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    External Sorting

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    XYZ ABCD
    External sorting involves sorting data that is larger than the available main memory. It works by dividing the data into multiple runs that are sorted individually in memory and merged together. The example shows two-way merging on 14 records divided into runs of 3 records each on tape Ta. The runs are first merged on temporary tapes Tb1 and Tb2. Then the runs on Tb1 and Tb2 are merged onto tapes Ta1 and Ta2. Finally, the runs on Ta1 and Ta2 are merged together to fully sort the original data in three passes. The number of required passes is log(N/M)+1, where N is the number of records and M is the memory capacity.

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    External Sorting

    Uploaded by

    XYZ ABCD
    31 views5 pages
    External sorting involves sorting data that is larger than the available main memory. It works by dividing the data into multiple runs that are sorted individually in memory and merged together. The example shows two-way merging on 14 records divided into runs of 3 records each on tape Ta. The runs are first merged on temporary tapes Tb1 and Tb2. Then the runs on Tb1 and Tb2 are merged onto tapes Ta1 and Ta2. Finally, the runs on Ta1 and Ta2 are merged together to fully sort the original data in three passes. The number of required passes is log(N/M)+1, where N is the number of records and M is the memory capacity.

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    CTDL &GT TT

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    External sorting involves sorting data that is larger than the available main memory. It works by dividing the data into multiple runs that are sorted individually in memory and merged together. The example shows two-way merging on 14 records divided into runs of 3 records each on tape Ta. The runs are first merged on temporary tapes Tb1 and Tb2. Then the runs on Tb1 and Tb2 are merged onto tapes Ta1 and Ta2. Finally, the runs on Ta1 and Ta2 are merged together to fully sort the original data in three passes. The number of required passes is log(N/M)+1, where N is the number of records and M is the memory capacity.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    31 views5 pages

    External Sorting

    Uploaded by

    XYZ ABCD
    External sorting involves sorting data that is larger than the available main memory. It works by dividing the data into multiple runs that are sorted individually in memory and merged together. The example shows two-way merging on 14 records divided into runs of 3 records each on tape Ta. The runs are first merged on temporary tapes Tb1 and Tb2. Then the runs on Tb1 and Tb2 are merged onto tapes Ta1 and Ta2. Finally, the runs on Ta1 and Ta2 are merged together to fully sort the original data in three passes. The number of required passes is log(N/M)+1, where N is the number of records and M is the memory capacity.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 5

    External Sorting

    Example of Two-Way Sorting:

    N = 14, M = 3 (14 records on tape Ta, memory capacity: 3 records.)

    Ta: 17, 3, 29, 56, 24, 18, 4, 9, 10, 6, 45, 36, 11, 43

    A. Sorting of runs:
    1. Read 3 (M) records in main memory, quick sort them and store
    them on Tb1:

    17, 3, 29 -> 3, 17, 29

    Tb1: 3, 17, 29

    2. Read the next 3 records in main memory, sort them and store
    them on Tb2

    56, 24, 18 -> 18, 24, 56

    Tb2: 18, 24, 56

    3. Read the next 3 records in main memory, sort them and store
    them on Tb1

    4, 9, 10 -> 4, 9, 10

    Tb1: 3, 17, 29, 4, 9, 10

    4. Read the next 3 records in main memory, sort them and store
    them on Tb2

    6, 45, 36 -> 6, 36, 45

    Tb2: 18, 24, 56, 6, 36, 45

    5. Read the next 3 records in main memory, sort them and store
    them on Tb1

    (there are only two records left)


    11, 43 -> 11, 43

    Tb1: 3, 17, 29, 4, 9, 10, 11, 43

    At the end of this process we will have three runs on Tb1 and two runs
    on Tb2:
    Tb1: 3, 17, 29 | 4, 9, 10 | 11, 43

    Tb2: 18, 24, 56 | 6, 36, 45 |

    B. Merging of runs

    B1. Merging runs of length 3 to obtain runs of length 6.

    Source tapes: Tb1 and Tb2, result on Ta1 and Ta2.

    Merge the first two runs (on Tb1 and Tb2) and store the result on Ta1.

    Tb1: 3, 17, 29 | 4, 9, 10 | 11, 43

    Tb2: 18, 24, 56 | 6, 36, 45 |


    Thus we have the first two runs on Ta1 and Ta2, each twice the size of the
    original runs:
    Next we merge the third runs on Tb1 and Tb2 and store the result on Ta1. Since
    only Tb1 contains a third run, it is copied onto Ta1:

    B2. Merging runs of length 6 to obtain runs of length 12.

    Source tapes: Ta1 and Ta2. Result on Tb1 and Tb2:

    After merging the first two runs from Ta1 and Ta2, we get a run of length 12,
    stored on Tb1:

    The second set of runs is only one run, copied to Tb2


    Now on each tape there is only one run. The last step is to merge these two runs
    and to get the entire file sorted.

    B3. Merging the last two runs.

    The result is:

    Number of passes: log(N/M)

    In each pass the size of the runs is doubled, thus we need [log(N/M)]+1 to get to a run
    equal in size to the original file. This run would be the entire file sorted.

    In the example we needed three passes (B1, B2 and B3) because [Log(14/3)] + 1 = 3.

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