55.2 687
South West
Ekiti 3.5 5.8 5.8 12.2 18.1 3.2 16.1 38.5 249
Lagos 4.4 2.9 3.3 37.7 6.9 6.2 5.2 40.2 969
Ogun 4.9 16.9 15.9 9.8 3.0 0.5 0.5 66.3 260
Ondo 8.0 3.0 6.5 10.2 6.3 0.8 2.3 41.4 264
Osun 2.9 0.6 23.3 33.2 5.2 1.5 0.4 19.7 431
Oyo 3.2 14.2 2.3 31.6 1.0 3.2 3.4 41.8 522
Total 4.4 5.8 6.4 17.3 7.2 2.7 3.6 51.8 10,979
Appendix A | 453
Table A-18.7.1 Attitudes towards continuation of female circumcision: Women by state
Percent distribution of all women who have heard of female circumcision by opinion on whether
female circumcision should be continued or discontinued, according to state of residence, Nigeria
2008
Women’s opinion on continuation of Number of

female circumcision women who
Depends/ have heard
Should be Should be don't of female
State of residence continued discontinued know Missing Total circumcision
North Central
FCT-Abuja 2.0 93.4 3.3 1.2 100.0 210
Benue 2.1 88.0 8.8 1.1 100.0 363
Kogi 6.1 73.1 16.1 4.6 100.0 117
Kwara 49.1 35.8 13.8 1.4 100.0 438
Nasarawa 15.3 75.5 1.3 7.9 100.0 183
Niger 18.4 59.9 19.1 2.7 100.0 102
Plateau 1.7 87.8 4.4 6.1 100.0 139
North East
Adamawa 1.7 82.6 6.9 8.8 100.0 272
Bauchi 8.6 61.4 27.6 2.4 100.0 252
Borno 16.6 55.3 27.3 0.8 100.0 721
Gombe 1.8 90.2 5.9 2.1 100.0 117
Taraba 7.1 80.5 10.3 2.1 100.0 162
Yobe 1.8 86.6 9.6 2.1 100.0 134
North West
Jigawa 4.3 58.9 28.5 8.3 100.0 121
Kaduna 7.6 85.1 3.3 4.1 100.0 333
Kano 46.5 15.3 36.7 1.5 100.0 1,729
Katsina 0.0 97.7 2.0 0.3 100.0 355
Kebbi 0.3 89.6 3.1 6.9 100.0 241
Sokoto 5.0 89.6 3.5 1.9 100.0 225
Zamfara 4.4 88.5 4.3 2.8 100.0 155
South East
Abia 19.6 74.0 5.1 1.4 100.0 703
Anambra 13.1 80.0 5.4 1.4 100.0 894
Ebonyi 31.5 67.8 0.5 0.2 100.0 566
Enugu 11.8 66.9 18.7 2.6 100.0 601
Imo 34.4 59.0 6.6 0.0 100.0 854
South South
Akwa Ibom 5.0 75.7 18.1 1.2 100.0 652
Bayelsa 6.4 89.8 3.7 0.1 100.0 451
Cross River 13.2 82.0 4.2 0.6 100.0 614
Delta 26.0 52.7 21.2 0.1 100.0 990
Edo 33.9 38.7 25.4 2.0 100.0 671
Rivers 12.4 69.1 18.0 0.5 100.0 1,115
South West
Ekiti 28.7 52.7 16.6 2.1 100.0 474
Lagos 13.2 72.3 13.5 1.0 100.0 2,108
Ogun 14.7 72.5 10.5 2.4 100.0 644
Ondo 20.6 42.7 34.2 2.4 100.0 658
Osun 47.7 48.9 3.1 0.4 100.0 840
Oyo 40.4 44.0 15.3 0.3 100.0 1,190
Total 21.5 62.1 14.9 1.5 100.0 20,396
454 | Appendix A
Table A-18.7.2 Attitudes towards continuation of female circumcision: Men by state
Percent distribution of all men who have heard of female circumcision by opinion on whether
female circumcision should be continued or discontinued, according to state of residence, Nigeria
2008
Men’s opinion on continuation of Number of

female circumcision men who
Depends/ have heard
Should be Should be don't of female
State of residence continued discontinued know Missing Total circumcision
North Central
FCT-Abuja 4.2 91.9 3.6 0.3 100.0 126
Benue 3.4 88.8 7.9 0.0 100.0 267
Kogi 6.4 85.8 5.7 2.1 100.0 127
Kwara 48.6 38.7 10.0 2.7 100.0 236
Nasarawa 25.6 71.3 2.8 0.4 100.0 144
Niger 14.8 74.4 10.2 0.7 100.0 134
Plateau 8.4 90.2 1.4 0.0 100.0 163
North East
Adamawa 6.5 92.1 1.5 0.0 100.0 244
Bauchi 11.5 83.2 4.7 0.6 100.0 341
Borno 32.1 59.7 7.7 0.5 100.0 315
Gombe 4.8 93.8 0.0 1.4 100.0 155
Taraba 2.1 97.0 0.8 0.0 100.0 123
Yobe 1.4 92.8 3.9 1.9 100.0 85
North West
Jigawa 7.9 86.6 4.2 1.3 100.0 225
Kaduna 18.8 74.7 5.2 1.3 100.0 357
Kano 8.8 81.8 8.6 0.8 100.0 771
Katsina 2.6 86.5 4.4 6.6 100.0 320
Kebbi 25.6 46.3 23.8 4.4 100.0 120
Sokoto 11.4 83.7 3.7 1.2 100.0 210
Zamfara 26.0 53.0 17.6 3.3 100.0 227
South East
Abia 36.1 58.1 5.8 0.0 100.0 270
Anambra 45.6 47.2 7.2 0.0 100.0 397
Ebonyi 32.7 64.3 2.7 0.3 100.0 188
Enugu 21.1 72.8 6.1 0.0 100.0 200
Imo 40.3 38.0 21.6 0.0 100.0 312
South South
Akwa Ibom 5.5 82.9 11.6 0.0 100.0 287
Bayelsa 7.6 90.1 2.3 0.0 100.0 232
Cross River 11.6 82.1 6.3 0.0 100.0 298
Delta 30.6 59.7 8.4 1.3 100.0 398
Edo 51.5 36.4 11.1 1.1 100.0 326
Rivers 14.5 69.3 14.8 1.4 100.0 687
South West
Ekiti 57.2 34.7 7.6 0.6 100.0 249
Lagos 26.7 43.5 28.6 1.1 100.0 969
Ogun 17.6 79.0 3.4 0.0 100.0 260
Ondo 33.8 41.2 19.4 5.7 100.0 264
Osun 54.5 28.1 17.4 0.0 100.0 431
Oyo 39.5 36.4 23.8 0.3 100.0 522
Total 23.6 64.2 11.1 1.1 100.0 10,979
Appendix A | 455
SURVEY DESIGN Appendix B
B.1 INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this document is to provide recommendations for the sample design of the
2008 NDHS survey, and the corresponding selection procedures performed prior to the survey
implementation.
B.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE SAMPLE DESIGN
(1) The 2008 NDHS survey is designed to allow reliable estimation of most variables for a
variety of health and demographic analyses at the various domains of interest.
(2) The major domains distinguished in the tabulation of important characteristics for the
eligible women population are:
• Nigeria as a whole
• Each of six major regions defined in Nigeria, and named as:
1) North Central
2) North East
3) North West
4) South East
5) South West
6) South South
• Urban and rural areas of Nigeria (each as a separate domain).
• Each of the 36 sates of Nigeria, plus the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) of Abuja.
(3) The primary objective of the 2008 NDHS is to provide estimates with acceptable
precision for important population characteristics such as fertility, contraceptive
prevalence, selected health indicators, mainly infant mortality and an HIV/AIDS module
for women and men.
(4) The population covered by the 2008 NDHS is defined as the universe of all women age
15-49 in Nigeria.
(5) A sample of households was selected and all women age 15-49 identified in the
households will be interviewed.
(6) Approximately half of the selected households for the women sample were used to
interview the eligible men age 15-59, and estimates were computed for the same domains
of study.
Appendix B | 457
B.3 SAMPLE FRAME
Administratively, Nigeria is divided into states. Each state is subdivided into local
government areas (LGAs), and each LGA is divided into localities. In addition to these administrative
units, during the last 2006 Population Census, each locality was subdivided into convenient areas
called census enumeration areas (EAs). Nigeria has 36 states, plus FCT-Abuja. At the time of survey
implementation, the list of EAs did not have census information for households and the population
because the census frame is under segmentation revision. Therefore, no household or population
information was available at the EA level. The need for sampling planning and selection of such
information on urban/rural was quite important; therefore, each EA was approximately classified as
urban or rural. The available cartographic material demarcated for each EA was useful in the EA
location and its identification; hence the sample frame for this survey is the list of EAs used in the last
census population.
B.4 STRATIFICATION
In the current preliminary census frame, the EAs are grouped by states, by LGAs within a
state, and by localities within an LGA. The EAs are stratified separately by urban and rural areas. Any
locality with less than 20,000 population in each LGA constitutes the rural area in the LGA.
B.5 SAMPLE ALLOCATION
The primary sampling unit (PSU), a cluster, for the 2008 NDHS is defined on the basis of
EAs from the 2006 EAs census frame. A minimum requirement of 80 households (400 population) for
the cluster size has been imposed in the design. If the selected EA is small during the listing process,
then a supplemental household listing should be conducted in the neighbouring EA. The number of
clusters in each state was not allocated proportional to their total population (or households) due to the
need to obtain estimates for each of the 36 states and FCT-Abuja. Nigeria is a country where the
majority of the population resides in rural areas. With the current allocation, the urban areas in some
states were over-sampled in order to provide reliable information for the total urban population at the
national level. Table B.1 shows the allocation of 36,800 completed interviews among the 36 states
and FCT-Abuja.
The target of the 2008 NDHS sample is to obtain 36,800 completed interviews. Based on the
level of non-response found in the 2003 Nigeria DHS, to achieve this target, approximately 36,800
households will be selected, and all women age 15-49 will be interviewed. A requirement was to
reach a minimum of 950 completed interviews per state. In each state, the number of households was
distributed proportionately among its urban and rural areas.
The selected households were distributed in 888 clusters in Nigeria, 286 clusters in the urban
areas, and 602 clusters in the rural areas.
Under this final allocation, it was expected that each of the 36 designated states and FCT-Abuja
would have a minimum of 950 completed women interviews.
458 | Appendix B
Table B.1 Allocation of completed interviews by region and state
Nigeria basic information

projected total women in 2007 Sample Number of
Region/state Women Percentage size clusters
North Central
Benue 1,052,752 23.3 1,000 24
FCT-Abuja 118,951 2.6 950 23
Kogi 759,298 16.8 1,000 24
Kwara 544,327 12.0 950 23
Niger 841,025 18.6 1,000 24
Nasarawa 439,646 9.7 950 23
Plateau 766,486 16.9 1,000 24
Subtotal 4,522,485 100.0 6,850 165
Northeast
Adamawa 713,172 16.6 950 23
Bauchi 1,013,754 23.5 1,000 24
Borno 984,658 22.9 1,000 24
Gombe 529,408 12.3 950 23
Taraba 550,753 12.8 950 23
Yobe 514,095 11.9 950 23
Subtotal 4,305,840 100.0 5,800 140
Northwest
Jigawa 1,085,772 13.2 1,000 24
Kaduna 1,349,397 16.4 1,000 24
Kano 2,095,113 25.4 1,300 32
Katsina 1,384,984 16.8 1,000 24
Kebbi 749,280 9.1 950 23
Sokoto 841,819 10.2 1,000 24
Zamfara 742,227 9.0 950 23
Subtotal 8,248,592 100.0 7,200 174
Southeast
Abia 654,299 20.9 950 23
Anambra 185,404 5.9 950 23
Ebonyi 535,615 17.1 950 23
Enugu 845,803 27.0 1,000 24
Imo 916,013 29.2 1,000 24
Subtotal 3,137,134 100.0 4,850 117
Southwest
Ekiti 576,633 8.7 950 23
Lagos 2,143,930 32.4 1,300 32
Ogun 923,242 14.0 1,000 24
Ondo 838,016 12.7 1,000 24
Osun 791,359 12.0 1,000 24
Oyo 1,340,115 20.3 1,000 24
Subtotal 6,613,295 100.0 6,250 151
South South
Akwa Ibom 864,144 18.0 1,000 24
Bayelsa 404,706 8.4 950 23
Cross River 690,371 14.4 950 23
Delta 937,995 19.6 1,000 24
Edo 746,674 15.6 950 23
Rivers 1,153,249 24.0 1,000 24
Subtotal 4,797,139 100.0 5,850 141
Total 31,624,485 36,800 888
Appendix B | 459
B.6 SAMPLE SELECTION
The 2008 NDHS sample was selected using a stratified two-stage cluster design consisting of
888 clusters, 286 in the urban and 602 in the rural areas. Once the number of households was
allocated to each state, the numbers of clusters (calculated based on an average sample take of 41
completed interviews or about 41 selected households) was calculated by dividing the total sample in
the state by the sample take. Finally, all women 15-49 years were interviewed in each cluster, and in
half of the selected households about 20 men were interviewed. Before the selection in a state, all EAs
were stratified by urban and rural areas. The selection was performed using the following formula:
P1i = ( a / A )
Where,
a: is the number of clusters to be selected in the given state
A: is the total number of clusters in the given state.
In each selected cluster, a complete household listing operation was carried out and
households were selected to achieve a fixed sample take per cluster. However, since the 2008 NDHS
sample was unbalanced among residence area and state, a final weighing adjustment procedure to
provide estimates at every other domain of study was required.
In a given state, if c is the fixed number of households selected out of the total households
(Li)— found in the 2008 listing process—for the ith cluster, then the household probability in the
selected ith cluster can be expressed as:
P2i = ( c / Li )
The final households overall probability in the ith cluster could be calculated as:
fi = P1i * P2i
and the sampling design weight for the ith cluster is given as:
1/ fi = 1 / ( P1i * P2i )
B.7 SAMPLE FOR MALE SURVEY
Men age 15-59 were interviewed in every second household selected for the women’s
interview. According the 2003 NDHS, a total of 2,346 successfully completed male interviews were
obtained with a sample of 2,569 selected households. Therefore, it was expected to have about 16,800
successfully completed male interviews in the 2008 NDHS.
460 | Appendix B
Table B.2 Sample implementation: Women
Percent distribution of households and eligible women by results of the household and individual interviews, and household, eligible
women and overall response rates, according to urban-rural residence and region, Nigeria 2008
Residence Zone
North North North South South South
Result Urban Rural Central East West East South West Total
Selected households
Completed (C) 93.9 93.8 93.3 95.1 94.7 86.1 93.9 98.3 93.9
Household present but no
competent respondent at home
(HP) 1.0 0.8 1.0 0.3 0.7 2.4 0.8 0.2 0.8
Postponed (P) 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Refused (R) 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.3
Dwelling not found (DNF) 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.9 0.3 0.0 0.4
Household absent (HA) 2.2 3.0 2.9 1.3 2.4 7.6 2.3 1.1 2.8
Dwelling vacant/address not a
dwelling (DV) 1.6 1.6 1.4 2.6 1.4 2.2 1.9 0.3 1.6
Dwelling destroy (DD) 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.2
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of sampled households 11,418 24,880 6,711 5,738 7,122 4,797 5,737 6,193 36,298
Household response rate (HRR)1 97.9 98.6 97.9 99.3 98.5 95.6 98.4 99.7 98.3
Eligible women
Completed (EWC) 96.5 96.5 96.6 97.5 96.4 94.1 95.5 98.1 96.5
Not at home (EWNH) 1.6 1.8 2.0 1.1 1.3 3.1 2.8 0.9 1.8
Postponed (EWP) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Refused (EWR) 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.6 1.3 0.8 0.1 0.6
Partly completed (EWPC) 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.2
Incapacitated (EWI) 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.4
Other (EWO) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.5
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of women 10,868 23,728 6,592 6,376 7,566 3,898 5,041 5,123 34,596
Eligible women response rate
(EWRR)2 96.5 96.5 96.6 97.5 96.4 94.1 95.5 98.1 96.5
Overall response rate (ORR)3 94.5 95.1 94.5 96.8 95.0 89.9 93.9 97.8 94.9
1
Using the number of households falling into specific response categories, the household response rate (HRR) is calculated as:
100 * C
———————————
C + HP + P + R + DNF
2
Using the number of eligible women falling into specific response categories, the eligible woman response rate (EWRR) is calculated
as:
100 * EWC
—————————————————————————
EWC + EWNH + EWP + EWR + EWPC + EWI + EWO
3
The overall response rate (ORR) is calculated as:
ORR = HRR * EWRR/100
Appendix B | 461
Table B.3 Sample implementation: Men
Percent distribution of households and eligible men by results of the household and individual interviews, and household, eligible men
and overall response rates, according to urban-rural residence and region, Nigeria 2008
Residence Zone
North North North South South South
Result Urban Rural Central East West East South West Total
Selected households
Completed (C) 93.7 93.6 93.0 94.7 94.2 86.5 93.5 98.2 93.6
Household present but no
competent respondent at home
(HP) 0.9 0.7 1.0 0.5 0.8 1.6 0.8 0.1 0.8
Postponed (P) 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Refused (R) 0.7 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.3
Dwelling not found (DNF) 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.8 0.2 0.0 0.4
Household absent (HA) 2.5 3.2 3.0 1.4 2.8 7.8 2.6 1.2 3.0
Dwelling vacant/address not a
dwelling (DV) 1.7 1.7 1.4 2.8 1.5 2.5 2.2 0.3 1.7
Dwelling destroy (DD) 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.2
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of sampled households 5,612 12,215 3,301 2,814 3,508 2,353 2,839 3,012 17,827
Household response rate (HRR) 1 97.9 98.6 97.6 99.1 98.4 96.6 98.5 99.7 98.4
Eligible men
Completed (EMC) 91.7 93.1 91.2 94.7 92.3 86.5 91.8 97.2 92.6
Not at home (EMNH) 4.1 3.2 4.1 2.3 2.6 8.4 5.0 0.9 3.5
Postponed (EMP) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Refused (EMR) 1.0 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.7 1.6 0.6 0.3 0.6
Partly completed (EMPC) 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.3
Incapacitated (EMI) 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.4
Other (EMO) 2.6 2.6 3.2 2.0 3.7 2.6 2.0 1.5 2.6
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of men 5,597 11,125 3,315 2,887 3,640 1,650 2,592 2,638 16,722
Eligible men response rate
(EMRR)2 91.7 93.1 91.2 94.7 92.3 86.5 91.8 97.2 92.6
Overall response rate (ORR)3 89.8 91.8 89.0 93.9 90.8 83.5 90.4 96.9 91.1
1
Using the number of households falling into specific response categories, the household response rate (HRR) is calculated as:
100 * C
———————————
C + HP + P + R + DNF
2
Using the number of eligible men falling into specific response categories, the eligible man response rate (EMRR) is calculated as:
100 * EMC
—————————————————————————
EMC + EMNH + EMP + EMR + EMPC + EMI + EMO
3
The overall response rate (ORR) is calculated as:
ORR = HRR * EMRR/100
462 | Appendix B
ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS Appendix C
Estimates derived from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: 1) non-sampling
errors and 2) sampling errors. Non-sampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing
data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household,
misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data
entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the 2008 Nigeria
DHS (2008 NDHS) to minimise this type of error, non-sampling errors are impossible to avoid and
difficult to evaluate statistically.
Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents
selected in the 2008 NDHS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same
population, using the same design and expected size. Each of these samples would yield results that
differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the
variability between all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it
can be estimated from the survey results.
A sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic
(mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to
calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be
assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that
statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95
percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.
If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have
been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the 2008
NDHS sample is the result of a multi-stage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to
use a more complex formula. The computer software used to calculate sampling errors for the 2008
NDHS uses the Taylor linearisation method of variance estimation for survey estimates that are means
or proportions. Another approach, the Jackknife repeated replication method, is used for variance
estimation of more complex statistics such as fertility and mortality rates.
The Taylor linearisation method treats any percentage or average as a ratio estimate, r = y/x,
where y represents the total sample value for variable y, and x represents the total number of cases in
the group or subgroup under consideration. The variance of r is computed using the formula given
below, with the standard error being the square root of the variance:
1− f H ⎡ mh ⎛ m 2 z h2 ⎞⎤
∑ ∑
h
SE 2 ( r ) = var ( r ) = ⎢ ⎜ z hi − ⎟⎥
x2 ⎜ ⎟
⎢ m h −1
h =1 ⎣ ⎝ i =1 m h ⎠⎦⎥
in which
z hi = y hi − rx hi , and z h = y h − rx h
Appendix C | 463
where h represents the stratum which varies from 1 to H,
mh is the total number of clusters selected in the hth stratum,
yhi is the sum of the weighted values of variable y in the ith cluster in the hth stratum,
xhi is the sum of the weighted number of cases in the ith cluster in the hth stratum, and
f is the overall sampling fraction, which is so small that it is ignored.
The Jackknife repeated replication method derives estimates of complex rates from each of
several replications of the parent sample, and calculates standard errors for these estimates using
simple formulas. Each replication considers all but one cluster in the calculation of the estimates.
Pseudo-independent replications are thus created. In the 2008 NDHS, there were 886 non-empty
clusters. Hence, 886 replications were created. The variance of a rate r is calculated as follows:
k
1
SE (r ) = var (r ) =
2
∑ (r − r ) 2
k ( k − 1) i =1 i
in which
ri = kr − ( k − 1) r( i )
where r is the estimate computed from the full sample of 886 clusters,
r(i) is the estimate computed from the reduced sample of 886 clusters (ith cluster
excluded), and
k is the total number of clusters.
In addition to the standard error, the design effect (DEFT) for each estimate is also calculated.
The design effect is defined as the ratio between the standard error using the given sample design and
the standard error that would result if a simple random sample had been used. A DEFT value of 1.0
indicates that the sample design is as efficient as a simple random sample, while a value greater than
1.0 indicates the increase in the sampling error due to the use of a more complex and less statistically
efficient design. Relative errors and confidence limits for the estimates are also computed.
Sampling errors for the 2008 NDHS are calculated for selected variables considered to be of
primary interest for the women’s and men’s samples. The results are presented in this appendix for the
country as a whole, for urban and rural areas, and for 6 regions. For each variable, the type of statistic
(mean, proportion, or rate) and the base population are given in Table C.1. Tables C.2 to C.10 present
the value of the statistic (R), its standard error (SE), the number of unweighted (N) and weighted
(WN) cases, the design effect (DEFT), the relative standard error (SE/R), and the 95 percent
confidence limits (R±2SE), for the selected variables including fertility and mortality rates. The
sampling errors for mortality rates except for the entire country are presented for the 10 years
preceding the survey. The DEFT is considered undefined when the standard error considering a
simple random sample is zero (when the estimate is close to 0 or 1). In the case of the total fertility
rate, the number of unweighted cases is not relevant, as there is no known unweighted value for
woman-years of exposure to childbearing.
The confidence interval (e.g., as calculated for children ever born to women age 40-49) can be
interpreted as follows: the overall average from the national sample is 6.507 and its standard error is
0.057. Therefore, to obtain the 95 percent confidence limits, one adds and subtracts twice the standard
error to the sample estimate (i.e., 6.507 ± 2×0.057; in other words between 6.392 and 6.622). There is
a high probability (95 percent) that the true average number of children ever born to all women aged
40-49 is between 6.392 and 6.622.
464 | Appendix C
For the women sampling errors and not taking into consideration the estimate for using
female sterilisation, the relative standard errors (SE/R) for the means and proportions range between
2 and 8.8 percent, with an average relative standard error of 2.99 percent; the highest relative standard
errors are for estimates of very low values (e.g., currently using IUD—1 percent—has 8.8 percent of
relative error). So in general, the relative standard error for most estimates for the country as a whole
is small, except for estimates of very small proportions. The relative standard error for the total
fertility rate is small, 1.4 percent. However, for the mortality rates, the average relative standard error
for the past five-year period mortality rates is much higher, about 3.2 percent.
There are differentials in the relative standard error for the estimates of women sub-
populations. For example, for the variable want no more children, the relative standard errors as a
percent of the estimated mean for the whole country, urban total area and for the rural total area are
2.1 percent, 3.0 percent and 2.7 percent, respectively.
For the total women sample, the value of the design effect (DEFT) averaged over all variables
is 1.86, which means that due to multi-stage clustering of the sample the average standard error is
increased by a factor of 1.86 over that in an equivalent simple random sample.
Appendix C | 465
Table C.1 List of selected variables for sampling errors, Nigeria 2008
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Variable Estimate Base population
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
WOMEN
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Urban residence Proportion All women 15-49
Literate Proportion All women 15-49
No education Proportion All women 15-49
Secondary education or higher Proportion All women 15-49
Net attendance ratio for primary school Proportion All women 15-49
Never married Proportion All women 15-49
Currently married/in union Proportion All women 15-49
Had first sex before 18 Proportion All women 20-49
Currently pregnant Proportion All women 15-49
Children ever born Mean All women 15-49
Children surviving Mean All women 15-49
Children ever born to women age 40-49 Mean All women 40-49
Knows any contraceptive method Proportion Currently married
Ever using contraceptive method Proportion Currently married
Currently using any contraceptive method Proportion Currently married
Currently using a modern method Proportion Currently married
Currently using pill Proportion Currently married
Currently using IUD Proportion Currently married
Currently using condom Proportion Currently married
Currently using female sterilisation Proportion Currently married
Currently using periodic abstinence Proportion Currently married
Obtained method from public sector source Proportion User modern method
Want no more children Proportion Currently married
Want to delay birth at least 2 years Proportion Currently married
Ideal family size Mean All women 15-49
Two or more tetanus injections Proportion Births in past 5 years
Neonatal tetanus Proportion Births in past 5 years
Mothers received medical assistance at delivery Proportion Children under five
Had diarrhoea in two weeks before survey Proportion Children under five
Treated with oral rehydration salts (ORS) Proportion Children under five with diarrhoea
Taken to a health provider Proportion Children under five with diarrhoea
Vaccination card seen Proportion Children 12-23 months
Received BCG Proportion Children 12-23 months
Received DPT (3 doses) Proportion Children 12-23 months
Received polio (3 doses) Proportion Children 12-23 months
Received measles Proportion Children 12-23 months
Fully immunised Proportion Children 12-23 months
Height-for-age (below -2SD) Proportion Children Under-5 who were measured
Weight-for-height (below -2SD) Proportion Children Under-5 who were measured
Weight-for-age (below -2SD) Proportion Children Under-5 who were measured
BMI <18.5 Proportion All women 15-49
Has heard of HIV/AIDS Proportion All women 15-49
Knows condoms reduce HIV risks Proportion All women 15-49
Knows about limiting partners Proportion All women 15-49
Has comprehensive knowledge of HIV/AIDS Proportion All women 15-49
Higher-risk sex past 12 months among youth Proportion All women 15-24
Condom use at higher-risk sex among youth Proportion All women 15-24
Female circumcision Proportion All women 15-49
Total Fertility Rate TFR (3 years) Rate All women 15-49
Neonatal mortality (0-4 years) Rate Number of births in past 5 (10) years
Post-neonatal mortality (0-4 years) Rate Number of births in past 5 (10) years
Infant mortality (0-4 years) Rate Number of births in past 5 (10) years
Infant mortality (0-9 years) Rate Number of births in past 5 (10) years
Child mortality (0-4 years) Rate Number of births in past 5 (10) years
Under-5 mortality (0-4 years) Rate Number of births in past 5 (10) years
Maternal mortality ratio Rate Exposure years in past 6 years
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
MEN
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Urban residence Proportion All men 15-49
Literate Proportion All men 15-49
No education Proportion All men 15-49
Secondary education or higher Proportion All men 15-49
Never married Proportion All men 15-49
Currently married Proportion All men 15-49
Had first sex before 18 Proportion All men 20-49
Knows at least one method Proportion Currently married
Know any modern method Proportion Currently married
Ever used any method Proportion Currently married
Want no more children Proportion Currently married
Delay at least two years Proportion Currently married
Ideal number of family size Mean All men 15-49
Had heard about HIV/AIDS Proportion All men 15-49
Knows condoms reduce HIV risks Proportion All men 15-49
Knows about limiting partners Proportion All men 15-49
Has comprehensive knowledge of HIV/AIDS Proportion All men 15-49
Higher-risk sex past 12 months among youth Proportion All men 15-24
Condom use at last higher-risk sex among youth Proportion All men 15-24
466 | Appendix C
Table C.2 Sampling errors for national sample, Nigeria 2008
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Number of cases
Stand- –––––––––––––––– Rela-
ard Un- Weight- Design tive Confidence limits
Value error weighted ed effect error ––––––––––––––––
Variable (R) (SE) (N) (WN) (DEFT) (SE/R) R-2SE R+2SE
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
WOMEN
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Urban residence 0.357 0.007 33385 33385 2.502 0.018 0.344 0.371
Literate 0.537 0.009 33385 33385 3.242 0.016 0.519 0.555
No education 0.358 0.008 33385 33385 3.208 0.024 0.341 0.375
Secondary education or higher 0.446 0.008 33385 33385 3.113 0.019 0.429 0.463
Net attendance ratio for primary school 0.621 0.008 26556 25093 2.101 0.013 0.604 0.637
Never married 0.252 0.005 33385 33385 2.045 0.019 0.242 0.261
Currently married/in union 0.706 0.005 33385 33385 2.117 0.007 0.696 0.717
Had first sex before 18 0.515 0.006 26794 26892 2.099 0.012 0.503 0.528
Currently pregnant 0.105 0.002 33385 33385 1.266 0.02 0.1 0.109
Children ever born 3.055 0.029 33385 33385 1.763 0.01 2.996 3.113
Children surviving 2.475 0.021 33385 33385 1.597 0.009 2.433 2.518
Children ever born to women age 40-49 6.507 0.057 5948 5904 1.449 0.009 6.392 6.622
Knows any contraceptive method 0.684 0.009 23954 23578 3.089 0.014 0.666 0.703
Ever using contraceptive method 0.289 0.007 23954 23578 2.433 0.025 0.275 0.303
Currently using any contraceptive method 0.146 0.005 23954 23578 2.044 0.032 0.137 0.155
Currently using a modern method 0.097 0.003 23954 23578 1.683 0.033 0.09 0.103
Currently using pill 0.017 0.001 23954 23578 1.245 0.062 0.015 0.019
Currently using IUD 0.01 0.001 23954 23578 1.348 0.088 0.008 0.012
Currently using condom 0.024 0.001 23954 23578 1.379 0.056 0.022 0.027
Currently using female sterilisation 0.004 0.001 23954 23578 1.524 0.158 0.003 0.005
Currently using periodic abstinence 0.021 0.001 23954 23578 1.554 0.069 0.018 0.024
Obtained method from public sector source 0.233 0.011 2802 3126 1.388 0.048 0.211 0.256
Want no more children 0.197 0.004 23954 23578 1.593 0.021 0.189 0.205
Want to delay birth at least 2 years 0.322 0.005 23954 23578 1.817 0.017 0.311 0.333
Ideal family size 6.131 0.047 29230 28874 2.65 0.008 6.036 6.226
Two or more tetanus injections 0.453 0.008 18028 17635 2.227 0.018 0.436 0.469
Neonatal tetanus 0.48 0.008 18028 17635 2.274 0.018 0.463 0.497
Mothers received medical assistance at delivery 0.389 0.009 28647 28100 2.374 0.023 0.371 0.407
Had diarrhoea in two weeks before survey 0.101 0.004 25446 24975 1.7 0.035 0.094 0.108
Treated with oral rehydration salts (ORS) 0.255 0.012 2645 2530 1.331 0.049 0.23 0.28
Taken to a health provider 0.422 0.014 2645 2530 1.261 0.032 0.395 0.449
Vaccination card seen 0.261 0.009 5022 4945 1.385 0.034 0.244 0.279
Received BCG 0.497 0.011 5022 4945 1.524 0.022 0.475 0.519
Received DPT (3 doses) 0.354 0.011 5022 4945 1.578 0.031 0.333 0.376
Received polio (3 doses) 0.387 0.01 5022 4945 1.469 0.027 0.366 0.407
Received measles 0.414 0.011 5022 4945 1.531 0.026 0.393 0.436
Fully immunised 0.227 0.009 5022 4945 1.426 0.038 0.209 0.244
Height-for-age (below -2SD) 0.406 0.006 20633 19896 1.464 0.014 0.395 0.417
Weight-for-height (below -2SD) 0.139 0.004 20633 19896 1.586 0.031 0.131 0.147
Weight-for-age (below -2SD) 0.231 0.005 20633 19896 1.608 0.023 0.22 0.242
BMI <18.5 0.122 0.003 28119 28200 1.533 0.025 0.116 0.128
Has heard of HIV/AIDS 0.882 0.005 33385 33385 2.972 0.006 0.872 0.893
Knows condoms reduce HIV risks 0.53 0.007 33385 33385 2.607 0.013 0.515 0.544
Knows about limiting partners 0.679 0.007 33385 33385 2.715 0.01 0.665 0.693
Has comprehensive knowledge of HIV/AIDS 0.234 0.006 33385 33385 2.392 0.024 0.223 0.245
Higher-risk sex past 12 months among youth 0.288 0.009 7577 7469 1.785 0.032 0.27 0.307
Condom use at higher-risk sex among youth 0.355 0.014 2029 2154 1.357 0.041 0.326 0.384
Female circumcision 0.296 0.01 33385 33385 4.163 0.035 0.275 0.317
Total Fertility Rate TFR (3 years) 5.724 0.083 NA 93502 1.9 0.014 5.559 5.889
Neonatal mortality (0-4 years) 39.973 1.501 28799 28248 1.179 0.038 36.971 42.975
Post-neonatal mortality (0-4 years) 35.28 1.292 28855 28300 1.11 0.037 32.697 37.864
Infant mortality (0-4 years) 75.253 2.062 28871 28314 1.199 0.027 71.129 79.377
Child mortality (0-4 years) 88.173 3.051 29645 29050 1.49 0.035 82.07 94.276
Under-5 mortality (0-4 years) 156.791 3.777 29733 29130 1.466 0.024 149.236 164.346
Maternal mortality ratio 545.061 34.999 377463 377463 NA 0.064 475.063 615.059
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
MEN
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Urban residence 0.378 0.008 13838 13808 1.929 0.021 0.362 0.394
Literate 0.768 0.008 13838 13808 2.11 0.01 0.753 0.783
No education 0.188 0.007 13838 13808 2.248 0.04 0.173 0.203
Never married 0.474 0.006 13838 13808 1.424 0.013 0.462 0.486
Currently married 0.508 0.006 13838 13808 1.428 0.012 0.496 0.52
Knows at least one method 0.897 0.007 7186 7018 1.949 0.008 0.884 0.911
Know any modern method 0.888 0.007 7186 7018 1.977 0.008 0.873 0.903
Ever used any method 0.445 0.009 7186 7018 1.516 0.02 0.427 0.463
Delay at least two years 0.383 0.008 7186 7018 1.336 0.02 0.368 0.398
Ideal number of family size 7.206 0.097 12305 12182 1.649 0.013 7.012 7.4
Had heard about HIV/AIDS 0.935 0.004 13838 13808 1.93 0.004 0.927 0.943
Condom use at last higher-risk sex among youth 0.494 0.017 1315 1326 1.229 0.034 0.461 0.528
Appendix C | 467
Table C.3 Sampling errors for urban sample, Nigeria 2008
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Number of cases
Stand- –––––––––––––––– Rela-
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
WOMEN
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Literate 0.766 0.011 10489 11934 2.775 0.015 0.743 0.789
No education 0.165 0.01 10489 11934 2.712 0.06 0.145 0.185
Never married 0.339 0.008 10489 11934 1.714 0.023 0.323 0.355
Received BCG 0.714 0.018 1369 1498 1.458 0.026 0.677 0.751
Fully immunised 0.375 0.018 1369 1498 1.34 0.048 0.339 0.412
BMI <18.5 0.091 0.004 9057 10307 1.448 0.048 0.082 0.1
Knows about condoms 0.632 0.011 10489 11934 2.24 0.017 0.611 0.653
Total fertility rate TFR (3 years) 4.709 0.121 na 33523 1.657 0.026 4.467 4.951
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
MEN
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Literate 0.909 0.007 4643 5215 1.764 0.008 0.894 0.923
No education 0.075 0.007 4643 5215 1.877 0.097 0.06 0.089
Never married 0.541 0.01 4643 5215 1.323 0.018 0.522 0.56
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
na = Not applicable
468 | Appendix C
Table C,4 Sampling errors for rural sample, Nigeria 2008
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Number of cases
Stand- –––––––––––––––– Rela-
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
WOMEN
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Literate 0.409 0.011 22896 21451 3.435 0.027 0.387 0.432
No education 0.465 0.011 22896 21451 3.407 0.024 0.442 0.487
Never married 0.203 0.006 22896 21451 2.183 0.029 0.191 0.215
Received BCG 0.402 0.013 3653 3447 1.545 0.032 0.377 0.428
Fully immunised 0.162 0.009 3653 3447 1.416 0.054 0.144 0.18
BMI <18.5 0.14 0.004 19062 17893 1.563 0.028 0.132 0.148
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
MEN
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Literate 0.683 0.011 9195 8593 2.293 0.016 0.661 0.705
No education 0.257 0.011 9195 8593 2.443 0.043 0.235 0.279
Never married 0.434 0.008 9195 8593 1.469 0.018 0.418 0.449
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
na = Not applicable
Appendix C | 469
Table C.5 Sampling errors for Central sample, Nigeria 2008
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Number of cases
Stand- –––––––––––––––– Rela-
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
WOMEN
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Urban residence 0.292 0.013 6366 4748 2.238 0.044 0.266 0.317
Literate 0.476 0.022 6366 4748 3.54 0.047 0.432 0.521
No education 0.355 0.025 6366 4748 4.158 0.07 0.305 0.405
Never married 0.25 0.012 6366 4748 2.194 0.048 0.226 0.274
Received BCG 0.624 0.028 855 640 1.674 0.045 0.567 0.68
Fully immunised 0.259 0.021 855 640 1.375 0.081 0.217 0.301
BMI <18.5 0.085 0.005 5437 4043 1.25 0.056 0.075 0.094
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
MEN
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Urban residence 0.284 0.013 2773 2065 1.518 0.046 0.258 0.31
Literate 0.756 0.021 2773 2065 2.54 0.027 0.715 0.798
No education 0.154 0.02 2773 2065 2.975 0.132 0.113 0.195
Never married 0.48 0.014 2773 2065 1.426 0.028 0.453 0.507
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
na = Not applicable
470 | Appendix C
Table C.6 Sampling errors for North East sample, Nigeria 2008
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Number of cases
Stand- –––––––––––––––– Rela-
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
WOMEN
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Urban residence 0.263 0.012 6217 4262 2.091 0.044 0.239 0.286
Literate 0.228 0.021 6217 4262 3.979 0.093 0.186 0.27
No education 0.681 0.023 6217 4262 3.96 0.034 0.634 0.728
Never married 0.124 0.012 6217 4262 2.883 0.097 0.1 0.148
Currently using IUD 0 0 5147 3585 0.813 0.579 0 0.001
Currently using condom 0.002 0.001 5147 3585 1.326 0.397 0 0.004
Currently using periodic abstinence 0.001 0.001 5147 3585 1.124 0.426 0 0.002
Received BCG 0.272 0.024 1129 780 1.828 0.089 0.223 0.32
Fully immunised 0.076 0.012 1129 780 1.531 0.16 0.052 0.101
BMI <18.5 0.207 0.012 5046 3456 2.029 0.056 0.184 0.23
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
MEN
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Urban residence 0.289 0.016 2444 1645 1.716 0.054 0.258 0.321
Literate 0.538 0.025 2444 1645 2.513 0.047 0.488 0.589
No education 0.45 0.028 2444 1645 2.772 0.062 0.394 0.506
Never married 0.37 0.018 2444 1645 1.794 0.047 0.335 0.405
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
na = Not applicable
Appendix C | 471
Table C.7 Sampling errors for North West sample, Nigeria 2008
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Number of cases
Stand- –––––––––––––––– Rela-
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
WOMEN
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Urban residence 0.204 0.01 7297 8022 2.055 0.048 0.185 0.224
Literate 0.211 0.022 7297 8022 4.529 0.103 0.167 0.254
No education 0.742 0.022 7297 8022 4.253 0.029 0.699 0.786
Never married 0.078 0.009 7297 8022 2.99 0.12 0.059 0.097
Currently using condom 0.001 0 6596 7189 0.994 0.455 0 0.001
Currently using female sterilisation 0.001 0 6596 7189 1.013 0.449 0 0.001
Currently using periodic abstinence 0.002 0.001 6596 7189 1.501 0.457 0 0.003
Received BCG 0.191 0.018 1409 1545 1.72 0.096 0.154 0.227
Fully immunised 0.06 0.01 1409 1545 1.53 0.166 0.04 0.08
BMI <18.5 0.186 0.007 5818 6395 1.431 0.039 0.171 0.201
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
MEN
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Urban residence 0.251 0.014 2930 3237 1.754 0.056 0.223 0.279
Literate 0.606 0.022 2930 3237 2.468 0.037 0.561 0.65
No education 0.407 0.024 2930 3237 2.653 0.059 0.359 0.455
Never married 0.382 0.014 2930 3237 1.612 0.038 0.353 0.41
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
na = Not applicable
472 | Appendix C
Table C.8 Sampling errors for South East sample, Nigeria 2008
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Number of cases
Stand- –––––––––––––––– Rela-
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
WOMEN
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Urban residence 0.44 0.014 3667 4091 1.665 0.031 0.413 0.468
Literate 0.813 0.018 3667 4091 2.724 0.022 0.778 0.848
No education 0.063 0.009 3667 4091 2.374 0.152 0.044 0.082
Never married 0.412 0.012 3667 4091 1.427 0.028 0.389 0.435
Currently using female sterilisation 0.006 0.003 1911 2139 1.571 0.462 0 0.012
Received BCG 0.791 0.023 442 504 1.146 0.029 0.745 0.836
Fully immunised 0.429 0.026 442 504 1.11 0.062 0.376 0.481
BMI <18.5 0.068 0.006 3171 3529 1.43 0.094 0.055 0.081
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
MEN
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Urban residence 0.454 0.02 1237 1448 1.423 0.044 0.413 0.494
Literate 0.937 0.009 1237 1448 1.252 0.009 0.919 0.954
No education 0.009 0.003 1237 1448 0.96 0.281 0.004 0.015
Never married 0.57 0.018 1237 1448 1.268 0.031 0.535 0.606
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
na = Not applicable
Appendix C | 473
Table C.9 Sampling errors for South South sample, Nigeria 2008
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Number of cases
Stand- –––––––––––––––– Rela-
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
WOMEN
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Urban residence 0.33 0.018 4813 5473 2.68 0.055 0.294 0.367
Literate 0.778 0.013 4813 5473 2.152 0.017 0.752 0.804
No education 0.06 0.006 4813 5473 1.623 0.092 0.049 0.072
Never married 0.393 0.01 4813 5473 1.432 0.026 0.373 0.413
Received BCG 0.753 0.028 585 663 1.518 0.037 0.697 0.808
Fully immunised 0.36 0.032 585 663 1.573 0.088 0.297 0.424
BMI <18.5 0.077 0.006 4206 4779 1.407 0.075 0.065 0.088
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
MEN
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Urban residence 0.318 0.019 2167 2437 1.882 0.059 0.28 0.355
Literate 0.893 0.011 2167 2437 1.588 0.012 0.872 0.914
No education 0.023 0.004 2167 2437 1.292 0.182 0.014 0.031
Never married 0.57 0.012 2167 2437 1.082 0.02 0.547 0.593
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
na = Not applicable
474 | Appendix C
Table C.10 Sampling errors for South West sample, Nigeria 2008
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Number of cases
Stand- –––––––––––––––– Rela-
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
WOMEN
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Urban residence 0.616 0.016 5025 6789 2.372 0.026 0.583 0.648
Literate 0.798 0.016 5025 6789 2.857 0.02 0.765 0.83
No education 0.12 0.015 5025 6789 3.319 0.127 0.089 0.15
Never married 0.327 0.011 5025 6789 1.598 0.032 0.306 0.348
Currently using female sterilisation 0.002 0.001 3198 4366 1.049 0.392 0 0.004
Received BCG 0.803 0.026 602 814 1.536 0.032 0.752 0.854
Fully immunised 0.428 0.027 602 814 1.331 0.064 0.373 0.483
BMI <18.5 0.097 0.006 4441 5998 1.406 0.064 0.085 0.11
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
MEN
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Urban residence 0.641 0.018 2287 2977 1.762 0.028 0.606 0.677
Literate 0.896 0.011 2287 2977 1.692 0.012 0.874 0.917
No education 0.052 0.01 2287 2977 2.215 0.199 0.031 0.072
Never married 0.503 0.014 2287 2977 1.325 0.028 0.475 0.531
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
na = Not applicable
Appendix C | 475
DATA QUALITY TABLES Appendix D
Table D.1 Household age distribution
Single-year age distribution of the de facto household population by sex
(weighted), Nigeria 2008
Women Men
Age Number Percent Number Percent
0 2,719 3.6 2,784 3.7
1 2,465 3.3 2,444 3.3
2 2,423 3.2 2,483 3.3
3 2,608 3.4 2,802 3.8
4 2,429 3.2 2,507 3.4
5 2,104 2.8 2,211 3.0
6 2,659 3.5 2,623 3.5
7 2,273 3.0 2,456 3.3
8 2,626 3.5 2,571 3.4
9 1,733 2.3 1,809 2.4
10 2,349 3.1 2,495 3.3
11 1,289 1.7 1,360 1.8
12 2,023 2.7 2,106 2.8
13 1,595 2.1 1,625 2.2
14 1,518 2.0 1,665 2.2
15 1,544 2.0 1,616 2.2
16 1,225 1.6 1,226 1.6
17 1,145 1.5 1,174 1.6
18 1,684 2.2 1,522 2.0
19 989 1.3 928 1.2
20 2,148 2.8 1,814 2.4
21 802 1.1 746 1.0
22 1,291 1.7 1,077 1.4
23 1,049 1.4 855 1.1
24 946 1.3 809 1.1
25 2,355 3.1 1,878 2.5
26 1,061 1.4 850 1.1
27 1,059 1.4 837 1.1
28 1,421 1.9 1,168 1.6
29 671 0.9 597 0.8
30 2,221 2.9 2,061 2.8
31 494 0.7 433 0.6
32 944 1.2 916 1.2
33 573 0.8 537 0.7
34 501 0.7 510 0.7
35 1,711 2.3 1,705 2.3
36 522 0.7 548 0.7
37 525 0.7 562 0.8
38 782 1.0 728 1.0
39 358 0.5 398 0.5
40 1,588 2.1 1,602 2.1
41 299 0.4 297 0.4
42 512 0.7 607 0.8
43 389 0.5 367 0.5
44 282 0.4 274 0.4
45 941 1.2 1,229 1.6
46 320 0.4 347 0.5
47 337 0.4 343 0.5
48 612 0.8 520 0.7
49 407 0.5 286 0.4
50 914 1.2 1,157 1.6
51 359 0.5 200 0.3
52 655 0.9 376 0.5
53 416 0.5 230 0.3
54 357 0.5 210 0.3
55 849 1.1 633 0.8
56 336 0.4 275 0.4
57 204 0.3 217 0.3
58 355 0.5 295 0.4
59 133 0.2 185 0.2
60 888 1.2 848 1.1
61 150 0.2 212 0.3
62 251 0.3 398 0.5
63 167 0.2 216 0.3
64 118 0.2 178 0.2
65 550 0.7 593 0.8
66 82 0.1 132 0.2
67 125 0.2 169 0.2
68 229 0.3 255 0.3
69 85 0.1 119 0.2
70+ 1,843 2.4 2,299 3.1
Don't know/missing 39 0.1 64 0.1
Total 75,627 100.0 74,568 100.0
Appendix D │ 477
Table D.2.1 Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women
De facto household population of women age 10-54, interviewed women

age 15-49, and percentage of eligible women who were interviewed
(weighted), by five-year age groups, Nigeria 2008
Household Interviewed women
population of Percentage of
age 15-49
women age eligible women
Age group 10-54 Number Percent interviewed
10-14 8,775 na na na
15-19 6,587 6,355 19.6 96.5
20-24 6,235 5,995 18.5 96.1
25-29 6,567 6,317 19.5 96.2
30-34 4,733 4,562 14.0 96.4
35-39 3,899 3,766 11.6 96.6
40-44 3,071 2,957 9.1 96.3
45-49 2,616 2,520 7.8 96.3
50-54 2,700 na na na
15-49 33,708 32,471 100.0 96.3
Note: The de facto population includes all residents and non-residents who
stayed in the household the night before the interview. Weights for both
household population of women and interviewed women are household
weights. Age is based on the household schedule.
na = Not applicable
Table D.2.2 Age distribution of eligible and interviewed men
De facto household population of men aged 10-64, interviewed men age

