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Building Web Applications Using Servlets - Java30

Web / HTTP Overview JavaTM Education and Technology Services Copyright(c) Information Technology institute. Servlets Technology is used to build Web Applications Using servlets Technology. The following are examples of request headers: Accept: text / plain ;text / html (note : type /, / ) Accept-language: en-ar Accept-Encoding: gzip connection : keep-alive Host : www.iti.gov.eg or localhost

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Building Web Applications Using Servlets - Java30

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JavaTM Education & Technology Services

Building Web Applications Using Servlets Technology

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Copyright Information Technology Institute 1

Table of Contents Chapter 1: Web/HTTP Overview Chapter 2: Servlets Technology Chapter 3: How to write servlets code? Chapter 4: Accessing Databases with JDBC Chapter 5: Getting Familiar with HTTP package Chapter 6: Session Management

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Chapter 1
Web/HTTP Overview

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Chapter 1 Outline
Overview of HTTP Protocol Request and Response System Architectures Developing Web Applications in Java

Different Web Technologies

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HTTP
What is HTTP?
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol. Stateless Protocol. Basic Scenario.

HTTP components:
HTTP Request. HTTP Response.

Request or Response consists of three main parts:

Response or Request Line. Header information. The Body.

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HTTP
1.Establishes Tcp/Ip connection.

Server

Client

2.Sends Request.
3.Receives Response.

Web Server

Client Browser

4.Closes connection.

URL

http://163.121.12.2/webindex
Protocol Actual Path URI

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HTTP Request HTTP Request consists of 3 components:

1.Method-URI-Protocol/Version
Methods could be : Get ,Post, Head,Put,Trace, Options

Example:
Get /servlet /default.jsp HTTP/1.1 Post / servlet /index.jsp HTTP/1.1

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HTTP Request contd

2.Request Headers :
Indirectly set by the browser and sent immediately after the request line. The following are examples of request headers:
Accept: text/plain ;text/html (Note : type/* , */*) Accept-language: en-ar Accept-Encoding : gzip Connection : keep- Alive Host : www.iti.gov.eg or localhost:8080 Referer : http://www.mcit.gov.eg/main.htm User-agent : Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1) Content-length : 33 (in case of POST) If-Modified-Since: specified date If-Unmodified-Since : Sat, 29 Oct 1994 19:43:31 GMT Cookie: userID=id456578

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HTTP Request contd

3. Entity Body (in case of POST method): UserName=ITI & Password =iti
Username Password ITI *** Sign in

Note: If the GET method was used:

There will be no entity body. URL in the address bar of the browser will look something like: www.sitename.com/MyServlet? userName=ITI&password=iti

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HTTP Response
HTTP Response consists of 3 components: 1. Response Line (Protocol/Version Status Code Description):
Examples:
HTTP/1.1 200 HTTP/1.1 404 OK error

Status Code Ranges: 100-199 informational, the client must respond with an action 200-299 : request is successful 300-399 : for Redirection , it includes a Location header indicating the new address 400-499 :indicates an error by the client 500-599 : indicates an error by the server
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HTTP Response (contd) 2.Response Headers

Server: Tomcat/5.5 Date: Mon, 3 Jan 2006 13:13:33 GMT Content-Type: text/html Last-Modified: Mon, 11 Jan 2005 13:23:42 GMT Content-Length: 112 Content-Encoding = gzip

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HTTP Response (contd) 3.Entity Body

<HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE>HTTP Response Example </TITLE> </HEAD> <BODY> Welcome to servlets and jsp course </BODY> </HTML>

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System Architecture
Typically we got 3 logical layers between client browser and web server :
Handle UI & User Interaction Presentation Programming logic Business logic Data Base Acess The data layer

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Types of Architecture Two- Tier Architecture: Three-Tier Architecture:

Fat client (Presentation & Business logic). Disadvantages. Presentation layer. Business logic layer. Data layer.

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System Architectures contd

N-Tier Architecture:
Provides more flexibility in modules development. The business logic layer is divided by function instead of being physically divided. It is divided into:
User interface. Presentation logic. Business logic. Infrastructure services. Data layer.

