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Hand Book of Electronics

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HAND BOOK OF ELECTRONICS

BY
DR. D. K. KAUSHIK
PRINCIPAL
MANOHAR MEMORIAL (P.G.) COLLEGE,
FATEHABAD
PART – I ANALOG ELECTRONICS

CHAPTER -1. NETWORK ANALYSIS WITH D.C. SOURCE

1.1 Model for a Battery
1.2 Network analysis
1.2.1 Kirchoff’s Current Law
1.2.2 Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
1.3 Mesh and Node Method
1.3.1 Node Method
1.3.2 Mesh or Loop Method
1.4 Network Theorems
1.4.1 Superposition Theorem
1.4.2 Thevenin’s Theorem
1.4.3 Norton’s Theorem
1.4.4 Reciprocity Theorem
1.4.5 Millman’s Theorem
1.4.6 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
1.4.7 Star – Delta Conversion
CHAPTER – 2. TWO PORT NETWORK
2.1 Impedance Parameters
2.2 Admittance Parameters
2.3 Hybrid Parameters
2.4 Inverse Hybrid parameters
2.5 Transmission Parameters
2.6 Inverse Transmission Parameters
2.7 Transformation of Parameters
2.8 Interconnection of Two Port Networks
2.9 Dependent Sources
2.10 Reciprocity
2.11 Ideal Transformer
2.12 Impedance Converter
2.13 Gyrator
2.14 Cascading of Two Gyrators
CHAPTER 3. NETWORKS WITH TIME VARYING SOURCES
3.1 Fourier Series
3.2 Sinusoidal Signal Applied to Different Elements
3.3 R – L Low Pass Filter
3.4 R – C Low Pass Filter
3.5 R – L High Pass Filter
3.6 R – C High Pass Filter
3.7 Band Pass Filter
3.8 Band Rejection Filter
3.9 Transient Response
3.9.1 Transient Response of R – C Circuit
3.9.2 Transient Response of R – L Circuit
3.10 Differentiating and Integrating circuit
3.10.1 R – C Differentiating circuit
3.10.2 R – C Integrating circuit
CHAPTER – 4. PHYSICS OF SEMICONDUCTORS
4.1 Semiconductors
4.1.1 Intrinsic Semiconductors
4.1.2 Extrinsic or Doped Semiconductors
4.2 Effect of Temperature on Extrinsic Semiconductors
4.3 Concentration of Holes and Electrons in Extrinsic Semiconductors
4.4 Currents in Semiconductors
4.5 Properties of Ge and Si
4.6 P – N Junction Diode
4.7 Temperature Dependence of Reverse Saturation Current of the Diode
4.8 Diode Resistance
4.9 Ideal Diode
4.10 Circuit Model for Junction Diode
4.11 Junction Capacitances
4.12 Zener Diodes
4.13 Light Emitting Diodes
4.14 Photodiodes
CHAPTER-5. APPLICATIONS OF DIODES
5.1 Rectifier Circuits
5.1.1 Half Wave Rectifier
5.1.2 Full Wave Rectifier
5.2 Peak Inverse Voltage
5.3 Bridge Rectifier
5.4 Filter circuits
5.4.1 Half Wave Rectifier With Shunt Capacitor Filter
5.4.2 Full Wave Rectifier With Shunt Capacitor Filter
5.4.3 Percentage Regulation
5.4.4 Series Inductor Filter
5.4.5 L – Section (or L – C ) Filter
5.4.6 π − Section Filter
5.5 Voltage Multiplier Circuits
5.5.1 Half Wave Voltage Doubler
5.5.2 Full Wave Voltage Doubler
5.5.3 Half Wave Voltage Multiplier
5.6 Clipper Circuits
5.6.1 Unbiased Positive Series Clipper
5.6.2 Unbiased Negative Series Clipper
5.6.3 Biased Positive Series Clipper
5.6.4 Biased Negative Series Clipper
5.6.5 Unbiased Positive Shunt Clipper
5.6.6 Unbiased Negative Shunt Clipper
5.6.7 Biased Positive Shunt Clipper