15-59, and percentage of eligible men who were interviewed (weighted), by
five-year age groups, Nigeria 2008
Household Interviewed men
population of Percentage of
age 15-59
men age eligible men
Age group 10-64 Number Percent interviewed
10-14 4,687 na na na
15-19 2,778 2,524 16.5 90.9
20-24 2,488 2,311 15.1 92.9
25-29 2,624 2,456 16.0 93.6
30-34 2,200 2,051 13.4 93.2
35-39 1,901 1,765 11.5 92.9
40-44 1,491 1,381 9.0 92.6
45-49 1,263 1,183 7.7 93.7
50-54 1,013 944 6.2 93.2
55-59 766 725 4.7 94.6
60-64 950 na na na
15-59 16,523 15,340 100.0 92.8
Note: The de facto population includes all residents and non-residents who
stayed in the household the night before the interview. Weights for both
household population of women and interviewed women are household
weights. Age is based on the household schedule.
na = Not applicable
478 | Appendix D
Table D.3 Completeness of reporting
Percentage of observations with information missing for selected demographic and health questions
Percentage with
information Number of
Subject Reference group missing cases
Birth date Births in past 15 years
Month only 2.47 73,402
Month and year 0.21 73,402
Age at death Dead children born in past 15 years 0.26 12,221
Age/date at first union1 Ever-married women age 15-49 1.95 24,988

Ever-married men age 15-49 1.68 8,930
Respondent's education All women age 15-49 0.09 33,385

All men age 15-54 0.09 15,486
Diarrhoea in past 2 weeks Living children 0-59 months 1.80 24,975
Anthropometry Living children age 0-59 months (from

the Household Questionnaire)
Height 5.30 25,760
Weight 4.74 25,760
Height or weight 5.47 25,760
1
Both year and age missing
Table D.4 Births by calendar years
Number of births, percentage with complete birth date, sex ratio at birth, and calendar year ratio by calendar year, according to survival status of
children (weighted), Nigeria 2008
Percentage with complete

Calendar Number of births birth date1 Sex ratio at birth2 Calendar year ratio3
year Living Dead Total Living Dead Total Living Dead Total Living Dead Total
2008 5,437 477 5,914 100.0 99.8 100.0 98.4 119.9 100.0 na na na
2007 4,820 721 5,541 100.0 99.6 99.9 102.3 114.9 103.8 na na na
2006 4,980 713 5,693 99.9 99.5 99.9 104.1 128.9 106.9 104.0 91.5 102.3
2005 4,756 837 5,592 100.0 99.6 99.9 102.7 106.7 103.3 104.2 120.8 106.4
2004 4,149 672 4,821 100.0 98.1 99.7 105.1 109.5 105.7 86.9 65.4 83.1
2003 4,793 1,220 6,013 97.5 91.5 96.3 101.5 111.8 103.5 117.6 159.0 124.2
2002 4,001 861 4,862 96.1 91.0 95.2 105.7 102.5 105.1 83.7 70.2 80.9
2001 4,771 1,235 6,006 97.0 91.1 95.8 103.6 109.5 104.8 131.7 141.2 133.6
2000 3,242 888 4,130 96.8 90.1 95.3 98.5 106.6 100.2 72.2 78.6 73.5
1999 4,207 1,023 5,230 95.9 92.1 95.2 102.4 108.2 103.5 143.7 124.5 139.5
2004-2008 24,142 3,420 27,562 100.0 99.3 99.9 102.3 115.2 103.8 na na na
1999-2003 21,013 5,227 26,240 96.7 91.2 95.6 102.5 108.1 103.6 na na na
1994-1998 14,182 3,957 18,139 96.0 91.3 95.0 102.8 109.4 104.2 na na na
1989-1993 9,965 3,110 13,075 96.1 90.8 94.8 104.7 117.3 107.6 na na na
<1988 9,370 3,403 12,774 95.9 91.8 94.8 106.5 119.5 109.8 na na na
All 78,673 19,117 97,790 97.4 92.7 96.5 103.2 113.1 105.1 na na na
na = Not applicable
1
Both year and month of birth given
2
(Bm/Bf)x100, where Bm and Bf are the numbers of male and female births, respectively
3
[2Bx/(Bx-1+Bx+1)]x100, where Bx is the number of births in calendar year x
Appendix D │ 479
Table D.5 Reporting of age at death in days
Distribution of reported deaths under one month of age by age at

death in days and the percentage of neonatal deaths reported to occur
at ages 0-6 days, for five-year periods of birth preceding the survey
Number of years preceding

the survey Total
Age at death (days) 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 0-19
<1 349 325 264 176 1,113
1 225 233 141 109 708
2 90 105 77 55 328
3 78 87 76 61 302
4 45 76 44 36 200
5 44 83 55 27 209
6 40 48 30 35 154
7 63 83 58 57 261
8 30 37 20 27 113
9 16 38 26 14 94
10 14 28 15 16 72
11 4 5 5 6 20
12 8 6 6 2 22
13 2 7 4 8 22
14 37 50 40 23 150
15 14 14 10 9 47
16 4 7 5 6 22
17 4 2 3 0 9
18 2 9 3 2 16
19 3 5 1 2 10
20 8 15 14 7 44
21 14 24 16 12 66
22 2 6 1 4 13
23 0 7 2 2 11
24 4 2 3 0 10
25 0 3 4 2 9
26 2 0 1 0 3
27 0 2 1 0 3
28 2 8 5 0 15
29 4 4 0 2 10
30 10 9 11 9 39
31+ 11 15 13 12 51
Missing 1 4 1 1 7
Total 0-30 1,118 1,327 941 709 4,095
Percent early neonatal1 77.9 72.1 73.0 70.4 73.6

1
(0-6 days)/(0-30 days) * 100
480 | Appendix D
Table D.6 Reporting of age at death in months
Distribution of reported deaths under two years of age by age at death

in months and the percentage of infant deaths reported to occur at
age under one month, for five-year periods of birth preceding the
survey, Nigeria 2008
Number of years preceding

the survey Total
Age at death (months) 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 0-19
a
<1 1,119 1,330 942 710 4,101
1 96 140 133 95 464
2 107 124 128 84 443
3 101 144 117 58 419
4 85 92 55 55 287
5 67 97 65 45 274
6 84 94 67 57 303
7 82 124 86 65 357
8 75 101 67 60 302
9 75 100 81 61 318
10 49 76 56 42 223
11 44 67 46 33 189
12 87 128 107 77 399
13 26 28 33 12 99
14 26 31 28 16 102
15 18 35 21 23 97
16 24 26 23 14 88
17 21 30 25 18 94
18 38 51 44 27 159
19 20 30 27 13 89
20 12 18 14 10 54
21 10 10 12 6 38
22 11 5 6 2 24
23 6 8 4 4 23
24+ 9 26 19 14 68
Missing 4 3 8 0 15
1 year 330 491 370 311 1,502
Total 0-11 1,983 2,488 1,844 1,365 7,680

Percent neonatal1 56.4 53.5 51.1 52.0 53.4
a
Includes deaths under one month reported in days
1
Under one month/under one year
Appendix D │ 481
Table D.7 Data on siblings
Percent distribution of respondents and siblings by year

of birth, Nigeria 2008
Year of birth Respondents Siblings

Before 1950 0.0 0.9
1950-54 0.0 1.5
1955-59 1.8 3.2
1960-64 8.1 5.1
1965-69 9.4 8.0
1970-74 12.1 11.6
1975-79 14.8 14.1
1980-84 19.7 16.5
1985 or later 34.2 39.1
Total 100.0 100.0
Lower year of birth 1958 1924

Upper year of birth 1993 2008
Median 1973 1973
Number of cases 33,385 178,701
Table D.8 Sibship size and sex ratio of

siblings
Mean sibship size and sex ratio of siblings,

Nigeria 2008
Respondent’s Mean Sex ratio at
year of birth sibship size birth
1955-59 5.7 107.0
1960-64 5.9 109.1
1965-69 6.1 108.1
1970-74 6.5 111.9
1975-79 6.5 108.0
1980-84 6.5 105.1
1985-89 6.5 106.1
>1989 6.3 106.4
Total 6.4 107.3
482 | Appendix D
NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CHILDREN:
2008 NDHS DATA ACCORDING TO THE
NCHS/CDC/WHO INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE
POPULATION Appendix E
Table E.1 Nutritional status of children
Percentage of children under five years classified as malnourished according to three anthropometric indices of nutritional status: height-for-age, weight-
for-height, and weight-for-age, by background characteristics, Nigeria 2008

Percentage Percentage Mean Percentage Percentage Percentage Mean Percentage Percentage Percentag Mean Number
Background below below Z-score below below above Z-score below below e above Z-score of
Age in months
<6 3.3 12.6 -0.1 2.6 10.9 15.0 0.3 0.8 5.6 11.5 0.2 1,897
6-8 9.5 21.9 -0.7 4.1 14.6 11.3 -0.2 5.4 20.4 4.5 -0.8 1,142
9-11 13.8 29.0 -1.0 4.1 15.5 7.4 -0.4 10.9 30.4 2.3 -1.2 1,018
12-17 24.2 45.6 -1.7 5.4 16.8 6.1 -0.5 15.0 38.4 1.9 -1.6 2,152
18-23 28.5 50.0 -1.8 4.6 14.7 6.8 -0.4 11.6 33.1 3.3 -1.3 1,597
24-35 24.7 41.1 -1.5 4.0 12.3 4.5 -0.4 13.0 32.9 2.2 -1.3 3,862
36-47 20.1 37.7 -1.4 3.4 10.6 3.6 -0.3 7.4 25.2 2.0 -1.1 4,326
48-59 20.1 39.1 -1.6 3.8 10.3 3.3 -0.4 6.9 26.7 1.1 -1.2 3,999
Sex
Male 20.8 38.5 -1.4 4.3 12.8 5.5 -0.3 9.4 28.0 2.8 -1.1 10,043
Female 18.3 35.0 -1.2 3.6 12.0 6.4 -0.3 8.5 26.3 3.2 -1.0 9,949
Birth interval in
months2
First birth3 16.4 34.0 -1.2 3.1 10.9 6.1 -0.3 6.4 24.5 2.7 -1.0 3,448
<24 22.9 41.4 -1.5 4.6 13.5 4.7 -0.4 11.3 31.0 2.4 -1.2 3,299
24-47 19.9 37.0 -1.3 4.0 12.7 6.3 -0.3 9.3 27.8 3.1 -1.1 8,851
48+ 18.3 33.9 -1.2 4.0 12.4 6.6 -0.3 8.2 25.4 3.7 -1.0 2,763
Size at birth2
Very small 26.3 45.6 -1.6 5.9 17.3 5.0 -0.6 14.7 39.5 2.1 -1.5 767
Small 25.0 42.8 -1.6 4.4 15.3 4.1 -0.5 12.6 35.1 1.6 -1.5 1,675
Average or larger 18.6 35.6 -1.3 3.8 12.0 6.3 -0.3 8.3 26.0 3.2 -1.0 15,637
Missing 21.1 38.7 -1.5 1.8 9.3 6.1 -0.3 7.7 24.3 3.3 -1.1 278
Mother's interview
status
Interviewed 19.5 36.8 -1.3 3.9 12.5 6.0 -0.3 9.0 27.4 3.0 -1.1 18,362
Not interviewed but in
household 18.5 35.5 -1.1 3.2 10.8 4.9 -0.2 9.2 23.0 3.7 -0.9 399
Not interviewed, and
not in the household4 20.2 37.1 -1.3 4.0 11.7 5.3 -0.3 9.3 25.2 2.9 -1.0 1,231
Missing 100.0 100.0 -3.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 -2.3 2
Mother's nutritional
status5
Thin (BMI<18.5) 29.1 50.0 -1.9 5.9 17.9 4.1 -0.7 17.7 44.4 2.0 -1.7 2,033
Normal (BMI 18.5-
24.9) 20.1 38.1 -1.4 4.2 12.7 5.9 -0.3 9.0 28.3 2.6 -1.1 12,065
Overweight/obese
(BMI ≥25) 12.9 25.9 -0.9 2.3 9.0 7.0 -0.1 4.6 16.4 4.4 -0.6 4,187
Missing 19.4 38.1 -1.3 4.2 12.9 8.7 -0.2 7.5 24.7 5.4 -1.0 311
Residence
Urban 13.0 27.3 -0.9 3.0 9.8 6.5 -0.2 5.0 19.1 4.0 -0.8 6,386
Rural 22.7 41.2 -1.5 4.4 13.6 5.7 -0.4 10.9 30.9 2.5 -1.2 13,607
Continued…
Appendix E │ 483
Table E.1—Continued

Percentage Percentage Mean Percentage Percentage Percentage Mean Percentage Percentage Percentage Mean Number
Background below below Z-score below below above Z-score below below above Z-score of
Zone
North Central 21.3 39.4 -1.5 2.9 8.4 6.9 -0.1 6.2 23.7 3.4 -1.0 2,810
North East 26.4 45.0 -1.7 7.4 19.7 5.8 -0.6 15.6 39.7 2.6 -1.5 3,121
North West 29.6 49.2 -1.8 5.7 17.8 5.7 -0.5 15.0 39.8 2.6 -1.5 5,548
South East 7.0 17.8 -0.6 2.0 7.7 6.3 -0.2 3.2 11.7 4.7 -0.5 1,965
South South 11.1 26.9 -1.0 1.3 6.0 6.7 -0.1 3.9 15.5 2.6 -0.7 2,758
South West 10.7 26.8 -1.0 2.2 8.4 5.1 -0.2 3.5 17.3 2.9 -0.8 3,792
Mother's education6
No education 28.1 47.4 -1.7 6.3 18.0 5.4 -0.5 14.9 39.2 2.5 -1.5 8,079
Primary 17.5 36.0 -1.3 2.5 9.8 6.0 -0.2 6.5 23.9 2.7 -1.0 4,557
Secondary 10.5 24.5 -0.9 2.1 7.7 6.5 -0.1 3.3 15.1 3.5 -0.7 4,998
More than secondary 6.4 16.8 -0.5 1.2 4.7 8.1 -0.0 1.2 9.3 5.5 -0.4 1,118
Missing 33.3 57.8 -2.5 0.0 5.8 0.0 -0.1 15.5 21.3 0.0 -1.5 10
Wealth quintile
Lowest 29.9 49.2 -1.8 6.2 18.0 5.4 -0.5 16.3 40.1 2.2 -1.5 4,132
Second 24.5 44.6 -1.6 5.1 15.2 5.3 -0.4 12.0 34.0 2.3 -1.3 4,375
Middle 19.5 37.6 -1.4 3.5 10.3 6.3 -0.2 7.8 26.4 2.7 -1.1 3,968
Fourth 13.1 29.0 -1.1 2.5 9.3 5.7 -0.2 4.9 20.4 3.6 -0.9 3,788
Highest 8.9 20.6 -0.6 2.1 8.2 7.2 -0.1 2.7 12.5 4.5 -0.5 3,730
Total 19.6 36.8 -1.3 3.9 12.4 6.0 -0.3 9.0 27.1 3.0 -1.1 19,993
Note: Table is based on children who slept in the household the night before the interview. Each of the indices is expressed in standard deviation units
(SD) from the median of the NCHS/CDC/WHO Child Growth Standards. Table is based on children with valid dates of birth (month and year) and valid
measurement of both height and weight.
1
Includes children who are below -3 standard deviations (SD) from the International Reference Population median
2
Excludes children whose mothers were not interviewed
3
First born twins (triplets, etc.) are counted as first births because they do not have a previous birth interval
4
Includes children whose mothers are deceased
5
Excludes children whose mothers were not weighed and measured. Mother's nutritional status in terms of BMI (Body Mass Index) is presented in Table
11.9
6
For women who were not interviewed, information is taken from the Household Questionnaire. Excludes children whose mothers are not listed in the
Household Questionnaire
484 | Appendix E
PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE 2008 NIGERIA
DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEY Appendix F
2008 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey Technical Team
Emma E. Attah Director Planning and Research

Sani A. Gar Project Director
Inuwa B. Jalingo Project Coordinator
David A. Fasiku States Coordinator
Innocent M. Onuorah States Coordinator
Raliya M. Sambo States Coordinator
Shehu M. Gada States Coordinator
Elizabeth E. Idoko States Coordinator
Amaka L. Ezenwa States Coordinator
Patience U. Mbagwu States Coordinator
Joel J. Amah States Coordinator
Jibrin Tauhid States Coordinator
Adenike O. Ogunlewe States Coordinator
Martin O. Makinwa States Coordinator
Bamidele A. Sadiku States Coordinator
Bala I. Mairuwa States Coordinator
Abu Mahmoud States Coordinator
Bintu Ibrahim States Coordinator
Osifo T. Ojogun States Coordinator
Margaret Edet States Coordinator
ICF Macro Staff
Adrienne Cox Country Manager

Pav Govindasamy Regional Coordinator
Alfredo Aliaga Sampling Specialist
Sherrell Goggin Data Processing Specialist
Noureddine Abderrahim Data Processing Specialist
Datla Vishnu Raju Data Processing Specialist
Avril Armstrong Pretest Training and Field Monitoring
Peter Katambarare Consultant, Survey Training and Field Monitoring
Anjushree Pradhan Consultant, Survey Field Monitoring
Anuja Jayaraman Survey Field Monitoring
Joy Fishel Report Writing
Zhuzhi Moore Technical Reviewer
Andrew Inglis GIS Specialist
Dana Thompson GIS Specialist
Laurie Liskin Senior Advisor for Dissemination
Hannah Guedenet Dissemination Specialist
Sidney Moore Senior Editor
Kaye Mitchell Document Production Specialist
Cheryl Deal Graphic Designer
Christopher Gramer Graphics/Desktop Publishing Specialist
Appendix F | 485
Report Writing
Sani A. Gar National Population Commission
Inuwa B. Jalingo National Population Commission
Oluwakayode J. Ajayi National Population Commission
Bolaji B. Akinsulie National Population Commission
David A. Fasiku. National Population Commission
Abu Mahmoud National Population Commission
Elizabeth E. Idoko National Population Commission
Bintu Ibrahim National Population Commission
Martin O. Makinwa National Population Commission
Osifo T. Ojogun National Population Commission
Margaret Edet National Population Commission
Innocent M. Onuorah National Population Commission
Taiwo Adebesin National Primary Health Care Dev. Agency
Samson Adebayo Society for Family Health
Francis Agbo National Agency for Control of AIDS
Christiana Oliko Federal Ministry of Women Affairs and
Social Development
Olajide A. Falana Federal Ministry of Health (Nutrition)
Okoko O. Ohoji Federal Ministry of Health (NIGEP/NTD)
Gambo Louis National Bureau of Statistics
Okpewuru Egbe Federal Ministry of Women Affairs and
Social Development
Emmanuel Onyefunafoa Federal Ministry of Health (NMCP)
J.G. Ottong, Prof. University of Calabar
Rotgak Gofwen, Prof. University of Jos
Uche I. Abanihe, Prof. University of Ibadan
Pre-test Field Staff

North Central Team North East Team
Bamidele A. Sadiku Coordinator Inuwa B. Jalingo Coordinator
Jibrin Tauhid Coordinator Bintu Ibrahim Coordinator
Eliizabeth E. Idoko Coordinator Raliya M. Sambo Coordinator
Ojobi S. Onuminya Interviewer Rabi Chiroma Interviewer
Tunji Falano Interviewer Augustine Iliya Interviewer
Maryam Ibrahim Interviewer Shehu Umar Driver
Francis Ali Driver
North West Team South East Team

Shehu M. Gada Coordinator Patience U. Mbagwu Coordinator
Bala Mairuwa Coordinator Amaka L. Ezenwa Coordinator
Abu Mahmoud Coordinator Innocent M. Onuorah Coordinator
Kassim D. Muhd Interviewer Vitaleen C. Nnadi Interviewer
Lami Bala Interviewer Obike C. Nwohu Interviewer
Yahaya Adamu Driver Peter Ibe Driver
South West Team South South Team

Adenike O.Ogunlewe Coordinator Joel J. Amah Coordinator
Martin O. Makinwa Coordinator Osifo T. Ojogun Coordinator
David A. Fasiku Coordinator Margaret Edet Coordinator
Titi Ahmed Interviewer Nwachukwu Mfon Interviewer
Festus O. Oladele Interviewer Paul Ubaka Interviewer
Iyiola Osungbohun Driver Bassey E. Okon Driver
Ndarake Okon Driver
486 | Appendix F
Household Listing
NORTH CENTRAL ZONE
Nasir Usman Trainer
Moses Onuminya Trainer
Benue FCT - Abuja

Itta Winifred Supervisor Folorunsho Jokosenumi Supervisor
Onoja S. Peter Lister Isiyaku Sule Hassan Lister
Ben Aule Lister N.Y. Domshack Lister
Henry Uzungwe Lister Sualiman M. Hassan Lister
Derek Wonbu Lister Danladi Daniel Lister
Ali Francis Driver Audu Ali Liman Driver
T. Egbodo Driver Shaib Bukar Driver
Koji Kwara
O.E. Adewale Supervisor Zakari S. Madiu Supervisor
D. Akor Lister Zulu Suleman Lister
Ibrahim M.M. Lister Abdulra'uf Abdullahi Lister
A.B. Itopa Lister Nike Balogun Lister
Akor Samuel Lister Kuburat Salihu Lister
A.A. Omadnga Driver Alhassan Saidu Driver
S.E. Alav Driver Adamu Alhassan Driver
Naswara Niger
Suru Ola Apeji Supervisor Abdulrahaman Abdul Supervisor
Daniel Soja D. Lister Nda-Ali Abdullahi Lister
Dasplan Sunday Lister Ibrahim D. Abdulmumini Lister
Fero Tsaku Gbadu Lister Ibrahim Gbagge Garba Lister
Joseph Akulo Ekpazhi Lister Usman Alfa Lister
Dogara Halilu Driver Salisu R. Abubakar Driver
Alhassan Mallam Driver Alfa Adamu Driver
Plateau
Abubakar Afegbua Supervisor
Joseph G. Bol Lister
Vendip Hankap Lister
Tanimu Yakubu Lister
Agnes R. Fwangchi Lister
Samuel Pamchung Driver
Peter S. Sani Driver
NORTH EAST ZONE

B. Liman Shettima Trainer
H.S. Ibrahim Trainer
Adamawa Bauchi
A.A. Opara Supervisor Esuola Lukman Supervisor
Solomon Dalhatu Lister Bashar Ya'u Lister
Norochia Badalahil Lister Aliyu Hamza Lister
Rabo Jareed Lister Abubakar Sadiq Lister
Tony T. Zira Lister Sani Yanusa Lister
Bitrus Audu Driver Isa Adamu Giade Driver
William Edward Driver Danazumi Garba Driver
Borno Gombe
Sale Bello Supervisor Sule Abdulganiu Supervisor
Burka Gajiram Lister Musa Inusa Lister
Haruna Ibrahim Lister Muhammad Inusa Lister
Ibrahim Alhassan Lister Richard Lister
Moh'd Alhaji Mustapha Lister Ahijo Saboda Lister
Ibrahim Kachalla Driver Idris M. Wagini Driver
Ibrahim Isa Driver Ibrahim A. Dakum Driver
Appendix F | 487
Taraba Yobe
Bello Solomon Supervisor Ahmed Kumo Supervisor
H.O. Salako Lister Thiama Ndirmbula Lister
Danjuma V. Mto Lister Mohammed Isa Lister
Bashar Yakubu Lister Bukar M. Ishaku Lister
Nuhu Stephen Lister Adamu Isa Lister
Emma Eso Driver Musa Usman Driver
Danboyi Kpatson Driver Abdulrahman Hussaini Driver
NORTH WEST ZONE

Saidu Usman Trainer
Evelyn Olanipekun Trainer
Jigawa Kaduna
I.Y. Kazaure Supervisor Audu Adamu Supervisor
Abdullahi M. Inuwa Lister Gerald D. Akphan Lister
Yahaya Suleman Sakwaya Lister Rabiu Gaga Lister
Abdulkarim Ahmad Lister Umar John Deh Lister
Ibrahim Mohd Madachi Lister Zubairu Lawal Lister
Ado Bala Driver John D. Audu Driver
Yahaya Adamu Driver Suleiman Abdullahi Driver
Kano Katsina
M.M. Abubakar Supervisor George Odunaike Supervisor
Nura Ibrahim Haruna Lister Kasimu Ibrahim Lister
Samaila Alhasan Dogo Lister Maje Ibrahim Lister
Bashir M. Danbazau Lister Mu'azu Zayyad Lister
Ado Usman Lister Ma'aruf Tukur Lister
Moh'd A. Bello Lister Kabir Adamu Driver
Buhari Abubakar Lister Mamuda Ibrahim Driver
Sani M. Kabara Driver
Abdulkadir Umar Driver
Kebbi Sokoto
Habila Magaji Supervisor Olurode Adelayo Supervisor
Kabiru Sani Lister Ibrahim Mainasara Lister
Mohammed A. Wara Lister Idris M. Jidda Lister
Magaji A. Kardi Lister Yahaya Yunusa Lister
Mohammed G. Shehu Lister Bello Adamu Lister
Abdullahi Musa Driver Bahago Ibrahim Driver
Sani Dandi Driver Mani Umaru Driver
Zamfara
Emmanuel Nwachuchwu Supervisor
Aliyu Mohammed Gusau Lister
Danladi M. Zakuwa Lister
Mustafa Galadima Lister
Garba Ladan Shinkafi Lister
Saidu Mohammed Driver
Mohammed M. Isiya Driver
488 | Appendix F
SOUTH EAST ZONE
C.C. Uchendu Trainer
R.O. Ologun Trainer
Abia Anambra
Charles Egbu Supervisor A.A. Ugochukwu Supervisor
Felix Onukwubiri Lister Emma Nwakille Lister
Chinenye Okon Lister Roseline O. Okeke Lister
Emmanuel C. Izuwah Lister Okeke P. Ebele Lister
Chidiebere Ezebuiro Lister Augustina U. Ibada Lister
Jerry C. Izuwah Driver Ilodigwe Cosmas Driver
Igwe Hycienth Driver Mike O. Chukwurah Driver
Ebonyi Enugu
Tina Onwumaeze Supervisor Onyia Ngozi Supervisor
Onyeji Leticia Lister Ude C. Benjamen Lister
Ogu Gloria Oguchukwu Lister Goodluck Alilionwu Lister
A.C. Njoku Lister Eze Paulina Lister
George Nwankwagu Lister Nonyelum M. Agbalibe Lister
Alagu Waorah Michael Driver Akpo Lazarus Driver
Njoku Uke Simon Driver
Imo
S.M.O. Unogu Supervisor
Cyril Nwanguma Lister
Vitus Anufaro Lister
Ernest Nze Lister
Onyemauwa Ucheoma Lister
Emecheta Kyrian Driver
Joseph N. Madutor Driver
SOUTH SOUTH ZONE

Saad Abubakar Trainer
Maruf K. Usman Trainer
Akwa Ibom Bayelsa

I.P. Umoffia Supervisor Emmanuel Moses Supervisor
Comfort Idung Lister Arimuna Ariwera Lister
Rose Celestine Mathew Lister Adonkie Ama Ebi Lister
Afiong Edet Udoh Lister Dibigha H. Sergeant Lister
Ayatmo S. Akpan Lister Baratuiopre O. Izulu Lister
Smith Sunday Amefiok Driver Adamu Moh'd Driver
Edet I. Akpan Driver Peter M. Yamu Driver
Cross River Delta

Bassey Eteng Supervisor J. N. Chalokwu Supervisor
Ebri Ubi Lister J.C. Nkenclor Lister
Paul Agwu Lister Ataminyo Godwin Lister
Effiom Edem Okokon Lister Nwabuego Anne Dele Lister
Addo A. Addo Lister Momah George Lister
Etim Okon Asuquo Driver Mike Ugba Driver
I.M. Eyong Raymondi Driver Francis Nogekwu Driver
Edo Rivers
Oguike Francis Supervisor Ibe Geofrey Supervisor
Saturday I. Ekeoba Lister Tubotamuno Akoko Lister
Okoruele James Lister Tom Orumene Lister
Ighagbon Isaac Lister Edword Jack Lister
Ebvavoloyi Godwin Lister K.C. Jackreec Lister
Albangbe Napoleon Driver Loveday Deekor Driver
Irabor Ogbes Driver Akoko Tamunosaki Driver
Appendix F | 489
SOUTH WEST ZONE
A. A. Olaoye Trainer
Omotosho Kayode Trainer
Lagos Ogun
D.S. Saidu Supervisor Nkoyo Nwakusor Supervisor
S.O. Lateef Lister R.A. Kuye Lister
R.A. Idris Lister B.J. Sodipo Lister
Gafar Amuda Lister F.A. Adekoya Lister
Joy K. Uwadia Lister F.M. Omolade Lister
J.O. Adeleke Lister M.R. Ademola Driver
K.T. Olasupo Lister O.A. Dada Driver
Omilana Kehinde Driver
Bayo Oluwo Driver
Ondo Osun
Festus Oladele Supervisor Sunday Olaoye Supervisor
M.A. Okunneye Lister A.A. Oyedoekun Lister
Dauda Alimi Lister A. Adekunle Lister
F.I. Ajayi Lister O.H. Ongbogi Lister
R.I. Akinduro Lister O.H. Omiyangi Lister
Tayo S. Oladele Tayo Driver Samson Osungbohun Driver
Foluke E. Akinboro Driver Olaniyi O. Ojo Driver
Oyo
Moses Egbejinmi Supervisor
K. Adedokum Lister
O.I. Mustapha Lister
M.T. Oladrja Lister
F.K. Adegbte Lister
Yussuf Akinwale Driver
Safiu Adebambo Driver
Reserve
Bassey Brenden Lister Loveday Deekor Lister
Bulama Mohammed Lister Akoko Tamunosaki Lister
Maigari Luka Lister Tubaoamuno Akoko Lister
Akanbi Olalekan Dauda Lister Tom Orumene Lister
Okolo Igwesuike Lister Edword Jack Lister
Elsie Esara Lister K.C. Jackreec Lister
Maria Onyeachusis Lister Geofrey Ibe Lister
Joy Okoro Lister
Household Listing/Field Monitoring

Wokoma D. Wokoma Director General
Emma E. Attah Director Planning and Research
Alfa Mohammed Director Cartography
Sani A. Gar Project Director
Inuwa B. Jalingo Project Coordinator
Fasiku A. David Sampling Statistician
Shettima B. Liman Listing Trainer
H.S. Ibrahim Listing Trainer
Saidu Usman Listing Trainer
Evelyn Olanipekun Listing Trainer
A. A. Olaoye Listing Trainer
Omotosho Kayode Listing Trainer
Saad Abubakar Listing Trainer
Maruf K. Usman Listing Trainer
C.C. Uchendu Listing Trainer
R.O. Ologun Listing Trainer
Nasir Usman Listing Trainer
Moses Onuminya Listing Trainer
490 | Appendix F
Fieldwork Teams
Patience U. Mbagwu, Coordinator (Abia and Imo)
Abia Iwo
Obike C. Nwohu Supervisor Obike C. Nwohu Supervisor
Opara Georgina Editor Opara Georgina Editor
Kalu Ume Interviewer Kalu Ume Interviewer
Kalu Ihechiluru Interviewer Kalu Ihechiluru Interviewer
Anumba Sylvia Interviewer Anumba Sylvia Interviewer
Iheme Lizzy Ben Interviewer Iheme Lizzy Ben Interviewer
Egwuekwe Emeka Interviewer Egwuekwe Emeka Interviewer
Nnadi C. Ngozi Interviewer Nnadi C. Ngozi Interviewer
Chijioke Ajunwa Driver Chijioke Ajunwa Driver
Nwankwo Prince Chinedu Driver Nwankwo Prince Chinedu Driver
Inuwa B. Jalingo, Coordinator (Adamawa and Taraba)

Adamawa Taraba
Nerose F. Wonakpalukai Supervisor Ilori O. Israel Supervisor
Michal Jonathan Editor Aishatu Bakari Editor
Manasseh Dzarma Interviewer Martina John Interviewer
Glory Charles Interviewer Isa Mohammad Interviewer
Blessing Yaro Interviewer Eunice Beye Interviewer
Talatu Haniel Interviewer Jibrilla Bakari Interviewer
Susuti Samuel Interviewer Benedicta Bajo Interviewer
Stephen U. Alawa Interviewer Afilia Esthon Interviewer
Hori Dahayi Driver Abubakar Hammangabdo Driver
Babangida Adamu Driver Danjuma Tubatsin Driver
Margaret Edet, Coordinator (Akwa Ibom and Cross River)

Akwa Ibom Cross River
Margaret Akpan Supervisor Helen Henshaw Supervisor
Morgan Esara Editor Kanu E. Ukpai Kanu Editor
Victoria Asuquo Essien Interviewer Isu Okoi Igbor Interviewer
Otoima J. Udondom Interviewer Etta Bassey Effiong Interviewer
Udeme Asibong Ibe Interviewer Margaret David Alobo Interviewer
Akpan Sunday Ita Interviewer Joseph J. Udofia Interviewer
Akaninyene Udousoro Interviewer Michael Attah Attah Interviewer
Christiana E. Mfon Interviewer Stella Ogar Anya Interviewer
Edet Inwang Driver Okon Ndareke Driver
Thompson Nkamanse Driver Godwin Omu Driver
Amaka L. Ezenwa, Coordinator (Anambra and Enugu)

Anambra Enugu
Theodore C. Odenigbo Supervisor Ignatius Okafor Supervisor
Chinwe A. Okafor Editor Odinkemma Okozor Editor
Ijeoma C. Udu Interviewer Ifeanyi N. Okoh Interviewer
Charles Ekemezie Interviewer Perpetual I. Udenwagu Interviewer
Adaobi A. Chiaha Interviewer Judith T. Nnamani Interviewer
Chijioke E. Nwosu Interviewer Chinwe Mbah Interviewer
Dominica Nnadi Interviewer Chidera N. Ani Interviewer
Eugenia N. Egbosi Interviewer Ifeoma G. Okonkwo Interviewer
Cosmas Ilodigwe Driver Kevln Nnah Driver
Gabriel Eze Driver Chukwudi Nnatah Driver
Appendix F | 491
Raliya M. Sambo, Coordinator (Bauchi and Gombe)
Bauchi Gombe State team
Ibrahim Dede Adamu Supervisor Abubakar Isah Baraza Supervisor
Rebecca Yakubu Adamu Editor Kwarau Safiya Editor
Talatu Jonathan Interviewer Ladi Yakubu Interviewer
Paul Daniel Interviewer Ngalban Rosemary Interviewer
Mariya Adamu Interviewer Dahiru Bello Ribadu Interviewer
Saratu Bukar Interviewer Rebecca T. Maibugu Interviewer
Sulaiman B. Musa Interviewer Sarah Kassem Interviewer
Rabi Chiroma Interviewer Mohammed Adamu Interviewer
Garba A. Zailani Driver Ibrahim Audu Driver
Abubarkar Ibrahim Driver Mohammed Kawuwa Driver
Elizabeth E. Idoko, Coordinator (Benue and Nasarawa)

Benue Nasarawa
Ojobi Onuminya Supervisor Ahmed Y. Doma Supervisor
Chris T Jige Editor Martha A. Okpainya Editor
Kashimana Tyav Interviewer Vincent F. Zema Interviewer
Jane Igomu Interviewer Filibus Hannatu Interviewer
Justina Ujah Interviewer Mohammed Abdul Interviewer
Helen Zaki Interviewer Comfort Audu Interviewer
Emmanuel Okpainya Interviewer Hadiza O. Ibrahim Interviewer
Thomas O. Anhange Interviewer Blessing D. Nprune Interviewer
Fracis Ali Driver Ali Ankruma Driver
Thomas Okata Driver Madaki Yakubu Driver
Bintu Ibrahim, Coordinator (Borno and Yobe)

Borno Yobe
Umar Abdullahi Supervisor Thlama Ndirmbula Supervisor
Habiba Bulama Editor Asmau Usman Editor
Balu B. Abba Interviewer Girgiri W. Ibrahim Interviewer
Adamu Musa Interviewer Rebecca E. Ogah Interviewer
Alhaji Hamza Interviewer Maryam Bomoi Interviewer
Zainab B. Bello Interviewer Falmata M. Nyako Interviewer
Zainab K. Modu Interviewer Yagumsu S. Mustapha Interviewer
Hajja K. Kolo Interviewer Adamu Kowa Interviewer
Isa Ibrahim Driver Abdulrahman Husseini Driver
Ibrahim Kachalla Driver Musa I. Adamu Driver
Joel J. Amah, Coordinator (Bayesla and Rivers)

Bayesla Rivers
Ineife Ayibaemi Supervisor John Manuagwu Supervisor
Priscillia Isguzo Editor Atibi Jumbo Editor
Tabai Emomotimi Interviewer Aisha Momoh Interviewer
Pius A. Guembe Interviewer Tubotamuno Akoko Interviewer
Wokoro Tonye Interviewer Ogiamen Mary Interviewer
Abili F. Gbagha Interviewer Osuogim L. Mabel Interviewer
Victor Amah Interviewer C.E. Azubuko Interviewer
Inifie C. Kienma Interviewer E.U. Ibekwe Interviewer
Agbor I. Paschal Driver Otamiri Stephen Driver
Owhonogwu Georgewill Driver
492 | Appendix F
Osifo T. Ojogun, Coordinator (Delta and Edo)
Delta Edo
Paul Ubaka Supervisor Okiei Ayo Supervisor
Mejovi I. Iribiri Editor O.O. Oloton Editor
Ukpe J. Iniobong Interviewer Omoze T. Seidu Interviewer
Eruzono Enedemu Interviewer Amenaghawon Omorege Interviewer
Ovigue Obedavwe Interviewer Doris D. Obaseyor Interviewer
Nora I. Ogbolu Interviewer Jeff O. Igbinaduwa Interviewer
Gabriel U. Oduah Interviewer Stella Iyenahie Interviewer
Wilson E. Ugweh Interviewer Daniel E. Egbon Interviewer
John Agbor Driver Napoleon Aibangbe Driver
Felix M. Sani Driver Gregory Irabor Driver
Innocent M. Onuorah, Coordinator (Ebonyi and Plateau)

Ebonyi Plateau
Nwakaego C. Nwachukwu Supervisor Dominic C. Bidas Supervisor
Enerst Ugorji Editor Priscillia Jaggu Editor
Gloria A. Chima Interviewer Watse H. Bello Interviewer
Amaka I. Igboke Interviewer Augustine Iliya Interviewer
Lilian N. Egekwu. Interviewer Joyce Dida Interviewer
Tochukwu Nworah Interviewer Dakahap P. Musa Interviewer
Maria N. Onyeachusim Interviewer Joseph Ladulsarki Interviewer
Ifeanyichukwu Okpani Interviewer Asabe Gamde Interviewer
Innocent Imeta Driver Samuel P. Chungyang Driver
James Eneh Driver Yusuf Audu Driver
David A. Fasiku, Coordinator (Ekiti and Lagos)

Ekiti Lagos
Oyerinde S. Idowu Supervisor E. Foluke Adeola Supervisor
Taiwo F. Fasuyi Editor Fasugba B. Olufunso Editor
Olamerun Adeyemi Interviewer Owolabi Adekunle Ayodeji Interviewer
Iwaloye M. Kikelomo Interviewer Yemisi Ayodele Interviewer
Bosede Clara Olu Interviewer Apantaku O. Olaide Interviewer
Babalola M. Titilayo Interviewer K. Yinka Kajogbola Interviewer
Tobi Charity Interviewer Bello O. Oluwakemi Interviewer
Yakubu Abass Umar Interviewer Ra'uf Adewale Kamildeen Interviewer
Sunday Fasusi Driver T.O. Oni Interviewer
Folayan B. Ango Driver M.C. Fasanmi Interviewer
Bayo Oluwo Driver
Omilana Kehinde Driver
Sani A. Gar, Coordinator (FCT – Abuja)

Binta Akilu Supervisor
Isah Salihu Editor
Usman D. Abubakar Interviewer
Alheri Auta Interviewer
Amaka Udodi Interviewer
Juliet Ukanwa Interviewer
Mary O. Ogidi Interviewer
Halilu Haruna Pai Interviewer
Peter M. Yamu Driver
Audu A. Liman Driver
Appendix F | 493
Abu Mahmoud,Coordinator (Jigawa and Kano)
Jigawa Kano
Kassim D. Mohd Supervisor Sahnunu Umaru Supervisor
Rukayya Abdullahi Editor Jummai Garba Yawa Editor
Musbahu Bawa Interviewer Aisha Adamu Mohammed Interviewer
Amina M. Umar Interviewer Bashir Muhd Sada Interviewer
Ubale M. Maryam Interviewer Abbas Nura Mohammad Interviewer
Na'ima S. Ubale Interviewer Yusuf Surajo Wudil Interviewer
Mustapha Abdullahi Interviewer Rabi Adamu Dikko Interviewer
Harira Inusa Interviewer Halima Ibrahim Warure Interviewer
Gambo Yusuf Driver Fatima Ayuba Baba Interviewer
Yahaya Adamu Driver Ali Suleiman Driver
Danladi Yusuf Driver
Bala Mairuwa, Coordinator (Kaduna and Katsina)

Kaduna Katsina
Sanni S. Peter Supervisor Lawal M. Kurfi Supervisor
Maria Aliyu Editor Fatima K. BashirK Editor
Evelyn Wetkos Interviewer Binta A. Gachi Interviewer
Doris Bulus Interviewer Sani Saidu Interviewer
Hamza Muhammed Interviewer Aisha Ibrahim Interviewer
Kambai Akok Interviewer Rabi A. Shinkafi Interviewer
Lydia M. Stephen Interviewer Zainab Ibrahim Interviewer
Gambo Waziri Driver Kasimu Lawal Interviewer
Simon Williams Driver Musa Isa Driver
Haruna Mu'azu Driver
Bamidele A. Sadiku, Coordinator (Kogi and Kwara)

Kagi Kwara
Jimoh O. Abdullahi Supervisor Oyekanni K. Tajudeen Supervisor
Priscilla Agada Editor Ajulo Ayodele Afusat Editor
Isa A. Abdullateef Interviewer Timothy A. Olorundare Interviewer
Paul Godwin Interviewer Bello O. Hikmat Interviewer
Oloruntade A. Wumi Interviewer Shola Gegele Interviewer
Onotu Dorcas Interviewer Tawakalitu O. Raheem Interviewer
Sule Hassana Interviewer Rihanat J. Sulyman Interviewer
Aliu Juliana Interviewer Hafsat M. Olatundun Interviewer
Aloa Sunday Emmamuel Driver Micheal Ajide Driver
Omaduga A. Affa Driver Alhassan Saidu Driver
Jibrin Tauhid, Coordinator (Niger and Kebbi)

Niger Kebbi
Abdulradir Alfa Supervisor Lawal A. Kangiwa Supervisor
Mary Samuel Editor Rukayya Moh'd Editor
Abubakar Jibrin Interviewer Hauwa Bala Interviewer
Hassana K. Emmanuel Interviewer Umar A. Moh'd Interviewer
Zainab Adamu Interviewer Suwaiba Garba Interviewer
Hadiza Yakubu Interviewer Mariya L. Moh'd Interviewer
Fatima Liman Interviewer Kulu Baraya Interviewer
Kasim Liman Interviewer Usman Yusuff Interviewer
Mohammed Yahaya Driver Abdullahi Musa Driver
Yukubu Ibrahim Driver Sani Dandi Driver
494 | Appendix F
Adenike O. Ogunlewe, Coordinator (Ogun and Oyo)
Ogun Oyo
Tunji Falano Supervisor F.J. Oluwole Supervisor
F.M. Omolade Editor F.A. Shittu Editor
Amosu O. Olubisi Interviewer Ajibola Adeyemo Interviewer
K.A. Awogbade Interviewer Iyabo Ogunleye Interviewer
O.A. Okunade Interviewer Ijaseun A. Yemisi Interviewer
Foluke O. Ogunbote Interviewer M.B. Dauda Interviewer
R.A. Kuye Interviewer Olalere A. Adebanke Interviewer
Giwa O. Abidemi Interviewer Y.M. Adegbami Interviewer
J.O. Ogunbanwo Driver Femi Oladimeji Driver
Adeyanju I. Adeniyi Driver Adebanbo Safiu Driver
Martin O. Makinwa, Coordinator (Ondo and Osun)