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Developing Web Applications in java Web Server architecture:

Web Server

ASP
Web container

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Developing Web Applications in java

Browser J2EE

Mobile

HTTP XML

Web Tier

Business
Desktop RMI

COBOL
Legacy SOAP

EJB Container

SOAP

Application Server
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Web Technologies

CGI (Common Gateway Interface) Cold Fusion Server Side Java Script (SSJS) PHP Servlet JSP ASP ASP.NET
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Chapter 2
Servlets Technology

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Chapter 2 Outline
Advantages of Servlets

Servlet Container
Servlet Life Cycle Building and Deploying a Web Application

The Deployment Descriptor

Tomcat Web Server Structure First Servlet Example
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What is a Servlet?

Browser

Servlet

Client info (host name, form data)

Request

Process results (access database) Format results and produce HTML Send page back to client

Success or failure

Response

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What is a Servlet? (contd)

A Servlet is a Java program that runs on a server, that produces dynamic pages typically in response to client requests. Servlet main jobs:
It reads and process implicit and explicit data sent by the client Send the implicit / explicit data to the client with a proper format

Its not restricted to HTTP requests

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Advantages of Servlets
Performance
Portability (supported by many web servers) Rapid development cycle (rich library , high-level utilities)

Secure
Inexpensive

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Servlet Container What is a Servlet container ? Its actually the interface between the servlet class and the client requests. Is a container that is responsible for
loading , processing and unloading the servlets. Managing servlets.

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Servlet Container (contd)

Servlet Container
Request
Request HTTP Response

Servlet

Web Server

Response

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Servlet Container contd

Well known servlet containers:
Tomcat JRun WebSphere Glassfish OC4J (Oracle) StarNine WebStar

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How Servlets works?

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Servlets Life Cycle

1 Load

2 Initialize init()

3 Execute service()

4
Destroy destroy()

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Building & Deploying a Web Application

A servlet or JSP application must have a folder named WEB-INF. The WEB-INF folder must contain the following:
classes folder: it holds the servlets after compilation (i.e. the .class file of each servlet), and any helper classes or beans. lib folder: it holds helper classes that are packaged inside a jar file. web.xml file: which is the deployment descriptor of the whole web application.

The web application may also contain html pages, jsp pages, tld files (tag library descriptors), images or any other resource files.
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What is the deployment descriptor ? Contains meta-data for a Web Application and that is used by the container when loading a Web Application.
It identifies all the elements contained in the web application for the servlet container to be able to know them It maps them into URL patterns to be able to call them as clients It contains configuration settings specific to that application.

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Deployment Descriptor - Example

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> <!DOCTYPE web-app PUBLIC "-//Sun Microsystems, Inc.//DTD Web Application 2.3//EN" "http://java.sun.com/dtd/web-app_2_3.dtd"> <web-app> <servlet> <servlet-name>Testing</servlet-name> <servlet-class>TestingServlet</servlet-class> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>Testing</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/MyURL</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> <welcome-file-list> <welcome-file>index.html</welcome-file> <welcome-file>index.htm</welcome-file> <welcome-file>index.jsp</welcome-file> </welcome-file-list> </web-app>
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Tomcat Web Server Structure

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First Servlet Example

To develop the first servlet application, you have to go through the following 6 steps:
1. Create the necessary directory structure under tomcats webapps folder. 2. Write your servlet code (.java). 3. Compile your servlet (produce .class). Remember that we have to include the servlets and jsp libraries in the class path. This is done by doing either of the following:
javac -classpath C:\tomcat\common\lib\servlet-api.jar TestingServlet.java Or permanently referring to the jar files in the classpath environment variable of the operating system. Or put the two jar files in the JDK Installation folder, under ../jre/lib/ext. Or include the two jar files to your project (if you are using an IDE).

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First Servlet Example contd

4. Create the deployment descriptor (web.xml) file:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> <!DOCTYPE web-app PUBLIC "-//Sun Microsystems, Inc.//DTD Web Application 2.3//EN" "http://java.sun.com/dtd/web-app_2_3.dtd"> <web-app> <servlet> <servlet-name>MyServletName</servlet-name> <servlet-class>myPkg.MyServlet</servlet-class> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>MyServletName </servlet-name> <url-pattern>/MyServletURL</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> </web-app>

5. Run Tomcat. 6. Open your browser (e.g. Internet Explorer) and invoke the servlet using its specific URL (http://domain-name/virtual-directory/servlet-url) Example: http://localhost:8080/iti/MyServletURL
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Chapter 3
How to write servlets code?

