Ideal Gases

Gases
Ideal Gases: An ideal gas is a gas that follows the kinetic theory of gases
• The kinetic theory of gases states that molecules in gases are constantly moving.
• The theory makes the following assumptions:
▪ The gas molecules are moving very fast and randomly.
▪ The molecules hardly have any volume.
▪ The gas molecules do not attract or repel each other (no intermolecular forces).
▪ No kinetic energy is lost when the gas molecules collide with each other
(elastic collisions).
▪ The temperature of the gas is directly proportional to the average kinetic
energy of the molecules.
• In reality, gases do not fit this description but may come very close and are called real
gases.
The ideal gas equation: the ideal gas equation shows the relationship between
pressure, volume, temperature and number of moles of an ideal gas:
PV = nRT
P = pressure (Pascal, Pa)
V = volume (m3) X 1000 X 1000
m3 dm3 cm3
n = number of moles of gas (mol)
÷ 1000 ÷ 1000
R = gas constant (8.31 J.K-1.mol-1)
T = temperature (Kelvin, K)
𝒎 𝒎
The ideal gas equation can be written as: PV = RT (n = )
𝑴 𝑴
Exercise 1
Calculate the volume, in dm3, occupied by 0.781 mol of oxygen gas at a pressure of
220 KPa and a temperature of 21°C.
P = 220 KPa = 220000 Pa
n = 0.781 mol
R = 8.31 J K-1 mol-1
T = 21 °C = 21 +273 = 294 K
PV = nRT
𝒏𝑹𝑻 𝟎.𝟕𝟖𝟏 𝒎𝒐𝒍 × 𝟖.𝟑𝟏 𝑱 𝒎𝒐𝒍−1𝑲−1 × 𝟐𝟗𝟒𝑲
V= = = 8.7 x 10-3 m3
𝑷 𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑷𝒂
V = 8.7 dm3
Exercise 2
Calculate the pressure of a gas, in KPa, given that 0.20 moles of that gas occupy
10.1 dm3 at a temperature of 25°C.
V = 10.1 dm3
n = 0.20 mol
R = 8.31 J K-1 mol-1
T = 25 °C = 25 +273 = 298 K
PV = nRT
𝒏𝑹𝑻 𝟎.𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝒐𝒍 × 𝟖.𝟑𝟏 𝑱 𝒎𝒐𝒍−1𝑲−1 × 𝟐𝟗𝟖𝑲
P= = _ = 49037 Pa = 49000 Pa (2 sig figs)
𝑽 𝟏𝟎.𝟏 x 𝟏𝟎 𝟑 m3
= 49 KPa
Exercise 3
Calculate the temperature of a gas, in °C, if 0.047 moles of that gas occupy 1.2 dm3
at a pressure of 100 KPa.
V = 1.2 dm3
n = 0.047 mol
R = 8.31 J K-1 mol-1
P = 100 KPa
PV = nRT
𝑷𝑽 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 ×𝟏.𝟐 x 𝟏𝟎−3
T= = = 307.24 K = 307.24 -273 = 34.24 °C = 34 °C (2 sig fig)
𝒏𝑹 𝟎.𝟎𝟒𝟕 x 𝟖.𝟑𝟏
Exercise 4
A flask of volume 1000.0 cm3 contains 6.39 g of a gas. The pressure in the flask was
300.0 KPa and the temperature 23 °C. calculate the molar mass of the gas.
1st method
𝒎
PV = RT
𝑴
𝒎𝑹𝑻 𝟔.𝟑𝟗 × 𝟖.𝟑𝟏 x 𝟐𝟗𝟔
M= = = 52.4 g.mol-1
𝑷𝑽 𝟑𝟎𝟎.𝟎 ×𝟏𝟎3 x 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎.𝟎 ×𝟏𝟎−6
2nd method
𝑷𝑽 𝟑𝟎𝟎.𝟎 ×𝟏𝟎3 ×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎.𝟎 ×𝟏𝟎−6
PV = nRT => n = = = 0.122 mol
𝑹𝑻 𝟖.𝟑𝟏 x 𝟐𝟗𝟔
𝒎 𝒎 𝟔.𝟑𝟗
n= => M = = = 52.4 g.mol-1
𝑴 𝒏 𝟎.𝟏𝟐𝟐
Gas Law Relationships
• Gases in a container exert a pressure since the gas molecules are constantly
colliding with the walls of the container.
Boyle’s Law
Relationship between volume and pressure
Decreasing the volume (at constant temperature) of the container causes the
molecules to be very close to each other; This results in more frequent collisions
with the walls of the container.
Same number of particles in a

