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21st Century Philippine Literature from Regions

1st Semester

Name of Student

Course and Year

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 COURSE OUTLINE

Course Name: 21st Century Philippine Literature

Course Credit: 3 Units
Pre-requisite: None
Contact 3 hours / week
Hours/Week:
Week Topics/Lessons
Introduction to the Study of Literature
Week 1-6
The Pre-Spanish Period and The Spanish
Week 7-12 Period (1565-1898)

The Period of Enlightenment (1872-1898)

Week 13-18

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 INTRODUCTION

This Module serves as the guide of the students in knowing the Philippine
Literature. It consists of Pre-Spanish literature, Spanish literature and the Enlightenment
Periods which gives knowledge on the students in terms of Philippine Literature before
and until the era of enlightenment.
It discusses the types of Literature, its kind and example. Also it’s introduction to
where it came from, what are those literature that is loved, known not just here in the
Philippines but also around the world.
It proves that Literature is not just from the foreign country but also we Filipino
have our own and it is still passed generation to generation. Others may be forgotten
but there are many that is used and still believed by the old generation and even the
new ones.

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Chapter 1 (1-3 Weeks)

Activity 1.1
Answer the ff. questions below. Give what is asked.
1. What is Philippine Literature? (50 words)
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

2. Give one literature in the Philippines and explain its meaning, story, lesson or
idea. (Write the Title first and explain below)
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Objectives:
At the end of this Chapter the students can:
a. Identify the general types of literature
b. Enumerate the types of Prose and Poetry
c. Discuss the definition of Literature and why we study Literature

Chapter 1 Introduction to the Study of Literature

Definition of Literature: The word literature is derived from the Latin term “litera” which
means letter. It has been defined differently by various writers.
Some loosely interpret literature as any printed matter written within a book, a
magazine or a pamphlet. Others define literature as a faithful reproduction of man’s
manifold experiences blended into one harmonious expression. Because literature
deals with ideas, thoughts and emotions of man, literature can be said to be the story of
man. Man’s loves, griefs, thoughts, dreams and aspirations coached in beautiful
language is literature.

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 In order to know the history of a nation’s spirit, one must read its literature.
Hence it is, that to understand the real spirit of a nation, one must “trace the little rills as
they course along down the ages, broadening and deepening into the great ocean of
thought which men of the present source are presently exploring.” Brother Azurin, said
that “literature expresses the feelings of people to society, to the government, to his
surroundings, to his fellowmen and to his Divine Creator.” The expression of one’s
feelings, according to him, may be through love, sorrow, happiness, hatred, anger, pity,
contempt, or revenge.
For Webster, literature is anything that is printed, as long as it is related to the
ideas and feelings of people, whether it is true, or just a product of one’s imagination.
In PANITIKING PILIPINO written by Atienza, Ramos, Salazar and Nazal, it says
that “true literature is a piece of written work which is undying. It expresses the feelings
and emotions of people in response to his everyday efforts to live, to be happy n his
environment and, after struggles, to reach his Creator.”

Why We Need to Study Philippine Literature?

We can enumerate many reasons for studying literature. Here are but a few: We
study literature so that we can better appreciate our literary heritage. We cannot
appreciate something that we do not understand. Through a study of our literature, we
can trace the rich heritage of ideas handed down to us from our forefathers. Then we
can understand ourselves better and take pride in being a Filipino.
Like other races of the world, we need to understand that we have a great and
noble tradition which can serve as the means to assimilate other cultures. Through such
a study, we will realize our literary limitations conditioned by certain historical factors
and we can take steps to overcome them. Above all, as Filipinos, who truly love and
take pride in our own culture, we have to manifest our deep concern for our own
literature and this we can do by studying the literature of our country.
Of Philippine Literature in English and Time Frames It can be said that Philippine
literature in English has achieved a stature that is, in a way, phenomenal since the
inception of English in our culture. Our written literature, which is about four hundred
years old, is one of slow and evolutionary growth. Our writers strove to express their
sentiments while struggling with a foreign medium. The great mass of literature in
English that we have today is, indeed, a tribute to what our writers have achieved in the
short span of time. What they have written can compare with some of the best works in
the world.
Much is still to be achieved. Our writers have yet to write their OPUS
MAGNUMS. Meanwhile, history and literature are slowly unfolding before us and we
are as witnesses in the assembly lines to an evolving literary life.

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 Time frames may not be necessary in a study of literature, but since literature
and history are inescapably related it has become facilitative to map up a system which
will aid us in delineating certain time boundaries.
These time boundaries are not exactly well defined; very often, time frames blend
into another in a seeming continuum. For a systematic discussion of the traditions,
customs, and feelings of our people that can be traced in our literature, we shall adopt
certain delimitations.
These time frames are:
Time Frames of Philippine Literature in English
Different opinions prevail regarding the stages that mark the development of Philippine
literature in English.
Let us take the following time frames for purpose of discussion:
1. The Period of Re-orientation: 1898-1910
2. Period of Imitation: 1910-1925
3. Period of Self-Discovery: 1925-1941
4. Japanese Period: 1941-1945
5. The Rebirth of Freedom: 1946-1970
6. Period of Activism: 1970-1972
7. Period of the New Society: 1972-1981
8. Period of the Third Republic: 1981-1985
9. Contemporary Period: 1986

Literature and History

Literature and history are closely interrelated. In discovering the history of a race,
the feelings, aspirations, customs and traditions of a people are sure to be included and
these feelings, aspirations, customs and traditions that are written is literature. History
can also be written and this too, is literature. Events that can be written down are part
of true literature. Literature, therefore, is part of history.
Literature and history, however, also have differences. Literature may be
figments of the imagination or events devoid of truth that have been written down, while
history is made up of events that really happened.

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Literary Compositions that Have Influenced the World.
Among them are:
1. The Bible or the Sacred Writings
2. Koran
3. The Iliad and the Odyssey
4. The Mahab-harata
5. Canterbury Tales
6. Uncle Tom’s Cabin
7. The Divine Comedy
8. El Cid Compeador
9. The Song of Roland
10. The Book of the Dead
11. The Book of the Days
12. One Thousand and One Nights or The Arabian Nights

General Types of Literature

Literature can generally be divided into two types; prose and poetry.
Prose consists of those written within the common flow of conversation in sentences
and paragraphs, while poetry refers to those expressions in verse, with measure and
rhyme, line and stanza and has a more melodious tone.

