Political Caricature of the American Era (1900- 1941) by Alfred McCoy, together with Alfredo Roces, compiled

political cartoons published in newspaper dailies and periodicals in the aforementioned time period.

Political cartoons and caricature- are a rather recent art form, which veered away from the classical art by
exaggerating human features and poking fun at its subjects.

- portrays a point and/or issue of a particular event. usually targets persons of power and authority. Cartoons
became an effective tool of publicizing opinions through heavy use of symbolism

Alfred W. Mccoy - born on June 8, 1945 in Massachusetts, USA. Professor of History at the University of Wisconsin–
Madison

A public post is not hereditary crown

 The Independent on May 20, 1961.

 The cartoon shows a politician from Tondo, named Dr. Santos, passing his crown to his brother-in- law,
Dr. Barcelona. A Filipino guy (as depicted wearing salakot and barong tagalog) was trying to stop Santos,
telling the latter to stop giving Barcelona the crown because it is not his to begin with. (Political dynasty)

War Against Speculators

 Published on June 16, 1917 (by: FERNANDO AMORSOLO)

 was aimed as a commentary to the workings of Manila police at that period.
 Filipino child who stole a skinny chicken. The police officer was relentlessly pursuing the
said child. A man wearing a salakot, was Grabbing the officer, telling him to leave the
small-time pickpockets and to turn at the great thieves instead. (racism & unfair treatment)

Death Cars

 a commentary on the unprecedented cases of colorum automobiles in the city streets. The
Philippine Free Press published this commentary when fatal accidents involving colorum vehicles
and taxis occurred too often already. symbolizes the new transportation system brought by the
Americans where here we can see that rules and laws are lacking when it comes to automobile
(about colorum illegal cars)

CINEMA

 cartoon depicts a cinema. A blown-up police officer was at the screen saying that
couples are not allowed to neck and make love in the theater. Two youngsters
looked horrified while an older couple seemed amused. (Being liberated)

Uncle Sam Riding a Chariot

 Published on November 27, 1915

 Uncle Sam riding a chariot pulled by Filipinos wearing school uniforms.
 Based on an Event in 1907. when William Howard Taft was brought to the Manila pier
riding a chariot pulled by students of Liceo de Manila. (Filipino being slave of America &
brainwashing them)

El Turno Los Partidos

 Publsihed on August 24, 1907 by Lipang Kalabaw

 Uncle Sam rationing the porridge to politicians and members of the Progresista
Party (sometimes known as Federalista Party), while members of Nacionalista
 Party look on and wait for their turn. This cartoon depicts the patronage of the Unite States. (vote buying & go
to the side whose popular and have high chance of winning)

REVISITING CORAZON AQUINO’S SPEECH BEFORE THE U.S. CONGRESS

Corazon “Cory” Cojuangco Aquino– Named Time Freedom constitution/1987 constitution – still applying
Magazine’s Woman of the year 1986. She was also the
Poriament style -prime ministers are the voters
most prominent figure of the 1986 People Power
Revolution, which ended the 20-year rule of President September 18, 1986 - Joint Session of the United States
Ferdinand Marcos. Congress Held at Washington D.C.
 symbol of the restoration of democracy and the Juan Ponce Enrile and Fidel Ramos, plotted to take over
overthrow of the Marco Dictatorship in 1986. the presidency, until civilians heeded the call of then
 11th president and the first female president of Manila Archbishop Jaime Cardinal Sin and other civilian
the Philippines no government experience. leaders gather in EDSA.
SIGNIFICANT POINT OF HER SPEECH: Ninoy decided to do a hunger strike and fasted for 40
days – to solidify his protest
1. Restoration of democracy
2. Situation of PH during Marcos times On September 22, 1972 - Senator Benigno Aquino Jr.
3. Continuation of America’s support was arrested.
4. Life of Ninoy Aquino
5. Dept of PH (26B $)  They were first detained in Camp Crame and
6. Bill of rights (right of inidiv. , freedom to speech later in Fort Bonifacio
$ t vote) March 12, 1973 - Ninoy was transported to Fort
Martial Law - The imposition of military power over the Magsaysay.
civilian population. Marcos proclaimed Martial Law in  "They locked him up in a tiny, nearly airless cell
the Philippines on September 12, 1972 in a military camp in the north. They stripped
Benigno "Ninoy" Simeon Aquino Jr. - senator of the him naked and held the threat of sudden
Philippines and the husband of Corazon Aquino. midnight execution over his head."

