A Course book on

Indian Traditional Knowledge

For B.Tech Students

18LEM109T

Department of English and Foreign Languages

SRM Institute of Science and Technology
 Syllabus
Course Learning The purpose of learning this course Learnin
Program Learning Outcomes (PLO)
Rationale (CLR): is to: g

To introduce the learners to the early and

CLR- traditional environmental friendly 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1: agricultural practices

To enable the students to recognize and

appreciate the contribution of India to
CLR-
astronomical studies
2:

To draw the learner’s attention towards the

CLR-

Environment & Sustainability

Analysis, Design, Research
holistic approach behind Indian system of
Level of Thinking (Bloom)

Expected Attainment (%)

Expected Profciency (%)

Engineering Knowledge
3:

Individual & Team Work

Design & Development

Project Mgt. & Finance

medicine

Modern Tool Usage

Life Long Learning

Society & Culture
Problem Analysis

Communication
To cultivate a sense of appreciation aboutancient
CLR-

PSO - 2
PSO - 3
PSO - 1
Ethics
Indian Engineering and Technology as diverse,
4:
culture and resource specific

To develop anunderstanding about the

connection of daily life to the environment and a
CLR-
healthy lifestyle through a comparison of the
5
linguistic phrases and sayings and analyzing
them from today’s science

Course Learning At the end of this course, learners will

Outcomes (CLO): be

equipped with an awareness of the ancient India’s

CLO-
eco consciousness andIndia’s contribution to - - - - - H H H H H - H - - -
1:
astronomy and the beliefs associated with it

able to appreciate the Indian aesthetic sensibility

which is evidenced in the architectural monuments,
CLO-
economic life and religious worship - - - - L H M M H H - H - - -
2:

able to understand how Indians have had a holistic

CLO-
approach towards human life integrating the body, - - - - - H H H H H - H - - -
3:
mind and soul

Learning Unit / Learning Unit / Learning Unit / Learning Unit / Learning Unit /
Module 1 Module 2 Module 3 Module 4 Module 5

Duration 3
(hour) AGRICULTURE
3 3 3 3

MATHEMATICS MEDICINE ENGINEERING & CUSTOMS,

&ASTRONOMY TECHNOLOGY
SAYINGS AND
 LIFE TRUTHS
Early agricultural settlements Architecture – Temples, forts,
Concepts of time and space - Introduction to the school of
SLO- - Influencing Factors – locale Knowledge of the Universe palaces, houses and town Regionalmyths, beliefs,,and
Ayurveda, Siddha and
1 and climate planning cultural practices
Naturopathy:
S-1
Locating the early Compare and Contrast of Group Discussions through
Quiz based on the Indian Noting the idioms, proverbs
SLO- agricultural settlements in the methodologies, popular examples from different
concept of time and distance in mother tongues connected
2 the Indian mapand beliefs, myths and truths historical periods and
between the planets to seasons and festivals
indicating the timeline about medications geographical locations

Common features - Holistic

Metallurgy – Coins, Traditional Foods of India in
Great astronomers and Therapeutic Approach –
SLO- Crop cultivation - Traditional Indian Metal accordance with the climate
mathematicians of ancient Natural elements, individual Carvings
1 Community and availability of the
basedEnvironment friendly India constitution (Humours), and
resources
practices the balance recommended
S-2
Understanding the rationale
Group presentations on the The respective contributions Discussions on historical
SLO- behind selected sample Collecting old sayings in
traditional agricultural of Astronomers and periods and their
2 treatments provided or specific regions of India
practices in selectedstates Mathematicians architectural influences
advised, Case Studies

Ancient Indian Water Textile technology – Region /

SLO- The planetary system and Yoga and its Universal Culture specific Fiber, Fabric Translating Regional sayings
management and irrigation
1 Indian Astrology: Basic Facts Appeal and weaving into English
methods
S-3
A region based study of
Discussion on a few sample Discussions on worldwide Comparing the Temple Traditional sayings about
SLO- natural water resources and
birth charts and predictions popularity of Yoga and Architecture of North and Hygiene and practices
2 aquifers and types of
made meditation Southern Indian States pertaining to them
irrigation

Learning
1. Texts / Audios / Videos / Images
Resources 2. Texts / Audios / Videos / Images