Ondo Osun
Yinka Arijeniwa Supervisor Adebisi Jide Supervisor
Olukosi Moses Ilesanmi Interviewer T.M. Adeboye Editor
Elizabeth Okereke Interviewer Mujidat O. Ogunrinade Interviewer
H.O. Akinwarere Interviewer Kareem Saheed Adewale Interviewer
Santos Olubayode Interviewer O. Adeyeye Interviewer
Bankole Damilola Interviewer Ayeni O. Muninat Interviewer
R.J. Ilelaboye Interviewer Ibironke Opeyemi Interviewer
Abass Daramola Driver Abidogun Solomon Kayode Interviewer
Adesulu Adewale Driver Mosudi Gafaru Driver
A. Oyetokun Driver
Shehu Moh. Gada, Coordinator (Sokoto and Zamfara)

Sokoto State team Zamfara
Sani Ladan Supervisor Danjuma Musa Supervisor
A.S. Yusuf Halima Editor Hafsatu Tunau Editor
Murtala Moh Gada Interviewer Lovina K. Nuhu Interviewer
Hadiza Aliyu Interviewer Bashar Hamisu Interviewer
Nasara Bello Daji Interviewer Danladi M. Zakawa Interviewer
Zainab A. Bello Interviewer Ahmad K. Zahr Interviewer
Salisu B. Kangiwa Interviewer Hadiza Azi Nuru Interviewer
Mani Umar Driver Saidu Mohammed Driver
Ibrahim Bahagu Driver Isiya M. Mustafa Driver
Quality Control Teams

Abdulmalik Mohammed Gada North West Zone Bose F. Ajanah South West Zone
Shamsudeen Bello North West Zone Sadus Mathew Musa South West Zone
Hauwa R. Umar North West Zone Olajide Abiodun Amos South West Zone
Mansur Yusha'u Dan-Ali North West Zone Owolabi L. Shola South West Zone
Mohammed Basheer Dambazau North West Zone Cassius Luka South West Zone
Hadi Lamido North West Zone Aminu Abashiya South West Zone
Paul Uko Obagwu North West Zone Naziru Hamidu Maren North Central Zone
Amobi Adaobi South East Zone Ahmed Abubakar Wowo North Central Zone
Orji Victoria Uloma South East Zone Isah Adinoyi Yahaya North Central Zone
Amaji Clinton Onyekachi South East Zone Mohammed Adamu North Central Zone
Joseph Ubani South East Zone Usman Halilu Pai North Central Zone
Obike Nwohu South East Zone Ene Susan Okpe North Central Zone
Usman Shuaibu Iliyasu South South Zone Ibrahim Baba North Central Zone
Victor P. Amah South South Zone Bashir Bello North East Zone
Eluaka Margaret South South Zone Abdulrahman Mohammad North East Zone
Ezekwe Harrison South South Zone Taibat Kaka Ibrahim North East Zone
Mfon I. Nwachukwu South South Zone Jibrin Bivan North East Zone
Victor Imeh Peter Enangama South South Zone Mohammed S. Ibrahim North East Zone
Abubakar U. Garba North East Zone
Appendix F | 495
Drivers for Survey Fieldwork Monitoring
James Eborka Driver Abdullatif Akinbo Driver
Francis Ugbah Driver Abidogun Jacob Driver
S. Olarewaju Driver Solomon O. Iwoh Driver
Data Processing Staff

J.C. Oguike Supervisor Susan Akuta Data Entry Operator
M. Aboho Supervisor Christian Eborka Data Entry Operator
Julius Atula Supervisor Williams Aruchukwu Data Entry Operator
Adesola Fatilewa Supervisor Chinwe Mbene Data Entry Operator
E.O. Elias Questionnaire Administrator Christie Umunna Data Entry Operator
A. Ngerem Questionnaire Administrator Adebola Fatilewa Data Entry Operator
A. Adamu Office Editor Adeniyi Alade Data Entry Operator
Edward Moses Office Editor Olufunke Essien Data Entry Operator
Jude Okoisor Office Editor Azeez Aboyeji Data Entry Operator
Helen Amakwe Data Entry Operator Itoro Ekanem Data Entry Operator
Clara Onwubuya Data Entry Operator Ope Adewale Data Entry Operator
Martins Shorkor Data Entry Operator Seyi Adewale Data Entry Operator
Obafemi Awoyemi Data Entry Operator Tobilola Fatilewa Data Entry Operator
Adeyinka Odusilu Data Entry Operator Nancy Wende Data Entry Operator
Emmanuel Mbaegbu Data Entry Operator Kelechi Akuta Data Entry Operator
Ify Oguine Data Entry Operator Seun Aminu Data Entry Operator
Chinendu Andrew Data Entry Operator Mrs Laide Akiode Data Entry Operator
Lillian Anyanwu Data Entry Operator Egbejinmi Moses DP Administrator
Nkechi Paul Data Entry Operator Chucks Ononiwu Generator Attendant
Juliet Abah Data Entry Operator Adesina Yinka Generator Attendant
Joy Ibe Data Entry Operator Danjuma Suleman Cleaner
Secondary Editing Team

Edet Margaret Supervisor Odusilu Adeyinka Secondary Editor
Adewale Ope Secondary Editor Oguine Ifeyinwa Secondary Editor
Iribiri Mejovi Ijeoma Secondary Editor Egbu Obiageli Chinedu Secondary Editor
Ukanwa Juliet Secondary Editor Umunna Christie Secondary Editor
496 | Appendix F
QUESTIONNAIRES Appendix G
Appendix G | 497
25 June 2008
CONFIDENTIAL
NIGERIA DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEY 2008
MODEL HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE
WITH HIV/AIDS AND MALARIA MODULES
NATIONAL POPULATION COMMISSION National Health Research Ethics Committee

Assigned Number NHREC/01/01/2007
IDENTIFICATION
STATE ...........................
LOCAL GOVT. AREA ...........................
LOCALITY .......................
ENUMERATION AREA .......................
URBAN/RURAL (URBAN=1, RURAL=2) ...................................
CLUSTER NUMBER ...........................................................................................
BUILDING NUMBER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
HOUSEHOLD HEAD NAME/NUMBER
HOUSEHOLD SELECTED FOR MAN'S QUESTIONNAIRE (YES=1, N0=2) .....................................................
INTERVIEWER VISITS
1 2 3 FINAL VISIT
DATE DAY
MONTH
2 0 0 8
YEAR
INTERVIEWER'S NAME INT. NUMBER
RESULT* RESULT
NEXT VISIT: DATE

TOTAL NUMBER
TIME OF VISITS
*RESULT CODES: TOTAL PERSONS

1 COMPLETED IN HOUSEHOLD
2 NO HOUSEHOLD MEMBER AT HOME OR NO COMPETENT RESPONDENT
AT HOME AT TIME OF VISIT TOTAL ELIGIBLE
3 ENTIRE HOUSEHOLD ABSENT FOR EXTENDED PERIOD OF TIME WOMEN
4 POSTPONED
5 REFUSED TOTAL ELIGIBLE
6 DWELLING VACANT OR ADDRESS NOT A DWELLING MEN
7 DWELLING DESTROYED
8 DWELLING NOT FOUND LINE NO. OF
9 OTHER RESPONDENT
(SPECIFY) TO HOUSEHOLD
QUESTIONNAIRE
HAUSA YORUBA IGBO ENGLISH OTHER TRANSLATOR YES NO

LANGUAGE OF INTERVIEW 1 2 3 4 6 USED? 1 2
SPECIFY
NATIVE LANGUAGE OF RESPONDENT 1 2 3 4 6

SPECIFY
SUPERVISOR FIELD EDITOR OFFICE KEYED BY

EDITOR
NAME NAME
DATE DATE
ENGLISH
Appendix G | 499
Introduction and Consent
Greetings. My name is _______________________________________ and I am working with National Population Commission.

We are conducting a national survey that asks women and men about various health issues. This study has been reviewed and
granted approval by the National Health Research Ethics Committee, assigned number NHREC/01/01/2007, for the study period of
February 22, 2008 to February 23, 2009. We would very much appreciate your participitation. in this survey. This information will
help the government to plan health services. The survey usually takes between 20 and 30 minutes to complete. Whatever
information you provide will be kept strictly confidential and will not be shown to other persons. Should you have any queries,
feel free to call any of the following contact person(s):
2008 NDHS Contact Person: Project Director; Email: saligar58@yahoo.com; Phone: 08033708114
NHREC Dontact Person(s): Secretary, NHREC; Email: secretary@nhrec.net; Phone: 08033143791
Desk Officer, NHREC; Email: deskofficer@nhrec.net; Phone: 08065479926
As part of the survey we would first like to ask some questions about your household. All of the answers you give will be.
confidential. Participation in the survey is completely voluntary. If we should come to any question you don't want to answer,
just let me know and I will go on to the next question; or you can stop the interview at any time. However, we hope you will
participate in the survey since your views are important.
At this time, do you want to ask me anything about the survey?

May I begin the interview now?
Signature of interviewer: Date:
RESPONDENT AGREES TO BE INTERVIEWED .. 1 RESPONDENT DOES NOT AGREE TO BE INTERVIEWED 2 END
500 | Appendix G
HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE
IF AGE 15
OR OLDER
LINE USUAL RESIDENTS AND RELATIONSHIP SEX RESIDENCE AGE MARITAL ELIGIBILITY
NO. VISITORS TO HEAD OF STATUS
HOUSEHOLD
Please give me the names What is the Is Does Did How What is CIRCLE CIRCLE CIRCLE CIRCLE
of the persons who usually relationship of (NAME) (NAME) (NAME) old was (NAME'S) LINE LINE LINE LINE
live in your household and (NAME) to the male or usually sleep (NAME) current marital NUMBER NUMBER NUMBER NUMBER
guests of the household head of the female? live here as at last status? OF ALL OF OF ALL OF ALL
who slept here last night, household? here? last birthday? WOMEN WOMAN MEN CHILDREN
starting with the head of night? 1 = MARRIED AGE SELECTED AGE AGE 0-5
the household. SEE CODES OR LIVING 15-49 FOR 15-59
BELOW. TOGETHER DOMESTIC IF HH
AFTER LISTING THE 2 = DIVORCED/ VIOLENCE SELECTED
NAMES AND RECORDING SEPARATED QUESTIONS FOR
THE RELATIONSHIP 3 = WIDOWED IN Q. 39. MALE
AND SEX FOR EACH 4 = NEVER- INTERVIEW
PERSON, ASK MARRIED
QUESTIONS 2A-2C AND
TO BE SURE THAT THE NEVER
LISTING IS COMPLETE. LIVED
TOGETHER
THEN ASK APPROPRIATE
QUESTIONS IN COLUMNS
5-38 FOR EACH PERSON.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (9A) (10) (11)
M F Y N Y N IN YEARS
01 1 2 1 2 1 2 01 01 01 01
02 1 2 1 2 1 2 02 02 02 02
03 1 2 1 2 1 2 03 03 03 03
04 1 2 1 2 1 2 04 04 04 04
05 1 2 1 2 1 2 05 05 05 05
06 1 2 1 2 1 2 06 06 06 06
07 1 2 1 2 1 2 07 07 07 07
08 1 2 1 2 1 2 08 08 08 08
09 1 2 1 2 1 2 09 09 09 09
10 1 2 1 2 1 2 10 10 10 10
TICK HERE IF CONTINUATION SHEET USED CODES FOR Q. 3: RELATIONSHIP TO HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD
2A) Just to make sure that I have a complete 01 = HEAD 09 = BROTHER-IN-LAW/SISTER-IN-LAW

listing. Are there any other persons such as small ADD TO 02 = WIFE OR HUSBAND 10 = NIECE/NEPHEW BY BLOOD
children or infants that we have not listed? YES TABLE NO 03 = SON OR DAUGHTER 11 = NIECE/NEPHEW BY MARRIAGE
2B) Are there any other people who may not be 04 = SON-IN-LAW OR 12 = OTHER RELATIVE
members of your family, such as domestic ADD TO DAUGHTER-IN-LAW 13 = ADOPTED/FOSTER/
servants, lodgers, or friends who usually live YES TABLE NO 05 = GRANDCHILD STEPCHILD
here? 06 = PARENT 14 = NOT RELATED
2C) Are there any guests or temporary visitors ADD TO 07 = PARENT-IN-LAW 98 = DON'T KNOW
staying here, or anyone else who slept here last YES TABLE NO 08 = BROTHER OR SISTER
night, who have not been listed?
Appendix G | 501
IF AGE 15
OR OLDER
LINE USUAL RESIDENTS AND RELATIONSHIP SEX RESIDENCE AGE MARITAL ELIGIBILITY
NO. VISITORS TO HEAD OF STATUS
HOUSEHOLD
Please give me the names What is the Is Does Did How What is CIRCLE CIRCLE CIRCLE CIRCLE
of the persons who usually relationship of (NAME) (NAME) (NAME) old was (NAME'S) LINE LINE LINE LINE
live in your household and (NAME) to the male or usually sleep (NAME) current marital NUMBER NUMBER NUMBER NUMBER
guests of the household head of the female? live here as at last status? OF ALL OF OF ALL OF ALL
who slept here last night, household? here? last birthday? WOMEN WOMAN MEN CHILDREN
starting with the head of night? 1 = MARRIED AGE SELECTED AGE AGE 0-5
the household. SEE CODES OR LIVING 15-49 FOR 15-59
BELOW. TOGETHER DOMESTIC IF HH
AFTER LISTING THE 2 = DIVORCED/ VIOLENCE SELECTED
NAMES AND RECORDING SEPARATED QUESTIONS FOR
THE RELATIONSHIP 3 = WIDOWED IN Q. 39. MALE
AND SEX FOR EACH 4 = NEVER- INTERVIEW
PERSON, ASK MARRIED
QUESTIONS 2A-2C AND
TO BE SURE THAT THE NEVER
LISTING IS COMPLETE. LIVED
TOGETHER
THEN ASK APPROPRIATE
QUESTIONS IN COLUMNS
5-38 FOR EACH PERSON.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (9A) (10) (11)
M F Y N Y N IN YEARS
11 1 2 1 2 1 2 11 11 11 11
12 1 2 1 2 1 2 12 12 12 12
13 1 2 1 2 1 2 13 13 13 13
14 1 2 1 2 1 2 14 14 14 14
15 1 2 1 2 1 2 15 15 15 15
16 1 2 1 2 1 2 16 16 16 16
17 1 2 1 2 1 2 17 17 17 17
18 1 2 1 2 1 2 18 18 18 18
19 1 2 1 2 1 2 19 19 19 19
20 1 2 1 2 1 2 20 20 20 20
TICK HERE IF CONTINUATION SHEET USED CODES FOR Q. 3: RELATIONSHIP TO HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD
2A) Just to make sure that I have a complete 01 = HEAD 09 = BROTHER-IN-LAW/SISTER-IN-LAW

listing. Are there any other persons such as small ADD TO 02 = WIFE OR HUSBAND 10 = NIECE/NEPHEW BY BLOOD
children or infants that we have not listed? YES TABLE NO 03 = SON OR DAUGHTER 11 = NIECE/NEPHEW BY MARRIAGE
2B) Are there any other people who may not be 04 = SON-IN-LAW OR 12 = OTHER RELATIVE
members of your family, such as domestic ADD TO DAUGHTER-IN-LAW 13 = ADOPTED/FOSTER/
servants, lodgers, or friends who usually live YES TABLE NO 05 = GRANDCHILD STEPCHILD
here? 06 = PARENT 14 = NOT RELATED
2C) Are there any guests or temporary visitors 07 = PARENT-IN-LAW 98 = DON'T KNOW
staying here, or anyone else who slept here last ADD TO 08 = BROTHER OR SISTER
night, who have not been listed? YES TABLE NO
502 | Appendix G
IF AGE 18- IF AGE 0-17 YEARS
59 YEARS
LINE SICK SURVIVORSHIP AND RESIDENCE OF BIOLOGICAL PARENTS

NO. PERSON
Has Is Does IF MOTHER Is Does IF FATHER MOTHER BOTH

(NAME) (NAME)'s (NAME)'s NOT (NAME)'s (NAME)'s NOT AND/OR PARENTS
been natural natural LISTED IN natural natural LISTED IN FATHER ALIVE
very sick mother alive? mother HOUSEHOLD father alive? father HOUSEHOLD DEAD/
for at least usually usually SICK
3 months live in this Has (NAME)'s live in this Has (NAME)'s IF YES
during household mother been household father been CIRCLE TO
the past or was she very sick for or was he very sick LINE Q.13
12 months, a guest at least 3 a guest for at least 3 NUMBER AND
that is (NAME) last night? months during last night? months during IF CHILD'S Q.16
was too sick the past 12 the past 12 MOTHER (BOTH
to work or IF YES: months, that is IF YES: months, that is AND/OR ALIVE),
do normal What is she was too What is he was too FATHER CIRCLE
activities? her name? sick to work or his name? sick to work HAS DIED '1'.
RECORD do normal or do normal (Q.13 OR FOR ALL
MOTHER'S activities? RECORD activities? 16=NO) OR OTHER
LINE FATHER'S BEEN SICK CASES,
NUMBER. LINE (Q.15 OR CIRCLE
NUMBER. 18=YES). '2'.
IF NO, IF NO,
RECORD RECORD
'00'. '00'.
(12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20)
Y N DK Y N DK Y N DK Y N DK Y N DK
01 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 01 1 2
GO TO 16 GO TO 19 GO TO 23
02 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 02 1 2
03 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 03 1 2
04 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 04 1 2
05 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 05 1 2
06 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 06 1 2
07 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 07 1 2
08 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 08 1 2
09 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 09 1 2
10 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 10 1 2
Appendix G | 503
IF AGE 18- IF AGE 0-17 YEARS
59 YEARS
LINE SICK SURVIVORSHIP AND RESIDENCE OF BIOLOGICAL PARENTS

NO. PERSON
Has Is Does IF MOTHER Is Does IF FATHER MOTHER BOTH

(NAME) (NAME)'s (NAME)'s NOT (NAME)'s (NAME)'s NOT AND/OR PARENTS
been natural natural LISTED IN natural natural LISTED IN FATHER ALIVE
very sick mother alive? mother HOUSEHOLD father alive? father HOUSEHOLD DEAD/
for at least usually usually SICK
3 months live in this Has (NAME)'s live in this Has (NAME)'s IF YES
during household mother been household father been CIRCLE TO
the past or was she very sick for or was he very sick LINE Q.13
12 months, a guest at least 3 a guest for at least 3 NUMBER AND
that is (NAME) last night? months during last night? months during IF CHILD'S Q.16
was too sick the past 12 the past 12 MOTHER (BOTH
to work or IF YES: months, that is IF YES: months, that is AND/OR ALIVE),
do normal What is she was too What is he was too FATHER CIRCLE
activities? her name? sick to work or his name? sick to work HAS DIED '1'.
RECORD do normal or do normal (Q.13 OR FOR ALL
MOTHER'S activities? RECORD activities? 16=NO) OR OTHER
LINE FATHER'S BEEN SICK CASES,
NUMBER. LINE (Q.15 OR CIRCLE
NUMBER. 18=YES). '2'.
IF NO, IF NO,
RECORD RECORD
'00'. '00'.
(12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20)
Y N DK Y N DK Y N DK Y N DK Y N DK
11 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 11 1 2
12 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 12 1 2
13 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 13 1 2
14 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 14 1 2
15 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 15 1 2
16 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 16 1 2
17 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 17 1 2
18 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 18 1 2
19 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 19 1 2
20 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 20 1 2
504 | Appendix G
IF AGE 0-17 YEARS IF AGE 5 YEARS IF AGE 5-24 YEARS
OR OLDER
LINE EVER ATTENDED CURRENT/RECENT SCHOOL ATTENDANCE

NO. BROTHERS AND SISTERS SCHOOL
Does Do any of Has What is the Did During this Did During that
(NAME) have these (NAME) highest level of (NAME) school year, (NAME) school year,
any brothers brothers ever school (NAME) attend what level and attend what
or sisters and sisters attended has attended? school grade is (NAME) school level and grade
age 0 - 17 age 0 - 17 school? at any attending? at any did (NAME)
who have not live SEE CODES time time attend?
the same in this BELOW. during during
mother and household? the SEE CODES the SEE CODES
the same What is the (2007 - BELOW. previous BELOW.
father? highest grade 2008) school
(NAME) school year,
completed year? that is,
at that level? (2006 -
2007)?
SEE CODES
BELOW.
(21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28)
CLASS/ CLASS/ CLASS/

Y N DK Y N Y N LEVEL YEAR Y N LEVEL YEAR Y N LEVEL YEAR
01 1 2 8 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
GO TO 23 GO TO 29 GO TO 27 GO TO 29
02 1 2 8 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
03 1 2 8 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
04 1 2 8 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
05 1 2 8 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
06 1 2 8 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
07 1 2 8 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
08 1 2 8 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
09 1 2 8 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
10 1 2 8 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
CODES FOR Qs. 24, 26, AND 28: EDUCATION
EDUCATION LEVEL: EDUCATION YEAR:

0=PRE-PRIMARY/KINDERGARTEN 01 - 03 = YEARS AT PRE-PRIMARY/KINDERGARDEN LEVEL
1 = PRIMARY 01 - 06 = YEARS 1 - 6 AT PRIMARY LEVEL
2 = SECONDARY 01 - 06 = YEARS 1 - 6 AT SECONDARY LEVEL
3 = HIGHER 01 - TOTAL NUMBER OF YEARS AT HIGHER LEVEL*
8 = DON'T KNOW 00 = LESS THAN 1 YEAR COMPLETED
(USE '00' FOR Q. 24 ONLY.
THIS CODE IS NOT ALLOWED
FOR QS. 26 AND 28)
98 = DON'T KNOW
*FOR "HIGHER", TOTAL THE NUMBER OF YEARS

AT THE POST-SECONDARY LEVEL
Appendix G | 505
IF AGE 0-17 YEARS IF AGE 5 YEARS IF AGE 5-24 YEARS
OR OLDER
LINE EVER ATTENDED CURRENT/RECENT SCHOOL ATTENDANCE

NO. BROTHERS AND SISTERS SCHOOL
Does Do any of Has What is the Did During this Did During that
(NAME) have these (NAME) highest level of (NAME) school year, (NAME) school year,
any brothers brothers ever school (NAME) attend what level and attend what
or sisters and sisters attended has attended? school grade is (NAME) school level and grade
age 0 - 17 age 0 - 17 school? at any attending? at any did (NAME)
who have not live SEE CODES time time attend?
the same in this BELOW. during during
mother and household? the SEE CODES the SEE CODES
the same What is the (2007 - BELOW. previous BELOW.
father? highest grade 2008) school
(NAME) school year,
completed year? that is,
at that level? (2006 -
2007)?
SEE CODES
BELOW.
(21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28)
CLASS/ CLASS/ CLASS/

Y N DK Y NK Y N LEVEL YEAR Y N LEVEL YEAR Y N LEVEL YEAR
11 1 2 8 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
12 1 2 8 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
13 1 2 8 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
14 1 2 8 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
15 1 2 8 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
16 1 2 8 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
17 1 2 8 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
18 1 2 8 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
19 1 2 8 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
20 1 2 8 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
CODES FOR Qs. 24, 26, AND 28: EDUCATION
EDUCATION LEVEL: EDUCATION YEAR:

0=PRE-PRIMARY/KINDERGARTEN 01 - 03 = YEARS AT PRE-PRIMARY/KINDERGARDEN LEVEL
1 = PRIMARY 01 - 06 = YEARS 1 - 6 AT PRIMARY LEVEL
2 = SECONDARY 01 - 06 = YEARS 1 - 6 AT SECONDARY LEVEL
3 = HIGHER 01 - TOTAL NUMBER OF YEARS AT HIGHER LEVEL*
8 = DON'T KNOW 00 = LESS THAN 1 YEAR COMPLETED
(USE '00' FOR Q. 24 ONLY.
THIS CODE IS NOT ALLOWED
FOR QS. 26 AND 28)
98 = DON'T KNOW
*FOR "HIGHER", TOTAL THE NUMBER OF YEARS

AT THE POST-SECONDARY LEVEL
506 | Appendix G
IF AGE 5-17 YEARS ALL AGES IF AGES
0-4 YEARS 5-17 YEARS
LINE BASIC MATERIAL BIRTH REGISTRATION NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES SCHISTOSOMIASIS

NO. NEEDS ONCHO- LYMPHATIC GUINEA SCHISTO- IN CHILDREN
CERIASIS FILARIASIS WORM SOMIASIS
Does Does Does Was With which May I see In the last In the last In the last In the last Have you noticed
(NAME) (NAME) (NAME) (NAME'S) authority was (NAME'S) 12 months, 12 months, 12 months, 12 months, has any blood in
have a have a pair have at birth (NAME'S) birth birth has (NAME) has (NAME) have you ever (NAME) taken (NAME'S) urine in
cover-cloth of shoes? least registered? registered? certificate? taken any taken any seen a worm any drug for the last month?
(blanket)? two sets drug for drug for emerging from bilharazia
of clothes? 1 = NPOPC 1 = SEEN River Blindness elephantitis a skin lesion [LOCAL TERM],
2 = LGA 2= NOT SEEN [LOCAL TERM], [LOCAL TERM], (boil or blister) which causes
3 = PRIVATE a disease that which causes on (NAME)? blood in the
CLINIC/ causes itchy swelling in the This disease urine?
HOSPITAL skin, lumps in arms and legs? is called
4 = OTHER the skin, and Guinea Worm.
blindness?
(29) (30) (31) (32) (33) '(33A) (34) (35) (36) (37) (38)
Y N DK Y N DK Y N DK Y N DK Y N DK Y N DK Y N DK Y N DK Y N DK
01 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8
GO TO 34
02 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8
GO TO 34
03 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8
GO TO 34
04 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8
GO TO 34
05 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8
GO TO 34
06 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8
GO TO 34
07 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8
GO TO 34
08 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8
GO TO 34
09 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8
GO TO 34
10 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8
GO TO 34
Appendix G | 507
IF AGE 5-17 YEARS ALL AGES IF AGES
0-4 YEARS 5-17 YEARS
LINE BASIC MATERIAL BIRTH REGISTRATION NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES SCHISTOSOMIASIS

NO. NEEDS ONCHO- LYMPHATIC GUINEA SCHISTO- IN CHILDREN
CERIASIS FILARIASIS WORM SOMIASIS
Does Does Does Was With which May I see In the last In the last In the last In the last Have you noticed
(NAME) (NAME) (NAME) (NAME'S) authority was (NAME'S) 12 months, 12 months, 12 months, 12 months, has any blood in
have a have a pair have at birth (NAME'S) birth birth has (NAME) has (NAME) have you ever (NAME) taken (NAME'S) urine in
cover-cloth of shoes? least registered? registered? certificate? taken any taken any seen a worm any drug for the last month?
(blanket)? two sets drug for drug for emerging from bilharazia
of clothes? 1 = NPOPC 1 = SEEN River Blindness elephantitis a skin lesion [LOCAL TERM],
2 = LGA 2= NOT SEEN [LOCAL TERM], [LOCAL TERM], (boil or blister) which causes
3 = PRIVATE a disease that which causes on (NAME)? blood in the
CLINIC/ causes itchy swelling in the This disease urine?
HOSPITAL skin, lumps in arms and legs? is called
4 = OTHER the skin, and Guinea Worm.
blindness?
(29) (30) (31) (32) '(33) '(33A) (34) (35) (36) (37) (38)
Y N DK Y N DK Y N DK Y N DK Y N DK Y N DK Y N DK Y N DK Y N DK
11 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8
GO TO 34
12 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8
GO TO 34
13 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8
GO TO 34
14 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8
GO TO 34
15 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8
GO TO 34
16 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8
GO TO 34
17 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8
GO TO 34
18 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8
GO TO 34
19 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8
GO TO 34
20 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8
GO TO 34
508 | Appendix G
TABLE FOR SELECTION OF WOMEN FOR THE DOMESTIC VIOLENCE QUESTIONS
39 LOOK AT THE LAST DIGIT OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE NUMBER ON THE COVER PAGE. THIS IS THE
NUMBER OF THE ROW YOU SHOULD GO TO.
CHECK THE TOTAL NUMBER OF ELIGIBLE WOMEN ON THE COVER SHEET OF THE HOUSEHOLD
QUESTIONNAIRE. THIS IS THE NUMBER OF THE COLUMN YOU SHOULD GO TO.
FIND THE BOX WHERE THE ROW AND THE COLUMN MEET AND CIRCLE THE NUMBER THAT APPEARS IN
THE BOX. THIS NUMBER IS USED TO IDENTIFY WHETHER THE FIRST ('1'), SECOND ('2'), THIRD ('3'), ETC.
ELIGIBLE WOMAN LISTED IN THE HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE WILL BE ASKED THE DOMESTIC
VIOLENCE QUESTIONS.
CIRCLE THE LINE NUMBER FOR THIS WOMAN IN COLUMN 9A.
FOR EXAMPLE, IF THE QUESTIONNAIRE NUMBER IS ‘36716’, GO TO ROW ‘6’.

IF THERE ARE THREE ELIGIBLE WOMEN IN THE HOUSEHOLD, GO TO COLUMN ‘3’.
FIND THE BOX WHERE ROW '6' AND COLUMN '3' MEET. THE NUMBER IN THAT BOX ('2') INDICATES
THAT THE SECOND ELIGIBLE WOMAN IN THE HOUSEHOLD LISTING SHOULD BE ASKED
THE DOMESTIC VIOLENCE QUESTIONS.
SUPPOSE THE LINE NUMBERS OF THE THREE WOMEN ARE ‘02', ‘03', AND ‘07’. THE WOMAN
TO BE ASKED THE DOMESTIC VIOLENCE QUESTIONS IS THE SECOND ONE, I.E., THE WOMAN ON LINE ‘03'.
LAST DIGIT TOTAL NUMBER OF ELIGIBLE WOMEN IN HOUSEHOLD (COLUMN)

OF THE
QUESTIONNAIRE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
NUMBER (ROW)
0 1 2 2 4 3 6 5 4
1 1 1 3 1 4 1 6 5
2 1 2 1 2 5 2 7 6
3 1 1 2 3 1 3 1 7
4 1 2 3 4 2 4 2 8
5 1 1 1 1 3 5 3 1
6 1 2 2 2 4 6 4 2
7 1 1 3 3 5 1 5 3
8 1 2 1 4 1 2 6 4
9 1 1 2 1 2 3 7 5
Appendix G | 509
HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS
NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP
101 What is the main source of drinking water for members PIPED WATER
of your household? PIPED INTO DWELLING .......... 11
PIPED TO YARD/PLOT ............ 12 106
PUBLIC TAP/STANDPIPE .......... 13
TUBE WELL OR BOREHOLE . . . . . . . . . . 21
DUG WELL
PROTECTED WELL .............. 31 103
UNPROTECTED WELL ............ 32
WATER FROM SPRING
PROTECTED SPRING ............ 41
UNPROTECTED SPRING .......... 42
RAINWATER ...................... 51 106
TANKER TRUCK .................. 61
CART WITH SMALL TANK .......... 71
SURFACE WATER (RIVER/DAM/ 103
LAKE/POND/STREAM/CANAL/
IRRIGATION CHANNEL) .......... 81
BOTTLED WATER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
OTHER 96 103
(SPECIFY)
102 What is the main source of water used by your PIPED WATER
household for other purposes such as cooking and PIPED INTO DWELLING .......... 11
handwashing? PIPED TO YARD/PLOT ............ 12 106
PUBLIC TAP/STANDPIPE .......... 13
TUBE WELL OR BOREHOLE . . . . . . . . . . 21
DUG WELL
PROTECTED WELL .............. 31
UNPROTECTED WELL ............ 32
WATER FROM SPRING
PROTECTED SPRING ............ 41
UNPROTECTED SPRING .......... 42
RAINWATER ...................... 51 106
TANKER TRUCK .................. 61
CART WITH SMALL TANK .......... 71
SURFACE WATER (RIVER/DAM/
LAKE/POND/STREAM/CANAL/
IRRIGATION CHANNEL) .......... 81
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
103 Where is that water source located? IN OWN DWELLING ................ 1

IN OWN YARD/PLOT .............. 2 106
ELSEWHERE .................... 3
104 How long does it take to go there, get water, and

come back? MINUTES ................
DON'T KNOW .................... 998
105 Who usually goes to this source to fetch the water for your ADULT WOMAN .................. 1
yourhousehold? ADULT WOMAN WITH CHILD ........ 2
ADULT MAN ...................... 3
FEMALE CHILD
UNDER 15 YEARS OLD .......... 4
MALE CHILD
FEMALE AND MALE CHILD
ANY HOUSEHOLD MEMBER ........ 7
OTHER 8
(SPECIFY)
510 | Appendix G
106 Do you do anything to the water to make it safer to drink? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW .................... 8 108
107 What do you usually do to make the water safer to drink? BOIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A
ADD BLEACH/CHLORINE .......... B
STRAIN THROUGH A CLOTH ........ C
Anything else? USE WATER FILTER (CERAMIC/
SAND/COMPOSITE/ETC.) .......... D
CIRCLE ALL MENTIONED. SOLAR DISINFECTION .............. E
LET IT STAND AND SETTLE .......... F
ALUM G
OTHER X
(SPECIFY)
DON'T KNOW .................... Z
108 What kind of toilet facility do members of your FLUSH OR POUR FLUSH TOILET
household usually use? FLUSH TO PIPED SEWER
SYSTEM .................... 11
FLUSH TO SEPTIC TANK .......... 12
FLUSH TO PIT LATRINE .......... 13
FLUSH TO SOMEWHERE ELSE ... 14
FLUSH, DON'T KNOW WHERE ... 15
PIT LATRINE
VENTILATED IMPROVED
PIT LATRINE .................. 21
PIT LATRINE WITH SLAB .......... 22
PIT LATRINE WITHOUT SLAB/
OPEN PIT .................... 23
COMPOSTING TOILET .............. 31
BUCKET TOILET .................. 41
HANGING TOILET/HANGING
LATRINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
NO FACILITY/BUSH/FIELD .......... 61 111
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
109 Do you share this toilet facility with other households? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 111
110 How many households use this toilet facility? NO. OF HOUSEHOLDS
IF LESS THAN 10 ..........
0
10 OR MORE HOUSEHOLDS ........ 95

DON'T KNOW .................... 98
111 Does your household have the following items which are
in good working order:
YES NO
Electricity? ELECTRICITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
A radio? RADIO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
A television? TELEVISION .............. 1 2
A mobile telephone? MOBILE TELEPHONE ..... 1 2
A non-mobile telephone? NON-MOBILE TELEPHONE . 1 2
A refrigerator? REFRIGERATOR .......... 1 2
A cable TV ? CABLE TV ................ 1 2
A generating set ? GENERATING SET . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
Airconditioner ? AIR CONDITIONER . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
A computer ? COMPUTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
Electric iron ? ELECTRIC IRON . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
A fan ? FAN ..................... 1 2
Appendix G | 511
112 What type of fuel does your household mainly use ELECTRICITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01
for cooking? LPG .............................. 02 115
NATURAL GAS .................... 03
BIOGAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04
KEROSENE ...................... 05
COAL, LIGNITE .................... 06
CHARCOAL ...................... 07
WOOD ........................... 08
STRAW/SHRUBS/GRASS ............ 09
AGRICULTURAL CROP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
ANIMAL DUNG .................... 11
NO FOOD COOKED
IN HOUSEHOLD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 117
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
113 In this household, is food cooked mainly on an open fire, OPEN FIRE ...................... 1
an open stove, or a closed stove? OPEN STOVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
CLOSED STOVE WITH CHIMNEY . . . . . 3
115
OTHER 6
(SPECIFY)
114 Does this (fire/stove) have a chimney, a hood, or CHIMNEY ......................... 1

neither of these? HOOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
NEITHER ......................... 3
115 Is the cooking usually done in the house, in a separate IN THE HOUSE .................... 1
building, or outdoors? IN A SEPARATE BUILDING .......... 2
OUTDOORS ...................... 3 117
OTHER 6
(SPECIFY)
116 Do you have a separate room which is used as a kitchen? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
117 MAIN MATERIAL FOR FINISH OF THE FLOOR. NATURAL FLOOR

EARTH/SAND .................. 11
RECORD OBSERVATION. DUNG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
RUDIMENTARY FLOOR
WOOD PLANKS ................ 21
PALM/BAMBOO ................ 22
FINISHED FLOOR
PARQUET OR POLISHED
WOOD ...................... 31
VINYL OR ASPHALT STRIPS ..... 32
CERAMIC TILES ................ 33
CEMENT ...................... 34
CARPET/RUG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
512 | Appendix G
118 MAIN MATERIAL FOR FINISH OF THE ROOF. NATURAL ROOFING

NO ROOF ...................... 11
RECORD OBSERVATION. THATCH/PALM LEAF ............ 12
RUDIMENTARY ROOFING
RUSTIC MAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
PALM/BAMBOO ................ 22
WOOD PLANKS ................ 23
CARDBOARD .................. 24
FINISHED ROOFING
METAL/ZINC .................... 31
WOOD ......................... 32
CERAMIC TILES ................ 33
CEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
ROOFING SHINGLES ............ 35
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
119 MAIN MATERIAL FOR FINISH OF THE EXTERIOR NATURAL WALLS

WALLS. NO WALLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
CANE/PALM/TRUNKS ............ 12
RECORD OBSERVATION. DIRT (MUD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
RUDIMENTARY WALLS
BAMBOO WITH MUD ............ 21
STONE WITH MUD .............. 22
PLYWOOD .................... 23
CARDBOARD .................. 24
REUSED WOOD ................ 25
FINISHED WALLS
CEMENT ...................... 31
STONE WITH LIME/CEMENT ..... 32
BRICKS ......................... 33
CEMENT BLOCKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
WOOD PLANKS/SHINGLES ........ 35
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
120A How many rooms in total are in your household,

including rooms for sleeping and all other rooms? ROOMS (TOTAL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
120B How many rooms are used for sleeping in your

household? NUMBER OF ROOMS (SLEEPING)
121 Does any member of this household own:

YES NO
A canoe? CANOE .................. 1 2
A bicycle? BICYCLE ................ 1 2
A motorcycle or motor scooter? MOTORCYCLE/SCOOTER . 1 2
An animal-drawn cart? ANIMAL-DRAWN CART ... 1 2
A car or truck? CAR/TRUCK .............. 1 2
A boat with a motor? BOAT WITH MOTOR ........ 1 2
122 Does any member of this household own any agricultural YES .............................. 1
land? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 124
Appendix G | 513
123 How much of agricultural land do members

of this household own? PLOT ................ 1
ACRES ................ 2
HECTARES ................ 3
95 OR MORE PLOTS/ACRES/
HECTARES 995
DON'T KNOW .................... 998
124 Does this household own any livestock, herds, YES .............................. 1
other farm animals, or poultry? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 126
125 How many of the following animals does this household

own?
IF NONE, ENTER '00'.
IF MORE THAN 95, ENTER '95'.
IF UNKNOWN, ENTER '98'.
Milk cows or bulls? COWS/BULLS ..............
Horses, donkeys, or mules? HORSES/DONKEYS/MULES .
Goats? GOATS ....................
Sheep? SHEEP ....................
Chickens/Ducks? CHICKENS/DUCKS . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pigs? PIGS .......................
Other OTHER ....................

(SPECIFY)
Other OTHER ....................

(SPECIFY)
126 Does any member of this household have a bank account? YES .............................. 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
127 Does your household have any mosquito nets that YES .............................. 1
can be used while sleeping? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 138
128 How many mosquito nets does your household have?

NUMBER OF NETS ..............
IF 7 OR MORE NETS, RECORD '7'.
514 | Appendix G
NET #1 NET #2 NET #3
129 ASK THE RESPONDENT TO SHOW

YOU THE NETS IN THE HOUSEHOLD.
IF MORE THAN 3 NETS, USE OBSERVED . . . . . 1 OBSERVED . . . . . 1 OBSERVED . . . . . 1

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE(S). NOT OBSERVED . 2 NOT OBSERVED . 2 NOT OBSERVED . 2
130 How many months ago did your MONTHS MONTHS MONTHS
household obtain the mosquito net? AGO . . . . . AGO . . . . . AGO . . . . .
IF LESS THAN ONE MONTH, 37 OR MORE 37 OR MORE 37 OR MORE

RECORD '00'. MONTHS AGO . . . 95 MONTHS AGO . . . 95 MONTHS AGO . . . 95
NOT SURE . . . . . . . . 98 NOT SURE . . . . . . . . 98 NOT SURE . . . . . . . . 98
131 Is this net an untreated net, UNTREATED NET 11 UNTREATED NET 11 UNTREATED NET 11
a long-lasting net, or a re-treatable net? (SKIP TO 135) (SKIP TO 135) (SKIP TO 135)
LONG-LASTING LONG-LASTING LONG-LASTING

NET . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 NET . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 NET . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
(SKIP TO 135) (SKIP TO 135) (SKIP TO 135)
RE-TREATABLE RE-TREATABLE RE-TREATABLE

NET . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 NET . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 NET . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
OTHER . . . . . . . . . . 41 OTHER . . . . . . . . . . 41 OTHER . . . . . . . . . . 41

DON’T KNOW . . . . . 98 DON’T KNOW . . . . . 98 DON’T KNOW . . . . . 98
132 When you got the net, was it treated YES . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
with an insecticide to kill or NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
repel mosquitos? NOT SURE . . . . . . . . 8 NOT SURE . . . . . . . . 8 NOT SURE . . . . . . . . 8
133 Since you got the mosquito net, was it YES . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
ever soaked or dipped in a liquid to kill NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
or repel mosquitos? (SKIP TO 135) (SKIP TO 135) (SKIP TO 135)
134 How many months ago was the net MONTHS MONTHS MONTHS
last soaked or dipped? AGO . . . . . AGO . . . . . AGO . . . . .
IF LESS THAN ONE MONTH,
RECORD '00'. 25 OR MORE 25 OR MORE 25 OR MORE
MONTHS AGO . . . 95 MONTHS AGO . . . 95 MONTHS AGO . . . 95
135 Did anyone sleep under this mosquito YES . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
net last night? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Appendix G | 515
NET #1 NET #2 NET #3
136 Who slept under this mosquito

net last night?
RECORD THE PERSON'S NAME_____________ NAME_____________ NAME_____________
LINE NUMBER FROM THE
HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE. LINE LINE LINE
NO. ..... NO. ..... NO. .....
NAME_____________ NAME_____________ NAME_____________
LINE LINE LINE

NO. ..... NO. ..... NO. .....
NAME_____________ NAME_____________ NAME_____________
LINE LINE LINE

NO. ..... NO. ..... NO. .....
NAME_____________ NAME_____________ NAME_____________
LINE LINE LINE

NO. ..... NO. ..... NO. .....
137 GO BACK TO 129 FOR GO BACK TO 129 FOR GO TO 129 IN FIRST

NEXT NET; OR, IF NO NEXT NET; OR, IF NO COLUMN OF A NEW
MORE NETS, GO TO 138. MORE NETS, GO TO 138. QUESTIONNAIRE;
OR, IF NO MORE
NETS, GO TO 138.
138 ASK RESPONDENT FOR A TEASPOONFUL OF COOKING 0 PPM (NO IODINE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

SALT. BELOW 15 PPM ...................... 2
15 PPM AND ABOVE .................. 3
TEST SALT FOR IODINE. NO SALT IN HH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
SALT NOT TESTED 6
RECORD PPM (PARTS PER MILLION) (SPECIFY REASON)
516 | Appendix G
SUPPORT FOR SICK PEOPLE
NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES

201 CHECK QUESTIONS 7 AND 12 IN THE HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE: NUMBER OF SICK
PEOPLE AGE 18-59
AT LEAST NONE 301

ONE
202 ENTER IN QUESTION 203 THE LINE NUMBER AND NAME OF EACH SICK PERSON AGE 18-59, BEGINNING WITH THE FIRST
SICK PERSON LISTED IN QUESTION 12 IN THE HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE. IF THERE ARE MORE THAN 3 SICK PEOPLE,
USE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE(S).
READ THE INTRODUCTION THAT FOLLOWS. THEN ASK QUESTIONS 204-215 AS APPROPRIATE FOR EACH OF THE
PERSONS AGE 18-59 REPORTED AS HAVING BEEN VERY SICK.
You told me that in your household one (some) of the members of your household has(ve) been very sick for at least three of
the past 12 months. We are interested in learning about the care and support that may have been received for [that/each of
those persons].
First I would like to ask you about any formal, organized help or support that your household may have been given for [that/
each of those] person(s) for which you did not have to pay.
By formal, organized support I mean help provided by someone working for a program. This program could be government,
private, religious, charity, or community based.
203 NAME AND LINE NUMBER FROM COLUMNS 1 AND 2 1ST SICK PERSON 2ND SICK PERSON 3RD SICK PERSON
OF THE HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE
NAME NAME NAME
LINE LINE LINE

NO. . . . NO. . . . NO. . . .
204 Now I would like to ask you about any support

you received for (NAME). YES . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . 1
In the last 12 months, has your household received NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2
any medical support for (NAME), such as medical care, (SKIP TO 206) (SKIP TO 206) (SKIP TO 206)
supplies or medicine, for which you did not have to pay? DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8
205 Did your household receive any of these medical support YES . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . 1
at least once a month while (NAME) was sick? NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2
DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8
206 In the last 12 months, has your household received any YES . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . 1
emotional or psychological support for (NAME), such as NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2
companionship, counseling from a trained counselor, or (SKIP TO 208) (SKIP TO 208) (SKIP TO 208)
spiritual support, for which you did not have to pay? DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8
207 Did your household receive any of these emotional or YES . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . 1
psychological support in the past 30 days? NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2
DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8
material support for (NAME), such as clothing, food, NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2
or financial support, for which you did not have to pay? (SKIP TO 210) (SKIP TO 210) (SKIP TO 210)
DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8
209 Did your household receive any of these material support YES . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . 1
in the past 30 days? NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2
DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8
social support for (NAME), such as help in household NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2
work, training for a caregiver, or legal services, (SKIP TO 212) (SKIP TO 212) (SKIP TO 212)
for which you did not have to pay? DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8
211 Did your household receive any of these social support YES . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . 1
in the past 30 days? NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2
DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8
Appendix G | 517
NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES
1ST SICK PERSON 2ND SICK PERSON 3RD SICK PERSON
NAME NAME NAME
212 Now I would like to ask about health problems (NAME) SEVERE . . . . . 1 SEVERE . . . . . 1 SEVERE . . . . . 1
may have recently had. MILD . . . . . . . . 2 MILD . . . . . . . . 2 MILD . . . . . . . . 2
In the last 30 days, has (NAME) had severe pain, NOT AT ALL . 3 NOT AT ALL . 3 NOT AT ALL . 3
mild pain, or no pain at all? (SKIP TO 214) (SKIP TO 214) (SKIP TO 214)
213 When (NAME) was in pain, was he/she able MOST TIME . 1 MOST TIME . 1 MOST TIME . 1
to reduce or stop the pain most of the time, SOME TIME . 2 SOME TIME . 2 SOME TIME . 2
some of the time, or not at all? NOT AT ALL . 3 NOT AT ALL . 3 NOT AT ALL . 3
214 In the last 30 days, did (NAME) suffer from nausea,

coughing, diarrhea, or constipation? YES, SEVERE 1 YES, SEVERE 1 YES, SEVERE 1
YES, NEVER YES, NEVER YES, NEVER
IF YES: SEVERE . . . 2 SEVERE . . . 2 SEVERE . . . 2
Was this problem (were any of these problems) NO . . . . . . . . . . 3 NO . . . . . . . . . . 3 NO . . . . . . . . . . 3
ever severe? (SKIP TO 216) (SKIP TO 216) (SKIP TO 216)
215 Was (NAME) able to reduce or stop this (these) MOST TIME . 1 MOST TIME . 1 MOST TIME . 1
problem(s) most of the time, some of the time, SOME TIME . 2 SOME TIME . 2 SOME TIME . 2
or not at all? NOT AT ALL . 3 NOT AT ALL . 3 NOT AT ALL . 3
216 GO BACK TO 204 IN NEXT COLUMN IN THIS QUESTIONNAIRE OR

IN THE FIRST COLUMN OF ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE(S);
IF THERE ARE NO MORE SICK PEOPLE, GO TO 301.
518 | Appendix G
SUPPORT FOR PERSONS WHO HAVE DIED
301 Now I would like to ask you a few more questions about your YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
household. Think back over the past 12 months. Has any usual NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
member of your household died in the last 12 months? DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 401
302 How many household members died in the last 12 months?