5.6.8 Biased Negative Shunt Clipper
5.7 Clamping Circuits
5.8 Log and Antilog Circuit
5.9 Zener Diode As Voltage Regulator
CHAPTER – 6. JUNCTION TRANSISTOR
6.1 The Transistor
6.1.1 Minority Carrier Concentration in a Transistor
6.2 The Transistor in Active Region
6.3 Current Components in a Transistor
6.4 Base Width modulation or The Early Effect
6.5 The Transistor As An Amplifier
6.6 Transistor Characteristics in Common Base Configuration
6.6.1 Input Characteristics
6.6.2 Output Characteristics
6.7 Transistor Characteristics in Common Emitter Configuration
6.7.1 Input Characteristics
6.7.2 Output Characteristics
6.8 Common Emitter Current Gain
6.9 Common Collector Configuration
6.10 Ebers – Moll Model Of A Transistor
6.11 Maximum Voltage Rating
CHAPTER – 7. THE TRANSISTORS AT LOW FREQUENCIES
7.1 Low Frequency h – parameter Model of a Transistor
7.2 Determination of h – parameters
7.3 Conversion of h – parameters in Three Configurations
7.4 An Analysis of Transistor Amplifier
7.5 Comparison of Transistor Amplifier Configuration
7.6 Miller’s Theorem
7.7 Dual of Miller’s Theorem
7.8 The Emitter Follower
7.9 Cascaded Transistor Amplifiers
7.10 Simplified Common Emitter Hybrid Model
7.10.1 Simplified Calculation for the Common Emitter Configuration
7.10.2 Simplified Calculation for the Common Base Configuration
7.10.3 Simplified Calculation for the Common Collector Configuration
7.11 CC – CC Cascaded Amplifier ( Darlington Pair)
CHAPTER – 8. TRANSISTOR BIASING AND THERMAL STABILIZATION
8.1 Operating Point
8.2 Operating Point Stability
8.3 Stability Factors
8.4 Fixed Base Bias
8.5 Collector to Base Bias
8.6 Self Bias or Emitter Bias
8.7 Variation of Operating Point Stability with Simultaneous Variation of ICO, VBE and β
8.8 Bias Compensation
8.8.1 Diode Compensation for VBE
8.8.2 Diode Compensation for ICO
8.9 Thermistor and Sensistor Compensation
8.9.1 Thermistor Compensation
8.9.2 Sensistor Compensation
8.10 Thermal Runaway
8.10.1 Thermal Resistance
8.10.2 Condition to Prevent Thermal Runaway
8.10.3 Thermal Stability
CHAPTER – 9. FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS
9.1 Field Effect Transistors
9.2 Junction Field Effect Transistor
 9.2.1 Static Characteristics of JFET
9.3 Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) FET
9.3.1 Enhancement Type MOSFET
9.3.2 Depletion Type MOSFET
9.3.3 Circuit Symbols
9.4 Parameters of FET
9.4.1 Drain Resistance rd
9.4.2 Transconductance gm
9.4.3 Amplification Factor µ
9.4.4 Relation Between Transconductance gm and Drain Current iDS of the FET
9.5 Small Signal Model of Field Effect Transistor
9.6 Low Frequency FET Amplifier
9.6.1 Common Source Amplifier
9.6.2 Common Drain Amplifier
9.6.3 Common Gate Amplifier
9.7 Biasing the FET
9.7.1 Source Self Bias
9.7.2 Voltage Divider Biasing
9.8 Common Source Amplifier at High Frequencies
9.9 Common Drain Amplifier (Source Follower) at High Frequencies
CHAPTER – 10
MULTISTAGE AMPLIFIERS
10.1 Classification of Amplifiers
10.2 RC Coupled Amplifier
10.2.1 Frequency Response