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Chapter 3 Outline
Servlets package structure

javax.servlet package
Servlet Interface ServletConfig Interface The ServletContext Interface The ServletRequest Interface The ServletResponse interface The GenericServlet Wrapper class

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Servlet Package Structure

javax.servlet

http

JSP

tagext

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javax.servlet.*

Some basic interfaces :

Servlet ServletConfig ServletContext ServletRequest ServletResponse SingleThreadModel Request Dispatcher

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javax.servlet.* (contd)

Some basic classes :

GenericServlet ServletInputStream ServletOutputStream

The Exception Classes are:

ServletException UnavailableException

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Servlet Interface

Servlet : its the basic interface , any servlet must implements it directly or indirectly It consists of 5 main methods :
init (ServletConfig config) service( ServletRequest , ServletResponse) destroy() getServletConfig() getServletInfo()

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Servlet Example
The following code is a typical implementation of the interface:
import javax.servlet.*; import java.io.*; public class MyServlet implements Servlet { public void init(ServletConfig config) throws ServletException { System.out.println("I am inside the init method"); } public void service(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { response.setContentType("text/html"); Write to the response PrintWriter out = response.getWriter(); out.println(<br>Welcome to Servlets and JSP Course"); System.out.println("I am inside the service method"); }
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Servlet Example contd

public void destroy() { System.out.println(I am inside the destroy method"); } public String getServletInfo() { return null; } public ServletConfig getServletConfig() { return null; } }
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SingleThreadModel Interface
The SingleThreadModel interface is used to prevent simultaneous access to instance variables by multiple threads. Only one request thread accesses a single instance of the servlet at a time. The server queues the requests and passes them one at a time to a single servlet instance. Or the server creates a pool of multiple instances, each handles one request at a time.(however, unsafe).
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SingleThreadModel Interface contd

It became deprecated starting servlet 2.4 It caused latency and bad performance in case of high traffic servlets. Instead, the better approach is to synchronize the part of the code that manipulates the shared data:
synchronized(this) { String id = "User-ID-" + nextID; out.println(id); nextID = nextID + 1; }
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ServletConfig Interface
The ServletConfig interface is used by a servlet to obtain any configuration information written specifically for it in the deployment descriptor file (web.xml). It is passed by the servlet container to the init(..) method as parameter. Such configuration information is better written in the xml file instead of hard coding it inside the servlets code. Such approach makes it easy to alter such information after the servlets source code has been compiled. Each servlet is passed its own set of configuration parameters.
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ServletConfig Interface contd

Configuration parameters (init params) can be written inside the web.xml file as follows:
<servlet> <servlet-name>MyServlet</servlet-name> <servlet-class>ServletConfigTest</servlet-class> <init-param> <param-name>AdminEmail</param-name> <param-value>admin@iti.gov</param-value> </init-param> </servlet>

The whole <init-param> tag is repeated for each parameter.

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ServletConfig Interface contd

The ServletConfig interface has 4 methods:
Enumeration getInitParmeterNames() String getInitParameter(String paramName) String getServletName() ServletContext getServletContext()

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ServletConfig Example
The following code demonstrates the use of the config:
public class ServletConfigTest implements Servlet { ServletConfig myConfig; public void init(ServletConfig config) throws ServletException { myConfig = config; } public void service(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { String str = myConfig.getInitParameter(AdminEmail); PrintWriter out = response.getWriter(); out.println (The administrator email is: + str); } }
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Lab Exercise

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Assignment

Use servletConfig to pass variables from web.xml to the servlet and display it in the response.
Like DB connection Statement. DB user name and password.
<init-param> <param-name> DatabaseAddress </param-name> <param-value> 163.121.12.25 </param-value> </init-param>

<init-param> <param-name> userName </param-name> <param-value> iTi </param-value> </init-param> <init-param> <param-name> password </param-name> <param-value> iTi </param-value> </init-param> JavaTM Education & Technology Services
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ServletContext Interface
The context is the environment in which the servlets of a web application run. There is only one context per web application (i.e. all the servlets of a web application have references to the same context). The deployment descriptor (web.xml) can include tags (context params) that are general for the whole web application. The ServletContext interface defines a set of methods that a servlet uses in order to obtain such context parameters.
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ServletContext Interface contd

Moreover, a servlet can also bind an object attribute to the context (a pair: name and object value), which will be available to any other servlet that is part of the same web application.