NUMBER OF DEATHS ..........
303 ASK 304-322 AS APPROPRIATE FOR EACH PERSON WHO DIED. IF THERE WERE MORE THAN 3 DEATHS,
USE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE(S).
304 What was the name of the person who died NAME 1ST DEATH NAME 2ND DEATH NAME 3RD DEATH
(most recently/before him/her)?
305 Was (NAME) male or female? MALE . . . . . . . . 1 MALE . . . . . . . . 1 MALE . . . . . . . . 1

FEMALE . . . . . 2 FEMALE . . . . . 2 FEMALE . . . . . 2
306 How old was (NAME) when (he/she) died?

AGE . AGE . AGE .
306A Was the death of (NAME) registered with NPopC? YES . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . 2
DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . 8
307 CHECK 306: <18/60+ <18/60+ <18/60+

AGE OF PERSON AT DEATH (SKIP TO 318) (SKIP TO 318) (SKIP TO 318)
18-59 18-59 18-59
308 Was (NAME) very sick for at least three of the YES . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . 1
12 months before (he/she) died, that is (NAME) NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2
was too sick to work or do normal activities? (SKIP TO 318) (SKIP TO 318) (SKIP TO 318)
DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8
309 I would like to ask you about any formal, organized help or support that your household may have received for [NAME] before
(he/she) died, for which you did not have to pay. By formal, organized support I mean help provided by someone working
for a program. This program could be government, private, religious, charity, or community based.
310 In the last 12 months, did your household receive any YES . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . 1
medical supplies for (NAME), such as medical care, NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2
supplies or medicine, for which you did not have to pay? (SKIP TO 312) (SKIP TO 312) (SKIP TO 312)
DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8
311 Did your household receive any of these medical support YES . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . 1
at least once a month while (NAME) was sick? NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2
DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8
emotional or psychological support for (NAME), such as NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2
companionship, counseling from a trained counselor, (SKIP TO 314) (SKIP TO 314) (SKIP TO 314)
or spiritual support for which you did not have to pay? DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8
313 Did your household receive any of these emotional or YES . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . 1
psychological support in the last 30 days NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2
before (NAME)'s death? DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8
material support for (NAME), such as clothing, food, NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2
or financial support, for which you did not have to pay? (SKIP TO 316) (SKIP TO 316) (SKIP TO 316)
DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8
315 Did your household receive any of these material support YES . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . 1
in the last 30 days before (NAME)'s death? NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2
DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8
social support for (NAME), such as help in household NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2
work, training for a caregiver, or legal services, for (SKIP TO 318) (SKIP TO 318) (SKIP TO 318)
which you did not have to pay? DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8
317 Did your household receive any of this social support YES . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . 1
in the last 30 days before (NAME)'s death? NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2
DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8
Appendix G | 519
NAME 1ST DEATH NAME 2ND DEATH NAME 3RD DEATH
318 Now I would like to ask about the health problems SEVERE . . . . . 1 SEVERE . . . . . 1 SEVERE . . . . . 1
(NAME) may have had. MILD . . . . . . . . 2 MILD . . . . . . . . 2 MILD . . . . . . . . 2
In the 30 days before (NAME) died, did he/she have NOT AT ALL . 3 NOT AT ALL . 3 NOT AT ALL . 3
severe pain, mild pain, or no pain at all? (SKIP TO 320) (SKIP TO 320) (SKIP TO 320)
319 When (NAME) was in pain, was he/she able MOST TIME . 1 MOST TIME . 1 MOST TIME . 1
to reduce or stop the pain most of the time, SOME TIME . 2 SOME TIME . 2 SOME TIME . 2
some of the time, or not at all? NOT AT ALL . 3 NOT AT ALL . 3 NOT AT ALL . 3
320 In the 30 days before (NAME) died, did he/she suffer

from nausea, coughing, diarrhea, or constipation? YES, SEVERE . 1 YES, SEVERE . 1 YES, SEVERE . 1
YES, NEVER YES, NEVER YES, NEVER
IF YES: SEVERE . . . 2 SEVERE . . . 2 SEVERE . . . 2
Was this problem (were any of these problems) NO . . . . . . . . . . 3 NO . . . . . . . . . . 3 NO . . . . . . . . . . 3
severe? (SKIP TO 322) (SKIP TO 322) (SKIP TO 322)
321 Was (NAME) able to reduce or stop the problems MOST TIME . 1 MOST TIME . 1 MOST TIME . 1
he/she had most of the time, some of the time or SOME TIME . 2 SOME TIME . 2 SOME TIME . 2
not at all? NOT AT ALL . 3 NOT AT ALL . 3 NOT AT ALL . 3
322 GO BACK TO 304 IN NEXT COLUMN IN THIS QUESTIONNAIRE OR

IN THE FIRST COLUMN OF ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE(S);
IF NO MORE DEATHS, GO TO 401.
520 | Appendix G
SUPPORT FOR ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN
NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS SKIP
401 CHECK COLUMN 7 IN THE HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE: ANY CHILD AGE 0-17?
AT LEAST ONE NO CHILD 501

CHILD AGE 0-17 AGE 0-17
402 CHECK COLUMN 12 IN THE HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE: ANY SICK ADULT AGE 18-59 WHO IS VERY SICK?
GO TO 406. CHECK QUESTION 7

NO SICK ADULT AT LEAST ONE SICK IN THE HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE
AGE 18-59 ADULT AGE 18-59 AND LIST THE NAME(S), LINE
NUMBER(S) AND AGE(S) OF ALL
PERSONS AGE 0-17 YEARS.
403 CHECK 306 IN THE PREVIOUS SECTION: ANY ADULT AGE 18-59 WHO DIED IN PAST 12 MONTHS?
GO TO 406. CHECK QUESTION 7

NO ADULT DEATH AT LEAST ONE ADULT DEATH IN THE HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE
AGE 18-59 IN 306 AGE 18-59 IN 306 AND LIST THE NAME(S), LINE
NUMBER(S) AND AGE(S) OF ALL
PERSONS AGE 0-17 YEARS.
404 CHECK COLUMN 19 IN THE HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE: ANY CHILD WHOSE MOTHER AND/OR FATHER HAS DIED
OR WHOSE MOTHER AND/OR FATHER IS NOT LISTED IN THE HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE AND IS VERY SICK?
AT LEAST ONE CHILD

WHOSE MOTHER AND/OR
FATHER HAS DIED/IS NO CHILD WHOSE MOTHER
NOT LISTED IN THE AND/OR FATHER HAS DIED OR 501
HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE IS NOT LISTED IN HOUSEHOLD
AND HAS BEEN VERY SICK SCHEDULE AND HAS BEEN
VERY SICK
405 RECORD NAMES, LINE NUMBERS AND AGES OF CHILDREN AGE 0-17 FOR ALL CHILDREN WHO ARE IDENTIFIED
IN COLUMN 19 AS HAVING A MOTHER AND/OR FATHER WHO HAS DIED OR HAS BEEN VERY SICK.
Appendix G | 521
1ST CHILD 2ND CHILD 3RD CHILD 4TH CHILD
406 NAME FROM COLUMN 2 NAME NAME NAME NAME
LINE LINE LINE LINE

LINE NUMBER FROM COLUMN 1 NO. NO. NO. NO.
AGE FROM COLUMN 7 AGE AGE AGE AGE
407 I would like to ask you about any formal, organized help or support for children that your household may have received for which you
did not have to pay. By formal, organized support I mean help provided by someone working for a program. This program could be
government, private, religious, charity, or community based.
408 Now I would like to ask you about

the support your household
received for (NAME).
In the last 12 months, has your YES . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . 1

household received any medical NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2
support for (NAME), such as DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8
medical care, supplies or medicine,
for which you did not have to pay?
409 In the last 12 months, has your YES . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . 1
household received any emotional NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2
or psychological support for (SKIP TO 411) (SKIP TO 411) (SKIP TO 411) (SKIP TO 411)
(NAME), such as companionship, DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8
counseling from a trained
counselor, or spiritual support,
which you received at home and
410 Did your household receive any YES . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . 1
of these emotional or psychological NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2
support in the past 3 months? DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8
household received any material NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2
support for (NAME), such as (SKIP TO 413) (SKIP TO 413) (SKIP TO 413) (SKIP TO 413)
clothing, food, or financial support, DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8
of these material support in the NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2
past 3 months? DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8
household received any social NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2
support for (NAME) such as help (SKIP TO 415) (SKIP TO 415) (SKIP TO 415) (SKIP TO 415)
in household work, training for DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8
a caregiver, or legal services
of this social support in the past NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2
3 months? DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8
415 CHECK 406: AGE 0-4 AGE 0-4 AGE 0-4 AGE 0-4
AGE OF CHILD (SKIP TO 417) (SKIP TO 417) (SKIP TO 417) (SKIP TO 417)
AGE 5-17 AGE 5-17 AGE 5-17 AGE 5-17
household received any support NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2
for (NAME'S) schooling, such as DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8
allowance, free admission, books
or supplies, for which you did
not have to pay?
417 GO BACK TO 408 FOR NEXT CHILD; OR, IF NO MORE CHILDREN, GO TO 501.
522 | Appendix G
NO. CODING CATEGORIES
5TH CHILD 6TH CHILD 7TH CHILD 8TH CHILD

406 NAME FROM COLUMN 2 NAME NAME NAME NAME
LINE LINE LINE LINE

LINE NUMBER FROM COLUMN 1 NO. . . . NO. . . . NO. . . . NO. . . .
AGE FROM COLUMN 7 AGE . AGE . AGE . AGE .
408 Now I would like to ask you about

the support your household
received for (NAME).
In the last 12 months, has your YES . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . 1
household received any medical NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2
support for (NAME), such as DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8
medical care, supplies or medicine,
household received any emotional NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2
or psychological support for (SKIP TO 411) (SKIP TO 411) (SKIP TO 411) (SKIP TO 411)
(NAME), such as companionship, DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8
counseling from a trained
counselor, or spiritual support,
which you received at home and
of these emotional or psychological supNO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2
support in the past 3 months? DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8
household received any material NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2
support for (NAME), such as (SKIP TO 413) (SKIP TO 413) (SKIP TO 413) (SKIP TO 413)
clothing, food, or financial support, DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8
of these material support in the past NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2
3 months? DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8
household received any social NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2
support for (NAME) such as help (SKIP TO 415) (SKIP TO 415) (SKIP TO 415) (SKIP TO 415)
in household work, training for DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8
a caregiver, or legal services
social support in the past NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2
3 months? DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8
415 CHECK 406: AGE 0-4 AGE 0-4 AGE 0-4 AGE 0-4
AGE OF CHILD (SKIP TO 417) (SKIP TO 417) (SKIP TO 417) (SKIP TO 417)
AGE 5-17 AGE 5-17 AGE 5-17 AGE 5-17
household received any support NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . 2
for (NAME'S) schooling, such as DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8 DK . . . . . . . . . . 8
allowance, free admission, books
or supplies, for which you did
not have to pay?
417 GO BACK TO 408 FOR NEXT CHILD; OR, IF NO MORE CHILDREN, GO TO 501.
Appendix G | 523
WEIGHT AND HEIGHT MEASUREMENT FOR CHILDREN AGE 0-5
501 CHECK COLUMN 11. RECORD THE LINE NUMBER AND AGE FOR ALL ELIGIBLE CHILDREN 0-5 YEARS IN QUESTION 502.
IF MORE THAN SIX CHILDREN, USE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE(S). A FINAL OUTCOME MUST BE RECORDED FOR THE
WEIGHT AND HEIGHT MEASUREMENT IN 508.
CHILD 1 CHILD 2 CHILD 3
502 LINE NUMBER FROM COLUMN 11 LINE LINE LINE

NUMBER ... NUMBER ... NUMBER ...
NAME FROM COLUMN 2 NAME NAME NAME
503 IF MOTHER INTERVIEWED, COPY

MONTH AND YEAR FROM BIRTH DAY . . . . . . . . . DAY . . . . . . . . . DAY . . . . . . . . .
HISTORY AND ASK DAY; IF MOTHER
NOT INTERVIEWED, ASK: MONTH ..... MONTH ..... MONTH .....
What is (NAME'S) birth date? YEAR YEAR YEAR
504 CHECK 503: YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

CHILD BORN IN JANUARY 2003 OR NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
LATER? (GO TO 503 FOR NEXT (GO TO 503 FOR NEXT (GO TO 503 FOR NEXT
CHILD OR, IF NO CHILD OR, IF NO CHILD OR, IF NO
MORE, GO TO 510) MORE, GO TO 510) MORE, GO TO 510)
505 WEIGHT IN KILOGRAMS

KG. . . . . KG. . . . . KG. . . . .
506 HEIGHT IN CENTIMETERS
CM. . CM. . CM. .
507 MEASURED LYING DOWN OR LYING DOWN . . . . . . . 1 LYING DOWN . . . . . . . 1 LYING DOWN . . . . . . . 1
STANDING UP? STANDING UP . . . . . . . 2 STANDING UP . . . . . . . 2 STANDING UP . . . . . . . 2
508 RESULT OF WEIGHT AND HEIGHT MEASURED . . . . . . . 1 MEASURED . . . . . . . 1 MEASURED . . . . . . . 1

MEASUREMENT NOT PRESENT . . . . . 2 NOT PRESENT . . . . . 2 NOT PRESENT . . . . . 2
REFUSED . . . . . . . . . 3 REFUSED . . . . . . . . . 3 REFUSED . . . . . . . . . 3
OTHER . . . . . . . . . . . 6 OTHER . . . . . . . . . . . 6 OTHER . . . . . . . . . . . 6
509 GO BACK TO 503 IN NEXT COLUMN IN THIS QUESTIONNAIRE OR IN THE FIRST

COLUMN OF THE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE(S); IF NO MORE CHILDREN, GO TO 510.
524 | Appendix G
WEIGHT AND HEIGHT MEASUREMENT FOR CHILDREN AGE 0-5
CHILD 4 CHILD 5 CHILD 6
502 LINE NUMBER FROM COLUMN 11 LINE LINE LINE

NUMBER ... NUMBER ... NUMBER ...
NAME FROM COLUMN 2 NAME NAME NAME
503 IF MOTHER INTERVIEWED, COPY

MONTH AND YEAR FROM BIRTH DAY . . . . . . . . . DAY . . . . . . . . . DAY . . . . . . . . .
HISTORY AND ASK DAY; IF MOTHER
NOT INTERVIEWED, ASK: MONTH ..... MONTH ..... MONTH .....
What is (NAME'S) birth date? YEAR YEAR YEAR
504 CHECK 503: YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

CHILD BORN IN JANUARY 2003 OR NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
LATER (GO TO 503 FOR NEXT (GO TO 503 FOR NEXT (GO TO 503 FOR NEXT
CHILD OR, IF NO CHILD OR, IF NO CHILD OR, IF NO
MORE, GO TO 510) MORE, GO TO 510) MORE, GO TO 510)
505 WEIGHT IN KILOGRAMS

KG. . . . . KG. . . . . KG. . . . .
506 HEIGHT IN CENTIMETERS
CM. . CM. . CM. .
507 MEASURED LYING DOWN OR LYING DOWN . . . . . . . 1 LYING DOWN . . . . . . . 1 LYING DOWN . . . . . . . 1
STANDING UP? STANDING UP . . . . . . . 2 STANDING UP . . . . . . . 2 STANDING UP . . . . . . . 2
508 RESULT OF WEIGHT AND HEIGHT MEASURED . . . . . . . 1 MEASURED . . . . . . . 1 MEASURED . . . . . . . 1

MEASUREMENT NOT PRESENT . . . . . 2 NOT PRESENT . . . . . 2 NOT PRESENT . . . . . 2
REFUSED . . . . . . . . . 3 REFUSED . . . . . . . . . 3 REFUSED . . . . . . . . . 3
OTHER . . . . . . . . . . . 6 OTHER . . . . . . . . . . . 6 OTHER . . . . . . . . . . . 6
509 GO BACK TO 503 IN NEXT COLUMN IN THIS QUESTIONNAIRE OR IN THE FIRST

COLUMN OF ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE(S); IF NO MORE CHILDREN,
GO TO 510.
Appendix G | 525
WEIGHT AND HEIGHT MEASUREMENT FOR WOMEN AGE 15-49
510 CHECK COLUMN 9. RECORD THE LINE NUMBER AND NAME FOR ALL ELIGIBLE WOMEN IN 511.
IF THERE ARE MORE THAN THREE WOMEN, USE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE(S).
A FINAL OUTCOME MUST BE RECORDED FOR THE WEIGHT AND HEIGHT MEASUREMENT IN 514.
WOMAN 1 WOMAN 2 WOMAN 3
511 LINE NUMBER LINE LINE LINE

(COLUMN 9) NUMBER .......... NUMBER ............ NUMBER ............
NAME
(COLUMN 2) NAME NAME NAME
512 WEIGHT
IN KILOGRAMS KG. . . . . . . . . KG. . . . . . . KG. . . . . . .
513 HEIGHT
IN CENTIMETERS CM. . . . . . . . . CM. . . . . . . CM. . . . . . .
514 RESULT OF MEASURED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 MEASURED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 MEASURED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
WEIGHT NOT PRESENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NOT PRESENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NOT PRESENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
AND HEIGHT REFUSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 REFUSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 REFUSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
MEASUREMENT OTHER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 OTHER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 OTHER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
526 | Appendix G
25 June 2008
CONFIDENTIAL
MODEL WOMAN'S QUESTIONNAIRE
WITH HIV/AIDS AND MALARIA MODULES
National Health Research Ethics Committee
NATIONAL POPULATION COMMISSION Assigned Number NHREC/01/01/2007
IDENTIFICATION
STATE ...........................
LOCAL GOVT. AREA ...........................
LOCALITY ......................
ENUMERATION AREA ......................
URBAN/RURAL (URBAN=1, RURAL=2) ....................................................................................
CLUSTER NUMBER ..........................................................................................
BUILDING NUMBER ............ .............................................................................
NAME AND LINE NUMBER OF WOMAN
IS WOMAN SELECTED FOR QUESTIONS ON DOMESTIC VIOLENCE (SECTION 13)? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(YES=1, NO=2)
INTERVIEWER VISITS
1 2 3 FINAL VISIT
DATE DAY
MONTH
2 0 0 8
YEAR
RESULT* RESULT
NEXT VISIT: DATE

TOTAL NUMBER
TIME OF VISITS
*RESULT CODES:
1 COMPLETED 4 REFUSED
2 NOT AT HOME 5 PARTLY COMPLETED 7 OTHER
3 POSTPONED 6 INCAPACITATED (SPECIFY)

SPECIFY

SPECIFY

EDITOR
NAME NAME
DATE DATE
ENGLISH
W-1
Appendix G | 527
SECTION 1. RESPONDENT'S BACKGROUND
INTRODUCTION AND CONSENT
INFORMED CONSENT

We are conducting a national survey that asks women and men about various health issues. This study has been reviewed and
granted approval by the National Health Research Ethics Committee, assigned number NHREC/01/01/2007, for the study period of
February 22, 2008 to February 23, 2009. We would very much appreciate your participitation. in this survey. This information will
help the government to plan health services. The survey usually takes between 30 and 60 minutes to complete. Whatever information
you provide will be kept strictly confidential and will not be shown to other persons. Should you have any queries, feel free
to call any of the following contact person(s):
Participation in this survey is voluntary, and if we should come to any question you don't want to answer, just let me know and
I will go on to the next question; or you can stop the interview at any time. However, we hope that you will participate in this survey
since your views are important.
RESPONDENT AGREES TO BE INTERVIEWED . . . . . 1 RESPONDENT DOES NOT AGREE TO BE INTERVIEWED . . . 2 END
101 RECORD THE TIME.

HOUR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MINUTES . . . . . . . . . . . .....
102 How long have you been living continuously in (NAME OF

CURRENT PLACE OF RESIDENCE)? YEARS ..................
IF LESS THAN ONE YEAR, RECORD '00' YEARS. ALWAYS .................... 95
VISITOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 104
103 Just before you moved here, did you live in a city, in a town, or in CITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
a village? TOWN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
VILLAGE ...................... 3
104 In the last 12 months, on how many separate occasions have you
travelled away from your home community and slept away? NUMBER OF TRIPS .......
NONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00 106
105 In the last 12 months, have you been away from your home YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
community for more than one month at a time? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
106 In what month and year were you born?

MONTH ..................
DON'T KNOW MONTH . . . . . . . . . . . 98
YEAR . . . . . . . . . . .
DON'T KNOW YEAR . . . . . . . . . . . 9998
107 How old were you at your last birthday?

AGE IN COMPLETED YEARS
COMPARE AND CORRECT 106 AND/OR 107 IF INCONSISTENT.
108 Have you ever attended school? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 112
109 What is the highest level of school you attended: PRIMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

primary, secondary, or higher? SECONDARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
HIGHER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
110 What is the highest (class/form/year) you completed at that

level? CLASS/FORM/YEAR .......
W-2
528 | Appendix G
111 CHECK 109:

PRIMARY SECONDARY
OR HIGHER 115
112 Now I would like you to read this sentence to me. CANNOT READ AT ALL . . . . . . . . . . . 1
ABLE TO READ ONLY PARTS OF
SHOW CARD TO RESPONDENT.* SENTENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
ABLE TO READ WHOLE SENTENCE. . 3
IF RESPONDENT CANNOT READ WHOLE SENTENCE, PROBE: NO CARD WITH REQUIRED
Can you read any part of the sentence to me? LANGUAGE 4
(SPECIFY LANGUAGE)
BLIND/VISUALLY IMPAIRED . . . . . . . 5
113 Have you ever participated in a literacy program or any other

program that involves learning to read or write (not including YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
primary school)? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
114 CHECK 112:

CODE '2', '3' CODE '1' OR '5'
OR '4' CIRCLED 116
CIRCLED
115 Do you read a newspaper or magazine almost every day, at least ALMOST EVERY DAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
once a week, less than once a week or not at all? AT LEAST ONCE A WEEK . . . . . . . . . 2
LESS THAN ONCE A WEEK . . . . . . . 3
NOT AT ALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
116 Do you listen to the radio almost every day, at least once a week, ALMOST EVERY DAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
less than once a week or not at all? AT LEAST ONCE A WEEK . . . . . . . . . 2
NOT AT ALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
117 Do you watch television almost every day, at least once a week, ALMOST EVERY DAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
less than once a week or not at all? AT LEAST ONCE A WEEK . . . . . . . . . 2
NOT AT ALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
118 What is your religion? CATHOLIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

OTHER CHRISTIAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
ISLAM ........................ 3
TRADITIONALIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
OTHER 6
(SPECIFY)
119 What is your ethnic group?
W-3
Appendix G | 529
SECTION 2. REPRODUCTION
201 Now I would like to ask about all the births you have had during YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
your life. Have you ever given birth? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 206
202 Do you have any sons or daughters to whom you have given YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
birth who are now living with you? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 204
203 How many sons live with you? SONS AT HOME . . . . . . . . . . . .
And how many daughters live with you? DAUGHTERS AT HOME . . . . .
IF NONE, RECORD '00'.
204 Do you have any sons or daughters to whom you have given YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
birth who are alive but do not live with you? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 206
205 How many sons are alive but do not live with you? SONS ELSEWHERE .......
And how many daughters are alive but do not live with you? DAUGHTERS ELSEWHERE .
206 Have you ever given birth to a boy or girl who was born alive
but later died?
YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
IF NO, PROBE: Any baby who cried or showed signs of life but NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 208
did not survive?
207 How many boys have died? BOYS DEAD ..............
And how many girls have died? GIRLS DEAD ..............
208 SUM ANSWERS TO 203, 205, AND 207, AND ENTER TOTAL.
IF NONE, RECORD '00'. TOTAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
209 CHECK 208:
Just to make sure that I have this right: you have had in TOTAL
_____ births during your life. Is that correct?
PROBE AND
YES NO CORRECT
#
NECESSARY.
210 CHECK 208:
ONE OR MORE NO BIRTHS

BIRTHS 226
W-4
530 | Appendix G
211 Now I would like to record the names of all your births, whether still alive or not, starting with the first one you had.
RECORD NAMES OF ALL THE BIRTHS IN 212. RECORD TWINS AND TRIPLETS ON SEPARATE LINES.
(IF THERE ARE MORE THAN 12 BIRTHS, USE AN ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE, STARTING WITH THE SECOND ROW).
212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221
IF ALIVE: IF ALIVE: IF ALIVE: IF DEAD:
What name Were Is In what month Is How old was Is (NAME) RECORD How old was (NAME) Were there
was given to any of (NAME) and year was (NAME) (NAME) at living with HOUSE- when he/she died? any other
your these a boy or (NAME) born? still his/her last you? HOLD LINE live births
(first/next) births a girl? alive? birthday? NUMBER OF IF '1 YR', PROBE: between
baby? twins? PROBE: CHILD How many months old (NAME OF
What is his/her RECORD (RECORD '00' was (NAME)? PREVIOUS
birthday? AGE IN IF CHILD NOT RECORD DAYS IF BIRTH) and
COM- LISTED IN LESS THAN 1 (NAME),
PLETED HOUSE- MONTH; MONTHS IF including
YEARS. HOLD). LESS THAN TWO any children
YEARS; OR YEARS. who died
(NAME) after birth?
01 MONTH AGE IN LINE NUMBER DAYS . . . . 1

SING 1 BOY 1 YES . . .1. YEARS YES . . . .1
YEAR MONTHS . 2
..
MULT 2 GIRL 2 NO . . . .2 NO . . . . .2
(NEXT BIRTH) YEARS . . .3
220
02 MONTH AGE IN LINE NUMBER DAYS . . . . 1 YES . . . . 1

SING 1 BOY 1 YES . . .1. YEARS YES . . . .1 ADD
YEAR MONTHS . 2
.. BIRTH
MULT 2 GIRL 2 NO . . . .2 NO . . . . .2 NO . . . . . 2
(GO TO 221) YEARS . . .3 NEXT
220 BIRTH

YEAR MONTHS . 2
.. BIRTH
MULT 2 GIRL 2 NO . . . .2 NO . . . . .2 NO . . . . . 2
220 BIRTH

YEAR MONTHS . 2
.. BIRTH
MULT 2 GIRL 2 NO . . . .2 NO . . . . .2 NO . . . . . 2
220 BIRTH

YEAR MONTHS . 2
.. BIRTH
MULT 2 GIRL 2 NO . . . .2 NO . . . . .2 NO . . . . . 2
220 BIRTH

YEAR MONTHS . 2
.. BIRTH
MULT 2 GIRL 2 NO . . . .2 NO . . . . .2 NO . . . . . 2
220 BIRTH

YEAR MONTHS . 2
.. BIRTH
MULT 2 GIRL 2 NO . . . .2 NO . . . . .2 NO . . . . . 2
220 BIRTH
W-5
Appendix G | 531
212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221
IF ALIVE: IF ALIVE: IF ALIVE: IF DEAD:
What name Were Is In what month Is How old was Is (NAME) RECORD How old was (NAME) Were there
was given to any of (NAME) and year was (NAME) (NAME) at living with HOUSE- when he/she died? any other
your next these a boy or (NAME) born? still his/her last you? HOLD LINE live births
baby? births a girl? alive? birthday? NUMBER OF IF '1 YR', PROBE: between
twins? PROBE: CHILD How many months old (NAME OF
What is his/her RECORD (RECORD '00' was (NAME)? PREVIOUS
birthday? AGE IN IF CHILD NOT RECORD DAYS IF BIRTH) and
COM- LISTED IN LESS THAN 1 (NAME),
PLETED HOUSE- MONTH; MONTHS IF including
YEARS. HOLD). LESS THAN TWO any children
YEARS; OR YEARS. who died
(NAME) after birth?

YEAR MONTHS . 2
.. BIRTH
MULT 2 GIRL 2 NO . . . .2 NO . . . . .2 NO . . . . . 2
220 BIRTH

YEAR MONTHS . 2
.. BIRTH
MULT 2 GIRL 2 NO . . . .2 NO . . . . .2 NO . . . . . 2
220 BIRTH

YEAR MONTHS . 2
.. BIRTH
MULT 2 GIRL 2 NO . . . .2 NO . . . . .2 NO . . . . . 2
220 BIRTH

YEAR MONTHS . 2
.. BIRTH
MULT 2 GIRL 2 NO . . . .2 NO . . . . .2 NO . . . . . 2
220 BIRTH

YEAR MONTHS . 2
.. BIRTH
MULT 2 GIRL 2 NO . . . .2 NO . . . . .2 NO . . . . . 2
220 BIRTH
222 Have you had any live births since the birth of (NAME OF LAST YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
BIRTH)? IF YES, RECORD BIRTH(S) IN TABLE. NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
223 COMPARE 208 WITH NUMBER OF BIRTHS IN HISTORY ABOVE AND MARK:
NUMBERS NUMBERS ARE
ARE SAME DIFFERENT (PROBE AND RECONCILE)
CHECK: FOR EACH BIRTH: YEAR OF BIRTH IS RECORDED.
FOR EACH BIRTH SINCE JANUARY 2003: MONTH AND YEAR OF BIRTH ARE RECORDED.
FOR EACH LIVING CHILD: CURRENT AGE IS RECORDED.
FOR EACH DEAD CHILD: AGE AT DEATH IS RECORDED.
FOR AGE AT DEATH 12 MONTHS OR 1 YEAR: PROBE TO DETERMINE EXACT

NUMBER OF MONTHS.
224 CHECK 215 AND ENTER THE NUMBER OF BIRTHS IN 2003 OR LATER.
IF NONE, RECORD '0' AND SKIP TO 226.
W-6
532 | Appendix G
225 FOR EACH BIRTH SINCE JANUARY 2003, ENTER 'B' IN THE MONTH OF BIRTH IN THE
CALENDAR. WRITE THE NAME OF THE CHILD TO THE LEFT OF THE 'B' CODE. FOR EACH BIRTH,
ASK THE NUMBER OF MONTHS THE PREGNANCY LASTED AND RECORD 'P' IN EACH OF THE
PRECEDING MONTHS ACCORDING TO THE DURATION OF PREGNANCY. (NOTE: THE NUMBER
OF 'P's MUST BE ONE LESS THAN THE NUMBER OF MONTHS THAT THE PREGNANCY LASTED.)
226 Are you pregnant now? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
UNSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 229
227 How many months pregnant are you?

MONTHS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
RECORD NUMBER OF COMPLETED MONTHS.
ENTER 'P's IN THE CALENDAR, BEGINNING WITH
THE MONTH OF INTERVIEW AND FOR THE TOTAL NUMBER
OF COMPLETED MONTHS.
228 At the time you became pregnant, did you want to become THEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
pregnant then, did you want to wait until later, or did you not want LATER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
to have any (more) children at all? NOT AT ALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
229 Have you ever had a pregnancy that miscarried, was aborted, or YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
ended in a stillbirth? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 237
230 When did the last such pregnancy end?

MONTH ..................
YEAR . . . . . . . . . . . .
231 CHECK 230:

LAST PREGNANCY LAST PREGNANCY
ENDED IN ENDED BEFORE 237
JAN. 2003 OR LATER JAN. 2003
232 How many months pregnant were you when the last such
pregnancy ended? MONTHS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
RECORD NUMBER OF COMPLETED MONTHS. ENTER 'T' IN

THE CALENDAR IN THE MONTH THAT THE PREGNANCY
TERMINATED AND 'P' FOR THE REMAINING NUMBER
OF COMPLETED MONTHS.
233 Since January 2003, have you had any other pregnancies YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
that did not result in a live birth? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 235
234 ASK THE DATE AND THE DURATION OF PREGNANCY FOR EACH EARLIER NON-LIVE BIRTH PREGNANCY
BACK TO JANUARY 2003.
ENTER 'T' IN THE CALENDAR IN THE MONTH THAT EACH PREGNANCY TERMINATED AND 'P'
FOR THE REMAINING NUMBER OF COMPLETED MONTHS.
235 Did you have any miscarriages, abortions or stillbirths that YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
ended before 2003? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 237
236 When did the last such pregnancy that terminated before 2003
end? MONTH ..................
YEAR . . . . . . . . . . . .
W-7
Appendix G | 533
237 When did your last menstrual period start?

DAYS AGO . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
WEEKS AGO . . . . . . . . . 2
MONTHS AGO ....... 3
(DATE, IF GIVEN) YEARS AGO ......... 4
IN MENOPAUSE/
HAS HAD HYSTERECTOMY ... 994
BEFORE LAST BIRTH . . . . . . . . . . . . 995
NEVER MENSTRUATED . . . . . . . . . 996
238 From one menstrual period to the next, are there certain days YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
when a woman is more likely to become pregnant if she has NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
sexual relations? DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 301
239 Is this time just before her period begins, during her period, right JUST BEFORE HER PERIOD
after her period has ended, or halfway between two periods? BEGINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
DURING HER PERIOD . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
RIGHT AFTER HER
PERIOD HAS ENDED . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
HALFWAY BETWEEN
TWO PERIODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
OTHER _________________________ 6
(SPECIFY)
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
W-8
534 | Appendix G
SECTION 3. CONTRACEPTION
301 Now I would like to talk about family planning - the various ways or methods that 302 Have you ever used
a couple can use to delay or avoid a pregnancy. (METHOD)?
Which ways or methods have you heard about?

FOR METHODS NOT MENTIONED SPONTANEOUSLY, ASK:
Have you ever heard of (METHOD)?
CIRCLE CODE 1 IN 301 FOR EACH METHOD MENTIONED SPONTANEOUSLY.

THEN PROCEED DOWN COLUMN 301, READING THE NAME AND DESCRIPTION OF
EACH METHOD NOT MENTIONED SPONTANEOUSLY. CIRCLE CODE 1 IF METHOD
IS RECOGNIZED, AND CODE 2 IF NOT RECOGNIZED. THEN, FOR EACH METHOD
WITH CODE 1 CIRCLED IN 301, ASK 302.
01 FEMALE STERILIZATION Women can have an operation to avoid YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Have you ever had an operation to
having any more children. NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 avoid having any more children?
YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
02 MALE STERILIZATION Men can have an operation to avoid having YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Have you ever had a partner who had
any more children. NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 an operation to avoid having any
more children?
YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
03 PILL Women can take a pill every day to avoid becoming pregnant. YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
NO ................... 2
04 IUD Women can have a loop or coil placed inside them by a doctor or YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
a nurse. NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
NO ................... 2
05 INJECTABLES Women can have an injection by a health provider YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

that stops them from becoming pregnant for one or more months. NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
NO ................... 2
06 IMPLANTS Women can have several small rods placed in their upper YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
arm by a doctor or nurse which can prevent pregnancy for one or more NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
years. NO ................... 2
07 MALE CONDOM Men can put a rubber sheath on their penis before YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
sexual intercourse. NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
NO ................... 2
08 FEMALE CONDOM Women can place a sheath in their vagina before YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO ................... 2
09 DIAPHRAGM Women can place athen fleximbe disk in their vagina YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
before intercourse. NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
NO ................... 2
10 FOAM OR JELLY Women can place a suppository, jelly, or cream YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
in their vagina before intercourse. NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
NO ................... 2
11 LACTATIONAL AMENORRHEA METHOD (LAM) Up to 6 months YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

after childbirth, a woman can use a method that requires that she NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
breastfeeds frequently, day and night, and that her menstrual period NO ................... 2
has not returned.
12 RHYTHM METHOD Every month that a woman is sexually active YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
she can avoid pregnancy by not having sexual intercourse NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
on the days of the month she is most likely to get pregnant. NO ................... 2
13 WITHDRAWAL Men can be careful and pull out before climax. YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
NO ................... 2
14 EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION As an emergency measure after YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

unprotected sexual intercourse, women can take special pills at any NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
time within five days to prevent pregnancy. NO ................... 2
15 Have you heard of any other ways or traditonal methods that women YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
or men can use to avoid pregnancy?
YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
(SPECIFY) NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
(SPECIFY) NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
NO .............. 2
W-9
Appendix G | 535
303 CHECK 302:
NOT A SINGLE AT LEAST ONE
"YES" "YES" 307
(NEVER USED) (EVER USED)
304 Have you ever used anything or tried in any way to delay or avoid YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 306
getting pregnant? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
305 ENTER '0' IN THE CALENDAR IN EACH BLANK MONTH. 333
306 What have you used or done?
CORRECT 302 AND 303 (AND 301 IF NECESSARY).
307 Now I would like to ask you about the first time that you did
something or used a method to avoid getting pregnant. NUMBER OF CHILDREN . . . . .
How many living children did you have at that time, if any?
308 CHECK 302 (01):
WOMAN NOT WOMAN

STERILIZED STERILIZED 311A
309 CHECK 226:
NOT PREGNANT PREGNANT

OR UNSURE 322
310 Are you currently doing something or using any method to delay YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
or avoid getting pregnant? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 322
311 Which method are you using? FEMALE STERILIZATION . . . . . . . . . A

MALE STERILIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . B 316
CIRCLE ALL MENTIONED. PILL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 312
IUD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 315
IF MORE THAN ONE METHOD MENTIONED, FOLLOW SKIP INJECTABLES .................. E 311B
INSTRUCTION FOR HIGHEST METHOD IN LIST. IMPLANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 315
MALE CONDOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G
313
FEMALE CONDOM .............. H
311A CIRCLE 'A' FOR FEMALE STERILIZATION. DIAPHRAGM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I
315
FOAM/JELLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J
LACTATIONAL AMEN. METHOD . . . . . K
RHYTHM METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L
WITHDRAWAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 319A
OTHER _______________________ X
(SPECIFY)
311B What name/type of injectables are you using? NORISTERAT (2 MONTHS) . . . . . . . 1

NORIGYNON (2 MONTHS) . . . . . . . 2
DEPO PROVERA (3 MONTHS) ... 3 315
OTHER _______________________ 6
(SPECIFY)
312 What brand of pills are you using? DUOFEM ............ ......... 01
MICROBYNON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02
ASK TO SEE THE PACKAGE IF RESPONDENT DOES NOT LOFEMENAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03
REMEMBER NAME OF BRAND. NEOGYNON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04
CONFIDENCE .................. 05 314
OTHER _______________________ 96
(SPECIFY)
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
W-10
536 | Appendix G
313 What brand name of the condoms did you use? MALE CONDOMS
GOLD CIRCLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01
ASK TO SEE THE PACKAGE IF RESPONDENT DOES NOT DUREX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02
REMEMBER NAME OF BRAND. RUGH RIDER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03
TWIN LOTUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04
FEMALE CONDOM
FEMIDOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05
OTHER ... 96
(SPECIFY)
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
314 How many (pill cycles/condoms) did you get NUMBER OF PILL
the last time? CYCLES/CONDOMS
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 998
315 The last time you obtained (HIGHEST METHOD ON LIST IN 311),
how much did you pay in total, including the cost of the method COST . . . . . . .
and any consultation you may have had? 319A
FREE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99995
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99998
316 In what facility did the sterilization take place? PUBLIC SECTOR
GOVT. HOSPITAL . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
PROBE TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SOURCE AND CIRCLE GOVT. HEALTH CENTER . . . . . 12
THE APPROPRIATE CODE. FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC . . . . . 13
MOBILE CLINIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE IF HOSPITAL, HEALTH CENTER
OR CLINIC IS PUBLIC OR PRIVATE MEDICAL, WRITE OTHER PUBLIC 16
THE NAME OF THE PLACE. (SPECIFY)
PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR

(NAME OF PLACE) PRIVATE HOSPITAL/CLINIC . . . 21
PRIVATE DOCTOR'S OFFICE . . . 23
MOBILE CLINIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
NON-GOV. ORGANIZATION . . . 25
OTHER PRIVATE
MEDICAL 26
(SPECIFY)
OTHER _______________________ 96
(SPECIFY)
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
317 CHECK 311/311A:
CODE 'A' CODE B'

CIRCLED CIRCLED
Before your sterilization Before the sterilization operation, YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

operation, were you told was your husband/partner told NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
that you would not be able that he would not be able to DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
to have any (more) children have any (more) children
because of the operation? because of the operation?
318 How much did you (your husband/partner) pay in total for the
sterilization, including any consultation you (he) may have had? COST . . . . . . .
FREE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 998
W-11
Appendix G | 537
319 In what month and year was the sterilization performed? MONTH ..................
320
YEAR . . . . . . . . . . . .
319A Since what month and year have you been using (CURRENT MONTH ..................
METHOD) without stopping?
YEAR . . . . . . . . . . . .
PROBE: For how long have you been using (CURRENT
METHOD) now without stopping?
320 CHECK 319/319A, 215 AND 230:
ANY BIRTH OR PREGNANCY TERMINATION AFTER MONTH AND YES NO

YEAR OF START OF USE OF CONTRACEPTION IN 319/319A
GO BACK TO 319/319A, PROBE AND RECORD MONTH AND YEAR AT START OF CONTINUOUS
USE OF CURRENT METHOD (MUST BE AFTER LAST BIRTH OR PREGNANCY TERMINATION).
321 CHECK 319/319A:
YEAR IS 2003 OR LATER YEAR IS 2002 OR EARLIER
ENTER CODE FOR METHOD USED IN MONTH OF ENTER CODE FOR METHOD USED IN MONTH OF
INTERVIEW IN THE CALENDAR AND IN INTERVIEW IN THE CALENDAR AND
EACH MONTH BACK TO THE DATE STARTED USING. EACH MONTH BACK TO JANUARY 2003.
THEN SKIP TO 331
322 I would like to ask you some questions about the times you or your partner may have used a method to avoid
getting pregnant during the last few years.
USE CALENDAR TO PROBE FOR EARLIER PERIODS OF USE AND NONUSE, STARTING WITH MOST
RECENT USE, BACK TO JANUARY 2003.
USE NAMES OF CHILDREN, DATES OF BIRTH, AND PERIODS OF PREGNANCY AS REFERENCE POINTS.
ENTER METHOD USE CODE OR '0' FOR NONUSE IN EACH BLANK MONTH.
ILLUSTRATIVE QUESTIONS:
* When was the last time you used a method? Which method was that?
* When did you start using that method? How long after the birth of (NAME)?
* How long did you use the method then?
323 CHECK 311/311A: NO CODE CIRCLED . . . . . . . . . . . . 00 333

FEMALE STERILIZATION . . . . . . . 01 326
CIRCLE METHOD CODE: MALE STERILIZATION . . . . . . . . . 02 335
PILL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03
IF MORE THAN ONE METHOD CODE CIRCLED IN 311/311A, IUD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04
CIRCLE CODE FOR HIGHEST METHOD IN LIST. INJECTABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05
IMPLANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06
MALE CONDOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07
FEMALE CONDOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08
DIAPHRAGM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09
FOAM/JELLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
LACTATIONAL AMEN. METHOD . . . 11 324A
RHYTHM METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 324A
WITHDRAWAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 335
OTHER METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 335
W-12
538 | Appendix G
324 Where did you obtain (CURRENT METHOD) when you started PUBLIC SECTOR
using it? GOVT. HOSPITAL . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
GOVT. HEALTH CENTER . . . . . 12
FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC . . . . . 13
MOBILE CLINIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
FIELDWORKER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
OTHER PUBLIC ________________ 16

(SPECIFY)
324A Where did you learn how to use the rhythm/lactational PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR
amenorhea method? PRIVATE HOSPITAL/CLINIC . . . 21
PHARMACY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE IF HOSPITAL, HEALTH CENTER, OR CHEMIST/PMS
CLINIC IS PUBLIC OR PRIVATE MEDICAL, WRITE THE NAME OF STORE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
THE PLACE. PRIVATE DOCTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
MOBILE CLINIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
FIELDWORKER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
OTHER PRIVATE
(NAME OF PLACE) MEDICAL 27
(SPECIFY)
OTHER SOURCE
SHOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
CHURCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
FRIEND/RELATIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
NGO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
OTHER _______________________ 96
(SPECIFY)
325 CHECK 311/311A: PILL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03

