EC T35 CIRCUIT THEORY

COURSE OBJECTIVE

To understand the need for various theorems to solve complicated Electrical circuits
To explore the use of Resonant circuits and tuned circuits in the field of communication
To analyze the transient behavior of Electrical circuits
To identify the ways and means to solve magnetically coupled circuits
To understand the use of network topology in circuit solving

UNIT- I
DC Circuit Analysis: Sources-Transformation and manipulation, Network theorems -Superposition
theorem, Thevenin‘s theorem, Norton‘s theorem, Reciprocity theorem, Millman‘s theorem,
Compensation theorem, Maximum power transfer theorem and Tellegen‘s theorem – Application to DC
circuit analysis.
UNIT- II
AC Circuit Analysis: Series circuits - RC, RL and RLC circuits and Parallel circuits –RLC circuits -
Sinusoidal steady state response - Mesh and Nodal analysis - Analysis of circuits using Superposition,
Thevenin‘s, Norton‘s and Maximum power transfer theorems.
Resonance - Series resonance - Parallel resonance - Variation of impedance with frequency - Variation in
current through and voltage across L and C with frequency – Bandwidth – Q factor -Selectivity.
UNIT- III
Transient Analysis: Natural response-Forced response - Transient response of RC, RL and RLC circuits
to excitation by DC and exponential sources - Complete response of RC, RL and RLC Circuits to
sinusoidal excitation-Transient analysis by Laplace Transformation Technique.
UNIT- IV
Magnetically Coupled Circuits: Self inductance - Mutual inductance - Dot rule - Coefficient of coupling
- Analysis of multi winding coupled circuits - Series, Parallel connection of coupled inductors - Single
tuned and double tuned coupled circuits.
UNIT -V
Network Topology: Network terminology - Graph of a network - Incidence and reduced incidence
matrices – Trees –Cutsets - Fundamental cutsets - Cutset matrix – Tiesets – Link currents and Tieset
schedules -Twig voltages and Cutset schedules, Duality and dual networks.

1. William H. Hayt, Jr. Jack E. Kemmerly and Steven M. Durbin, ―Engineering Circuit Analysis‖,
McGraw Hill Science Engineering, 8th Edition, 2013.

2. Joseph Edminister and Mahmood Nahvi, ―Electric Circuits‖, Schaum‘s Outline Series, Fourth Edition,
Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company, New Delhi, 2003.

Reference Books:
1. David A. Bell, ―Electric Circuits‖, Sixth Edition, PHI Learning, New Delhi, 2003.
2. P. Ramesh Babu, ―Circuits and Networks‖, Scitech Publications, First Edition 2010, Chennai.

Web References:
1. www.circuit_magic.com
2. www.learnabout_electronics.org
 UNIT- IDC Circuit Analysis

1. Circuit : Acircuit is a closed conducting path through which an electric current either flows or is
intended to flow.
2. Parameters. The various elements of an electric circuit are called its parameters like resistance,
inductance and capacitance. These parameters may be lumped or distributed.
3. Liner Circuit. A linear circuit is one whose parameters are constant i.e. they do not change with
voltage or current.
4. Non-linearCircuit. It is that circuit whose parameters change with voltage or current.
5. BilateralCircuit.A bilateral circuit is one whose properties or characteristics are the same
In either direction. The usual transmission line is bilateral ,because it can be made to perform its
function equally well in either direction.
6. UnilateralCircuit. It is that circuit whose properties or characteristics change with the direction
of its operation. A diode rectifier is a unilateral circuit, because it cannot perform rectification in both
directions.
7. ElectricNetwork. A combination of various electric elements, connected in any manner whatsoever,
is called an electric network.
8. PassiveNetwork is one which contains no source of e.m.f. in it.
9. ActiveNetwork is one which contains one or more than one source of e.m.f.
10. Node is a junction in a circuit where two or more circuit elements are connected together.
11. Branch is that part of a network which lies between two junctions.
12. Loop. It is a close path in a circuit in which
no element or node is encountered more than
once.
13. Mesh. It is a loop that contains
No other loop within it.
 Sources-Transformation and manipulation

• A source transformation is the process of replacing a voltage source V s in series with a resistor R
by a current source is in parallel with a resistor R, or vice versa.
Vs=isR or is=Vs/R

• It also applies to dependent sources:

1. Example, find out Vo

 2. find out I (use source transformation )

2
A
I

2
6 7
A
V

I =0.25 A

THE SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

In an electrical network made up from linear resistances and containing more than one sourceof
emf, the resultant current flowing in any branch is the algebraic sum of the currents that would flow in
that branch if the effects of each emf were considered separately all other emfs being suppressed and
replaced by their respective internal resistances( normally this is a short circuit ).

