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MUSIC • ARTS • PHYSICAL EDUCATION • HEALTH

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HEALTH EDUCATION
MODULES 1, 2 & 3
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 EX P EC T AT I O N
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the students shall be able to:
 Explain the different elements of the chain of infection;
 Discuss the stages of infection;
 Analyze the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the
Philippines.

P RE TEST
Multiple Choice
Direction: How much do you know about the Stages of Infection and the Leading Causes of
Morbidity and Mortality in the Philippines? Let’s find out by answering the following
questions. Write the letter of your answer on your answer sheets.
1._____ is any condition that interferes with the proper functioning of the body or mind?
a. disease c. pathogen
b. infection d. fever
2._____ is a disease that can be passed to a person from another person, animal or object?
a. non-communicable disease c. pathogens
b. communicable disease d. cancer
3._____ are disease-causing organisms that are so small you need a microscope to see them.
Think “fancy word for germs”?
a. virus c. communicable
b. disease d. pathogen
4._____ is mode of transmission by kissing?
a. direct c. environment
b. indirect d. vector borne
5. What are ways to limit exposure to communicable diseases?
a. washing hands
b. eating a balance diet and participating in physical activity
c. learn stress management techniques
d. all of the above

MODULE 1
LESSON

Stages of Infection, Leading Causes of Morbidity and Mortality in the Philippines

Definition of Terminologies
Communicable or infectious disease- is any illness that you can “catch” or can be passed
from one person to another. An illness due to a specific infectious agent or its toxic products
capable of being directly or indirectly transmitted from man to man, animal to man or from
the environment (air, dust, soil, water, food).
Infection- an invasion of microorganisms into the body that are capable of producing a
disease.
Contact or mode of transmission- is the most common form of transmitting diseases and
virus. There are “two types of contact or mode of transmission: direct and indirect”.
Direct contact transmission- occurs when there is physical contact between an infected
person and a susceptible person.
Indirect contact transmission- occurs when there is no direct human-to-human contact.
Contact occurs from a reservoir to contaminated surfaces or objects, or to vectors such as
mosquitoes, flies, mites, fleas, ticks, rodents or dogs.
Chain of infection- more specifically, transmission occurs when the agent leaves its
reservoir or host through a portal of exit, is conveyed by some mode of transmission, and
enters through an appropriate portal of entry to infect a susceptible host.

Chain of Infection
There are six links in the chain of infection:
Pathogen- it is an organism with the ability to cause disease
Reservoir- it is a place within which microorganisms can thrive and produce.
Portal of exit- it provides a way for a microorganism to leave the reservoir.
Mode of transmission- it is the method by which the organism moves from one host to
another.
Portal of entry- it is an opening allowing the microorganism to enter the host.
The susceptible host- it is a person who cannot resists a microorganism invading its body.
 Stages of infection
There are 4 stages of infection.
1. Incubation stage- it is when a person acquires the pathogen until the appearance of the
first sign. (silent stage)
2. Prodromal stage- it is when there are non-specific signs and symptoms appearing.
(headache, runny nose, slight fever)
3. Illness or clinical stage- it is the time when illness reaches its highest point of
development. (severe ache, vomiting, high fever, sore throat, sinus congestion)
4. Recovery or convalescence stage- this is the time when recovery seems complete
although the disease is still communicable. (pathogen has mostly eliminated)
Morbidity and Mortality
While they may sound similar, morbidity and mortality are two different things. Here is
why:
Morbidity- is any physical or psychological state considered to be outside the realm of
normal well-being. Is often used to describe illness, impairment, or degradation of health,
especially when discussing chronic and age-related diseases which can worsen over time.
Mortality- the state or condition of being subject to death; mortal character, nature, or
existence. The relative frequency of deaths in a specific population, death rate. Mortal
beings collectively; humanity.
Top 10 Leading Causes of Morbidity and Mortality in the Philippines
1. Diseases of the heart
2. Diseases of the vascular system
3. Malignant neoplasms
4. Pneumonia
5. Accidents
6. Tuberculosis, all forms
7. Chronic lower respiratory disease
8. Diabetes mellitus
9. Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis
10. Certain conditions originating in the pre-natal period