August, 27, 1973-Ninoy was brought back to Fort

 Aug. 21, 1983 – Sen. Ninoy Aquino was shot at
Bonifacio.
tarmac of the Manila int. Airport
 February 1986 – Marcos He called for the Snap  "Ninoy challenged its authority and went on a
Election, where Corazon Aquino, the widow of fast. If he survived it, then, he felt, God
the slain senator was convicted to run against intended him for another fate. We had lost him
Marcos. again."
 Snap Election - wherein the Commission on
Elections (COMELEC) declared Marcos as the March 31, 1975- the tribunal re-investigate his case.
winner

March 1980- he went out of prison

Making Sense of The Past: Historical Interpretation & Multiperspectivity

MAKING SENSE OF THE PAST

 requires taking into consideration both the ideas and beliefs of the people in the past and relevance of the past
events for our contemporary attitudes and situations.

MULTIPERSPECTIVITY - a way of looking at historical events from diff. perspective. there is a multitude of ways by which
we can view the world. (More than one perspective)
HOW TO INTERPRET HISTORICAL EVENTS THROUGH PRIMARY SOURCES?

1. Look at the physical nature of your source (what can u learn)

2. Think about the purpose of the source (author’s message)
3. How does the author try to get the message across? (Method he uses)
4. What do you know about the author?
5. Who constituted the intended audience?
6. What can a careful reading of the text (even if it is an object) tell you?

The Code of Kalantiaw - is a mythical legal code in the epic history Maragtas. (1968 that it was proved a hoax)
(fabricated). it was a source of pride for the people of Aklan. In fact, a historical marker was installed in the town of
Bataan, Aklan in 1956, with the following

FIRST MASS IN THE PHILIPPINES

ALBO’S LOG – he was one of magellan’s pilot. He is also a navigator form the island of Rhodes.

March 16 1521 - they saw land towards the northwest which is yunagan however they did not go because it has shallow
places.

- That same day, they went to an island called Suluan where they saw canoes but quickly fled with their approach.
This island was at 9 & 2/3 degrees North latitude.
- They sailed westward to the Uninhabited Island of “gada” (acquada/ homonhon acc to pigafetta) where they
took in a supply of wood and water. (sea is free from shallow)
- From “gada”, they sailed westwards towards a large island named Seilani (known to have gold)
- ”Mazava” - southwards along the coast of that large island of Seilani, they turned southwest to a small island
- The people in the island were very good. Spaniards planted a cross upon a mountain-topfrom there they were
shown three islands to the west and southwest, where they were told there was much gold.
- "Matan" and "Subu - "From there they sailed westwards and saw three islets where they dropped anchor and
stayed for the night. There they entered a channel between two islands, one of which was called
town (la villa) of Subu - they stayed many days and obtained provisions and entered into a peace-pact
- east-west direction with the islands of Suluan and Mavaza. But between Mavaza and Subu

PIGAFETTA’S TESTIMONY

Mar.16,1521 (sat) - sighted a ―high land named “Zamal” which was some 300 leagues westward of Ladrones (Marianas)
island

Mar 17 (sun) – There they set up two tents for the sick members of the crew and had a sow killed for them. The name of
this island was “Humunu” (Homonhon). This island was located at 10 degrees North latitude.

- Magellan named the entire archipelago the “Islands f Saint Lazarus”

Mar. 18 (mon) – a boat coming towards them with 9 men (Magellan asked for food supplies in four

days)

- island of Homonhon – Watering Place of Good Men (Acquada la di bouni segnialli).

Mar. 22 (fri) - they were in two boats, and they brought food supplies. ( @ noon)

Mar 25 (mon) – left homonhon. It was the feast of the Annunciation ( our lady’s day) (Magellan stayed in homonhon for
7 days)
 - The route taken by the expedition after leaving Homonhon was ―toward the west southwest, between four
islands: Cenalo, Hiunanghan, Ibusson andAlbarien

Mar. 28 (holy thurs) - an island where there previous night they had seen a light or a bonfire, called “mazaua” (they
remain for 7 days)

April 4 (thurs )- They left Mazaua, bound for Cebu.