I. PROSE
There are many types of prose. These include the following:
a. Novels. A long narrative divided into chapters and events are taken from true-to-life
stories.
Example: WITHOUT SEEING THE DAWN by Stevan Javellana
b. Short story. This is a narrative involving one or more characters, one plot and one
single impression.
Example: THE LAUGHTER OF MY FATHER by Carlos Bulosan

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c. Plays. This is presented on a stage, is divided into acts and each act has many
scenes.
Example: THIRTEEN PLAYS by Wilfredo M. Guerrero
d. Legends. These are fictitious narratives, usually about origins.
Example: THE BIKOL LEGEND by Pio Duran
e. Fables. These are also fictitious and they deal with animals and inanimate things
who speak and act like people and their purpose is to enlighten the minds of children to
events that can mold their ways and attitudes.
Example: THE MONKEY AND THE TURTLE
f. Anecdotes. These are merely products of the writer’s imagination and the main aim
is to bring out lessons to the reader.
Example: THE MOTH AND THE LAMP
g. Essay. This expresses the viewpoint or opinion of the writer about a particular
problem or event.
The best example of this is the Editorial page of a newspaper.
h. Biography. This deals with the life of a person which may be about himself, his
autobiography or that of others.
Example: CAYETANO ARELLANO by Socorro O. Albert
i. News. This is a report of everyday events in society, government, science and
industry, and accidents, happening nationally or not.
j. Oration. This is a formal treatment of a subject and is intended to be spoken in
public. It appeals to the intellect, to the will or to the emotions of the audience.

II. POETRY
There are three types of poetry and these are the following:

A. Narrative Poetry. This form describes important events in life either real or
imaginary. The different varieties are:
1. Epic. This is an extended narrative about heroic exploits often under supernatural
control.
Example: THE HARVEST SONG OF ALIGUYON translated in English by Amador T.
Daguio

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2. Metrical Tale. This is a narrative which is written in verse and can be classified
either as a ballad or a metrical romance.
Examples: BAYANI NG BUKID by Al Perez HERO OF THE FIELDS by Al Perez
3. Ballads. Of the narrative poems, this is considered the shortest and simplest. It has
a simple structure and tells of a single incident. There are also variations of these: love
ballads, war ballads, and sea ballads, humorous, moral, and historical or mythical
ballads. In the early time, this referred to a song accompanying a dance.

B. Lyric Poetry. Originally, this refers to that kind of poetry meant to be sung to the
accompaniment of a lyre, but now, this applies to any type of poetry that expresses
emotions and feelings of the poet. They are usually short, simple and easy to
understand.
1. Folksongs (Awiting Bayan). These are short poems intended to be sung. The
common theme is love, despair, grief, doubt, joy, hope and sorrow.
Example: CHIT-CHIRIT-CHIT
2. Sonnets. This is a lyric poem of 14 lines dealing with an emotion, a feeling, or an
idea. These are two types: the Italian and the Shakespearean.
Example: SANTANG BUDS by Alfonso P. Santos
3. Elegy. This is a lyric poem which expresses feelings of grief and melancholy, and
whose theme is death.
Example: THE LOVER’S DEATH by Ricaredo Demetillo
4. Ode. This is a poem of a noble feeling, expressed with dignity, with no definite
number of syllables or definite number of lines in a stanza.
5. Psalms (Dalit). This is a song praising God or the Virgin Mary and containing a
philosophy of life.
6. Awit (Song). These have measures of twelve syllables (dodecasyllabic) and slowly
sung to the accompaniment of a guitar or banduria.
Example: FLORANTE AT LAURA by Franciso Balagtas
7. Corridos (Kuridos). These have measures of eight syllables (octosyllabic) and
recited to a martial beat.
Example: IBONG ADARNA

C. Dramatic Poetry

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1. Comedy. The word comedy comes from the Greek term “komos” meaning festivity
or revelry. This form usually is light and written with the purpose of amusing, and
usually has a happy ending.
2. Melodrama. This is usually used in musical plays with the opera. Today, this is
related to tragedy just as the farce is to comedy. It arouses immediate and intense
emotion and is usually sad but there is a happy ending for the principal character.
3. Tragedy. This involves the hero struggling mightily against dynamic forces; he
meets death or ruin without success and satisfaction obtained by the protagonist in a
comedy.
4. Farce. This is an exaggerated comedy. It seeks to arouse mirth by laughable lines;
situations are too ridiculous to be true; the characters seem to be caricatures and the
motives undignified and absurd.
5. Social Poems. This form is either purely comic or tragic and it pictures the life of
today. It may aim to bring about changes in the social conditions.

EXERCISES
Activity 1.2
Directions: Answer the ff. Write your answer on the blank provided below.

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1. Deals with ideas, thoughts, and emotions of man. It is said to be the story of man.
_________________________________
2. Literature as a faithful reproduction of man’s manifold _______ blended into one
harmonious expression.
_________________________________
3-5. Three reasons why do we need to study Philippine Literature.
__________________________________________________
6. Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe of the US. This depicted the sad fate of slaves; this
became the basis of democracy later on.
________________________________
7. This was written by Confucius of China. This became the basis of Roman Calendar.
________________________________
8. This deals with the life of a person which may be about himself, his autobiography or
that of others.
________________________________
9. These have been the source of myths and legends of Greece. They were written by
Homer.
________________________________
10. This is a lyric poem of 14 lines dealing with an emotions, a feeling, or idea.
________________________________

Activity 1.3. Enumeration

Directions: Enumerate what is being asked.
1-5. Kinds of dramatic Poetry 1-6. Lyric Poetry
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
6.

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1-3. Types of Poetry Atleast 6 Types of Prose
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4.
5.
6.

Activity 1.4. Matching Type

Directions: Match Column A to Column B. Write the letter of the correct answer on the
space provided before the number.
____1. Sonnets A. Ibong Adarna
____2. Folksongs B. Florante at laura
____3. Metrical Tale C. Chit-Chirit-Chit
____4. Corridos D. The Bikol Legend
____5. Elegy E. Without Seeing the Dawn
____6. Epic F. Santang Buds
____7. Novels G. The Notebook by William Shakespeare
____8. Fables H. Bayan ng Bukid
____9. Biography I. Cayetano Arellano by Socorro O. Albert
____10. Anecdotes J. The Lover’s Death
K. The Monkey and the Turtle
L. Biag ni Lam-ang
M. The Moth and the lamp

Chapter 2 (4-8 Weeks)

Activity 2.1

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Directions: Find the ff. words on the graph below. (2 POINTS EACH)

R A S D F S K N T E
I T A I R P U O F P
D D W A E A N T N I
D N I N N N D U O G
L E K A D I I C A R
E G A A B S M M K A
S E I I C H A N T M
S L N O P R N I O S
L I T E R A T U R E
L O T A L I N D A W
O U R E D G I O N M
F O L K T A L E O T
H O I Z X D L P E E
M B D Q M A X I M A
O Y A Y I U I C T S

1. Folk Tales 11. Literature

2. Epic 12. Sawikain
3. Chant 13. Spanish
4. Kundiman 14. Oyayi
5. Legend 15. Diana
6. Epigrams
7. Dalit
8. Talindaw
9. Riddles
10. Maxim

Objectives:

At the end of this Chapter the students can:

a. Discuss the Pre-Spanish Literatures and Spanish Literatures
b. Enumerate the different epics on Pre-Spanish era and Spanish era
c. Identify the different other forms of Pre-Spanish poetry
d. Explain the influence of Spanish influence on Philippine Literature

Chapter 2 The Pre-Spanish Period

Historical Background

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 Long before the Spaniard and other foreigners landed on Philippine shores, our
forefathers already had their own literature stamped in the history of our race. Our
ancient literature shows our customs and traditions in everyday life as trace in our folk
stories, old plays and short stories. Our ancestors also had their own alphabet which
was different from that brought by the Spaniards. The first alphabet used by our
ancestors was similar to that of the Malayo Polynesian alphabet.