Recently another communicable disease hit the world by this pandemic called
“COVID19”. A disease caused by a new strain of coronavirus. ‘CO’ stands for corona, ‘VI’
for virus, and ‘D’ for disease. Formerly, this disease was referred to as “2019 novel
coronavirus” or 2019 nCoV.
Currently evidence suggests that COVID19 spreads between people through direct,
indirect (through contaminated objects or surfaces), or close contact with infected people via
mouth and nose secretions. This includes saliva, respiratory secretions or secretion droplets .
Symptoms of COVID19
 Most common symptoms;

• fever
• dry cough
• tiredness
Less common symptoms;
• aches and pains
• sore throat
• diarrhea
• conjunctivitis
• headache
• loss of taste or smell
• a rash on skin, or discoloration of fingers and toes Serious symptoms;

• difficulty breathing or shortness of breath

• chest pain
• loss of speech or movement
• loss of senses of smell and taste

ACTIVITY

True or False
Direction: Write (T) if it is True and (F) if False. Write your answer directly on your answer
sheets.
_____ 1. Prodromal stage is the time between the entries of an infectious agent in the host.
_____ 2. Pathogen it is an organism with the ability to cause disease.
_____ 3. Reservoir it is a virus that come from bats.
_____ 4. Communicable diseases can be transferred through the genes of family members.
_____ 5. To avoid the spread of diseases one must sanitized like washing of hands and do
other personal hygiene.
VALUING

There’s a very popular saying “Prevention is better than cure.” Using 5 sentences, what
do you think are the importance of preventing diseases rather curing the disease. Write your
answers on your answer sheets.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
 MODULE 2

EXPECTATIONS
Objectives: At the end of the module, the learners should be able to:
• identify the most common communicable diseases
• determine the signs, symptoms or effects of common communicable diseases
• analyze misconceptions, myths and beliefs about common communicable diseases; and
• observe healthful practices in order to prevent and control communicable diseases.

PRETEST
Direction: Read the question carefully, choose the correct answer.
1. It is a disease that can be passed to a person from another person, animal or object.
a. virus c. non-communicable disease
b.pathogens d. communicable disease
2. Pathogens like to "attack" humans because they seek of the following
a. shelter c. place to multiply
b. food source d. all of the above
3. Washing your ______ is the most effective strategy for preventing the spread of disease.
a. face c. hands
b. feet d. neck
4. Which are not a symptoms of disease?
a. rashes c. vomiting
b. headache d. dizziness
5. Ways to limit exposure to communicable disease
a. washing your hands
b. eating a balanced diet and participating in physical activity
c. learn stress management techniques
d. all of the above

RECAP
 Direction: Arrange the following stages of infection in chronological order by writing the
numbers 1 to 5.
_____ Convalescence stage, the patient generally returns to
normal functions.
_____ Period of illness, during which the signs and symptoms of disease
are most obvious and severe.
_____ Period of decline, the number of pathogen particles begins
to decrease.
_____ Incubation stage, the initial entry of the pathogen into the
host (patient).
_____ Prodromal stage, the pathogen continues to multiply and the host begins to
experience general signs and symptoms of illness.

LESSON
Health is defined as a complete state of physical, mental and social welfare and being free
from illness or disease. Disease refers to an illness of people, animals or plants caused by
infection or a failure of health. Diseases may be classified as communicable or non-
communicable.

Communicable diseases refer to diseases that can be transmitted from one organism to
another and make people ill. They are caused by infective agents called pathogens include
viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites, which invade the host (human or animal) and multiply
or release toxins to cause damages to normal body cells and their functions. In severe cases,
it may lead to death. These infective agents can spread from a source of infection (patients,
sick animals) to a person through various routes of transmission. Diseases such as heart
disease, cancer or diabetes mellitus, which are not caused by infectious agents and are not
transmitted between people, are called non-communicable diseases.