At Gatighan, they sailed westward to the three islands of the Camotes Group, namely, Poro, Pasihan and Ponson.
Ponson. Here the Spanish ships stopped to allow the king of Mazaua to catch up with them, since balanghai is slower
than Spanish boats

April 7 (sun) – they entered Zubu (cebu) from camotes

PRIMARY SOURCE: PIGAFETTA AND SEVEN DAYS IN MAZAUA

Mar 28 (thur) – In the morning anchored near an island where they had seen a light the night before small boat (boloto)
came with eight natives, to whom Magellan threw some trinkets as presents. An exchange of gifts was effected.
(Thursday in Holy Week, or the Holy Thursday.)

Mar 29 (fri) – Next day. Holy Friday, Magellan sent his slave interpreter ashore in a small boat to ask to the king if he
could provide the expedition with food supplies, and to say that they had come as friends and not as enemies. In reply
the king himself came in a boat and went up Magellan’s ship. Another exchange of gifts was made.

Mar 30(Sat) – Pigafetta and his companion had spent the previous evening feasting and drinking with the native king
and his son.

Mar 31 (Sun) –Magellan sent the priest ashore with some men to prepare for the Mass. in the afternoon they returned
ashore to plant the cross on the summit of the hill. In attendance both at the Mass and at the planting of the cross were
the king of Mazaua and the king of Butuan.

March 31(Sun) –Magellan asked the two kings which ports he should go to in order to obtain more abundant supplies of
food than were available in that island. They replied that there were three ports to choose from: Ceylon, Zubu, and
Calagan. Of the three, Zubu was the port with the most trade so he wished to go there.

April 1 (mon) – Magellan sent men ashore to help with the harvest, but no work was done that day because the two
kings were sleeping off their drinking bout the
night before. differences similarities
Albo’s only the planting of the  Both started their
April 2(tues) & April 3(wed) – Work on the testimony cross upon a mountain expedition on the
harvest during the top was mentioned 16th of March 1521
Pigafetta’s mentioned that the first  Both albo and
April 4( thurs) – They leave Mazaua, bound for testimony mass is held in Mazaua pigafetta are
Cebu. on Easter Sunday, eyewitness
March 31. They both shared a log of
their expedition

Cavity Mutiny
The year 1872 is a historic year of two events: the Cavite Mutiny and the martyrdom of the three priests: Mariano
Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora (GOMBURZA)

2 accounts :
FILIPINO PERSECTIVE- it's simple mutiny by the native Filipino soldiers and laborers of the Cavite arsenal who
turned out to be dissatisfied with the abolition of their privileges.

Dr. Trinidad Hermenigildo Pardo de Tavera - a Filipino scholar and researcher, wrote the Filipino version of the bloody
incident in Cavite.

January 20, 1872 - Uprising of military personnel belief that it would elevate of Fort San Felipe (the to a national
uprising. The Spanish arsenal in the mutiny was unsuccessful, Philippines)

- Uprising of military personnel belief that it would elevate of Fort San Felipe ( the to a national uprising. The
Spanish arsenal in the mutiny was unsuccesful, Philippines) on January 20, and government soldiers 1872.
- Around 200 soldiers and laborers rose up in the belief that it would elevate to a national uprising. The mutiny
was unsuccessful, and government soldiers, executed many of the participants.

GOMBURZA - Collective name of the three Martyred Priests. Tagged as the masterminds of the Cavite Mutiny. They
were prominent Filipino priests charged with treason and sedition

Garrote- killing someone by strangulation typically with an iron wire or cord

Feb. 17, 1872 – GOMBURZA were executed by the public to serve as a threat to never attempt to fight the Spain.

SPANISH PERSPECTIVES - an attempt of the Indios to overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines
JOSE MONTERO y VIDAL - a prolific Spanish historian documented the event and highlighted it as an attempt of the
Indios to overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines.

●Gov. Gen. Rafael Izquierdo's official report to the king of Spain magnified the event and made use of it to implicate the
native clergy, which was then active in call for SECULARIZATION.

●In the Spaniards' account, 1872 was premeditated, a part of a big conspiracy among Educated leaders, Mestizos,
Lawyers, and residents of Manila and Cavite. They allegedly plan to liquidate high-ranking Spanish officers then kill friars

Jan 20, 1872 - district of Sampaloc celebrated the feast of the Virgin of Loreto, and came with it some fireworks. The
Cavitenos mistook this as the signal to commence with the attack.

Feb 17, 1872 - An attempt of the Spanish government and Frailocracia to give fear among the Filipinos and the
Gomburza were executed.

