Chapter-5 Environmental Impacts & Mitigation Measures

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport
Chapter 5 Sheet 1 of 47
Chapter 5
Environmental Impacts & Mitigation Measures

5.0 Background
This Chapter deals with the identification and evaluation of probable environmental impacts, likely to occur due to the NMIA project. Prior to the evaluation, a summary of activities with timelines is provided so as to provide with information as regards the way project activities are likely to proceed in stage-wise manner. Further, the Chapter details out the impacts at various stages of development, the linkages across activities with respect to impacts and the classification and evaluation of impacts across the affecting environmental components. The chapter also provides for the various mitigation options incorporated in the project design to minimize the impact and also the options which will be dealt with during the construction and operation period. The flow adopted for developing this chapter is depicted in Figure 5.1 below: Figure 5.1 Identification and Evaluation and Development of Mitigation Options -Flow Diagram
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5.1
Impact Identification, Classification and Prioritization

For critical environmental impact assessment and timely mitigation of environmental issues, it is important that analysis of the project related activities along with anticipated environmental and social impacts prior to project inception is done. 5.1.1 Impact Identification To help in / ease the impact evaluation process, the various activities of the NMIA which can have an impact on environment have been classified into four stages namely: I. II. III. IV. NMIA location NMIA project design NMIA construction phase NMIA operation phase
The project timelines are given in the Figure 5.2., Table 5.1 gives the list of activities that are likely to take place at various stages of the project. While the NMIA location and NMIA design stage go hand in hand, the NMIA construction in various stages go hand in hand with the operation phase. With respect to environmental impacts, the impacts due to the project location and design have to be mitigated at the same time. While the 1st stage of Construction phase matches with the Design phase and therefore have to be mitigated simultaneously, the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th stages for construction add to the impact during the operation phase. While the impacts in the construction phases are often temporary and are remediated once the construction phase is completed, they never-the less add to the impacts during the operation stage which are more or less constant.
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Figure 5.2 Project timelines
Table 5.1 Phasing of Activities

