Ground loop basics

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Ground loop basics

What is ground loop ?
A ground loop occurs when there is more than one ground connection path between two pieces of equipment. The duplicate ground
paths form the equivalent of a loop antenna which very efficiently picks up interference currents. Lead resistance transforms these
currents into voltage fluctuations. As a consequence of ground-loop induced voltages, the ground reference in the system is no
longer a stable potential, so signals ride on the noise. The noise becomes part of the program signal.

Ground loop is a common wiring conditions where a ground current may take more than one path to return to the grounding
electrode at the SERVICE PANEL. AC powered computers all connected to each other through the ground wire in common building
wiring. Computers may also be connected by data communications cables. Computers are therefore frequently connected to each
other through more than one path. When a multi-path connection between computer circuits exists, the resulting arrangement is
known as a "ground loop". Whenever a ground loop exists, there is a potential for damage from INTER SYSTEM GROUND NOISE.

A ground loop in the power or video signal occurs when some components in the same system are receiving its power from a
different ground than other components, or the ground potential between two pieces of equipment is not identical.

Usually a potential difference in the grounds causes a current to flow in the interconnects. This in turn modulates the input of the
circuitry and is treated like any other signal fed through the normal inputs. Here is an example situation where two grounde
equipments are interconnected though signal wire ground and the mains grounding wire. In this situation there is 1A current flowing
flowing in the wire which causes 0.1V voltage difference between those two equipemt grounding points.

Because there is voltage difference between the ewuipments, the signal in the interconnection wire sees that difference added to
signal. This canbe heard as humming noise on the wire because the AC current cause the voltage difference of those ground
potentials to be also AC voltage. This is one reason for this 50 Hz or 60 Hz noise you hear in the audio signal (or see in video signal
as annoying horizonal bars).

Another problem is the current flowing in the signal cable grounding wire. This current passes though the cable and through the
equipment. Of the way the curren parsses is not weel designed this can cause lots noise to the equipment or other kind of problems
(like computer lockups). Lots of designers count on ground being ground and do not optimize their design to eliminate
their sensitivity to ground noise. If you are a product desiger remeber to take care that ground loop current does not cause
problems in your equipment by designing proper grounding scheme inside the equipment.

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Why ground loop is a problem ?

Ground loop is a common problem when connecting multiple audio-visual system components together, there is a good change of
making a nasty ground loops. Ground loop problems are one of the most common noise problems in audio systems. Typical
indication of the ground loop problem is audible 50 Hz or 60 Hz (depends on mains voltage frequency used in your country) noise in
sound. Most common situation where you meet ground loop problems are when your system includes equipment connected to
earthed elecric outlet and antenna network or equipments connected to different grounded outlets around the room.

Everything connected to a single mains earth, which is usually connected to all the earth pins in all the power sockets in one room.
Then antenna network is also grounded to same grounding point. This would normally be okay, as the grounding is only connected
to each other in a star-like fashion from a central earth wire (leading to the real Earth via a grounding cable or metal pipe) earth
cables run through your power cables into the equipment.

Once you take into account that some of your equipment is linked with shielded cable you are quite likely to face some problems.
Currents could quite possibly run from one piece of equipment, into the earth cable, into another piece of equipment, then back to
the first piece via a shielded audio cable. That wire loop can also pick up interference from nearby magnetic fields and radio
transmitters.

The result is that the unwanted signal will be amplified until it is audible and clearly undesireable. Even voltage differences lower
than 1 mV can cause annoying humming sound on your audio system.

A problem with audible noise coming from your audio system when other electronic components (fridge, water cooler, ect.) could be
the result of of a contaminated ground/neutral conductor in your A/C wiring and a ground loop in uour audio system. This can
happen when certain type of devices come on. Typically their power supplies are non-linear and throw garbage back onto the
neutral and/or ground conductors. Usually line conditioners or UPS devices will not do anything to help solve this problem.

Common Causes for Computer System Problems

Many times when a user thinks that his system is 'bad' or has 'gone bad' the fault is electrical or magnetic in nature. Monitor
problems are very often caused by nearby magnetic fields, neutral wire harmonics, or conducted/transmitted electrical noise.
Intermittent lockups of computers are very often the caused by a Ground Loop, an electrical phenomena that sometimes manifests
itself when a system and it's peripherals are improperly plugged into different electrical circuits. Many don't even know if their wall
outlet is properly wired and grounded, an absolute necessity for a computer and peripheral to operate reliably and safely.

Have you ruled out Ground Loops in your computer system ? Ground loops can cause problems to LAN connections if not properly
wired. A ground loop caused by RS-232 connection to other computer can cause computer lockups.

When ground loop is not a problem

Ground loop does not cause problems when all of the following thing are true:

● None of the wires in the loop carry any current

● The loop is not exposed to external changing magnetic fields
● There is no radio frequency interference nearby

If there is any current folowing in any wires, there is then some potentital difference which causes current to flow in other wires also
which causes problems. The loop will also act as coil and pick current from the changing magnetic fields around it. Wire loop acts
also like an antenna picking up radio signals.

What size of ground potential difference problems we are talking about ?

Literature is speaking about Common Mode Noise of 1 to 2 Volt in "well grounded" plants and over 20 Volts in "poorly grounded"
plants. Literature is also speaking of the current measured on a main service grounding (in a large building) in terms of Amps.

Where does this current and voltage difference come from ?

Current leakage of condensators between hot and ground and between neutral and ground, in for instance main filters, cause
current in ground wires (and ground loops). The leakage current is typically measures in milliamperes (typically less than 1 mA in
computer equipments) per equipment. When you sum up maybe hundreds of such equipments you can easyly get amperes.

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The capacitance between line and ground of large heaters and motors, for example, can be much larger than the capacitance in
filter capacitors. Currents from this source are usually of the order of 1 amp (rather than 0.1 A or 10 A)

Even a very small induced voltage can cause a very large current in a ground conductor loop, because the resistance (and
inductance) are very low. These currents can indeed be tens of amps. Current induction can be caused for example by cables
carrying high currents and from transformers.

What those grounding currents and voltage differences can do ?

Small voltage differences just cause noise to be added to the signals. This can cause humming noise to audio, interference bars to
video signals and transmission errors to computer networks.

Higher currents can cause more serious problems like sparking in connections, damages equipment and burned wiring. My own
experience on th field is limited to sparking connectors, heating cables and damaged computer serial port cards. I have read about
burned signal cables and smoking computers because of the ground differentials and large currents caused by them. So be warned
about this potential problem and do not do any stupid installations.

Tomi Engdahl <Tomi.Engdahl@iki.fi>

Last modified: May 28, 2002

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