In order to obtain a reference to the context, the following method of the ServletConfig interface is used: ServletContext getServletContext()

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ServletContext Interface contd

Context parameters of a web application (context params) can be written inside the web.xml file as follows:
<web-app> <context-param> <param-name>DollarExchangeRate</param-name> <param-value>5.6</param-value> </context-param> . . . . </web-app>

The whole <context-param> tag is repeated for each parameter. It should be placed at the beginning of the file.
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ServletContext Interface contd

Commonly used methods:
Enumeration getInitParameterNames() String getInitParameter(String paramName) Enumeration getAttributeNames() Object getAttribute(String attName) void setAttribute(String attName, Object value) void removeAttribute(String attName) void log(String msg)

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Example
public class servletContext implements Servlet { ServletConfig sConf; public void init(ServletConfig config) throws ServletException { sConf = config; } public void service(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response)throws ServletException, IOException { ServletContext servletContext = sConf.getServletContext(); PrintWriter out = response.getWriter(); String str= servletContext. getInitParameter(AdminEmail); out.println(AdminEmail is: " + str); } ..}
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Example
public class servletContext implements Servlet { ServletConfig sConf; public void init(ServletConfig config) throws ServletException { sConf = config; } public void service(ServletRequest request,ServletResponse response)throws ServletException, IOException { ServletContext servletContext = sConf.getServletContext(); PrintWriter out = response.getWriter(); servletContext.setAttribute(MyPassword,iti); } ..}
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Setter Servlet

Example
public class servletContext implements Servlet { ServletConfig sConf; public void init(ServletConfig config) throws ServletException { sConf = config; } public void service(ServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response)throws ServletException, IOException { ServletContext servletContext = sConf.getServletContext(); PrintWriter out = response.getWriter(); String str= servletContext.getAttribute(MyPassword); out.println(MyPassword is: " + str); } ..}

Getter Servlet

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Config & Context

The Servlet Container
ServletContext ServletContext

Servlet1

Servlet2

Servlet1

Servlet2

ServletConfig1

ServletConfig1
ServletConfig2

ServletConfig2

Web Application 2
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Web Application 1
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Lab Exercise

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Assignment

Sharing info between servlets: A servlet will assign a username and password attributes , and another servlet will display it Your servlets should read the initialized parameters given to them by <context-param> tag in web.xml
<context-param> <param-name>Country</param-name> <param-value>Egypt</param-value> </context-param>

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ServletRequest Interface
The ServletRequest defines an object that is used to hold information coming from the user's request, including parameter name-value pairs, attributes, and an input stream. Commonly used methods:
Enumeration getParameterNames() String getParameter(String paramName) String[] getParameterValues(String paramName) String getRemoteHost()

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Sending Request Parameters to a Servlet

The <form> tag in HTML is used as follows:
<html> <head> <title> Sending parameters in the request </title> </head> <body> <form ACTION=MyFirstServletURL METHOD=Get"> Author : <Input TYPE=text" NAME=MyName"> < Input TYPE="SUBMIT" VALUE="Submit"> < Input TYPE="RESET" VALUE="Reset"> </form > </body > </html > GET /MyFirstServlet HTTP/1.1 ? MyName=ITIStudent
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Sending Request Parameters to a Servlet contd

In order for the servlet to get the parameters from the request, the following code is written in the service(..) method:
public void service(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { PrintWriter out = response.getWriter(); String str = request.getParameter(MyName"); out.println(The user input is: + str); }

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ServletResponse Interface
The ServletResponse interface defines an object that carries the servers response to the user (i.e. back to the clients browser). Commonly used methods:
PrintWriter getWriter() setContentType(String mimeType) setContentLength(int len)

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ServletResponse Example
Sending response in Excel Sheet Format:
public void service(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { response.setContentType("application/vnd.ms-excel"); PrintWriter out = response.getWriter(); out.println("\t jan \t feb \t march \t total"); out.println("salary \t100 \t200 \t300 \t=sum(B2:D2)"); }

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GenericServlet Wrapper Class

The GenericServlet class is a convenient class that implements the Servlet interface. It overrides the required 5 methods, and hence makes your code simpler (i.e. you extend the class and only override the necessary methods).

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Chapter 4
Accessing Databases with JDBC

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Chapter 4 Outline
Review on JDBC Steps to Work with a Database Sample Applications of Database Operations Online SQL Tool

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Review on JDBC
JDBC API: set of Java interfaces for connecting to any DBMS and executing SQL statements. Packages are:
java.sql package: basic functionalities. javax.sql package: advanced functionalities.