Whatever record our ancestors left were either burned by the Spanish friars in
the belief that they were works of the devil or were written on materials that easily
perished, like the barks of trees, dried leaves and bamboo cylinders which could not
have remained undestroyed even if efforts were made to preserve them.

Other records that remained showed folk songs that proved existence of a native
culture truly our own. Some of these were passed on by word of mouth till they reached
the hands of some publishers or printers who took interest in printing the manuscripts of
the ancient Filipinos.

The Spaniards who came to the Philippines tried to prove that our ancestors
were really fond of poetry, songs, stories, riddles and proverbs which we still enjoy
today and which serve to show to generations the true culture of our people.

Pre-Spanish Literature is characterized by

A. LEGENDS. Legends are a form of prose the common theme of which is about
the origin of a thing, place, location or name. The events are imaginary, devoid
of truth and unbelievable. Old Filipino customs are reflected in these legends.
Its aim is to entertain. Here is an example of a legend is THE LEGEND OF THE
TAGALOGS.

B. FOLK TALES. Folk tales are made up of stories about life, adventure, love,
horror and humor where one can derive lessons about life. These are useful to
us because they help us appreciate our environment, evaluate our personalities
and improve our perspectives in life. An example of this is THE MOON AND
THE SUN.

C. THE EPIC AGE. Epics are long narrative poems in which a series of heroic
achievements or events, usually of a hero, are dealt with at length. Nobody can
determine which epics are the oldest because in their translations from other
languages, even in English and Spanish. We can only determine their origins
from the time mentioned in the said epics.

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 Aside from the aforementioned epics, there are still other epics that can be read and
studied like the following epics.
a. Bidasari-Moro epic
b. Biag ni Lam-ang-Ilokano epic
c. Maragtas-Visayan epic
d. Haraya-Visayan epic
e. Lagda-Visayan epic
f. Hari sa Bukid-Visayan epic
g. Kumintang-Tagalog epic
h. Parang Sabir-Moro epic
i. “Dagoy”at “Sudsod”-Tagbanua epic
j. Tatuaang-Bagobo epic
k. Indarapatra at Sulayman
l. Bantugan
m. Daramoke-A-Babay –Moro epic in “Darangan”

D. FOLK SONGS. Folk songs are one of the oldest forms of Philippine literature
that emerged in the pre-Spanish period. These songs mirrored the early forms of
culture. Many of these have 12 syllables.

Here are the examples:

a. Kundiman
b. Kumintang o Tagumpay
c. Ang Dalit o Imno
d. Ang Oyayi o Hele
e. Diana
f. Soliraning
g. Talindaw

OTHER FORMS OF PRE-SPANISH POETRY

E. Epigrams, Riddles, Chants, Maxims, Proverbs or Sayings

1. Epigrams (Salawikain). These have been customarily used and served as laws or
rules on good behavior by our ancestors. To others, these are like allegories or
parables that impart lessons for the young.
2. Riddles (Bugtong) or Palaisipan. These are made up of one or more measured lines
with rhyme and may consist of four to 12 syllables.

3. Chant (Bulong). Used in witchcraft or enchantment.

4. Maxims. Some are rhyming couplets with verses of 5, 6 or 8 syllables, each line
having the same number of syllables.

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5. Sayings (Kasabihan). Often used in teasing or to comment on a person’s actuations.
6. Sawikain (Sayings with no hidden meanings)

The Spanish Period (1565-1898)

Activity 2.2

Directions: Arrange the scrambled letters to form a word that describes the meaning.
Write it on the blank provided before the number. (2 points each)

____________________1. HET IONPSA. This is the book about the life and sufferings
of Jesus Christ.
____________________2. THE NAECULOC. – This is a dramatic performance to
commemorate the passion and death of Jesus Christ.
____________________3. NAUPLUUNNAY. - This is a presentation of the search of
the Virgin Mary and St. Joseph for an inn wherein to deliver the baby Jesus.
____________________4. LARUEZAZ. - considered the father of the drama.
____________________5. LAABAIT. - The first Filipino alphabet.
____________________6. NASTBAAGAL. - This is replaced the DUPLO and is held to
honor Francisco “Balagtas” Baltazar.
____________________7. KRAAGNATA. - This is a poetic vehicle of a socio-religious
nature celebrated during the death of a person.
____________________8.IOCTNDAR RTNACISAI. - . It was written by Fr. Juan de
Placencia and Fr. Domingo Nieva, in Tagalog and Spanish.
____________________9. IASTEEN. - this was a short musical comedy popular during
the 18thcentury.
____________________10. ATBIG. - This ritual was brought here by the Spaniard to
remind the people about the search of St. Helena for the Cross on which Jesus died.

Historical Background

It is an accepted belief that the Spanish colonization of the Philippines started in

1565 during the time of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the first Spanish governor-general in
the Philippines. Literature started to flourish during his time. This spurt continued
unabated until the Cavite Revolt in 1872. The Spaniards colonized the Philippines for
more than three centuries. During these times, many changes occurred in the lives of
Filipinos.

They embraced the Catholic religion, changed their names, and were baptized.
Their lifestyles changed too. They built houses mad of stones and bricks, used
beautiful furniture like the piano and used kitchen utensils. Carriages, trains and boats

16
were used as means of travel. They held fiestas to honor the saints, the pope and the
governors. They had cockfights, horse races and the theater as means of recreation.
This gave rise to the formation of the different classes of society like the rich and the
landlords. Some Filipinos finished courses like medicine, law, agriculture and teaching.
Many Filipinos finished their schooling already had been established.

A. SPANISH INFLUENCES ON PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

Due to the long period of colonization of the Philippines by the Spaniards, they have
exerted a strong influence on our literature.

1. The first Filipino alphabet called ALIBATA was replaced by the Roman alphabet.
2. The teaching of the Christian Doctrine became the basis of religious practices.
3. The Spanish language which became the literary language during this time lent many
of its words to our language.
4. European legends and traditions brought here became assimilated in our songs,
corridos, and moro-moros.
5. Ancient literature was collected and translated to Tagalog and other dialects.
6. Many grammar books were printed in Filipino, like Tagalog, Ilocano and Visayan
7. Our periodicals during these times gained a religious tone.

