Prelimlectures

Significant Figures
• All non-zero numbers ARE significant.

198.2  4 sign.
• Zeros between two non-zero digits ARE significant.
202  3 sign.
• Leading zeros are NOT significant.
0.003  1 sign.
• Trailing zeros to the right of the decimal ARE significant.
0.0030  2 sign.
• Trailing zeros in a whole number with the decimal shown ARE significant.
123.0  4 sign.
Significant Figures
• Trailing zeros in a whole number with no decimal shown are NOT significant.
1230  3 sign.
• For a number in scientific notation: N x 10x, all digits comprising N ARE significant by
the first 6 rules; "10" and "x" are NOT significant.
1.52 x 10²²  3 sign.
• ± least decimal places

• x / least significant figures
Significant Figures
• 0.0050 2 significant figures
• 1.010 4 significant figures
• 900 1 significant figure
• 900.0 4 significant figure
• 0.009 1 significant figure
System of Real Numbers
• System of Real Numbers (C)
Real (R) Imaginary (I)

Ex. −1 or i
Rational (Q) Irrational (H)

π, 2, non-repeating decimals
Integers (Z) Fractions, repeating decimals
Natural Numbers (N) Negative integers
Whole Numbers (W) Zero (0)

Last digit of a number raised to nth power
• Find the last digit of 7295 x 3158
For 7295
Step 1. Identify the pattern of the last digit Therefore, four (4) counts
71 = 7
72 = 49 If raised to 1, then the answer is 7
76 = 117649
77 = 823543 Step 2. Then, let “n” be divided by the
78 = 5764801 number of counts, which is four
295/4 = 73 r. 3
Therefore, last digit of 7295 is 3.
For 3158
Step 1. Identify the pattern of the last digit Therefore, four (4) counts
31 = 3
36 = 729
37 = 2187 Step 2. Then, let “n” be divided by the
38 = 6561 number of counts, which is four
158/4 = 39 r. 2
Therefore, last digit of 3158 is 9.
For 7295 = 3 and For 3158 = 9
3 x 9 = 27 , last digit is 7.
Algebraic Expressions
• For Addition
Word Problem Algebraic Expression

The sum of 3 and a number 3+n or n+3
7 more than a number n+7
A number plus 2 n+2
A number increased by 8 n+8
Add 9 to a number n+9
Joe is 9 years older than Drew who n+9
is “n” years old
Jenna’s salary is raised by 1000 s+1000
• For Subtraction

A number minus 6 n-6
9 less than a number n-9
Subtract 10 from a number n-10
A number decreased by 5 n-5
Joe is 9 years younger than n-9
Drew who is “n years old
Jenna’s salary is lowered by s-1000
1000
• For Multiplication

5 times a number 5n
The product of 3 and a number 3n
Twice a number 2n
A number doubled 2n
A number multiplied by 8 8n
2/3 of a number 2n/3
• For Division

A number divided by 2 n/2
4 divided into a number n/4
The quotient of a and b a/b
The ratio of a and b a/b
Factor Theorem
• Factor Theorem: Ax2 + Bx + C = 0
C = (±X1) (±X2)
Let f(±X1 or 2), equation must be equal to 0
Example: Identify the factors of x2 + x -12 = 0
Let C = (±4) (±3) or (±2) (±6) or (±1) (±12)
Use (+4):
(4)2 + (4) – 12 = 8 NO
Use (-4):
(-4)2 +(-4) – 12 = 0 YES, -4 is a factor
Then use +3; (3)2 +(3) – 12 = 0
Factors, -4 and 3
Sum or Product of Roots
• Sum or Product of Roots: Ax2 + Bx + C = 0
𝐵
Sum = -
𝐴
𝐶
Product = (-1)n *
𝐴
Example 1: What is the sum of the roots of 9x2 - 3x -12 = 0

Let B = -3
Let A = 9
(−3) 1
Therefore, Sum = - =
9 3
Sum or Product of Roots
• Sum or Product of Roots: Ax2 + Bx + C = 0
𝐵
Sum = -
𝐴
𝐶
Product = (-1)n *
𝐴
Example 2: What is the product of the roots of 9x2 - 3x -12 = 0