Level of Continuous Assessment Final Examination

Thinking CA – 1 (20%) CA – 2 (20%) CA – 3 (20%) # (40%)

Remember
Level
Understan
40 % 30 % 30 % 30 %
1
d

Level Apply
40 % 40 % 40 % 40 %
2 Analyze

Level Evaluate
20 % 30 % 30 % 30 %
3 Create

TEXT BOOKS:
V. Sivaramakrishnan (Ed.), Cultural Heritage of India-course material, BharatiyaVidyaBhavan, Mumbai.
5th Edition, 2014.
Basham, A.L. ed. A Cultural History of India. OUP, 1997.
REFERENCES:
Thapar, Romila. Indian Cultures as Heritage: Contemporary Past. Aleph Book Company, 2018.
GN Jha (Eng. Trans.), Ed. RN Jha, Yoga-darshanam with VyasaBhashya, VidyanidhiPrakashan, Delhi
2016.
 Evaluation Sheet
Name of the Student: Name of the Teacher:

Reg. No.: Branch:

S.No Date Hou Topic

r
Date: Hour No. :

Module 1
Session 1
SLO 1 & 2

Indian agriculture began by 9000 BCE on north-west India as a result of early cultivation of plants, and
domestication of crops and animals Settled life soon followed with implements and techniques being
developed for agriculture. The middle ages saw irrigation channels reach a new level of sophistication in
India and Indian crops affecting the economies of other regions of the world. Land and water
management systems were developed with an aim of providing uniform growth
In the period of the Neolithic revolution, roughly 8000-4000 BCE, Agro pastoralism in India included
threshing, planting crops in rows—either of two or of six—and storing grain in granaries. Barley and
wheat cultivation—along with the rearing of cattle, sheep and goat—was visible in Mehrgarh by 8000-
6000 BCE.
Irrigation was developed in the Indus Valley Civilisation by around 4500 BCE The size and prosperity of
the Indus civilisation grew as a result of this innovation, which eventually led to more planned settlements
making use of drainage and sewers. Sophisticated irrigation and water storage systems were developed by
the Indus Valley Civilisation, including artificial reservoirs at Girnar dated to 3000 BCE, and an
early canal irrigation system from circa 2600 BCE. Archaeological evidence of an animal-
drawn plough dates back to 2500 BC in the Indus Valley Civilisation.
(Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent)

Additional reading:
https://www.craaq.qc.ca/documents/files/Evenements/EPER1401/08_Gupta_Manish_ang.pdf

Task 1:
Draw the map of India and locate the early agricultural settlements and also indicate the timeline (10
marks)
Date: Hour No. :

Session 2
SLO 1 & 2

Agriculture is the most important enterprise in the world. Agriculture is the process of producing food,
feed, fiber and other desired products by the cultivation of plants and the raising of domesticated animals.
In a true sense, it is a productive unit where human get the free gifts of nature namely, land, light, air,
temperature, rain water, humidity etc. are integrated into a single primary unit indispensable for human
beings.
Eco-agriculture, now emerging as a holistic approach to ecologically and socially responsible land use,
represents a vision of rural communities managing their landscape and resources to jointly achieve three
goals:
 Enhance rural livelihoods
 Conserve or enhance biodiversity and eco-system services
 Develop more sustainable and productive agricultural system
.
Classification of Eco-friendly Agricultural Practices: (i) Crop production (ii) Soil management (iii)
Water management (iv) Weed control (v) Insect-pest control (vi) Weather forecast (vii)Agricultural
engineering (viii) Home management (ix) Clothing and textile (x)Animal husbandry
Source: https://www.greenecosystem.in/blog/role-of-eco-friendly-agricultural-practices-in-indian-
agriculture-development

Source: https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2016/aug/14/organic-farming-agriculture-
world-hunger

Additional reading: https://www.ripublication.com/ijafst_spl/ijafstv4n2spl_03.pdf

Date: Hour No. :

Task 1: (10 marks)

1. What are the practices of sustainable agriculture?
2. Can organic farming sustain Indian agriculture?
3. What is organic farming or eco friendly farming?
4. How were ancient agricultural methods eco friendly?
5. List the eco-friendly approaches for farming system.