10.2.2 Effect of Coupling Capacitor
10.2.3 Effect of Emitter Bye-pass Capacitor
10.2.4 High Frequency Response
10.3 Hybrid π − model For the CE Transistor Amplifier
10.4 Class A Power Amplifier
10.5 Transformer Coupled Amplifier
10.6 Class B Push Pull Amplifier
10.7 More About Properties of Amplifiers
10.7.1 Distortion
10.7.2 Noise in Amplifiers
10.7.3 Thermal Noise or Johnson Noise
10.7.4 Shot noise
10.7.5 Noise Figure
CHAPTER – 11. FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER
11.1 Classification of Amplifiers
11.1.1 Voltage Amplifiers
11.1.2 Current Amplifiers
11.1.3 Transconductance Amplifiers
11.1.4 Transresistance Amplifiers
11.2 Classification of Feedback
11.3 Feedback Topologies
11.4 Effect of Feedback on Transfer Gain
11.4.1 Transfer Gain for Voltage Series Feedback Topology
11.4.2 Transfer Gain for Voltage Shunt Feedback Topology
11.4.3 Transfer Gain for Current Series Feedback Topology
 11.4.4 Transfer Gain for Current Shunt Feedback Topology
11.5 Effect of Feedback on Input Resistance
11.5.1 Input Resistance for Voltage Series Feedback Topology
11.5.2 Input Resistance for Voltage Shunt Feedback Topology
11.5.3 Input Resistance for Current Series Feedback Topology
11.5.4 Input Resistance for Current Shunt Feedback Topology
11.6 Effect of Feedback on Output Resistance
11.7 Practical Feedback Circuits
CHAPTER – 12. OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
12.1 The Basic Operational Amplifier
12.2 The Inverting Amplifier
12.2.1 Practical Inverting Amplifier
12.3 The Non-Inverting Amplifier
12.3.1 Input Resistance of Voltage Series Feedback Amplifier
12.3.2 Output Resistance of Voltage Series Feedback Amplifier
12.3.3 Frequency Response of Voltage Series Feedback Amplifier
12.3.4 Stability in Voltage Series Feedback Amplifier
12.3.5 Distortion in Voltage Series Feedback Amplifier
12.4 Difference Amplifier
12.5 Common Mode Rejection Ratio
12.6 Emitter Coupled Differential Amplifier
12.6.1 Emitter Coupled Differential Amplifier Using Constant Current Bias
12.6.2 Use of Current Mirror as Constant Current Source
12.7 IC 741 Operational Amplifier
CHAPTER – 13. APPLICATIONS OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
13.1 Error Voltages and currents in Operational Amplifiers
13.1.1 Input Bias Current
13.1.2 Input Offset Current
13.1.3 Input Offset Voltage
13.1.4 Thermal Drift
13.2 Applications of Operational Amplifiers
13.2.1 Sign Changer
13.2.2 Phase Shifter
13.3 Summing Amplifier
13.3.1 Non-inverting Summing Amplifier
13.4 Current –to –Voltage Converter
13.5 Voltage –to – Current Converter
13.6 D.C. Voltage Follower
13.7 A.C. Coupled Amplifier
13.7.1 A.C. Voltage Follower
13.8 Bridge Amplifier
13.9 Integrator
13.9.1 Practical Integrator
13.10 Differentiator
13.11 Logarithmic Amplifier
13.12 Antilogarithmic Amplifier
13.13 Logarithmic Multiplier
CHAPTER – 14 . REGULATED POWER SUPPLY
14.1 Voltage Regulator
14.1.1 Percentage Regulation
 14.1.2 Classification of Voltage Regulators
14.2 Series Voltage Regulator
14.2.1 Simple Series Regulator Circuit