COMMON MODE OF SIGNS, SYMPTOMS OR

COMMUNICABLE TRANSMISSION EFFECTS
DISEASES
Head lice infestation Direct contact with an Itchy scalp, especially behind ears.
(Nits) infested person’s hair.
Direct contact with Begins with tearing, irritation and
Conjunctivitis discharge from the eyes redness of eye(s). Sometimes there is
or with items a discharge.
 contaminated by the
discharge.
Hand, foot and mouth Direct coughing, Fever, flu-like symptoms – rash on
disease sneezing, and poor soles and palms and in the mouth.
hand washing.
Mumps Direct coughing, Pain in jaw, then swelling in front of
sneezing and infected ear and fever.
saliva.
Direct with infected Itching intense mostly at night.
Scabies skin, bedding, clothing Complications may get infected from
and underwear. scratching.
Air borne thru Fever and spots with a blister on top
Chicken Pox coughing, sneezing and of each spot.
contact with weeping
blisters.
Air borne thru Runny nose and eyes, cough and
Measles Coughing and fever, followed a few days later by a
sneezing. Direct rash.
contact with an
infected person is
highly infectious.
droplet, contaminated It usually begins with a sore throat,
Common cold hands and linens. often without fever
Droplet Epidemics usually in winter.
Influenza (flu) especially in tiredness, malaise (not feeling well),
crowded areas nasal discharge, dry cough, mild sore
via airborne. throat.
Most commonly Chills, fever, fatigue, productive or
Tuberculosis through airborne non-productive chronic cough, weight
transmission. loss, night sweats
Via droplets, contact,
and object. It is Fever, dry cough and tiredness, loss
Coronavirus or Covid transmitted when one of taste or smell difficulty in
19 individual talks, breathing
sneezes, or coughs
producing ‘droplets’ of
saliva containing the
COVID-19 virus.
Contaminated food or Headache, fever, weakness, joint pain,
Hepatitis water, direct spread anorexia, nausea, vomiting, jaundice,
 from an infected dark urine, clay- colored stools
person.
Through the ingestion Watery diarrhea, vomiting, extreme
Cholera of contaminated water loss of fluid, electrolytes, and severe
often attributed to raw dehydration.
or undercooked food.
Sudden high fever, Severe headaches,
Dengue, Malaria Through mosquito or Severe joint and muscle pain, Skin
Japanese encephalitis insect bites rash, which appears two to five days
after the onset of fever.

Preventive Healthful Practices

Follow these tips to decrease the risk of disease and infection:

 Wash your hands. This is especially important before and after preparing food, before
eating, and after using the toilet. And try not to touch your eyes, nose or mouth with
your hands, that's a common way germs enter the body.
 No human contact. Adopt proper isolation for the sick
 Get vaccinated. Vaccination can drastically reduce your chances of contracting many
diseases. Make sure to keep up to date on your recommended vaccinations.
 Stay home when ill. Don't go to school if you are vomiting, have diarrhea or have a
fever.
 Cover mouth, and nose when sneezing or coughing.
 Maintain good indoor ventilation
 Clean and disinfect properly the surroundings. Maintain also environmental hygiene
to prevent breeding of mosquitoes/insects. Take personal protection to prevent
mosquito/insect bites.
 Prepare food safely. Keep counters and other kitchen surfaces clean when preparing
meals. Ensure all foods are adequately cooked.
 Don't share personal items. Use your own clothes, towel toothbrush and other personal
items. Avoid sharing drinking glasses or dining utensils.
 Travel wisely. Seek medical advice immediately if unwell.

ACTIVITIES
Activity
Direction: Complete the table. Write the statement under Truth if it is true and write the
statement under Myth if it is just a myth. Copy the table and answer on your answer sheets.
TRUTH MYTH
1. Vaccines work with our immune system to help us fight infection.
2. My immune system is healthy, so I don’t need immunization. Besides, vaccines are
dangerous.
3. I don’t need to worry about having a fever if it’s not too high.
4. A low-grade fever is often a sign that your body is fighting an infection.
5. Antibiotics work only against bacteria, not viruses 6. Antibiotics are effective in treating
the new covid19.
6. You can have your own self-medication.
7. Thermal scanners cannot detect covid19.
8. Flattening the curve refers to slowing the speed of the pandemic’s spread.
9. All hand sanitizers can protect you from infection.