Operation/ PreList of ActivitiesFacilities/Phasing Land acquisition and R&R Recourse Channel Cutting of hillock Land Development Shifting of EHVT lines Construction of compound wall Runway Runway Exits Bypass Holding Bays Taxiway Navigational Aids Commercial Apron Long-Term Aircraft Parking construction 2010-13 Construction Phase I 2010-13 Construction Phase II 2017-18 Operation/ Construction Phase III 2022-23 Operation/ Construction Phase IV 2027-28
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Operation/ PreList of ActivitiesFacilities/Phasing General Aviation Cargo Apron Pass. Terminal Air Cargo Building Roadway system Vehicular and Cargo Parking Technical Building and ATC Tower Fuel Farm Air Rescue and Fire Fighting Catering Ground Handling Equipment Maintenance Aircraft Maintenance Hangar Facilities Airfield Maintenance area Development of Non-Aeronautical area/off-site Physical infrastructures construction 2010-13 Construction Phase I 2010-13 Construction Phase II 2017-18
Operation/ Construction Phase III 2022-23
Operation/ Construction Phase IV 2027-28
i)
Impacts due to NMIA Location The site of Navi Mumbai airport is selected near Panvel town in an area admeasuring 1300 Ha. consisting of 1160 Ha. as airport and remaining for off-site infrastructure, such as; recourse Channel, approach road, railways, interchange and utility lines, etc. The entire area of the airport zone falls in Raigad District in Panvel Taluka and is situated about 45 km away from the CBD of Mumbai. The activities to be carried out due to the NMIA location along with the impacting environmental sectors are given in Table 5.2 below.
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Table 5.2 NMIA Location : Activities & Impact
No
Activities to be carried out
Description of Impacts
Removal Biodiversity
of
The description of environment chapter, section 4.11.3 & 8.7 of this report assessed the mangroves in the project area and found that there majority of mangroves are sparse and are predominantly between the two Rivers and to the NE side of the site. The mangroves are dominated by Avicennia marina which in most of the places appears stunted and there are sparse Bruguira cylindrical syn. Bruguira caryophylloides and Aegiceros corniculata plants noticeable particularly towards the hillside of Ulwe Creek. Along the banks of Ulwe there is a somewhat continuous and healthier growth of Avicennia marina with patches of Salvadora persica. At several places, the plants seem to be dying and dried stems are left behind. Wherever there has been considerable degradation of the true mangroves, the associate mangroves, mainly Acanthus ilicifoiius has come up. Salt tolerant grasses like Settaria sp., Coix lachryma-joba, Scirpus maritimus, and Eleucine sp. are found to associate with the mangroves and mangrove associates. Away from the waterfront, these grasses that dominate the landscape replace the mangroves. A detailed study of Mangrove area in the project area, its plantations and management was carried out and details of which are given in Chapter 8. The study identifies for most successful species based on importance value index and further quantifies the presence of mangroves in the project area as 98.13 ha and proposes for compensatory afforestation by 200% at Waghiwali at north of airport. With the project intervention, these mangroves (though in degraded form) will be totally lost forever. A total of 98.13 ha of mangroves will be lost due to the project.
Mangroves &
Tree Clearance
There is no forest in the project site area, though there are naturally growing trees/plants/vegetation in the area. Most of the vegetation of trees in and around the villages are planted fruiting trees like mango, jamun, jackfruit, guava, custard apple etc. and the wood yielding trees like teak, arjun etc. The ornamental trees, bamboos and palms also have been planted and/or maintained by the villagers. The use of firewood is a common practice by the villagers which has resulted in the nearby degradation of vegetation and mangroves. This project will result in loss of all vegetation in the project site.
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No
Roads and Infrastructure
The airport site is presently accessible by existing four lane road called National Highway-4B from the east side, State Highway-54 which runs on the southern boundary of airport as well as four lane concrete road called Aamra marg from the west side. The airport will be made accessible by constructing interchanges on the NH4B as well as on Aamra marg for smooth and speedy entry and exit from the airport. This could result is two impacts namely the over concretization resulting in increase temperature during the day time and summer time along the roads and diversion of agricultural land leading to issues of land use change and food security. It is worthwhile to note that the whole area surrounding the project area does exclusively rain-fed agriculture and grows only paddy which is salt tolerant. At most places during the non-monsoon period wild growth of grasses is observed. The fact that agriculture is not very productive/ profitable in the project and surrounding area is evident from the fact that the surface soil is being stripped off for brick making. The primary road network providing access to airport is analyzed in the section 4.14.8 and section 4.14.9 provides the analysis of the major junctions in and around airport to assess their adequacy in meeting the traffic demand generated due to airport development in addition to the already existing traffic.
Railways Infrastructure
The existing Mankurd-Belapur-Panvel Commuter Railway line passes on the northeast of airport area and the nearest station is Khandeshwar located at a distance of less than 1 km. The airport is also proposed to be connected to Khandeshwar located on the above commuter railway line. The other commuter line called Nerul-Uran railway line is under construction and the nearest station to approach the airport is Targhar located at a distance of 1.5 km. from the airport boundary. Panvel railway station on Central/Konkan railway is located at a distance of 1.5 km. from the airport site which will provide the rail accessibility at the Regional, State and National level. This could result is two impacts namely the loss of mangroves & vegetation for rail and diversion of agricultural land leading to issues of land use change and food security. As stated above the state of mangroves and vegetation is in a highly degraded state. It is worthwhile to note that the whole area surrounding the project area does exclusively rain-fed agriculture and grows only paddy which is salt tolerant. At most places during the non-monsoon period wild growth of grasses is observed. The fact that agriculture is not very productive/ profitable in
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No
the project and surrounding area is evident from the fact that the surface soil is being stripped off for brick making. The fishing culture also seems to provide meager revenue so that the sand dredging activity which is obviously deleterious for the fishing activity has taken precedence in Ulwe Creek. 5 Rehabilitation of displaced villagers the Ten settlements belonging to seven villages are required to be resettled away from the project site. Approx 15000 people will be affected due to the project. Resettlement and rehabilitation will include apart from the substituted land, development of basic infrastructure such as water supply, electricity, sewerage, roads, social infrastructure etc. CIDCO has assumed a proactive role towards the mitigation of the social impacts by the rehabilitation of the ten settlements in seven villages. 6 Archeological / Cultural / Historic Sites The fringe area study i.e. study area around the proposed airport falling between 10 to 20 km. radius, revealed that there are 3 places of historic importance, aesthetic, cultural including sensitive area namely the Elephanta Caves, Karnala Bird Sanctuary and Matheran The Elephanta Caves is about 13.5 km form proposed project site and falls outside of core area. The island is named after a colossal elephant found in the island, which is popularly known as Gharapuri. There are seven cave excavations in the Elephanta group and these are datable from circa 6th 7th centuries A.D. The Elephanta site falls in the landing and takeoff funnel of Navi Mumbai International Airport. With its location from the airport site being about 13.5 km., the position of aircraft during takeoff/landing/missed approach/circling, would be more than 700 m. The Karnala Bird sanctuary is situated along the Mumbai-Goa-Konkan National Highway No.17 and is 12.5 km south of the proposed project site and falls outside of core area. The sanctuary is very rich in avifauna and harbors 147 species of resident and 37 species of migratory birds who visit the sanctuary during winters. Two rare birds i.e. Ashy Minimet and Spotted heart woodpeckers have been sighted here. The sanctuary is away from landing and takeoff funnel of Navi Mumbai International Airport. Moreover, the position of aircraft during missed approach and circling will be more than 750 m. The Matheran Eco-sensitive Zone is located at about 11 km East of proposed project site and falls outside of core area. The above site falls in the fringe of landing and takeoff funnel of Navi Mumbai International Airport based on its distance from the airport the position of aircraft during takeoff/landing/ missed approach /circling, will be more than 500 m.
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No
Residential Facilities
The airport is likely to generate about 90,000 direct and indirect jobs which translate into a population of about 3.5 lakhs (average family size of 3.8 & Man power ratio of 1.33/family). With an assumption that about 80% of this man power would be residing in Navi Mumbai and 20% will commute from outside, about 65 thousand dwelling units would be required (keeping the service population also in mind). The total land requirement of these dwelling units would be about 300 ha net residential
2 area (assumption of average dwelling unit area 50 m ). This housing
needs to be supported by all the requisite social and cultural facilities as per the norms of CIDCO. Additional load on water and energy would have to be met, the details of which are given in Section-3.19.
ii) Impacts due to NMIA Project Design The design of the NMIA projects also puts forth certain environmental issues which need to be overcome. Table 5.3 NMIA Project Design Activities & Impact
No 1 Activities to be carried out Recourse channel for Ulwe Creek Ulwe Creek presently flowing through project area will be recourses to west into Thane Creek to maintain the existing drainage pattern. Ulwe river has a very small catchment of about 35-sq. km to the south of Vaghiwali island and joins the Panvel creek channel south of Vaghiwali island. The aquatic ecosystem will be affected temporarily due to channelization of part of Ulwe creek flowing along the proposed site. Channelization leads to altering of original dimensions of the rivers along with extreme physical disturbances, alterations in river bed morphology, change in flow characteristics and elimination of bank cover. The impacts of channelization on the aquatic community mainly arise due to channel excavation, dredging, clearing and removal of vegetation. Vegetation in the riverine ecosystem, whether emergent, free floating, submergent or marginal, play a significant role in providing shelter, protection, breeding & nursery grounds for aquatic fauna such as benthos, fishes and aquatic birds. It also plays a vital role in protection from excessive temperature through shedding, organic leaf litter and oxygen input through photosynthesis. Description of Impacts
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No
Description of Impacts Immediate impacts of channelization are siltation due to river bed excavation or dredging. Siltation affects aquatic vegetation by increasing the turbidity of water. This interferes with light penetration which finally affects photosynthesis. Excess turbidity affects the aquatic fauna by interfering with the filter feeding mechanism of benthos and zooplankton. It adversely affects the respiratory mechanism of fishes through deposition of particles on their gills thereby leading to smothering effect on them. Also the fishes find it increasingly difficult to locate their prey and other food organisms. The secondary and long term impact of channelization is excavation/dredging, which involves direct removal of organisms from their habitat. The proposed channelization will lead to removal of degraded mangrove patch, aquatic flora, mud flat fishes and other benthic fauna. This will lead to loss and reduction in the number of organisms. The impacts due to channelization are limited to construction phase only and the ecosystem will recover the loss over a period of time. The surrounding land use will have a temporary impact in terms of fugitive emissions from handling of construction material.
Hill (Quarrying Blasting)
Cutting /
The study of the geology and soil characteristics have shown that the project area is composed of silty soil with little admixture of sand followed by murrum and weathered rock. The thickness of this layer is approximately 3.95 m below which amygdaloidal basalt exists. The hillocks in the airport area will be flattened and leveled to make the runway by controlled blasting in stages. The result of this will be generation of heavy quantity of dust which raises the SPM levels in the vicinity. Along with these, noise levels also will increase occasionally. Houses around the site (if any) may feel the intense acoustic waves. The material from the cut hills will be used to reclaim the airport zone. One positive point is that the material from the The hills being project area will be used inside the project area. basaltic will be good material for reclamation.
Shifting of High (EHT) Line
Extra by
There are 4 Extra High Tension Lines existing in the Airport Operational Area and in the surroundings which are required to be rerouted to suitable place outside the horizontal surface of Airport area. These lines will be re-routed either over-head or underground by cables.
Tension
undergrounding
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No 4
Activities to be carried out Reclamation marshy lands of
Description of Impacts The entire land of 1160 ha of the airport consists of mudflats, firm land and hills and is required to be brought to a safe grade level varying from RL 7.0 to RL 8.5. by cutting of hills and reclaiming the land. The above said area lying within the airport will be reclaimed from the existing land cover. Creek recoursing would take place on existing land cover. 1-D and 2-D mathematical model studies for prediction of changes in flow conditions in Panvel creek due to NMIA project activities was carried out by the CWPRS, Pune in 2009 (refer section 8.6 for details). The studies indicate marginal rise in the water levels in the Panvel creek reach along the proposed airport boundary. Along the Ulwe creek however, the rise in the water levels will be slightly over 1.5 m due to recourse channel along the longer route with flatter slope. The safe-grade elevation of 7.0 m to 8.5 m AMSL was proposed for the airport complex and the guidelines for storm water drainage design and bank protection works were given.
iii) Impacts during Construction Phase of NMIA
Table 5.4 NMIA Construction Phase Activities & Impacts
No 1
Activities to be carried out Employment, Migration Settlement and
Description of Impacts During the construction phase, a lot of migratory workers are expected to infiltrate in and surrounding areas of the project site. This would lead to a lot of stress in the area surrounding the project in terms of water requirement, power, increased ecological footprint, increased requirement for health and educational facilities and changes in the land use pattern and local culture. As CIDCO has been carrying out developmental activities in the surrounding area, it is quite competent to absorb the load arising out of such an activity.
Siting construction camp construction
of for
During the construction period, camps for workers/laborers would be set up the project area leading to need for sewerage and sewage treatment facilities, stress on the local ecological resources like forests for firewood, disposal of solid waste, fire hazard at the camp, indoor air pollution in the camp, etc. Lack of Sewerage and Sewage Treatment Facilities could lead to water pollution, Misuse of local ecological resources like forests for firewood which would result in destruction of vegetation in the surrounding area, Improper handling of solid waste generated could lead to unhygienic
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No
Description of Impacts conditions, Improper use of fuel could lead to fire hazard at the construction camp or leakage / spillage of fuel leading to soil contamination, Incomplete post-use clearance and rein-statement of base camp would lead to degradation of soil and use of biomass fuel for cooking would lead to indoor air pollution in the camp.
Excavation Quarrying
and /
The study of the geology and soil characteristics have shown that the project area is composed of silty soil with little admixture of sand followed by murrum and weathered rock. The thickness of this layer is approximately 3.95 m below which amygdaloidal basalt exists. The hillocks in the airport area will be flattened and leveled to make the runway by controlled blasting in stages. The result of this will be generation of heavy quantity of dust which raises the SPM levels in the vicinity. Along with these, noise levels also will increase occasionally. Houses around the site (if any) may feel the intense acoustic waves. The material from the cut hills will be used to reclaim the marshy land. One positive point is that the material from the project area will be used inside the project area and no outside material is necessary. The hills being basaltic will be good material for reclamation.
Blasting of site
Leveling of site
The entire land of 1160 ha of the airport consists of mudflat, firmland and hills and is required to be brought to a safe grade level varying from RL 7.0 to 8.5. by cutting of hills and reclaiming the marshy land. The above said area lying within the airport will be reclaimed from the existing land cover. Creek recoursing would take place on existing land cover. The leveling process would lead to an intense / heavy quantity of dust which would raises the SPM levels in the vicinity. Along with this the noise levels would be high due to the machinery used for leveling.
Construction Activity 5.1) (list given in Table
The construction phase also involves loading/unloading of different materials and its transportation particularly through the unpaved sections of the haul road which may result in spillage of material/oil and hence contaminates the soil and groundwater and also raise the ambient SPM levels. of During the construction activities, workers are exposed to a wide level of hazards arising due to the blasting activity, reclaiming activity, construction of various components of the project. Use of heavy equipments, high levels of dust and noise aggravate the issues of health and safety of the workers.
Safety Workers
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iv) Impacts during Operation Phase of NMIA Table 5.5 NMIA Operation Phase Activities & Impact
No 1 Activities to be carried out Operation airport of The operation phase will not trigger any appreciable impacts with regard to the physiography. Geologically, the study area lies in Deccan trap composed of hard massive basalt rocks. On a regional scale this area is very stable comprising the Peninsular Shield. Hence, the operation will not have any impact with regard to the stability of the structure. Drainage pattern suggested by CWPRS will remain unchanged during the operation phase, hence there is no impact. The impact during the operation phase will be due to surface traffic and air craft operations during landing, taxiing and takeoff. Air traffic is selected as a separate issue and discussed below. With respect to the air craft operations, two major impacts include that of air emissions and noise. To understand the level of both of these impacts, the following studies were carried out: Emissions from Aircrafts Noise Level Studies from Aircrafts Description of Impacts
Sections 8.8.2 and 8.8.3 deal with the matter and the same indicate the emission from aircrafts is well within the prescribed limit. Aircraft noise contribution is significantly low in range of 0.02 db(A) to 0.2 db(A) 2 Surface Traffic Surface traffic increase would be of two types: Traffic vehicles from and to the airport Service vehicles operating inside the airport
Impacts due to surface traffic have been assessed by simulation of air quality in respect of different pollutants based on the normal scenario as well as the projected traffic scenario from 2008 to 2030. has also been carried out. The emission from surface traffic is well within the prescribed limit however surface traffic noise exceed the prescribed limit ( ref section 8.8 ) The project design has identified that aerobridges would be used for passenger transportation at NMIA and the service vehicle numbers and duration of Also, noise studies for the normal scenario as well as the projected traffic scenario from 2008 to 2030
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operation would be low for passenger transport. However surface transport for other ground services would still happen with use of fuel efficient vehicles. 3 Employment, Migration Settlement & In the operation stage, there would be migration into the surrounding area which is of a more permanent nature. This would lead to a lot of stress in the area surrounding the project in terms of water requirement, power, increased ecological footprint, increased requirement for health and educational facilities and changes in the land use pattern and local culture. As CIDCO has been carrying out developmental activities in the surrounding area, it is quite competent to absorb the load arising out of such an activity.
