CLASS X MINERALS PART II PREPARED BY J.

NARMATHA
I.CONSERVATION OF MINERALS
1.Why do we need to conserve minerals?
*Minerals take millions of years to regenerate. *The rate of regeneration is slower than the rate of consumption. *These
minerals are finite and non-renewable. *the minerals are short lived possessions. *when we continuously extracting the
minerals it leads to increase in cost of mining. *As we go deeper we get low grade minerals.
2.How to conserve the minerals?
*Evolve new technology to make use of low grade minerals at low cost. *Recycling of metals,* using scrap metals and
other substitutes.

II. Energy resources:

1.Distinguish between the conventional and non-conventional source of energy?
Conventional sources of energy Non-conventional sources of energy

Solar Energy, Wind Energy, Bio Energy, Hydro

Fossil fuel, CNG, coal, oil, natural gas are the examples of
Energy, Tidal Energy, Ocean Energy are the
the conventional sources of energy.
examples of non-conventional energy resources.

Conventional sources of energy are the sources that are Non-conventional sources of energy refers to the
commonly in use since long time. sources that are identified few decades ago.

The conventional sources of energy are non renewable by

Non-conventional energy resources are renewable.
any natural process.

Non-conventional energy sources are eco-friendly in

These resources are available in a limited quantity.
nature.

They are non renewable They are renewable

Conventional resources can also be classified as Non-conventional energy sources do not increase
commercial and non commercial energy resources. pollution.

2.How energy can be generated?Why energy is required?

* Energy can be generated from fuel minerals like coal, petroleum, natural gas, uranium and from electricity.* Energy is
required for all activities. It is needed to cook, to provide light and heat, to propel vehicles and to drive machinery in
industries.
3.Give some examples for conventional and non-conventional sources of energy.
Conventional:firewood, cattle dung cake, coal, petroleum, natural gas and electricity.Non-conventional energy: solar,
wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas and atomic energy.

III. COAL
1.Which is the most abundantly available fossil fuel in India and what is its importance?
In India, coal is the most abundantly available fossil fuel. It provides a substantial part of the nation’s energy needs. It is
used for power generation, to supply energy to industry as well as for domestic needs. India is highly dependent on coal
for meeting its commercial energy requirements.
2.Describe the important types of coal?
Coal is found in a variety of forms depending on the degrees of compression and the depth and time of burial. The types
are:
*Decaying plants in swamps produce peat. Which has a low carbon and high moisture contents and low heating
capacity. *Lignite is a low grade brown coal, which is soft with high moisture content. The principal lignite reserves are in
Neyveli in Tamil Nadu and are used for generation of electricity. *Coal that has been buried deep and subjected to
increased temperatures is bituminous coal. It is the most popular coal in commercial use. Metallurgical coal is high grade
bituminous coal which has a special value for smelting iron in blast furnaces. *Anthracite is the highest quality hard coal.
3.Two main geological ages of the coal formation?
Gondwana, a little over 200 million years in age and in tertiary deposits which are about 55 million years old.

4.Where are the Gondwana/ metallurgical coal found?

The major resources of Gondwana coal, which are metallurgical coal, are located in Damodar valley (West Bengal
Jharkhand). Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro are important coalfields. The Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys also
contain coal deposits.
5.Where do the tertiary coals found?
Tertiary coals occur in the north eastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.
6.Why do the thermal power stations and heavy industries located near the coal fields?
coal is a bulky material, which loses weight on use as it is reduced to ash. Hence, heavy industries and thermal power
stations are located on or near the coalfields.

IV.Petroleum:
1.Uses of the petroleum?
Petroleum or mineral oil is the next major energy source in India after coal. It provides fuel for heat and lighting, lubricants
for machinery and raw materials for a number of manufacturing industries. Petroleum refineries act as a “nodal industry”
for synthetic textile, fertiliser and numerous chemical industries.
2.Occurance of petroleum?
*it occurs where oil is trapped in the crest of the upfold. *The oil bearing layer is a porous limestone or sandstone through
which oil may flow. *The oil is prevented from rising or sinking by intervening non-porous layers. *Petroleum is also found
in fault traps between porous and non-porous rocks. *Gas, being lighter usually occurs above the oil.
3.Major petroleum production areas in India.
*Mumbai High, Gujarat and Assam are major petroleum production areas in India.*Ankeleshwar is the most important field
of Gujarat. Assam is the oldest oil producing state of India. Digboi, Naharkatiya and Moran-Hugrijan are the important oil
fields in the state.

V.Natural Gas
1.Importance of the natural gas?
It can be used as a domestic and industrial fuel. It is used as fuel in power sector to generate electricity, for heating
purpose in industries, as raw material in chemical, petrochemical and fertilizer industries, as transport fuel and as cooking
fuel.
2.Areas of the deposits of the natural gas?
India’s major gas reserves are found in the Mumbai High and allied fields along the west coast.*Along the East Coast,
new reserves of natural gas have been discovered in the Krishna-Godavari basin.
3.Describe the cross country gas pipeline.
*The first 1,700 KM long Hazira-VijaipurJagdishpur (HVJ) cross country gas pipeline, constructed by GAIL (India), linked
Mumbai High and Bassein gas fields with various fertilizer, power and industrial complexes in western and northen India.
*India’s gas infrastructure has expanded over ten times from 1,700 KM to 18,500 KM of cross-country pipelines and is
expected to soon reach over 34, 000 KM as Gas Grid by linking all gas sources and consuming markets across the
country including North Eastern states.
3.-------------------------------- is used in the vehicle instead of the liquid fuels .