WRAP-UP

Direction: Write how common communicable diseases are transmitted to others,

is it by Contact, Food/Water borne, Vector Borne, Droplet or Air-Borne
transmission.
1. Tuberculosis - _________________

2. Scabies - _________________

3. Influenza - _________________

4. Hepatitis - _________________

5. Dengue - _________________

POSTTEST
Direction: Read the questions carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which of the following is not a communicable disease?
a. malaria c. osteoporosis
b. conjunctivitis d. HIV
2. Ticks are examples of organisms that can spread disease. These types of organisms are
referred to as?
a. vectors c. pathogens
b. fungi d. bacteria
3. Poor _______ methods can lead to contaminated food and water
a. immunization c. disinfection
b. sanitation d. purification

4. Which of the following can make you ill if you come in contact with an infected person?
a. high blood pressure c. blood cancer
b. genetic abnormalities d. sneezing
5. A disease widely spread worldwide is known as
a. endemic c. pandemic
b. epidemic d. sporadic

MODULE 3

EXPECTATION

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the module, you are expected to:
 know the prevention and control of communicable diseases;
 demonstrate self-monitoring skills to prevent communicable diseases; and
 identify the different agencies responsible for communicable disease prevention and
control.

PRETEST

Direction: Read each statement carefully and identify the correct answer. Write your answer
on your answer sheets.
1. Diseases that are transmitted to one person to another.
a. Communicable diseases c. Gossip
b. Non communicable diseases d. Cancer

2. An example of communicable diseases known as COVID19.

a. Spanish flu c. Corona virus
b. African swine fever d. Sore eyes
3. Which of the following is NOT a practice to prevent the spread of communicable
diseases?
a. Eat a balanced diet c. Wearing face mask
b. Wash your hand thoroughly d. Uncover your mouth while coughing
4. What does WHO stands for?
a. Worldwide Health Organization c. World Human Organization
b. World Health Organization d. World Hazard Organization
5. Which of the following is the core function in the prevention and control of diseases?
a. Investigate the outbreaks c. Just keep silent
b. Ignore the problem d. none of the above

RECAP

The previous lesson, discussed the nature of communicable diseases and some common
communicable diseases. You have also learned the signs and symptoms that can give you an
idea to be aware of your health and also to other people including your family members.
You have already know the misconceptions, myths, and beliefs about common
communicable diseases.

LESSON
Lesson 1: Self-monitoring Skills to Prevent Communicable Diseases
Healthy habits prevent germs and infectious diseases from spreading. Learn, practice,
and teach healthy habits.
1. Handle and prepare food safety
2. Wash hands often
3. Clean and disinfect commonly used surfaces
4. Cough and sneeze into a tissue or your sleeves
5. Don’t share personal items
6. Get vaccinated
7. Avoid touching wild animals
8. Stay home when sick

Here are the DO’s and DON’Ts on how to help your community to stop the spread of
communicable diseases:
DO’s
1. Wash your hands frequently for more than 20 seconds with soap and water
2. Stay home and limit contact with others
3. Routinely clean frequently touched spaces in your home
4. Seek medical help if you’re suffering from a fever, cough or difficulty breathing
5. Limit contact with pets and animals
DON’Ts
1. Don’t go to crowd areas
2. Don’t touch your face
3. Don’t be in close contact with others
4. Don’t ignore symptoms
5. Don’t leave your home especially if sick
Lesson 2: Prevention and Control of Communicable Diseases
The World Health Organization recommend some strategies for the prevention and
control of communicable diseases.
Communicable diseases are a major cause of suffering, disability, and death in the
world. The World Health Organization’s Program on Communicable Diseases provides
technical guidance and support to national governments to organize and implement
programs aimed at setting up or strengthening ongoing control of common diseases reducing
transmission mortality, morbidity and human suffering, and gradually eliminating these
diseases so that they cease to be a public health problem. In some cases, the aim may also be
to eradicate selected communicable diseases.