Task 2:
Make a group presentation on traditional Eco agricultural methods which is followed in your state. (10
marks)
Date: Hour No. :

Session 3
SLO 1&2

History tells us that both floods and droughts were regular occurrence in ancient India. Perhaps this is
why every region in the country has its own traditional water harvesting techniques that reflect the
geographical peculiarities and cultural uniqueness of the regions. The basic concept underlying all these
techniques is that rain should be harvested whenever and wherever it falls.
Archaeological evidence shows that the practice of water conservation is deep rooted in the science of
ancient India. Excavations show that the cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation had excellent systems of
water harvesting and drainage. The settlement of Dholavira, laid out on a slope between two storm water
channels, is a great example of water engineering. Chanakya’s Arthashashtra mentions irrigation using
water harvesting systems. Sringaverapura, near Allahabad, had a sophisticated water harvesting system
that used the natural slope of the land to store the floodwaters of the river Ganga. Chola King Karikala
built the Grand Anicut or Kallanai across the river Cauvery to divert water for irrigation (it is still
functional) while King Bhoja of Bhopal built the largest artificial lake in India.
Drawing upon centuries of experience, Indians continued to build structures to catch, hold and store
monsoon rainwater for the dry seasons to come. These traditional techniques, though less popular today,
are still in use and efficient. Here is a brief account of the unique water conservation systems prevalent in
India and the communities who have practised them for decades before the debate on climate change even
existed.
Source: https://www.thebetterindia.com/61757/traditional-water-conservation-systems-india/

Jhalaras, 1660 AD, Jodhpur Baori, 14th century Rajasthan

Date: Hour No. :

Baoli, 1321 AD, Rajasthan Eri or Tank, 1000 years ago, Tamilnadu

Task 1: (10 marks)

1. What are important water resources of India?
2. List the early water storage methods in your state.
3. Where does India's water come from?
4. What is an aquifer?
5. Write a note on the irrigation methods in India.

Task 2: (10 marks)

Go through this website http://cgwb.gov.in/AQM/ and identify and write down the aquifer systems of
your state. (150 words)
Date: Hour No. :

Module 2
Mathematics & Astronomy
Session 1
SLO 1 & 2

Time in Hindu mythology is conceived as a wheel turning through vast cycles of creation and destruction
(pralaya), known as kalpa. According to the Hindu theory of creation, time (Sanskrit ‘kal’) is a
manifestation of God. Creation begins when God makes his energies active and ends when he withdraws
all his energies into a state of inactivity. God is timeless, for time is relative and ceases to exist in the
Absolute. The past, the present and the future coexist in him simultaneously.
In fact the same phenomena of Astrophysics were even known to our ancient sages, the Puranakaras long
back in the Puranic age, about 5,000 years ago. They were not only aware of space journeys, but also of
the existence of other planets besides the earth which they knew as Pitriloka, Devaloka, Indraloka,
Brahmaloka, so on and so forth. Not only this but, they also freely moved from earth to other far-off
planets like Brahma loka which had different time speeds than Earth. They were also equipped with
knowledge such as that gravity can bend time in space.

Source: https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/sunday-edition/space-journeys-in-ancient-india.html

Additional reading: https://cds.cern.ch/record/381232/files/9903010.pdf

http://www.vkmaheshwari.com/WP/?p=2507

Task 1:
1. List the two philosophical systems at the basis of Indian physics—and metaphysics
2. What is Vedic Cosmology?
3. Which is the oldest accurate book in the field of astronomy?
4. Discuss how the beliefs of Hinduism are associated with time.
5. What is Puranic Cosmology?
6. The day on which the Sun’s direct rays cross the celestial equator is called
a) The ecliptic
b) The quionox
c) Easter
d) The solstice
7. Which of these objects is the farthest from the Sun?
a) Saturn
b) Neptune
c) Mercury
d) Jupiter
8. The planet which completes one revolution in 88 days around the Sun is:
a) Saturn
b) Mars
c) Mercury
d) Venus
9. The smallest planet of the solar system:
Date: Hour No. :

a) Saturn
b) Jupiter
c) Neptune
d) Uranus
10. The small groups of planetary pieces which are confined and revolving between Mars and Jupiter
are called:
a) Meteors
b) Comet
c) Celestial bodies
d) Asteroids