VI.Electricity:
1.What are the ways electricity is generated?
*Electricity is generated mainly in two ways: by running water which drives hydro turbines to generate hydro electricity;
and * by burning other fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas to drive turbines to produce thermal power.
2.Distinguish between thermal-electricity and hydro-electricity.

Thermal Energy Hydroelectricity

Thermal energy is produced by burning coal, Hydroelectricity is produced by fast flowing water with
petroleum and Natural gas. the help of turbines.

It uses non-renewable resources to generate It uses renewable resources to generate electricity.

electricity.

It causes pollution. It doesn’t cause pollution.

It is expensive in the long run. It is cheaper in the long run.

High maintenance and repair cost Less maintenance and repair cost

VII.Non conventional resources:

1. Why there is a pressing need for the use of renewable energy sources?
● Rising prices of oil and gas and their potential shortages
● Increasing use of fossil fuels also causes serious environmental problems.
2.Name some of the non conventional energy sources ?
solar energy, wind, tide, biomass & geothermal energy.

VIII.Nuclear {or} atomic energy:

1.How is the energy generated by the nuclear?
It is obtained by altering the structure of atoms. When such an alteration is made, much energy is released in the form of
heat and this is used to generate electric power.
2.What are the minerals needed to produce nuclear and where are they available?
*Uranium and Thorium, which are available in Jharkhand and the Aravalli ranges of Rajasthan are used for generating
atomic or nuclear power.* The Monazite sands of Kerala is also rich in Thorium.

IX.Solar energy:
1.--------------------------------- technology converts sunlight direcly into electricity.
2.Why do you think solar energy has a bright future in india?
(i)India is a tropical country. (ii)It has enormous possibilities of tapping solar energy. (iii)Solar energy is fast becoming
popular in rural and remote areas.(iv) It will minimise the dependence of rural households on firewood and dung cakes(v)
It results in environmental conservation and adequate supply of manure in agriculture.

X.Wind power
1. Where do find the largest wind farm clusters?
*In Tamil Nadu from Nagarcoil to Madurai. *Apart from these, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra
and Lakshadweep have important wind farms.* Nagarcoil and Jaisalmer are well known for effective use of wind energy
in the country.

XI.Biogas
1.How biogas is produced?
Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste are used to produce biogas for domestic consumption in rural areas.
Decomposition of organic matter yields gas, which has higher thermal efficiency in comparison to kerosene, dung cake
and charcoal. Biogas plants are set up at municipal, cooperative and individual levels.
2.The plants using cattle dung are known as —--------------------- in rural India.
3.What are the twin benefits to the farmers due to biogas?
These provide twin benefits to the farmer in the form of energy and improved quality of manure.
4. What is the importance of Biogas?
* It improves the quality of manure and also prevents the loss of trees and manure due to burning of fuel wood and cow
dung cakes.

XII.Tidal Energy
1.How tidal energy is produced?
* Oceanic tides can be used to generate electricity. *Floodgate dams are built across inlets. *During high tide water flows
into the inlet and gets trapped when the gate is closed. *After the tide falls outside the flood gate, the water retained by the
floodgate flows back to the sea via a pipe that carries it through a power-generating turbine.
2.Which are the places in India tidal energy is produced?
* In India the Gulf of Khambhat, the Gulf of Kuchchh in Gujarat on the western coast and *Gangetic delta in Sunderban
regions of West Bengal provide ideal conditions for utilising tidal energy.

XIII.Geo thermal energy:

1.What is the geo thermal energy?
Geo thermal energy refers to the heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior of the Earth.
2.How geo thermal is generated?
*High temperatures are found at shallow depths. *Groundwater in such areas absorbs heat from the rocks and becomes
hot.* It is so hot that when it rises to the earth’s surface, it turns into steam. *This steam is used to drive turbines and
generate electricity.
3.Name the two geo experimental thermal projects in india?
One is located in the Parvati valley near Manikarn in Himachal Pradesh and the other is located in the Puga Valley,
Ladakh.

XIV.ENERGY CONSERVATION:
1.Why do we need to conserve energy?
*Energy is a basic requirement for economic development. * Every sector of the national economy – agriculture, industry,
transport, commercial and domestic – needs inputs of energy. *The economic development plans required increasing
amounts of energy to remain operational. *As a result, consumption of energy in all forms has been steadily rising all over
the country. *So we need to conserve energy.
2. Two planks of sustainable energy are --------------- or -----------
3.Suggest some measures to conserve energy {or}How can we conserve energy?
*The judicious use of our limited energy resources. *Using public transport systems instead of individual vehicles;*
switching off electricity when not in use, * using power-saving devices and *using non-conventional sources of energy.

XV.MARK THE FOLLOWING PLACES:Minerals: (Identification only)

(i) Iron ore mines : Mayurbhanj, Durg, Bailadila, Bellary, Kudremukh
(ii) Coal mines : Raniganj, Bokaro, Talcher, Neyveli.
(iv) Oil Fields : Digboi, Naharkatia, Mumbai High, Bassien, Kalol, Ankaleshwar
Power Plants:- (Locating and Labelling only)
(a) Thermal: Namrup, Singrauli, Ramagundam,
(b) Nuclear: Narora, Kakrapara, Tarapur, Kalpakkam.