B. THE FIRST BOOKS

1. ANG DOCTRINA CRISTIANA (THE CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE).

This was the first book printed in the Philippines in 1593 in xylography. It was
written by Fr. Juan de Placencia and Fr. Domingo Nieva, in Tagalog and Spanish. It
contained the Pater Noster (Out Father), Ave Maria (Hail Mary), Regina Coeli (Hail Holy
Queen), the Ten Commandments of God, the Commandments of the Catholic Church,
the Seven Mortal Sins, How to Confess, and the Cathecism. Three old original copies
of this book can still be found at the Vatican, at the Madrid Musem and at the US
Congress. It contains only 87 pages but costs $5,000.0.

2. Nuestra Señora del Rosario.

The second book printed in the Philippines was written by Fr. Blancas de San Jose
in 1602, and printed at the UST Printing Press with the help of Juan de Vera, a Chinese
mestizo. It contains the biographies of saints, novenas, and questions and answers on
religion.

3. Libro de los Cuatro Postprimeras de Hombre (in Spanish and Tagalog).

This is the first book printed in typography.
4. Ang Barlaan at Josephat.
This is a Biblical story printed in the Philippines and translated to Tagalog from
Greek by Fr. Antonio de Borja. It is believed to be the first Tagalog novel published in

17
the Philippines even if it is only a translation. The printed translation has only 556
pages. The Ilocano translation in poetry was done by Fr. Agustin Mejia.

5. The Pasion.
This is the book about the life and sufferings of Jesus Christ. It is read only during
Lent. There were 4 versions of this in Tagalog and each version is according to the
name of the writer. These are the Pilapil version (by Mariano Pilapil of Bulacan, 1814),
the de Belen version (by Gaspar Aquino de Belen of Bat. in 1704), the de la Merced (by
Aniceto de la Merced of Norzagaray, Bulacan in 1856) and the de Guia version (by Luis
de Guia in 1750). Critics are not agreed whether it is the Pilapil or the de la Merced
version which is the most popular.

6. Urbana at Felisa.
A book by Modesto de Castro, the so called Father of Classic Prose in Tagalog.
These are letters between two sisters Urbana at Felisa and have influenced greatly the
behavior of people in society because the letters dealt with good behavior.

7. Ang Mga Dalit kay Maria (Psalms for Mary).

A collection of songs praising the Virgin Mary. Fr. Mariano Sevilla, a Filipino priest,
wrote this in 1865 and it was popular especially during the Maytime “Flores de
Mayo”festival.

C. LITERARY COMPOSITIONS

1. Arte y Reglas de la Lengua Tagala (Art and rules of the Tagalog language). Written
by Fr. Blancas de San Jose and translated to Tagalog by Tomas Pinpin in 1610.

2. Compendio de la Lengua Tagala (Understanding the Tagalog language). Written by

Fr. Gaspar de San Agustin in 1703.

3. Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala (Tagalog vocabulary). The first Tagalog dictionary

written by Fr. Pedro de San Buenaventura in 1613.
4. Vocabulario de la Lengua Pampanga (Pampanga vocabulary). The first book in
Pampanga written by Fr. Diego in 1732.

5. Vocabulario de la Lengua Bisaya (Bisayan vocabulary). The best language book in

Visayan by Mateo Sanchez in 1711.

6. Arte de la Lengua Ilokana (The Art of the Ilocano language). The first Ilocano
grammar book by Francisco Lopez.

7. Arte de la Lengua Bicolana (The Art of the Bicol language). The first book in the
Bicol language and written by Fr. Marcos Lisbon in 1754.

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D. FOLK SONGS.

Folk songs became widespread in the Philippines. Each region had its national
song from the lowlands to the mountains of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao.

Folk songs truly manifest the artistic feelings of the Filipinos. They show the
Filipinos’ innate appreciation for and love of beauty. The examples are Leron-Leron
Sinta, Pamulinawen, Dandansoy, Sarong Banggi and Atin Cu Pung Singsing.

E. RECEREATIONAL PLAYS.

There are many recreational plays performed by Filipinos during the Spanish times.
Almost all of them were in poetic form. Here are examples:

1. Tibag – the word tibag means to excavate. This ritual was brought here by the
Spaniard to remind the people about the search of St. Helena for the Cross on which
Jesus died.

2. Lagaylay –this is a special occasion for the Pilareños of Sorsogon during Maytime to
get together.
As early as April, the participating ladies are chosen and sometimes, mothers
volunteer their girls in order to fulfill a vow made during an illness or for a favor
received.
In some parts of Bicol, a different presentation is made but the objective is the same
–praise, respect and offering of love to the Blessed Cross by St. Helen on the
mound she had dug in.

3. The Cenaculo – this is a dramatic performance to commemorate the passion and

death of Jesus Christ. There are two kinds: the Cantada and Hablada. In the
Hablada the lines are spoken in a more deliberate manner showing the rhythmic
measure of each verse and the rhyming in each stanza and is more dignified in
theme; the Cantada is chanted like the Pasion.
The Cenaculo is written in octosyllabic verse, with 8 verses to the stanza. The
full length versions take about 3 nights of staging. Performers come in costumes
with wigs and performers are carefully chosen for their virtuous life. One performs
the role of Jesus Christ and another the role of the Virgin Mary. Many famous
Cenaculo players come from the Tagalog regions although there are also those from
Ilocos, Pampanga, Bicol and both Sibulanon and Hiligaynon.

4. Panunuluyan – this is presented before 12:00 on Christmas Eve. This is a

presentation of the search of the Virgin Mary and St. Joseph for an inn wherein to
deliver the baby Jesus.

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5. The Salubong (or Panubong) - The Salubong is an Easter play that dramatizes the
meeting of the Risen Christ and his Mother. It is still presented in many Philippine
towns.

6. Carillo (Shadow Play) – this is a form of dramatic entertainment performed on a

moonless night during a town fiesta or on dark nights after a harvest. This shadow
play is made by projecting cardboard figures before a lamp against a white sheet.
The figures are moved like marionettes whose dialogues are produced by some
experts. The dialogues are drawn from a Corrido or Awit or some religious play
interspersed with songs.

These are called by various names in different places:

Carillo in Manila, Rizal and Batangas and Laguan; TITRES in Ilocos Norte, Pangasinan,
Bataa, Capiz and Negros; TITIRI in Zambales; GAGALO or KIKIMUT in Pampanga and
Tarlac; and ALIALA in La Union.

7. The Zarzuela – considered the father of the drama; it is a musical comedy or

melodrama three acts which dealt with man’s passions and emotions like love, hate,
revenge, cruelty, avarice or some social or political proble.

8. The Sainete –this was a short musical comedy popular during the 18thcentury.
They were exaggerated comedies shown between acts of long plays and were
mostly performed by characters from the lower classes. Themes were taken from
everyday life scenarios.