 200 men were led by Sergeant Lamadrid attacked Spanish officers at sight and seized the arsenal.
 Izquierdo, upon learning of the attack, ordered the reinforcement of the Spanish forces in Cavite to quell the
revolt
 The revolution was crushed when Manilenos who were expected to aid Cavitenos did nor arrive.

Considering the four accounts of the 1872 Mutiny, there were some basic facts that remained to be unvarying:

1. there was dissatisfaction among the workers of the arsenal as well as the members of the native army after their
privileges were drawn back by Gen. Izquierdo;
2. Gen. Izquierdo introduced rigid and strict policies that made the Filipinos move and turn away from Spanish
government out of disgust;
3. the Central Government failed to conduct an investigation on what truly transpired but relied on reports of
Izquierdo and the friars and the opinion of the public;
4. The Central Government in Spain decided to deprive them of the power to intervene in government afairs as well
ass in the direction and management of schools prompting them to commit frantic moves to extend their stay and
power;
 5. the Filipino clergy members actively participated in the secularization movement in order to allow Filipino priests
to take hold of the parishes in the country making them prey to the rage of the friars;
6. Filipinos during the time were active participants, and responded to what they deemed as injustices;
7. the execution of GOMBURZA was a blunder on the part of the Spanish government, for the action severed the ill-
feelings of the Filipinos and the event inspired Filipino patriots to call for reforms and eventually independence.

Did Rizal Retract? Where did the Cry of Rebellion Happen?

The Balaguer Testimony

 Only eyewitness account about the existence of the document

 The account of Fr. Vicente Balaguer
 Testified that Rizal woke up multiple times, confessed four times, attended a Holy Mass, received communion,
and prayed the rosary.
 Used to promote the authenticity of the document, since it is the only "primary" account all about Rizal's
retraction document

The Testimony of Cuerpo de Vigilancia

 Through the research of Professor Rene R. Escalante, another eyewitness account surfaced in 2016.
 The documents contain Federico Moreno's report on Rizal's last hours. (written by Federico moreno)
 Primary Source: Eyewitness Account of the Last Hours of Rizal
 Source: Michael Charleston Chua, ―Retraction ni Jose Rizal: Mga Bagong Dokumento at Pananaw, GMA News
Online, published 29 December 2016.

DECEMBER 29, 1896

7:50 AM

 Along with the Vilaclara and Senor Taviel de Andrade, Jose Rizal entered the death row.
 He was given a light breakfast shortly after entering at the latter's persuasion

APPROX. 9 AM

 Senor Maure, the Plaza Assistant, inquire of Rizal if he had any requests.
 Father March promptly gave Rizal a prayer book when he stated that all he needed right then was one.

10:00 AM

 Senor Andrade left death row

 It seems that Rizal had a lengthy conversation on religion with March and Vilaclara.
 He, apparently, was given a prepared retraction on his life and actions by the two Jesuit priests, but he refused to
sign

12:30 PM

 Rizal ate some poached egg and a little chicken.

 Rizal asked to be left alone to write wherein he wrote by himself for a long time.

3:00 PM

 Father March entered the chapel and Rizal handed him what he had written.
 Immediately Senor del Fresno and Senor Maure, were informed.
 They entered death row and together with Rizal signed the document that the accused had written.

DECEMBER 30, 1896

5:00 AM

 Josephine Bracken arrived at the prison dressed in mourning.

 Only the former entered the chapel, followed by a military chaplain.
 Rizal wore his formal clothes and aided by a soldier of the artillery, the nuptials of he and Josephine were
performed at the point of death.

Different Dates and Places of the Cry

 Lt. Olegario Diaz ( guardia civil) - The Cry happened in Balintawak on August 25, 1896 according to him.
 Teodoro M Kalaw ( a historian) - Says it happen in KangKong, Balintawak,last week of August 1896.
 Santiago Alvarez - A Katipunero and son of Mariano Alvarez, a leader of Magdiwang Faction in Cavite said it
happened in Bahay Toro in Quezon City on August 24, 1896.
 Pio Valenzuela - Also a Katipunero and privy in many events concerning katipunan said it happened at Pugad
Lawin on 23rd of August.
 Gregorio Zaide - Identifies that it happened at Balintawak, 26th of August.
 Teodoro Agoncillo - Put it at Pugad Lawin on August 23, 1896 in accordance to Pio Valenzuela's account.