Task 2: Debate
Prepare for a debate on the topic ‘Time as a coefficient of all consciousness’
Date: Hour No. :

Session 2
SLO 1 & 2

Aryabhata, an Indian Mathematician (c. 500AD) accurately calculated celestial constants like earth's
rotation per solar orbit, days per solar orbit, days per lunar orbit. In fact, no source from prior to the 18th
century had more accurate results on the values of these constants. Aryabhata's 499 AD computation of pi
as 3.1416 (real value 3.1415926...) and the length of a solar year as 365.358 days were also extremely
accurate by the standards of the next thousand years.

The notion of time spans that are truly gigantic by modern standards are rarely found in ancient
civilizations as the notion of large number is rare commodity. Apart from the peoples of the Mayan
civilization, the ancient Hindus appear to be the only people who even thought beyond a few thousand
years.
In the famous book Cosmos, physicist-astronomer-teacher Carl Sagan writes "... The dates on Mayan
inscriptions also range deep into the past and occasionally far into the future. One inscription refers to a
time more than a million years ago and another perhaps refers to events of 400 million years ago, ... The
events memorialized may be mythical, but the time scales are pridigious".

Hindu scriptures refer to time scales that vary from ordinary earth day and night to the day and night of
the Brahma that are a few billion earth years long. Sagan continues, "A millennium before Europeans
were wiling to divest themselves of the Biblical idea that the world was a few thousand years old, the
Mayans were thinking of millions and the Hindus billions".
Source: https://www.cerc.utexas.edu/~jay/anc.html

A Mathematician named Pingala (c. 100BC) developed a system of binary enumeration convertible to
decimal numerals [See 3]. He described the system in his book called Chandahshaastra. The system he
described is quite similar to that of Leibnitz, who was born in the 17th century.
Invention of Zero: (Zero invented by Indian Mathematicians (youtube))
Although ancient Babylonians were known to have used what is often called "place holders" to
distinguish between numbers like 809 and 89, they were nothing more than blank spaces or at times two
wedge shapes like ". More importantly, they lacked the realization that zero has a place in the number
system as well as it comes with a baggage of abstract interpretations. Hence, while they can be credited
with intelligently solving a practical problem of avoiding misinterpreting two numbers like 809 and 89,
they can hardly be credited with the invention of the complex notion of zero and the even more complex
notion of the abstract idea of "nothingness".

Task 1:
1. Give the list of Indian mathematicians from Ancient to Modern India with their contribution. (10
marks)
2. Tabulate the contributions made by Astronomers and Mathematicians
3. Who was the famous astronomer of ancient India?
4. Who was the great mathematician of India?
5. Who is the father of Indian astronomy?
Date: Hour No. :

Task 2:
Make a PPT on the topic ‘The idea of life-cycles of the universe’ and submit to your teacher. (10 marks)
Date: Hour No. :

Session 3
SLO 1 & 2

Watch this video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ge7I_dHL3Z0 and try to answer the questions

given below.

Task 1:
How is your birth chart determined? If you have one draw it here.
What do planets represent in Vedic astrology?
How many planets are in Vedic astrology?

Task 2: Group Discussion

Discuss on the topic ‘Astrology in the Age of Uncertainty’ (keeping in mind the pandemic situation)

Additional reading: https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2016/11/129929/birth-chart-analysis-natal-

astrology-reading
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ihieO3VdyWQ
Date: Hour No. :

Module 3
Session 1
SLO 1 & 2

It is a well-known fact that Traditional Systems of medicines always played important role in meeting the
global health care needs. They are continuing to do so at present and shall play major role in future also.
The system of medicines which are considered to be Indian in origin or the systems of medicine, which
have come to India from outside and got assimilated in to Indian culture are known as Indian Systems of
Medicine (Prasad, 2002). India has the unique distinction of having six recognized systems of medicine in
this category. They are-Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Yoga, Naturopathy and Homoeopathy. Though
Homoeopathy came to India in 18th Century, it completely assimilated in to the Indian culture and got
enriched like any other traditional system hence it is considered as part of Indian Systems of Medicine
(Prasad, 2002). Apart from these systems- there are large number of healers in the folklore stream who
have not been organized under any category. In the present review, attempt would be made to provide
brief profile of three systems to familiarize the readers about them so as to facilitate acquisition of further
information.
Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2816487/
Task 1:
Compare and Contrast of the methodologies, popular beliefs, myths and truths about medications. Submit
a write up for 150 words. (5 marks)

