ELECTRONIC

NAVIGATION
Lesson-12b:
DGPS & WAAS
1
 D-GPS
Differentially corrected
positions (DGPS)
 DGPS is a way to correct the various
inaccuracies in GPS, improving its accuracy
even further. Accuracy below 1 m is possible
with most advanced DGPS’s available today.
This feature is reffered to as Local Area
Augmentation (LAA).
 PRC: Pseudo Range Correction
 RRC: Range Rate Correction (the change of
the PRC).
 The accuracy of GPS fixes can be vastly improved
using differential techniques. Experimental
differential systems have been in use for some years
as part of earlier hyperbolic earth-based navigation
systems. DGPS is merely an improvement of those
now outdated systems. The principle is that GPS
data from satellites are downloaded to both a
mobile station and a fixed station at a precise
location. A computer at the fixed site calculates the
pseudo-range from GPS satellites and then
compares it with the known ranges for that precise
geographic location. It then computes a range error
figure which is transmitted to mobile stations where
it is used to correct the pseudo-range system errors.
Principle of operation of DGPS
 The use of DGPS does not eliminate errors
introduced by multipath reception or receiver
noise. For maritime use, DGPS differential
monitor stations have been established around
the coasts.
 Corrective data are transmitted from the
beacons on frequencies in the lower medium
frequency band and as a result the range over
which they can be reliably received is limited
to between 100 and 250 km. But DGPS can
and does assist in waters where freedom to
manoeuvre is restricted.
 The US Coast Guard and IALA support the
ITU Recommendation M.823 which allows
for DGPS data to be transmitted as
supplementary information on the radiobeacon
band 283.5–315 kHz. The transmission
protocol RTCM SC-104 (developed by the
Radio Technical Commission for Maritime
Services Special Committee 104) is used to
determine the speed and data format of the
transmission. DGPS data is phase shift keyed
onto the carrier at a rate of 100 or 200 bits per
second.
 DGPS
coverage of
the UK
coastline
 Many of the errors affecting the
measurement of satellite range can be
completely eliminated or at least
significantly reduced using differential
measurement techniques.
 DGPS allows the civilian user to increase
position accuracy from 100 m to 2-3 m or
less, making it more useful formany civilian
applications.
Differential GPS

 A receiving station located at a fixed,

known location receives fix information
from GPS.
 The fix obtained from GPS is compared to
the known location of the station.
 Any difference between these two is due to
GPS error.
Differential GPS

 GPS error information is then transmitted to

vessels operating in the area.
 The resulting fix accuracy is 2-5 meters
using the differential technique
 Requires more than 1 receiver.
DGPS Stations

Your text here

Choosing Referance Stations
D-GPS in USA
 Series of shore-based
stations broadcast
corrections to GPS
signal
 Former RDF stations
used for this purpose
 Accuracy improved to
better than 10 meters

14
Differential Station
15
Reference Receiver
 Reference receiver antenna is mounted on a
previously measured point with known
coordinates. The receiver that is set at this point
is known as the Reference Receiver or Base
Station.
 The receiver is switched on and begins to track
satellites. It can calculate an autonomous
position. Because it is on a known point, the
reference receiver can estimate very precisely
what ranges to the various satellites should be.
 The reference receiver can therefore work
out the difference between the computed
and measured range values.
 These differences are known as corrections.
The reference receiver is usually attached to
a radio data link which is used to broadcast
these corrections.
Rover receiver
 Rover receiver is on the other end of these
corrections. The rover receiver has a radio data link
attached to it that enables it to receive the range
corrections broadcast by the Reference Receiver.
 Rover Receiver also calculates ranges to the
satellites. It then applies the range corrections
received from the Reference.
 This lets it calculate a much more accurate position
than would be possible if the uncorrected range
measurements were used.
 Using this technique, all of the error sources
listed are minimized, hence the more
accurate position.
 It is also worthwhile to note that multiple
Rover Receivers can receive corrections
from one single Reference.
Further details
 One large consideration is the radio link.
There are many types of radio link that will
broadcast over different ranges and
frequencies.
 The performance of the radio link depends
on a range of factors including:
– Frequency of the radio
– Power of the radio
– Type of radio antenna
– Antenna position
 Networks of GPS receivers and powerful
radio transmitters have been established,
broadcasting on a “maritime Only” safety
frequency. These are known as Beacon
Transmitters.
 The users of this service (mostly marine craft
navigating in coastal waters) just need to
purchase a Rover receiver that can receive
the beacon signal. Such systems have been
set up around the coasts of many countries.
 Other devices such as mobile telephones
can also be used for transmission of data.
 In addition to Beacon Systems, other
systems also exist that provide coverage
over large land areas operated by
commercial, privately owned companies.
 There are also proposals for government
owned systems such as;
 the Federal Aviation Authority’s satellite
based Wide Area Augmentation System
(WAAS) in the United States, the
European Space Agency’s (ESA) system
and …
There is a commonly used standard for
the format of broadcast GPS data. It is
called RTCM format.
This stands for Radio Technical
Commission Maritime Services, an
industry sponsored nonprofit
organisation. This format is commonly
used all over the world.
 Wide Area Differential GPS (WDGPS)
is a real-time global differential system
currently under consideration. Using the
INMARSAT communications network,
differential data will be transmitted to ships
throughout the world enabling better fixes to
be made.

25
 GNSS In U.S.
 U.S. Has Approved Use of Global Positioning System (GPS) For
Aircraft Navigation For Over A Decade
 FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) Working With Other U.S.
Federal Government Agencies To Insure Modernization of GPS
Improves Aviation Capabilities
 FAA Has Commissioned the FAA’s GNSS Space Based
Augmentation System (SBAS)
– Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)
 FAA Is Continuing Development Of the GNSS Ground Based
Augmentation System (GBAS)
– Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS)
 FAA Has Committed To A “Performance Based National Airspace
System”
– Fully utilize the capabilities of all equipment aboard the aircraft
– Implement Required Navigation Performance (RNP)
WAAS: Wide Area Augmentation System

27
Local Area Augmentation System
(LAAS)
• Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS)
• Designed for aviation use

Aviation Capabilities
 Precision approach for ILS Category
- I, II, III approaches
 Multiple runway coverage at an
airport
 3D RNP procedures (can be
supported by multiple navigation
sources)
 Continuous Decent Arrivals (CDA)
 Navigation for closely spaced parallel
runways
29
Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)

• Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS)

• Designed for aviation use, but available and used by many
GPS users today
• Localizer Performance Vertical (LPV)-200 approach is
comparable to ILS Category I

30
 WAAS will monitor and correct the ranging
signals from the GPS constellation of satellites.
 WAAS grew out of several concepts that
originated in the 1980s.
 Separately, researchers examined the concept of
Wide Area Differential GPS (WADGPS). This
was a real-time extension to earlier work for
surveying that uses a network of widely
distributed reference stations to improve the
accuracy of GPS position fixes.
 These ideas were combined, in the early 1990s.
 WAAS measures observed ranges to the
satellites from its reference stations.
 Each master station processes the
measurements to create corrections for
satellite clock error, satellite ephemeris
error, and ionospheric path delay.
 The geostationary signal is very similar to
the GPS signal.
 GPS <30 meters 95% of time
Coverage --world wide
 DGPS < 10 meters 95% of time
Coverage -- 200 miles
 WAAS < 2.5 meters 99.9% of time
Coverage--world wide

33
 ?

kumse@itu.edu.tr

34