IUD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04
CIRCLE METHOD CODE: INJECTABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05
IMPLANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06
IF MORE THAN ONE METHOD CODE CIRCLED IN 311/311A, MALE CONDOM . . . . . . . . . . . 07 332
CIRCLE CODE FOR HIGHEST METHOD IN LIST. FEMALE CONDOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08 329
DIAPHRAGM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09 329
FOAM/JELLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 329
LACTATIONAL AMEN. METHOD . . . 11 335
RHYTHM METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 335
326 You obtained (CURRENT METHOD FROM 323) from (SOURCE

OF METHOD FROM 316 OR 324) in (DATE FROM 319/319A). At YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 328
that time, were you told about side effects or problems you NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
might have with the method?
327 Were you ever told by a health or family planning worker about YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
side effects or problems you might have with the method? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 329
328 Were you told what to do if you experienced side effects YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
or problems? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
329 CHECK 326:
CODE '1' CODE '1'

CIRCLED NOT
CIRCLED
At that time, were you told When you obtained (CURRENT

about other methods of family METHOD FROM 323) from
planning that you could use? (SOURCE OF METHOD FROM
316 OR 324) were you told YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 331
about other methods of family NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
planning that you could use?
330 Were you ever told by a health or family planning worker about YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
other methods of family planning that you could use? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
W-13
Appendix G | 539
331 CHECK 311/311A: FEMALE STERILIZATION . . . . . . . 01

MALE STERILIZATION . . . . . . . . . 02 335
CIRCLE METHOD CODE: PILL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03
IUD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04
IF MORE THAN ONE METHOD CODE CIRCLED IN 311/311A, INJECTABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05
CIRCLE CODE FOR HIGHEST METHOD IN LIST. IMPLANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06
MALE CONDOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07
FEMALE CONDOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08
DIAPHRAGM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09
FOAM/JELLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
LACTATIONAL AMEN. METHOD . . . 11
RHYTHM METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
WITHDRAWAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 335
OTHER METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
332 Where did you obtain (CURRENT METHOD) the last time? PUBLIC SECTOR
GOVT. HOSPITAL . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
PROBE TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SOURCE AND CIRCLE GOVT. HEALTH CENTER . . . . . 12
THE APPROPRIATE CODE. FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC . . . . . 13
MOBILE CLINIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE IF HOSPITAL, HEALTH CENTER FIELDWORKER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
OR CLINIC IS PUBLIC OR PRIVATE MEDICAL, WRITE
THE NAME OF THE PLACE. OTHER PUBLIC ________________ 16
(SPECIFY)
(NAME OF PLACE) PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR

PRIVATE HOSPITAL/CLINIC . . . 21
PHARMACY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
CHEMIST/PMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
PRIVATE DOCTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
335
MOBILE CLINIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
FIELDWORKER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
OTHER PRIVATE
MEDICAL 27
(SPECIFY)
OTHER SOURCE
SHOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
CHURCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
FRIEND/RELATIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
NGO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
OTHER _______________________ 96
(SPECIFY)
333 Do you know of a place where you can obtain a method of family YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
planning? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 335
W-14
540 | Appendix G
334 Where is that? PUBLIC SECTOR

GOVT. HOSPITAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A
Any other place? GOVT. HEALTH CENTER . . . . . . . B
FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC . . . . . . . C
PROBE TO IDENTIFY EACH TYPE OF SOURCE AND CIRCLE MOBILE CLINIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
THE APPROPRIATE CODE(S). FIELDWORKER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE IF HOSPITAL, HEALTH CENTER OTHER PUBLIC ________________ F

OR CLINIC IS PUBLIC OR PRIVATE MEDICAL, WRITE (SPECIFY)
THE NAME OF THE PLACE.
PRIVATE HOSPITAL/CLINIC . . . G
(NAME OF PLACE) PHARMACY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H
CHEMIST/PMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I
PRIVATE DOCTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . J
(NAME OF PLACE) MOBILE CLINIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K
FIELDWORKER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L
OTHER PRIVATE
(NAME OF PLACE) MEDICAL M
(SPECIFY)
OTHER SOURCE
SHOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N
CHURCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O
FRIEND/RELATIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P
NGO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q
OTHER _________________________ X
(SPECIFY)
335 In the last 12 months, were you visited by a fieldworker who YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
talked to you about family planning? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
336 In the last 12 months, have you visited a health facility for care YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
for yourself (or your children)? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 401
337 Did any staff member at the health facility speak to you about YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
family planning methods? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
W-15
Appendix G | 541
SECTION 4. PREGNANCY AND POSTNATAL CARE
401 CHECK 224:

ONE OR MORE NO 573
BIRTHS BIRTHS
IN 2003 IN 2003
OR LATER OR LATER
402 CHECK 215: ENTER IN THE TABLE THE LINE NUMBER, NAME, AND SURVIVAL STATUS OF EACH BIRTH IN 2003 OR
LATER. ASK THE QUESTIONS ABOUT ALL OF THESE BIRTHS. BEGIN WITH THE LAST BIRTH.
(IF THERE ARE MORE THAN 3 BIRTHS, USE LAST 2 COLUMNS OF ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRES).
Now I would like to ask you some questions about the health of all your children born in the last five years. (We will talk
about each separately.)
403 LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH SECOND-FROM-LAST BIRTH

LINE NUMBER FROM 212
LINE NO. LINE NO. LINE NO.
404 NAME ________________ NAME ________________ NAME _________________

FROM 212 AND 216
LIVING DEAD LIVING DEAD LIVING DEAD
405 At the time you became pregnant THEN . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 THEN . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 THEN . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

with (NAME), did you want to (SKIP TO 407) (SKIP TO 432) (SKIP TO 432)
become pregnant then, did you LATER . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 LATER . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 LATER . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
want to wait until later, or did
you not want to have any (more) NOT AT ALL . . . . . 3 NOT AT ALL . . . . . 3 NOT AT ALL . . . . . 3
children at all? (SKIP TO 407) (SKIP TO 432) (SKIP TO 432)
406 How much longer would you have

liked to wait? MONTHS . .. .1 MONTHS . .1 MONTHS . .1
YEARS . .2 YEARS . .2 YEARS . .2
DON'T KNOW . . . 998 DON'T KNOW . . . 998 DON'T KNOW . . . 998
407 Did you see anyone for antenatal HEALTH PERSONNEL

care for this pregnancy? DOCTOR . . . . . . . A
NURSE/MIDWIFE B
AUXILIARY
IF YES: Whom did you see? MIDWIFE . . . . . C
Anyone else? OTHER PERSON
TRADITIONAL BIRTH
PROBE TO IDENTIFY EACH TYPE ATTENDANT . D
OF PERSON AND RECORD ALL COMMUNITY/VILLAGE
MENTIONED. HEALTH
WORKER . . . E
OTHER X
(SPECIFY)
NO ONE . . . . . . . . . Y
(SKIP TO 414)
W-16
542 | Appendix G
LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH SECOND-FROM-LAST BIRTH
NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS NAME ________________ NAME ________________ NAME _________________
408 Where did you receive antenatal HOME

care for this pregnancy? YOUR HOME . . . A
OTHER HOME . . . B
Anywhere else?
PUBLIC SECTOR
PROBE TO IDENTIFY TYPE(S) GOVT. HOSPITAL C
OF SOURCE(S) AND CIRCLE GOVT. HEALTH
THE APPROPRIATE CODE(S). CENTER . . . . . D
GOVT. HEALTH
IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE POST/
IF A HOSPITAL, HEALTH DISPENSARY . E
CENTER, OR CLINIC IS OTHER PUBLIC
PUBLIC OR PRIVATE F
MEDICAL, WRITE THE (SPECIFY)
PRIVATE MED. SECTOR
PVT. HOSPITAL/
(NAME OF PLACE) CLINIC . . . . . . . G
OTHER PRIVATE
MED. H
(NAME OF PLACE) (SPECIFY)
OTHER X
(SPECIFY)
409 How many months pregnant were

you when you first received MONTHS . . .
antenatal care for this pregnancy?
DON'T KNOW . . . . . 98
410 How many times did you receive NUMBER

antenatal care during this OF TIMES .
pregnancy?
DON'T KNOW . . . . . 98
411 As part of your antenatal care

during this pregnancy, were any of
the following done at least once? YES NO
Were you weighed? WEIGHT . . . 1 2

Was your blood pressure
measured? BP . . . . . . . 1 2
Did you give a urine sample? URINE . . . . . 1 2
Did you give a blood sample? BLOOD . . . 1 2
412 During (any of) your antenatal YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

care visit(s), were you told about NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
the signs of pregnancy (SKIP TO 414)
complications? DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8
413 Were you told where to go if you YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

had any of these complications? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8
414 During this pregnancy, were you YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

given an injection in the arm
to prevent the baby from getting NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
tetanus, that is, convulsions (SKIP TO 417)
after birth? DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8
415 During this pregnancy, how many

times did you get this tetanus TIMES . . . . . . . . .
injection?
DON'T KNOW . . . 8
W-17
Appendix G | 543
416 CHECK 415: 2 OR MORE OTHER

TIMES
(SKIP TO 421)
417 At any time before this pregnancy, YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

did you receive any tetanus NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
injections, either to protect (SKIP TO 421)
yourself or another baby?
DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8
418 Before this pregnancy, how many

other times did you receive a TIMES . . . . . . . . .
tetanus injection?
IF 7 OR MORE TIMES, DON'T KNOW . . . 8

RECORD '7'.
419 In what month and year did you

receive the last tetanus injection MONTH ...
before this pregnancy?
DK MONTH . . . . . . . 98
YEAR
(SKIP TO 421)
DK YEAR . . . . . . . 9998
420 How many years ago did you YEARS

receive that tetanus injection? AGO . . . . .
421 During this pregnancy, were you YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

given or did you buy any iron
tablets or iron syrup? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
(SKIP TO 423)
SHOW TABLETS/SYRUP. DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8
422 During the whole pregnancy, for

how many days did you take the DAYS .
tablets or syrup?
DON'T KNOW . . . 998
IF ANSWER IS NOT NUMERIC,
PROBE FOR APPROXIMATE
NUMBER OF DAYS.
423 During this pregnancy, did you YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

take any drug for intestinal NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
worms? DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8

have difficulty with your vision NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
during daylight? DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8

suffer from night blindness? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8
W-18
544 | Appendix G

take any drugs to keep you
from getting malaria? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
(SKIP TO 432)
DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8
427 What drugs did you take? SP/FANSIDAR/

AMALAR/
RECORD ALL MENTIONED. MALOXINE . . . . . A
IF TYPE OF DRUG IS NOT CHLOROQUINE . . . B
DETERMINED, SHOW TYPICAL
ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS TO OTHER X
RESPONDENT. (SPECIFY)
DON'T KNOW . . . . . .. . Z
428 CHECK 427: CODE 'A' CODE

CIRCLED A' NOT
DRUGS TAKEN FOR MALARIA CIRCLED
PREVENTION.
(SKIP TO 432)
429 How many times did you take

(SP/Fansidar/Amalar/Maloxine) TIMES . . . . .
during this pregnancy?
429A How many months pregnant

were you when you took your MONTH ...
first dose of (SP/Fansidar/
Amalar/Maxoline)? DON'T KNOW . . . . . 98
429B CHECK 429: 2 OR MORE 1 TIME

TIMES
(SKIP TO 430)
429C How many months pregnant

were you when you took your MONTH ...
second dose of (SP/Fansidar/
Amalar/Maxoline)? DON'T KNOW . . . . . 98
430 CHECK 407: CODE 'A', OTHER

B' OR 'C'
ANTENATAL CARE FROM CIRCLED
HEALTH PERSONNEL
DURING THIS PREGNANCY
(SKIP TO 432)
431 Did you get the (SP/Fansidar/ ANTENATAL VISIT . . 1

Amalar/Maloxine) during any ANOTHER FACILITY
antenatal care visit, during VISIT . . . . . . . . . 2
another visit to a health OTHER SOURCE . .. . 6
facility or from another source?
432 When (NAME) was born, was VERY BIG . . . . . . . 1 VERY BIG . . . . . . . 1 VERY BIG . . . . . . . 1
he/she very big, bigger than BIGGER THAN BIGGER THAN BIGGER THAN
average, average, smaller than AVERAGE . . . . . 2 AVERAGE . . . . . 2 AVERAGE . . . . . 2
average, or very small? AVERAGE . . . . . . . 3 AVERAGE . . . . . . . 3 AVERAGE . . . . . . . 3
SMALLER THAN SMALLER THAN SMALLER THAN
AVERAGE . . . . . 4 AVERAGE . . . . . 4 AVERAGE . . . . . 4
VERY SMALL . . . . . 5 VERY SMALL . . . . . 5 VERY SMALL . . . . . 5
DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8 DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8 DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8
W-19
Appendix G | 545
433 Was (NAME) weighed at birth? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
434 How much did (NAME) weigh? KG FROM CARD KG FROM CARD KG FROM CARD
RECORD WEIGHT IN 1 . 1 . 1 .
KILOGRAMS FROM HEALTH
CARD, IF AVAILABLE.
KG FROM RECALL KG FROM RECALL KG FROM RECALL
2 . 2 . 2 .
DON'T KNOW . 99.998 DON'T KNOW . 99.998 DON'T KNOW . 99.998
435 Who assisted with the delivery HEALTH PERSONNEL HEALTH PERSONNEL HEALTH PERSONNEL
of (NAME)? DOCTOR ..... A DOCTOR ..... A DOCTOR ..... A
NURSE/MIDWIFE . B NURSE/MIDWIFE . B NURSE/MIDWIFE . B
Anyone else? AUXILIARY AUXILIARY AUXILIARY
MIDWIFE . . . . . . C MIDWIFE . . . . . . C MIDWIFE . . . . . . C
PROBE FOR THE TYPE(S) OF OTHER PERSON OTHER PERSON OTHER PERSON
PERSON(S) AND RECORD ALL TRADITIONAL BIRTH TRADITIONAL BIRTH TRADITIONAL BIRTH
MENTIONED. ATTENDANT . . D ATTENDANT . . D ATTENDANT . . D
RELATIVE/FRIEND .E RELATIVE/FRIEND . E RELATIVE/FRIEND .E
IF RESPONDENT SAYS NO ONE OTHER OTHER OTHER
ASSISTED, PROBE TO X X X
DETERMINE WHETHER ANY (SPECIFY) (SPECIFY) (SPECIFY)
ADULTS WERE PRESENT AT NO ONE . . . . . . . . . Y NO ONE . . . . . . . . . Y NO ONE . . . . . . . . . Y
THE DELIVERY.
436 Where did you give birth to HOME HOME HOME

(NAME)? YOUR HOME . . . 11 YOUR HOME . . . 11 YOUR HOME . . . 11
PROBE TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OTHER HOME . . . 12 OTHER HOME . . . 12 OTHER HOME . . . 12
OF SOURCE AND CIRCLE THE
APPROPRIATE CODE. PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SECTOR
GOVT. HOSPITAL 21 GOVT. HOSPITAL 21 GOVT. HOSPITAL 21
IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE GOVT. HEALTH GOVT. HEALTH GOVT. HEALTH
IF A HOSPITAL, HEALTH CENTER . . . . . 22 CENTER . . . . . 22 CENTER . . . . . 22
CENTER, OR CLINIC IS GOVT. HEALTH GOVT. HEALTH GOVT. HEALTH
PUBLIC OR PRIVATE POST . . . . . . . 23 POST . . . . . . . 23 POST . . . . . . . 23
MEDICAL, WRITE THE OTHER PUBLIC OTHER PUBLIC OTHER PUBLIC
THE NAME OF THE PLACE. 26 26 26
(SPECIFY) (SPECIFY) (SPECIFY)
(NAME OF PLACE) PRIVATE MED. SECTOR PRIVATE MED. SECTOR PRIVATE MED. SECTOR
PVT. HOSPITAL/ PVT. HOSPITAL/ PVT. HOSPITAL/
CLINIC . . . . . . . 31 CLINIC . . . . . . . 31 CLINIC . . . . . . . 31
OTHER PRIVATE OTHER PRIVATE OTHER PRIVATE
MED. 36 MED. 36 MED. 36
OTHER 96 OTHER 96 OTHER 96

W-20
546 | Appendix G
437 How long after (NAME) was

delivered did you stay there? HOURS 1 HOURS 1 HOURS 1
IF LESS THAN ONE DAY, DAYS 2 DAYS 2 DAYS 2

RECORD HOURS.
IF LESS THAN ONE WEEK, WEEKS 3 WEEKS 3 WEEKS 3
RECORD DAYS.
DON'T KNOW . 998 DON'T KNOW . . . 998 DON'T KNOW . . . 998
438 Was (NAME) delivered by YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

caesarean section (operation)? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
439 Before you were discharged after YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

(NAME) was born, did any health NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 (SKIP TO 455) (SKIP TO 455)
care provider check on your health? (SKIP TO 442) NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
440 How long after delivery

did the first check take place? HOURS 1
DAYS 2
IF LESS THAN ONE DAY,
RECORD HOURS. WEEKS 3
IF LESS THAN ONE WEEK,
RECORD DAYS. DON'T KNOW . . . 998
441 Who checked on your health HEALTH PERSONNEL

at that time? DOCTOR . . . . . . . 11
NURSE/MIDWIFE 12
PROBE FOR MOST QUALIFIED AUXILIARY
PERSON. MIDWIFE . . . . . 13
OTHER PERSON
TRADITIONAL BIRTH
ATTENDANT . 21
COMMUNITY/VILLAGE
HEALTH
WORKER . . . 22
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
(SKIP TO 453)
442 After you were discharged, did YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

any health care provider or (SKIP TO 445) (SKIP TO 455) (SKIP TO 455)
a traditional birth attendant NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
check on your health? (SKIP TO 453)
443 Why didn't you deliver in a health COST TOO MUCH . . A

facility? FACILITY NOT OPEN . B
TOO FAR/ NO TRANS-
PORTATION C
PROBE: Any other reason? DON'T TRUST
FACILITY/POOR
RECORD ALL MENTIONED. QUALITY SERVICE D
NO FEMALE PROVID-
ER AT FACILITY . . E
HUSBAND/FAMILY
DID NOT ALLOW . . F
NOT NECESSARY . . G
NOT CUSTOMARY . . H
OTHER
(SPECIFY) X
W-21
Appendix G | 547
444 After (NAME) was born, did

any health care provider or YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
a traditional birth attendant NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
check on your health? (SKIP TO 449)
445 How long after delivery did

the first check take place? HOURS 1
DAYS 2
RECORD HOURS. WEEKS 3
446 Who checked on your health HEALTH PERSONNEL

NURSE/MIDWIFE 12
OTHER PERSON
TRADITIONAL BIRTH
ATTENDANT . 21
COMMUNITY/VILLAGE
HEALTH
WORKER . . . 22
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
447 Where did this first check HOME

take place? YOUR HOME . . . 11
OTHER HOME . . . 12
PROBE TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE
OF SOURCE AND CIRCLE THE PUBLIC SECTOR
APPROPRIATE CODE. GOVT. HOSPITAL 21
GOVT. HEALTH
IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE CENTER . . . . . 22
IF A HOSPITAL, HEALTH GOVT. HEALTH
CENTER, OR CLINIC IS POST/DISPENSARY. . 23
PUBLIC OR PRIVATE OTHER PUBLIC
MEDICAL, WRITE 26
PRIVATE MED. SECTOR

(NAME OF PLACE) PVT. HOSPITAL/
CLINIC . . . . . . . 31
OTHER PRIVATE
MED. 36
(SPECIFY)
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
448 CHECK 442: YES NOT ASKED
(SKIP TO 453)
449 In the two months after (NAME)

was born, did any health YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
care provider or a traditional birth NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
attendant check on his/her (SKIP TO 453)
health? DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8
W-22
548 | Appendix G
450 How many hours, days or weeks

after the birth of (NAME) did the HOURS . 1
first check take place?
DAYS . . . 2
RECORD HOURS. WEEKS . 3
451 Who checked on (NAME)'s health HEALTH PERSONNEL

NURSE/MIDWIFE 12
OTHER PERSON
TRADITIONAL BIRTH
ATTENDANT . 21
COMMUNITY/VILLAGE
HEALTH
WORKER . . . 22
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
452 Where did this first check of HOME

(NAME) take place? YOUR HOME . . . 11
OTHER HOME . . . 12
PROBE TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE
OF SOURCE AND CIRCLE THE PUBLIC SECTOR
APPROPRIATE CODE. GOVT. HOSPITAL 21
GOVT. HEALTH
IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE CENTER . . . . . 22
IF A HOSPITAL, HEALTH GOVT. HEALTH
CENTER, OR CLINIC IS POST/DISPENSARY. . . 23
PUBLIC OR PRIVATE OTHER PUBLIC
MEDICAL, WRITE 26
PRIVATE MED. SECTOR

(NAME OF PLACE) PVT. HOSPITAL/
CLINIC . . . . . . . 31
OTHER PRIVATE
MED. 36
(SPECIFY)
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
453 In the first two months after

delivery, did you receive a YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
vitamin A dose (like this/any of
these)? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
SHOW COMMON TYPES OF DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8

AMPULES/CAPSULES/SYRUPS.
454 Has your menstrual period returned YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

since the birth of (NAME)? (SKIP TO 456)
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
(SKIP TO 457)
W-23
Appendix G | 549
455 Did your period return between YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

the birth of (NAME) and your NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
next pregnancy? (SKIP TO 459) (SKIP TO 459)
456 For how many months after the

birth of (NAME) did you not have MONTHS . . . MONTHS . . . MONTHS . . .
a period?
457 CHECK 226: NOT PREGNANT

PREG- OR
IS RESPONDENT PREGNANT? NANT UNSURE
(SKIP TO 459)
458 Have you begun to have YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

sexual intercourse again since NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
the birth of (NAME)? (SKIP TO 460)
459 For how many months after the

birth of (NAME) did you not have MONTHS . . . MONTHS . . . MONTHS . . .
sexual intercourse?
460 Did you ever breastfeed (NAME)? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
461 How long after birth did you first

put (NAME) to the breast?
IMMEDIATELY . . . 000
IF LESS THAN 1 HOUR,
RECORD ‘00' HOURS.
IF LESS THAN 24 HOURS, HOURS 1
RECORD HOURS.
OTHERWISE, RECORD DAYS. DAYS 2
462 In the first three days after YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

delivery, was (NAME) given NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
anything to drink other than (SKIP TO 464)
breast milk?
463 What was (NAME) given to drink? MILK (OTHER THAN

BREAST MILK ) . A
Anything else? PLAIN WATER . . . B
SUGAR OR GLU-
RECORD ALL LIQUIDS COSE WATER . . . C
MENTIONED. GRIPE WATER . . . D
SUGAR-SALT-WATER
SOLUTION . . . . . E
FRUIT JUICE . . . . . F
INFANT FORMULA . G
TEA/INFUSIONS . . . H
HONEY . . . . . . . . . I
OTHER X
(SPECIFY)
464 CHECK 404: LIVING DEAD
IS CHILD LIVING? (SKIP TO 466)
465 Are you still breastfeeding YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

(NAME)? (SKIP TO 468)
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
W-24
550 | Appendix G
466 For how many months did you

breastfeed (NAME)? MONTHS . . . MONTHS . . . MONTHS . . .
STILL BF . . . . . . . 95 STILL BF . . . . . . . 95
467 CHECK 404: LIVING DEAD LIVING DEAD LIVING DEAD
IS CHILD LIVING?
(GO BACK TO (GO BACK TO (GO BACK TO 405
405 IN NEXT 405 IN NEXT IN NEXT-TO-LAST
COLUMN; OR, COLUMN; OR, COLUMN OF NEW
IF NO MORE IF NO MORE QUESTIONNAIRE; OR,
BIRTHS, GO BIRTHS, GO IF NO MORE
(SKIP TO 470) TO 501) (SKIP TO 470) TO 501) (SKIP TO 470) BIRTHS,
GO TO 501)
468 How many times did you

breastfeed last night between NUMBER OF
sunset and sunrise? NIGHTTIME
FEEDINGS .
NUMBER.
469 How many times did you

breastfeed yesterday during NUMBER OF
the daylight hours? DAYLIGHT
FEEDINGS .
NUMBER.
470 Did (NAME) drink anything from YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

a bottle with a nipple yesterday NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
or last night? DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8 DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8 DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8
471 GO BACK TO 405 IN GO BACK TO 405 IN GO BACK TO 405 IN

NEXT COLUMN; OR, IF NEXT COLUMN; OR, IF NEXT-TO-LAST
NO MORE BIRTHS, GO NO MORE BIRTHS, GO COLUMN OF NEW
TO 501. TO 501. QUESTIONNAIRE; OR,
IF NO MORE BIRTHS,
GO TO 501.
W-25
Appendix G | 551
SECTION 5. CHILD IMMUNIZATION AND HEALTH AND CHILD'S AND WOMAN'S NUTRITION
501 ENTER IN THE TABLE THE LINE NUMBER, NAME, AND SURVIVAL STATUS OF EACH BIRTH IN 2003 OR LATER.
ASK THE QUESTIONS ABOUT ALL OF THESE BIRTHS. BEGIN WITH THE LAST BIRTH.
(IF THERE ARE MORE THAN 3 BIRTHS, USE LAST 2 COLUMNS OF ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRES).
502 LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH SECOND-FROM-LAST BIRTH

LINE NUMBER LINE LINE LINE
FROM 212 NUMBER . . . . . . . . NUMBER . . . . . . . . NUMBER . . . . . . .
503 NAME NAME NAME

FROM 212
AND 216 LIVING DEAD LIVING DEAD LIVING DEAD
(GO TO 503 (GO TO 503 (GO TO 503 IN NEXT-

IN NEXT COLUMN IN NEXT COLUMN TO-LAST COLUMN OF
OR, IF NO MORE OR, IF NO MORE NEW QUESTIONNAIRE,
BIRTHS, GO TO 570) BIRTHS, GO TO 570) OR IF NO MORE
BIRTHS, GO TO 570)
504 Do you have a card

where (NAME'S) YES, SEEN . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES, SEEN . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES, SEEN . . . . . . . . . . . 1
vaccinations are (SKIP TO 506) (SKIP TO 506) (SKIP TO 506)
written down? YES, NOT SEEN . . . . . . . . 2 YES, NOT SEEN . . . . . . . . 2 YES, NOT SEEN . . . . . . . 2
IF YES: (SKIP TO 508) (SKIP TO 508) (SKIP TO 508)
May I see it please? NO CARD . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 NO CARD . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 NO CARD . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
505 Did you ever have YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

a vaccination (SKIP TO 508) (SKIP TO 508) (SKIP TO 508)
card for (NAME)? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
506 (1) COPY VACCINATION DATE FOR EACH VACCINE FROM THE CARD.
(2) WRITE ‘44' IN ‘DAY' COLUMN IF CARD SHOWS THAT A VACCINATION WAS GIVEN, BUT NO DATE IS RECORDED.
(3) IF MORE THAN TWO VITAMIN 'A' DOSES, RECORD DATES FOR MOST RECENT AND SECOND MOST RECENT DOSES.

DAY MONTH YEAR DAY MONTH YEAR DAY MONTH YEAR
BCG BCG BCG
POLIO 0 (POLIO
P0 P0
GIVEN AT BIRTH)
POLIO 1 P1 P1
POLIO 2 P2 P2
POLIO 3 P3 P3
DPT 1 D1 D1
DPT 2 D2 D2
DPT 3 D3 D3
MEASLES MEA MEA

VITAMIN A
VIT A VIT A
(MOST RECENT)
VITAMIN A (2nd
VIT A VIT A
MOST RECENT)
506A CHECK 506: BCG TO MEASLES OTHER BCG TO MEASLES OTHER BCG TO MEASLES OTHER
ALL RECORDED ALL RECORDED ALL RECORDED
(GO TO 510) (GO TO 510) (GO TO 510)
W-26
552 | Appendix G
NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS NAME ________________ NAME ________________ NAME ________________
507 Has (NAME) received any YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

vaccinations that are not recorded (PROBE FOR (PROBE FOR (PROBE FOR
on this card, including vaccinations VACCINATIONS AND VACCINATIONS AND VACCINATIONS AND
received in a national WRITE ‘66' IN THE WRITE ‘66' IN THE WRITE ‘66' IN THE
immunization day campaign? CORRESPONDING CORRESPONDING CORRESPONDING
DAY COLUMN IN 506) DAY COLUMN IN 506) DAY COLUMN IN 506)
RECORD ‘YES' ONLY IF (SKIP TO 510) (SKIP TO 510) (SKIP TO 510)

RESPONDENT MENTIONS BCG,
POLIO 0-3, DPT 1-3, AND/OR NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
MEASLES VACCINES. (SKIP TO 510) (SKIP TO 510) (SKIP TO 510)
508 Did (NAME) ever receive any

vaccinations to prevent him/her
from getting diseases, including YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
vaccinations received in a NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
national immunization (SKIP TO 511A) (SKIP TO 511A) (SKIP TO 511A)
campaign? DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8 DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8 DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8
509 Please tell me if (NAME) received

any of the following vaccinations:
509A A BCG vaccination against YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

tuberculosis, that is, an injection NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
in the arm or shoulder that usually DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8 DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8 DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8
causes a scar?
509B Polio vaccine, that is, drops in the YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
mouth? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
(SKIP TO 509E) (SKIP TO 509E) (SKIP TO 509E)
509C Was the first polio vaccine FIRST 2 WEEKS . . . 1 FIRST 2 WEEKS . . . 1 FIRST 2 WEEKS . . . 1
received in the first two weeks LATER . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 LATER . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 LATER . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
after birth or later?
509D How many times was the polio NUMBER NUMBER NUMBER
vaccine received? OF TIMES ..... OF TIMES ..... OF TIMES .....
509E A DPT vaccination, that is, an YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

injection given in the thigh or NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
buttocks, sometimes at the (SKIP TO 509G) (SKIP TO 509G) (SKIP TO 509G)
same time as polio drops? DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8 DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8 DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8
509F How many times was a DPT NUMBER NUMBER NUMBER

vaccination received? OF TIMES ..... OF TIMES ..... OF TIMES .....
509G A measles injection or an MMR YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

injection - that is, a shot in the NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
arm at the age of 9 months or DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8 DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8 DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8
older - to prevent him/her from
getting measles?
510 Were any of the vaccinations YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

(NAME) received during the last NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
two years given as part of a NO VACCINATION IN NO VACCINATION IN NO VACCINATION IN
national immunization day THE LAST 2 YRS. 3 THE LAST 2 YRS. 3 THE LAST 2 YRS. 3
campaign? DON'T KNOW ... 8 DON'T KNOW ... 8 DON'T KNOW ... 8
(SKIP TO 511B) (SKIP TO 511B) (SKIP TO 511B)
W-27
Appendix G | 553
511 At which national immunization POLIO 2006 . . . . . A POLIO 2006 . . . . . A POLIO 2006 . . . . . A
day campaigns did (NAME) (NIDS/FEB,MAR) (NIDS/FEB,MAR) (NIDS/FEB,MAR)
receive vaccinations? MEASLES 2006 . . . B MEASLES 2006 . . . B MEASLES 2006 . . . B
(SNIDS/OCT) (SNIDS/OCT) (SNIDS/OCT)
RECORD ALL CAMPAIGNS ALL 2006 . . . . . . . C ALL 2006 . . . . . . . C ALL 2006 . . . . . . . C
MENTIONED. (IPDS/MAY-JULY) (IPDS/MAY-JULY) (IPDS/MAY-JULY)
ALL 2007 . . . . . . . D ALL 2007 . . . . . . . D ALL 2007 . . . . . . . D
(IPDS/JAN) (IPDS/JAN) (IPDS/JAN)
(SIPDS/MAR-SEPT) (SIPDS/MAR-SEPT) (SIPDS/MAR-SEPT)
ALL 2008 . . . . . . . E ALL 2008 . . . . . . . E ALL 2008 . . . . . . . E
NOTE: ALL RECOMMENDED (IPDS/JAN,FEB 2008) (IPDS/JAN,FEB 2008) (IPDS/JAN,FEB 2008)
VACCINES INCLUDE POLIO, (SIPDS/APR 2008) (SIPDS/APR 2008) (SIPDS/APR 2008)
MEASLES, YELLOW FEVER,
CSM, BCG, ETC. (SKIP TO 511B) (SKIP TO 511B) (SKIP TO 511B)
511A What are the main reasons LACK OF INFO. . . . A LACK OF INFO. . . . A LACK OF INFO. . . . A
(NAME) has not received any FEAR OF SIDE- FEAR OF SIDE- FEAR OF SIDE-
vaccinations? EFFECTS . . . . . . . B EFFECTS . . . . . . . B EFFECTS . . . . . . . B
FEAR CHILD MAY FEAR CHILD MAY FEAR CHILD MAY
PROBE: Any other reasons? GET DISEASE . . . C GET DISEASE . . . C GET DISEASE . . . C
VACCINES DO NOT VACCINES DO NOT VACCINES DO NOT
CIRCLE ALL MENTIONED WORK . . . . . . . . . D WORK . . . . . . . . . D WORK . . . . . . . . . D
RELIGIOUS REASONSE RELIGIOUS REASONSE RELIGIOUS REASONSE
POST TOO FAR . . . F POST TOO FAR . . . F POST TOO FAR . . . F
CHILD WAS ABSENT G CHILD WAS ABSENT G CHILD WAS ABSENT G
OTHER X OTHER X OTHER X

SPECIFY SPECIFY SPECIFY
511B CHECK 506 AND 509B

NO POLIO POLIO NO POLIO POLIO NO POLIO POLIO
DATE FOR POLIO VACCINE VACCINE VACCINE VACCINE VACCINE VACCINE VACCINE
RECORDED IN 506 OR RECEIVED RECEIVED RECEIVED RECEIVED RECEIVED RECEIVED
CODE '1' RECORDED IN 509B
(SKIP TO (SKIP TO (SKIP TO

512) 512) 512)
511C Now I want to ask you specifically LACK OF INFO. . . . A LACK OF INFO. . . . A LACK OF INFO. . . . A
about vaccinating your child FEAR OF SIDE- FEAR OF SIDE- FEAR OF SIDE-
against polio. EFFECTS . . . . . . . B EFFECTS . . . . . . . B EFFECTS . . . . . . . B
FEAR CHILD MAY FEAR CHILD MAY FEAR CHILD MAY
What are the main reasons GET DISEASE . . . C GET DISEASE . . . C GET DISEASE . . . C
(NAME) has not received any VACCINES DO NOT VACCINES DO NOT VACCINES DO NOT
polio vaccinations? WORK . . . . . . . . . D WORK . . . . . . . . . D WORK . . . . . . . . . D
RELIGIOUS REASONSE RELIGIOUS REASONSE RELIGIOUS REASONSE
PROBE: Any other reasons? POST TOO FAR . . . F POST TOO FAR . . . F POST TOO FAR . . . F
CHILD WAS ABSENT G CHILD WAS ABSENT G CHILD WAS ABSENT G
CIRCLE ALL MENTIONED
SPECIFY SPECIFY SPECIFY
W-28
554 | Appendix G
512 CHECK 506: DATE DATE DATE

FOR OTHER FOR OTHER FOR OTHER
DATE SHOWN FOR VITAMIN MOST MOST MOST
A DOSE RECENT RECENT RECENT
VITAMIN VITAMIN VITAMIN
A DOSE A DOSE A DOSE
(SKIP TO (SKIP TO (SKIP TO

514) 514) 514)
513 According to (NAME)'s health card,

he/she received a vitamin A dose
(like this/any of these) in (MONTH
AND YEAR OF MOST RECENT
DOSE FROM CARD). YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Has (NAME) received another (SKIP TO 515) (SKIP TO 515) (SKIP TO 515)
vitamin A dose since then? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
SHOW COMMON TYPES OF (SKIP TO 516) (SKIP TO 516) (SKIP TO 516)
AMPULES/CAPSULES/SYRUPS. DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8 DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8 DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8
514 HAS (NAME) ever received

a vitamin A dose (like this/ YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
any of these)? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
SHOW COMMON TYPES OF (SKIP TO 516) (SKIP TO 516) (SKIP TO 516)
AMPULES/CAPSULES/SYRUPS. DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8 DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8 DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8
515 Did (NAME) receive a vitamin A YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

dose within the last six months? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
516 In the last seven days, did

(NAME) take iron pills, sprinkles
with iron, or iron syrup
(like this/any of these)?
SHOW COMMON TYPES OF YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
PILLS/SPRINKLES/ NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
SYRUPS. DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8 DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8 DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8
517 Has (NAME) taken any drug for YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
intestinal worms in the last six NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
months? DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8 DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8 DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8
518 Has (NAME) had diarrhea in the YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

last 2 weeks? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
519 Was there any blood in the stools? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
520 Now I would like to know how

much (NAME) was given to drink
during the diarrhea (including
breastmilk).
Was he/she given less than

usual to drink, about the same MUCH LESS . . . . . 1 MUCH LESS . . . . . 1 MUCH LESS . . . . . 1
amount, or more than usual to SOMEWHAT LESS . 2 SOMEWHAT LESS . 2 SOMEWHAT LESS . 2
drink? ABOUT THE SAME . 3 ABOUT THE SAME . 3 ABOUT THE SAME . 3
IF LESS, PROBE: Was he/she MORE . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 MORE . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 MORE . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
given much less than usual to NOTHING TO DRINK 5 NOTHING TO DRINK 5 NOTHING TO DRINK 5
drink or somewhat less? DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8 DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8 DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8
W-29
Appendix G | 555
521 When (NAME) had diarrhea, was

he/she given less than usual to MUCH LESS . . . . . 1 MUCH LESS . . . . . 1 MUCH LESS . . . . . 1
eat, about the same amount, more SOMEWHAT LESS . 2 SOMEWHAT LESS . 2 SOMEWHAT LESS . 2
than usual, or nothing to eat? ABOUT THE SAME . 3 ABOUT THE SAME . 3 ABOUT THE SAME . 3
MORE . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 MORE . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 MORE . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
IF LESS, PROBE: Was he/she STOPPED FOOD . 5 STOPPED FOOD . 5 STOPPED FOOD . 5
given much less than usual to NEVER GAVE FOOD 6 NEVER GAVE FOOD 6 NEVER GAVE FOOD 6
eat or somewhat less? DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8 DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8 DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8
522 Did you seek advice or treatment YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

for the diarrhea from any source? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
523 Where did you seek advice or PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SECTOR
treatment? GOVT HOSPITAL A GOVT HOSPITAL A GOVT HOSPITAL A
GOVT HEALTH GOVT HEALTH GOVT HEALTH
Anywhere else? CENTER . . . . . B CENTER . . . . . B CENTER . . . . . B
PROBE TO IDENTIFY EACH POST . . . . . . . C POST . . . . . . . C POST . . . . . . . C
TYPE OF SOURCE AND MOBILE CLINIC . D MOBILE CLINIC . D MOBILE CLINIC . D
CIRCLE THE APPROPRIATE FIELDWORKER . E FIELDWORKER . E FIELDWORKER . E
CODE(S). OTHER PUBLIC OTHER PUBLIC OTHER PUBLIC
F F F
IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE (SPECIFY) (SPECIFY) (SPECIFY)
IF A HOSPITAL, HEALTH
CENTER, OR CLINIC IS PRIVATE MEDICAL PRIVATE MEDICAL PRIVATE MEDICAL
PUBLIC OR PRIVATE SECTOR SECTOR SECTOR
MEDICAL, WRITE THE PVT. HOSPITAL/ PVT. HOSPITAL/ PVT. HOSPITAL/
THE NAME OF THE PLACE. CLINIC . . . . . . . G CLINIC . . . . . . . G CLINIC . . . . . . . G
PHARMACY . . . H PHARMACY . . . H PHARMACY . . . H
CHEMIST/PMS. . . I CHEMIST/PMS. . . I CHEMIST/PMS. . . I
PVT DOCTOR . . . J PVT DOCTOR . . . J PVT DOCTOR . . . J
(NAME OF PLACE) MOBILE CLINIC . K MOBILE CLINIC . K MOBILE CLINIC . K
FIELDWORKER . L FIELDWORKER . L FIELDWORKER . L
(NAME OF PLACE) MED. M MED. M MED. M
(NAME OF PLACE) OTHER SOURCE OTHER SOURCE OTHER SOURCE

SHOP . . . . . . . . . N SHOP . . . . . . . . . N SHOP . . . . . . . . . N
TRADITIONAL TRADITIONAL TRADITIONAL
PRACTITIONER O PRACTITIONER O PRACTITIONER O
W-30
556 | Appendix G
524 CHECK 523: TWO OR ONLY TWO OR ONLY TWO OR ONLY

MORE ONE MORE ONE MORE ONE
CODES CODE CODES CODE CODES CODE
CIRCLED CIRCLED CIRCLED CIRCLED CIRCLED CIRCLED
525 Where did you first seek advice or

treatment?
FIRST PLACE . . . FIRST PLACE . . . FIRST PLACE . . .
USE LETTER CODE FROM 523.
526 How many days after the diarrhea

began did you first seek advice
or treatment for (NAME)? DAYS . . . . . DAYS . . . . . DAYS . . . . .
IF THE SAME DAY1, RECORD '00'.
527 Does (NAME) still have diarrhea? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
528 Was he/she given any of the

following to drink at any time since
he/she started having the diarrhea:
YES NO DK YES NO DK YES NO DK
a) A fluid made from a special FLUID FROM FLUID FROM FLUID FROM
sugar-salt solution (ORS/ORT)? ORS PKT . . 1 2 8 ORS PKT . . 1 2 8 ORS PKT . . 1 2 8
b) A pre-packaged ORS/ORT liquid? ORS LQD . . 1 2 8 ORS LQD . . 1 2 8 ORS LQD . . 1 2 8
c) A government-recommended HOMEMADE HOMEMADE HOMEMADE

homemade fluid? FLUID . . . 1 2 8 FLUID . . . 1 2 8 FLUID . . . 1 2 8
529 Was anything (else) given to YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

treat the diarrhea? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
(IF 2 OR 8 SKIP TO 533) (IF 2 OR 8 SKIP TO 533) (IF 2 OR 8 SKIP TO 533)
530 What (else) was given to treat PILL OR SYRUP PILL OR SYRUP PILL OR SYRUP
the diarrhea? ANTIBIOTIC . . . . . A ANTIBIOTIC . . . . . A ANTIBIOTIC . . . . . A
ANTIMOTILITY . B ANTIMOTILITY . B ANTIMOTILITY . B
Anything else? ZINC . . . . . . . . . C ZINC . . . . . . . . . C ZINC . . . . . . . . . C
OTHER (NOT ANTI- OTHER (NOT ANTI- OTHER (NOT ANTI-
RECORD ALL TREATMENTS BIOTIC, ANTI- BIOTIC, ANTI- BIOTIC, ANTI-
GIVEN. MOTILITY, OR MOTILITY, OR MOTILITY, OR
ZINC) . . . . . . . D ZINC) . . . . . . . D ZINC) . . . . . . . D
UNKNOWN PILL UNKNOWN PILL UNKNOWN PILL
OR SYRUP . . . E OR SYRUP . . . E OR SYRUP . . . E
INJECTION INJECTION INJECTION

ANTIBIOTIC . . . . . F ANTIBIOTIC . . . . . F ANTIBIOTIC . . . . . F
NON-ANTIBIOTIC. G NON-ANTIBIOTIC. G NON-ANTIBIOTIC. G
UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN
INJECTION . . . H INJECTION . . . H INJECTION . . . H
(IV) INTRAVENOUS . I (IV) INTRAVENOUS . I (IV) INTRAVENOUS . I
HOME REMEDY/ HOME REMEDY/ HOME REMEDY/

HERBAL MED- HERBAL MED- HERBAL MED-
ICINE . . . . . . . . . J ICINE . . . . . . . . . J ICINE . . . . . . . . . J

W-31
Appendix G | 557
531 CHECK 530: CODE "C" CODE "C" CODE "C" CODE "C" CODE "C" CODE "C"
CIRCLED NOT CIRCLED NOT CIRCLED NOT
CIRCLED CIRCLED CIRCLED
GIVEN ZINC?
532 How many times was

(NAME) given zinc? TIMES . . . . . TIMES . . . . . TIMES . . . . .
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . 98 DON'T KNOW . . . . . . 98 DON'T KNOW . . . . . . 98
533 Has (NAME) been ill with a fever YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
at any time in the last 2 weeks? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
534 Has (NAME) had an illness with YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

a cough at any time in the NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
last 2 weeks? (SKIP TO 537) (SKIP TO 537) (SKIP TO 537)
535 When (NAME) had an illness with YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

a cough, did he/she breathe faster NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
than usual with short, rapid breaths (SKIP TO 538) (SKIP TO 538) (SKIP TO 538)
or have difficulty breathing? DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8 DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8 DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8
536 Was the fast or difficult breathing CHEST ONLY ... 1 CHEST ONLY ... 1 CHEST ONLY ... 1
due to a problem in the chest or to NOSE ONLY . . . . . 2 NOSE ONLY . . . . . 2 NOSE ONLY . . . . . 2
a blocked or runny nose? BOTH . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 BOTH . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 BOTH . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
OTHER 6 OTHER 6 OTHER 6
537 CHECK 533: YES NO OR DK YES NO OR DK YES NO OR DK
HAD FEVER?
(GO BACK TO (GO BACK TO (GO TO 503
BIRTHS, GO BIRTHS, GO IF NO MORE BIRTHS,
TO 570) TO 570) GO TO 570)
538 Now I would like to know how

much (NAME) was given to drink
(including breastmilk) during the
illness with a (fever/cough).
Was he/she given less than
usual to drink, about the same MUCH LESS . . . . . 1 MUCH LESS . . . . . 1 MUCH LESS . . . . . 1
amount, or more than usual to SOMEWHAT LESS . 2 SOMEWHAT LESS . 2 SOMEWHAT LESS . 2
drink? ABOUT THE SAME . 3 ABOUT THE SAME . 3 ABOUT THE SAME . 3
IF LESS, PROBE: Was he/she MORE . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 MORE . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 MORE . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
given much less than usual to NOTHING TO DRINK 5 NOTHING TO DRINK 5 NOTHING TO DRINK 5
drink or somewhat less? DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8 DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8 DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8
539 When (NAME) had a