Let C = -12
Let A = 9
Let n = 2
−12 4
Therefore, Product = (-1)2 * =−
9 3
Remainder Theorem
• Remainder Theorem: f(x) / (Ax – B)
𝐵
Remainder = f( )
𝐴
• Or through synthetic division
• Depressed equation  equation formed after synthetic div.
• Example: Determine the remainder when x2 + 3x + 4 = 0 is divided by (x + 2)

f(x) = x2 + 3x + 4 = 0
(Ax – B) = (x + 2)
Let A = 1
Let B = -2
Remainder Theorem
• Remainder Theorem: f(x) / (Ax – B)
𝐵
Remainder = f( )
𝐴
Let A = 1 Let B = -2
𝐵 𝐵
Then x2 + 3x + 4 = 0  ( )2 + 3( ) + 4
𝐴 𝐴
−2 2 −2
Remainder =( ) + 3( ) + 4
1 1
=2
Remainder Theorem
• Remainder Theorem: Synthetic Division
x2 + 3x + 4
x+2 -2 1 3 4
-2 -2
multiply 1 1 2
2
Therefore, R = 2 or
𝑥+2
Binomial Expansion
• rth term = nC(r-1)(ax)n-(r-1) (by)(r-1)
• Properties of Binomial Expansion

o The total number of terms in the expansion of (x+y)n are (n+1)
o The sum of exponents of x and y is always n.
o The binomial coefficients which are equidistant from the beginning and from the ending
are equal.
Binomial Expansion
o The binomial coefficients which are equidistant from the beginning and from the ending
are equal.
Example 1: Expand (4x + 2y)3

1 (4x)3 3(4x)2 (2y)1 3(4x)1 (2y)2 1 (2y)3
= 64x3 + 96x2y + 48xy2 + 8y3

Binomial Expansion
3 𝑎
Example 2: In the expression (𝑥 + )10 , what is the term involving 𝑥 2
𝑥
Therefore,
𝑎
nC(r-1)(ax)n-(r-1) (by)(r-1)  10C(r-1)(𝑥 3 )10-(r-1) ( )(r-1)
𝑥
𝑥2 =
𝑎
(𝑥 3 )10-(r-1) ( )(r-1) Coefficient Equate to 𝑥 2
𝑥
𝑥2 = 𝑥 33−3𝑟 (𝑥 −1 )(r-1) (𝑎)(r-1)
2 = (33-3r) + (-r+1)
Therefore r = 8
Binomial Expansion
3 𝑎
Example: In the expression (𝑥 + )10 , what is the term involving 𝑥 2
𝑥
Note that r = 8
𝑎
Going back to the formula  10C(8-1)(𝑥 3 )10-(8-1) ( )(8-1)
𝑥
𝑎
Simplifying, 10C7(𝑥 3 )3( )(7)
𝑥
Therefore, 120𝑥 9 𝑎7 𝑥 −7
Answer is, 120𝒙𝟐 𝒂𝟕
Sum of the Coefficients
• Sum of the Coefficients: (ax ± by)n
S.o.C. = f(1)n - f(0)n
Example: Determine the sum of the coefficients of (4x + 5y - 4)4