F. THE MORO-MORO.

Like the Cenaculo, the Moro-moro is presented also on a special stage. This is
performed during town fiestas to entertain the people and to remind them of their
Christian religion. The plot is usually the same that of a Christian princess or a
nobleman’s daughter who is captured by the Mohammedans. The father organizes a
rescue party where fighting between the Moros and the Christians ensue.

The Mohammedans are defeated by some miracle or Divine Intercession and the
Mohammedans are converted to Christianity. In some instances, the whole kingdom is
baptized and converted. One example of this is Prinsipe Rodante.

G. KARAGATAN.

20
 This is a poetic vehicle of a socio-religious nature celebrated during the death of
a person. In this contest, more or less formal, a ritual is performed based on a legend
about a princess who dropped her ring into the middle of the sea and who offered here
hand in marriage to anyone who can retrieve it.

A leader starts off with an extemporaneous poem announcing the purpose. He

then spins a “lumbo”o “tabo”marked with a white line. Whoever comes in the direction
of the white line when the spinning stops gets his turn to “go into the sea to look for the
ring.”This means a girl will ask him a riddle and if he is able to answer, he will offer the
ring to the girl.

H. DUPLO.

The Duplo replace the Karagatan. This is a poetic joust in speaking and reasoning.
The roles are taken from the Bible and from proverbs and saying. It is usually played
during wakes for the dead.

I. THE BALAGTASAN.

This is a poetic joust or a contest of skills in debate on a particular topic or issue.

This is replaced the DUPLO and is held to honor Francisco “Balagtas” Baltazar.

J. THE DUNG-AW.

This is a chant in free verse by a bereaved person or his representative beside the
corpse of the dead. No definite meter or rhyming scheme is used. The person chanting
it freely recites in poetic rhythm according to his feelings, emotions and thoughts. It is
personalized and usually deals with the life, sufferings and sacrifices of the dead and
includes apologies for his misdeeds.

K. THE AWIT and the CORRIDO.

The awit (Tagalog for "song") is a type of Filipino poem, consisting of 12

syllable quatrains. It follows the pattern of rhyming stanzas established in the Philippine
epic Pasyon. It is similar in form to the corrido. One influential work in the awit form
is Florante at Laura, an 1838 narrative poem by Francisco Balagtas.
Among all the Filipinos the word corrido means an extended narrative of the life and
adventures of some person. In Tagalog the term, if strictly used, is applied only to
poems written in octosyllabic lines. The general Tagalog word for “poem” or “song”
is awit. The other dialects make no such formal distinction between the corrido and
the Buhay.
EXERCISES

21
Activity 2.3

Directions: Answer the ff. questions below. Write the answer on the space provided
before the number.

______________1. The first spanish governor-general in the Philippines.

______________2-3. What are the changes occured in the lives of the Filipinos during
the Spanish Period?
______________4.The first Filipino Alphabet.
______________5.This was the first book printed in the Philippines in 1593 in
xylography.
______________6.This is a book about the life and sufferings of Jesus Christ.
______________7. A book by Modesto de Castro, the so-called Father of Classic Prose
in Tagalog
______________8.This is a presentation of the search of the Virgin Mary and St.
Joseph for an inn therein to deliver the baby Jesus
______________9.This is a short musical comedy popular during the 18thcentury.
______________10.It is a personalized and usually deal with the life, sufferings and
sacrifices of the deed and includes apologies for his misdeeds

Activity 2.4.

Directions: Answer the ff. questions below. Write the answer on the space provided
before the number.

______________1. The first alphabet used by our ancestors was similar to that of the
______.
______________2. What does Maria shouted to Ilog so that he would cut the snake?
______________3.In certain wide region of Luzon, there was a village frequented by
young men. This town was full of trees, beautiful flowers and a river where clear waters
flowed. What attracted the young men more than the scenery?
______________4.The writer of BIAG-Ni Lam-Ang
______________5.Also known as Lullaby
______________6.These have been customarily used and served as laws or rules on
good behavior by our ancestors
______________7.Sayings with no hidden Meanings
______________8.Some are rhyming couplets with verses of 5,6, or 8 syllables, each
lines having the same number of syllables.
______________9.Used in witchcraft or enchantment.
______________10.These are med up of one or more measured lines with rhyme and
may consist of four to twelve syllables.

22
Activity 2.5
Directions: Enumerate what is being asked.
The First Books. Spanish Era Literature
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
6. 6.
7. 7.
Literary Compositions on Spanish Era 8.
1. 9.
2. 10.
2. 11.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Recreational Plays
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

23
Chapter 3 (9-12 Weeks)
Activity 3.1
Directions: Answer the ff. questions below. Write the answer on the space provided.

1. What is Propaganda Movement

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. Who are the Propagandist and Introduce them.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Objectives:
At the end of this Chapter the students can:
a. Discuss the Propaganda Movement
b. Identify the Propagandists and introduce them
c. Enumerate the writings of each Propagandists

Chapter 3: The Period of Enlightenment (1872-1898)

Historical Background
After 300 years of passivity under Spanish rule, the Filipino spirit reawakened
when the 3 priests Gomez, Burgos and Zamora were guillotined without sufficient
evidence of guilt. This occurred on the 17thof February. This was buttressed with the

24
spirit of liberalism when the Philippines opened its doors to world trade and with the
coming of a liberal leader in the person of Governor Carlos Maria de la Torre.
The Spaniards were unable to suppress the tide of rebellion among the Filipinos.
The once religious spirit transformed itself into one of nationalism and the
Filipinos demanded changes in the government and in the church.

A. The Propaganda Movement (1872-1896)

This movement was spearheaded mostly by the intellectual middle-class like
Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar; Graciano Lopez Jaena, Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce,
Jose Ma. Panganiban, and Pedro Paterno. The objectives of this movement were to
seek reforms and changes like the following:
1. To get equal treatment for the Filipinos and the Spaniards under the law.
2. To make the Philippines a colony of Spain.
3. To restore Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes.
4. To Filipinize the parishes.
5. To give the Filipinos freedom of speech, of the press, assembly and for redress of
grievances.

B. Highlights of the Propaganda Movement.

There were three principal leaders of the Propaganda movement. They were
Jose P. Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar and Graciano Lopez Jaena. Here are highlights
about them and what they have done for our country.

DR. JOSE P. RIZAL.

Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado Alonzo y Realonda was born on June 19, 1861 at
Calamba, Laguna. His first teacher was his mother Teodora Alonozo. He studied at the
Ateneo de Manila, started medicine at UST and finished at the Universidad Central of
Madrid. He also studied at the University of Berlin, Leipzig and Heidelberg.
He died by musketry in the hands of the Spaniards on December 30, 1896 on
charges of sedition and rebellion against the Spaniards. His pen-name was Laong
Laan and Dimasalang.

