MCE eed eae Pe mass m moving with a velocity V, then the Ifa force F acts at time f on a particle of equation of motion (according to Newton's second law) is given by C= -F (84 at (mv) (8.4) * which can be written as Pee: eee =m—=ma=F (8.2) m= m= ma (8.2) where pM Aa is the acceleration at time . (We shall use one dot and two dots d a ‘i e for the operators a and ae respectively). If 7 is the position vector of the particle at time ¢, with respect to a fixed origin O, then, since F =V, equation (8.2) becomes (8.3) If the path of the particle is known, then the field of for i i i D ce acting on the particle can be determined by anyone of these three equivalent equations, and dts the force under the influence of which the particle is in motion, is given, then we can obtain the necessary information about the motion of the particle (eg. position, speed, acceleration). aagre _— If the forc goes ae co F ona part arce Is called a central forog and ee ays Passes through a fixed point O, 3 for i ; Miuisive or attractive according ag it Gee eG,IN® centre of force. A central force is ‘ed away from or towards the centre of Ap >mi=6 rere G is a constant vector. This ¢ Y ompletes the proof, Trees CEE pose that pee ‘S moving in the xy-plane. If F =x/-+yj is the position i + Y} i (J the force on the Particle at time f, then equation of motion vector and F= (6.3) becomes which are equations of motion in a plane or in two-dimension Cartesian form. Gece A particle moves in such a way that its position vector at time t is” 7 =(acosnt)i +(osinnt)j , where a, b, n are constants and a>b>0. Show that the path of the particle is an ellipse of semi-major and semi-minor axes a, b respectively, and that the field of force is directed towards the centre of the ellipse. Find also the maximum speed. F =(acosnt)i +(bsinnt)j wl) In Cartesian form, we have Faxityj : (2) Equating (1) and (2), we have . z xi + yj =(acosnt)i +(bsinnt)j = x=acosnt, y =bsinnt =~ =cosnt, ¥ = sinnt a b Squaring and adding, w ehave 2 2 x) x) = cos? nt +sin? nt a bZR. PY Bhat 2 y2 , = 5+Gr1 eC e of semi-major and semi-min, This shows that the path of the particle is an ellips' axes a, b respectively. Differentiating (1) w.r.t. t, we get th y=? =(-nasinnty The magnitude v of velocity Vv is given by : v= [a= VCnasinnt)’ + (oncosnty? = in%a? sin’ nt +n?b® cos* nt =|nhfa? sin? nt +b7(1 Tein? nt) =|n|va? sin? nt +b? —b? sin? nt m value of sin? nt, i.e. for sin? nt =1,s Ina? —b? +b =|nhfa? =|na| e velocity 7, i.e. ; 7 + (nbcosnt)/ a =|n|y(@? —b?) sin? nt + b? This shows that v is maximum for maximu Vimax = || (2? —b*)(1) +b? = Now differentiating (4) w.r.t. f, we have . n?acosnt)i +(-n’bsinnt)j n?(acosnti + bsinntj)=-n?r nr mn?F,wheremis the mass of the particle = F=-mn’? ~ ive sign shows that F is directed towards origin. eu A particle moves in the xy-plane under the influence of a field o Ste 7 the ae of y and varies as the distance from x-axis. Show O pulsive, the path of the particle, supposed not straight, is of tl jcoshx + bsinh x, where A, B, n are constants. a EEE If m is the mass of the particle and k is a constant, then the force F- 2,9 i i Ky w heremk? is proportionality constant = (3 + Hf) = mk? yj 2 F = m(i +9) = ii + ijk yj =>X=0, y =k? ; , =k Integrating these equations, we get 7 where a, b, c, d are nin She ye capeie™ b,c, ct i X=4, 60 50. Eliminating {bonne 9 zo, implies that th : ing t between these equations. Z path va:the st . We findeI Eauation of Notion of coshx +sinhx coshx—sinhx yack * [con® + sinh px)" ( k . Cosh—x~sinhky) © be sink x) ka ue . he yeton 2 400" Joost x-t(e0"® ~do* sin x ~_ agashnx + Bsinhinx b Facer tk hore = 62 »+de>, B=ce > ~d0* nak OMe ue ETT Boppose that the motion of a particle is restricted to xy-plane, and (r,6) are the polar ordinates of the particle, then acceleration in radial and transverse components jon is given aS a F — (0)? YF + {2F6 + ris ma = {i — (6)? \F + {270+ PS =F P+ 8 ynere F, = m{?—r(0)?