5.1.2
Evaluation and Classification of Impacts Depending on the availability of data, a suitable approach is adopted in evaluating the environmental impacts. Some of the evaluation tools include the Adhoc approach, the Check list approach and the Matrix method. In the present case prediction of impacts of the proposed project has been done by modified Leopold interaction matrix method. In the conventional Leopold matrix method, an interaction matrix is compiled with project action on horizontal axis (Xi) and environmental parameters on which impacts can occur on the vertical axis (Yi). Each cell (XiYi) represents the magnitude of the impact of action Xi on the environmental parameter Yi. The type of magnitude of impacts depends on the location of specific attributes of the given environment. Qualitative judgments are arrived at by introducing a scale based on expert opinion, professional experience of similar projects which are already in operation. The modified Leopold matrix created for NMIA activities portrays the anticipated intensity of positive and negative impacts for each of the activity. To estimate/classify, and prioritize severity of impact a multi-criteria analysis based on influences of the activity on the environment have been used. The various types of influences that have taken into consideration for the prediction study are given in Figure 5.3.
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Figure 5.3 Project Activities Influence & Impact Evaluation
The following are the definitions of the influences which have been used in Impact evaluation Table 5.6 Details of Project Activities Influences
Influence Direct Definitions Direct impacts are those that are resultant directly due to the project activities. For eg. Channelisation of creek (activity is D 4 dredging) would lead to turbidity of water (water pollution). Indirect impacts are those that arise not directly due to project activity, but alter the surrounding system which in turn affect the Indirect Mode environment. For eg. Channelisation of creek (activity is dredging) would lead to increase turbidity which would suffocate the water faunas respiration thereby killing them. ID 2 Symbol Weightage
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Influence Synergistic
Definitions Impacts which have both direct and indirect impacts are called synergistic. These impacts are considered more serious If the impacts are within the development zone, then it is termed as local. For eg. Channelisation of creek would lead to local drainage issues if not properly planned and executed. If the activities create an impact would affect the performance of the entire functional level of adjoining areas, downstream/upstream areas, it is termed as strategic impact,
Symbol Syn
Weightage 6
Local
Strategic
irrespective of their intensity. For eg. If Channelisation of creek is not carried out taking into the drainage quantity then it may cause flooding in the surrounding low lying areas (as the project site would be raised). Some of the activities carried out are of short duration. During the construction activities, there would be some amount of inconvenience that would not be there in the operation phase and are termed as short run. During the operation stage there would be inconvenience and impacts that would be more of a regular nuisance to the people in the surrounding area. These are terms as long term. Impacts in this phase could also be positive like in this case socio-economic development of the region. However, this is case only the negative impacts are taken into account for counting. Some of the impacts are reversible in nature i.e the negative
Area
Short Term
ST
Long Term Duration
LT
Reversible
impacts disappear once the causal factor is removed. called reversible.
Hence
Some impacts are irreversible i.e. the impacts are permanent. Type Irreversible Most of the loss of biodiversity is lost forever and no mitigation option can bring them back to the pristine conditions IR 4
Each of these influences has been given a weightage based on expert opinion and professional experience of evaluating similar projects. Most of the impacts have a probability of occurrence which has also been taken into account for this study. Where the probability of occurrence is very low then weightage is one, low probability weightage is 2; medium probability weightage is 4, high probability weightage is 6 and extremely high probability weightage is 8. The next step followed was the calculation of the Overall Significance of Impact parameter. The overall significance is calculated using the formula given below:
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For eg. :
The activity: Possible effect on environment Direct Influence Indirect Synergistic Local Strategic Short Term Long Term Reversible Irreversible
Hill Cutting (Quarrying / Blasting) during preconstruction (project design stage) Extremely high dust levels 0 0 6 (Both direct and indirect) 2 (of local nature) 0 2 0 2 0 8 (extremely high chance that this activity will be taken up and the impacts will be experienced ) (the impacts will disappear once the activity is over (only during the preconstruction / design stage)
Probability of occurrence
There the overall significance of impact = (6 + 2 +2 +2) x 8 = 96
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Table 5.7 NMIA Evaluation Overall significance of Impact Action affecting Environmental Resources and No I 1 Mangroves & Biodiversity area Loss of local fauna Loss of trees & vegetation in the 2 Tree Clearance project area Increase in concretization leading 3 Roads and Infrastructure to increase local temperatures Diversion of agricultural land 4 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 4 4 2 2 0 0 0 0 4 4 1 2 14 24 leading to issues of land use change and food security 4 Railways Infrastructure Loss of mangroves & vegetation for rail 0 2 0 0 4 2 0 0 4 1 12 0 0 6 0 4 2 0 0 4 6 96 Values Possible Effects on the Environment Relative Weightage on a scale of 0 to 6 Loss of mangroves in the project 4 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 4 4 2 2 0 0 0 0 4 4 8 8 112 128 D 4 ID 2 Syn 6 ST 2 LT 4 L 2 S R 4 2 IR 4 Mode Influences Duration Area Type Frequency /Probability of Occurrence Overall significance of Impact1
Impacts due to NMIA Location
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Action affecting Environmental Resources and No Values Possible Effects on the Environment Relative Weightage on a scale of 0 to 6 Loss of agricultural land to rail leading to issues of land use change and food security Resettlement and 5 Rehabilitation Archeological / 6 7 Cultural / Historic Sites Residential Facilities Loss of any archeological / cultural /historic site Change in land use pattern Increase in the water requirement for domestic purpose leading to stress on water availability Increase in power consumption Tensions amongst communities related to employment opportunities Loss of local culture 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 6 6 4 0 0 0 0 6 Disruption of residences, cultural and livelihood patterns 4 0 0 0 2 0 D 4 ID 2 Syn 6 Mode
Influences Duration ST 2 LT 4 Area L 2 Type IR 4
Frequency /Probability of S R 4 2 Occurrence Overall significance of Impact1
0 0
4 4
2 2
0 0
0 0
4 4
1 4
12 56
0 0
4 4
2 2
0 0
0 0
4 4
1 2
14 32
0 0
4 4
2 2
0 0
0 0
4 4
6 6
96 96
2 2
0 0
2 2
0 0
2 2
0 0
1 2
12 24
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Action affecting Environmental Resources and No Values Possible Effects on the Environment Relative Weightage on a scale of 0 to 6 Increased ecological footprint Increase requirement for health and educational facilities II Interference with the natural drainage of the local ecosystem Loss of local estuarine biodiversity Changes in water quality reaching the Panvel Creek 1 Recourse channel for Ulwe creek Likely rise in water levels in periphery area Sediment runoff leading to damage of local aquatic ecology Siltation while recoursing the Ulwe Creek Changes in the groundwater hydrologic regime 0 0 6 4 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 6 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 4 0 0 D 4 0 ID 2 0 Syn 6 6 Mode
Influences Duration ST 2 0 0 LT 4 4 4 Area L 2 0 2 Type IR 4 4 4
Frequency /Probability of S R 4 4 0 2 0 0 Occurrence 6 2 Overall significance of Impact1 108 28
Impacts due to NMIA Project Design 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 4 4 4 4 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 6 6 6 1 4 2 1 108 84 60 14 56 28 16
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Action affecting Environmental Resources and No Values Possible Effects on the Environment Relative Weightage on a scale of 0 to 6 Change in land use pattern Vibration in adjacent areas Sediment runoff into the creek Changes in groundwater 2 Hill Cutting (Quarrying / Blasting) hydrologic regime in the surrounding area Safety of workers Air Pollution Extremely high dust levels Noise Pollution Disposal of excavated material Shifting of Extra High 3 Tension (EHT) Line by undergrounding 4 Reclamation of lands Electromagnetic Interference with communication devices Safety hazard during the erection and operation Flooding in other low lying areas Loss of Biodiversity 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 2 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 6 6 0 D 4 0 4 4 ID 2 0 0 0 Syn 6 6 0 0 Mode
Influences Duration ST 2 0 2 0 LT 4 4 0 4 Area L 2 2 0 0 Type IR 4 4 0 0
Frequency /Probability of S R 4 0 4 4 2 0 2 2 Occurrence 1 1 6 Overall significance of Impact1 16 12 84
0 0 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0
4 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 4
0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
0 2 2 2 2 0 2 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 4 0 4 4 4
1 6 8 8 8 6 1 4 6 4
18 72 96 96 96 72 8 56 108 72
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Action affecting Environmental Resources and No Values Possible Effects on the Environment Relative Weightage on a scale of 0 to 6 Loss of marshy land ecosystem III Change in land use pattern Increase in the water requirement for domestic purpose leading to stress on water availability Employment, 1 Migration and Settlement Increase in power consumption Tensions amongst communities related to employment opportunities Loss of local culture Increase ecological footprint Increase requirement for health and educational facilities 2 Siting of construction camp Lack of Sewerage and Sewage Treatment Facilities leading to water pollution 4 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 0 0 0 2 6 0 D 4 0 0 ID 2 0 0 Syn 6 6 6 Mode
Influences Duration ST 2 0 0 LT 4 4 4 Area L 2 0 2 Type IR 4 4 4
Frequency /Probability of S R 4 4 0 2 0 0 Occurrence 6 2 Overall significance of Impact1 108 32
Impacts during Construction Phase of NMIA
0 0
4 4
2 2
0 0
2 2
0 0
6 2
84 20
2 2 0 0
0 0 4 4
2 2 0 2
0 0 4 0
2 2 0 2
0 0 4 0
1 2 6 2
12 24 108 24
40 CIDCO
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Action affecting Environmental Resources and No Values Possible Effects on the Environment Relative Weightage on a scale of 0 to 6 Misuse of local ecological resources like forests for firewood Solid waste generation and inadequate disposal Fire hazard at the construction camp Incomplete post-use clearance and rein-statement of base camp, leading to loss of land productivity Leakage / Spillage of Fuel used at the construction camp Indoor air pollution in the camp due to biomass fuel for cooking 3 Excavation and Quarrying / Blasting of site Vibration in adjacent areas Sediment runoff into the creek Safety of workers Air Pollution 4 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 4 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 D 4 ID 2 Syn 6 Mode
Influences Duration ST 2 2 2 2 LT 4 0 0 0 Area L 2 2 2 2 Type IR 4 4 0 4
Frequency /Probability of S R 4 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 Occurrence Overall significance of Impact1
4 4 2
48 40 24
2 2 2 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 4 4 4 4
2 2 2 0 0 2 0
0 0 0 4 4 0 4
0 0 2 2 2 0 2
4 4 0 0 0 4 0
1 2 6 4 8 6 8
12 24 60 64 112 84 128
CESE, IIT Mumbai
CIDCO
Action affecting Environmental Resources and No Values Possible Effects on the Environment Relative Weightage on a scale of 0 to 6 Extremely high dust levels Noise Pollution Disposal of excavated material Loss of Biodiversity Loss of water bodies (open wells & ponds) in the project site 4 Leveling of site Air Pollution due to equipment fuel usage Air Pollution due to leveling activity Extremely high dust levels Construction Activity 5 (given in Table 5.2.2 & Table 5.2.3) Pollution of land, ground water and surface water arising from wastes and spillages due to construction Contamination of estuarine bodies Water logging and cross drainage issue during construction 4 0 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 4 0 0 D 4 0 0 4 4 ID 2 0 0 0 0 Syn 6 6 6 0 0 Mode
Influences Duration ST 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 LT 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Area L 2 0 0 2 2 2 0 0 0 Type IR 4 0 0 4 4 4 0 0 0
Frequency /Probability of S R 4 4 4 0 0 0 4 4 4 2 2 2 0 0 0 2 2 2 Occurrence 8 6 4 2 6 6 6 8 Overall significance of Impact1 128 96 56 28 84 96 96 128
0 0 0
4 4 4
2 2 2
0 0 0
2 0 2
0 4 0
4 1 4
48 14 48
CESE, IIT Mumbai
CIDCO
Action affecting Environmental Resources and No Values Possible Effects on the Environment Relative Weightage on a scale of 0 to 6 Air Pollution due to construction vehicle fuel usage Air Pollution due to construction activity Extremely high dust levels Noise Pollution Disposal of construction waste / debris Loss of Biodiversity Water availability issues Air pollution due to DG sets Accident during the construction stage 6 Safety of Workers Fire hazard during the construction stage 4 0 0 4 0 0 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 D 4 ID 2 Syn 6 Mode
Influences Duration ST 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 LT 4 4 4 4 4 0 4 4 0 4 Area L 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Type IR 4 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 4
Frequency /Probability of S R 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 0 Occurrence Overall significance of Impact1
4 6 6 6 4 4 1 2 6
48 72 72 72 48 56 12 20 84
84
CESE, IIT Mumbai
CIDCO
Action affecting Environmental Resources and No IV traffic Air pollution due to the air traffic Air pollution due to use of DG sets 1 Operation of airport Increase in power consumption due to DG Availability of water issues Sewage treatment issue Solid waste management issues High air pollution along the various transport corridors leading to and away from the airport 2 Surface Traffic Noise pollution along the various transport corridors leading to and away from the airport 4 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 4 4 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 Values Possible Effects on the Environment Relative Weightage on a scale of 0 to 6 Noise pollution due to the air 4 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 D 4 ID 2 Syn 6 Mode
Influences Duration ST 2 LT 4 Area L 2 Type IR 4
Frequency /Probability of S R 4 2 Occurrence Overall significance of Impact1
Impacts during Operation Phase of NMIA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 2 6 2 4 4 84 84 28 96 28 56 56
84
84
CESE, IIT Mumbai
CIDCO
Action affecting Environmental Resources and No Values Possible Effects on the Environment Relative Weightage on a scale of 0 to 6 Change in land use pattern Increase in the water requirement for domestic purpose leading to stress on water availability Employment, 3 Migration & Settlement Increase in power consumption Tensions amongst communities related to employment opportunities Loss of local culture Increase ecological footprint Increase requirement for health and educational facilities 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 6 6 D 4 0 ID 2 0 Syn 6 6 Mode
Influences Duration ST 2 0 LT 4 4 Area L 2 2 Type IR 4 4
Frequency /Probability of S R 4 0 2 0 Occurrence 2 Overall significance of Impact1 32
0 0
4 4
2 2
0 0
0 0
4 4
2 2
32 32
2 2 0 0
0 0 4 4
2 2 0 2
0 0 4 0
2 2 0 0
0 0 4 4
1 2 6 2
12 24 108 24
CESE, IIT Mumbai
CIDCO
5.1.3
Prioritization of Impacts and Identification of Environmental Sectors affected Having evaluated the impacts, the impacts were prioritized into four different categories depending upon the numbers arrived at the NMIA evaluation of overall significance of impact for each of the impacts. Here again the expert opinion / professional experience of similar projects which are already in operation was used to categorize the impacts. The four different categories are given as follows: Massive Substantial Significant Tangible >70 41-70 16-40 5-15
Severity Legend
This prioritization is necessary to gauge the severity of impacts so as to arrive at appropriate mitigation options. In Tables 5.8 to 5.11, identified possible effects on the environment have been arranged along with the natural resources affected for the four phases namely project location, project design, construction and operation phase. The various natural resources (environmental components) which have been identified to be likely affected are air, biodiversity & forests, ecosystems, health & safety, land, noise, socio-cultural, waste and water & wastewater.
CESE, IIT Mumbai
CIDCO
Table 5.8 NMIA Location Impact Matrix
Stage of Project
Environment Possible Effects on the Environment Air Biodiversity & Forests Biodiversity & Forests Biodiversity & Forests Ecosystems Water & Wastewater Socio-Cultural Biodiversity & Forests Ecosystems Health & Safety Land Socio-Cultural Air Component
Increase in power consumption Loss of mangroves in the project area Loss of local fauna Loss of trees & vegetation in the project area Increased ecological footprint Increase in the water requirement for domestic purpose leading to stress on water availability Disruption of residences, cultural and livelihood patterns NMIA Location Loss of mangroves & vegetation for related infrastructure Stress on the surrounding marine ecosystem Increased requirement for health and educational facilities Change in land use pattern Loss of local culture Increase in concretization leading to increase local temperatures Loss of /Diversion of agricultural land leading to issues of land use change and food security due to related infrastructure Loss of any archeological / cultural /historic site Tensions amongst communities related to employment opportunities
Land Socio-Cultural Socio-Cultural
CESE, IIT Mumbai
CIDCO
Table 5.9 NMIA - Project Design Impact Matrix
Stage of Project Air Pollution Extremely high dust levels Loss of local estuarine biodiversity Loss of Biodiversity Sediment runoff into the creek Loss of marshy land ecosystem Safety of workers Interference with the natural drainage of the local ecosystem Flooding in other low lying areas NMIA Design Noise Pollution Disposal of excavated material Sediment runoff leading to damage of local aquatic ecosystems Safety hazard during the erection and operation Changes in water quality reaching the Panvel Creek Change in land use pattern Changes in the groundwater hydrologic regime Siltation while recoursing the Ulwe creek Electromagnetic Interference with communication devices Vibration in adjacent areas Likely rise in water levels in periphery area Air Air Air Possible Effects on the Environment
Environment Component
Biodiversity & Forests Biodiversity & Forests Ecosystems Ecosystems Health & Safety Land Land Noise Waste Ecosystems Health & Safety Water & Wastewater Land Water & Wastewater Water & Wastewater
Noise Water & Wastewater
CESE, IIT Mumbai
CIDCO
Table 5.10 NMIA Construction Phase Impact Matrix
Stage of Project Extremely high dust levels Air Pollution due to equipment fuel usage Air Pollution due to leveling activity Air Pollution due to construction activity Increase ecological footprint Sediment runoff into the creek Safety of workers Accident during the construction stage Fire hazard during the construction stage Noise Pollution Construction Phase Increase in the water requirement for domestic purpose leading to stress on water availability Lack of Sewerage and Sewage Treatment Facilities leading to water pollution Loss of water bodies (open wells and ponds) in the project site Indoor air pollution in the camp due to biomass fuel for cooking Air Pollution due to construction vehicle fuel usage Misuse of local ecological resources like forests for firewood Loss of Biodiversity Water logging and cross drainage issue during construction Vibration in adjacent areas Possible Effects on the Environment
Environment Component Air Air Air Air Ecosystems Ecosystems Health & Safety Health & Safety Health & Safety Noise Water & Wastewater Water & Wastewater Water & Wastewater Air Air Biodiversity & Forests Biodiversity & Forests Land Noise
CESE, IIT Mumbai
CIDCO
Stage of Project Solid waste generation and inadequate disposal Disposal of excavated material Pollution of land, ground water and surface water arising from wastes and spillages due to construction Disposal of construction waste / debris Increase in power consumption Air pollution due to DG sets Increased requirement for health and educational facilities Fire hazard at the construction camp Change in land use pattern Leakage / Spillage of Fuel used at the construction camp Loss of local culture Contamination of estuarine bodies Incomplete post-use clearance and rein-statement of base camp, leading to degradation of soil Tensions amongst communities related to employment opportunities Water availability issues Possible Effects on the Environment
Environment Component Waste Waste Waste Waste Energy Air Health & Safety Health & Safety Land Land Socio-Cultural Biodiversity & Forests Land Socio-Cultural Water & Wastewater
CESE, IIT Mumbai
CIDCO
Table 5.11 NMIA Operation Phase Impact Matrix

