KMJ16803 INTRODUCTION TO

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

Introduction to Algorithm and

C Programming
Mrs Siti Kamariah Md Sa’at
FTKK, UniMAP
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 C Program structures & data types

 Input & output statements
 Basic Operator
 Logic & comparison
 Programming Errors
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Example 1
 Write an algorithm that display a message to the screen
as “Hello World!”.

Pseudo Code Flow Chart

Begin
• Begin
• Print Message Print “Hello World!”
• End

End
Lets use your Codeblock IDE
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Example 1
 Write a C program that display a message to the screen as
“Welcome to C!”.
Simple C Program
Flow Chart
#include<stdio.h>
Begin
int main(void)
{
Print “Welcome to C!”
printf(“Welcome to C!");

return 0;
End }
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1 /* Figure 1 prog01.c
2 First program in C */
3 #include<stdio.h>
4
5 /* function main begin program execution */
6 int main(void)
7 {
8 printf(“Welcome to C!\n”);
9 return 0;
10 /* indicate that the program ends successfully */
11} /* end function main */
12
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1 /* Figure 1 prog01.c
2 First program in C */
3 #include<stdio.h>
4
5 /* function main begin program execution */
6 int main(void)
7 {
8 printf(“Welcome to C!\n”);
9 return 0;
10 /* indicate that the program ends successfully */
11
12} /* end function main */
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 Starts with /* and terminates with */

OR
 Character // starts a line comment, if several lines, each line
must begin with //
Example : // comment1
// comment2
 Ignored by compiler
 Help other people read and understand the program
 Comments cannot be nested /* /* */*/
 /* some comment /* trying to nest other comment */ inside */
 WRONG!!
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1 /* Figure 1 prog01.c
2 First program in C */
3 #include<stdio.h>
4
5 /* function main begin program execution */
6 int main(void)
7 {
8 printf(“Welcome to C!\n”);
9 return 0;
10 /* indicate that the program ends successfully */
11
12} /* end function main */
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 An instruction to pre-processor
 Standard library header: <stdio.h> , <math.h>
 E.g.

#include <stdio.h> /* for standard input/output */

#include <stdlib.h> /* Conversion number-text vise-versa,
memory allocation, random numbers */
#include <string.h> /* string processing */
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1 /* Figure 1 prog01.c
2 First program in C */
3 #include<stdio.h>
4
5 /* function main begin program execution */
6 int main(void)
7 {
8 printf(“Welcome to C!\n”);
9 return 0;
10 /* indicate that the program ends successfully */
11
12} /* end function main */
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 C programs contain one or more functions, exactly one of which must be

main
 Braces ( { and } ) indicate a block
 The bodies of all functions must be contained in braces
 At a minimum, the main() function looks like this:
main()
{

}
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1 /* Figure 1 prog01.c
2 First program in C */
3 #include<stdio.h>
4
5 /* function main begin program execution */
6 int main(void)
7 {
8 printf(“Welcome to C!\n”);
9 return 0;
10 /* indicate that the program ends successfully */
11
12 } /* end function main */
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 printf() Escape Effect

Sequence
 Instructs computer to print the string of \a Beep sound
characters within quotes (“ ”) \b Backspace
 Entire line called a statement \f Formfeed (for printing)
\n New line
 All statements must end with a
semicolon (;) \r Carriage return
\t Tab
 \n is an escape sequence \v Vertical tab
 moves the cursor to the new line \\ Backslash
\” “ sign
\o Octal decimal
\x Hexadecimal
\O NULL
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1 /* Figure 1 prog01.c
2 First program in C */
3 #include<stdio.h>
4
5 /* function main begin program execution */
6 int main(void)
7 {
8 printf(“Welcome to C!\n”);
9 return 0;
10 /* indicate that the program ends successfully */
11
12 } /* end function main */
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A way to exit a function

 return
0, in this case, means that the program terminated
normally
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/*First program in C*/

#include<stdio.h>

/*Program execution begins with main function*/

int main(void)
{
printf starts printing from where the
/*Display Welcome to C*/ statement ended, so the text is printed
printf("Welcome ");
on one line
printf("to C!\n");

/* Indicates program ended succesfully */

return 0;
Note:
}/* end function main */ printf(“Welcome
to C!\n");

→ this is WRONG:
/*First program in C*/
#include<stdio.h>

/*Program execution begins with main function*/

int main(void)
{ newline character moves the
cursor to the next line
/*Display Welcome to C*/
printf("Welcome\nto\nC!\n");

/* Indicates program ended succesfully */ Note: In general, it’s better

programming practice to put newlines
return 0; only at the end, not in the middle,
because in the middle they can be
}/* end function main */ difficult for programmers to see.
printf( “ Welcome \n ”);
printf(“ to \n ”);
18
printf(“ C! \n ”);
 Using open source IDE
platform (Code Block) to
write C program