}, Fy =m{2r6+rd} are radial and transverse components of force. Thus, equations of motion in polar coordinates are m{f —r(6)"} =F, m{2r6-+r6} = Fy For a particle moving along a circle of radius a with centre at O, ¢=0, tat ifa force F having radial and transverse components F, and F, acts on it, the equations of motion are ma(6)? =F, mab =F (8.6) z ks Example-3; A particle of mass m moves on xy-plane under the force F =r: If it starts on the positive x-axis at a distance ‘king an angle a with the positive x-direction, ltere ris its distance from the origin O. fom O with speed Vg in a direction mal ma?v2 sin? a-k mh. Hove that at time t, 7 = {= (6) + {276 + 10)8 "bating coefficients of ¢ and &, we havea ee te OE IEE oes a ag) SE ce sae 2 ] | Er BREE - roe cree ie es © 2 toe gee ae Oe RU ANE WSC a. AEA, peter eesti taor ' epee tee ae cars teers for he seer a cea, Othe meee SIE SE TR Tee Bee eae os emt aor 8"9 axis in this plane ang (0 fixe )s the o, and since the tubs j Polar °00rdinates Of the parti -sreriiarto he eg 29, tre icle at time t, Then perpendicular © the radius Vector Op. a ais exerted on the Particle P by the tube eee yg inthe direction of increasing, ami —(6) + mare, ; ae Oinps 2 Fy = M(2/6-+ rd} et “(t) and m{'—r(d)?} = 9 2i-re =0 solution is 00 Pz Acoshat +3 f= @ASinhat +B coshay t20, the particle is on xa, wh Sinh at i . Oa rsa £50, 80 A=a,B=0. Hence ; rs 8Coshar, 7 @asinh ot puting these values in (1), we have Fo = M{2(aasinh at) *Y(a)+r(0)) Fy = 2measinn ot 8-2 Work, Power Elite] Energy m Ifa force F, acting on 4 particle whose Position vecto, produces a displacement gf _ inti ey Hence the amount of wor rk done by = paticle from P, to P, alo in Moving the Ing the path of t he Particle, is were 7,7, are position vectors Of Py, P, Tespectively, Fig. 9.2 | tt The rate of working on the ower applied to the is called the Power applied to the Particle. | biferentiating (9.7) w.r.t. t, we have Particle is known as the pr i , aw . Patio, Thus, the quantity P= —— j ae «-(8.10) Mee 7 ig the Velocity of the particle at time t | Breis called the kinetic energy of the particle, whose speed is v at time t. Tne eee ong a curve C from P; to ‘ i : along @ cur ectively the kinetic energies of the particle at time. FETITE The total work done on a particle in mop 3 P, is equal to the increase Tz ~ T: in the kinetic ent “7 st where T., Te are respectively the corresponding to the positions P:, Pa. sp! ; ; Ga Let F be the force acting on a particle of mass m. The work done by mi aa-7 the particle moves from P; fo Pz is given by 7 dt =1miz-73 =i = Jmiv?G,)-v7@y This completes the proof. et 7 = xi + yj +zk be the position vector of a particle at tin else called conservai and F, the force at this instant. The field of force F is exists, a scalar function V of x, y, z such thatAN ava tbo added to V withotil tang SWANS spec PBS ZEN of ee potential of a field of foroe {roving it from a py % as position Py to Py under Setween the potential enorylow uf tho eta oving it trom a position Py to Py ls wl) J av dV = Ma Gy, OV op ox oy oz V2 Vi) =V; Ve } V2 are potential energies of the Particle at P, and P, respectively, where V Z=TZEST If Tis the kinetic energy of the particle moving under the influence of 200 Id of force whose potential is V, then E=T+V tal energy of the particle at the point under consideration. iple of Conservation of Energy): 4) conservative field of force, y of a particle remains constant throughout the motion. be the conservative field of force acting on a particle of mass m. The y F, as the particle moves from P, fo P2 is given by “b _ dF hagig wfte. oe [iF oe fim. df= mf; ‘dv « a \; av : 3a a =4 oF mv") 4 mv2,wherev¥2 are velocities in the positions P,, P,. tmv3-4eC W=h-T netic energies of the particle at les where T;, Tz are respectively the corresponding to the positions P1, P2- : Since F is conservative field of force, it from a position P, to Pa is avs, Mz ae (V7, Ve, OV We [PF of = J, ($i ay Pf OV ae 4 MY ay 4 Mae =-f, (Hoe oe Yrs t, so the work done on the partic, in ) ont +0] + deh) ax Vy av A dv = OM x4 ay VY | =f, Mag May Yt az | =e =4%2-%) | W=V,-Vp | where V; and V> are potential energies of the particle at P; and P, respectively, ~Q Equating (1) and (2), we have V,-Vp =T2 -T, | V, +7, =T, +V2 | which proves that the total energies