Stage of Project Air pollution due to the air traffic Increase in power consumption High air pollution along the various transport corridors leading to and away from the airport Increase ecological footprint Noise pollution due to the air traffic Noise pollution along the various transport corridors leading to and Operation Phase away from the airport Solid waste management issues Sewage treatment issue Air pollution due to use of DG sets Increase requirement for health and educational facilities Change in land use pattern Loss of local culture Availability of water issues for airport zone Increase in the water requirement for domestic purpose leading to stress on water availability in the region Tensions amongst communities related to employment opportunities Water & Wastewater Socio-Cultural Noise Waste Water & Wastewater Air Health & Safety Land Socio-Cultural Water & Wastewater Air Ecosystems Noise Air Energy Possible Effects on the Environment
Environment Component
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CIDCO
5.2
Mitigation Measures
The most probable issues identified in these sections for various activities have been found to stem from various sources like, project location, project design, project execution and project operation, and will depend on factors like awareness amongst the personnel implementing, finance, technologies and capacities of developmental and regulatory agencies. In the sections 5.1.2 and 5.1.3 above the evaluation and prioritization of environmental issues have been carried out as well cross linkages with environmental components. With the help of these section outputs, the current section has been developed to show case the various mitigation steps that have been arrived to minimize the environmental impacts. It must be noted that certain issues have been identified across the various stages of the project but the mitigation options may be different for different stages but affect the same natural resource sector. In such a case the mitigation options are placed across the issue but within the natural sector. Table 5.12 Environmental sector Air
Environment Component - Air NMIA Location NMIA Design Construction Phase Extremely high dust levels Operation Phase Air pollution due to the air traffic Air pollution along the Air Pollution due to construction activity Air Pollution due to equipment fuel usage Air Pollution due to leveling activity Indoor air pollution in the camp due to biomass fuel for cooking Air Pollution due to construction vehicle fuel usage Air pollution due to DG sets Increase in power consumption Increase in concretization Electromagnetic Interference with various transport corridors leading to and away from the airport
CESE, IIT Mumbai
CIDCO
Environment Component - Air leading to increase local temperatures MITIGATION OPTIONS 1. Appropriate dust suppression measures will be implemented within the project site during controlled blasting, construction, material handling and transportation. contractors shall make provision for water sprinkling at the construction site. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. To help in abating the dust, formulation of compensatory plantation will be initiated as soon as MOEF clearance is obtained. Use of dust extractors and spraying of water at source of dust emissions. Trucks carrying earth, sand or stone will be duly covered with tarpaulin to avoid spilling. Hi-tech equipment will be used for controlled blasting excavation and hauling of materials which will generate minimal noise as well as dust. This aspect will be covered as a tender condition. Blasting to be carried out as per the best engineering practices and the use of modern technologies producing minimum dust and noise. Construction machinery and equipment will be maintained in good working condition and construction materials and machineries will be handled with due precautions. All vehicles and construction equipment with internal combustion engines in use will be maintained for effective combustion to reduce carbon particles, CO and HC emission. 8. 9. Proper maintenance of equipment will be undertaken with suitable enclosures and intake silencers. Any vehicle not meeting the vehicular pollution standards will not be allowed within the construction site and for the construction activity. 10. Use of asbestos will be prohibited. 11. All the transport corridors leading to airport namely NH4, NH4B, Aamra Marg and Sion Panvel Highway have sufficient right of way to absorb the increase in traffic by widening the roads as and when required. Background air quality will be maintained by reducing idling time and control on emissions. The contribution from idling of engine at the signals would be minimized by providing wider roads and bridges (including over bridge) that connects to NMIA. Vehicles that come to NMIA will be restricted (mandatory) by emission controlled certification and efficient engine conditions (Bharat III). Chimney emission from industries and other activities will have to get emission control certification at regular interval 12. Air and Noise mitigation options will be implemented by defining the approach landing and takeoff procedures in a manner so as to minimize impact. 13. Aerobridges would be used for passenger transportation at NMIA and hence a very minimal amount of emissions are also likely to occur from the service vehicles operating inside the airport. The service vehicle numbers and duration of operation would be significantly low for passenger transport. Present day battery/electrically charged vehicles would be used by airport operators for ground service equipment and cargo and hence there no major impact on the air quality is expected. The prospective communication devices
CESE, IIT Mumbai
CIDCO
Table 5.13 Environmental sector Biodiversity and Forests
Environment Component - Biodiversity & Forests NMIA Location Loss of mangroves in the project area Loss of local fauna Loss of trees & vegetation in the project area Loss of mangroves & vegetation for rail MITIGATION OPTIONS 1. The alternative mangrove plantation site identified at Waghiwali on north of airport. Cidco will develop 245 ha. Area as Mangrove park against loss of 98.13 ha.370 ha of land earmarked for green zone for regeneration of mangrove. 2. Loss of local estuarine biodiversity is a temporary phase during the construction of recourse channels for of Ulwe creek. The channelization activities are being designed to keep the eventual flow It is expected that the biodiversity would characteristics as close to the original natural flow. NMIA Design Loss of local estuarine biodiversity Loss of Biodiversity Contamination of estuarine bodies Construction Phase Misuse of local ecological resources like forests for firewood Operation Phase
equilibrate and resettle. Proposed Mangrove park at Waghiwali will not only ensure regeneration of mangroves but also regeneration of aquatic flora & fauna associated with mangroves and add to biodiversity of the region. 3. In order to compensate for the loss of vegetation, compensatory vegetation and plantation programme will be undertaken within the airport area in the mandatory space required to be kept vacant for safety reasons as well as the space reserved for green belt in the vicinity of airport respectively. Species selected for plantation programme should be local, fast growing, ornamental and provide shade. The entire plantation undertaken will be non-fruit bearing so as to reduce any bird mishaps during the operation phase. 4. 5. With respect to the trees from the displaced villages, CIDCO will take up the task of replanting the trees in their areas where they are carrying out developmental activities or along the highways. There was no wildlife, observed during the field survey. There was no mention of rare or endangered wildlife species in the area in the reports of the State Forest Department. Hence, there will not be any displacement of wildlife as a result of project activities. 6. The contamination of estuarine body would occur mostly during the construction phase of the channels and airport due to resuspension of sediments or dust from construction site, both of which are temporary.
CESE, IIT Mumbai
CIDCO
Table 5.14 Environmental sector - Ecosystems
Environment Component - Ecosystems NMIA Location Increased ecological footprint Stress on the surrounding marine ecosystem creek Loss of marshy land ecosystem Sediment runoff leading to damage of local aquatic ecosystems MITIGATION OPTIONS 1. In order to minimize the above impacts of dredging/channelization, proper route alignment will be selected and the dredging and excavation will be done in stages maintaining the water flow. This operation will result in minimum impact on siltation/turbidity on aquatic community. In order to minimize impact of siltation on aquatic community, the The proposed dredging/channelization of rivers would be undertaken during high tide. NMIA Design Sediment runoff into the Construction Phase Operation Phase
Increase ecological footprint Sediment runoff into the creek
alignment will have similar physiographic characteristics. In order to minimize the impact on aquatic ecosystem efforts will be made to keep the existing characteristics of the regime in the new diverted alignment of the river. The enhanced turbidity is a temporary phenomenon occurring during the water course diversion. 2. The proposed project activity does not involve clearing of any forest areas which act as the habitat for wildlife, adverse effect on wildlife habitat (reduction / breaking). The project activities do not reduce or brake up wild life habitat. 3. 4. The loss of marshy land is a permanent one. Alternate development of the mangroves is part of mitigation activity which will be taken up. The project area does not have large animals whose ecosystems would be disrupted as the area surrounding the project is already under advanced stage of development. proposed site and the study area do not include any migratory route of animals. The
CESE, IIT Mumbai
CIDCO
Table 5.15 Environmental sector Energy
Environment Component - Energy NMIA Location Increase in power consumption 1. NMIA Design Construction Phase Increase in power consumption MITIGATION OPTIONS Increase in power consumption has been identified as an impact for two reasons namely the increased air pollution at its source of generation and the power availability issues which is prevalent in Maharashtra. To cater to the second, studies have been carried out to estimate the demand and also to check the availability of power (for details see Section-4.16). 2. In case of the operational phase of the projects, all efforts with respect to minimizing the use of power will be carried out. possible for lighting purpose. 3. All the protocols of automatic diming of light where the human traffic is low/nil will be followed. Use of sunlight to the maximum extent to low the energy costs will be looked into while designing the airport. 4. 5. Good insulators to lower the AC power consumption will be looked into. Energy Conservation programs / protocols will be developed To the extent possible solar panels will be installed wherever Operation Phase Increase in power consumption
Table 5.16 Environmental sector Health and Safety
Environment Component - Health and Safety NMIA Location NMIA Design Construction Phase Operation Phase
Safety of workers Safety hazard during the erection and operation Fire hazard during the construction stage Increase requirement for health and educational facilities MITIGATION OPTIONS 1. Adequate security arrangement will be made to ensure that the local inhabitants and the stray cattle if any, are not exposed to the potential hazards of construction activities. Accident during the construction stage
CESE, IIT Mumbai
CIDCO
Environment Component - Health and Safety 2. Safe and secure construction camp area will be provided for the migrant laborers during the construction period. At the camp site, the contractors will be directed to make adequate arrangements for water supply, sanitation and cooking fuels to the laborers. The construction site will be provided with sufficient and suitable toilet facilities for workers to allow proper standards of hygiene. These facilities would be connected to a septic tank and maintained to ensure minimum environmental impact. At the construction site, the contractor will be asked to provide following facilities to construction workforce: a. First Aid: At work place, first aid facilities will be maintained at a readily accessible place where necessary appliances including sterilized cotton wool etc. shall be available. Ambulance facilities will be kept readily available at workplace to take injured person to the nearest hospital. The contractor would have a tie-up with the nearest hospital. b. c. Potable Water: Sufficient supply of cold water fit for drinking will be provided at suitable places Sanitary Facility: Within the precinct of very work place, latrines and urinals will be provided at accessible place. These will be cleaned regularly to maintain good sanitary condition. The contractor will conform to sanitary requirement of local medical and health authorities at all times. These facilities would be connected to a septic tank and maintained to ensure minimum environmental impact. d. e. f. Canteen: A canteen on a moderate scale will be provided for the benefit of workers; Security: Project Authorities will provide necessary security to work force in coordination with State authorities; and Facilities for Women: Facilities as per Factory Rules of the State government will be provided to the women working force. Separate toilets for women will be provided and marked in a vernacular language with conspicuous letters. 6. 7. Adequate firefighting arrangement would be maintained by the contractor during the construction phase During the operation phase, high level of fire fighting equipments with adequate water and foam facility would be maintained as per the stipulated ICAO standards.
CESE, IIT Mumbai
CIDCO
Table 5.17 Environmental sector Land
Environment Component Land NMIA Location NMIA Design Interference with the natural drainage of the local ecosystem Flooding in other low lying areas Construction Phase Water logging and cross drainage issue during construction Leakage / Spillage of Fuel used at the construction camp Change in land use pattern Diversion of agricultural land leading to issues of land use change and food security Loss of agricultural land to rail leading to issues of land use change and food security MITIGATION OPTIONS 1. Hillocks in the airport area will be flattened and leveled be to make the runway by controlled blasting in stages. The excavated material/construction debris would be used for land development of marshy land in the project site area. This would result in change of land use pattern apart from the dust generated and increased noise & air pollution (SPM levels) in the vicinity. Proper development and maintenance of the land is a prerequisite for the project activity and hence all efforts as per the airport standards would be carried out. 2. Geologically the project area lies in Deccan trap composed of hard massive basalt rock and will not initiate any instability problems landslide/subsidence etc. This region is very stable portion of peninsular shield. Hence the operation will not have any impact with regard to the stability of the structure. 3. The excavated material/construction debris from hill cutting would be used for land development to the maximum extent and the surplus, if any, will be disposed off in a predesignated approved sites. 4. The change of river flow is inevitable and during the development, due care will be taken so to maintain the required hydraulic flow to avoid water logging in the upstream and also any water logging in the project area either during construction or operation phases. 5. As per the study carried out by CWPRS, reclamations for development of International Airport at Ulwe on left bank of Panvel Creek will not have any significant effect on water Incomplete post-use clearance and reinstatement of base camp, leading to degradation of soil Operation Phase
CESE, IIT Mumbai
CIDCO
Environment Component Land levels predicted considering all CIDCO developments along different channels in Panvel Creek. The predicted water levels at different locations with and without the proposed airport are practically same. Therefore, there is no possibility of additional flooding due to airport. 6. Proper guidelines with respect to handling the waste generated from any untoward accidents of spillage of fuel or oil would be developed. This would include procedures for excavating the contaminated site and disposal to an authorized secured hazardous waste landfill. 7. The diversion of agricultural land leading to issues of land use change and food security is very insignificant in the present project scenario as the agricultural lands are very few. The whole regions surrounding the project area being a part of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region is already undergoing a rapid development and to a great extent agricultural lands are getting converted into sites for residential purpose. Also, the whole area surrounding the project area does exclusively rain-fed agriculture and grows only paddy. At most places during the non-monsoon period wild growth of grasses is observed. The fact that agriculture is not very productive/ profitable in the project and surrounding area is evident from the fact that the surface soil is being stripped off for brick making.
Table 5.18 Environmental sector Noise