Primary Sources : The accounts of the Cry

Guillermo Magsangkay Account

August 26, 1896

 A big meeting was held at Antonio Samson, Cabeza of Balintawak in Caloocan.

 Present were Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Aguedo del Rosario, Tomas Remigio, Briccio Pantas, Teodoro
Plata, Pio Valenzuela, Enrique Pacheco and Francisco Carreon: all leaders of Katipunan and Board of Directors of
the organization. Also present are delegates from Bulacan, Cabanatuan, Cavite and Morong.
 The meeting was opened by Bonifacio at 9 o’clock in the morning while Jacinto act as secretary with the agenda
of when the uprising would take place.
 Plata, Pantas , and Valenzuela opposed the idea for it is too early for the rebellion for them. Bonifacio went out
sensing he would lose the discussion.
 Bonifacio appealed to the people outside saying his speech: Visuals.
 The people responded shouting:
 “You remember the fate of our countrymen who were shot at Bagumbayan ......
 Our organization has been discovered and we are marked men. If we don’t start the uprising the Spaniards will
get us anyway. What then you say?”
 “Revolt!”
 Bonifacio asked the people’s pledge and told them that the sign of Spanish slavery to Filipinos were the cedula.
 “If it is true that you are ready to revolt .... I want to see you destroy your cedulas. It will be a sign that all of us
have declared our severance from the Spaniards”

Pio Valenzuela's Account

August 19, 1896 August 22, 1896

 Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Procopio  The first place where some 500 Katipuneros
Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata and Aguedo del met was the house of Apolonio Samson at
Rosario arrived at Balintawak. Kangkong. Also present were Briccio Pantas,
Alejandro Santiago, Ramon Bernardo, Apolonio
August 20, 1896
Samson, and others.
 Pio Valenzuela arrived on that place.
August 23, 1896  After the turbulent meeting, many of those
present tore their cedula certificates and
 The debate to whether the revolution starts on
shouted: “Long live the Philippines! ... Long live
August 29, 1896 or not was carried out in Pugad
the Philippines!”
Lawin, in the yard of Juan Ramos, son of
Melchora Aquino, where 1000 Katipuneros
were gathered.

DID RIZAL RETRACT?

Dr. Jose Rizal - Known as a hero of the revolution. Famous work's " Noli Me Tangere " and " El Filibusterismo " - His
essays vilify not the catholic religion, but the friars, the main agents of injustice in the Philippine society. Rizal Solidified
eventually resulted independence in 1898. Born on June 19, 1861 in Calamba laguna. Died on December 30, 1896 in
Rizal Park, Manila.

●He had nine brothers and one sister. His parents are teodora Alonso Realonda ( Mother ) , Francisco Mercado Rizal
( Father ).

●any piece of writing from Rizal that recants everything he wrote against the friars and the Catholic Church in the
Philippines could deal heavy damage to his image as a prominent Filipino revolutionary.

● The Retraction, declares Rizal’s belief in the Catholic faith, and retracts everything he wrote against the Church.

Fr. Balaguer mentioned, which makes the friar a mere secondary source to the writing of the document.

●The retraction of Rizal remains to this day, a controversy; many scholars, however, agree that the document does not
tarnish the heroism of Rizal. His relevance remained solidified to Filipinos and pushed them to continue the revolution,
which eventually resulted in independence in 1898.

The Cry of Rebellion

 Teodoro Agoncillo, a well-known historian from the Philippines, emphasizes the moment when Bonifaco tore
the tax receipt before the Katipuneros did the same.
 Heroes of 1896 was erected in the location that is currently Andres Bonifacio Drive- North Diversion and Epifanio
de los Santos (EDSA) Avenue.
 The Cry of Balintawak was commemorated every August 26th after that, up until 1962.
 The locations include Balintawak, KAngkong, Pugad Lawin, and Bahay Toro; the dates are either August 23, 24,
25, or 26.
 In Valenzuela’s account, he once told the Spanish investigators that the Cry happened on Wednesday, 26th of
August in Balintawak but later in his work “Memoirs of the Revolution” he said it happened at Pugad Lawin on
23rd of August.
 According to Guerrero, Encarnacion and Villegas, these places are in Balintawak, formerly in Caloocan, now, in
Quezon City.
 For the dates, this is due to Bonifacio’s movement from different place from time to time in evading the Spanish
Government who were pursuing the Katipuneros. This explains why there are several accounts of the Cry.