at any two points P;, P; are equal. This shows that in a conservative field of force, the total energy of a Pattog remains constant throughout the motion. (BERTIER A particle of mass m moves along x-axis under the influence ofa conservative field of force having potential V(x). If the particle is located at Positions x; and xz at respective times t, and tz, prove that if E is the total energy, t-t- [2j*—_ : PO V2!s JE-Vax) EESETEIE Applying principle of conservation of energy, we have 1 E=T+V(x)= 5 mv? +V(x) pe 2 JE-Vix) % aK = | p%_ 2 evn] oh a iPM, YE-V(x) m i= | mK ov-Zte—von oe V2 be Teves dx d —-— [Mp2 _* 29. Reva ee = pm? =E-V(x) 2 =v’MAY WADY Net tang ga Fe! typ PGst1y PPY oA yaya pity WA YG, pit tI9, WD ye COMIN Ms petra oer Wt a psi " go - fg hd : s J O02 stx2Zy A 49925 sy 290? -2y +22 ¥ ris fois CAF its conservative, geen FB oT iaivE, 3 ts potential Y satisties the 2 FeTY Coton LY ~trye j= +20y-72Yj 624 32227 on both sides, we have * ~ 210" )=-¥* +2xye* _{1) WL gsay-22)= 3-2xy +x2z* 2) ay =z" -3%7yz*)= 47 +3727 (3) iitgrctiog (1) partially wrt x, we have V =f +27 2" +4y.2) (4) Mite fly, i tial i i rt i be Z) iS constant of integration (due to partial integration wrt x, it may ‘ston y 206 2),cng vest OT af «il PED o o cemntisy wit ty 08 HOE anpeney OAL OOO gf PIE At Mt hj, 9) #0 OV OA 4 ay 92 penis QOOL 9 | fy wf ty 4h Ys : . ea 0” me ayer (oj Onpe tI he TET bn AAI em Z ; j 4h ; 3 é onkaviha| F a fy-t onze a? wiper +l 4b ity+¥') 2 cxpervé), -f gat Ye fe a a rpe+ Il >= Ot LVI arty U4 f- NS Hope) 0 or2+@ ~ttf - Uap - 00 FA CRIES, | (rye ab ij+(Gyere™ -0% ‘This shows & eee (9) Shon tat F = 40°F is conservative. (b) the potential anergy Aa pattils moving in the field of force in (a). (c) Wa particle A mass m mores with velocity 0 = ¢ in this field, show that, F Eis constant total energy, then Sart hes = . 2 z 3 tr* =E. What important physicd ptinclple dogs this Mustrats? POTTED (2) Consider ONE VAR TANF) = MAF ) eM May tyes W117) 4 r* \x7] “Vn bh= G1 xs VxA i ado. =, iia My*(0)+ (ar? rj 7] “946 =0, 07 =3°WrSOK SF x7 . Ne-Skizem_.” sis shows that E=—Kr°F is concgran MFI 0 ; servati wit Vis the potential energy of . vee, then cle moving in the field of force F-=—kr°F, kre =>Weayk,s - (Er ) VPS =5rt © a 5137 avak;s 5 © Kinetic energy _ 1 my? 2 Potential energy =V- Ks 5 Kinetic energy + Potential ener: 5 naa ‘gy Total energy 1 1 mv? + kro = 2 tyke E PROC EMTEEE Earth pulls all materials with a force known as the gravitational force. The vertical acceleration g produced by this force in freely falling bodies is known ds the gravitational acceleration. If mis the mass of the particle, then the gravitational force W is given by mg =W Taking y-axis in the vertical direction, we have g=-a so that W = -mgj W is called the gravitational field of force. For particles whose heights from the surface of the earth are small as compared to the radius of the earth, g varies very slowly with height and can be considered constant. In the following we shall treat it as a constant. ; a ''V=mgy , where y is the height of the particle at time f, then OY emg aLio “ie gtMEA ANT lamas rey reese i 4/4, 4 "Ml yfWOOWS ©" peti, phi PWM Wop aA 4 $2 . a BO yO) © ttt ot A 1 Minty wt, Oban" AAAI IE OA VORN SG 0h ay tig 4 lead. # ; pp POD 6 © a serstyy f 626-Bj06 “uy bab; ed ppg i 19846 FO oO WS te 7 COMS +4 toppige, 2 - Za ms b i» * tgnupi o © us vas Yo “a 2 WARM APE DO WEE ws tip 4 <. # = f- (-vAadt§ + ‘oh Stead j ti? Ze "nah ‘ 2 On Z ites Pht ties veiw oh Die Q), we rave - & - 5. co a: f=, (cast et - sina -—2_. Ties wae mar + pattie D8 mass mm mowes Wier be rife OF tee tome Os = aschy), I the varie is vitally aoe a he gr ome te wok 16 Wy to tne ti given by ce C-caf), and et te meerems owef-ai = a(sinall +cosaf).