Environment Component Noise NMIA Location NMIA Design Noise Pollution Vibration in adjacent areas Vibration in adjacent areas Construction Phase Operation Phase Noise pollution due to the air traffic Noise pollution along the various transport corridors leading to and away from the airport
MITIGATION OPTIONS 1. Noise will be generated due to blasting operations of Hills, on the western side of the runways. However, it will be a onetime activity lasting for short duration and even at the nearest settlements at Targhar and Kambad Bhuje (more than 1 km away), the impact of the generated noise level on the surrounding population will be negligible. 2. 3. 4. 5. Hi-tech equipment will be used for controlled blasting excavation and hauling of materials which will generate minimal noise as well as dust. This aspect will be covered as a tender condition. Best engineering practices and modern technologies producing minimum noise would be maintained during the blasting. Blasting should be well planned with large numbers being fired infrequently than a few blasts daily. No blasting will be carried out at night. Before controlled blasting, the surrounding villages will be alerted and the villagers and domestic animals will be offered safe place away from the project site.
CESE, IIT Mumbai
CIDCO
Environment Component Noise 6. Stationary equipment such as ready mix plant, hot mix plant, cement storage plant will result in noise generation. The minimum distance of operation from stationary source required for meeting CPCB standards is given below Category Silence zone Residential Commercial Industrial Permissible limits in day time (CPCB) 50 dB(A) 55 dB(A) 65 dB(A) 75 dB(A) Distance required (m) 200 113 36 11
There are no residential areas within 113 m from the outer boundary of the project site and hence, no considerable impact is envisaged on the surrounding community during construction phase. However, the impacts will be significant on construction workers, working close to the machinery. 7. 8. 9. Construction activities involving operation of high noise generating machinery will be generally avoided between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. The construction personnel exposed to high noise levels will be provided with protective gears such as ear-muffs. Construction machinery and equipment will be maintained in good working condition so as to reduce noise. Proper maintenance of equipment will be undertaken with suitable enclosures and intake silencers. 10. DG sets used during the construction phase would have the mandatory noise enclosures. 11. The use of damping materials such as thin rubber/lead sheet for wrapping the work places like compressors, generator sheds; 12. Control on the vehicular noise level speed and vehicle conditions would be done by: a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d. Identification of structures and population vulnerable to noise level increase and remedial measures such sound proofing. Tree corridor and sound barrier at the NMIA boundary in containing noise level. Observation of no horn zone in NMIA Battery operated service vehicles within the airport. Insistence of International code on noise level during takeoff and taxing by the Aircraft operators. Noise level contouring and identification of areas in the takeoff and landing sections. Discussion with people concerned over the run way operation and noise level reduction and execution of mandatory activities of DGCA and ICAO. Based on the community consensus and noise studies an implementation plan based on noise abatement plan and noise compatibility plan may be established. 14. The most effective method of mitigating noise sources - other than cessation of the source activity or use of source controls would include installation of sound barriers or also called noise barrier or sound wall or sound berm or acoustical barrier. looked into are: a. Earth berm constructed solely of excess earth from grading pads for a residential development. Mostly sound barriers are exterior structure designed to protect sensitive land uses from noise pollution. Some of the barrier which could be
13. Control on the aircraft noise level would be done by:
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CIDCO
Environment Component Noise b. An elongated outdoor acoustic barrier erected around the periphery of the airport, for reflecting and absorbing sounds emanating from the airport. The acoustic barrier could be made of a variety of materials like wood, reinforced concrete or plastic materials, or combinations and placed zigzagged serpentine structures and parallel to longitudinal passages. It would have an elliptical cross-section and necessary to have a coating layer of sound absorbing material affixed to at least one face thereof facing the direction of a source of sound to be absorbed. Such a sound barrier must have a noise reduction factor of at least about 0.5, and preferably 0.8-0.85. The Sound absorbing noise barrier wall would be in-accordance with the current AASHTO Guide Specifications for Structural Design of Sound Barriers. Various standards for sound absorbing characteristics (ASTM-423), sound transmission loss verification (ASTME 90-90), sound absorbing panel requirements (ASTM E- 84) need to be meet.
Table 5.19 Environmental sector Socio-cultural