14.2.2 Improved Series Regulator Circuit
14.2.3 Feedback Type of Voltage Regulator
14.3 Shunt Voltage Regulator
14.3.1 Zener Diode Shunt Regulator
14.3.2 Basic transistor Shunt Regulator
14.3.3 Improved Shunt Regulator
14.4 Regulators Using Operational Amplifiers
14.4.1 Series Voltage Regulator Using operational Amplifier
14.4.2 Modified Zener Biasing
14.4.3 Short Circuit Protection
14.5 Shunt Voltage Regulator Using OP-AMP
14.6 Adjustable Voltage regulator ICs
14.6.1 IC 723 Voltage Regulator
14.6.2 Three Terminal Adjustable Voltage Regulator ICs
14.6.3 Three Terminal Fixed Voltage Regulator ICs
14.7 Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS)
CHAPTER – 15. SINUSOIDAL OSCILLATORS
15.1 Principle of Operation
15.2 Negative Resistance
15.3 Classification of Oscillators
15.4 R C Phase Shift Oscillator
15.4.1 Transistor Phase Shift Oscillator
15.4.2 Operational Amplifier Phase Shift Oscillator
15.5 The Wien Bridge Oscillator
15.6 L-C Oscillator
15.7 Tuned Drain FET Oscillator
15.7 Tuned Collector Oscillator
15.8 General Form of Resonant Circuit Oscillators
15.9 Transistor Hartley Oscillator
15.10 Transistor Colpitt’s Oscillator
15.11 Crystal Oscillator
CHAPTER – 16 . MULTIVIBRATORS
16.1 Bistable Multivibrator
16.2 Triggering Methods of Bistable Multivibrator
16.2.1 Asymmetrical Triggering
16.2.2 Symmetrical Triggering
16.3 Monostable Multivibrator
16.3.1 Collector Coupled Monostable Multivibrator
16.3.2 Emitter Coupled Monostable Multivibrator
16.4 Astable Multivibrator
16.5 Comparator
16.6 Schmitt Trigger
16.7 Astable Multivibrator using an Operational Amplifier
16.8 Monostable Multivibrator using an Operational Amplifier
16.9 Triangular Waveform Generator
16.10 Timer IC 555
16.10.1 Monostable Operation
 16.10.2 Astable Operation
16.10.3 Saw tooth Generator
16.10.4 Voltage Controlled Oscillator
CHAPTER – 17. ACTIVE FILTERS
17.1 Active Filters
17.2 First Order Low Pass Filter
17.3 Second Order Low Pass Filter
17.4 First Order High Pass Filter
17.5 Second Order High Pass Filter
17.6 Higher Order Filters
17.7 Band Pass Filters
17.7.1 Wide Band Pass Filter
17.7.2 Narrow Band Pass Filter
17.8 Band Rejection Filters
17.8.1 Wide Band Rejection Filter
17.8.2 Narrow Band Rejection Filter
CHAPTER -18. SWITCHING DEVICES AND CIRCUITS
18.1 Unijunction Transistor
18.2 Unijunction Transistor Relaxation Oscillator
18.3 Silicon Controlled Rectifier
18.4 Half Wave Series Static Switch
18.5 Phase Control Circuit
18.6 SCR Half Wave Rectifier
18.7 SCR Full Wave Rectifier
18.8 Silicon Controlled switch
18.9 The Triac
18.10 The Diac
18.11 Dimmer Circuit
CHAPTER -19. BRIDGE CIRCUITS
19.1 Wheatstone Bridge
19.1.1 Thevenin’s Equivalent Wheatstone Bridge
19.1.2 Slightly Unbalance Wheatstone Bridge
19.1.3 Sources of Errors in Wheatstone Bridge
19.2 Kelvin Bridge
19.2.1 Practical Kelvin Double Bridge
19.3 A C Bridges
19.4 Maxwell Bridge
19.5 Hay Bridge
19.6 Schering Bridge
19.7 Wien Bridge
19.8 Wagner Ground Connection
CHAPTER – 20. TRANSDUCERS
20.1 Classification of Transducers
20.2 Selection Criteria for Transducer