JDBC Driver: Vendor-specific implementation of JDBC interfaces. Every DBMS has JDBC driver(s). Connection String: A special DBMS-specific string that is used to connect to the database, for example:
MS Access: jdbc:odbc:DataSourceName Oracle (thin): jdbc:oracle:thin:@host:port:sid

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Steps to Work with a Database

1. 2. 3. 4. Load (register) the JDBC driver. Obtain a connection. Execute query statements. Process results if any (ResultSet).

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Steps to Work with a Database contd First Step:

Put the driver (if jar file) in WEB-INF/lib for deploying (and in CLASSPATH environment variable for development). The driver could also be put in the common/lib folder (will be common among all web applications). Register an object of the driver, for example: DriverManager.registerDriver( new sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver());

Second Step:
Obtain the connection through the Connection interface, for example: Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection( "jdbc:odbc:mydsn",userName",password");

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Steps to Work with a Database contd

Third Step:
Create a statement and execute queries using either executeUpdate(..) or executeQuery(..), for example: Statement s = connection.createStatement(); ResultSet rs= s.executeQuery(select * from Emp);

Fourth Step:
After obtaining the ResultSet, extract data through the getter methods, for example:
while(rs.next()) { out.println(rs.getInt(1) + : + rs.getString( FNAME )); }

Note: You can get information about the retrieved ResultSet by using the method: getMetaData()
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Steps to Work with a Database contd

Do not forget to close the connection.

By default, only one ResultSet object per Statement object can be open at the same time. If the default ResultSet object is obtained, then columns within each row should be read in left-to-right order, and each column should be read only once.

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Inserting Records into the Database

You can insert records using the following SQL statement:
insert into Users (FirstName, LastName, UserName, Password) values(JETS, ITI, jets, iti)

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Searching for Records in a Database

You can write an SQL statement that searches for a certain name in the database:
select FirstName, LastName, UserName, Password FROM Users WHERE FirstName LIKE '%keyword% OR LastName LIKE '%keyword%'

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Online SQL Tool

You can now create an online SQL tool that executes any query on the database and display the result in a text area.

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Lab Exercise

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Submit User Details to a Servlet

Registration : ( add a user to the database)
Write an HTML page that has text input fields for the users data (e.g. name, phone, email, etc), along with a submit button. Upon pressing the submit button, the page should send the data to a servlet. The servlet should then get the parameters from the request and add them to the data base(i.e. show that it were add or not in the response that is returned back to the user).

Login :
Write an HTML page that has two text input fields for the users name and mail, along with a submit button. Upon pressing the submit button, the page should send the data to a servlet. Checking the username and password against the database.
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Submit User Details to a Servlet

Display: Bonus
develop a servlet that views data of the products from the database (id, in a well formatted HTML table.

Search: Bonus
develop a search servlet for products.

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Response in Different Formats

Develop different servlets that send response in different mime types (e.g. excel sheet, word document, etc). Hint: Search on tshe internet for names of famous mime types.

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Chapter 5
Getting Familiar with HTTP Package

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javax.servlet.http.*

HTTPServlet GenericServlet HTTPServletRequest ServletRequest HTTPServletResponse ServletResponse

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javax.servlet.http.* (contd)

Some basic interfaces

HttpServletRequest HttpServletResponse HttpSession

Classes
Cookie HttpServlet

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The HTTPServlet Class It extends from javax.servlet.GenericServlet It contains extra methods like :
doPost() doGet () doOptions() doPut() doDelete() doTrace()

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The HTTPServlet Class (contd)

Server
Request

HttpServlet
doGet()

service()

Response

doPost()

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HttpServlet Example
The following code demonstrates the use of the doGet(..) method:
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { response.setContentType(text/html); PrintWriter out = response.getWriter(); out.println("<HTML>"); out.println("<BODY>"); out.println("The servlet has received a GET request." + "Now, click on the button below."); out.println("<BR>"); out.println("<FORM METHOD=POST>"); out.println("<INPUT TYPE=SUBMIT VALUE=Submit>"); out.println("</FORM>"); out.println("</BODY>"); out.println("</HTML>"); }
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HttpServlet Example contd

The following code demonstrates the use of the doPost(..) method:
public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { response.setContentType("text/html"); PrintWriter out = response.getWriter(); out.println("<HTML>"); out.println("<HEAD>"); out.println("<TITLE>The POST method</TITLE>"); out.println("</HEAD>"); out.println("<BODY>"); out.println("The servlet has received a POST request. Thank you."); out.println("</BODY>"); out.println("</HTML>"); }
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HttpServletRequest Interface
Common methods:
Enumeration getHeaderNames() String getHeader(String headerName) Enumeration getHeaders(String headerNames) String getQueryString() HttpSession getSession(boolean create) Cookie[] getCookies()

