Difference between LAN and WAN: LAN It covers limited geographical area It uses the NIC as physical interface

ce between network cable and computers LAN use twisted pair and coaxial cables for data communication. It uses switches and Hubs as communication devices LAN can support less no of computers LAN are local only WAN It covers larger graphical area It uses MODEM as physical interface between computer and network cable It uses telephone lines for data communication. It uses switching system of telephone carriers(PSTN) and ISP WAN can support large no of computers WAN can be GAN

MAN: The CN is said to MAN if the corporate LANs lactated at dispersed locations are interconnected with the help of the WAN links for transmitting data and information (voice, video, images) over longer distantness than LAN and can operate at greater speed. MANs are normally using Fiber optics as medium of transmission for high speed performance. VAN (Value added Network): VAN refers to private network providers that lease communication lines to subscribers. VANs also provide specialized communication services like assisting in EDI, extra security, message delivery, access to particular database. VPN: In VPN internet is used for sharing network resources and services at two or more corporate LANs at different location. In VPN encryption and other security mechanism is used for ensuring authorized user network access and avoidance data interception. Tree Topology (Hybrid Topology): In tree topology multiple star network are integrated on a bus. Actually this topology is used for extending node capability of star network. Mesh Topology: It is network topology in which redundant link are used for data communication on the network. It different alternate routes are used from source and destination. Data Transmission Link: A data transmission link can connect A computer a remote terminal (in multi-user system) PC and mainframe

 Two PCs on network Multiplexer: It is a communication device which is used for sending data from several sources over a single line at the same time. It codes the data in a special way so that it could be demultiplexed at the destination. Port: Port is a socket on a computer in to which a peripheral device can be plugged in. the ports can serial, parallel, universal serial bus. Router: It is communication device normally used on WAN for internetworking and on LAN used for network segmentation and determining the route for the data on the network. It is also used as packet filter firewall. Switches: Switches provide point to point connection on LAN instead of simple data broadcasting on the LAN. Switches are fast devices as compared to Hubs. Switch is also used for the packet filtering and packet forwarding between the different LANs. Switch normally operates at the Data link layer of OSI Model. Bandwidth: It is the range of frequencies which a channel can carry. The amount of data Which can be sent on a channel depends on bandwidth. The greater bandwidth can greater no of message. Types of Bandwidth: Narrow band: (up to 300 Hz) Voice band (300- 3000 Hz) Broad band: (over 3000) Baud rate: Measure of speed of data transmission and approximately no of bits per second. Interface: It can be defined differently in communication context 1. The point at which two applications software are linked e.g an interface between computerized ledger and nominal ledger. 2. the point of interaction between computer and user ( GUI and CUI) 3. the circuit which connects two devices ( Serial, Parallel, USB)

ISDN: It is transmission technology developed by BT and Mercury and it involves the conversion of analog to digital circuits using digital switching equipments and agreed upon technical standards. Technical aspects: ISDN consists of a. two B-channel for data transfer b. one D-channel for call information Advantages of ISDN: It can handle voice, data, images, text Six time faster as compared to normal communication lines ISDN does not require ordinary modem Origin of call can also be identified ISDN can also be used for normal telephone communication They can be used for establishing MANs.

ASDL: It offers data transfer rate of up to 8 mbps faster than ISDN. Advantage: It allows the data to sent over the ordinary copper wire It also allows simultaneously use normal telephone service. For domestic user there is UDSL Much faster than ordinary telephone lines

Protocol: The protocol is the agreed upon set of procedures which governs the format of data being transmitted and the signals initiating, controlling and terminating the transfer. Examples of protocols: TCP/IP NetBEUI IPX/SPX ISO OSI protocol: It set of protocols developed by ISO which is known OSI protocol. This protocol is divided into seven functions in seven layer reference model. Layer 1-4 deals with the movement of data from one location to another location. Layer 5-7 deals with exchange of data between the application This set of protocol was not widely used and another suite of protocols (known as TCP/IP) is used TCP/IP: It is developed by department of defense of America for the communication of defense Data in secure way, later on it is used by research universities in America. Now this protocol is mostly used on Internet. Benefits of TCP/IP: It cheaper and easier to implement than OSI protocols Due to growth of Internet TCP/IP has de facto industry standard It has many utilities and services like Telnet, FTP etc. It is routable protocol It has utility for physical connectivity trouble shooting (PING).

Mobile Communication: The communication is said to be mobile communication if it takes place between two portable devices/telephone sets (also known as cellular phones). Technologies used mobile telephone Industry: GSM AIMS Mobile services: SMS Call services (call barring, call divert, call conferencing) Corporate services (integrating numbering, VPN) Internet access

Dual mode hand sets (cheap cordless technology in office and cellular technology outside the office. Voice messaging system ( prerecorded answers to callers)

Computer telephony integration (CTI): CTI systems gathers information about the callers like phone numbers, customer account number and demographic information (age, income, interest) which is stored in customer database and can be called up and sent to screen of the person dealing with the call Computer Bulletin board: It consists of a central mailbox or area on a computer server where people can deposit messages for everyone to see and read what the other people have left in the system. Use of bulletin boards: Bulletin boards are ideal for individuals working on a project on different locations. Tracking progress of projected operated at different location Video conferencing: It is use of computers and communication technology for conducting meetings. Technology: Internet and webcam Separate room for video screen to see the participants Ethernet: It is LAN architecture developed by Xerox, DEC an Intel in 1976. Ethernet specifications defined by IEEE Features of Ethernet: Topologies: Access method: Transmission technique: Transmission rate: Specification: Bus and Star CSMA/CD Baseband 10mbps or 100 mbps. 802.3

Wireless Application Protocol: It is secure specification which allows users to access information instantly via wireless devices like cell phones, pagers etc Wireless network technology that supports WAP: CDMA GSM CDPD PHS TETRA

Features of WAP: WAP supports all OS( PalmOS, EPOC, WINDOS CE,FLEXOS,OS9 etc) of handheld devices WAP support microbrewers ( browse small file sizes) WAP support HTML,XML,WML for small screens WAP also supports Nokia, Ericsson operating systems Synchronous Transmission: It involves the simultaneous flow of data in the form of several bytes of data simultaneous. Asynchronous transmission: This transmission involves the sending and receiving of one byte of data at a time. Data transmission medium: 1.Guided media: Copper ( twisted pair telephone line,UTP,STP) Low transmission rate, minimal anti-interference screening, high error rate, low cost, high data distortion Coaxial (Thinnet, Thicknet) less data distortion as compared to twisted pair, anitiinterference screening is better, costly. Fiber optic cable It interference free and has extremely high data transmission rate and normally used in WANs and less widely used in LANs (because high cost, does not support addition of nodes) Advantage of fiber optics: High bandwidth Low cross talk High reliability No danger from electricity, heat, sparking Unguided media: Microwave Satellite Mobile data service