Task 2:
Group Discussion:
Discuss the role of Siddha medicine in curing Covid 19

Additional reading: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2816487/

Date: Hour No. :

Session 2
SLO 1 & 2

Holistic therapy is a type of therapy that address the “whole” person. This kind of therapy integrates
spiritual, physical, mental, and emotional forms of well-being. Its goal is to help individuals develop a
deeper understanding of themselves on all these levels. It uses evidence-based treatment and a holistic
framework and is often tailored to the individual’s unique needs.

Task 1:
1. What happens in a typical holistic therapy session
2. What to look for in a holistic therapist
3. What is nature therapy?
4. Bring out the differences between "holistic medicine, alternative medicine and complementary
medicine"
Task 2:
Take up a case study, (you can either use the link given below or find a new one for yourself) understand
the rationale behind selected sample treatments provided or advised, and give a write up for 150 words)
Link for case study: https://ivcjournal.com/holistic-approach-case-studies/
Date: Hour No. :

Session 3
SLO 1 & 2

Yoga is a group of physical, mental, and spiritual practices or disciplines which originated in ancient
India. Yoga is one of the six Āstika (orthodox) schools of Hindu philosophical traditions
There is a broad variety of yoga schools, practices, and goals in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. The
term "Yoga" in the Western world often denotes a modern form of hatha yoga and yoga as exercise,
consisting largely of the postures or asanas.
The practice of yoga has been thought to date back to pre-vedic Indian traditions; possibly in the Indus
valley civilization around 3000 BCE. Yoga is mentioned in the Rigveda, and also referenced in
the Upanishads. Although, yoga most likely developed as a systematic study around the 5th and 6th
centuries BCE, in ancient India's ascetic and Śramaṇa movements. The chronology of earliest texts
describing yoga-practices is unclear, varyingly credited to the Upanishads. The Yoga Sutras of
Patanjali date from the 2nd century BCE, and gained prominence in the west in the 20th century after
being first introduced by Swami Vivekananda. Hatha yoga texts began to emerge sometime between the
9th and 11th century with origins in tantra.
Yoga gurus from India later introduced yoga to the West, following the success of Swami Vivekananda in
the late 19th and early 20th century with his adaptation of yoga tradition, excluding asanas. Outside India,
it has developed into a posture-based physical fitness, stress-relief and relaxation technique. Yoga in
Indian traditions, however, is more than physical exercise; it has a meditative and spiritual core. One of
the six major orthodox schools of Hinduism is also called Yoga, which has its own epistemology,
ontology and metaphysics, and is closely related to Hindu Samkhya philosophy.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga

Swami Vivekenanda is seen as the man who brought yoga to the West. The monk from Calcutta travelled
to the Parliament of Religions in Chicago in 1894 and spoke about India and Hinduism, before embarking
on an influential lecture tour of the United States.
Date: Hour No. :

His book Raja Yoga was written in Manhattan in 1896 and had a major impact on Western understandings
of what yoga was. Over the coming decades more teachers and disciples of Indian gurus would travel to
Europe and America.
Later, in the 1960s, travellers on the hippie trail ended up in Indian ashrams, and images of The Beatles
visiting the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi in Rishikesh in 1968 drew greater international attention towards
Indian spiritualism and, of course, yoga.