25
His books and writings:
1. NOLI ME TANGERE. This was the novel that gave spirit to the propaganda
movement and paved the way to the revolution against Spain. In this book, he
courageously exposed the evils in the Spanish-run government in the Philippines.
The Spaniards prohibited the reading of this novel but a lot of translations were
able to enter stealthily in the country even if it means death to those caught in
possession of them.
The NOLI gave Philippine literature the immortal characters Maria Clara, Juan
Crisostomo Ibarra, Elias, Sisa, Pilosofong Tasio, Doña Victorina, Kapitana Maria,
Basilio and Crispin, Rizal had a powerful pen in the delineation of these characters.
2. EL FILIBUSTERISMO. This is a sequel to the NOLI.
While the NOLI exposed the evils in society, the FILI exposed those in the
government and in the church. However, the NOLI has been dubbed the novel of
society while that of FILI is that of politics.
3. MI ULTIMO ADIOS (My Last Farewell). This was a poem by Rizal while he was
incarcerated at Fort Santiago and is one that can compare favorably with the best in the
world. It was only after his death when his name was affixed to the poem.
4. SOBRE LA INDOLENCIA DE LOS FILIPINOS (On the Indolence of the Filipinos).
An essay on the so-called Filipino indolence and an evaluation of the reasons for such
allegations.
5. FILIPINAS DENTRO DE CIEN AÑOS (The Philippines within a Century). An essay
predicting the increasing influence of the US in the Philippines and the decreasing
interest of Europe here. Rizal predicted that if there is any other colonizer of the
Philippines in the future, it would be the US.
6. A LA JUVENTUD FILIPINA (To the Filipino Youth). A poem Rizal dedicated to the
Filipino youth studying at UST.
7. EL CONSEJO DE LES DIOSES (The Council of the Gods). An allegorical play
manifesting admiration for Cervantes.
8. JUNTO AL PASIG (Beside the Pasig River). Written by Rizal when he was 14 years
of age.
9. ME PIDEN VERSOS (You asked Me for Verses). 1882 and A LAS FLORES DE
HEIDELBERG (To the Flowers of Heidelberg). Two poems manifesting Rizal’s unusual
depth of emotion.
10. NOTAS A LA OBRA SUCESOS DE LAS FILIPINAS FOR EL DR. ANTONIO DE
MORGA (Notes on Philippine Events by Dr. Antonio de Morga): 1889

26
11. P. JACINTO: MEMORIAS DE UN ESTUDIANTE DE MANILA (P. Jacinto: Memoirs
of a Student of Manila) 1882
12. DIARIO DE VIAJE DE NORTE AMERICA (Diary of a Voyage to North America)

MARCELO H. DEL PILAR

Marcelo H. del Pilar is popularly known for his pen name of Plaridel, Pupdoh,
Piping Dilat and Dolores Manapat. He was born at Cupang, San Nicolas, Bulacan on
August 30, 1850.
His parents were Julian H. del Pilar, noted Filipino writer and Biasa Gatmaita.
His brother was the priest Fr. Toribio del Pilar who was banished to Marianas in 1872.
Because there were many children in the family, Marcelo gave up his share of his
inheritance for his other brothers and sisters.
Marcelo started schooling at the school of Mr. Flores and then transferred to that
of San Jose before UST. His last year in law school was interrupted for 8 years after he
had quarrel with the parish priest during a baptism at San Miguel, Manila in 1880.
He established the Diariong Tagalog in 1883 where he exposed the evils of the
Spanish government in the Philippines and in order to avoid the false accusations
hurried at him by the priests. To avoid banishment, he was forced to travel to Spain in
1888.
He was assisted by Fr. Serrano Laktaw in publishing a different Cathecism and
Passion Book wherein they made fun of the priests. They also made the DASALAN AT
TOCSOHAN and KAIINGAT KAYO taken from the word IGAT, a kind of snake fish
caught in politics. •
Upon his arrival in Spain, he replaced Graciano Lopez Jaena as editor of LA
SOLIDARIDAD, a paper which became the vehicle thru which reforms in the
government could be worked out. This did not last long for he got sick and even to
reach Hong Kong from where he could arouse his countrymen. He died of tuberculosis
in Spain but before he died, he asked his companions to tell his wife and children that
he was sorry he wasn’t able to bid them goodbye; to tell others about the fate of our
countrymen and to continue helping the country.
Plaridel has truly earned a niche in the history of our nation. Even today,
countless streets have been named after him. The former Kingwa has been named
Plaridel, the Malolos High School is now Marcelo H. del Pilar High School and above all,
his patriotism and bravery will remain alive in our memories.

27
Writings of Marcelo H. del Pilar:
1. PAGIBIG SA TINUBUANG LUPA (Love of Country). Translated from the Spanish
AMOR PATRIA of Rizal, published on August 20, 1882, in Diariong Tagalog.
2. KAIINGAT KAYO (Be Careful). A humorous and sarcastic dig in answer to Fr. Jose
Rodriquez in the novel NOLI of Rizal, published in Barcelona in 1888. He used Dolores
Manapat as pen-name here.
3. DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN (Prayers and Jokes). Similar to a cathecism but
sarcastically done agains the parish priests, published in Barcelona in 1888. Because
of this, del Pilar was called “filibuster.”Done in admirable tone of supplication and
excellent use of Tagalog.
4. ANG CADAQUILAAN NG DIOS (God’s Goodness). Published in Barcelona, it was
also like a cathecism sarcastically aimed against the parish priests but also contains a
philosophy of the power and intelligence of God and an appreciation for and love for
nature.
5. SAGOT SA ESPANYA SA HIBIK NG PILIPINAS (Answer to Spain on the Plea of
the Filipinos). A poem pleading for change from Spain but that Spain is already old and
weak to grant any aid to the Philippines. This poem is in answer to that of Hermenigildo
Flores’Hibik sa Pilipinas (A Plea from the Philippines).
6. DUPLUHAN…DALIT…MGA BUGTONG (A poetical contest in narrative sequence,
psalms, riddles). A compilation of poems on the oppression by the priests in the
Philippines.
7. LA SOBERANIA EN PILIPINAS (Sovereignty in the Philippines). This shows the
injustices of the friars to the Pilipinos.
8. POR TELEFONO (By Telephone)
9. PASIONG DAPAT IPAG-ALAB NG PUSO NG TAONG BABASA (Passion that
should arouse the hearts of the readers) GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA (1856-1896)

GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA

A most notable hero and genius of the Philippines, Graciano Lopez Jaena was
born on December 18, 1856 and died on January 20, 1896.
The pride of Jaro, Iloilo, he won the admiration of the Spaniards and Europeans.
He is a known writer and orator in the Philippines. He wrote 100 speeches which were
published by Remigio Garcia, former bookstore owner in Manila Filatica and which are
still read up to no by modern Filipinos. Lopez Jaena left the Philippines in 1887 with the
help of Don Claudio Lopez, a rich uncle, in order to escape punishment form his
28
enemies and arrived at Valencia, the center of the Republican movement of the
Spaniards. He gained the acquaintance of the high officials like Piy Margall, Morayta,
Moret, Castelar, and Salmeron.
From Valencia, he moved to Barcelona where he established the first magazine
LA SOLIDARIDAD. This later became the official voice of the Association Hispano de
Filipinas (a Filipino-Spanish Association) composed of Filipinos and Spaniards who
worked for reforms in the Philippines. Because of this, Jaena successfully showed the
Spaniards and the people of the world how a newspaperman can introduce changes in
law and reforms towards a better life and progress. Jaena, although he didn’t become a
professor, was also a teacher in a sense to his friends and relatives in the Philippines.
Like Antonio Maria Regidor, Tomas G. del Rosario and Felipe Calderon, he
stood for the separation of church and state for free education, better government and
schools, freedom of worship and for an independent and free university. He sided with
Rizal in the controversy between Rizal and del Pilar over who should head the
Association Hispano de Filipinas in Madrid. He returned to the Philippines to ask for
donations to continue a new government called El Latigo Nacional or Pambansang
Latigo. He sold the rights of La Solidaridad ot del Pilar who had become a lawyer and
had brought in money from his sojourn in Spain.
Graciano Lopez Jaena died in a charity hospital in Barcelona on January 20,
1896, eleven months before his best friend Rizal was shot at the Luneta on December
30, 1896.

A. The Works of Graciano Lopez Jaena

1. ANG FRAY BOTOD (Friar Botod). One of his works written in Jaro, Iloilo in 1876,
six years after the Cavite Revolt attacking the friars in the Philippines. He exposed how
some of the friars were greedy, ambitious and immoral.
2. LA HIJA DEL FRAILE (The Child of the Friar) and EVERYTING IS HAMBUG
(Everything is mere show). Here Jaena explains the tragedy of marrying a Spaniard.
3. SA MGA PILIPINO...1891…A speech which aimed to improve the condition of the
Filipinos to become free and progressive.
4. TALUMPATING PAGUNITA KAY KOLUMBUS (An Oration to Commemorate
Columbus). A speech he delivered in Madrid on the 39thanniversary of the discovery of
America
5. EN HONOR DEL PRESIDENTE MORAYTA DE LA ASSOCIACION HISPANO
FILIPINO 1884. Here he praised Gen. Morayta for his equal treatment of the Filipinos.

29
6. EN HONOR DE LOS ARTISTAS LUNA Y RESURRECCION HIDALGO. A sincere
expression of praise for the paintings of Hidalgo on the condition of the Filipinos under
the Spaniards.
7. AMOR A ESPAÑA O A LAS JOVENES DE MALOLOS (Love for Spain or To the
Youth of Malolos). The theme is about how girls were taught Spanish in schools and
whose teachers were the governors-general of the place.
8. EL BANDOLERISMO EN PILIPINAS (Banditry in the Philippines). Jaena refuted
the existence of banditry in the Philippines and of how there should be laws on robbery
and other reforms.
9. HONOR EN PILIPINAS (Honor in the Philippines). The triumphant exposition of
Luna, Resurrecion and Pardo de Tavera of the thesis that intellect or knowledge gives
honor to the Philippines.
10. PAG-ALIS SA BUWIS SA PILIPINAS (Abolition of Taxes in the Philippines)
11. INSTITUCION NG PILIPINAS (Sufferings of the Philippines). Jaena refers here to
the wrong management of education in the Philippines 1887.

B. OTHER PROPAGANDISTS

ANTONIO LUNA - Antonio Luna was a pharmacist who was banished by the
Spaniards to Spain. He joined the Propaganda Movement and contributed his writings
to LA SOLIDARIDAD. Most of his works dealt with Filipino customs and others were
accusations about how the Spaniards ran the government. His pen name was
Tagailog. He died at the age of 33 in June 1899. He was put to death by the soldiers of
Aguinaldo because of his instant rise to fame which became a threat to Aguinaldo.
Some of his works are:
1. NOCHE BUENA (Christmas Eve). It pictured true Filipino life.
2. SE DEVIERTEN (How They Diverted Themselves). A dig at a dance of the
Spaniards where the people were very crowded.
3. LA TERTULIA FILIPINA (A Filipino Conference or Feast). Depicts a Filipino custom
which he believed was much better than the Spanish.
4. POR MADRID (For Madrid). A denouncement of Spaniards who claim that the
Philippines is a colony of Spain but who think of Filipinos as foreigners when it comes to
collecting taxes for stamps.
5. LA CASA DE HUEPEDES (The Landlady’s House). Depicts a landlady who looks
for boarders not for money but in order to get a husband for her child.

30
MARIANO PONCE - Mariano Ponce became an editor-in-chief, biographer and
researcher of the Propaganda Movement. He used Tikbalang, Kalipulako, and Naning
as pennames. The common themes of his works were the values of education. He
also wrote about how the Filipinos were oppressed by the foreigners and of the
problems of his countrymen.
Among his writings were:
1. MGA ALAMAT NG BULACAN (Legend of Bulacan). Contains legends, and
folklores of his native town.
2. PAGPUGOT KAY LONGINOS (The Beheading of Longinos). A play shown at the
plaza of Malolos, Bulacan.
3. SOBRE FILIPINOS (About the Filipinos)
4. ANG MGA PILIPINO SA INDO-TSINA (The Filipinos in Indo-China)

PEDRO PATERNO - Pedro Paterno was a scholar, dramatic, researcher and novelist
of the Propaganda Movement.
He also joined the Confraternity of Masons and the Asociacion Hispano-Pilipino
in order to further the aims of the Movement. He was the first Filipino writer who
escaped censorship of the press during the last day of the Spanish colonization.
The following were a few of his writings:
1. NINAY. The first social novel in Spanish by a Filipino.
2. A MI MADRE (To My Mother). Shows the importance of a mother especially in the
home.
3. SAMPAGUITA Y POESIAS VARIAS (Sampaguitas and Varied Poems). A
collection of his poems.

JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN - Jose Ma. Panganiban hid his identity behind his penname
JORMAPA. He was also known for having photographic mind. He was a member of a
number of movements for the country.
Some of his writings were:
1. ANG LUPANG TINUBUAN (My Native Land)
2. ANG AKING BUHAY (My Life)
3. SU PLANO DE ESTUDIO (Your Study Plan)

31
4. EL PENSAMIENTO (The Thinking)
C. Period of Active Revolution (1896-1898)

Historical Background
The Filipinos did not get the reforms demanded by the propagandists. The
government turned deaf ears to these petitions; oppression continued and the church
and the government became even more oppressive to the Filipinos. The good
intentions of Spain were reversed by the friars who were lording it over in the
Philippines. Because of this, not a few of the Filipinos affiliated with the La Liga Filipina
(a civic organization suspected of being revolutionary and which triggered Rizal’s
banishment to Dapitan). Like Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Apolinario Mabini, Jose
Palma, and Pio Valenzuela decided that there was no other way except to revolt.
The gist of literature contained mostly accusations against the government and
was meant to arouse the people to unite and to prepare for independence.