20.3 Resistance Strain Gauge
20.4 Types of Strain Gauges
20.5 Potentiometric Transducer
20.6 Resistance Thermometer
20.7 Thermistor
20.8 Thermocouple
20.9 Photoelectric Transducer
20.9.1 Vacuum Photo tube
20.9.2 Gas Filled Phototubes
20.9.3 Photomultiplier Tubes
20.9.4 Photo Conductive Cell
20.9.5 Photo Voltaic Cell
20.9.6 Photo Junctions
20.10 Capacitive Transducers
20.11 Inductive Transducers
20.11.1 Change in Self Inductance with Number of Turns
20.11.2 Change in Self Inductance with Change in Permeability
20.11.3 Variable Reluctance Type Transducers
20.11.4 Linear Variable Differential Transducer (LVDT)
20.12 Piezoelectric Transducer
20.13 Microphones
20.13.1 Carbon Microphone
20.13.2 Moving Coil Microphone
20.13.3 Crystal Microphone
20.13.4 Capacitor Microphone
20.14 Loudspeaker
CHAPTER – 21. ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTS
21.1 Multimeters
21.1.1 Analog Multimeters
21.1.2 Electronic Multimeters
21.1.3 Digital Multimeters
21.2 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
21.2.1 Cathode Ray tube
21.2.2 Construction
21.3 Applications of CRO
21.3.1 Measurement of Voltage and Time Period
21.3.2 Measurement of Phase Difference
21.4 Function Generator
21.5 Digital Frequency Meter

PART – II DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

CHAPTER – 22. NUMBER SYSTEM
22.1 Number System
22.2 Binary Number System
22.3 Octal Number System
22.4 Hexadecimal Number System
22.5 Conversion of Integer Decimal Number to Binary Number
22.6 Conversion of Fractional Decimal Number to Binary Number
22.7 Conversion of Octal to Binary and Vice – Versa
22.8 Conversion of Hexadecimal to Binary and Vice – Versa
22.9 Binary Addition
22.10 Binary Subtraction
22.11 Signed Numbers
22.11.1 1’s Complement Representation
22.11.2 2’s Complement Representation
22.12 Signed Numbers using 2’s Complement
22.13 Addition/Subtraction of Signed Numbers in 2’s Complement Representation
22.14 Nine’s and Ten’s Complement of Decimal Numbers
22.14.1 r’s and (r – 1)’s complement
22.15 Binary Multiplication
22.16 Binary Division
22.17 Floating Point Representation of Binary Numbers
CHAPTER – 23. Binary Codes
23.1 Binary Coded Decimal Numbers
23.2 Weighted Codes
23.3 Self Complementing Codes
23.4 Cyclic Codes
23.4.1 Conversion of Binary to Gray Code
23.4.2 Conversion of Gray Code to Binary
23.5 Error Detecting Codes
23.6 Error Correcting or Hamming Code
23.7 BCD Addition
23.8 Excess –3 Addition
23.9 Alphanumeric codes
CHAPTER – 24. BOOLEAN ALGEBRA AND LOGIC GATES
24.1 Logic Operations
24.2 Postulates of Boolean Algebra
24.3 Two – Valued Boolean Algebra
24.4 Duality Principle
24.5 Theorems of Boolean Algebra
24.6 Venn Diagram
24.7 Truth Table
24.8 Canonical Forms for Boolean Function
24.8.1 Canonical SP (or SOP) Form
24.8.2 Canonical PS (or POS) Form
24.9 Realization of Boolean Function Using Gates
24.10 Other Logic Operations and Logic Gates
24.11 Realization of Boolean expressions using NAND/NOR alone
CHAPTER – 25. SIMPLIFICATION OF BOOLEAN FUNCTIONS