Let f(1) - f(0)  (4(1) + 5(1) - 4)4 - (-4)4
S.o.C. =369
Sum of the Exponents
• Sum of the Exponents: (axm ± byn)P
𝑃
S.o.E. = (m+n)( )(1+P)
2
S.o.E. = (SoE inside)[(P+r-1)Cr] for multiple variables
C  combination, r = no. of terms, including the constant, if any
Example 1: Determing the S.o.E. of the equation (x2 + y3)6
𝑃
S.o.E = (m+n)( )(1+P)
2
6
S.o.E = (2+3)( )(1+6)
2
S.o.E = 105
Sum of the Exponents
• Sum of the Exponents: (axm ± byn)P
𝑃
S.o.E. = (m+n)( )(1+P)
2
S.o.E. = (SoE inside)[(P+r-1)Cr] for multiple variables
C  combination, r = no. of terms, including the constant, if any
Example 2: Determing the S.o.E. of the equation (x2 + y3+z+4)5
S.o.E = (SoE inside)[(P+r-1)Cr]
S.o.E = (2 + 3 +1)[(5+4-1)C(4)] Note of the parentheses
S.o.E = (6)[70]
S.o.E = 420
Quadratic Equation
• Quadratic Equation: Ax2 + Bx + C = 0
• Quadratic Formula:
Discriminant : B2 – 4AC
B2 – 4AC = 0 Only one root (real and equal)
B2 – 4AC > 0 Roots are real and unequal
B2 – 4AC < 0 Roots are imaginary and unequal
Negative Reciprocal of Quadratic Roots
• Negative Reciprocal of Quadratic Roots
Example: (x+2)(x-5)
1 1
N.R.o.Q.R. (x- ) (x+ )
2 5
Laws of Exponents (Index Law)
• xn = x⋅x⋅x...(n factors) 𝑥 𝑥𝑛
• ( )𝑛 =
𝑦 𝑦𝑛
• xm⋅xn=xm+n
• x−n = 1/xn and 1/x−n=xn
• (xm)n=xmn
• x0=1, provided x≠0.
• (xyz)n=xnynzn
• (xm)1/n=(x1/n)m=xm/n
𝑥𝑚
• =xm−n • xm/n=
𝑛
𝑥𝑚
𝑦𝑛
• If xm=xn, then m=n provided x≠0.
Example: Can you determine the value of “r” in the equations 2r-1 and 8r-5 ?
Solution: 2r-1 = 8r-5
2r-1 = 23(r-5)
r – 1 = 3(r-5)
r=7
Properties of Logarithms
• If y=ax, then logay=x. ← Definition of logarithm
• logaxy=logax+logay • If logax=logay, then x=y.
𝑥
• log 𝑎 = logax−logay • If logax=y, then x=antilogay.
𝑦
• logaxn = nlogax
• logaa=1 • Log 329.65 = 2.5180
• loga1=0 = 2 + 0.5180
• log10x=logx ← Common logarithm • 2 is the characteristic.
• logex=lnx ← Naperian or natural logarithm • 0.5180 is the mantissa.
log 𝑥 ln 𝑥
• logyx= = ← Change base rule
log 𝑦 ln 𝑦
Properties of Radicals
𝑛
• 𝑥 = x1/n
𝑛
• 𝑥 𝑚 = ( 𝑛 𝑥 )𝑚 = xm/n
𝑛
• 𝑥 𝑛
𝑦= 𝑛
𝑥𝑦
𝑛
𝑥 𝑛 𝑥
• 𝑛 𝑦 =
𝑦
𝑚+𝑛 𝑚𝑛
1 1
• 𝑛
𝑥 𝑚
𝑥= x1/n ⋅x1/m = 𝑥 ( Τ𝑛+ Τ𝑚) = 𝑥 𝑚𝑛 = 𝑥 (𝑚+𝑛)
𝑛 𝑚−𝑛
𝑥 ( 1Τ − 1Τ ) 𝑚𝑛
• 𝑚 = x1/n ÷x1/m = 𝑥 𝑛 𝑚 = 𝑥 𝑚𝑛 = 𝑥 (𝑚−𝑛)
𝑥
• ( 𝑛 𝑥)𝑛 =x
DISMISS
Clock problems
2
• Minutes = (⦨reference ± ⦨required)
11
⦨ref is the initial ⦨ between Mhand and Hhand
⦨required is the final ⦨ between Mhand and Hhand
+ if Mhand and Hhand will “coincide” or “coincided” during the process
- if not
Therefore, + Therefore, -
• 1 movement of second hand:

𝑀 𝐻
S= 1 = 1 ; One movement of S is equal to 6°
( )° ( )°
10 120
Clock problems
2
11
Example 1: In how many minutes after 3 o’clock will the hands of the clock extend in
opposite directions for the first time?
What is ⦨reference ? 90 degrees