Environment Component - Socio-Cultural NMIA Location Disruption of residences, cultural and livelihood patterns Loss of local culture Loss of any archeological / cultural /historic site Tensions amongst communities related to employment opportunities MITIGATION OPTIONS 1 There is no historical and cultural site within 10 km distance from Navi Mumbai Airport site. Between 10 km to 20 km from the Airport, three historical and cultural sites namely the Elephanta Caves, Karnala bird Sanctuary with Fort and Matheran Eco-sensitive area fall. With its location from the airport site being more than 10 km for all the three sites, the position of aircraft during takeoff/landing/missed approach/circling, would be more than 500 m. All of the sites are far from the Airport site, no impact is envisaged even in the operation stage. However, during operation phase, proper flight directions can be provided so as to avoid flying over any of these sites. Tensions amongst communities related to employment opportunities Loss of local culture NMIA Design Construction Phase Operation Phase
CESE, IIT Mumbai
CIDCO
Environment Component - Socio-Cultural 2 Draft R &R Policy for rehabilitation of airport project affected people (APAP) based on the R&R policy of Govt of Maharastra, GOI and CIDCO is already in place with CIDCO. The draft has been approved by CIDCO Board of Directors and is now tabled for discussions with APAP. The three re-settlement sites viz. Vadghar, Dapoli and Vahal villages, which are close to their existing settlements, have been selected in consultation with the APAP. The R&R entitlements include, apart from the monetary compensation at replacement value of existing settlement, allotment of developed plot free of cost for residential and commercial settlement, additional developed land to nuclear family, financial assistance towards transport cost, reimbursement of no-refundable fee, charges, duties, free vocational training and preferential placement to APAP, right to collect / salvage structural material, one time financial grant of construction of house, free hold ownership with FSI 1.5 with 15% commercial, subsistence allowance for one year, reservation for job in unskilled and semi-skilled workers category and allotment of preferential equity. to the tune of Rs. 369.85 Cr. 3 The issue of loss of local culture is an another impact which is felt wherever large developmental projects arise. The airport project area which comes under the MMR region has already been under stress for this impact. The implementation of the Resettlement and Rehabilitation action plan has financial implication
The developmental impacts of the project are quite substantive in terms of the economic development of the region, the decongestion/ lessening the burden of transport of Mumbai Santacruz airport resulting in less time and energy requirement for reaching the airports, beneficial for people around the Pune city in accessing the airport.
Table 5.20 Environmental sector Waste

