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Function of Serval Variables1

This document discusses functions of several variables and their derivatives. It covers topics like partial differentiation, homogeneous functions, total derivatives, Jacobians, Taylor series for functions of two variables, and applications to finding maxima, minima, and using Lagrange multipliers. It also covers multiple integrals, including evaluating double and triple integrals, changing the order of integration, using integrals to find areas, and integrating in both Cartesian and polar coordinate systems.

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G. Shanjana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
44 views

Function of Serval Variables1

This document discusses functions of several variables and their derivatives. It covers topics like partial differentiation, homogeneous functions, total derivatives, Jacobians, Taylor series for functions of two variables, and applications to finding maxima, minima, and using Lagrange multipliers. It also covers multiple integrals, including evaluating double and triple integrals, changing the order of integration, using integrals to find areas, and integrating in both Cartesian and polar coordinate systems.

Uploaded by

G. Shanjana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT III FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES 9+3

Partial differentiation – Homogeneous functions and Euler’s theorem – Total derivative –


Change of variables – Jacobians – Partial differentiation of implicit functions – Taylor’s series
for functions of two variables – Applications: Maxima and minima of functions of two variables
and Lagrange’smethod of undetermined multipliers.

Partial Derivatives
Partial Derivatives: Let z=f(x,y) be a function of two Variables x and y, If we keep y as a
constant and Vary x alone , then z is a function of x only ,
The derivative of z w.r.to x, treating y as a constant is called the partial derivatives w.r.to x and it
is denoted by the symbols

Successive Partial Differentiation:


Euler`s Theorem for Homogeneous Function
Euler`s Theorem: If u be a homogeneous function of degree n an x and y then
Total Derivatives-Differentiation of Implicit Function
Total Derivative:
Maxima and Minima and Lagrangian Multiplier

Defn: Maximum Value


if f(a,b) is a maximum value of (x,y) if their exists some neighbourhood of the point (a,b) such
that for every point (a+h,b+k) of the neighbourhood
f(a,b)>f(a+h,b+k)
Defn: Minimum Value
if f(a,b) is a maximum value of (x,y) if their exists some neighbourhood of the point (a,b) such
that for every point (a+h,b+k) of the neighbourhood
f(a,b)<f(a+h,b+k)

Defn: Extremum Value


if f(a,b) is said to be an extremum value o if f(a,b) it is maximum or minimum

Defn: Lagrangian Multiplier


Suppose we require to find the maximum and minimum values of (x,y,z) where x,y,z are
subject to a constraint equation g(x,y,z)=0
We define a function F(x,y,z) = f(x,y,z) + λg(x,y,z) where λ is called Lagrangian Multiplier
which is independent of x,y,z.

Problems:
MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

Introduction
Evaluation Of Double Intgrals
Problems Based On Double Integration In Cartesian Coordinates
Double Integration In Polar Coordinates
Change The Order Of Integration
Problems Based On Area As A Double Integral
Evaluation Of Triple Integrals

INTRODUCTION: When a unction f(x) is integrated with respect to x between the limits a and
b, get the definite integral

If the integrand is a function f(x,y) and if it is integrated with respect to x and y repeatedly
between the limits x0 and x1 (or x) between the limits y0 and y1 (or y).

we get a double integral that is denoted by the symbol

Extending the concept of double integral one step further, we get the tripe integral

EVALUATION OF DOUBLE INTGRALS


Before starting on double integrals let’s do a quick review of the definition of a definite integrals
for functions of single variables. First, when working with the
We think of x's as comimg from the interval a<x<b. For these integrals we can say that we are
integrating over the interval a<x<b. Note that this does assume that a<b, however, if we have b<a
then we can just use interval b<x<a.
Now, when we derived the definition of the definite integral we first thought of this as an area
problem. We first asked what the area under the curve was and to do this we broke up the
interval a<x<b into n subintervals of width Del(x) ∆x and choose a point, x1 from each as shown
below.

Each of the rectangles has height of f(x1) and we could then use the area of each of these
rectangles to approximate the area as follows.

To get the exact area we then took the limit as n goes to iniinity and this was also the definition
of the definite integral.
we first integrate f(x,y) with respect to x partially, treating y as a constant temporarily, between
x0 and x1. The resulting function got after the inner integration and substitution of limits will be
a function of y. Then we integrate this function of y with respect to y between the limits y0 and
y1 as usual.

PROBLEMS BASED ON DOUBLE INTEGRATION IN CARTESIAN COORDINATES


DOUBLE INTEGRATION IN POLAR COORDINATES:

, we first integrate
w.r.to r between the limits r1 and r2. Keeping θ1 is fixed and the resulting expression is
integrated w.r.to θ from θ1 to θ2.
In this integral this r1 and r2 are functions of θ and θ1, θ2 are constants.
CHANGE THE ORDER OF INTEGRATION:
The double integral

when the order of integration is changed. This process of converting a given double integral into
its equivalent double integral by changing the order of integration is often called change of order
of integration. To effect the change of order of integration, the region of integration is identified
first, a rough sketch of the region is drawn and then the new limits are fixed.
PROBLEMS BASED ON AREA AS A DOUBLE INTEGRAL:

Area of the region R in Cartesian form is given by


Area of the region R in polar form is given by
5. Find the area inside the circle r=asinθ but lying outside the cardiod r=a(1-cosθ)
Solution: Given curves are r=asinθ and r =a(1-cosθ)
The curves intersect where a sin θ = a (1-cosθ)
EVALUATION OF TRIPLE INTEGRALS
To evalute

,
we first integrate f(x,y,z) with respect to x, treating y and x as constants temporarily. The limits
x0 and x1may be constants or unctions of y and z. Then we perform the middle integration with
respect to y, treating function got after the middle integrtion may be a unction o z only. Finally
we perform the outermost the outermost integration with respect to z between the constant limits
z0 and z1.

The following sketch shows the relationship between the Cartesian and spherical coordinate
systems.

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