 Run and execute the

program by clicking
“Build and Run” button
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Data Types
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 C has a concept of 'data types' which are used to define a variable

before its use
 Data types determine the following:
• Type of data stored
• Number of bytes it occupies in memory
• Range of data
• Operations that can be performed on the data
 C has the following basic built-in data types
• int
• float
• double
• char
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Modifiers alter the meaning of the base type to more

precisely fit a specific need
C supports the following modifiers along with data
types:
• short
• long
• signed
• unsigned
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 intis used to define integer numbers (whole numbers,

both positive and negative)
 An example of an integer value is 5, 6, 100, 2500.
 An example of declaring an integer variable called age is
int age;
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 long int - allowing an integer to be stored in more

memory locations thereby increasing its effective range so
that very large integers can be stored

 short int - may or may not have a smaller range than

normal int variables, however will not take up more bytes
than int

 unsigned (positive values only) - negative integers cannot

be assigned to unsigned integers, only a range of positive
values
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 float is used to define floating point numbers, both positive and

negative
 Typical floating point values are 1.73 and 1.932e5 (1.932 x 105).
 An example of declaring a float variable called x is

float x;
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 double is used to define BIG floating point numbers, both

positive and negative, which have a higher precision than
float variables.

 An example of declaring a double variable called voltage :

double voltage;
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 The three C floating point types are:

 float

 double

 long double

 In general, the accuracy of the stored real values

increases as you move down the list
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 char defines characters

 Example of characters:
 Numeric digits: 0 - 9
 Lowercase/uppercase letters: a - z and A - Z
 Space (blank)
 Special characters: , . ; ? “ / ( ) [ ] { } * & % ^ < > etc
 An example of declaring a character variable called
letter: The declared character must
be enclosed within a single
char letter = ‘U’; quote!
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 Variables: locations in memory where a value can

be stored
 A quantity that can change during program
execution
 Hold the data in your program
 All variables in C must be declared before use
 If an executable statement references and
undeclared variable it will produce a syntax
(compiler) error
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 Identifiers: Variable names

 Valid : dA, dB, dSum, Root, _getchar, __sin, x1, x2, x_1
 Invalid: 324, short, price$, My Name
 case sensitive (a1 and A1 is different!)
 can consist of capital letters[A..Z], small letters[a..z],
digit[0..9], and underscore character (_) that does not
begin with a digit
 First character MUST be a letter or an underscore
 No blanks
 Reserved words cannot be identifiers
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 Reserved words / Keywords are reserved identifiers that have

strict meaning to the C compiler.
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 float fIncome; float fIncome, fNet_income;

float fNet_income;

 double dBase, dHeight, dArea;

 int iIndex =0, iCount =0;

Declare and initialize
 char cCh=‘a’, cCh2;

 const float fEpf = 0.1, fTax = 0.05;

Named constant declared and

initialized
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 Variables may be given initial values, or initialized, when

declared. Examples:
length
int length = 7 ; 7

diameter
float diameter = 5.9 ; 5.9

initial
char initial = ‘A’ ; ‘A’
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 A constant is a named or unnamed value, which does not change

during the program execution
 The C language supports two types of constants
 declared constants
 const double dPi=3.141592
 const int iDegrees=360;
 const char cQuit=‘q’;

 defined constants : You may also associate constant using #define preprocessor
directive
 #define N 3000
 #define FALSE 0
 #define PI 3.14159
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Formatted Input and Output

Statement
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 Example of printf() statement In C language, “printf” command is used to
display any message or output to the screen.
printf("Sum is %d\n",sum); The format of printf is:
printf(“The text to be displayed”);
Output:
Sum is 66
 When the printf is executed, it starts printing the until it
encounters a % character (conversion specifier)
 The %d means decimal integer will be printed
 sum specifies what integer will be printed

 Calculations can be performed inside printf statements

printf( "Sum is %d\n", integer1 + integer2 );
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scanf is a function in C which allows the programmer to accept

input from user usually from a keyboard.
scanf("%d" , &dA );

 This scanf statement has two arguments

 %d - indicates data should be a decimal integer
 &dA - location in memory to store variable
 & - have to be included with the variable name in scanf statements
 When executing the program the user responds to the scanf statement by
inserting a number, then pressing the enter (return) key
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 Common Conversion Identifier used in printf and scanf

functions.

printf scanf
int %d %d
float %f %f
double %f %lf
char %c %c
string %s %s
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#include<stdio.h> Output for the source

int main() code:
{
int a=7;

printf("%d\n”,a); 7
printf("%3d\n”,a); 7
printf("%03d\n”,a); 007
return 0;

}
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#include<stdio.h> Output for the source code:

int main()
{ 7
int a=7; 7
printf("%d\n”,a); 0 0 7
printf("%3d\n”,a);
%d : Print as decimal integer
printf("%03d\n”,a);
%3d : Print three digits (positions)
return 0; %03d : Print the output with a width of
} three digits, but fill the space with 0
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#include<stdio.h> Output for the source

int main() code:
{ 15.350000
float a=15.35; 15.3500
printf("%f\n”,a); 15.35
printf("%.4f\n”,a);
%f print as a floating point
printf("%4.2f\n”,a); %.4f print as a floating point with a
return 0; precision of four characters
after the decimal point
}
%4.2f print as a floating point at
least 4 wide and a precision
of 2
 THANK YOU

PLEASE SCAN YOUR ATTENDANCE