Environment Component - Waste NMIA Location NMIA Design Disposal of excavated material Construction Phase Solid waste generation and inadequate disposal Disposal of excavated material Pollution of land, ground water and surface water arising from wastes and spillages due to construction Disposal of construction waste / debris Operation Phase Solid waste management issues
CESE, IIT Mumbai
CIDCO
Environment Component - Waste MITIGATION OPTIONS 1. The excavated material/construction debris from hill cutting would be used for land development to the maximum extent and the surplus, if any, will be disposed off in a predesignated approved sites. 2. 3. The construction waste / debris generated would also be disposed off in a pre-designated approved site. During the construction phase, the municipal solid waste generated would those that arise from the construction camp and the workers canteen. Proper arrangements for transport of these solid wastes to the Chal landfill will be done. 4. During the operational phase, two types of waste would be generated namely the solid waste and the hazardous waste. Solid waste would be generated from the garbage/food waste from the restaurants and airport operations and paper and packaging waste generated in cargo section, while the hazardous waste that would be generated include sludge generated from STP, separated oil from oily wastewater treatment units and any waste generated due to spill containment in any untoward event. Proper arrangements with authorized transporters and authorized disposers would be done and proper records for the same would be maintained. 5. Adequate quantity and sizing of dustbins would be maintained throughout the airport area during the operation stage to receive solid wastes as and when generated. The collection bins are regularly sprayed with disinfectants. A proper solid waste management system would be put in place. 6. Vehicles transporting the solid waste are adequately covered to prevent any spillages during transportation. 7. All stipulated procedures as per the Solid Waste Rules and the Hazardous waste Handling and management Rules would be adhered to. Proper guidelines with respect to handling the waste generated from any untoward accidents of spillage of fuel or oil would be developed. This would include procedures for excavating the contaminated site and disposal to an authorized secured hazardous waste landfill.
CESE, IIT Mumbai
CIDCO
Table 5.21 Environmental sector Water and Wastewater
Environment Component - Water & Waste Water NMIA Location Increase in the water requirement for domestic purpose leading to stress on water availability Siltation of channels developed while recoursing the Ulwe creek Lack of Sewerage and Sewage Treatment Facilities leading to water pollution Availability of water issues Increase in the water Siltation while recoursing the Ulwe Creek Loss of water bodies (open wells) in the project site requirement for domestic purpose leading to stress on water availability Changes in groundwater hydrologic regime in the surrounding area Likely rise in water levels in periphery area MITIGATION OPTIONS 1. The channelization of river will be carried out in stages keeping the water flow intact except for the period during diversion of water course. This operation will result in minimum impact on siltation/turbidity on aquatic community. In order to minimize impact of siltation on aquatic community, the dredging/channelization of rivers should be undertaken during high tide. In order to minimize the above impacts of channelization, proper route alignment will be selected and the dredging and excavation will be done in stages maintaining the water flow. The proposed alignment will have similar physiographic characteristics. The enhanced turbidity is a temporary phenomenon occurring during the water course diversion. 2. 3. Drainage pattern as achieved during construction phase will remain unchanged during the operation phase hence there will be no impact on the hydrology. The water requirement for airport zone consisting of aeronautical and non-aeronautical area taking into consideration all requirement of passengers, visitors, staff, commercial facilities, air and land side facilities, residential, conference facilities, as well as AC Plant, irrigation for planted area, fire-fighting, etc. are to the tune of 9, 18, 30, 39 MLD for Phase I, II, III and IV respectively. The water requirement for the project is to be met from the water supply system of Water availability issues Changes in water quality reaching the Panvel Creek Increase in the water requirement for domestic purpose leading to stress on water availability Sewage treatment issue NMIA Design Construction Phase Operation Phase
CESE, IIT Mumbai
CIDCO
Environment Component - Water & Waste Water Navi Mumbai being maintained by City & Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO), Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation (NMMC), supplemented by Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC) and Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran (MJP). The water supply for present population of the City of Navi Mumbai is being served mainly by CIDCO and NMMC having their own sources of Water Supply as well as partly MJP and MIDC. CIDCO has developed its own source at Hetawane which is presently supplying 100 MLD water and with the sanctioned capacity of 185 MLD. Similarly, CIDCO is in the process of developing a water source from the Balganga Dam with an installed capacity of 350 MLD with the sanctioned capacity of 250 MLD for Navi Mumbai. NMMC has already developed its own water source known as Morbe Dam water which has installed capacity of 450 MLD and presently supplying 350 MLD to the city. The following Table gives the details of sources of Water, availability of water, daily consumption and surplus water: Year 2009-10 2015-16 2020-21 2030-31 MIDC 30 30 30 30 MJP 60 60 60 60 Hetawane 100 185 185 185 Morbe 350 450 450 450 Balganga 100 250 250 Total 540 825 970 970 Daily Consumption 390 525 650 840 150 300 320 130 Surplus
4.
Though the total water requirement of the proposed project is to be met by CIDCO and there is ample available of water, it is proposed to minimize the water usage in the operational phase: a. b. c. Use of low flow fixtures and appliances for reduced water consumption such as low flush water closets and cisterns; Water saving shower head flow controls, spray taps and faucet aerators and photosensitive taps; Sewage generated will be treated in the sewage treatment plant and reused for green belt development, cooling system and floor washing to reduce the fresh water requirement; d. The storm water from paved areas will be routed to the water harvesting structures to reuse the water for gardening purpose (as recharging the ground water is not possible). The storm water treatment facility will be located at an appropriate site keeping in view the slope contours and collection point at the most convenient point; e. f. Use of dry cleaning process in workshop and maintenance area to clean the oil spillages. Continuous efforts to reduce the water consumption and thereby to reduce the wastewater generation would be done by fitting automatic flow meters for all major water inlets. Flow rates will be continuously monitored and periodic water audits will be conducted to explore the possibilities for minimization of water consumption.
5. 6.
The various water saving steps are to be made a part of the tender document With respect to wastewater, STP would be installed on the project site apart from the
CESE, IIT Mumbai
CIDCO
Environment Component - Water & Waste Water underground drainage will be connect to CIDCOs other STPs. a. b. All STPs will have the Sequential Batch Reactor Technology for which CIDCO has developed its expertise in operation and maintenance. The treated wastewater would be recycled and reused. Reverse Osmosis plant to treat the wastewater to the required quality will be installed. Some of the areas where the wastewater can be utilized include make-up water in cooling system, floor washing and gardening. To the maximum extent the treated wastewater will be utilized and will not be discharged outside the airport boundary. c. Proper oil & grease interceptors will be installed at wastewater outlet from the maintenance hangers, fuel depots, hotels/restaurants and flight catering. The wastewater will be passed through oil and grease interceptors and then routed to STP. d. Settling tanks, blow down tanks and neutralization pits will be cleaned regularly in order to avoid clogging. Sludge will be removed regularly and sufficient time will be given for proper settling of solids; and e. The treatment units will be operated regularly.
CESE, IIT Mumbai
CIDCO