Remember, methods inherited from ServletRequest:

Enumeration getParameterNames() String getParameter(String paramName) String[] getParameterValues(String paramName)

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HttpServletResponse Interface
Common methods:
setStatus(int statusCode) sendRedirect(String newLocation) sendError(int statusCode, String msg) addCookie(Cookie cookie) setHeader(String headerName, String value) setIntHeader(String headerName, int value) setDateHeader(String headerName, long milliseconds)

Remember, methods inherited from ServletResponse:

PrintWriter getWriter() setContentType(String mimeType) setContentLength(int len)
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Status Code
You have to set the status code and response headers before writing any document content to the response that will be sent back to the client. For the parameter of setStatus(..) method, you can either use explicit numbers of your own, or use the static constant values defined in the HttpServletResponse interface (e.g. for status code 404 use SC_NOT_FOUND).

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Lab Exercise

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Assignment

Display Headers of the request sent to your servlet

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Assignment

Registration : add a user the database. Continue the login assignment of the last chapter by checking the username and password against the database instead of hard coding the check inside the servlet.
User the request dispatchers forward method to direct the user to a success page or failure page. Display :develop a servlet that views data employees data from the database (id, name, email, salary, etc) in a well formatted HTML table:
Provide the ability to add a new employee, edit, or delete an existing one.

Search: develop a search servlet ( Bouns )

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The sendRedirect Method

The sendRedirect(..) method is used to redirect the browsers client to go to another page other than the one originally requested. This is useful in several situations, for example:
If the requested page has been migrated to another server or url. Deciding which page the user will be transferred to after successful login. Checking if the browser enables the use of cookies.

The location parameter can either be the relative URL of a page or its fully qualified URL.

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The sendRedirect Method contd

The sendRedirect(..) method makes a round trip to the client and then back to the server. A brand new request object is created, and the previous one is lost. Any data written to the response before calling it will be lost. If the calling servlet wishes to maintain some information from the old request and propagate it to the new request, then you can pass the information as a query string appended to the destination URL:
response.sendRedirect("MySecondServlet?userName=" + userName + "&password=" + password);
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sendRedirect Example
The following code demonstrates the use of sendRedirect(..) method:
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { . . out.println(<FORM method= POST>); out.println("<BR> Username: <INPUT TYPE=TEXT NAME=userName>"); out.println("<BR> Password: <INPUT TYPE=PASSWORD NAME=password>"); out.println("<BR> <INPUT TYPE=SUBMIT VALUE=Submit>"); out.println("</FORM>"); . . }
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sendRedirect Example contd

public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { . . String userName = request.getParameter("userName"); String password = request.getParameter("password"); if(userName!=null && password!=null && userName.equals(user") && password.equals(iti")) { response.sendRedirect("WelcomeServletURL"); } else { out.println(Login Failed, please try again.); } . . }
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Sending Special Characters

Some characters have special meanings to HTML, for example < and >. To be able to display such characters in your response, you have to encode them as follows:
< is replaced by: &lt > is replaced by: &gt White spaces are replaced by: &nbsp & is replaced by: &amp is replaced by: &quot

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Populating HTML Elements with Values

Explicit values example:

out.println("<INPUT TYPE=TEXT NAME=userName VALUE=ITI >"); OR out.println("<INPUT TYPE=TEXT NAME=userName VALUE=\ ITI \ >");

Using variables example:

out.println("<INPUT TYPE=TEXT NAME=userName VALUE= " + userName + " >");

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Response Buffer
For committing a response, a servlet sends the string output only once when it finishes processing or when the buffer is full. Enabling/Increasing the size of the response buffer is useful in enhancing the servlets performance in case of large response content. It is ON by default and the default size is 8192 characters You can can specify the buffer size of the response, using the method: response.setBufferSize(..)