25.1 Karnaugh map (K- Map) Method
25.1.1 Two Variable K – map
25.1.2 Three Variable K – map
25.1.3 Four variable K – map
25.2 Encircling of Groups
25.2.1 Pairs
25.2.2 Quads
25.2.3 Octets
25.2.4 Overlapping Groups
25.2.5 Rolling Groups
25.2.6 Redundant Groups
25.2.7 Simplification Procedure
25.3 Incompletely Specified Functions
25.4 NOR Implementation of Boolean Functions
25.5 Five and Six Variable K – map
25.5.1 Simplification of Five and Six Variable Maps
25.6 Quine – McCluskey Method
CHAPTER – 26. COMBINATIONAL SWITCHING CIRCUITS
26.1 Combinational circuits
26.2 Half Adder
26.3 Full Adder
26.4 Parallel Binary Adder
26.5 BCD or 8421 adder
26.6 Excess – 3 Adder
26.7 Two’s Complement Adder/ Substractor
CHAPTER – 27. MORE COMBINATIONAL CIRCUITS
27.1 Multiplexers
27.1.1 Expansion of Multiplexers
27.1.2 Applications of Multiplexers
27.2 Demultiplexers
27.3 Decoder
27.3.1 BCD – to – Decimal Decoder
27.3.2 BCD – to – Seven – Segment Decoder
27.4 Code converter
27.5 Encoders
27.5.1 Octal – to – Binary Encoder
27.5.2 Decimal – to – BCD Encoder
27.6 Priority Encoder
27.6.1 Decimal – to – BCD Priority Encoder
27.6.2 Octal to Binary Priority Encoder
27.7 Magnitude Comparator
27.8 Parity Generator/ Checker
27.9 Programmable Logic Devices
27.9.1 Field Programmable Logic Array (FPLA)
27.9.2 Programmable Array Logic (PAL)
27.9.3 Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM)
CHAPTER – 28. LOGIC FAMILIES
28.1 AND Gate
28.2 OR Gate
28.3 NOT (Inverter) gate
28.4 Logic Families
28.5 Resistor – Transistor Logic (RTL)
28.6 Direct Coupled Transistor Logic (DCTL)
28.7 Integrated Injection Logic (IIL or I2L)
28.8 Diode – Transistor Logic (DTL)
28.9 High – Threshold Logic (HTL)
28.10 Transistor – Transistor Logic (TTL)
28.10.1 TTL NAND Gate with Totem-pole Output
28.10.2 TTL Inverter
28.10.3 TTL NOR Gate
28.10.4 TTL AND Gate
28.10.5 TTL OR Gate
28.10.6 Open Collector TTL Gates
28.10.7 Tri-state TTL Gates
28.10.8 More TTL Circuits
28.11 Schottky Transistor – Transistor Logic (STTL)
28.12 Emitter Coupled Logic (ECL)
28.13 MOS Logic
 28.13.1 MOS inverter
28.13.2 MOS NOR gate
28.13.3 MOS NAND gate
28.14 Complementary MOS (CMOS) Logic
28.14.1 CMOS Inverter
28.14.2 CMOS NAND Gate
28.14.3 CMOS NOR Gate
28.15 Comparison of Logic Families
CHAPTER – 29. FLIP-FLOPS
29.1 R S Flip-flop
29.1.1 R S Flip-flop with NAND Gates
29.1.2 Active Low R S Flip-flop with NAND Gates
29.2 Clocked R S Flip-flop
29.2.1 Clocked R S Flip-flop with NAND Latch
29.3 Triggering of Flip-flops
29.3.1 Edge Detector Circuit
29.4 The D Flip-flop
29.5 The J K Flip-flop
29.5.1 Edge Triggered J K Flip-flop
29.5.2 Edge Triggered T (Toggle) Flip-flop
29.5.3 Asynchronous Inputs
29.6 Master Slave J K flip-flop
29.7 Excitation Table of Flip-flops
29.8 Conversion of Flip-flops
29.9 Flip-flop Parameters
CHAPTER – 30. FLIP-FLOPS
30.1 R S Flip-flop
30.1.1 R S Flip-flop with NAND Gates
30.1.2 Active Low R S Flip-flop with NAND Gates
30.2 Clocked R S Flip-flop
30.2.1 Clocked R S Flip-flop with NAND Latch
30.3 Triggering of Flip-flops
30.3.1 Edge Detector Circuit