smaller volume
=> More collisions take place
with the walls of the
container
• The pressure is inversely proportional to the volume at constant temperature.
• We can say that P 1/V or PV = a constant
• Boyle’s law can be represented graphically in 3 ways:
▪ A graph of pressure of gas plotted against 1/V gives a straight line.
▪ A graph of pressure against volume gives a curve.
▪ A graph of PV versus P gives a straight line.
Charles’ Law
Relationship between volume and temperature
• When a gas is heated, the particles gain more kinetic energy and undergo more
frequent collisions with the walls of the container.
• To keep the pressure constant, the molecules must get further apart and
therefore the volume increases.
=> Volume is directly proportional to the temperature (in Kelvin) at constant
pressure.
• V T or V/T = a constant .
• Charle’s law can be represented
graphically by a straight line
(temperature plotted against volume).
Gay Lussac’s Law
Relationship between pressure and temperature
• Increasing the temperature (at constant volume) of the gas causes the gas
molecules to gain more kinetic energy. As a result, the gas particles will move
faster and collide with the walls of the container more frequently.
=> The pressure of the gas increases.
• The temperature is directly proportional to the pressure (constant volume).
• P T or P/T = a constant
• A graph of temperature (in kelvin)
plotted against pressure gives a
straight line.
Relationship between pressure and temperature
Combined gas law (Ideal gas equation)
P1 V1 P2 V2
=
T1 T2
P1 , V1 and T1 are the initial conditions of a gas.
P2 , V2 and T2 are the final conditions of a gas.
Example P1 T1 T2
V1
A 2.00 dm3 of oxygen at a pressure of 80.0 KPa was heated from 20°C to 70°C. The
V2
volume expanded to 2.25 dm3. What is the final pressure of the gas?
𝑷𝟏𝑽𝟏 𝑷𝟐𝑽𝟐 𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝑻𝟐 𝟖𝟎.𝟎 ×𝟐.𝟎𝟎 ×𝟑𝟒𝟑 T1 = 20 + 273 = 293 K
= P2 = = = 83.2 KPa
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝑻 𝟏 𝟐.𝟐𝟓 ×𝟐𝟗𝟑 T2 = 70 + 273 = 343 K
Exercise 1
At 25 °C and 100 KPa, a gas occupies a volume of 20 dm3 . Calculate the new
temperature, in °C , of the gas if the volume is decreased to 10 dm3 at constant
pressure.
𝑷𝟏𝑽𝟏 𝑷𝟐𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟐
= ➔ = T1 = 20 + 273 = 293 K
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐 𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
𝑽𝟐 𝑻𝟏 𝟏𝟎×𝟐𝟗𝟑
T2 = = = 149 K = 149 – 273 = - 124°C
𝑽𝟏 𝟐𝟎
Exercise 2
A helium filled balloon is designed to rise to altitudes as high as 37000 m. A
balloon with a volume of 5.50 dm3 and a pressure of 101 KPa is released and rises
to an altitude of 3500 m where the atmospheric pressure is 68.0 KPa.
Calculate the new volume in dm3. It is assumed that the temperature and number
of moles remain constant.
𝑷𝟏𝑽𝟏 𝑷𝟐𝑽𝟐
= ➔ 𝑷𝟏𝑽𝟏 = 𝑷𝟐𝑽𝟐
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
𝑷𝟏𝑽𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝟏×𝟓.𝟓𝟎
V2 = = = 8.17 dm3
𝑷𝟐 𝟔𝟖.𝟎
Exercise 3
A glass gas syringe contains 76.4 cm3 of a gas at 27.0°C. After running ice cold
water over the outside of the syringe, the temperature of the gas decreases to
18.0°C.
Calculate the new volume, in cm3 , occupied by the gas.
𝑷𝟏𝑽𝟏 𝑷𝟐𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟐
= ➔ =
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐 𝑻𝟏 𝑻2
𝑻𝟐𝑽𝟏 𝟐𝟗𝟏. ×𝟕𝟔.𝟒𝟎

V2 = = = 74.1 cm3
𝑻𝟏 𝟑𝟎𝟎.
Avogadro’s Law
Avogadro’s Law directly relates gas volume to moles
• Avogadro’s law states that:
Equal volumes of all gases, when measured at the same temperature and
pressure, contain an equal number of particles.
➔ Equal numbers of particles of all gases,
when measured under the same
temperature and pressure, occupy
equal volumes.
Exercise 1
Consider the following reaction: CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g)
a- What volume of hydrogen reacts exactly with 2.50 dm3 of CO?
CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g)
1 mole 2 moles 1 mole
2.50 dm3
According to the equation, 1 mol CO reacts with 2 mol H2 .
 1 volume of CO reacts with 2 volumes of H2
 2.50 dm3 CO react with 2.50 x 2 = 5.00 dm3 H2
b- What volume of CH3OH is produced?
1 volume of CO produces 2 volumes of CH3OH
 2.50 dm3 CO produce 2.50 dm3 CH3OH
Exercise 2
Consider the following reaction: CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
What volume of oxygen (in cm3) reacts with 30 cm3 CH4 ?
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
1 mole 2 moles 1 mole
30 cm3
According to the equation, 1 mol CH4 reacts with 2 mol O2 .
 1 volume of CH4 reacts with 2 volumes of O2
 30 cm3 CH4 react with 30 x 2 = 60 dm3 O2
What volume of CO2 (in cm3) is produced?

 1 volume of CH4 produces 1 volume of CO2
 30 cm3 CH4 produces 30 cm3 CO2

Ideal Gases

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Gases

Same number of particles in a

𝑻𝟐𝑽𝟏 𝟐𝟗𝟏. ×𝟕𝟔.𝟒𝟎

What volume of CO2 (in cm3) is produced?

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