1) Nitrogen has a higher first ionization enthalpy than oxygen because its 2p orbital is half filled, giving it extra stability. In oxygen, two electrons must occupy the same 2p orbital, increasing electron repulsion.
2) Boron has a lower first ionization enthalpy than beryllium despite boron's higher nuclear charge. This is because beryllium's removed electron is an s-electron, which penetrates the nucleus more than boron's removed p-electron.
3) Fluorine has a less negative electron gain enthalpy than chlorine, even though fluorine has a higher electronegativity. When gaining an electron, fluorine's
1) Nitrogen has a higher first ionization enthalpy than oxygen because its 2p orbital is half filled, giving it extra stability. In oxygen, two electrons must occupy the same 2p orbital, increasing electron repulsion.
2) Boron has a lower first ionization enthalpy than beryllium despite boron's higher nuclear charge. This is because beryllium's removed electron is an s-electron, which penetrates the nucleus more than boron's removed p-electron.
3) Fluorine has a less negative electron gain enthalpy than chlorine, even though fluorine has a higher electronegativity. When gaining an electron, fluorine's
1) Nitrogen has a higher first ionization enthalpy than oxygen because its 2p orbital is half filled, giving it extra stability. In oxygen, two electrons must occupy the same 2p orbital, increasing electron repulsion.
2) Boron has a lower first ionization enthalpy than beryllium despite boron's higher nuclear charge. This is because beryllium's removed electron is an s-electron, which penetrates the nucleus more than boron's removed p-electron.
3) Fluorine has a less negative electron gain enthalpy than chlorine, even though fluorine has a higher electronegativity. When gaining an electron, fluorine's
1) Nitrogen has a higher first ionization enthalpy than oxygen because its 2p orbital is half filled, giving it extra stability. In oxygen, two electrons must occupy the same 2p orbital, increasing electron repulsion.
2) Boron has a lower first ionization enthalpy than beryllium despite boron's higher nuclear charge. This is because beryllium's removed electron is an s-electron, which penetrates the nucleus more than boron's removed p-electron.
3) Fluorine has a less negative electron gain enthalpy than chlorine, even though fluorine has a higher electronegativity. When gaining an electron, fluorine's
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Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
Q1. First ionization enthalpy of Nitrogen is greater than oxygen.
Give Reason. Ans. Nitrogen has half filled 2p orbital which gives extra stability.In Nitrogen, three 2p orbital is present in different atomic orbital(Hund’s Rule) whereas in oxygen, two of the four 2p electrons must occupy the same 2p orbital resulting in an increase electron repulsion. (N(7)=1s22s22p x12p y12p 1z) ( O=1s22s22p x22p y12p 1z)
Q2. 1st ionization enthalpy of boron is less than Beryllium. Give reason. (exception) Ans. B=1s22s22p1 Be=1s22s2 Boron has greater nuclear charge than Be. But- (a) In the same principal quantum level, an s-electron is attracted to the nucleus more than a p-electron. In Be the electron removed during ionization is an s-electron. Whereas the electron removed during the ionization of boron is a p-electron. (b) The penetration of a 2s electron to the nucleus is more than that of a 2p electron. Hence 2p electron of boron is more shielded from the nucleus by the inner core of electron than the 2s electron of Beryllium. Therefore it is easier to remove the 2p electron from boron than from 2s electron from beryllium. (c) Be has stable completely filled configuration.
Q3. Electron gain enthalpy of Fluorine is less negative than
Chlorine(CI). Give Reason. (exception) Ans. When an electron is added to F the added electron goes to the smaller n=2 quantum level(1s22s22p5) and suffer significant repulsion from the other electrons present. For n=3 quantum level for CI, the added electron occupies a larger region of space and the electron-electron repulsion is less.
Q4. Noble gases have positive electron gain enthalpy. Why?
Ans. Noble gases have stable electronic configuration. So energy has to be supplied to make it gain electrons. Secondly the electron has to enter the next higher energy level leading to a very unstable electronic configuration.
Electronegativity:-The ability of an atom in a chemical compound to
attract shared electron pair towards itself is called electronegativity.
Electronegativity increases across a period from left to right,
because the attraction of valence electrons towards the nucleus increases, size decreases. Electronegativity increases.
Electronegativity decreases down the group:- because the attraction of
outermost electron form the nucleus decreases, size increases, electronegativity decreases.
Q5. How does electronegativity differ from electron gain enthalpy?
Ans. Electronegativity is not a measurable quantity while electron gain enthalpy is a measurable quantity. Q6. ∆iH3 > ∆iH2 > ∆iH1 Give Reason. Ans. Second ionization enthalpy is higher than first because it is more difficult to remove an electron from a positively charged ion. Effective nuclear charge per electron increases and size decreases.
Q7. Second electron gain enthalpy of oxygen would be positive.
Why? Ans. After addition of one electron it becomes negatively charged. The second electron is added to negatively charged ion. The addition is opposed by coulombic repulsion. Therefore energy has to be supplied to force the second electron into the anion.
Q8. What is the significance of the term ‘isolated gaseous atom’
and ‘ground state’ while defining ionization enthalpy and electron gain enthalpy. Ans. Isolated gaseous atom means that the atom should be free from other atoms in the gaseous state. No energy should be required to separate it further from other atoms. Ground state- lowest energy state possible for an atom. Q.9 Electron gain enthalpy of oxygen is less negative than Sulphur. Give Reason. (exception) Ans. When an electron is added to O, the added electron goes to the smaller n=2 quantum level(1s22s22p5) and suffer significant repulsion from the other electrons present. For n=3 quantum level for S, the added electron occupies a larger region of space and the electron- electron repulsion is less.