Note: Call this method before writing any output to the response.
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RequestDispatcher Interface
The RequestDispatcher interface has 2 methods only:

include(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response) forward(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response)

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RequestDispatcher - include
The include(..) method is used to include the output of another servlet or the content of another page (html, JSP, etc) to the current servlet. This technique is famously used in websites to include a certain header or footer to all the pages of the website. It may also be used to include some common JavaScript functions to many web pages. The original servlet can write to the response before and after the included servlet or page writes to the response.
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RequestDispatcher - forward
The forward(..) method passes the processing of an HTTP request from the current servlet to another servlet or JSP (i.e. gives up the control for another servlet or jsp). It is up to the new servlet or JSP to write to the response object and then commit it to the client. Any output written to the response object by the original servlet will be lost (i.e. dont write to the response before forwarding to another servlet). The original servlet can perform some initial tasks on the request object before forwarding it (e.g. put additional attributes on it, which will be used by the new servlet or jsp).
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Using RequestDispatcher
There are two ways to get a dispatcher for the desired destination servlet or page. Either from the request, or from the context. From the ServletRequest:
getRequestDispatcher(String path)
//relative path or fully qualified path

From the ServletContext:

getRequestDispatcher(String fullPath)
// fully qualified path within the context, beginning with /

getNamedDispatcher(String servletName)
// the servlet name in the web.xml file
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Using RequestDispatcher - Example

The following code demonstrates the use of the RequestDispather: RequestDispatcher rd = request.getRequestDispatcher("SecondServletURL"); rd.include(request, response);

OR:
rd.forward(request, response); Note: If you use include or forward from a doPost method, then the doPost method of the second servlet will be invoked. If you use them from a doGet method, then the doGet method of the second servlet will be invoked. Therefore, it is advisable to implement both doGet and doPost in the destination servlet (write the code in one of the two methods, and call it from the other method).
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Page Transfer through RequestDispatcher

Include headers and footers to your page

PrintWriter out = response.getWriter(); // add Header out.println(This the Header"); // real processing request.setAttribute("username",ITI"); RequestDispatcher rd = request.getRequestDispatcher("DispatcherServlet2"); rd.include(request, response); // back to add footer out.println(This the Footer");

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sendRedirect VS forward
sendRedirect(..):
goes through a round trip to the client side then back to the server. The clients original request will be lost. To pass information, append a query string to the new locations URL.

forward(..):
Redirects the request internally inside the server. Both the request and the response are passed to the new resource.

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Lab Exercise

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Login and Error Servlets

Update a login page (either an html page or a dynamic page generated by the doGet(..) method of a servlet). Upon submitting the login form, the user should be redirected to a welcome servlet (in case of successful login). If the login data is incorrect,display a colored error message on the login page.

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Including Header and Footer

Create header page and a footer page and then include them in your servlet (at the beginning and end). Bonus

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Forwarding to Another Servlet

Create a servlet that forwards to another servlet. Try to make the first servlet write to the response before forwarding it to the second servlet, and then see what happens.

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Chapter 6
Session Management

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Chapter 6 Outline
Session Management Techniques URL Rewriting

Hidden Fields Cookies

Session Objects
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Session Management
Session management is the ability to keep track of (maintain) the users state through several web pages. Remember: the problem with the HTTP protocol is that it is a stateless protocol. Session management is very useful for the following:
Identifying (remembering) the user during ecommerce sessions. Remembering usernames and passwords throughout multiple pages. Customizing websites view according to users preferences. Focused advertising.

The main idea of maintaining a session is to send a certain token (identifier) with the response.
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Session Management Techniques

The following techniques can be used separately or cooperatively in order to maintain the clients information throughout the entire session:
URL rewriting. Hidden fields. Cookies. Session objects.

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URL Rewriting
URL rewriting is simply appending token(s) to the URL of the next page or servlet. It starts by a question mark Tokens are strings in the form of parameter=value Tokens are separated by an ampersand (&) It is an easy way but has the following concerns:
Supports up to 2000 characters only. The parameters are exposed in the URL. You will need to encode special characters (e.g. spaces to + and special characters to %XX).

Example:
http://www.site.com/mySerevlet?param1=value1&param2=value2
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Hidden Fields
Forms can include hidden fields among the normal input fields.

Therefore, information can be stored in hidden fields and then retrieved from the request in the next page or servlet. The concern is that the user can view the values of the hidden fields by viewing the html source of the page from within the browser.
Example:
out.print("<INPUT TYPE=HIDDEN Name=id VALUE= +myId+ ">");

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Cookies
A cookie is a small piece of information (name and value) that is passed back and forth in the HTTP request and response. The cookie sent by a servlet to the client will be passed back to the server when the client requests another page from the same application. Cookies are represented as a class in the HTTP package.