30.4 The D Flip-flop
30.5 The J K Flip-flop
30.5.1 Edge Triggered J K Flip-flop
30.5.2 Edge Triggered T (Toggle) Flip-flop
30.5.3 Asynchronous Inputs
30.6 Master Slave J K flip-flop
30.7 Excitation Table of Flip-flops
30.8 Conversion of Flip-flops
30.9 Flip-flop Parameters
CHAPTER – 31. SHIFT REGISTERS
31.1 Registers
31.2 Classifications of Registers
31.3 Serial In Parallel Out (SIPO) Shift Register
31.4 Serial In Serial Out (SISO) Shift Register
31.5 Parallel In Parallel Out (PIPO) Shift Register
31.6 Parallel In Serial Out (PISO) Shift Register
31.7 Bidirectional Shift Register
31.8 Universal Shift Register
31.9 Cyclic Shift Registers
31.9.1 Ring Counter
31.9.2 Johnson Counter or Twisted Ring Counter
31.10 Shift Register IC Details
31.10 Shift Register IC Details
31.11 Applications of Shift Registers
31.11.1 Serial Adder
31.11.2 Parity Generator cum Checker
31.11.3 Time Delay
31.11.4 Data Conversion
31.11.5 Sequence Generator
CHAPTER – 32. COUNTERS
32.1 Asynchronous Counters
32.2 Asynchronous Binary (Mod-16) Counter
32.3 Asynchronous Down Counters
32.4 Asynchronous Mod-16 Down Counter
32.5 Asynchronous Mod-16 Up / Down Counter
32.6 Other Asynchronous Counters
32.6.1 Asynchronous Decade Counter
32.7 Synchronous Counters
32.7.1 Synchronous Binary Counter
32.7.2 Design of Synchronous Mod – N Counter
32.7.3 Synchronous Decade counter
32.8 Synchronous Counters with Arbitrary Counting Sequence
32.9 Synchronous Controlled Counters
32.10 Generation of Control Signals
32.11 Counter ICs
32.12 Counter Applications
32.12.1 Event Counter
32.12.2 Digital Frequency Meter
32.12.3 Digital Clock
32.12.4 Parallel to Serial Data Conversion
CHAPTER – 33. DIGITAL TO ANALOG AND ANALOG TO DIGITAL
CONVERTERS
33.1 Digital to Analog Converter
33.1.1 Resistive Divider D/A converter
33.1.2 Binary Ladder D/A Converter
33.2 Performance Criteria for D/A Converter
33.3 D/A Converter IC 0808
33.4 Analog to Digital Converter
33.5 Simultaneous A/D Conveter
33.6 Successive Approximation A/D Converter
33.7 Counter or Digital Ramp type A/D Converter
33.8 Single Slope A/D Converter
33.9 Dual Slope A/D Converter
33.10 A / D Converter IC 0801
CHAPTER – 34. DIGITAL MEMORIES
34.1 Memory Parameters
34.2 Semiconductor Memories
 34.3 Read Only Memories
34.3.1 Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM)
34.3.2 Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM)
34.3.3 Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM)
34.4 Applications of ROMs
34.5 Random Access Memories
34.5.1 Bipolar RAM
34.5.2 Static MOS RAM Cell
34.5.3 Dynamic MOS RAM Cell
34.6 RAM ICs
34.7 Magnetic Memories
34.7.1 Magnetic Core Memory
34.7.2 Magnetic Disk Memory
34.7.3 Floppy Disk
34.7.4 Hard Disk System
34.8 Magnetic Bubble Memories
34.9 Charge Coupled Devices (CCDs)
34.10 Compact Disk Read Only Memory (CDROM)

Appendix I. Decibel
Appendix II. Switches
Appendix III. Resistances
Appendix IV. Capacitors
Appendix V. Commonly used TTL ICs
Appendix VI. Commonly used CMOS ICs

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