Source: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-40354525

Task 1:
1. Why is International Yoga Day celebrated?
2. How is yoga different from meditation?
3. Who is believed to be the father of Yoga?
a) Krishnamacharya
b) Gautam Buddha
c) Maharshi Patanjali
d) Adi Shankaracharya
4 . Yoga has eight components, also known as the eight fold path of life — Niyama, Asana,
Pranayama, Dhyana, Samadhi are five of them. Which are the other three?
a) Savichar, Santosa, Tapas
b) Asteya, Aparigraha, Brahmacharya
c) Ananda, Asmita, Aachaar
d) Yama, Dharana, Pratyahara

5. The word “Yoga” comes for Sanskrit. What is the literal meaning of this word?
a) Hindu system of philosophy & meditation
b) Inner peace & tranquility
c) Joining together
d) Controlled breathing
6. Over time, many new postures have been added to the original compendium of Asanas that yoga
started with to incorporate modern day fitness requirements. How many classic Asanas were
enlisted in the initial texts?
a) 84
b) 108
c) 33
d) 195
7. Surya Namaskar is considered to be a complete exercise for the body and has often been cited as
a combination of Asanas that helps in stretching almost all the major muscles. How many different
Asanas does Surya Namaskar comprise of?
a) 12
b) 7
c) 10
d) 8
Date: Hour No. :

8. Yoga has many practitioners in the West and several Hollywood celebrities such as Adam Levine and
Julia Roberts have endorsed it. Indra Devi is credited with introducing Yoga to the West. Which country
did she belong to?
a) Nepal
b) Russian
c) India
d) USA
9. An Indian youth organisation entered the Limca Book of Records for simultaneously performing Yoga
for the longest duration. Which organisation was this?
a) NSS
b) LTS
c) NSS
d) Girl Scouts
10. In the popular TV series Friends, one of the main characters is seen talking to Mr. Treeger, the
superintendent of Monica’s building, about attending Yoga classes. Which character is this?
a) Ross
b) Phoebe
c) Monica
d) Mike
Source: https://www.outlookindia.com/quiz/story/the-yoga-quiz/79
Date: Hour No. :

Module 4
Session 1
SLO 1 & 2
The architecture of India is rooted in its history, culture and religion. Among a number of architectural
styles and traditions, the contrasting Hindu temple architecture and Indo-Islamic architecture are the best
known historical styles. Both of these, but especially the former, have a number of regional styles within
them. An early example of town planning was the Harappan architecture of the Indus Valley Civilisation.
People lived in cities with baked brick houses, streets in a grid layout, elaborate drainage systems, water
supply systems, granaries, citadels, and clusters of large non-residential buildings. Much other early
Indian architecture was in wood, which has not survived.
Hindu temple architecture is mainly divided into Dravidian and Nagara styles. Dravidian architecture
flourished during the rule of the Rashtrakuta, Hoysala, Chola, Chera, and Pandyan empires, as well as
the Vijayanagara Empire.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India
A glimpse of ancient Indian architect

Buddhist Karla Caves, Maharashtra Kailasa temple, Ellora

Charminar, Hyderabad Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho

Date: Hour No. :

Task 1:
Collect pictures about the ancient town planning system in India. Paste them in the space provided below
Discuss on how the ancient monuments are preserved and protected in our country. (10 marks)

Task 2: Collect pictures of buildings and paintings which were prevalent during the
Classical period (320 BCE–550 CE) (10 marks)

Task 3:
Match the following:
1.Nalanda University Gupta Dynasty Puri, Odisha

2.The seven Pagodas of Narasimhavarman II Chhatarpur, Madhya

Mahabalipuram Pradesh

King Anantavarman Chodaganga Rajgir, Nalanda

3.Jagannatha Temple
Deva (Eastern Ganga Dynasty) (Bihar)

4.Lingaraj Temple Somavamsi Dynasty Agra, Uttar Pradesh

5.Khajuraho Group of Monuments Chandela Dynasty Mahabalipuram

(Tamil Nadu)

6.Brihadeeswara Temple (also known Hanamakonda,

Raja Raja Chola I
as RajaRajeswara Temple) Telangana

7.Ajanta Caves Satavahana Dynasty later Mauryan Agra, Uttar Pradesh

Dynasty

8.Ellora Caves Kalachuri, Chalukya, and Rashtrakuta Delhi

Dynasties

9.Agra Fort Mughal Emperor Akbar Bhubaneswar,

Odhisha

10.Thousand Pillars Temple Thanjavur, Tamil

Kakatiya Dynasty
Nadu

11.Red Fort Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan Aurangabad,

Maharashtra

12.Taj Mahal Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan Aurangabad,

Maharashtra

13.Konark Sun Temple Narasimhadeva I (Eastern Ganga Konark, Odisha

Dynasty)
Source:
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/general_knowledge/general_knowledge_historical_monuments_of_india.
htm
Date: Hour No. :

Session 2
SLO 1 & 2

The history of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent began prior to the 3rd millennium BCE and
continued well into the British Raj. Metals and related concepts were mentioned in various early Vedic
age texts. The Rigveda already uses the Sanskrit term Ayas (metal). The Indian cultural and commercial
contacts with the Near East and the Greco-Roman world enabled an exchange of metallurgic
sciences. With the advent of the Mughals, India's Mughal Empire (established: April 21, 1526—ended:
September 21, 1857) further improved the established tradition of metallurgy and metal working in India.
The imperial policies of the British Raj led to stagnation of metallurgy in India as the British regulated
mining and metallurgy—used in India previously by its rulers to build armies and resist England during
various wars.

A glimpse of traditional metal carvings

Coin of Samudragupta (c. 350—375). The iron pillar of Delhi (375—413).

Metal vessels Dagger and its scabbard

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinent
Task 1:
1. What do you mean by metallurgy?
2. What were the various metals used in ancient India?
3. Collect pictures of Bronze Age sculptures and identify its uniqueness.
Date: Hour No. :

Session 3
SLO 1 & 2
Textiles are an important source of reference for the cultural studies because of their universality. Textiles
have always draped the body, whether human/deities/animal, floor and furniture. Unlike stone, clay, metal
etc. textiles were traditionally made from biodegradable materials. Cotton (natural cellulose fiber), silk,
wool (natural protein fibers) were three main materials for textiles, apart from bast and leaf fibers.
Initially very simple technologies were used for making the textiles. The most basic skill involved
spinning the fiber into yarn and then change it to fabric by a process called weaving. The implements
used for weaving and spinning were and in many parts of India still continue to be of biodegradable
materials like wood .There is exist a very scant reference of the fabric making skills in the archaeological
excavations. Along with the tools of their manufacture, fabric materials have long degraded in our tropical
climate. Scholars like Sir John Marshall while talking of the Indus valley culture have dealt with
existence of textile industry , which they opined was restricted at this period to India and was not
extended to western world until 2000 years later ( Marshal 1984). The terracotta figurines, minute fabric
scraps found adhering to the sides of the silver vase (Marshal,1973), the tools and equipment used for
manufacture of textiles out of these materials were mainly made of biodegradable materials. Very fragile
nature of textiles therefore restricts the rebuilding of the textiles manufacture technology on the basis of
the archaeological materials alone. When we look through the archaeological excavations in Indian
continent, we find that majority of the archaeological sites in all parts of the continent have produced
spindles made of terracotta; these provide direct evidence of presence of spinning and weaving
technology in these periods. The Harappans invented the needle with the eye at the pointed end (as is used
in sewing machines). This type of needle was reinvented in Europe during Roman times. Apart from this,
any evidence of terracotta vessels used for dyeing, washing etc. may also provide useful linkages to study
the earlier textile related technologies.
Source: https://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/t_pr/t_pr_gupta_textile_frameset.htm

Silk, Tamilnadu Chinkari, Lucknow

Date: Hour No. :

Muga silk, Assam Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh

Task 1:
1. Which fabric is famous in West Bengal?
2. What types of fabrics are popular in India?
3. Which of the traditional textile motif is related to the French naut open work and Herringbone stitch
techniques?
A. Chikankari of Lucknow
B. Kantha of West Bengal
C. Pipli Applique Work
D. Rajasthani Embroidery
4. Which of the traditional textile motif is the basically means ‘throat’, is associated with Lord Shiva?
A. Chikankari of Lucknow
B. Kantha of West Bengal
C. Pipli Applique Work
D. Rajasthani Embroidery
5. Which of the following traditional textile motif is named after the village?
A. Chikankari of Lucknow
Date: Hour No. :

B. Kantha of West Bengal

C. Pipli Applique Work
D. Rajasthani Embroidery
6. Which of the following traditional textile motif is closely related to the embroidery art form of Gujarat
and Sindh?
A. Chikankari of Lucknow
B. Kantha of West Bengal
C. Pipli Applique Work
D. Rajasthani Embroidery
7. Which of the following is very popular art form of Himachal Pradesh?
A. Chamba Handkerchief
B. Banni and Heer Bharat
C. Kutch and Kathiawar Embroidery
D. Bagh Kashidakari
8. Which of the following is signature art form of tribal community of Gujarat?
A. Chamba Handkerchief
B. Banni and Heer Bharat
C. Kutch and Kathiawar Embroidery
D. Bagh Kashidakari
9. Which of the following is famous art form of Punjab region?
A. Chamba Handkerchief
B. Banni and Heer Bharat
C. Kutch and Kathiawar Embroidery
D. Bagh Kashidakari
10. Which of the following is the correct definition of the ‘Motif’?
A. It refers to creative activity, such as painting, music, literature, and dance.
B. It refers to a design or figure that consists of recurring shapes or colours, as in architecture or
decoration.
C. It is visual art form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily
for their beauty or emotional power.
D. None of the above
Source: https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/gk-questions-and-answers-on-the-traditional-
textile-motifs-of-india-1554878966-1

Task 2:
Compare the Temple Architecture of North and Southern Indian States. Make a collage on the same and
submit. (10 marks)
Date: Hour No. :

Module 5
Session 1
SLO 1 & 2
Unity in Diversity: India is a land of unity in diversity where people of different sects, caste and religion
live together. India is also called the land of unity in diversity as different groups of people co-operate
with each other to live in a single society. Unity in diversity has also become strength of India.
Secularism: The word secularism means equality, impartiality, etc. towards all religion. India is a secular
country, which means, equal treatment of all the religions present in India.

India is birth place of four major religions, such as, Hinduism, Sikhism, Jainism and Buddhism.
Other religions exist as minorities here, including Abrahamic religions.
India is called a land of diversity, i.e., people belonging to almost every faith can be found in India. Many
religions coexist in India such as Hinduism, Sikhism, Jainism, Buddhism, Islam, Christianity,
Zoroastrians, Judaism and many more. People of all religions live together with great peace.
Source: http://trebeki.info/en/the-indian-culture-traditions-religions-festivals-music-dance-clothing-food-
movies/
Date: Hour No. :

Task 1:

1. What are the customs followed in India?

2. What are the cultural practices followed in your family to conduct a grand wedding? What are the
religious practices followed in your family when an infant is born? Analyse these two situations
and identify the uniqueness of your culture and religious practices.
3. List 10 idioms or proverbs in your mother tongue that are connected to seasons and festivals.

Session 2
SLO 1 & 2
India is known as a cultural and foodie country and this is nothing that we did not know about. We
Indians are proud foodies and equally, love to have someone gladly dive into our enormous world of
varied cuisines. There are 29 states in India, and each of them has more than just one famous dish when it
comes to food. There is a wide range of cuisine in the nation which pampers the taste buds and impresses
everyone. No matter in which state you are, you will surely love the regional cuisine. Indian food is
generally known for its spiciness and every single spice used in Indian dishes carries some or the other
nutritional as well as medical properties which not only makes it unique in taste but also very healthy.

A peep into delicacies of a few states in India.

Bihar Kolkata
Date: Hour No. :

Tamilnadu Assam

Task 1:
Let Your Food Be Your Medicine – Justify this statement in accordance to the food you had during the
pandemic.
Task 2:
Collect a few old sayings related to food habits and make a collage

Session 3
SLO 1 & 2
The role of translation can hardly be over-emphasised in a multilingual country like India with 22
languages recognised in the eighth schedule of the constitution, 15 different scripts, hundreds of mother-
tongues and thousands of dialects. One can very well say that India’s is a translating consciousness and
the very circumstances of their real existence and the conditions of their every day communication have
turned Indians bilingual if not multilingual. One can even add without exaggeration that India would not
have been a nation without translation and we keep translating almost unconsciously from our mother-
tongues when we converse with people who use a language different from ours.

Source: https://digitallearning.eletsonline.com/2011/03/translation-its-role-and-scope-in-india/

Task 1: Identify ten traditional sayings/proverbs, related to hygiene and practices, in your mother tongue
and translate them.
Date: Hour No. :

Task 2: Translate the regional sayings (any 10) which are used in your locality and discus the problems
you faced during the process of translation.