The core functions in the prevention and control of disease are:

1. Setting priorities (a fundamental step in selecting diseases for prevention and control).
2. Detecting and reporting cases
3. Investigating outbreaks and if necessary confirming their existence
4. Undertaking action (control/response; policy; feedback).
5. Assessing the results of action

Some prevention and control tasks

1. Immunization
2. Safe water supply and sanitation
3. Food safety
4. Injection safety/sterilization
5. Vector control

There are three levels of preventing diseases

1. Primary prevention these are done to prevent one from having the diseases. The
following are the activities done to prevent getting sick
❖ getting immunized
❖ eating balanced diet
❖ getting enough sleep
❖ avoiding vices
❖ preventing yourself from doing a lot of work that can cause sickness
2. Secondary prevention activities are done to prevent further damages when the diseases
has already started.
❖ prompt diagnosis – visit a healthcare practitioner for a reliable information
❖ treatment – take a prescribe medication given by a Physician
3. Tertiary prevention the focus is on rehabilitating the sick person so as to prevent long-
term complications of the disease.
❖ Following up and monitoring the patients to ensure that he/she is taking the prescribed
medications.
 ❖ having physical therapy to restore the functions in debilitating diseases
❖ undergo medical procedure to treat or cure the disease itself

Here is an example on how to prevent the spread of communicable diseases using the three
levels of prevention

Example of communicable disease- COVID 19 OR Corona Virus

Primary Prevention
a. wearing face mask
b. social distancing
c. eat fruits and vegetable
d. drink plenty of water
e. take vitamins
f. exercise
g. enough sleep
h. wash your hand thoroughly
Secondary Prevention
a. wearing face mask
b. social distancing
c. eat fruits and vegetable
d. drink plenty of water
e. take vitamins
f. exercise
g. enough sleep
h. wash your hand thoroughly
i. consult your doctor
j. isolate yourself
k. take prescribed medicine

Tertiary Prevention
a. wearing face mask
b. social distancing
c. eat fruits and vegetable
d. drink plenty of water
e. take vitamins
f. exercise
g. enough sleep
h. wash your hand thoroughly
i. consult your doctor
j. isolate yourself
 k. take prescribed medicine
l. stay at the isolation area/ hospital
m. stay calm and pray
Lesson 3: Agencies Responsible for Prevention and Control of Communicable
Diseases
Here are the following agencies:

WHO – World Health Organization, the leading health agency in the world
DOH – Department of Health, the leading health agency in the country
FDA – Food and Drugs Administration
FHSIS – Field Health Service Information System
FNRI – Food and Nutrition Research Institute
DOST – Department of Science and Technology
RITM – Research Institute for Tropical Medicine
NNS – National Nutrition Survey
PHS – Philippine Health Statistic
PhilCAT – Philippine Coalition Against Tuberculosis
NTP – National Tuberculosis Control Program
BHS – Barangay Health Station
Deped – Department of Education
NCDPC – National Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
NEC – national Epidemiology Center
PCPCND – Philippine Coalition for the Prevention and Control of NonCommunicable
diseases

ACTIVITIES
Activity1:

Direction: Fill in the blanks. Choose your answer inside the box. Write your answer on
your answer sheets.

DOH PRIMARY SCIENCE

TERTIARY
SECONDARY WHO ACTION FDA

1.In the three levels of preventions, the first level is ___________.

2.The world leading health agency is ____________.
3.The third level of prevention is called ______________.
4.The DOST stands for Department of ______________ and Technology.
5.One of the core functions in the prevention and control of disease is undertaking
_________.

Activity 2:
Direction: True or False. Write True if the statement is correct and write the word False if
the statement is not correct. Answer directly on your answer sheets.
_______1. Wearing facemask is one way to prevent the spread of virus.
_______2. Social distancing is not necessary for everyone even someone is infected of
virus.
_______3. Consulting to a medical expert is a waste of time.
_______4. Communicable diseases are a major cause of death worldwide.
_______5. Secondary prevention activities are done to prevent further damages when the
diseases have already started.