Chapter-5 Environmental Impacts & Mitigation Measures

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EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport

Environmental Impacts & Mitigation Measures

CESE, IIT Mumbai

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport

Impact Identification, Classification and Prioritization

CESE, IIT Mumbai

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport

Figure 5.2 Project timelines

Table 5.1 Phasing of Activities

CESE, IIT Mumbai

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport

Operation/ Construction Phase III 2022-23

Operation/ Construction Phase IV 2027-28

CESE, IIT Mumbai

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport

Table 5.2 NMIA Location : Activities & Impact

Activities to be carried out

CESE, IIT Mumbai

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport

Activities to be carried out

Roads and Infrastructure

CESE, IIT Mumbai

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport

Activities to be carried out

CESE, IIT Mumbai

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport

Activities to be carried out

CESE, IIT Mumbai

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport

Activities to be carried out

Hill (Quarrying Blasting)

Shifting of High (EHT) Line

CESE, IIT Mumbai

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport

Activities to be carried out Reclamation marshy lands of

iii) Impacts during Construction Phase of NMIA

Table 5.4 NMIA Construction Phase Activities & Impacts

Activities to be carried out Employment, Migration Settlement and

Siting construction camp construction

CESE, IIT Mumbai

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport

Activities to be carried out

Construction Activity 5.1) (list given in Table

CESE, IIT Mumbai

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport

CESE, IIT Mumbai

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport

CESE, IIT Mumbai

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport

Figure 5.3 Project Activities Influence & Impact Evaluation

CESE, IIT Mumbai

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport

Long Term Duration

impacts disappear once the causal factor is removed. called reversible.

CESE, IIT Mumbai

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport

There the overall significance of impact = (6 + 2 +2 +2) x 8 = 96

CESE, IIT Mumbai

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport