Thesis Alfven Waves
Thesis Alfven Waves
The word plasma is used to describe a broad range of quasi-neutral substances that
contain many ionized atoms or molecules and free electrons, exhibiting collective
behavior due to long range Coulomb force. Nevertheless, not all the media
containing charged particles can be classified as plasma. The word plasma derives
from the Greek and means something molded. Tonks and Langmuir first used the
term in 1929 to describe the internal region; far from the boundaries of a glowing
ionized gas formed by electric discharge in a tube [Langmuir 1928].
From a scientific point of view, matter in the known universe is often categorized
in terms of four states: solid, liquid, gas and plasma, the fundamental distinction
between solids, liquids, and gasses lies in the difference between the strength of the
bonds that bind their constituent particles together, thus, plasma may be called the
fourth state of matter.
Plasma Production
Plasma is a state of matter. In this state, the ionized gaseous matter becomes highly
conductive, so that long-distance electric and magnetic fields dominate the
behavior of matter. [Goldston, R.J.; Rutherford, P.H. (1995). Introduction to Plasma Physics. Taylor
& Francis. p. 1−2. ISBN 978-0-7503-0183-1.] The plasma state can be contrasted with other
states: solid, liquid and gas.
Artificial Plasma
Inductively coupled plasma similar to a CCP and with similar applications but the
electrode consists of a coil wrapped around the chamber where plasma is formed
[okumura 2011].
Plasma in Nature:
Parameters
Debye Shielding: If the plasma parameter Λ [26] surrounds the number of carriers
around a charged particle in a sphere (called the Debye sphere, its radius is the
Debye shielding length), then the plasma approximation is sufficient to shield the
electrostatic effect of the particle outside the sphere.[21][22] The Debye screen
length (as described above) is short compared to the physical size of the plasma.
This criterion implies that the majority of plasma interactions are more meaningful
than edges where edge effects can occur. The plasma is quasi-neutral if this
condition is fulfilled.
At the same temperature, thermal plasmas have electrons and heavy particles, i.e.
they are in thermal balance with each other.
On the other hand, non-thermal plasmas are non-equilibrium ionised gases, with
two temperatures: ions and neutrals remain at low (sometimes room temperature)
temperatures, while electrons are much hotter.
The very high temperature plasma formed by the Z machine, where ions are much
hotter than electrons, is a specific and unusual case of 'inverse' nonthermal plasma.
[32]
Classical Plasma
Quantum Plasma
Attempts to perform detailed derivations of plasma properties with low and high
temperature limits on the one hand and low densities on the other hand (the high-
density, freeelectron gas model of a metal). These attempts have been made. In
particular, on the quantum side, great momentum from the application to the many-
body problem of field-theoretic techniques. And were distinguished by
considerable success.
Complex plasma phenomena
Filamentation
In certain plasmas, such as the plasma ball, the aurora,[51] lightning,[52] electric
arcs, solar flares,[53] and supernova remnants, striations or string-like structures,
[50] also known as Birkeland currents, are seen.[54] They are often associated with
greater current densities, and a magnetic rope structure may be created by the
interaction with the magnetic field.[55] High power microwave breakdown at
atmospheric densities .[56]
Non-neutral plasma
Electric force strength and range and good plasma conductivity typically ensure
that the densities of oppositely charged ions in any significant area are equal
("quasineutrality"). A plasma with a large excess of charge density, or consisting of
a single species in an extreme situation, is referred to as a non-neutral plasma.
Electric fields play a dominant role in this kind of plasma. Charged particle waves,
an electron cloud in a Penning trap and positron plasmas are examples .[59]
A dusty plasma consists of tiny dust particles that are charged (typically found in
space). The particles of dust accumulate high charges and connect with one
another. Grain plasma is called a plasma which contains larger particles. Dusty
plasmas are often referred to as complex plasmas under laboratory conditions .[60]
Impermeable plasma
The impermeable plasma is a thermal plasma type that acts in comparison to gas or
cold plasma as an impermeable solid and can be moved physically. A group led by
Hannes Alfvén in the 1960s and 1970s briefly researched the interaction of cold
gas and thermal plasma for its potential applications in the insulation of fusion
plasma from the reactor walls.[61] However, it was later found that the external
magnetic fields in this configuration could cause plasma kink instabilities and
ultimately lead to an unexpectedly high loss of heat to the wall .[62] In 2013, a
group of materials researchers announced that only a highly pressurized blanket of
cold gas was used to successfully produce stable, impermeable plasma without
magnetic sealing. The passive effect of plasma on synthesis of various
nanostructures shows clearly that the successful containment of the plasma is hard
to achieve because of high pressure. They also showed that the screening of plasma
gas ions at the interface can lead to a high secondary mode of heating, which
results in various kinetics of reactions and the formation of complex nanomaterials
when the impermeability is maintained for several decades .[63]
Waves in Plasmas:
Plasma waves are an interconnected group of particles and fields that constantly
reproduce. A plasma is an electrically conductive quasineutral fluid. In the simplest
case, it consists of electrons, but can also contain several ion-species including
neutral and negative ions. It can also contain one positive species of ions. The
plasma ties to electrical and magnetic fields due to their electrical conductivity.
This particle and field complex serves a wide range of wave phenomena.
[Swanson, D.G. Plasma Waves (2003). 2nd edition.]
The plasma electromagnetic fields are supposed to be two parts; One part is
static/equilibrium and One part oscillating/perturbation. Plasma waves may be
categorised as electromagnetic or electrostatic based on whether or not a magnetic
field is oscillating. When we apply Faraday's induction law to flat waves,
K × E = omga B
we find that an electrostatic wave must be strictly lengthy. In comparison, an
electromagnetic wave must have a transverse, but partially longitudinal
component.
Different modes of plasma waves can be defined by whether they propagate to the
stationary magnetic field in non-magnetic plasma or parallel, perpendicular or
oblique. Finally, the disrupted electric field can be parallel to or perpendicular to
the stationary magnetic field for perpendicular electromagnetic waves. [Stix,
Thomas Howard. Waves in Plasmas (1992)]
The plasma alfvén wave is a low-frequency oscillation in the ions and in the
magnetic field (compared to the ion cyclotron frequency). The density of the ion
mass provides the stress of the magnetic champ and the force for the restoration.
The wave spreads into magnet field, while there are obliquity waves and when the
propagation is perpendicular to the magnetic field it smoothly converts into the
magnetic wave. The ion movement and the magnetic field interference are in the
same direction and are transverse.. The wave is dispersionless. [Hannes Alfvén
(1942). "Existence of Electromagnetic–Hydrodynamic Waves". Nature. 150
(3805): 405–406. Bibcode:1942Natur.150..405A. doi:10.1038/150405d0. S2CID
4072220.]