“The total power delivered to a resistive element must be determined using the total current
through or the total voltage across the element and cannot be determined by a simple sum of the
power levels established by each source.”
 j

i
e +
L N V
R1

i1 i2
+ e +
L N V1
R1
L N R1
V2
- -

V =V 1+V 2; i=i 1+i2

Advantages

 Used to find the solution to networks with two or more sources that are not in series or parallel.
 The current through, or voltage across, an element in a network is equal to the algebraic sum of
the currents or voltages produced independently by each source.
 Since the effect of each source will be determined independently, the number of networks to be
analyzed will equal the number of sources.
 Linearity is the property of an element describing a linear relationship between cause and effect.
 A linear circuit is one whose output is linearly ( or directly proportional) to its input.

1. Solve the circuit shown below by super position principle.

1. Find the total current iT and Req in the circuit when 200v source alone acting.

2. Calculate the iT and Req in the circuit when 20A source alone acting.

3. Determine the total current through 23Ω in the circuit.

4. Compute the current through 4 Ω resistor in the circuit.

Solution: With the 200-V source acting alone, the 20-A current source is replaced
by an open circuit is shown in figure (a)

(a)
 When the 20-A source acts alone, the 200-V source is replaced by a short circuit,
Fig.(b). The equivalent resistance to the left of the source is

(b)

2. Consider the network shown in fig and solve by super position theorem.

1.Calculate Vcg using superposition theorem.

2.Calculate Iab using superposition theorem.
3.Determine the total current flow when voltage source alone acting
4.Find the current through R4 resistor.
Solution:
 First consider the voltage source that acts only in the circuit and the current source is replaced
by its internal resistance and it is shown below.

Calculate the current flowing through the ‘a-b’ branch

Current source only (retain one source at a time):

Now consider the current source only acting and the voltage source is replaced by its internal
resistance which is zero in the present case. The circuit diagram is shown below
Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorems
 That if we are only interested in current, voltage and power delivered by a linear portion
of a circuit, we can replace that portion (potentially a large complex network,) by an
equivalent circuit containing only an independent source and a single resistor. The
response will be unchanged in the rest of the original circuit.

 Thevenin’s Theorem says that the independent source is a voltage source and we
should place it in series with the resistor. The theorem also tells us how to calculate
the value of the voltage source, V s, and the value of the resistance, R t, called the
Thevenin Resistance.

 Norton’s Theorem says that the independent source is a current source and we should
place it in parallel with the resistance. The theorem also tell us how to calculate the
value of the current source, I s, and the value of the resistance, R t, called the Thevenin
Resistance.

 Of course, by source transformations, we can always switch from the “Thevenin”

equivalent circuit to the “Norton” equivalent circuit.

To find the Thevenin Equivalent Network

1. First you must identify the network to find the equivalent

of.
You can rearrange any circuit in the form of two networks
connected by two resistance-less conductors, labeled terminals
A and B. (Note: If either network contains a dependant source,
its control variable must be in the same network.)

If one of the networks is linear it can be replaced by this

Thevenin equivalent network:

The only thing left to do is find the values of Rt and Vs.

2. To find Vs:
Define a voltage, voc, as the open circuit voltage which would appear across the terminals A and B (of
 the original network) if there was an open circuit between A and B. This voltage is V s.

3. To find Rt:
There are three different cases that will require different methods to find R t:
a. If there are only independent sources in the network, then “kill” them.
Rt = Req
b. If there are dependant sources and independent sources in the network, find both voc and isc.
Rt = voc / isc .
c. If there are only dependent sources apply a 1A current source at the terminals A and B.
Calculate the resulting voltage, v, across this current source.
Rt = v / 1A
(Alternatively you can apply a 1V voltage source and measure resulting current, i, through it.
Rt = 1V / i)

To find the Norton Equivalent Network

1. First you must identify the network to find the equivalent

of.
You can rearrange any circuit in the form of two networks
connected by two resistance-less conductors, labeled terminals
A and B. (Note: If either network contains a dependant source,
its control variable must be in the same network.)

If one of the networks is linear it can be replaced by this

Norton equivalent network:

The only thing left to do is find the values of Rt and Is.

2. To find Is:
Define a current, isc, as the short circuit current which would be the current that would flow from
terminal A to B (of the original network) if A and B were short circuited. This current is I s.

3. To find Rt:
There are three different cases that will require different methods to find R t:
a. If there are only independent sources in the network then “kill” them.
Rt = Req
b. If there are dependant sources and independent sources in the network, find both voc and isc.
Rt = voc / isc .
c. If there are only dependent sources apply a 1A current source at the terminals A and B.
Calculate the resulting voltage, v, across this current source.
Rt = v / 1A
(Alternatively you can apply a 1V voltage source and measure resulting current, i, through it.
Rt = 1V / i)
1. Solve the circuit shown below by thevenin’s theorem.

1. Calculate current through 10Ω resistor by thevenin’s theorem.

2. Find the Req after voltage source is removed.
3. Determine the voltage across 10Ω resistor.
4. Obtain the thevenin’s equivalent circuit.
Solution: The 10 Ω resistance is removed from the circuit as shown in Figure

No current flowing in the 5 Ω resistor and current I1 is

Removing the source of e.m.f. gives the circuit of Figure

 The equivalent Thevenin’s circuit is shown in Figure

Hence the current flowing in the 10 Ω resistor of Figure is 0.482 A.

2. Determine the voltage across 2Ω resistor by thevenin’s theorem.

Solution:

Step:1- Decide to designate R2 as the “load” resistor in this circuit.

Step:2-Remove the load resistor

 Step:3-Find the voltage across load resistor by applying the rules of series circuits,
Ohm’s Law, and Kirchhoff ’s Voltage Law:(consider as V th)

Step:4-Find the equivalent resistance across load resistor:(consider as Rth)

Step:5-Finally draw the Thevenin Equivalent circuit

11.2 X 2
Voltage across 2 Ω resistor V L= =8 V
0.8+ 2

3. Find RN, IN, the current flowing through and Load Voltage across the load
resistor in fig (1) by using Norton’s Theorem.
Step 1.
Short the 1.5Ω load resistor

Step 2.
Calculate / measure the Short Circuit Current. This is the Norton Current (I N).
We have shorted the AB terminals to determine the Norton current, I N. The 6Ω and 3Ω
are then in parallel and this parallel combination of 6Ω and 3Ω are then in series with
2Ω.
So the Total Resistance of the circuit to the Source is:-
2Ω + (6Ω || 3Ω) ….. (|| = in parallel with).
 
RT = 2Ω + [(3Ω x 6Ω) / (3Ω + 6Ω)] → IT= 2Ω + 2Ω = 4Ω.
RT = 4Ω
IT = V / RT
IT = 12V / 4Ω
IT = 3A..
Now we have to find ISC = IN… Apply CDR… (Current Divider Rule)…
ISC = IN = 3A x [(6Ω / (3Ω + 6Ω)] = 2A.
ISC= IN = 2A.
Step 3.
Open Current Sources, Short Voltage Sources and Open Load Resistor.

Step 4.
Calculate /measure the Open Circuit Resistance. This is the Norton Resistance (R N)
We have Reduced the 12V DC source to zero is equivalent to replace it with a short in
step (3), as shown in figure (4)  We can see that 3Ω resistor is in series with a parallel
combination of 6Ω resistor and  2Ω resistor. i.e.:
3Ω + (6Ω || 2Ω) ….. (|| = in parallel with)
 
RN = 3Ω + [(6Ω x 2Ω) / (6Ω + 2Ω)]
RN = 3Ω + 1.5Ω
RN = 4.5Ω
Step 5.
Connect the RN in Parallel with Current Source INand re-connect the load resistor. This
is shown in fig (6) i.e. Norton Equivalent circuit with load resistor.

Step 6.
Now apply the last step i.e. calculate the load current through and Load voltage across
load resistor by Ohm’s Law as shown in fig 7.
Load Current through Load Resistor…
IL = IN x [RN / (RN+ RL)]
= 2A x (4.5Ω /4.5Ω +1.5kΩ) → = 1.5A
IL = 1. 5A
And
Load Voltage across Load Resistor…
VL = IL x RL
VL = 1.5A x 1.5Ω
VL= 2.25V
4. Find the Norton’s Equivalent of the above circuit we firstly have to remove the
centre 40Ω load resistor and short out the terminals A and B to give us the following
circuit.

with A-B Shorted Out

If we short-out the two voltage sources and open circuit terminals A and B, the two resistors are
now effectively connected together in parallel. The value of the internal resistor Rs is found by
calculating the total resistance at the terminals A and B giving us the following circuit.
Find the Equivalent Resistance (Rs)

Having found both the short circuit current, Is and equivalent internal resistance, Rs this then gives us the
following Nortons equivalent circuit.

Nortons equivalent circuit.

Ok, so far so good, but we now have to solve with the original 40Ω load resistor connected across
terminals A and B as shown below.

Again, the two resistors are connected in parallel across the terminals A and B which gives us a total
resistance of:

The voltage across the terminals A and B with the load resistor connected is given as:
Then the current flowing in the 40Ω load resistor can be found as:

RECIPROCITY THEOREM

R1 R2 R1 R2

Vs Vs
2 6 2 6
4V 3 I2 I2 3
R3 R3 4V

1 1
I2= A I2= A
3 3
• Case 1 The current in any branch of a network, due to a single voltage source E anywhere else in
the network, will equal the current through the branch in which the source was originally located
if the source is placed in the branch in which the current I was originally measured.

N I2
Vs

if Vs  Vs' then I1'  I 2

I1' I 2
actually exists : 
Vs' Vs
I1' N Vs'

Case 2 :

Is N +

V2
-
if Is  Is ' then V 1'  V 2
V 1' V 2
actually exists : 
Is ' Is
+
N Is'
V1'
-
Case 3 :

N +

Vs V2
- if Vs  Is ' then I1'  V 2
I1' V 2
actually exists : 
Is ' Vs
I1' N Is'

Verify reciprocity theorem for the voltage V and current I for the network shown in figure.

Solution
The various branch currents are shown as
Now interchange the positions of V and I

In both the cases the ratio of V/I is same and hence reciprocity theorem is verified.
MILLMAN‘S THEOREM,
 Any number of parallel voltage sources can be reduced to one.
 This permits finding the current through or voltage across RL without having to apply a
method such as mesh analysis, nodal analysis, superposition and so on.
 Convert all voltage sources to current sources.
 Combine parallel current sources.
 Convert the resulting current source to a voltage source and the desired single-source
network is obtained.
 COMPENSATION
THEOREM,

In any linear network consisting of linear and bilateral impedances and active sources, if the impedance Z
of the branch carrying current I increases by dI, then the increment of voltage or current in each branch of
the network is that voltage or current that would be produced by an opposing voltage source of value V C
(= I.dZ) introduced in the altered branch after replacing original sources by their internal impedances.

In many circuits, after the circuit is analysed, it is realised that only a small change need to be
made to a component to get a desired result. In such a case we would normally have to
recalculate. The compensation theorem allows us to compensate properly for such changes
without sacrificing accuracy. In any linear bilateral active network, if any branch carrying a
current I has its impedance Z changed by an amount ∆Z, the resulting changes that occur in the
other branches are the same as those which would have been caused by the injection of a voltage
source of (-) I . ∆Z in the modified branch
Consider the voltage drop across the modified branch. V +∆V = (Z+∆Z)( I+∆I) = Z . I + ∆Z . I +
(Z + ∆Z) . ∆I from the original network, V = Z . I ∴ ∆V = ∆Z . I + (Z + ∆Z) . ∆I Since the value I is
already known from the earlier analysis, and the change required in the impedance, ∆Z , is also
known, I .∆Z is a known fixed value of voltage and may thus be represented by a source of emf
I. ∆Z .

Calculate the change in current in the network shown in figure using compensation theorem
when the reactance has changed to j35Ω.

Solution:
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM
Replacing the original network by its Thevenin equivalent, then the power delivered to the load is

VTh
p  i 2 RL  ( ) 2 RL
RTh  RL
 I
+
LN V
RL
-

dp  R  RL  
Power delivered to the load as a function of RL  TTh2  Th 3
0
dRL  RTh  RL  
VTh2
so yields RL  RTh and p
4 RTh
The variable resistor in the circuit in Fig. shown below is adjusted for maximum power transfer to R0.

Solve the circuit given below to obtain maximum power

2 4

vx

1
9V RL

3vx

1.Find the value of RL for maximum power transfer in the circuit.

2. Calculate the R th.
3.Calculate the V th.
 4. Find the maximum power.

Solution:

Solve the circuit given below to obtain maximum power

1. Find R so that maximum power is transferred to the resistance R.

2. Calculate the R th.

3.Calculate the V th.

4. Find the maximum power.

Solution:
 10v

1.Find the value of Ro for maximum power transfer in the circuit.

2. Calculate the R th.
3.Calculate the V th.
4. Find the maximum power transfer to Ro.
Solution:
Tellegen‘s theorem
• If there are b branches in a lumped circuit, and the voltage u k, current ik of each branch apply
passive sign convention, then we have
b
∑ uk ik =0
k =1

• If two lumped circuits and have the same topological graph with b branches, and the voltage,
current of each branch apply passive sign convention, then we have not only
b b
∑ uk ik =0 ∑ u^ k ^ik =0
k =1 k =1
b b
but also ∑ u^ k ik=0 ∑ uk ^i k =0
k =1 k=1

Example:

N is a network including resistors only . When R 2=2 Ω , V 1 =6 V ,

' '
We can get I 1 =−2 A , V 2 =2 V ; When R2 =4 Ω , V 1 =10 V , We can
' '
get I 1=−3 A , find out V 2 then.

According to the Tellegen Theorem

I1 I2 b b
V1 I1  V2 I 2   Vk I k  0 ; V1I1  V2I 2   VkI k  0
V1
N +
V2 k 3 k 3
R2
-

 V1 I1  V2 I 2  V1I1  V2I 2

 V2 2
b b 6  (3)  2   10  (2)  V2 
 V I   V I
k k k k 4 2
k 3 k 3
 V2  4V