D. Highlights of the Active Revolution

The noted leaders of this period were Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto and
Apolinario Mabini. These are their contributions to our country.

ANDRES BONIFACIO - Andres Bonifacio is best known as the Father of Filipino

Democracy, but more than others, as the Father of the Katipunan because he led in
establishing the Kataas-taasan, Kagalanggalanga Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan
(KKK). Andres Bonifacio came from a poor family and it is said that what he learned he
got from the school of experience. He was a voracious reader and among those he
loved to read which aroused his revolutionary spirit were the NOLI and the FILI of Rizal.
He joined the La Liga Filipina founded by Rizal in 1892. He established the
Katipunan which triggered the spirit of freedom especially when Rizal was banished to
Dapitan, Mindanao.
Bonifacio is better known as the great Revolutionary rather than a writer but he
also wrote things which paved the way for the revolution and which also became part of
our literature.
Among his works were:
1. ANG DAPAT MABATID NG MGA TAGALOG (What the Tagalogs Should Know)
2. KATUNGKULANG GAGAWIN NG MGA ANA NG BAYAN (Obligations of Our
Countrymen). This is an outline of obligations just like the 10 commandments of God.

32
3. PAG-IBIG SA TINUBUAN LUPA (Love of One’s Native Land). A poem with a title
similar to that of Marcelo H. del Pilar.
4. HULING PAALAM (Last Farewell). A translation of Mi Ultimo Adios of Rizal in
Tagalog.

APOLINARIO MABINI - Apolinario Mabini is known in literature and history as the

Sublime Paralytic and the Brains of the Revolution.

EMILIO JACINTO - Emilio Jacinto was the intelligent assistant of Andres Bonifacio in
the establishment of the Katipuna. He is called the Brains of the Katipunan. He edited
Kalayaan (Freedom) a Katipunan newspaper. Bonifacio withdrew his writing of the
Kartilya in deference to Jacinto’s work as secretary of the Katipunan. His Kartilya was
the one followed by the members of the organization.
Here are few of his writings:
1. KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN (A primer book on the Katipunan)
2. LIWANAG AT DILIM (Light and Darkness). A collection of essays on different
subjects like freedom, work, faith, government, love of country.
3. A MI MADRE (To My Mother). A touching ode to his mother.
4. A LA PATRIA (To My Country). His masterpiece.
He was born in Talaga, Tanauan, Batangas on July 22, 1864. Because he was
born of a poor family he had to work in order to study. He became known to his
professors and classmates at Letran and the UST because of his sharp memory and
the simple clothes he used to wear throughout his schooling. He became the right-hand
of Emilio Aguinaldo when the latter founded his Republic in Malolos. His contributions
to literature were writing on government society, philosophy and politics.
Here are some of his works:
1. EL VERDADERO DECALOGO (The True Decalogue or Ten Commandments). This
was his masterpiece and his aim here was to propagate the spirit of nationalism.
2. EL DESAROLLO Y CAIDA DE LA REPUBLICA (The Rise and Fall of the Philippine
Republic)
3. SA BAYANG PILIPINO (To the Filipino Nation)
4. PAHAYAG (News) OTHER REVOLUTIONISTS

33
JOSE PALMA - Jose Palma became popular because of his Himno Nacional Filipino
(The Philippine National Anthem) which was set to music by Julian Felipe.
He was born in Tondo, Manila on June 6, 1876. His brother Rafael Palma
became the president of the UP. He joined the revolution against the Americans
together with Gregorio del Pilar, the youngest Filipino general who died during the
revolution. Aside from the National Anthem,
Here are his other works:
1. MELANCOLIAS (Melancholies). A collection of his poems.
2. DE MI JARDIN (In My Garden). A poem expressing one’s longings for his
sweetheart.

NEWSPAPERS DURING THE REVOLUTION

In the effort of the Revolutionists to spread to the world their longings for their
country, many newspapers were put up during the Revolutionary period.
They were:
1. HERALDO DE LA REVOLUCION. Printed the decrees of the Revolutiary
Government, news and works in Tagalog that aroused nationalism.
2. LA INDEPENDENCIA (Independence). Edited by Antonio Luna and whose aim was
for Philippine Independence.
3. LA REPUBLICA PILIPINA (The Philippine Republic). Established by Pedro Paterno
in 1898.
4. LA LIBERTAD (Liberty). Edited by Clemente Zulueta.

34
EXERCISES

Activity 3.1
Directions: Answer the ff. questions below. Write it on the space provided before the
number.
_________________________1. How does the filipino spirit reawaken after 300 years
of passivity under spanish rule?
_________________________2-3. Give 2 objectives of Propaganda Movement to seek
reforms and changes.
_________________________4. This is a sequel for the NOLI ME TANGERE
_________________________5. Marcelo H. Del Pilar established the _______in 1882,
where he expressed the evils of the spanish government in the Philippines
_________________________6. This became the official voice of the Associacion
Hispano de Filipinas
_________________________7. He is the Father of Filipino Democracy and the Father
of the Katipunan
_________________________8. He is the Brains of the Katipunan
_________________________9. The Sublime Paralytic and the Brains of the
Revolution
_________________________10. He became popular because of his Himno Nacional
Filipino (The Philippine National Anthem)

Activity 3.1.
Directions: Give atleast 3 writings of the Filipino Propagandists and explain briefly the
message that they want to convey on the said writing.

DR. JOSE P. RIZAL.

1.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

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2.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

MARCELO H. DEL PILAR

1.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

2.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA

1.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

2.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

36
3.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

ANTONIO LUNA
1.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

2.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

JOSE PALMA
1.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

2.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

37
MARIANO PONCE
1.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

2.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

PEDRO PATERNO
1.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

2.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

38
JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN
1.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

2.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

39
 REFERENCES

https://www.slideshare.net/EksDhiee/the-philippine-literature
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awit_(poem)
https://www.tagaloglang.com/metrical-romances-awit-at-korido/#:~:text=The
%20common%20generic%20name%20for,and%20adventures%20of%20some
%20person.&text=The%20general%20Tagalog%20word%20for,or
%20%E2%80%9Csong%E2%80%9D%20is%20awit.

Prepared by: Reviewed by:

SHIENNA MAE G. BATISLAONG REBECCA T. SUMAYLO, Ph.D.

Subject Teacher Vice President for Admin, Finance and Dev’t.
Recommending Approval: Approved by:

ENGR. STELLA D. MUYCO, DIT BONIFACIO E. VALDEZ, M.D., PhD.

Vice President for Academics. President and Chairman of the Board

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