(fever/cough), was he/she given
less than usual to eat, about the MUCH LESS . . . . . 1 MUCH LESS . . . . . 1 MUCH LESS . . . . . 1
same amount, more than usual, SOMEWHAT LESS . 2 SOMEWHAT LESS . 2 SOMEWHAT LESS . 2
or nothing to eat? ABOUT THE SAME . 3 ABOUT THE SAME . 3 ABOUT THE SAME . 3
MORE . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 MORE . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 MORE . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
IF LESS, PROBE: Was he/she STOPPED FOOD . 5 STOPPED FOOD . 5 STOPPED FOOD . 5
given much less than usual to NEVER GAVE FOOD 6 NEVER GAVE FOOD 6 NEVER GAVE FOOD 6
eat or somewhat less? DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8 DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8 DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8
W-32
558 | Appendix G
540 Did you seek advice or treatment YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

for the illness from any source? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
541 Where did you seek advice or PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SECTOR
treatment? GOVT HOSPITAL A GOVT HOSPITAL A GOVT HOSPITAL A
Anywhere else? CENTER . . . . . B CENTER . . . . . B CENTER . . . . . B
PROBE TO IDENTIFY EACH POST . . . . . . . C POST . . . . . . . C POST . . . . . . . C
TYPE OF SOURCE AND MOBILE CLINIC . D MOBILE CLINIC . D MOBILE CLINIC . D
CIRCLE THE APPROPRIATE FIELDWORKER . E FIELDWORKER . E FIELDWORKER . E
CODE(S). OTHER PUBLIC OTHER PUBLIC OTHER PUBLIC
F F F
IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE (SPECIFY) (SPECIFY) (SPECIFY)
IF A HOSPITAL, HEALTH
CENTER, OR CLINIC IS PRIVATE MEDICAL PRIVATE MEDICAL PRIVATE MEDICAL
PUBLIC OR PRIVATE SECTOR SECTOR SECTOR
MEDICAL, WRITE THE PVT. HOSPITAL/ PVT. HOSPITAL/ PVT. HOSPITAL/
THE NAME OF THE PLACE. CLINIC . . . . . . . G CLINIC . . . . . . . G CLINIC . . . . . . . G
PHARMACY . . . H PHARMACY . . . H PHARMACY . . . H
CHEMIST/PMS. . . I CHEMIST/PMS. . . I CHEMIST/PMS. . . I
PVT DOCTOR . . . J PVT DOCTOR . . . J PVT DOCTOR . . . J
(NAME OF PLACE) MOBILE CLINIC . K MOBILE CLINIC . K MOBILE CLINIC . K
FIELDWORKER . L FIELDWORKER . L FIELDWORKER . L
(NAME OF PLACE) MED. M MED. M MED. M
(NAME OF PLACE) OTHER SOURCE OTHER SOURCE OTHER SOURCE

SHOP . . . . . . . . . N SHOP . . . . . . . . . N SHOP . . . . . . . . . N
TRADITIONAL TRADITIONAL TRADITIONAL
PRACTITIONER O PRACTITIONER O PRACTITIONER O

542 CHECK 541: TWO OR ONLY TWO OR ONLY TWO OR ONLY

MORE ONE MORE ONE MORE ONE
CODES CODE CODES CODE CODES CODE
CIRCLED CIRCLED CIRCLED CIRCLED CIRCLED CIRCLED
543 Where did you first seek advice

or treatment?
FIRST PLACE . . . FIRST PLACE . . . FIRST PLACE . . .
USE LETTER CODE FROM 541.
544 How many days after the illness

began did you first seek advice
or treatment for (NAME)? DAYS . . . . . DAYS . . . . . DAYS . . . . .
IF THE SAME DAY, RECORD '00'.
545 Is (NAME) still sick with a (fever/ FEVER ONLY . . . . . 1 FEVER ONLY . . . . . 1 FEVER ONLY . . . . . 1
cough)? COUGH ONLY . . . 2 COUGH ONLY . . . 2 COUGH ONLY . . . 2
BOTH FEVER AND BOTH FEVER AND BOTH FEVER AND
COUGH . . . . . . . 3 COUGH . . . . . . . 3 COUGH . . . . . . . 3
NO, NEITHER . . . . . 4 NO, NEITHER . . . . . 4 NO, NEITHER . . . . . 4
DON'T KNOW ... 8 DON'T KNOW ... 8 DON'T KNOW ... 8
W-33
Appendix G | 559
546 At any time during the illness, did YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
(NAME) take any drugs for the NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
illness? (GO BACK TO 503 (GO BACK TO 503 (GO TO 503 IN
IN NEXT COLUMN; IN NEXT COLUMN; NEXT-TO-LAST
OR, IF NO MORE OR, IF NO MORE COLUMN OF NEW
BIRTHS, GO TO 570) BIRTHS, GO TO 570) QUESTIONNAIRE;
DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8 DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8 OR, IF NO MORE
BIRTHS, GO TO 570)
DON'T KNOW . . . . . 8
547 What drugs did (NAME) take? ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS
SP/FANSIDAR/ SP/FANSIDAR/ SP/FANSIDAR/
AMALAR/ AMALAR/ AMALAR/
MALOXINE . . . A MALOXINE . . . A MALOXINE . . . A
CHLOROQUINE . B CHLOROQUINE . B CHLOROQUINE . B
Any other drugs? AMODIAQUINE . C AMODIAQUINE . C AMODIAQUINE . C
QUININE . . . . . . . D QUININE . . . . . . . D QUININE . . . . . . . D
CIRCLE ALL MENTIONED. ARTEMISININ ARTEMISININ ARTEMISININ
COMBINATION COMBINATION COMBINATION
THERAPY (ACT) . E THERAPY (ACT) . E THERAPY (ACT) . E
OTHER ANTI- OTHER ANTI- OTHER ANTI-
MALARIAL MALARIAL MALARIAL
... F ... F ... F
ANTIBIOTIC DRUGS ANTIBIOTIC DRUGS ANTIBIOTIC DRUGS

PILL/SYRUP . . . G PILL/SYRUP . . . G PILL/SYRUP . . . G
INJECTION ... H INJECTION ... H INJECTION ... H
OTHER DRUGS OTHER DRUGS OTHER DRUGS

ASPIRIN . . . . . . . I ASPIRIN . . . . . . . I ASPIRIN . . . . . . . I
ACETA- ACETA- ACETA-
MINOPHEN . . . J MINOPHEN . . . J MINOPHEN . . . J
IBUPROFEN . . . K IBUPROFEN . . . K IBUPROFEN . . . K

DON'T KNOW . . . . . Z DON'T KNOW . . . . . Z DON'T KNOW . . . . . Z
548 CHECK 547: YES NO YES NO YES NO

ANY CODE A-G CIRCLED?
(GO BACK TO (GO BACK TO (GO TO 503

BIRTHS, GO BIRTHS, GO IF NO MORE BIRTHS,
TO 570) TO 570) GO TO 570)
549 Did you already have (NAME OF ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS
DRUG FROM 547) at home when SP/FANSIDAR/ SP/FANSIDAR/ SP/FANSIDAR/
the child became ill? AMALAR/ AMALAR/ AMALAR/
MALOXINE . . . A MALOXINE . . . A MALOXINE . . . A
ASK SEPARATELY FOR EACH CHLOROQUINE . B CHLOROQUINE . B CHLOROQUINE . B
OF THE DRUGS 'A' THROUGH AMODIAQUINE. . . C AMODIAQUINE. . . C AMODIAQUINE. . . C
'G' THAT THE CHILD IS QUININE . . . . . . . D QUININE . . . . . . . D QUININE . . . . . . . D
RECORDED AS HAVING ARTEMISININ ARTEMISININ ARTEMISININ
TAKEN IN 547. COMBINATION COMBINATION COMBINATION
THERAPY (ACT) . E THERAPY (ACT) . E THERAPY (ACT) . E
OTHER ANTI- OTHER ANTI- OTHER ANTI-
IF YES FOR ANY DRUG, MALARIAL . . . F MALARIAL . . . F MALARIAL . . . F
CIRCLE CODE FOR THAT
DRUG. ANTIBIOTIC PILL/ ANTIBIOTIC PILL/ ANTIBIOTIC PILL/
SYRUP . . . . . . . G SYRUP . . . . . . . G SYRUP . . . . . . . G
IF NO FOR ALL DRUGS,
CIRCLE 'Y'. NO DRUG AT HOME . Y NO DRUG AT HOME . Y NO DRUG AT HOME . Y
W-34
560 | Appendix G
550 CHECK 547: YES NO YES NO YES NO

ANY CODE A-F CIRCLED?
(GO BACK TO (GO BACK TO (GO TO 503 IN

503 IN NEXT 503 IN NEXT NEXT-TO-LAST
IF NO MORE IF NO MORE QUESTIONNAIRE;
BIRTHS, GO BIRTHS, GO OR, IF NO MORE
TO 570) TO 570) BIRTHS, GO TO 570)
551 CHECK 547: CODE 'A' CODE 'A' CODE 'A' CODE 'A' CODE 'A' CODE 'A'
SP/FANSIDAR/AMALAR/ CIRCLED CIRCLED CIRCLED
MALOXINE ('A') GIVEN
552 How long after the fever SAME DAY . . . . . 0 SAME DAY . . . . . 0 SAME DAY . . . . . 0
started did (NAME) first take NEXT DAY . . . . . 1 NEXT DAY . . . . . 1 NEXT DAY . . . . . 1
SP/Fansidar/Amalar/Maloxine? TWO DAYS AFTER TWO DAYS AFTER TWO DAYS AFTER
FEVER . . . . . 2 FEVER . . . . . 2 FEVER . . . . . 2
THREE DAYS AFTER THREE DAYS AFTER THREE DAYS AFTER
FOUR OR MORE DAYS FOUR OR MORE DAYS FOUR OR MORE DAYS
AFTER FEVER . . 4 AFTER FEVER . . 4 AFTER FEVER . . 4
553 For how many days did (NAME)

take the SP/Fansidar/Amalar/
Maloxine? DAYS . . . . . . . . . DAYS . . . . . . . . . DAYS . . . . . . . . .
IF 3 DAYS OR MORE, RECORD DON'T KNOW ... 8 DON'T KNOW ... 8 DON'T KNOW ... 8
3.
554 CHECK 547: CODE 'B' CODE 'B' CODE 'B' CODE 'B' CODE 'B' CODE 'B'
CHLOROQUINE ('B') GIVEN CIRCLED CIRCLED CIRCLED
chloroquine? TWO DAYS AFTER TWO DAYS AFTER TWO DAYS AFTER

take the chloroquine?
DAYS . . . . . . . . . DAYS . . . . . . . . . DAYS . . . . . . . . .
IF 7 DAYS OR MORE, RECORD
7. DON'T KNOW ... 8 DON'T KNOW ... 8 DON'T KNOW ... 8
W-35
Appendix G | 561
557 CHECK 547: CODE 'C' CODE 'C' CODE 'C' CODE 'C' CODE 'C' CODE 'C'
AMODIAQUINE ('C') GIVEN CIRCLED CIRCLED CIRCLED
Amodiaquine? TWO DAYS AFTER TWO DAYS AFTER TWO DAYS AFTER

take the Amodiaquine?
DAYS . . . . . . . . . DAYS . . . . . . . . . DAYS . . . . . . . . .
560 CHECK 547: CODE 'D' CODE 'D' CODE 'D' CODE 'D' CODE 'D' CODE 'D'
QUININE ('D') GIVEN CIRCLED CIRCLED CIRCLED
quinine? TWO DAYS AFTER TWO DAYS AFTER TWO DAYS AFTER

take the quinine?
DAYS . . . . . . . . . DAYS . . . . . . . . . DAYS . . . . . . . . .
W-36
562 | Appendix G
563 CHECK 547: CODE 'E' CODE 'E' CODE 'E' CODE 'E' CODE 'E' CODE 'E'
ARTEMISININ COMBINATION CIRCLED CIRCLED CIRCLED
THERAPY - ACT ('E') GIVEN
(ARTEMISININ COMBINATION TWO DAYS AFTER TWO DAYS AFTER TWO DAYS AFTER
THERAPY (ACT))? FEVER . . . . . 2 FEVER . . . . . 2 FEVER . . . . . 2

take the (ARTEMISININ
COMBINATION THERAPY (ACT))? DAYS . . . . . . . . . DAYS . . . . . . . . . DAYS . . . . . . . . .
566 CHECK 547: CODE 'F' CODE 'F' CODE 'F' CODE 'F' CODE 'F' CODE 'F'
OTHER ANTIMALARIAL ('F') CIRCLED CIRCLED CIRCLED
GIVEN
(GO BACK TO (GO BACK TO (GO TO 503 IN

503 IN NEXT 503 IN NEXT NEXT-TO-LAST
IF NO MORE IF NO MORE QUESTIONNAIRE;
BIRTHS, GO BIRTHS, GO OR, IF NO MORE
TO 570) TO 570) BIRTHS, GO TO 570)
(OTHER ANTIMALARIAL)? TWO DAYS AFTER TWO DAYS AFTER TWO DAYS AFTER

take the (OTHER
ANTIMALARIAL)? DAYS . . . . . . . . . DAYS . . . . . . . . . DAYS . . . . . . . . .
569 GO BACK TO 503 IN GO BACK TO 503 IN GO TO 503 IN

NEXT COLUMN; OR, IF NEXT COLUMN; OR, IF NEXT-TO-LAST
NO MORE BIRTHS, GO NO MORE BIRTHS, GO COLUMN OF NEW
TO 570. TO 570. QUESTIONNAIRE; OR,
IF NO MORE BIRTHS,
GO TO 570.
W-37
Appendix G | 563
570 CHECK 215 AND 218, ALL ROWS:
NUMBER OF CHILDREN BORN IN 2003 OR LATER LIVING WITH THE RESPONDENT
ONE OR MORE NONE 573
RECORD NAME OF YOUNGEST CHILD LIVING

WITH HER (AND CONTINUE WITH 571)
(NAME)
571 The last time (NAME FROM 570) passed stools, CHILD USED TOILET OR LATRINE . . . 01
what was done to dispose of the stools? PUT/RINSED
INTO TOILET OR LATRINE . . . . . . . 02
PUT/RINSED
INTO DRAIN OR DITCH . . . . . . . . 03
THROWN INTO GARBAGE . . . . . . . . . 04
BURIED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05
LEFT IN THE OPEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
572 CHECK 528(a) AND 528(b), ALL COLUMNS:
NO CHILD ANY CHILD

RECEIVED FLUID RECEIVED FLUID 574
FROM ORS PACKET OR FROM ORS PACKET OR
PRE-PACKAGED ORS LIQUID PRE-PACKAGED ORS LIQUID
573 Have you ever heard of a special product called ORS YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
or other pre-packaged ORS liquids you can NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
get for the treatment of diarrhea?
574 CHECK 215 AND 218, ALL ROWS:

NUMBER OF CHILDREN BORN IN 2005 OR LATER LIVING WITH THE RESPONDENT
ONE OR MORE NONE 601
RECORD NAME OF YOUNGEST CHILD LIVING

WITH HER (AND CONTINUE WITH 575)
(NAME)
575 Now I would like to ask you about liquids or foods

(NAME FROM 574) had yesterday during the day or at night.
Did (NAME FROM 574) (drink/eat): YES NO DK
Plain water? PLAIN WATER . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 8

Commercially produced infant formula? FORMULA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 8
Any commercially-fortified
baby food like Cerelac]? BABY CEREAL . . . . . . . . . 1 2 8
Any (other) porridge or gruel? OTHER PORRIDGE/GRUEL. . 1 2 8
W-38
564 | Appendix G
576 Now I would like to ask you about (other) liquids or foods that (NAME FROM 574)/you may have had yesterday
during the day or at night. I am interested in whether your child/you had the item even if it was combined with
other foods.
CHILD MOTHER
Did (NAME FROM 574)/you drink (eat): YES NO DK YES NO DK
a) Milk such as tinned, powdered, or fresh animal milk? a 1 2 8 1 2 8
b) Tea or coffee? b 1 2 8 1 2 8
c) Any other liquids? c 1 2 8 1 2 8
d) Bread, rice, noodles, or other foods made from grains

[e.g. millet, sorghum, maize, wheat, poridge, or d 1 2 8 1 2 8
other local grains?
e) Pumpkin, carrots, squash or sweet potatoes that are e 1 2 8 1 2 8

yellow or orange inside?
f) Irish/white potatoes, white yams, manioc, cassava, f 1 2 8 1 2 8

cocoyams, or anyother foods made from roots?
g) Any dark green, leafy vegetables? g 1 2 8 1 2 8
h) Ripe mangoes, pawpaw, palm-nuts, etc. h 1 2 8 1 2 8
i) Any other fruits or vegetables [e.g. bananas, plantains,

watermelon, apples/sauce, green beans, avocados, i 1 2 8 1 2 8
tomatoes]?
j) Liver, kidney, heart or other organ meats? j 1 2 8 1 2 8
k) Any meat, such as beef, pork, lamb, goat, chicken, k 1 2 8 1 2 8

or duck?
l) Eggs? l 1 2 8 1 2 8
m) Fresh or dried fish or shellfish? m 1 2 8 1 2 8
n) Any foods made from beans, peas, lentils, or nuts? n 1 2 8 1 2 8
o) Cheese, yogurt or other milk products? o 1 2 8 1 2 8
p) Any oil, fats, or butter, or foods made with any of these? p 1 2 8 1 2 8
q) Any sugary foods such as chocolates, sweets, candies, q 1 2 8 1 2 8

pastries, cakes, or biscuits?
r) Any other solid or semi-solid food? r 1 2 8 1 2 8
577 CHECK 575 (LAST 2 CATEGORIES: BABY CEREAL OR OTHER PORRIDGE/GRUEL) AND
576 (CATEGORIES d THROUGH r FOR CHILD):
AT LEAST ONE NOT A SINGLE "YES" 601

"YES'
578 How many times did (NAME FROM 574) eat solid, semisolid, or NUMBER OF
soft foods yesterday during the day or at night? TIMES ....................
IF 7 OR MORE TIMES, RECORD ‘7'. DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
W-39
Appendix G | 565
SECTION 6. MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY
601 Are you currently married or living together with a man as if YES, CURRENTLY MARRIED . . . . . . . 1
married? YES, LIVING WITH A MAN . . . . . . . . . 2 604
NO, NOT IN UNION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
602 Have you ever been married or lived together with a man as if YES, FORMERLY MARRIED . . . . . . . 1
married? YES, LIVED WITH A MAN . . . . . . . . . 2
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 617
603 What is your marital status now: are you widowed, WIDOWED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
divorced, or separated? DIVORCED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 609
SEPARATED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
604 Is your husband/partner living with you now or is he staying LIVING WITH HER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
elsewhere? STAYING ELSEWHERE . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
605 RECORD THE HUSBAND'S/PARTNER'S NAME AND LINE NAME _____________________________

NUMBER FROM THE HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE.
IF HE IS NOT LISTED IN THE HOUSEHOLD, RECORD '00'.
LINE NO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
606 Does your husband/partner have other wives or YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

does he live with other women as if married? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 609
607 Including yourself, in total, how many wives or partners does TOTAL NUMBER OF WIVES
your husband live with now as if married? AND LIVE-IN PARTNERS . . . . .
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
608 Are you the first, second, … wife/partner?

RANK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
609 Have you been married or lived with a man only once or ONLY ONCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
more than once? MORE THAN ONCE .............. 2 611
610 CHECK 603: IS RESPONDENT CURRENTLY WIDOWED?
CURRENTLY
WIDOWED 613
NOT ASKED OR
CURRENTLY
DIVORCED/ 615
SEPARATED
611 CHECK 603: IS RESPONDENT CURRENTLY WIDOWED?
CURRENTLY
WIDOWED 613
NOT ASKED
CURRENTLY
DIVORCED/ 615
SEPARATED
612 How did your previous marriage or union end? DEATH . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . 1
DIVORCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
615
SEPARATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
613 To whom did most of your late husband's property go? RESPONDENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 615
OTHER WIFE ................ 2
SPOUSE'S CHILDREN ............ 3
SPOUSE'S FAMILY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
NO PROPERTY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
OTHER _________________________ 6
(SPECIFY)
614 Did you receive any of your late husband's assets YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
or valuables? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
W-40
566 | Appendix G
615 CHECK 609:
MARRIED/ MARRIED/
LIVED WITH A MAN LIVED WITH A MAN MONTH ................
ONLY ONCE MORE THAN ONCE
In what month and year Now I would like to ask about DON'T KNOW MONTH ......... 98
did you start living with when you started living with
your husband/partner? your first husband/partner.
In what month and year YEAR . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
was that?
DON'T KNOW YEAR . . . . . . . . . . . . 9998
616 How old were you when you first started living with him?
AGE ....................
617 CHECK FOR THE PRESENCE OF OTHERS. BEFORE CONTINUING, MAKE EVERY EFFORT TO ENSURE PRIVACY.
618 Now I need to ask you some questions about sexual activity in NEVER HAD SEXUAL
order to gain a better understanding of some family life issues. INTERCOURSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
How old were you when you had sexual intercourse for the very AGE IN YEARS ............ 621
first time?
FIRST TIME WHEN STARTED
LIVING WITH (FIRST)
HUSBAND/PARTNER . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 621
619 CHECK 107: AGE AGE

15-24 25-49 641
620 Do you intend to wait until you get married to have sexual YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
intercourse for the first time? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 641
DON'T KNOW/UNSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
.

15-24 25-49 625A
622 The first time you had sexual intercourse, was a condom YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
used? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW/DON'T REMEMBER . . . 8
623 How old was the person you first had sexual intercourse
with? AGE OF PARTNER . . . . . . . . . 625A
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
624 Was this person older than you, younger than you, or about OLDER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
the same age as you? YOUNGER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
ABOUT THE SAME AGE . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 625A
625 Would you say this person was ten or more years older than TEN OR MORE YEARS OLDER . . . . . 1
you or less than ten years older than you? LESS THAN TEN YEARS OLDER . . . 2
OLDER, UNSURE HOW MUCH . . . . . 3
625A Now I would like to ask you some questions about your recent sexual activity. Let me assure you again that
your answers are completely confidential and will not be told to anyone. If we should come to any question
that you don't want to answer, just let me know and we will go to the next question.
626 When was the last time you had sexual intercourse?
DAYS AGO . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
IF LESS THAN 12 MONTHS, ANSWER MUST BE RECORDED 628
IN DAYS, WEEKS OR MONTHS. WEEKS AGO . . . . . . . . . 2
IF 12 MONTHS (ONE YEAR) OR MORE, ANSWER MUST BE
RECORDED IN YEARS. MONTHS AGO ....... 3
WHEN IS LESS THAN A DAY RECORD "00" YEARS AGO ......... 4 640
W-41
Appendix G | 567
LAST SECOND-TO-LAST THIRD-TO-LAST
SEXUAL PARTNER SEXUAL PARTNER SEXUAL PARTNER
627 When was the last time you had

sexual intercourse with this DAYS . 1 DAYS . 1
person?
WEEKS 2 WEEKS 2
MONTHS 3 MONTHS 3
628 The last time you had sexual YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
intercourse with this (second/third) NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
person, was a condom used? (SKIP TO 630) (SKIP TO 630) (SKIP TO 630)
629 Did you use a condom every YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

time you had sexual intercourse NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
with this person in the last
12 months?
630 What was your relationship to HUSBAND . . . . . . . . . . . 1 HUSBAND . . . . . . . . . . . 1 HUSBAND . . . . . . . . . . . 1

this (second/third) person with (SKIP TO 636) (SKIP TO 636) (SKIP TO 636)
whom you had sexual intercourse? LIVE-IN PARTNER . . . . 2 LIVE-IN PARTNER . . . . 2 LIVE-IN PARTNER . . . . 2
BOYFRIEND NOT BOYFRIEND NOT BOYFRIEND NOT
IF BOYFRIEND: LIVING WITH LIVING WITH LIVING WITH
Were you living together as if RESPONDENT .... 3 RESPONDENT .... 3 RESPONDENT .... 3
married? CASUAL CASUAL CASUAL
IF YES, CIRCLE '2'. ACQUAINTANCE . . .4 ACQUAINTANCE . . .4 ACQUAINTANCE . . .4
IF NO, CIRCLE '3'. SEX WORKER ...... 5 SEX WORKER ...... 5 SEX WORKER ...... 5
OTHER ______________ 6 OTHER ______________ 6 OTHER ______________ 6
631 For how long (have you had/did

you have) a sexual relationship DAYS . 1 DAYS . 1 DAYS . 1
with this person?
IF ONLY HAD SEXUAL MONTHS 2 MONTHS 2 MONTHS 2
RELATIONS WITH THIS PERSON
ONCE, RECORD '01' DAYS. YEARS 3 YEARS 3 YEARS 3
632 CHECK 107: AGE AGE AGE AGE AGE AGE

15-24 25-49 15-24 25-49 15-24 25-49
633 How old is this person? AGE OF AGE OF AGE OF

PARTNER PARTNER PARTNER
634 Is this person older than you, OLDER . . . . . . . 1 OLDER . . . . . . . 1 OLDER . . . . . . . 1

younger than you, or about the YOUNGER . . . . . 2 YOUNGER . . . . . 2 YOUNGER . . . . . 2
same age? SAME AGE . . . . . 3 SAME AGE . . . . . 3 SAME AGE . . . . . 3
635 Would you say this person is ten TEN OR MORE TEN OR MORE TEN OR MORE
or more years older than you or YEARS OLDER . 1 YEARS OLDER . 1 YEARS OLDER . 1
less than ten years older than you? LESS THAN TEN LESS THAN TEN LESS THAN TEN
YEARS OLDER . 2 YEARS OLDER . 2 YEARS OLDER . 2
OLDER, UNSURE OLDER, UNSURE OLDER, UNSURE
HOW MUCH . . . 3 HOW MUCH . . . 3 HOW MUCH . . . 3
W-42
568 | Appendix G
intercourse with this(second/third) NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
person, did you or this person drink (SKIP TO 638) (SKIP TO 638) (SKIP TO 639)
alcohol?
637 Were you or your partner drunk RESPONDENT ONLY 1 RESPONDENT ONLY 1 RESPONDENT ONLY 1
at that time? PARTNER ONLY . . . 2 PARTNER ONLY . . . 2 PARTNER ONLY . . . 2
RESPONDENT AND RESPONDENT AND RESPONDENT AND
IF YES: Who was drunk? PARTNER BOTH . 3 PARTNER BOTH . 3 PARTNER BOTH . 3
NEITHER . . . . . . . . . 4 NEITHER . . . . . . . . . 4 NEITHER . . . . . . . . . 4
638 Apart from [this person/these two YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

people], have you had sexual (GO BACK TO 627 (GO BACK TO 627
intercourse with any other IN NEXT COLUMN) IN NEXT COLUMN)
person in the last 12 months? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
(SKIP TO 640) (SKIP TO 640)
639 In total, with how many different NUMBER OF

people have you had sexual PARTNERS
intercourse in the last 12 months? LAST 12
MONTHS . . .
IF NON-NUMERIC ANSWER,
PROBE TO GET AN ESTIMATE. DON'T KNOW . . . 98
IF NUMBER OF PARTNERS IS
GREATER THAN 95, WRITE '95.'
W-43
Appendix G | 569
640 In total, with how many different people have you had sexual NUMBER OF PARTNERS
intercourse in your lifetime? IN LIFETIME . . . . . . . . ...
IF NON-NUMERIC ANSWER, PROBE TO GET AN ESTIMATE. DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
IF NUMBER OF PARTNERS IS GREATER THAN 95,
WRITE '95.'
641 Do you know of a place where a person can get male YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
condoms? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 644

GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL . . . . . . . A
PROBE TO IDENTIFY EACH TYPE OF SOURCE AND MOBILE CLINIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
CIRCLE THE APPROPRIATE CODE(S). FIELDWORKER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE IF HOSPITAL, HEALTH CENTER OTHER PUBLIC F

PRIVATE HOSPITAL/CLINIC . . . . . G
(NAME OF PLACE) PHARMACY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H
CHEMIST/PMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I
PRIVATE DOCTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J
MOBILE CLINIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K
(NAME OF PLACE) FIELDWORKER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L
OTHER PRIVATE
MEDICAL M
OTHER SOURCE
SHOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N
CHURCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O
FRIENDS/RELATIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . P
NGO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q
OTHER X
(SPECIFY)
643 If you wanted to, could you yourself get a male condom? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW/UNSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
W-44
570 | Appendix G
644 Do you know of a place where a person can get female YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
condoms? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 701

PROBE TO IDENTIFY EACH TYPE OF SOURCE AND MOBILE CLINIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
CIRCLE THE APPROPRIATE CODE(S). FIELDWORKER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E

(NAME OF PLACE) PHARMACY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H
CHEMIST/PMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I
PRIVATE DOCTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J
MOBILE CLINIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K
OTHER PRIVATE
MEDICAL M
OTHER SOURCE
SHOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N
CHURCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O
NGO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q
OTHER X
(SPECIFY)
646 If you wanted to, could you yourself get a female condom? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW/UNSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
W-45
Appendix G | 571
SECTION 7. FERTILITY PREFERENCES
701 CHECK 311/311A:

NEITHER HE OR SHE
STERILIZED STERILIZED 713
702 CHECK 226:

OR UNSURE
Now I have some questions Now I have some questions HAVE (A/ANOTHER) CHILD . . . . . . . . 1
about the future. about the future. NO MORE/NONE ................ 2 704
Would you like to have After the child you are SAYS SHE CAN'T GET PREGNANT . 3 713
(a/another) child, or would you expecting now, would you like UNDECIDED/DON'T KNOW AND
prefer not to have any (more) to have another child, or would PREGNANT .................. 4 709
children? you prefer not to have any UNDECIDED/DON'T KNOW
more children? AND NOT PREGNANT OR
UNSURE ................ 5 708
703 CHECK 226:

MONTHS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
OR UNSURE YEARS .............. 2
How long would you like to wait After the birth of the child you SOON/NOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993 708
from now before the birth of are expecting now, how long SAYS SHE CAN'T GET PREGNANT 994 713
(a/another) child? would you like to wait before AFTER MARRIAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995
the birth of another child?
OTHER ______________________ 996 708
(SPECIFY)
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 998
704 CHECK 226:

OR UNSURE 709
705 CHECK 310: USING A CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD?
NOT NOT CURRENTLY

ASKED CURRENTLY USING 713
USING
706 CHECK 703:
NOT 24 OR MORE MONTHS 00-23 MONTHS

ASKED OR 02 OR MORE YEARS OR 00-01 YEAR 709
W-46
572 | Appendix G
707 CHECK 702: NOT MARRIED .................. A
WANTS TO HAVE WANTS NO MORE/ FERTILITY-RELATED REASONS

A/ANOTHER CHILD NONE NOT HAVING SEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B
INFREQUENT SEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C
MENOPAUSAL/HYSTERECTOMY . D
You have said that you do not You have said that you do not SUBFECUND/INFECUND . . . . . . . . E
want (a/another) child soon, but want any (more) children, but POSTPARTUM AMENORRHEIC . . . F
you are not
using
using
a method
any method
to to you are not using any method to BREASTFEEDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G
avoid pregnancy. avoid pregnancy. FATALISTIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H
Can you tell me why you are Can you tell me why you are OPPOSITION TO USE
not using a method? not using a method? RESPONDENT OPPOSED . . . . . . . . I
HUSBAND/PARTNER OPPOSED . J
Any other reason? Any other reason? OTHERS OPPOSED . . . . . . . . . . . . K
RELIGIOUS PROHIBITION . . . . . . . . L
RECORD ALL REASONS MENTIONED. LACK OF KNOWLEDGE

KNOWS NO METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . M
KNOWS NO SOURCE . . . . . . . . . . . . N
METHOD-RELATED REASONS
HEALTH CONCERNS . . . . . . . . . . . . O
FEAR OF SIDE EFFECTS . . . . . . . . P
LACK OF ACCESS/TOO FAR . . . . . Q
COSTS TOO MUCH . . . . . . . . . . . . R
INCONVENIENT TO USE . . . . . . . . S
INTERFERES WITH BODY'S
NORMAL PROCESSES . . . . . . . . T
OTHER ______________________ X
(SPECIFY)
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Z
708 CHECK 310: USING A CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD?
NOT NO, YES,

ASKED NOT CURRENTLY USING CURRENTLY USING 713
709 Do you think you will use a contraceptive method to delay or avoid YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
pregnancy at any time in the future? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 711
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 713
710 Which contraceptive method would you prefer to use? FEMALE STERILIZATION . . . . . . . . . . 01
MALE STERILIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . 02
PILL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03
IUD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04
INJECTABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05
IMPLANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06
CONDOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07
FEMALE CONDOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08 713
DIAPHRAGM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09
FOAM/JELLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
LACTATIONAL AMEN. METHOD . . . . . 11
RHYTHM METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
WITHDRAWAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
OTHER ______________________ 96
(SPECIFY)
UNSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
W-47
Appendix G | 573
711 What is the main reason that you think you will not use a NOT MARRIED ................ 11
contraceptive method at any time in the future?
FERTILITY-RELATED REASONS
INFREQUENT SEX/NO SEX . . . 22
MENOPAUSAL/HYSTERECTOMY 23
SUBFECUND/INFECUND . . . . . 24
WANTS AS MANY CHILDREN AS
POSSIBLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
OPPOSITION TO USE
RESPONDENT OPPOSED . . . . . 31
HUSBAND/PARTNER OPPOSED 32
OTHERS OPPOSED . . . . . . . . . . 33
RELIGIOUS PROHIBITION . . . . . 34
LACK OF KNOWLEDGE
KNOWS NO METHOD . . . . . . . . . . 41 713
KNOWS NO SOURCE . . . . . . . . . . 42
METHOD-RELATED REASONS
HEALTH CONCERNS . . . . . . . . . . 51
FEAR OF SIDE EFFECTS . . . . . 52
LACK OF ACCESS/TOO FAR . . . 53
COSTS TOO MUCH . . . . . . . . . . 54
INCONVENIENT TO USE . . . . . . . . 55
INTERFERES WITH BODY'S
NORMAL PROCESSES . . . . . 56
OTHER ______________________ 96
(SPECIFY)
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
712 Would you ever use a contraceptive method if you were married? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
713 CHECK 216:

HAS LIVING CHILDREN NO LIVING CHILDREN
NONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00 715
If you could go back to the time If you could choose exactly the
you did not have any children number of children to have in NUMBER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
and could choose exactly the your whole life, how many
number of children to have in would that be?
your whole life, how many OTHER ______________________ 96 715
would that be? (SPECIFY)
PROBE FOR A NUMERIC RESPONSE.
714 How many of these children would you like to be boys, how many BOYS GIRLS EITHER
would you like to be girls and for how many would the sex not
matter? NUMBER
OTHER ______________________ 96
(SPECIFY)
715 In the last few months have you: YES NO

Heard about family planning on the radio? RADIO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
Seen about family planning on the television? TELEVISION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
Read about family planning in a newspaper or magazine? NEWSPAPER OR MAGAZINE . . . 1 2
Read about family planning in a poster? POSTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
Read about family planning in leaflets and brochures? LEAFLETS OR BROCHURES . . . 1 2
Heard about family planning from town crier? TOWN CRIER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
Heard about family planning from mobile public MOBILE PUBLIC ANNOUNCEMENT1 2
announcement?
W-48
574 | Appendix G
715A CHECK 715:

AT LEAST ONE NOT A SINGLE
"YES" "YES" 716
(HAS HEARD OR (HAS NOT HEARD OR
READ MESSAGE) READ MESSAGE)
715B Please tell me which family planning messages you have AS FOR ME AND MY PARTNER WE
heard or seen in the past few months? "DEY KAMPE" WITH FEMALE
CONDOM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A
PROBE: Any others?
UNSPACED CHILDREN MAKES THE
PROBE UNTIL YOU HAVE EXHAUSTED ALL ANSWERS. GOING TOUGH. FOR THE LOVE OF
YOUR FAMILY, GO FOR CHILD
SPACING TODAY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B
WELL-SPACED CHILDREN ARE

EVERY PARENT'S JOY. . . . . . . . . . . C
IT'S NOT TOO LATE TO PREVENT

UNWANTED PREGNANCY. . . . . . . . . D
WHY IS YOUR WIFE LOOKING

SO GOOD? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
OTHER . X
(SPECIFY)
Heard about family planning through a peer group discussion? PEER GROUP DISSCUSION. . . . . 1 2
Heard about family planning in school? IN SCHOOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
Heard about family planning through community leaders? COMMUNITY LEADERS . . . . . . . . 1 2
717 CHECK 601 and 602:
YES, YES, NO,

CURRENTLY LIVING NOT IN 801
MARRIED WITH A MAN UNION
718 CHECK 311/311A: CODE B, G, OR M

CIRCLED
720
NO CODE
CIRCLED 722
OTHER
CODES
719 Does your husband/partner know that you are using YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
a method of family planning? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
720 Would you say that using contraception is mainly your MAINLY RESPONDENT .......... 1
decision, mainly your husband's/partner's decision, or did MAINLY HUSBAND/PARTNER . . . . . 2
you both decide together? JOINT DECISION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
OTHER 6
(SPECIFY)
721 CHECK 311/311A:

NEITHER HE OR SHE
722 Does your husband/partner want the same number of SAME NUMBER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
children that you want, or does he want more or fewer than you MORE CHILDREN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
want? FEWER CHILDREN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
W-49
Appendix G | 575
SECTION 8. HUSBAND'S BACKGROUND AND WOMAN'S WORK
801 CHECK 601 AND 602:

CURRENTLY FORMERLY 803
MARRIED/ MARRIED/ NEVER MARRIED
LIVING WITH LIVED WITH AND NEVER 807
A MAN A MAN LIVED WITH A MAN
802 How old was your husband/partner on his last birthday?

803 Did your (last) husband/partner ever attend school? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 806
804 What was the highest level of school he attended: PRIMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

HIGHER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 806
805 What was the highest (grade/form/year) he completed at

that level? GRADE ................
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
806 CHECK 801:
CURRENTLY MARRIED/ FORMERLY MARRIED/

LIVING WITH A MAN LIVED WITH A MAN
What is your husband's/partner's What was your (last) husband's/

occupation? partner's occupation?
That is, what kind of work does That is, what kind of work did he
he mainly do? mainly do?
807 Aside from your own housework, have you done any work YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 811
in the last seven days? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
808 As you know, some women take up jobs for which they are paid
in cash or kind. Others sell things, have a small business or
work on the family farm or in the family business. YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 811
In the last seven days, have you done any of these things NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
or any other work?
809 Although you did not work in the last seven days, do you have
any job or business from which you were absent for leave, YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 811
illness, vacation, maternity leave or any other such reason? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
810 Have you done any work in the last 12 months? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 818
811 What is your occupation, that is, what kind of work do you
mainly do?
812 CHECK 811:

WORKS IN DOES NOT WORK
AGRICULTURE IN AGRICULTURE 814
813 Do you work mainly on your own land or on family land, or do you OWN LAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
work on land that you rent from someone else, or do you work on FAMILY LAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
someone else's land? RENTED LAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
SOMEONE ELSE'S LAND . . . . . . . . . 4
W-50
576 | Appendix G
814 Do you do this work for a member of your family, for someone FOR FAMILY MEMBER ............ 1
else, or are you self-employed? FOR SOMEONE ELSE ............ 2
SELF-EMPLOYED ............ 3
815 Do you usually work at home or away from home? HOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

AWAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
816 Do you usually work throughout the year, or do you work THROUGHOUT THE YEAR . . . . . . . . . 1
seasonally, or only once in a while? SEASONALLY/PART OF THE YEAR . 2
ONCE IN A WHILE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
817 Are you paid in cash or kind for this work or are you not paid at all? CASH ONLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
CASH AND KIND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
IN KIND ONLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
NOT PAID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
818 CHECK 601:

CURRENTLY
MARRIED/LIVING NOT IN UNION
WITH A MAN 827
819 CHECK 817:

CODE 1 OR 2
CIRCLED OTHER 822
820 Who usually decides how the money you earn will be used: RESPONDENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
mainly you, mainly your husband/partner, or HUSBAND/PARTNER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
you and your husband/partner jointly? RESPONDENT AND
HUSBAND/PARTNER JOINTLY . . . 3
OTHER 6
(SPECIFY)
821 Would you say that the money that you earn is more than what MORE THAN HIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
your husband/partner earns, less than what he earns, LESS THAN HIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
or about the same? ABOUT THE SAME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
HUSBAND/PARTNER DOESN'T
BRING IN ANY MONEY . . . . . . . . . 4 823
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
822 Who usually decides how your husband's/partner's earnings RESPONDENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

will be used: you, your husband/partner, or you and your HUSBAND/PARTNER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
husband/partner jointly? RESPONDENT AND
HUSBAND/PARTNER HAS
NO EARNINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
OTHER 6
(SPECIFY)
W-51
Appendix G | 577
823 Who usually makes decisions about health care for yourself: RESPONDENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
you, your husband/partner, you and your husband/partner HUSBAND/PARTNER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
jointly, or someone else? RESPONDENT AND
SOMEONE ELSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
OTHER 6
(SPECIFY)
824 Who usually makes decisions about making major household RESPONDENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
purchases: you, your husband/partner, you and your HUSBAND/PARTNER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
husband/partner jointly, or someone else? RESPONDENT AND
SOMEONE ELSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
OTHER 6
(SPECIFY)
825 Who usually makes decisions about making purchases RESPONDENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

for daily household needs: you, your husband/partner, HUSBAND/PARTNER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
you and your husband/partner jointly, or someone else? RESPONDENT AND
SOMEONE ELSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
OTHER 6
(SPECIFY)
826 Who usually makes decisions about visits to your family RESPONDENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
or relatives: you, your husband/partner, you and your HUSBAND/PARTNER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
husband/partner jointly, or someone else? RESPONDENT AND
SOMEONE ELSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
OTHER 6
(SPECIFY)
827 PRESENCE OF OTHERS AT THIS POINT (PRESENT AND PRES./ PRES./ NOT
LISTENING, PRESENT BUT NOT LISTENING, OR NOT LISTEN. NOT PRES.
PRESENT) LISTEN.
CHILDREN < 10 . . . . . 1 2 3
HUSBAND . . . . . . . . . 1 2 3
OTHER MALES . . . . . 1 2 3
OTHER FEMALES . . . 1 2 3
828 Sometimes a husband is annoyed or angered by things that his

wife does. In your opinion, is a husband justified in hitting or
beating his wife in the following situations: YES NO DK
If she goes out without telling him? GOES OUT . . . . . . . . . 1 2 8

If she neglects the children? NEGL. CHILDREN . . . 1 2 8
If she argues with him? ARGUES . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 8
If she refuses to have sex with him? REFUSES SEX . . . . . 1 2 8
If she burns the food? BURNS FOOD . . . . . . . 1 2 8
If she fails to prepare food on time? FOOD ON TIME . . . . . 1 2 8
If she refuses to have another child? ANOTHER CHILD . . . . . 1 2 8
W-52
578 | Appendix G
SECTION 9. HIV/AIDS
901 Now I would like to talk about something else. YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Have you ever heard of an illness called AIDS? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 942
902 Can people reduce their chance of getting the AIDS virus YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
by having just one uninfected sex partner who has no other NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
sex partners? DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
903 Can people get the AIDS virus from mosquito bites? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
904 Can people reduce their chance of getting the AIDS virus by YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
using a condom every time they have sex? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
905 Can people get the AIDS virus by sharing food with a person who YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
has AIDS? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
906 Can people reduce their chance of getting the AIDS virus by YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
not having sexual intercourse at all? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
907 Can people get the AIDS virus because of witchcraft or other YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
supernatural means? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
908 Is it possible for a healthy-looking person to have the AIDS virus? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
908A Can HIV & AIDS be cured? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
909 Can the virus that causes AIDS be transmitted from a mother to
her baby: YES NO DK
During pregnancy? DURING PREG. . . . . . 1 2 8

During delivery? DURING DELIVERY . . . 1 2 8
By breastfeeding? BREASTFEEDING . . . 1 2 8
CHECK 909:
910 AT LEAST OTHER
ONE 'YES' 912
911 Are there any special drugs that a doctor or a nurse can give to a YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
woman infected with the AIDS virus to reduce the risk of NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
transmission to the baby? DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
912 Have you heard about special antiretroviral drugs YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

that people infected with the AIDS virus can get from a NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
doctor or a nurse to help them live longer? DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
913 CHECK 208 AND 215: NO BIRTHS

922
LAST BIRTH SINCE LAST BIRTH BEFORE

JANUARY 2005 JANUARY 2005 922
914 CHECK 407 FOR LAST BIRTH:

HAD NO
ANTENATAL ANTENATAL
CARE CARE 922
914A
CHECK FOR PRESENCE OF OTHERS. BEFORE CONTINUING, MAKE EVERY EFFORT TO ENSURE PRIVACY.
915 During any of the antenatal visits for your last birth, did
anyone talk to you about: YES NO DK
Babies getting the AIDS virus from their mother? AIDS FROM MOTHER 1 2 8
Things that you can do to prevent getting the AIDS virus? THINGS TO DO . 1 2 8
Getting tested for the AIDS virus? TESTED FOR AIDS . 1 2 8
W-53
Appendix G | 579
916 Were you offered a test for the AIDS virus as part of your YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
antenatal care? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
917 I don't want to know the results, but were you tested for the AIDS YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
virus as part of your antenatal care? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 922
918 I don't want to know the results, but did you get the results of YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
the test? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
919 Where was the test done? PUBLIC SECTOR

GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL . . . . . . . . 11
PROBE TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SOURCE AND CIRCLE GOVT. HEALTH CENTER . . . . . . . . 12
THE APPROPRIATE CODE. STAND-ALONE VCT CENTER . . 13
FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC . . . . . . . . 14
IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE IF HOSPITAL, HEALTH CENTER, MOBILE CLINIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
VCT CENTER, OR CLINIC IS PUBLIC OR PRIVATE MEDICAL, FIELDWORKER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
WRITE THE NAME OF THE PLACE.
OTHER PUBLIC 17
PRIVATE HOSPITAL/CLINIC/
PRIVATE DOCTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
STAND-ALONE VCT CENTER . . . 22
PHARMACY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
CHEMIST/PMS 24
MOBILE CLINIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
FIELDWORKER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
OTHER PRIVATE
MEDICAL 27
(SPECIFY)
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
920 Have you been tested for the AIDS virus since that time you YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 923
were tested during your pregnancy? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
921 When was the last time you were tested for the AIDS virus? LESS THAN 12 MONTHS AGO . . . . . 1
12 - 23 MONTHS AGO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 929
2 OR MORE YEARS AGO . . . . . . . . . . 3
922 I don't want to know the results, but have you ever been tested YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
to see if you have the AIDS virus? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 927
923 When was the last time you were tested? LESS THAN 12 MONTHS AGO . . . . . 1
12 - 23 MONTHS AGO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 OR MORE YEARS AGO . . . . . . . . . . 3
924 The last time you had the test, did you yourself ask for the test, ASKED FOR THE TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
was it offered to you and you accepted, or was it required? OFFERED AND ACCEPTED . . . . . . . . 2
REQUIRED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
925 I don't want to know the results, but did you get the results of YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
the test? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
W-54
580 | Appendix G

GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL . . . . . . . . 11
PROBE TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SOURCE AND CIRCLE GOVT. HEALTH CENTER . . . . . . . .12
THE APPROPRIATE CODE. STAND-ALONE VCT CENTER . . 13
FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC . . . . . . . . 14
OTHER PUBLIC 17
929
PRIVATE DOCTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
STAND-ALONE VCT CENTER .. 22
PHARMACY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
CHEMIST/PMS 24
MOBILE CLINIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
FIELDWORKER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
OTHER PRIVATE
MEDICAL 27
(SPECIFY)
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
927 Do you know of a place where people can go to get tested for YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
the AIDS virus? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 929

GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL . . . . . . . . A
Any other place? GOVT. HEALTH CENTER . . . . . . . . B
STAND-ALONE VCT CENTER ... C
PROBE TO IDENTIFY EACH TYPE OF SOURCE AND FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC . . . . . . . . D
CIRCLE THE APPROPRIATE CODE(S). MOBILE CLINIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
FIELDWORKER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F
VCT CENTER, OR CLINIC IS PUBLIC OR PRIVATE MEDICAL, OTHER PUBLIC G
WRITE THE NAME OF THE PLACE. (SPECIFY)

(NAME OF PLACE) PRIVATE HOSPITAL/CLINIC/
PRIVATE DOCTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . H
STAND-ALONE VCT CENTER ... I
(NAME OF PLACE) PHARMACY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J
CHEMIST/PMS K
MOBILE CLINIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L
FIELDWORKER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M
(NAME OF PLACE) OTHER PRIVATE
MEDICAL N
(SPECIFY)
OTHER X
(SPECIFY)
929 Would you buy fresh vegetables from a shopkeeper or vendor YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
if you knew that this person had the AIDS virus? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
930 If a member of your family got infected with the AIDS virus, YES, REMAIN A SECRET . . . . . . . . . . 1
would you want it to remain a secret or not? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DK/NOT SURE/DEPENDS . . . . . . . . . . 8
931 If a member of your family became sick with AIDS, would you YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
be willing to care for her or him in your own household? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
932 In your opinion, if a female teacher has the AIDS virus but SHOULD BE ALLOWED . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
is not sick, should she be allowed to continue teaching SHOULD NOT BE ALLOWED . . . . . . . . 2
in the school? DK/NOT SURE/DEPENDS . . . . . . . . . . 8
933 Do you personally know someone who has been denied YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
health services in the last 12 months because he or she has or NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
is suspected to have the AIDS virus? DK ANYONE WITH AIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 938
W-55
Appendix G | 581
934 Do you personally know someone who has been denied YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
involvement in social events, religious services, or community NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
events in the last 12 months because he or she has or is
suspected to have the AIDS virus?
935 Do you personally know someone who has been verbally YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
abused or teased in the last 12 months because he or she has or NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
is suspected to have the AIDS virus?
936 CHECK 933, 934, AND 935:

NOT A SINGLE AT LEAST
YES' ONE 'YES' 938
937 Do you personally know someone who has or is suspected YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

to have the AIDS virus? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
938 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: AGREE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

People with the AIDS virus should be ashamed of themselves. DISAGREE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW/NO OPINION . . . . . . . . 8

People with the AIDS virus should be blamed for bringing the DISAGREE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
disease into the community. DON'T KNOW/NO OPINION . . . . . . . . 8
940 Should children age 12-14 be taught about using a condom YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
to avoid getting AIDS? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DK/NOT SURE/DEPENDS ........ 8
941 Should children age 12-14 be taught to wait until they get YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
married to have sexual intercourse in order to avoid getting AIDS? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
942 CHECK 901:

HEARD ABOUT NOT HEARD
AIDS ABOUT AIDS
Apart from AIDS, have Have you heard about infections
you heard about other that can be transmitted through
infections that can be sexual contact? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
transmitted through NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
sexual contact?
943 CHECK 618:

HAS HAD SEXUAL HAS NOT HAD SEXUAL
INTERCOURSE INTERCOURSE 951
944 CHECK 942: HEARD ABOUT OTHER SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS?
YES NO 946
945 Now I would like to ask you some questions about your health in YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
the last 12 months. During the last 12 months, have you had a NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
disease which you got through sexual contact? DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
946 Sometimes women experience a bad smelling abnormal genital YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

discharge. NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
During the last 12 months, have you had a bad smelling abnormal DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
genital discharge?
947 Sometimes women have a genital sore or ulcer. YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

During the last 12 months, have you had a genital sore or ulcer? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
W-56
582 | Appendix G
948 CHECK 945, 946, AND 947:

HAS HAD AN HAS NOT HAD AN
INFECTION INFECTION OR 951
(ANY 'YES') DOES NOT KNOW
949 The last time you had (PROBLEM FROM 945/946/947), YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
did you seek any kind of advice or treatment? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 951
950 Where did you go? PUBLIC SECTOR

GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL . . . . . . . . A
Any other place? GOVT. HEALTH CENTER . . . . . . . . B
PROBE TO IDENTIFY EACH TYPE OF SOURCE AND FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC . . . . . . . . D
CIRCLE THE APPROPRIATE CODE(S). MOBILE CLINIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
FIELDWORKER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F

PRIVATE DOCTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . H
(NAME OF PLACE) PHARMACY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J
CHEMIST/PMS K
MOBILE CLINIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L
(NAME OF PLACE) FIELDWORKER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M
OTHER PRIVATE
MEDICAL N
(SPECIFY)
OTHER SOURCE
SHOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O
OTHER X
(SPECIFY)
951 Husbands and wives do not always agree on everything. YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

If a wife knows her husband has a disease that she can get NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
during sexual intercourse, is she justified in refusing to have DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
sex with him?
952 If a wife knows her husband has a disease that she can get YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
during sexual intercourse, is she justified in asking that they use NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
a condom when they have sex? DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
953 Is a wife justified in refusing to have sex with her husband when YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
she is tired or not in the mood? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
954 Is a wife justified in refusing to have sex with her husband YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
when she knows her husband has sex with other women? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
955 CHECK 601:

CURRENTLY MARRIED/
LIVING WITH A PARTNER NOT IN UNION 958
956 Can you say no to your husband/partner if you do not want YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
to have sexual intercourse? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DEPENDS/NOT SURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
957 Could you ask your husband/partner to use a condom if you YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
wanted him to? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DEPENDS/NOT SURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
958 Do you believe that young men should wait until they are YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
married to have sexual intercourse? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
959 Do you think that most young men you know wait YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
until they are married to have sexual intercourse? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
W-57
Appendix G | 583
960 Do you believe that men who are not married and YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
are having sex should only have sex with one partner? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
961 Do you think that most men you know who are not married YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
and are having sex, have sex with only one partner? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
962 Do you believe that married men should only have sex with YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
their wives? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
963 Do you think that most married men you know YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
have sex only with their wives? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
964 Do you believe that young women should wait until they are YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
married to have sexual intercourse? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
965 Do you think that most young women you know wait YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
until they are married to have sexual intercourse? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
966 Do you believe that women who are not married and YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
are having sex should only have sex with one partner? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
967 Do you think that most women you know who are not married YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
and are having sex, have sex with only one partner? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
968 Do you believe that married women should only have sex YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
with their husbands? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
969 Do you think that most married women you know YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
have sex only with their husbands? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
W-58
584 | Appendix G
SECTION 10. OTHER HEALTH ISSUES
1001 Have you ever heard of an illness called tuberculosis or TB? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1005
1002 How does tuberculosis spread from one person to another? THROUGH THE AIR WHEN
COUGHING OR SNEEZING . . . . . . . A
PROBE: Any other ways? THROUGH SHARING UTENSILS . . . . . B
THROUGH TOUCHING A PERSON
RECORD ALL MENTIONED. WITH TB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C
THROUGH FOOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
THROUGH SEXUAL CONTACT . . . . . E
THROUGH MOSQUITO BITES . . . . . . . F
OTHER X
(SPECIFY)
DON’T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Z
1002A What are the signs or symptoms that would lead you to think COUGHING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A
a person has tuberculosis or TB? COUGHING WITH SPUTUM . . . . . . . . . B
COUGHING SERVERAL WEEKS . . . . . C
Any others? FEVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
BLOOD IN SPUTUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
RECORD ALL MENTIONED. LOSS OF APPETITE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F
NIGHTSWEATING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G
PAIN IN CHEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H
TIREDNESS/FATIGUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I
WEIGHT LOSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J
PALENESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K
OTHER . X
SPECIFY
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Z
1002B Do you know of other illnesses that are associated with COLD A
tuberculosis or TB? PNEUMONIA B
FEVER C
HIV/AIDS D
BRONCITIS/UPPER RESPIRATORY E
LUNG CANCER F
OTHER . X
SPECIFY
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Z
1002C Do you know of where someone can go to receive PUBLIC SECTOR

treatment for tuberculosis? GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL ..... A
GOVT. HEALTH CENTER . . . . . . . B
PROBE: Any other place?
OTHER PUBLIC C
(SPECIFY)
(NAME OF PLACE) PRIVATE DOCTOR ......... D
PHARMACY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
CHEMIST/PMS F
(NAME OF PLACE) OFFICE OR HOME OF NURSE/
HEALTH WORKER . . . . . . . . . . . . G
OTHER PRIVATE
(NAME OF PLACE) MEDICAL H
(SPECIFY)
OTHER PLACE
AT HOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I
OTHER X
(SPECIFY)
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Z
1003 Can tuberculosis be cured? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
W-59
Appendix G | 585
1004 If a member of your family got tuberculosis, would you want it to YES, REMAIN A SECRET . . . . . . . . . 1
remain a secret or not? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW/NOT SURE/
DEPENDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1004A If a tuberculosis patient is within the house, how likely is it that HIGHLY LIKELY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
tuberculosis can spread to other members of the household, SOMEWHAT LIKELY ............ 2
highly likely, somewhat likely, or not likely at all? NOT LIKELY AT ALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
DON'T KNOW/UNSURE ......... 8
1004B If a member of your household has tuberculosis, should other YES .......................... 1
people in the household be screened for tuberculosis? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW/UNSURE ......... 8
1005 Now I would like to ask you some other questions

relating to health matters. Have you had an injection
for any reason in the last 12 months? NUMBER OF INJECTIONS . . .
IF YES: How many injections have you had?

IF NUMBER OF INJECTIONS IS GREATER THAN 90, NONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00 1009
OR DAILY FOR 3 MONTHS OR MORE, RECORD '90'.
IF NON-NUMERIC ANSWER, PROBE TO GET AN ESTIMATE.
1006 Among these injections, how many were administered by a

doctor, a nurse, a pharmacist, a dentist, or any other NUMBER OF INJECTIONS . . .
health worker?
IF NUMBER OF INJECTIONS IS GREATER THAN 90,

OR DAILY FOR 3 MONTHS OR MORE, RECORD '90'. NONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00 1009
1007 The last time you had an injection given to you by a health worker, PUBLIC SECTOR
where did you go to get the injection? GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL . . . . . 11
GOVT. HEALTH CENTER . . . . . . . 12
PROBE TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SOURCE AND CIRCLE OTHER PUBLIC 16

THE APPROPRIATE CODE. (SPECIFY)
IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE IF HOSPITAL, HEALTH CENTER PRIVATE HOSPITAL/CLINIC/
OR CLINIC IS PUBLIC OR PRIVATE MEDICAL, WRITE PRIVATE DOCTOR ......... 21
THE NAME OF THE PLACE. DENTAL CLINIC/OFFICE ....... 22
PHARMACY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
CHEMIST/PMS 24
(NAME OF PLACE) OFFICE OR HOME OF NURSE/
HEALTH WORKER . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
OTHER PRIVATE
MEDICAL 26
(SPECIFY)
OTHER PLACE
AT HOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
1008 Did the person who gave you that injection take the syringe and YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
needle from a new, unopened package? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1009 Do you currently smoke cigarettes? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1011
1010 In the last 24 hours, how many cigarettes did you smoke?
CIGARETTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1011 Do you currently smoke or use any other type of tobacco? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1013
W-60
586 | Appendix G
1012 What (other) type of tobacco do you currently smoke or use, PIPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A
apart from cigarettes? CHEWING TOBACCO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B
SNUFF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C
RECORD ALL MENTIONED.
OTHER X
(SPECIFY)
1013 Many different factors can prevent women from getting medical
advice or treatment for themselves. When you are sick and BIG NOT A BIG
want to get medical advice or treatment, is each of the following PROB- PROB-
a big problem or not? LEM LEM
Getting permission to go? PERMISSION TO GO . . . 1 2
Getting money needed for treatment? GETTING MONEY ..... 1 2
The distance to the health facility? DISTANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
Having to take transport? TAKING TRANSPORT . . . 1 2
Not wanting to go alone? GO ALONE . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
Concern that there may not be a female health provider? NO FEMALE PROV. . . . 1 2
Concern that there may not be a male health provider? NO MALE PROVIDER . . . 1 2
Concern that there may not be any health provider? NO PROVIDER ... 1 2
Concern that there may be no drugs available? NO DRUGS ... 1 2
1014 Are you covered by any health insurance? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1016
1015 What type of health insurance? MUTUAL HEALTH ORGANIZATION/

COMMUNITY-BASED HEALTH
RECORD ALL MENTIONED. INSURANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A
HEALTH INSURANCE THROUGH
EMPLOYER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B
OTHER PRIVATELY PURCHASED
COMMERCIAL HEALTH INSURANCE C
OTHER X
(SPECIFY)
1016 CHECK 217:
(YOUNGEST) CHILD OTHER

1018
IS AGE 0-17
1017 Now I would like to ask you about your own child(ren) who
(is/are) under the age of 18.
Have you made arrangements for someone to care for YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

(him/her/them) in the event that you fall sick or are unable NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
unable to care for (him/her/them)? UNSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1018 (Besides your own child/children), are you the primary YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
caregiver for any children age 0-17?
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 FGC01
1019 Have you made arrangements for someone to care for YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
(this child/these children) in the event that you fall sick or are NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
W-61
Appendix G | 587
FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING
2
FGC01 Have you ever heard of female circumcision? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 FGC03
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
FGC02 In some countries, there is a practice in which a girl may have

part of her genitals cut. YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Have you ever heard about this practice? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1101
FGC03 Have you yourself ever been circumcised? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 FGC09
FGC04 Now I would like to ask you what was done to you at that time. YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 FGC06
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Was any flesh removed from the genital area? DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
FGC05 Was the genital area just nicked without removing any flesh? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
FGC06 Was your genital area sewn closed? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
FGC07 How old were you when you were circumcised?

AGE IN COMPLETED YEARS .
IF THE RESPONDENT DOES NOT KNOW THE EXACT AGE,
PROBE TO GET AN ESTIMATE. DURING INFANCY . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
3
FGC08 Who performed the circumcision? TRADITIONAL
TRAD. CIRCUMCISER . . . . . . . . . . 11
TRAD. BIRTH ATTENDANT . . . . . . 12
OTHER TRAD. 16
(SPECIFY)
HEALTH PROFESSIONAL
DOCTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
TRAINED NURSE/MIDWIFE . . . . . . 22
OTHER HEALTH
PROFESSIONAL 26
(SPECIFY)
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
FGC09 CHECK 214 AND 216:
HAS ONE HAS MORE THAN HAS NO LIVING

LIVING DAUGHTER ONE LIVING DAUGHTER DAUGHTER FGC19
FGC10 CHECK FGC09:

ONE LIVING MORE THAN ONE
DAUGHTER LIVING DAUGHTER
Has your daughter Have any of your daughters NUMBER CIRCUMCISED . . . . .

been circumcised? been circumcised?
NO DAUGHTER CIRCUMCISED . . . . 95 FGC18
IF YES: RECORD '01' IF YES: How many?
RECORD NUMBER
FGC11 CHECK FGC10:

ONE LIVING MORE THAN ONE
DAUGHTER LIVING DAUGHTER
DAUGHTER'S LINE NUMBER
What is your Which of your daughters was FROM Q. 212 ...........
daughter's name? circumcised most recently?
_____________________________
(DAUGHTER'S NAME)
W-62
588 | Appendix G
FGC12 Now I would like to ask you what was done to (NAME OF THE YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 FGC14
DAUGHTER FROM Q. FGC11) at that time. NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Was any flesh removed from her genital area?
FGC13 Was her genital area just nicked without removing any flesh? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
FGC14 Was her genital area sewn closed? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
FGC15 How old was (NAME OF THE DAUGHTER FROM Q. FGC11)

when this occurred? AGE IN COMPLETED YEARS .
IF THE RESPONDENT DOES NOT KNOW THE AGE, PROBE TO DURING INFANCY . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
GET AN ESTIMATE. DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
3
FGC16 Who performed the circumcision? TRADITIONAL
TRAD. CIRCUMCISER .... 11
TRAD. BIRTH ATTENDANT . . . . . . 12
OTHER TRAD. 16
(SPECIFY)
HEALTH PROFESSIONAL . . . . . . .
DOCTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
TRAINED NURSE/MIDWIFE . . . . . . 22
OTHER HEALTH
PROFESSIONAL 26
(SPECIFY)
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
FGC17 Do you have any daughter who is not circumcised? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 FGC19
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
FGC18 Do you intend to have any of your daughters circumcised YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

in the future? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
FGC19 What benefits do girls themselves get if they are circumcised? CLEANLINESS/HYGIENE . . . . . . . . . . A
SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE .......... B
BETTER MARRIAGE PROSPECTS . C
PROBE: Any other benefits? PRESERVE VIRGINITY/PREVENT
PREMARITAL SEX . . . . . . . . . . . . D
MORE SEXUAL PLEASURE FOR
RECORD ALL MENTIONED. THE MAN .................. E
RELIGIOUS APPROVAL . . . . . . . . . . F
OTHER X
(SPECIFY)
NO BENEFITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Y
FGC20 Do you believe that this practice is required by your religion? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
FGC21 Do you think that this practice should be continued, or should it CONTINUED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
be stopped? DISCONTINUED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DEPENDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
W-63
Appendix G | 589
SECTION 11 : OBSTETRIC FISTULA (VVF) MODULE - LONG
1101 Sometimes a woman can have a problem such that she

experiences a constant leakage of urine or stool from her
vagina during the day and night. This problem usually
occurs after a difficult childbirth, but may also occur after
a sexual assault or after a pelvic surgery. This is called
vesicovaginal fistula (VVF).
YES ........................ 1 1103
Have you ever experienced a constant leakage of urine
or stool from your vagina during the day and night? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1102 Have you ever heard of this kind of problem, such that a YES ........................ 1 1110
woman experiences a constant leakage of urine or stool
from her vagina during the day and night? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1201
1103 Did this problem occur:

After a delivery? DELIVERY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . YES 1103A
NO
After a sexual assault? SEXUAL ASSAULT . . . . . . . YES 1105

NO
After pelvic surgery? PELVIC SURGERY . . . . . . . YES 1105

NO
After some other event? OTHER 6

(SPECIFY)
1103A Did this problem occur after a normal labor and delivery, NORMAL LABOR/DELIVERY . . . . . 1
or after a very difficult labor and delivery? VERY DIFFICULT DELIVERY . . . . . 2
1103B Was this baby born alive? YES, BABY BORN ALIVE . . . . . . . 1
NO, BABY NOT BORN ALIVE . . . . . 2
1104 After which delivery did this occur? DELIVERY NUMBER:
1105 How many days after (ANSWER TO Q1103) did the NUMBER OF DAYS AFTER
leakage start? PRECIPITATING EVENT
(ENTER 99 IF MORE THAN 99 DAYS)
1106 Have you sought treatment for this condition? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1108
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1107 Why have you not sought treatment?

1. Did not know problem could be fixed DID NOT KNOW COULD BE FIXED. 1
2. Do not know where to go DO NOT KNOW WHERE TO GO . . . . 2
3. Too expensive TOO EXPENSIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4. Too far to reach treatment facility TOO FAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5. Poor quality of care at facility POOR QUALITY OF CARE . . . . . . . 5
1201
6. Could not get permission to go COULD NOT GET PERMISSION . . . . 6
7. Embarrassment EMBARRASSMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
8. Other (specify) OTHER 8
(SPECIFY)
1108 From whom did you last seek treatment? HEALTH PROFESSIONAL
DOCTOR/CLINICAL OFFICER . 1
NURSE/MIDWIFE . . . . . . . . . . . 2
PATIENT ATTENDANT . . . . . . . 3
OTHER PERSON . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
UNTRAINED VILLAGE DOCTOR 4
OTHER 5
(SPECIFY)
W-64
590 | Appendix G
1109 Did the treatment stop the problem? YES, NO MORE LEAKAGE AT ALL 1
YES, BUT STILL SOME LEAKAGE . 2
NO, STILL HAVE PROBLEM . . . . . 3
1110 Are there any (other) women in your household who YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
suffer from obstetric fistula? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1201
1111 How many (other) women in your household suffer from

vesicovaginal fistula (VVF)? NUMBER ............
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
W-65
Appendix G | 591
SECTION 12. MATERNAL AND ADULT MORTALITY
1201 Now I would like to ask you some questions about your NUMBER OF BIRTHS TO
brothers and sisters, that is, all of the children born to your NATURAL MOTHER ...........
natural mother, including those who are living with you,
those living elsewhere and those who have died.
How many children did your mother give birth to, including you?
1202 CHECK 1201:
TWO OR MORE BIRTHS ONLY ONE BIRTH

(RESPONDENT ONLY) 1301
1203 How many of these births did your mother have before NUMBER OF
you were born? PRECEDING BIRTHS ...........
1204 What was the (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
name given to
your oldest
(next oldest)
brother or sister?
1205 Is (NAME) MALE 1 MALE 1 MALE 1 MALE 1 MALE 1 MALE 1

male or female? FEMALE 2 FEMALE 2 FEMALE 2 FEMALE 2 FEMALE 2 FEMALE 2
1206 Is (NAME) still YES ... 1 YES ... 1 YES ... 1 YES ... 1 YES ... 1 YES ... 1
alive? NO ... 2 NO ... 2 NO ... 2 NO ... 2 NO ... 2 NO ... 2
(GO TO 1208) (GO TO 1208) (GO TO 1208) (GO TO 1208) (GO TO 1208) (GO TO 1208)
DK ... 8 DK ... 8 DK ... 8 DK ... 8 DK ... 8 DK ... 8
(GO TO (2)) (GO TO (3)) (GO TO (4)) (GO TO (5)) (GO TO (6)) (GO TO (7))
1207 How old is

(NAME)?
GO TO (2) GO TO (3) GO TO (4) GO TO (5) GO TO (6) GO TO (7)
1208 How many years

ago did (NAME)
die?
1209 How old was

(NAME) when
he/she died?
IF MALE IF MALE IF MALE IF MALE IF MALE IF MALE
OR DIED OR DIED OR DIED OR DIED OR DIED OR DIED
BEFORE BEFORE BEFORE BEFORE BEFORE BEFORE
12 YEARS 12 YEARS 12 YEARS 12 YEARS 12 YEARS 12 YEARS
OF AGE OF AGE OF AGE OF AGE OF AGE OF AGE
1210 Was (NAME) YES ... 1 YES ... 1 YES ... 1 YES ... 1 YES ... 1 YES ... 1
pregnant when (GO TO 1213) (GO TO 1213) (GO TO 1213) (GO TO 1213) (GO TO 1213) (GO TO 1213)
she died? NO ... 2 NO ... 2 NO ... 2 NO ... 2 NO ... 2 NO ... 2
DK ... 8 DK ... 8 DK ... 8 DK ... 8 DK ... 8 DK ... 8
1211 Did (NAME) YES ... 1 YES ... 1 YES ... 1 YES ... 1 YES ... 1 YES ... 1
die during (GO TO 1213) (GO TO 1213) (GO TO 1213) (GO TO 1213) (GO TO 1213) (GO TO 1213)
childbirth? NO ... 2 NO ... 2 NO ... 2 NO ... 2 NO ... 2 NO ... 2
die within two NO ... 2 NO ... 2 NO ... 2 NO ... 2 NO ... 2 NO ... 2
months after
the end of a
pregnancy or
childbirth?
1213 Was (NAME)’S YES ... 1 YES ... 1 YES ... 1 YES ... 1 YES ... 1 YES ... 1
death due to NO ... 2 NO ... 2 NO ... 2 NO ... 2 NO ... 2 NO ... 2
an accident or
violence?
IF NO MORE BROTHERS OR SISTERS, GO TO 1301
W 66
592 | Appendix G
1204 What was the (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)
name given to
your oldest (next
oldest) brother
or sister?
1205 Is (NAME) male MALE 1 MALE 1 MALE 1 MALE 1 MALE 1 MALE 1

or female? FEMALE 2 FEMALE 2 FEMALE 2 FEMALE 2 FEMALE 2 FEMALE 2
1206 Is (NAME) YES ... 1 YES ... 1 YES ... 1 YES ... 1 YES ... 1 YES ... 1
still alive? NO ... 2 NO ... 2 NO ... 2 NO ... 2 NO ... 2 NO ... 2
DK ... 8 DK ... 8 DK ... 8 DK ... 8 DK ... 8 DK ... 8
1207 How old is

(NAME)?
1208 How many years

ago did (NAME)
die?
1209 How old was

(NAME) when
he/she died?
GO TO [8] GO TO (9) GO TO (10) GO TO (11) GO TO (12) GO TO (13)
months after
the end of a
pregnancy or
childbirth?
an accident or
violence?
IF NO MORE BROTHERS OR SISTERS, GO TO 1301
TICK HERE IF CONTINUATION SHEET USED
W 67
Appendix G | 593
SECTION 13. DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
1301 CHECK HOUSEHOLD Q.9A AND FRONT COVER: WOMAN SELECTED FOR THIS SECTION?
YES NO 1332
1302 CHECK FOR PRESENCE OF OTHERS:

DO NOT CONTINUE UNTIL EFFECTIVE PRIVACY IS ENSURED.
PRIVACY PRIVACY
OBTAINED . . . . . . . . . 1 NOT POSSIBLE . . . . . . 2 1331
READ TO THE RESPONDENT
Now I would like to ask you questions about some other important aspects of a woman's life. I know that some of these
questions are very personal. However, your answers are crucial for helping to understand the condition of women
in Nigeria. Let me assure you that your answers are completely confidential and will not be told to anyone and no one
else will know that you were asked these questions.
1303 CHECK 601AND 602:
CURRENTLY FORMERLY NEVER

MARRIED MARRIED MARRIED 1315
(READ IN PAST TENSE)
1304 First, I am going to ask you about some situations which

happen to some women. Please tell me if these apply
to your relationship with your (last) husband?
YES NO DK
a) He (is/was) jealous or angry if you (talk/talked) to other men? JEALOUS .................... 1 2 8
b) He frequently (accuses/accused) you of being unfaithful? ACCUSES .................. 1 2 8
c) He (does/did) not permit you to meet your female friends? NOT MEET FRIENDS ........ 1 2 8
d) He (tries/tried) to limit your contact with your family? NO FAMILY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 8
e) He (insists/insisted) on knowing where you (are/were) WHERE YOU ARE ........... 1 2 8
at all times?
f) He (does/did) not trust you with any money? MONEY ........................ 1 2 8
1305A Now if you will permit me, I need to ask some more questions
about your relationship with your (last) husband.
1305B CHECK 603: ASK ONLY
A (Does/did) your (last) husband ever: IF RESPONDENT IS NOT A WIDOW
How often did this happen during
the last 12 months: often, only
sometimes, or not at all?
SOME- NOT
OFTEN TIMES AT ALL
a) say or do something to humiliate you YES 1 1 2 3

in front of others? NO 2
b) threaten to hurt or harm you YES 1 1 2 3

or someone close to you? NO 2
c) insult you or make you feel bad YES 1 1 2 3

about yourself? NO 2
W 68
594 | Appendix G
CHECK 603: ASK ONLY
1306A (Does/did) your (last) husband ever do 1306B IF RESPONDENT IS NOT A WIDOW
any of the following things to you: How often did this happen during
the last 12 months: often, only
sometimes, or not at all?
SOME- NOT
OFTEN TIMES AT ALL
a) slap you? YES 1 1 2 3
NO 2
b) twist your arm or pull your hair? YES 1 1 2 3

NO 2
c) push you, shake you, or throw something YES 1 1 2 3

at you? NO 2
d) punch you with his fist or with something YES 1 1 2 3

that could hurt you? NO 2
e) kick you, drag you or beat you up? YES 1 1 2 3

NO 2
f) try to choke you or burn you on YES 1 1 2 3
purpose? NO 2
g) threaten or attack you with a knife, gun, or YES 1 1 2 3

any other weapon? NO 2
h) physically force you to have sexual YES 1 1 2 3
intercourse with him even when you NO 2
did not want to?
i) force you to perform any sexual acts YES 1 1 2 3
you did not want to? NO 2
1307 CHECK 1306A (a-i):

'YES' 'YES' 1310
1308 How long after you first got married to your NUMBER OF YEARS ..........
(last) husband did (this/any of these things) first
happen? BEFORE MARRIAGE/
BEFORE LIVING TOGETHER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
IF LESS THAN ONE YEAR, RECORD '00'.
1309 Did the following ever happen as a result of what

your (last) husband did to you:
a) You had cuts, bruises or aches? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
b) You had severe burns? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
c) You had eye injuries, sprains, dislocations, YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
or minor burns? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
d) You had deep wounds, broken bones, YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

broken teeth, or any other serious injury? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1310 Have you ever hit, slapped, kicked, or done anything else to YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
physically hurt your (last) husband at times when he NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1313
was not already beating or physically hurting you?
1311 CHECK 603:
RESPONDENT IS RESPONDENT IS
NOT A WIDOW A WIDOW 1313
1312 In the last 12 months, how often have you done this OFTEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
to your husband: often, only sometimes, SOMETIMES ........................... 2
or not at all? NOT AT ALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1313 Does (did) your husband drink alcohol? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1315
1314 How often does (did) he get drunk: often, only sometimes, OFTEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
or never? SOMETIMES ........................... 2
NEVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
W 69
Appendix G | 595
1315 CHECK 201, 226, AND 229:
EVER BEEN NEVER BEEN

PREGNANT PREGNANT 1318
1316 Has any one ever hit, slapped, kicked, or done anything else to YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
hurt you physically while you were pregnant? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1318
1317 Who has done any of these things to physically hurt you while CURRENT HUSBAND/PARTNER . A
you were pregnant? MOTHER/STEP-MOTHER ......... B
FATHER/STEP-FATHER ........... C
SISTER/BROTHER ................... D
Anyone else? DAUGHTER/SON ................... E
OTHER RELATIVE ................... F
FORMER HUSBAND/PARTNER .... G
RECORD ALL MENTIONED. CURRENT BOYFRIEND ........... H
FORMER BOYFRIEND ............. I
MOTHER-IN-LAW ................... J
FATHER-IN-LAW ....................... K
OTHER IN-LAW ....................... L
TEACHER ................................ M
EMPLOYER/SOMEONE AT WORK . N
POLICE/SOLDIER ................... O
OTHER X
(SPECIFY)
1318 CHECK 601 AND 602:
NEVER MARRIED EVER MARRIED
From the time you were 15 From the time you were 15 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
years old has anyone ever hit, years old has anyone other NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
slapped, kicked, or done than your (current/last) REFUSED TO ANSWER/
anything else to hurt you husband hit, slapped, NO ANSWER ........................... 3 1321
physically? kicked, or done anything else
to hurt you physically?
1319 Who has hurt you in this way? MOTHER/STEP-MOTHER ............... A

FATHER/STEP-FATHER ............... B
SISTER/BROTHER ....................... C
Anyone else? DAUGHTER/SON ....................... D
OTHER RELATIVE ....................... E
FORMER HUSBAND ................... F
CURRENT BOYFRIEND ................... G
RECORD ALL MENTIONED. FORMER BOYFRIEND ................... H
MOTHER-IN-LAW ................... I
FATHER-IN-LAW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J
OTHER IN-LAW ........................... K
TEACHER ................................ L
EMPLOYER/SOMEONE AT WORK ...... M
POLICE/SOLDIER ....................... N
OTHER X
(SPECIFY)
1320 In the last 12 months, how often have you been hit, OFTEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
slapped, kicked, or physically hurt by this/these person(s): SOMETIMES ........................... 2
often, only sometimes, or not at all? NOT AT ALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1321 At any time in your life, as a child or as an adult, has anyone ever forced YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
you in any way to have sexual intercourse or perform any other sexual NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
acts? REFUSED TO ANSWER/
NO ANSWER ....................... 3 1324
1322 How old were you the first time you were forced to
have sexual intercourse or perform any other sexual acts? AGE IN COMPLETED YEARS ...
DON'T KNOW ........................... 98
W 70
596 | Appendix G
1323 Who was the person who was forcing you at that time? CURRENT HUSBAND ............... 01
FORMER HUSBAND .......... .... 02
CURRENT/FORMER BOYFRIEND .... 03
FATHER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04
STEP-FATHER ........................... 05
OTHER RELATIVE ................... 06
IN-LAW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07
OWN FRIEND/ACQUAINTANCE ......... 08
FAMILY FRIEND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09
TEACHER ................................ 10
EMPLOYER/SOMEONE AT WORK . 11
POLICE/SOLDIER ................... 12
PRIEST/RELIGIOUS LEADER ...... 13
STRANGER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
OTHER ________________________________ . 96
(SPECIFY)
1324 CHECK 601 AND 602:
NEVER MARRIED EVER MARRIED
In the last 12 months In the last 12 months, has YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

has anyone forced you anyone other than your NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
to have sexual intercourse (current/last) husband/ REFUSED TO ANSWER/
against your will? partner forced you to have NO ANSWER ....................... 3
sexual intercourse against your will?
1325 CHECK 1306A (a-i), 1318, 1321, AND 1324:

'YES' 'YES' 1329
1326 Thinking about what you yourself have experienced among YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
the different things we have been talking about, have you NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1328
ever tried to seek help to stop the person(s) from
doing this to you again?
1327 From whom have you sought help to stop this? OWN FAMILY ........................... A
HUSBAND'S FAMILY ................... B
Anyone else? CURRENT/LAST HUSBAND ........... C
CURRENT/FORMER BOYFRIEND . D
FRIEND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
RECORD ALL MENTIONED. NEIGHBOUR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F
RELIGIOUS LEADER ................... G
1329
DOCTOR/MEDICAL PERSONNEL . H
POLICE (e.g. Victim Support Unit)……………….. I
LAWYER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J
SOCIAL SERVICE ORGANIZATION . K
(e.g YWCA)
OTHER X
(SPECIFY)
1328 Have you ever told any one else about this? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1329 As far as you know, did your father ever beat your mother? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW ........................... 8
THANK THE RESPONDENT FOR HER COOPERATION AND REASSURE HER ABOUT THE CONFIDENTIALITY OF HER
ANSWERS. FILL OUT THE QUESTIONS BELOW WITH REFERENCE TO THE DOMESTIC VIOLENCE MODULE ONLY.
1330 DID YOU HAVE TO INTERRUPT THE YES YES, MORE

INTERVIEW BECAUSE SOME ADULT WAS ONCE THAN ONCE NO
TRYING TO LISTEN, OR CAME INTO THE HUSBAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 3
ROOM, OR INTERFERED IN ANY OTHER OTHER MALE ADULT . . . . . . . 1 2 3
WAY? FEMALE ADULT .......... 1 2 3
1331 INTERVIEWER'S COMMENTS / EXPLANATION FOR NOT COMPLETING THE DOMESTIC VIOLENCE MODULE

HOUR ..........................
MINUTES ......................
W 71
Appendix G | 597
INTERVIEWER'S OBSERVATIONS
TO BE FILLED IN AFTER COMPLETING INTERVIEW
COMMENTS ABOUT RESPONDENT:
COMMENTS ON SPECIFIC QUESTIONS:
ANY OTHER COMMENTS:
SUPERVISOR'S OBSERVATIONS
NAME OF SUPERVISOR: DATE:
EDITOR'S OBSERVATIONS
NAME OF EDITOR: DATE:
W-72
598 | Appendix G
INSTRUCTIONS:
ONLY ONE CODE SHOULD APPEAR IN ANY BOX. 12 DEC 01
ALL MONTHS SHOULD BE FILLED IN. 11 NOV 02
10 OCT 03
INFORMATION TO BE CODED FOR EACH COLUMN 09 SEP 04
2 08 AUG 05 2
BIRTHS, PREGNANCIES, CONTRACEPTIVE USE 0 07 JUL 06 0
B BIRTHS 0 06 JUN 07 0
P PREGNANCIES 8 05 MAY 08 8
T TERMINATIONS * 04 APR 09 *
03 MAR 10
0 NO METHOD 02 FEB 11
1 FEMALE STERILIZATION 01 JAN 12
2 MALE STERILIZATION
3 PILL 12 DEC 13
4 IUD 11 NOV 14
5 INJECTABLES 10 OCT 15
6 IMPLANTS 09 SEP 16
7 MALE CONDOM 2 08 AUG 17 2
8 FEMALE CONDOM 0 07 JUL 18 0
9 DIAPHRAGM 0 06 JUN 19 0
J FOAM OR JELLY 7 05 MAY 20 7
K LACTATIONAL AMENORRHEA METHOD * 04 APR 21 *
L RHYTHM METHOD 03 MAR 22
M WITHDRAWAL 02 FEB 23
X OTHER 01 JAN 24
(SPECIFY)
12 DEC 25
11 NOV 26
10 OCT 27
09 SEP 28
2 08 AUG 29 2
0 07 JUL 30 0
0 06 JUN 31 0
6 05 MAY 32 6
* 04 APR 33 *
03 MAR 34
02 FEB 35
01 JAN 36
12 DEC 37
11 NOV 38
10 OCT 39
09 SEP 40
2 08 AUG 41 2
0 07 JUL 42 0
0 06 JUN 43 0
5 05 MAY 44 5
* 04 APR 45 *
03 MAR 46
02 FEB 47
01 JAN 48
12 DEC 49
11 NOV 50
10 OCT 51
09 SEP 52
2 08 AUG 53 2
0 07 JUL 54 0
0 06 JUN 55 0
4 05 MAY 56 4
* 04 APR 57 *
03 MAR 58
02 FEB 59
01 JAN 60
12 DEC 61
11 NOV 62
10 OCT 63
09 SEP 64
2 08 AUG 65 2
0 07 JUL 66 0
0 06 JUN 67 0
3 05 MAY 68 3
* 04 APR 69 *
03 MAR 70
02 FEB 71
01 JAN 72
W-73
Appendix G | 599
25 June 2008
CONFIDENTIAL
MODEL MAN'S QUESTIONNAIRE
WITH HIV/AIDS MODULE
National Health Research Ethics Committee
NATIONAL POPULATION COMMISSION Assigned Number NHREC/01/01/2007
IDENTIFICATION
STATE ...........................
LOCAL GOVT. AREA ...........................
LOCALITY ......................
ENUMERATION AREA ......................
URBAN/RURAL (URBAN=1, RURAL=2) ....................................................................................
CLUSTER NUMBER ..........................................................................................
BUILDING NUMBER ............ .............................................................................
NAME AND LINE NUMBER OF MAN
INTERVIEWER VISITS
1 2 3 FINAL VISIT
DATE DAY
MONTH
2 0 0 8
YEAR
RESULT* RESULT
NEXT VISIT: DATE

TOTAL NUMBER
TIME OF VISITS
*RESULT CODES:
1 COMPLETED 4 REFUSED
2 NOT AT HOME 5 PARTLY COMPLETED 7 OTHER
3 POSTPONED 6 INCAPACITATED (SPECIFY)

SPECIFY

SPECIFY

EDITOR
NAME NAME
DATE DATE
ENGLISH
M-1
Appendix G | 601
SECTION 1. RESPONDENT'S BACKGROUND
INTRODUCTION AND CONSENT
INFORMED CONSENT

We are conducting a national survey that asks women and men about various health issues. This study has been reviewed
and granted approval by the National Health Research Ethics Committee (NHREC). We would very much appreciate your participation
in this survey. This information will help the government to plan health services. The survey usually takes between 20 and 30 minutes
to complete. Whatever information you provide will be kept strictly confidential and will not be shown to other persons.
Should you have any queries, feel free to call any of the following contact person(s):
Participation in this survey is voluntary, and if we should come to any question you don't want to answer, just let me know and
I will go on to the next question; or you can stop the interview at any time. However, we hope that you will participate in this survey
since your views are important.

RESPONDENT AGREES TO BE INTERVIEWED . . . . . 1 RESPONDENT DOES NOT AGREE TO BE INTERVIEWED . . . 2 END

HOUR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MINUTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
102 How long have you been living continuously in (NAME OF

CURRENT PLACE OF RESIDENCE)? YEARS ..................
IF LESS THAN ONE YEAR, RECORD '00' YEARS. ALWAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
VISITOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 104
103 Just before you moved here, did you live in a city, in a town, or CITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
in a village? TOWN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
VILLAGE .................. 3
104 In the last 12 months, on how many separate occasions have

you traveled away from your home community and slept away? NUMBER OF TRIPS ........
NONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00 106
105 In the last 12 months, have you been away from your home YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
community for more than one month at a time? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
106 In what month and year were you born?

MONTH ..................
DON'T KNOW MONTH . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
YEAR . . . . . . . . . . . .
DON'T KNOW YEAR . . . . . . . . . . . . 9998
107 How old were you at your last birthday?

COMPARE AND CORRECT 106 AND/OR 107 IF INCONSISTENT.
108 Have you ever attended school? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 112
109 What is the highest level of school you attended: PRIMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

HIGHER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
110 What is the highest (class/form/year) you completed at that

level? CLASS ..................
M-2
602 | Appendix G
111 CHECK 109:

PRIMARY SECONDARY
OR HIGHER 115
112 Now I would like you to read this sentence to me. CANNOT READ AT ALL . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
ABLE TO READ ONLY PARTS OF
SHOW CARD TO RESPONDENT. (3) SENTENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
ABLE TO READ WHOLE SENTENCE. . 3
IF RESPONDENT CANNOT READ WHOLE SENTENCE, PROBE: NO CARD WITH REQUIRED
Can you read any part of the sentence to me? LANGUAGE 4
(SPECIFY LANGUAGE)
BLIND/VISUALLY IMPAIRED . . . . . . . 5
113 Have you ever participated in a literacy program or any other

program that involves learning to read or write (not including YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
primary school)? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
114 CHECK 112:

CODE '2', '3' CODE '1' OR '5'
OR '4' CIRCLED 116
CIRCLED
115 Do you read a newspaper or magazine almost every day, at least ALMOST EVERY DAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
once a week, less than once a week or not at all? AT LEAST ONCE A WEEK . . . . . . . . . . 2
LESS THAN ONCE A WEEK . . . . . . . . 3
NOT AT ALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
116 Do you listen to the radio almost every day, at least once a week, ALMOST EVERY DAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
less than once a week or not at all? AT LEAST ONCE A WEEK . . . . . . . . . . 2
NOT AT ALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
117 Do you watch television almost every day, at least once a week, ALMOST EVERY DAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
less than once a week or not at all? AT LEAST ONCE A WEEK . . . . . . . . . . 2
NOT AT ALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
118 What is your religion? CATHOLIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

OTHER CHRISTIAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
ISLAM ........................ 3
TRADITIONALIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
OTHER 6
(SPECIFY)
119 What is your ethnic group?
M-3
Appendix G | 603
SECTION 2. REPRODUCTION
201 Now I would like to ask about any children you have had during
your life. I am interested in all of the children that are biologically
yours, even if they are not legally yours or do not have your YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
last name. NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Have you ever fathered any children with any woman? DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 206
202 Do you have any sons or daughters that you have fathered who YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
are now living with you? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 204
203 How many sons live with you?

SONS AT HOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
And how many daughters live with you?
DAUGHTERS AT HOME . . . . . .
IF NONE, RECORD ‘00'.
204 Do you have any sons or daughters that you have fathered who are YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
alive but do not live with you? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 206
205 How many sons are alive but do not live with you?
SONS ELSEWHERE .........
And how many daughters are alive but do not live with you?
DAUGHTERS ELSEWHERE . . . .
206 Have you ever fathered a son or a daughter who was born alive
but later died?
YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
IF NO, PROBE: Any baby who cried or showed signs of life but NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
did not survive? DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 208
207 How many boys have died?

BOYS DEAD ................
And how many girls have died?
GIRLS DEAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
208 SUM ANSWERS TO 203, 205, AND 207, AND ENTER TOTAL.
TOTAL CHILDREN . . . . . . . . . . .
209 CHECK 208:
HAS HAD HAS HAD 212

MORE THAN ONLY
ONE CHILD ONE CHILD HAS NOT HAD
ANY CHILDREN 301
210 Did all of the children you have fathered have the same YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 212
biological mother? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
211 In all, how many women have you fathered children with?
NUMBER OF WOMEN ......
212 How old were you when your (first) child was born?
(AGE IN COMPLETEDD YEARS) AGE IN COMPLETED
YEARS YEARS
213 CHECK 203 AND 205:
AT LEAST ONE NO LIVING

301
LIVING CHILD CHILDREN
214 How many years old is your (youngest) living child?

(AGE IN COMPLETED YEARS) AGE IN COMPLETED YEARS
M-4
604 | Appendix G
215 CHECK 214:

301
IS AGE 0-3 YEARS
216 What is the name of your (youngest) child?

WRITE NAME OF (YOUNGEST) CHILD
(NAME OF (YOUNGEST) CHILD)
217 When (NAME)'s mother was pregnant with (NAME), YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

did she have any antenatal check-ups? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW .................. 3 219
218 Were you ever present during any of those antenatal PRESENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
check-ups? NOT PRESENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
219 Was (NAME) born in a hospital or health facility? HOSPITAL/HEALTH FACILITY ..... 1 221
OTHER 2
(SPECIFY)
220 What was the main reason why (NAME)'s mother did not COST TOO MUCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01
deliver in a hospital or health facility? FACILITY CLOSED ............ 02
TOO FAR/NO TRANSPORTATION . 03
DON'T TRUST FACILITY/POOR
QUALITY SERVICE ............ 04
NO FEMALE PROVIDER ......... 05
NOT THE FIRST CHILD . . . . . . . . . . . . 06
CHILD'S MOTHER DID NOT
THINK IT WAS NECESSARY . . . . . 07
HE DID NOT THINK
IT WAS NECESSARY . . . . . . . . . . 08
FAMILY DID NOT THINK IT WAS
NECESSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
DON"T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
221 When a child has diarrhea, how much fluid should MORE THAN USUAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
he or she be given to drink: more than usual, the same ABOUT THE SAME .............. 2
amount as usual, less than usual, or should he or she LESS THAN USUAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
not be given anything to drink at all? NOTHING TO DRINK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
M-5
Appendix G | 605
SECTION 3. CONTRACEPTION
301 Now I would like to talk about family planning - the various ways or methods that 302 Have you ever used
a couple can use to delay or avoid a pregnancy. (METHOD)?
Which ways or methods have you heard about?

FOR METHODS NOT MENTIONED SPONTANEOUSLY, ASK:
Have you ever heard of (METHOD)?
CIRCLE CODE 1 IN 301 FOR EACH METHOD MENTIONED SPONTANEOUSLY.

THEN PROCEED DOWN COLUMN 301, READING THE NAME AND DESCRIPTION OF
EACH METHOD NOT MENTIONED SPONTANEOUSLY. CIRCLE CODE 1 IF METHOD
IS RECOGNIZED, AND CODE 2 IF NOT RECOGNIZED. THEN, FOR EACH METHOD
WITH CODE 1 CIRCLED IN 301, ASK 302.
01 FEMALE STERILIZATION Women can have an operation to avoid YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

having any more children. NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
02 MALE STERILIZATION Men can have an operation to avoid having YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Have you ever had an operation
any more children. NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 to avoid having any more children?
YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
03 PILL Women can take a pill every day to avoid becoming pregnant. YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
04 IUD Women can have a loop or coil placed inside them by a doctor or YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
a nurse. NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
05 INJECTABLES Women can have an injection by a health provider YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

that stops them from becoming pregnant for one or more months. NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
06 IMPLANTS Women can have several small rods placed in their upper YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
arm by a doctor or nurse which can prevent pregnancy for one or more NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
years.
07 MALE CONDOM Men can put a rubber sheath on their penis before YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO ................... 2
08 FEMALE CONDOM Women can place a sheath in their vagina before YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
09 DIAPHRAGM Women can place a thin flexble

flexibledisk
diskinintheir
theirvagina
vagina YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
before intercourse. NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
10 FOAM OR JELLY Women can place a suppository, jelly, or cream YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

in their vagina before intercourse. NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
11 LACTATIONAL AMENORRHEA METHOD (LAM) Up to 6 months YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

after childbirth, a woman can use a method that requires that she NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
breastfeeds frequently, day and night, and that her menstrual period
has not returned.
12 RHYTHM METHOD Every month that a woman is sexually active YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
she can avoid pregnancy by not having sexual intercourse NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
on the days of the month she is most likely to get pregnant. NO ................... 2
13 WITHDRAWAL Men can be careful and pull out before climax. YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
NO ................... 2
14 EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION As an emergency measure after YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

unprotected sexual intercourse, women can take special pills at any NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
time within five days to prevent pregnancy.
15 Have you heard of any other ways or methods that women or men can YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
use to avoid pregnancy?
NO ................... 2
(SPECIFY)
(SPECIFY)
NO .............. 2
M-6
606 | Appendix G
Heard about family planning on the radio? RADIO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2

Seen about family planning on the television? TELEVISION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
Read about family planning in a newspaper or magazine? NEWSPAPER OR MAGAZINE . . . 1 2
Read about family planning in a poster? POSTER 1 2
Read about family planning in leaflets and brochures? LEAFLETS OR BROCHURES 1 2
Heard about family planning from town crier? TOWN CRIER 1 2
Heard about family planning from mobile public MOBILE PUBLIC ANNOUNCEMENT 1 2
announcement?
303A CHECK 303:

"YES" "YES" 303C
(HAS HEARD OR (HAS NOT HEARD OR
READ MESSAGE) READ MESSAGE)
303B Please tell me which family planning messages you have AS FOR ME AND MY PARTNER WE
heard or seen in the past few months? "DEY KAMPE" WITH FEMALE
CONDOM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A
PROBE: Any others?
UNSPACED CHILDREN MAKES THE
PROBE UNTIL YOU HAVE EXHAUSTED ALL ANSWERS. GOING TOUGH. FOR THE LOVE OF
YOUR FAMILY, GO FOR CHILD
SPACING TODAY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B
WELL-SPACED CHILDREN ARE

EVERY PARENT'S JOY. . . . . . . . . . C
IT'S NOT TOO LATE TO PREVENT

UNWANTED PREGNANCY. . . . . . . . D
WHY IS YOUR WIFE LOOKING

SO GOOD? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
OTHER . X
(SPECIFY)
303C In the last few months have you: YES NO
Heard about family planning through a peer group discussion? PEER GROUP DISSCUSION. . . . . 1 2
Heard about family planning in school? IN SCHOOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
Heard about family planning through community leaders? COMMUNITY LEADERS . . . . . . . 1 2
304 In the last few months, have you discussed the practice of family YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
planning with a health worker or health professional? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
305 Now I would like to ask you about a woman's risk of pregnancy.
From one menstrual period to the next, are there certain days YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
when a woman is more likely to become pregnant if she has NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
sexual relations? DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 307
306 Is this time just before her period begins, during her period, right JUST BEFORE HER
after her period has ended, or halfway between two periods? PERIOD BEGINS .............. 1
DURING HER PERIOD . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
RIGHT AFTER HER
PERIOD HAS ENDED . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
HALFWAY BETWEEN
TWO PERIODS .............. 4
OTHER 6
(SPECIFY)
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
307 Do you think that a woman who is breastfeeding her baby can YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
become pregnant? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DEPENDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
M-7
Appendix G | 607
308 I will now read to you some statements about contraception. Please DIS-
tell me if you agree or disagree with each one. AGREE AGREE DK
a) Contraception is women's business and a man should not CONTRACEPTION

have to worry about it. WOMAN'S BUSINESS . 1 2 8
b) Women who use contraception may become promiscuous. WOMAN MAY BECOME
PROMISCUOUS . . . 1 2 8
309 CHECK 301 (07) KNOWS MALE CONDOM
YES NO 313
310 Do you know of a place where a person can get male YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
condoms? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 313

THE APPROPRIATE CODE. FIELDWORKER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E

THE NAME OF THE PLACE. PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR
PHARMACY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H
(NAME OF PLACE) CHEMIST/PMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I
PRIVATE DOCTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J
MOBILE CLINIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K
OTHER PRIVATE
MEDICAL M
OTHER SOURCE
SHOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N
CHURCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O
NGO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q
OTHER X
(SPECIFY)
312 If you wanted to, could you yourself get a male condom? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
313 CHECK 301 (08) KNOWS FEMALE CONDOM
YES NO 401
314 Do you know of a place where a person can get female YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
condoms? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 401
M-8
608 | Appendix G
THE APPROPRIATE CODE. FIELDWORKER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E

THE NAME OF THE PLACE. PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR
PHARMACY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H
(NAME OF PLACE) CHEMIST/PMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I
PRIVATE DOCTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J
MOBILE CLINIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K
OTHER PRIVATE
(NAME OF PLACE) MEDICAL M
(SPECIFY)
OTHER SOURCE
SHOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N
CHURCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O
NGO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q
OTHER X
(SPECIFY)
316 If you wanted to, could you yourself get a female condom? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
M-9
Appendix G | 609
SECTION 4. MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY
401 Are you currently married or living together with a woman as if YES, CURRENTLY MARRIED . . . . . . . 1
married? YES, LIVING WITH A WOMAN . . . . . 2 404
NO, NOT IN UNION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
402 Have you ever been married or lived together with a woman as YES, FORMERLY MARRIED . . . . . . . 1
if married? YES, LIVED WITH A WOMAN . . . . . . . 2
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 413
403 What is your marital status now: are you widowed, WIDOWED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
divorced, or separated? DIVORCED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 410
SEPARATED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
404 Is your wife/partner living with you now or is she staying LIVING WITH HIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
elsewhere? STAYING ELSEWHERE . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
405 Do you have more than one wife or woman you live with as if YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
married? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 407
406 Altogether, how many wives do you have or other partners TOTAL NUMBER OF WIVES
do you live with as if married? AND LIVE-IN PARTNERS ...
407 CHECK 405: 408 How

old was
ONE WIFE/ MORE THAN (NAME)
PARTNER ONE WIFE/ on her
PARTNER last
Please tell me the name of Please tell me the name of birthday?
your wife (the woman you each of your current wives
are living with as if married). (and/or of each woman you
are living with as if married). LINE
NAME NUMBER AGE
RECORD THE NAME AND THE LINE NUMBER FROM
THE HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE FOR EACH WIFE
AND LIVE-IN PARTNER. IF MORE THAN 4 WIVES, ____________
USE ADDITIONAL MAN'S QUESTIONNAIRE.
IF A WOMAN IS NOT LISTED IN THE HOUSEHOLD,

RECORD '00'. ____________
ASK 408 FOR EACH PERSON.
____________
____________
409 CHECK 407:

MORE THAN
ONE WIFE/ ONE WIFE/
PARTNER PARTNER 411A
410 Have you been married or lived with a woman only once or ONLY ONCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
more than once? MORE THAN ONCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 411A
411 In what month and year did you start living with your (wife/
partner)?
MONTH ................
411A Now I would like to ask a question about your first wife/partner.
In what month and year did you start living with your first wife/ DON'T KNOW MONTH ......... 98
partner?
413
YEAR . . . . . . . . . . . .
DON'T KNOW YEAR . . . . . . . . . . . . 9998
412 How old were you when you first started living with her?
(AGE IN COMPLETEDD YEARS) AGE ....................
M-10
610 | Appendix G
413 CHECK FOR THE PRESENCE OF OTHERS.
BEFORE CONTINUING, MAKE EVERY EFFORT TO ENSURE PRIVACY.
414 Now I would like to ask you some questions about sexual NEVER HAD SEXUAL
activity in order to gain a better understanding of some INTERCOURSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
important life issues.
417
How old were you when you had sexual intercourse for the AGE IN YEARS ............
very first time?
FIRST TIME WHEN STARTED
LIVING WITH (FIRST)
WIFE/PARTNER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 417

15-24 25-59 501
416 Do you intend to wait until you get married to have sexual YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
intercourse for the first time? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 501
DON'T KNOW/UNSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
.

15-24 25-59 419
418 The first time you had sexual intercourse, was a condom YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
used? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
419 Now I would like to ask you some questions about your recent sexual activity. Let me assure you again
that your answers are completely confidential and will not be told to anyone. If we should come to any
question that you don't want to answer, just let me know and we will go to the next question.
420 When was the last time you had sexual intercourse?
DAYS AGO . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
IF LESS THAN 12 MONTHS, ANSWER MUST BE RECORDED 422
IN DAYS, WEEKS OR MONTHS. WEEKS AGO . . . . . . . . . 2
IF 12 MONTHS (ONE YEAR) OR MORE, ANSWER MUST BE
RECORDED IN YEARS. MONTHS AGO ....... 3
YEARS AGO ......... 4 435
M-11
Appendix G | 611
421 When was the last time you had

sexual intercourse with this person? DAYS . 1 DAYS . 1
WEEKS 2 WEEKS 2
MONTHS 3 MONTHS 3
person, was a condom used? (SKIP TO 424) (SKIP TO 424) (SKIP TO 424)
423 Did you use a condom every YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

time you had sexual intercourse NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
with this person in the last
12 months?
424 What was your relationship to WIFE ........... 1 WIFE ........... 1 WIFE ........... 1
this (second/third) person with (SKIP TO 426) (SKIP TO 426) (SKIP TO 426)
whom you had sexual intercourse? LIVE-IN PARTNER . . . . 2 LIVE-IN PARTNER . . . . 2 LIVE-IN PARTNER . . . . 2
GIRLFRIEND NOT GIRLFRIEND NOT GIRLFRIEND NOT
IF GIRLFRIEND: LIVING WITH LIVING WITH LIVING WITH
Were you living together as if RESPONDENT .... 3 RESPONDENT .... 3 RESPONDENT .... 3
married? CASUAL CASUAL CASUAL
IF YES, CIRCLE '2'. ACQUAINTANCE . . .4 ACQUAINTANCE . . .4 ACQUAINTANCE . . .4
IF NO, CIRCLE '3'. 5
PROSTITUTE . . . . . . . . 5
PROSTITUTE . . . . . . . . 5
PROSTITUTE . . . . . . . .
OTHER ______________ 6 OTHER ______________ 6 OTHER ______________ 6
425 For how long (have you had/did

you have) a sexual relationship DAYS . 1 DAYS . 1 DAYS . 1
with this person?
IF ONLY HAD SEXUAL MONTHS 2 MONTHS 2 MONTHS 2
RELATIONS WITH THIS PERSON
ONCE, RECORD '01' DAYS. YEARS 3 YEARS 3 YEARS 3
person, did you or this person (SKIP TO 428) (SKIP TO 428) (SKIP TO 429)
drink alcohol?
427 Were you or your partner drunk RESPONDENT ONLY 1 RESPONDENT ONLY 1 RESPONDENT ONLY 1
at that time? PARTNER ONLY . . . 2 PARTNER ONLY . . . 2 PARTNER ONLY . . . 2
RESPONDENT AND RESPONDENT AND RESPONDENT AND
IF YES: Who was drunk? PARTNER BOTH . 3 PARTNER BOTH . 3 PARTNER BOTH . 3
NEITHER . . . . . . . . . 4 NEITHER . . . . . . . . . 4 NEITHER . . . . . . . . . 4
428 Apart from [this person/these two YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

people], have you had sexual (GO BACK TO 421 (GO BACK TO 421
intercourse with any other IN NEXT COLUMN) IN NEXT COLUMN)
person in the last 12 months? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
(SKIP TO 430) (SKIP TO 430)
429 In total, with how many different NUMBER OF

people have you had sexual PARTNERS
intercourse in the last 12 months? LAST 12
MONTHS . . .
IF NON-NUMERIC ANSWER,
PROBE TO GET AN ESTIMATE. DON'T KNOW . . . 98
IF NUMBER OF PARTNERS IS
GREATER THAN 95, WRITE '95.'
M-12
612 | Appendix G
430 CHECK 424 (ALL COLUMNS):

AT LEAST ONE PARTNER NO PARTNERS
IS PROSTITUTE ARE PROSTITUTES 432
431 CHECK 424 AND 422 (ALL COLUMNS):

CONDOM USED WITH 434
EVERY PROSTITUTE
OTHER
435
432 In the last 12 months, did you pay anyone in exchange YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
for having sexual intercourse? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 435
433 The last time you paid someone in exchange for having YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
sexual intercourse, was a condom used? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 435
434 Was a condom used during sexual intercourse YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

every time you paid someone in exchange for having sexual NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
intercourse in the last 12 months? DK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
435 In total, with how many different people have you had sexual NUMBER OF PARTNERS
intercourse in your lifetime? IN LIFETIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IF NON-NUMERIC ANSWER, PROBE TO GET AN ESTIMATE. DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

IF NUMBER OF PARTNERS IS GREATER THAN 95,
WRITE '95.'
436 CHECK 422, MOST RECENT PARTNER (FIRST COLUMN):
CONDOM NO CONDOM USED

USED OR Q422 NOT ASKED 441
437 You told me that a condom was used the last time you had MALE CONDOMS
sex. What brand name of the condoms did you use? GOLD CIRCLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01
DUREX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02
ASK TO SEE THE PACKAGE IF RESPONDENT DOES NOT RUGH RIDER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03
REMEMBER NAME OF BRAND. TWIN LOTUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04
FEMALE CONDOM
FEMIDOM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05
OTHER . . . 96
(SPECIFY)
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
438 How many condoms did you get the last time? NUMBER OF
CONDOMS . . . . . . . . .
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 998
439 The last time you obtained the condoms, how much
did you pay in total, including the cost of the condom(s) COST . . . . . . .
and any consultation you may have had?
FREE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99995
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99998
M-13
Appendix G | 613
440 From where did you obtain the condom the last time? PUBLIC SECTOR
GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL . . . . . . . 11
PROBE TO IDENTIFY TYPE OF SOURCE AND CIRCLE GOVT. HEALTH CENTER . . . . . . . 12
THE APPROPRIATE CODE. FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC . . . . . . . 13
MOBILE CLINIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE IF HOSPITAL, HEALTH CENTER FIELDWORKER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
OR CLINIC IS PUBLIC OR PRIVATE MEDICAL, WRITE
THE NAME OF THE PLACE. OTHER PUBLIC 16
(SPECIFY)

PRIVATE HOSPITAL/CLINIC . . . . . 21
PHARMACY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
CHEMIST/PMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
PRIVATE DOCTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
MOBILE CLINIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
FIELDWORKER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
OTHER PRIVATE
MEDICAL 27
(SPECIFY)
OTHER SOURCE
SHOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
CHURCH .................... 32
FRIENDS/RELATIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
NGO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
OTHER 36
(SPECIFY)
441 CHECK 302 (02): RESPONDENT EVER STERILIZED
NO YES 501
442 The last time you had sex did you or your partner use any YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
method (other than a condom) to avoid or prevent a NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
pregnancy? DON'T KNOW .................. 8 501
443 What method did you or your partner use? FEMALE STERILIZATION . . . . . . . . . A
PILL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B
PROBE: IUD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C
Did you or your partner use any other method to prevent pregnancy? INJECTABLES .................. D
IMPLANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
FEMALE CONDOM .............. F
RECORD ALL MENTIONED. DIAPHRAGM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G
FOAM/JELLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H
LAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I
RHYTHM METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J
WITHDRAWAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K
OTHER _______________________ X
(SPECIFY)
M-14
614 | Appendix G
SECTION 5. FERTILITY PREFERENCES
501 CHECK 407:

ONE OR MORE QUESTION
WIVES/PARTNERS NOT ASKED 508
502 CHECK 302:
MAN NOT MAN

503 (Is your wife (partner)/Are any of your wives (partners)) YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
currently pregnant? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
504 CHECK 503:

NO WIFE/PARTNER WIFE(WIVES)/
PREGNANT OR PARTNER(S)
DON'T KNOW PREGNANT
HAVE (A/ANOTHER) CHILD . . . . . . . 1
Now I have some questions Now I have some questions NO MORE/NONE ................ 2
about the future. about the future. COUPLE INFECUND . ......... 3
508
Would you like to have After the child(ren) you and your WIFE (WIVES)/PARTNER(S)
(a/another) child, or would you (wife(wives)/partner(s)) are STERILIZED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
prefer not to have any (more) expecting now, would you UNDECIDED/DON'T KNOW ....... 8
children? like to have another child, or
would you prefer not to have
any more children?
505 CHECK 407:

ONE WIFE/ MORE THAN
PARTNER ONE WIFE/ 507
PARTNER
506 CHECK 503:

WIFE/PARTNER WIFE/PARTNER MONTHS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
OR DON'T KNOW YEARS .............. 2
How long would you like to After the birth of the child you SOON/NOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993 508
wait from now before the birth are expecting now, how long COUPLE INFECUND . . . . . . . . . 994
of (a/another) child? would you like to wait before
the birth of another child? OTHER _______________________ 996
(SPECIFY)
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 998
507 How long would you like to wait from now before the birth of
(a/another) child? MONTHS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
YEARS .............. 2
SOON/NOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993
HE/ALL HIS WIVES/PARTNERS

ARE INFECUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 994
OTHER _______________________ 996

(SPECIFY)
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 998
M-15
Appendix G | 615
508 CHECK 203 AND 205:

HAS LIVING CHILDREN NO LIVING CHILDREN
NONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00 601
If you could go back to the time If you could choose exactly the
you did not have any children number of children to have in NUMBER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
and could choose exactly the your whole life, how many
number of children to have in would that be?
your whole life, how many OTHER _______________________ 96 601
would that be? (SPECIFY)
PROBE FOR A NUMERIC RESPONSE.
509 How many of these children would you like to be boys, how many BOYS GIRLS EITHER
would you like to be girls and for how many would the sex not
matter? NUMBER
OTHER _______________________ 96
(SPECIFY)
M-16
616 | Appendix G
SECTION 6. EMPLOYMENT AND GENDER ROLES
601 Have you done any work in the last seven days? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 604
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
602 Although you did not work in the last seven days, do you have
any job or business from which you were absent for leave, YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 604
illness, vacation, or any other such reason? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
603 Have you done any work in the last 12 months? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 613
604 What is your occupation, that is, what kind of work do you mainly
do?
605 CHECK 604:

WORKS IN DOES NOT WORK
AGRICULTURE IN AGRICULTURE 607
606 Do you work mainly on your own land or on family land, or do OWN LAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
you work on land that you rent from someone else, or do you FAMILY LAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
work on someone else's land? RENTED LAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
SOMEONE ELSE'S LAND . . . . . . . . . 4
607 Do you do this work for a member of your family, for someone FOR FAMILY MEMBER . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
else, or are you self-employed? FOR SOMEONE ELSE/
ORGANIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
SELF-EMPLOYED ............ 3
608 Do you usually work throughout the year, or do you work THROUGHOUT THE YEAR . . . . . . . . . 1
seasonally, or only once in a while? SEASONALLY/PART OF THE YEAR . 2
ONCE IN A WHILE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
609 Are you paid in cash or kind for this work or are you not paid CASH ONLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
at all? CASH AND KIND ................ 2
IN KIND ONLY .................. 3
NOT PAID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
610 CHECK 407:
ONE OR MORE QUESTION

WIVES/PARTNERS NOT ASKED 613
611 CHECK 609:

CODE 1 OR 2 OTHER 613
CIRCLED
612 Who usually decides how the money you earn will be used: RESPONDENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
mainly you, mainly your (wife (wives)/partner(s)), or WIFE(WIVES)/PARTNER(S) . . . . . . 2
you and your (wife (wives)/partner(s)) jointly? RESPONDENT AND WIFE (WIVES)/
PARTNER(S) JOINTLY . . . . . . . . . 3
OTHER 6
SPECIFY
M-17
Appendix G | 617
613 In a couple, who do you think should have the greater say in DON'T
each of the following decisions: the husband, the wife or both HUS- BOTH KNOW/
equally: BAND WIFE EQUALLY DEPENDS
a) making major household purchases? a) 1 2 3 8
b) making purchases for daily household needs? b) 1 2 3 8
c) deciding about visits to the wife's family or relatives? c) 1 2 3 8
d) deciding what to do with the money she earns for her d) 1 2 3 8

work?
e) deciding how many children to have? e) 1 2 3 8
614 I will now read you some statements about pregnancy. DIS- DK/
Please tell me if you agree or disagree with them. AGREE AGREE DE-
PENDS
a) Childbearing is a woman's concern and there is no CHILDBEARING
need for the father to get involved. WOMAN'S CONCERN 1 2 8
b) It is crucial for the mother's and child's health that a DOCTOR/NURSE'S

woman have assistance from a doctor or nurse at delivery. ASSISTANCE
CRUCIAL 1 2 8
615 Sometimes a husband is annoyed or angered by things that his DK/

wife does. In your opinion, is a husband justified in hitting or DE-
beating his wife in the following situations: YES NO PENDS
If she goes out without telling him? GOES OUT . . . . . . . . . 1 2 8

If she neglects the children? NEGL. CHILDREN . . . 1 2 8
If she argues with him? ARGUES . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 8
If she refuses to have sex with him? REFUSES SEX . . . . . 1 2 8
If she burns the food? BURNS FOOD . . . . . . . 1 2 8
If she does not cook on time? COOKS LATE 1 2 8
If she refuses to have more children? REFUSES CHILDREN 1 2 8
616 Do you think that if a woman refuses to have sex with her DON'T
husband when he wants her to, he has the right to… KNOW/
YES NO DEPENDS
a) Get angry and reprimand her? a) 1 2 8
b) Refuse to give her money or other means of support? b) 1 2 8
c) Use force and have sex with her even if she doesn't c) 1 2 8
want to?
d) Go ahead and have sex with another woman? d) 1 2 8
M-18
618 | Appendix G
SECTION 7. HIV/AIDS
701 Now I would like to talk about something else. YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Have you ever heard of an illness called AIDS? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 733
702 Can people reduce their chances of getting the AIDS virus YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
by having just one uninfected sex partner who has NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
no other sex partners? DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
703 Can people get the AIDS virus from mosquito bites? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
704 Can people reduce their chance of getting the AIDS virus by YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
using a condom every time they have sex? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
705 Can people get the AIDS virus by sharing food with a person who YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
has AIDS? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
706 Can people reduce their chance of getting the AIDS virus by YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
not having sexual intercourse at all? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
707 Can people get the AIDS virus because of witchcraft or other YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
supernatural means? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
708 Is it possible for a healthy-looking person to have the AIDS virus? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
708A Can HIV & AIDS be cured? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
709 Can the virus that causes AIDS be transmitted from a mother to
her baby: YES NO DK
During pregnancy? DURING PREG. . . . . . 1 2 8

During delivery? DURING DELIVERY . . . 1 2 8
By breastfeeding? BREASTFEEDING . . . 1 2 8
710 CHECK 709:

AT LEAST OTHER
ONE 'YES' 712
711 Are there any special drugs that a doctor or a nurse can YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
give to a woman infected with the AIDS virus to reduce the risk NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
of transmission to the baby? DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
712 Have you heard about special antiretroviral drugs YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

that people infected with the AIDS virus can get from a NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
doctor or a nurse to help them live longer? DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
712A CHECK FOR PRESENCE OF OTHER PERSONS. BEFORE CONTINUING, MAKE EVERY EFFORT TO ENSURE
PRIVACY.
713 I don't want to know the results, but have you ever been tested YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
to see if you have the AIDS virus? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 718
714 When was the last time you were tested? LESS THAN 12 MONTHS AGO . . . . . 1
12 - 23 MONTHS AGO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 OR MORE YEARS AGO . . . . . . . . . 3
M-19
Appendix G | 619
715 The last time you had the test, did you yourself ask for the test, ASKED FOR THE TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
was it offered to you and you accepted, or was it required? OFFERED AND ACCEPTED . . . . . . . 2
REQUIRED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
716 I don't want to know the results, but did you get the results of YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
the test? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL . . . . . . . 11
PROBE TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SOURCE AND CIRCLE GOVT. HEALTH CENTER . . . . . . . 12
THE APPROPRIATE CODE. STAND-ALONE VCT CENTER . . . 13
FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC . . . . . . . 14
OTHER PUBLIC 17
720
PRIVATE DOCTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
STAND-ALONE VCT CENTER . . . 22
PHARMACY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
CHEMIST/PMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
MOBILE CLINIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
FIELDWORKER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
OTHER PRIVATE
MEDICAL 27
(SPECIFY)
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
718 Do you know of a place where people can go to get tested for YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
the AIDS virus? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 720

Any other place? GOVT. HEALTH CENTER ....... B
PROBE TO IDENTIFY EACH TYPE OF SOURCE AND CIRCLE FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC . . . . . . . D
THE APPROPRIATE CODE(S). MOBILE CLINIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
FIELDWORKER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F

PRIVATE DOCTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . H
(NAME OF PLACE) PHARMACY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J
CHEMIST/PMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K
MOBILE CLINIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L
OTHER PRIVATE
MEDICAL N
(SPECIFY)
OTHER X
(SPECIFY)
720 Would you buy fresh vegetables from a shopkeeper or vendor YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
if you knew that this person had the AIDS virus? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
M-20
620 | Appendix G
721 If a member of your family got infected with the AIDS virus, YES, REMAIN A SECRET . . . . . . . . . 1
would you want it to remain a secret or not? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DK/NOT SURE/DEPENDS . . . . . . . . . 8
722 If a member of your family became sick with AIDS, would YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
you be willing to care for her or him in your own household? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
723 In your opinion, if a female teacher has the AIDS virus but SHOULD BE ALLOWED . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
is not sick, should she be allowed to continue teaching SHOULD NOT BE ALLOWED . . . . . . . 2
in the school? DK/NOT SURE/DEPENDS . . . . . . . . . 8
724 Do you personally know someone who has been denied YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
health services in the last 12 months because he or she NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
has or is suspected to have the AIDS virus? DK ANYONE WITH AIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 729
725 Do you personally know someone who has been denied YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
involvement in social events, religious services, or community NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
events in the last 12 months because he or she
has or is suspected to have the AIDS virus?
726 Do you personally know someone who has been verbally YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
abused or teased in the last 12 months because he or she NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
has or is suspected to have the AIDS virus?
727 CHECK 724, 725, AND 726: AT LEAST

ONE 'YES' 729
OTHER
728 Do you personally know someone who has or is suspected YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

to have the AIDS virus? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

People with the AIDS virus should be ashamed of themselves. DISAGREE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW/NO OPINION . . . . . . . 8

People with the AIDS virus should be blamed for bringing the DISAGREE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
disease into the community. DON'T KNOW/NO OPINION . . . . . . . 8
731 Should children age 12-14 be taught about using a condom YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
to avoid getting AIDS? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DK/NOT SURE/DEPENDS ....... 8
732 Should children age 12-14 be taught to wait until they get YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
married to have sexual intercourse in order to avoid getting AIDS? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
733 CHECK 701:

HEARD ABOUT NOT HEARD
AIDS ABOUT AIDS
Apart from AIDS, have Have you heard about infections
you heard about other that can be transmitted through
infections that can be sexual contact? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
transmitted through NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
sexual contact?
M-21
Appendix G | 621
734 CHECK 414:

HAS HAD SEXUAL HAS NOT HAD SEXUAL
INTERCOURSE INTERCOURSE 742
735 CHECK 733: HEARD ABOUT OTHER SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS?
YES NO 737
736 Now I would like to ask you some questions about your health in YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
the last 12 months. During the last 12 months, have you had a NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
disease which you got through sexual contact? DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
737 Sometimes men experience an abnormal discharge YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

from their penis. NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
During the last 12 months, have you had an abnormal discharge DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
from your penis?
738 Sometimes men have a sore or ulcer near their penis. YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
During the last 12 months, have you had a sore or ulcer near NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
your penis? DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
739 CHECK 736, 737, AND 738:

HAS HAD AN HAS NOT HAD AN
INFECTION INFECTION OR 742
(ANY 'YES') DOES NOT KNOW
740 The last time you had (PROBLEM FROM 736/737/738), YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
did you seek any kind of advice or treatment? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 742
741 Where did you go? PUBLIC SECTOR

PROBE TO IDENTIFY EACH TYPE OF SOURCE AND CIRCLE FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC . . . . . . . D
THE APPROPRIATE CODE(S). MOBILE CLINIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
FIELDWORKER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F

PRIVATE DOCTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . H
(NAME OF PLACE) PHARMACY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J
CHEMIST/PMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K
MOBILE CLINIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L
OTHER PRIVATE
MEDICAL N
(SPECIFY)
OTHER SOURCE
SHOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O
OTHER X
(SPECIFY)
742 Husband and wives do not always agree in everything. YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

If a wife knows her husband has a disease that she can get NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
during sexual intercourse, is she justified in refusing to have DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
sex with him?
743 If a wife knows her husband has a disease that she can get YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
during sexual intercourse, is she justified in asking that they use NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
a condom when they have sex? DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
M-22
622 | Appendix G
744 Is a wife justified in refusing to have sex with her husband YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
when she is tired or not in the mood? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
745 Is a wife justified in refusing to have sex with her husband YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
when she knows her husband has sex with other women? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
746 Do you believe that young men should wait until they are YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
married to have sexual intercourse? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
747 Do you think that most young men you know wait YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
until they are married to have sexual intercourse? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
748 Do you believe that men who are not married and YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
are having sex should only have sex with one partner? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
749 Do you think that most men you know who are not married YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
and are having sex have sex with only one partner? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
750 Do you believe that married men should only have sex with YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
their wives? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
751 Do you think that most married men you know YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
have sex only with their wives? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
752 Do you believe that young women should wait until they are YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
married to have sexual intercourse? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
753 Do you think that most young women you know wait YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
until they are married to have sexual intercourse? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
754 Do you believe that women who are not married and YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
are having sex should only have sex with one partner? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
755 Do you think that most women you know who are not married YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
and are having sex have sex with only one partner? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
756 Do you believe that married women should only have sex YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
with their husbands? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
757 Do you think that most married women you know YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
have sex only with their husbands? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
M-23
Appendix G | 623
SECTION 8. OTHER HEALTH ISSUES
801 Have you ever heard of an illness called tuberculosis or TB? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 805
802 How does tuberculosis spread from one person to another? THROUGH THE AIR WHEN
COUGHING OR SNEEZING . . . . . . . A
PROBE: Any other ways? THROUGH SHARING UTENSILS . . . . . B
THROUGH TOUCHING A PERSON
CIRCLE ALL MENTIONED. WITH TB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C
THROUGH FOOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
THROUGH SEXUAL CONTACT . . . . . E
THROUGH MOSQUITO BITES . . . . . . . F
OTHER X
(SPECIFY)
DON’T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Z
802A What are the signs or symptoms that would lead you to think COUGHING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A
a person has tuberculosis or TB? COUGHING WITH SPUTUM . . . . . . . . . B
COUGHING SERVERAL WEEKS . . . . . C
Any others? FEVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
BLOOD IN SPUTUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
RECORD ALL MENTIONED. LOSS OF APPETITE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F
NIGHTSWEATING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G
PAIN IN CHEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H
TIREDNESS/FATIGUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I
WEIGHT LOSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J
PALENESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K
OTHER . X
SPECIFY
DON'T KNOW .................. Z
802B Do you know of other illnesses that are associated with COLD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A
tuberculosis or TB? PNEUMONIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B
FEVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C
HIV/AIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
BRONCITIS/UPPER RESPIRATORY E
LUNG CANCER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F
OTHER . X
SPECIFY
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Z
802C Do you know of where someone can go to receive PUBLIC SECTOR

treatment for tuberculosis? GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL ..... A
GOVT. HEALTH CENTER . . . . . . . B
PROBE: Any other place?
OTHER PUBLIC C
(SPECIFY)
PRIVATE DOCTOR ......... D
(NAME OF PLACE) PHARMACY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
CHEMIST/PMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F
OFFICE OR HOME OF NURSE/
(NAME OF PLACE) HEALTH WORKER . . . . . . . . . . . . G
OTHER PRIVATE
MEDICAL H
(SPECIFY)
OTHER PLACE
AT HOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I
OTHER X
(SPECIFY)
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Z
M-24
624 | Appendix G
803 Can tuberculosis be cured? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
804 If a member of your family got tuberculosis, would you want it to YES, REMAIN A SECRET . . . . . . . . . 1
remain a secret or not? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW/NOT SURE/
DEPENDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
804A If a tuberculosis patient is within the house, how likely is it that HIGHLY LIKELY .............. 1
tuberculosis can spread to other members of the household, SOMEWHAT LIKELY . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
highly likely, somewhat likely, or not likely at all? NOT LIKELY AT ALL . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
DON'T KNOW/UNSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
804B If a member of your household has tuberculosis, should other YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

people in the household be screened for tuberculosis? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW/UNSURE ....... 8
805 Some men are circumcised. Are you circumcised? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
806 Now I would like to ask you some other questions

relating to health matters. Have you had an injection
for any reason in the last 12 months? NUMBER OF INJECTIONS . . .
IF YES: How many injections have you had?
IF NUMBER OF INJECTIONS IS GREATER THAN 90, NONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00 810
OR DAILY FOR 3 MONTHS OR MORE, RECORD '90'.
807 Among these injections, how many were administered by a

doctor, a nurse, a pharmacist, a dentist, or any other NUMBER OF INJECTIONS . . .
health worker?
IF NUMBER OF INJECTIONS IS GREATER THAN 90,
OR DAILY FOR 3 MONTHS OR MORE, RECORD '90'. NONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00 810
808 The last time you had an injection given to you by a health PUBLIC SECTOR
worker, where did you go to get the injection? GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL . . . . . 11
GOVT. HEALTH CENTER . . . . . . . 12
PROBE TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SOURCE AND CIRCLE OTHER PUBLIC 16
THE APPROPRIATE CODE. (SPECIFY)
IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE IF HOSPITAL, HEALTH CENTER PRIVATE HOSPITAL/CLINIC/
OR CLINIC IS PUBLIC OR PRIVATE MEDICAL, WRITE PRIVATE DOCTOR ......... 21
THE NAME OF THE PLACE. DENTAL CLINIC/OFFICE ....... 22
PHARMACY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
CHEMIST/PMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
OFFICE OR HOME OF NURSE/
HEALTH WORKER . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
(NAME OF PLACE) OTHER PRIVATE
MEDICAL 26
(SPECIFY)
OTHER PLACE
AT HOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
809 Did the person who gave you that injection take the syringe and YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
needle from a new, unopened package? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
810 Do you currently smoke cigarettes? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 812
M-25
Appendix G | 625
811 In the last 24 hours, how many cigarettes did you smoke?
CIGARETTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
812 Do you currently smoke or use any other type of tobacco? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 814
813 What (other) type of tobacco do you currently smoke or use? PIPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A
CHEWING TOBACCO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B
CIRCLE ALL MENTIONED. SNUFF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C
OTHER X
(SPECIFY)
814 Are you covered by any health insurance? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 816
815 What type of health insurance? MUTUAL HEALTH ORGANIZATION/

COMMUNITY BASED HEALTH
CIRCLE ALL MENTIONED. INSURANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A
HEALTH INSURANCE THROUGH
EMPLOYER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B
OTHER PRIVATELY PURCHASED
COMMERCIAL HEALTH
INSURANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C
OTHER X
(SPECIFY)
816 CHECK 214:

818
IS AGE 0-17
817 Now I would like to ask you about your own child(ren) who
(is/are) age 0 -17.
Have you made arrangements for someone to care for YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
(him/her/them) in the event that you fall sick or are unable NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
to care for (him/her/them)? UNSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
818 (Besides your own child/children), are you the primary YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
caregiver for any children age 0- 17? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 FGC01
819 Have you made arrangements for someone to care for YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
(this child/these children) in the event that you fall sick or are NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
M-26
626 | Appendix G
FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING
FGC01 Have you ever heard of female circumcision? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 FGC03

NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
FGC02 In a number of countries, there is a practice in which a girl

may have part of her genitals cut. YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Have you ever heard about this practice? NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 901
FGC03 What benefits do girls themselves get if they are circumcised? CLEANLINESS/HYGIENE. . . . . . . . . . . . A
SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . B
BETTER MARRIAGE PROSPECTS . . . C
PROBE: Any other benefits? PRESERVE VIRGINITY/PREVENT
PREMARITAL SEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
MORE SEXUAL PLEASURE FOR
RECORD ALL MENTIONED. THE MAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
RELIGIOUS APPROVAL . . . . . . . . . . . . F
OTHER X
(SPECIFY)
NO BENEFITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Y
FGC04 Do you believe that this practice is required by your religion? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
FGC05 Do you think that this practice should be continued, or should it CONTINUED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
be discontinued? DISCONTINUED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DEPENDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
M-27
Appendix G | 627
SECTION 9. MATERNAL AND ADULT MORTALITY
901 Now I would like to ask you some questions about your NUMBER OF BIRTHS TO
brothers and sisters, that is, all of the children born to your NATURAL MOTHER . . . . . . . . . . .
natural mother, including those who are living with you,
those living elsewhere and those who have died.
How many children did your mother give birth to, including you?
902 CHECK 901:
TWO OR MORE BIRTHS ONLY ONE BIRTH

(RESPONDENT ONLY) 914
903 How many of these births did your mother have before NUMBER OF
you were born? PRECEDING BIRTHS . . . . . . . . . . .
904 What was the (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
name given to
your oldest
(next oldest)
brother or sister?
905 Is (NAME) MALE 1 MALE 1 MALE 1 MALE 1 MALE 1 MALE 1

male or female? FEMALE 2 FEMALE 2 FEMALE 2 FEMALE 2 FEMALE 2 FEMALE 2
906 Is (NAME) still YES ... 1 YES ... 1 YES ... 1 YES ... 1 YES ... 1 YES ... 1
alive? NO ... 2 NO ... 2 NO ... 2 NO ... 2 NO ... 2 NO ... 2
DK ... 8 DK ... 8 DK ... 8 DK ... 8 DK ... 8 DK ... 8
907 How old is

(NAME)?
908 How many years

ago did (NAME)
die?
909 How old was

(NAME) when
he/she died?
DK ... 8 DK ... 8 DK ... 8 DK ... 8 DK ... 8 DK ... 8
months after
the end of a
pregnancy or
childbirth?
an accident or
violence?
IF NO MORE BROTHERS OR SISTERS, GO TO 914.
M - 28
628 | Appendix G
904 What was the (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)
name given to
your oldest (next
oldest) brother
or sister?
905 Is (NAME) male MALE 1 MALE 1 MALE 1 MALE 1 MALE 1 MALE 1

or female? FEMALE 2 FEMALE 2 FEMALE 2 FEMALE 2 FEMALE 2 FEMALE 2
906 Is (NAME) YES ... 1 YES ... 1 YES ... 1 YES ... 1 YES ... 1 YES ... 1
still alive? NO ... 2 NO ... 2 NO ... 2 NO ... 2 NO ... 2 NO ... 2
DK ... 8 DK ... 8 DK ... 8 DK ... 8 DK ... 8 DK ... 8
907 How old is

(NAME)?
908 How many years

ago did (NAME)
die?
909 How old was

(NAME) when
he/she died?
GO TO [8] GO TO (9) GO TO (10) GO TO (11) GO TO (12) GO TO (13)
months after
the end of a
pregnancy or
childbirth?
an accident or
violence?
IF NO MORE BROTHERS OR SISTERS, GO TO 914.
TICK HERE IF CONTINUATION SHEET USED . . . . . .

HOURS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MINUTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
M - 29
Appendix G | 629
INTERVIEWER'S OBSERVATIONS
TO BE FILLED IN AFTER COMPLETING INTERVIEW
COMMENTS ABOUT RESPONDENT:
COMMENTS ON SPECIFIC QUESTIONS:
ANY OTHER COMMENTS:
SUPERVISOR'S OBSERVATIONS
NAME OF SUPERVISOR: DATE:
EDITOR'S OBSERVATIONS
NAME OF EDITOR: DATE:
M-30
630 | Appendix G

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2008

Nigeria 2008 Demographic and Health Survey

National Population Commission

TABLES AND FIGURES ........................................................................................................... xi

1.1 History, Geography, and Economy of Nigeria ...................................................1

1.2 Population and Basic Demographic Indicators..................................................2

1.6 Response Rates ................................................................................................9

CHAPTER 2 HOUSEHOLD POPULATION AND HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS

2.1 Population by Age and Sex.............................................................................11

2.4 Household Environment.................................................................................20

CHAPTER 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS

3.1 Characteristics of Survey Respondents............................................................31

CHAPTER 4 FERTILITY LEVELS, TRENDS, AND DIFFERENTIALS

4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................51

CHAPTER 5 FAMILY PLANNING

5.1 Knowledge of Contraceptive Methods............................................................63

CHAPTER 6 OTHER PROXIMATE DETERMINANTS OF FERTILITY

6.1 Current Marital Status ....................................................................................91

CHAPTER 7 FERTILITY PREFERENCES

7.1 Desire for More Children ............................................................................ 105

CHAPTER 8 INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY

8.1 Background and Assessment of Data Quality............................................... 117

CHAPTER 9 MATERNAL HEALTH AND OBSTETRIC FISTULA

9.1 Antenatal Care ............................................................................................ 125

CHAPTER 10 CHILD HEALTH

10.1 Child’s Weight at Birth ................................................................................ 143

10.3 Acute Respiratory Infection ......................................................................... 151

CHAPTER 11 NUTRITION OF CHILDREN AND ADULTS

11.1 Nutritional Status of Children ...................................................................... 163

11.2 Initiation of Breastfeeding............................................................................ 167

12.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 187

12.3 Prophylactic Use of Anti-malarial Drugs and Use of Intermittent

CHAPTER 13 HIV AND AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND

13.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 197

13.3 Knowledge about Mother-to-Child Transmission ......................................... 203

CHAPTER 14 ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY

14.1 Data............................................................................................................ 235

CHAPTER 15 WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT AND HEALTH OUTCOMES

15.1 Women’s and Men’s Employment .............................................................. 239

CHAPTER 16 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

16.1 Women Experiencing Physical Violence ...................................................... 262

CHAPTER 17 ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN

17.1 Orphaned and Vulnerable Children ............................................................ 285

17.3 Care and Support for OVCs ........................................................................ 293

CHAPTER 18 FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING

18.1 Knowledge and Prevalence of Female Genital Cutting ................................. 299

APPENDIX A STATE TABLES ......................................................................................... 317

APPENDIX B SURVEY DESIGN ............................................................................. 457

APPENDIX C ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS .................................................... 463

APPENDIX D DATA QUALITY TABLES ........................................................................ 477

APPENDIX F PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE 2008 NIGERIA DEMOGRAPHIC

APPENDIX G QUESTIONNAIRES ................................................................................. 497

Table 1.1 Basic demographic indicators........................................................................ 3

CHAPTER 2 HOUSEHOLD POPULATION AND HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS

Table 2.1 Household population by age, sex, and residence.........................................12

Figure 2.1 Population Pyramid ......................................................................................12

CHAPTER 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS

Table 3.1 Background characteristics of respondents ....................................................32

Tables and Figures | xi