To create a cookie you write such code:

Cookie c1 = new Cookie("myCookieName", myValue");

Niether the name nor the value can contain commas, semicolons, white space, nor begin with a $ character.
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Cookies contd
To add a cookie to the response:
response.addCookie(c1);

To retrieve a cookie from the request:

Cookie[] cookies = request.getCookies(); if(cookies != null) { for (int i=0; i<cookies.length; i++) { Cookie cookie = cookies[i]; out.println("<B>Cookie Name:</B> " + cookie.getName() + "<BR>"); out.println("<B>Cookie Value:</B> " + cookie.getValue() + "<BR>"); } }
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Cookies contd
Cookies must be added to the response before writing any other response elements. Advantages of cookies:
The values of the cookies are not directly visible. You don't need to use a form tag. Cookies are not a serious security threat.

Concerns about cookies:

The user has the choice to set the browser to refuse cookies. Privacy: if another user has access to the PC, then he may be able to view the values of stored cookies on the hard disk. Therefore, make sure not to write critical information in the cookie. (Anyway, theres no security without physical security).
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Cookies contd
You can detect whether a browser enables cookies or not, and display a message that asks the user to enable cookies. To detect this, you can do the scenario of adding a cookie to the response of the first servlet, then redirecting to a second servlet that checks the existence of the cookie in the request. To redirect the clients browser to another page you can use either of the following:
response.sendRedirect(..) <META HTTP-EQUIV=Refresh CONTENT=time to wait ;URL=url>

Note: in both cases you have to use a relative URL, not a fully qualified one.
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Cookies contd
A cookie can either be stored on session level or on persistence level. A session level cookie is a cookie that is stored in the browsers memory and deleted when the user quits the browser. A persistent cookie is stored on the clients hard disk. To make your cookie persistent, use the method setMaxAge(int seconds) before adding it to the response. Example: c1.setMaxAge(60*60*24*7); // One week
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Session Objects
The best and most powerful was is to use session objects (defined by the HTTPSession interface). For each user, the servlet container can create an HttpSession object that is associated with that user only. A session object acts like a Hashtable into which you can store any number of key/object pairs. It is accessible from other servlets or jsp pages in the same application (per user).

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Session Objects Basic Scenario

Servlet1

1
1234

Servlet2 3 Browser

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Session Objects Basic Scenario contd

The basic scenario of creating and then using a session object is as follows:
1. A session object is created by Servlet1 (using the getSession(..) method), where a unique session identifier is generated for it (e.g. jsessionid=1234). 2. Servlet1 implicitly sends the session identifier to the client browser.
3. When the client browser requests another resource from the same application, such as Servlet2, the session identifier is implicitly sent back to the server and passed to Servlet2 in the request object. 4. For Servlet2 to access the session object of this particular client, it uses the getSession(..) method which automatically retrieves the session identifier from the request and gains access to the specific session object associated with that session identifier.
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Session Objects - Example

In doPost(..) method of the LoginServlet:
// After user enters correct login information HttpSession session = request.getSession(true); session.setAttribute("loggedIn", new String("true")); response.sendRedirect("ContentServletURL");

In doGet(..) method of the ContentServlet:

HttpSession session = request.getSession(false); if (session == null) response.sendRedirect(LoginServletUrl); else { String loggedIn = (String) session.getAttribute("loggedIn"); if (!loggedIn.equals("true")) response.sendRedirect (loginServletUrl); }
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HttpSession
Common methods:
Enumeration getAttributeNames() Object getAttribute(String key) void setAttribute(String key, Object value) void removeAttribute (String key) // e.g. log out long getCreationTime() String getId() long getLastAccessedTime() void setMaxInactiveInterval(int seconds) int getMaxInactiveInterval() ServletContext getServletContext() void invalidate() boolean isNew()

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Invalidating a Session
A session can become invalid in 3 cases:
The default session timeout has elapsed (configured in the servlet container for all web applications). The maximum inactive interval time of the session has elapsed (specified by calling the method setMaxInactiveInterval(..)). The programmer decides to invalidate a session (by calling the invalidate() method).

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Lab Exercise

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1. Testing if browser enables cookies

Implement the cookie testing scenario by developing a servlet that adds a cookie to a response and then redirecting to another servlet that attempts to retrieve the cookie.

If the user has disabled the use of cookies, send him an error message asking him to enable cookies. Bonus

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2. User login
Keep user s login information on the session and access it in another page

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References & Recommended Reading Core Servlets and JSP. Java for the Web with Servlets, JSP, and EJB. Manning JSTL in Action. Sun presentations. Oracle presentations. SCJWD study guide.

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