—2 7 fi : 4) (cos at) + sin afjjat ae a. = aa (sina +Cosaff)-[(1-cosat)i + sinaff]dt a. = 2 bbinat(1cosat + coset sin aflat a? : - = Jsinat- & [sin at - coset sinat + cos atsina}at a == sinatdt mo vied work done is Real a we fifo =f, 12 sinatat = =| sinatdt mo +5 [cosatl, =-(cosat 0 0)=-— ma* 0 mo 080) = (coset) at = —1 ~cosat) ma? The instantaneous power applied is z & p=F-0=F-— =a(sinati jxme) 2 t-conet sal (sinaii + cosaif)-[(1-cosat)i +sinaj] mo 2 = 2 Isin at(1- cosat)+ cosat sin af] mo 2 = # (sinat —cosatsinat + cosetsinat) mo 2 as =—sinat mo -30) i+ 45k along a straight line Fenn 139 particle is moved by a force F=20i- fom the point A to the point B with position vectors of +7) -3k and sj -3)-6k respect Sey, Find the work done. Here a _3]-6k)- (21 +7)-34)= 7-10] -3k Regi r “Aired work done isC0 Ae i mt ipl PE Ag [ = A gy att a ipl POLE 5at () | | Gi (wv) ” wi) (vi (iy & y Calculate i VU» ai) pad ey Mv" «Mv? ~2mgh m , en mivt Mm? = 2m*gh 5 VA 3 a Exercise 8 Short Orr solve / write answers of the followin, Atactor pulls a felled treg along the 4 Short questi: tractor exerts a force of 500 N, how my ions round for 2 dig ch work will Find the kinetic energy of a football Find the kinetic energy of an cleph Find the kinetic ener per hour. Find the kinetic energy of a bullet of mass 20 grams movin; Find the kinetic ene: ray Of a meteorite of mass 20 kg as atmosphere at 8 km s” Agardener moves a wheel barrow 30 metres along a level, straight path. The work done by the gardener is 120 J, and the barrow is initially and finally at rest. Calculate the average force resisting the motion. A ball of mass 1.2 kg moving with initial speed 20 m s* comes to rest after travelling 30 metres across a horizor ntal surface. Find the work done against Tesisting forces, and hence calculate the mean resisting force. small block is pulled along a rough horizontal surface at a constant speed of2m s* by a constant force, This force has magnitude 25 N and acts at an Angle of 30° to horizontal. Calculate work done by the force in 10 seconds. . Particle of mass 2 kg falls freely from rest. Calculate the kinetic energy of ®© Particle after it h scended 20 metres. . Stone of fee 08 ‘e is thrown vertically upwards with speed 10 mis. initial kinetic energy of the stone, and the height to which it veil rise. ig at 400 m s*_ it enters the earths_ TE | al it ircraft carrier at 144 ki i f mass 1.8 tonnes landing on an alrcra ito Q2 aa nour is brought to rest by a parachute brake and an arrester cable, eet othe work is done by the parachute, calculate the work done by the caja” 3. Whether the force field Fay?i +x?2°] +2°k Is conservative? . Q.4! Show that the force field “ Q5 Show that the force F =3x*y7i+ Summary | ys passes through a fixed point 0, | Ois called the centre of force. A cen ding as it is directed away from ¢ x2] +2ygj +y7k is conservative. (2x?y +.c08z)j— ysinzK is conservatiyg a particle alwa! ntral force and clive accor’ > If the force F on force is called a ce! force is repulsive or attrat towards the centre of force. | > The momentum of a particle moving under the influence of no force j| constant throughout the motion. ¢ | The work done by F in moving t! the particle is W= [pF of. | the particle is known as the power applied to Parts | _ Wi called the power applied to the particle, the particle from P; to P along the path! > Rate of working on Thus, the quantity P If mis the mass of the-particle, then the quantity T =tmv? is called the f the particle, whose speed is vattime f. > The total work done on a particle in moving it along a curve C from P, tp Pz is equal to the increase Tz — T; in the kinetic energy, where T;, T, are respectively the kinetic energies of the particle at times f, } corresponding to the positions P;, Pa. > Let 7 = xi +yj+zk be the position vector of a pat force at this instant. The field of force F is called conservative, if thee exists, a scalar function V of x, y, z such that F =-VV. > If the field of force F is conservative, then F=-vV. The functio V=V(x,y,z) is called the potential of the force F or the potential ene of the particle at time f or at the position of the particle at time t > The work done on the particle in moving it from a position P; to Pz unde! conservative field of force is the difference between the potential energie of the particle at P; and P2 respectively. ’ >, In a conservative field of force, the total energy of a particle remai constant throughout the motion. RRKRRK kinetic energy Oo} rticle at time t and F, the