What is ⦨required ? 180 degrees
Will the hands coincide during the process? Yes, +
2
Minutes = (90 + 180)
11
= 49.09 Minutes
Clock problems
𝑀 𝐻
(10)° (120)°
Example 2: Find the angle between the hands of the clock at 3:33 P.M.
Use 3:00 P.M. as reference. 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛 33 𝑚𝑖𝑛
∶ Therefore, x = 198°
360° 𝑥°
90°
y°  How many seconds are there
in 33 minutes?
y° Sec = 33 * 60 = 1980 sec
1
Then, H = 1980 sec * °
Therefore, between° = 198° − (90° + 16.5°) 120
H = 16.5° = y°
between° = 91.5°
Clock problems
2
11
33 90 +
2
Minutes = (⦨reference ± ⦨required)
11
2
33 = (90 + x°)
11
Therefore, x° = 91.5°
Clock Problems
Example 3: At what time after 7 o’clock will the second hand bisect the hour and the minute
hand for the first time? 𝑀°
60 𝑚𝑖𝑛 35 𝑚𝑖𝑛
Determine the reference angle. ∶
360° 𝑟𝑒𝑓°
Determine the “adjusted” angles 𝑟𝑒𝑓° = 210°
Equate, in terms of algebraic expression 𝑆°
210° + H° - S° = S° - M°
1 1
° ∗ (𝑋𝑠𝑒𝑐 ) ° ∗ (𝑋𝑠𝑒𝑐 )
120 10
6° ∗ (𝑋𝑠𝑒𝑐 ) 6° ∗ (𝑋𝑠𝑒𝑐 )
1 1 𝐻°
210° + °(𝑋𝑠𝑒𝑐 ) - 6°(𝑋𝑠𝑒𝑐 ) = 6°(𝑋𝑠𝑒𝑐 ) - °(𝑋𝑠𝑒𝑐 ) 𝑀 𝐻
120 10 S= 1 = 1
(10)° (120)°
Therefore, 𝑋𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 17.659 seconds  7:00:17.659
Motion Problems
𝐷
• V= ; D = distance, t = time, V = Velocity
𝑡
𝐷
• t= ; + for opposite direction, - for same direction
𝑉1 ±𝑉2
Example 1:
I live 260 miles from a popular mountain retreat. On my way there to do some mountain
biking, my car had engine trouble – forcing me to bike the rest of the way. If I drove 2 hours
longer than I biked and averaged 60 miles per hour driving and 10 miles per hour biking,
how many hours did I spend pedaling to the resort?
𝐷
V=
𝑡
D = σ(𝑉𝑡) 260 =60(𝑡𝑏𝑖𝑘𝑒 + 2) +10𝑡𝑏𝑖𝑘𝑒
D = 260 miles D =𝑉𝐶𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝐶𝑎𝑟 +𝑉𝑏𝑖𝑘𝑒 𝑡𝑏𝑖𝑘𝑒 𝑡𝑏𝑖𝑘𝑒 = 2 hrs
𝑚𝑖
𝑉𝐶𝑎𝑟 = 60 𝑡𝑏𝑖𝑘𝑒 + 2 hrs.
ℎ𝑟
𝑚𝑖
𝑉𝑏𝑖𝑘𝑒 = 10
ℎ𝑟
Motion Problems
Example 2:
At 9:00 AM, Linda leaves work on a business trip, gets on the expressway, and sets her
cruise control at 60 mph. At 9:30 AM, Bruce notices she had left her briefcase and
cellphone, and immediately starts driving at 75 mph. At what time will Bruce catch up with
Linda?
𝐷 𝐷1 = 𝐷2
V=
𝑡
𝑚𝑖
𝑉𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑎 𝑡𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑎 = 𝑉𝐵𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝐵𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑒
𝑉𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑎 = 60
ℎ𝑟 𝑡𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑎 - 0.5 hrs
𝑚𝑖
𝑉𝐵𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑒 = 75 60 𝑡𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑎 = 75 (𝑡𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑎 − 0.5)
ℎ𝑟
𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 0 𝑡𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑎 = 2.5 hrs
𝑡𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑎 = ? Therefore, 9:00 (when Linda left) + 2.5 hrs (Linda and Bruce will meet)
𝑡𝐵𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑒 = ? =11:30 AM
Motion Problems
Example 3:
Mike had a job interview in a nearby city 72 miles away. On the first leg of the trip, he
drove an average of 30 mph through a long construction zone, but was able to drive 60 mph
after passing through this zone. If driving time for the trip was 1.5 hrs., how long was he
driving in the construction zone?
𝐷
V= 𝐷 = 𝑉1 𝑡1 + 𝑉2 𝑡2
𝑡
D = 72 mi 𝑡2 = 1.5 - 𝑡1 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 1.5 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2
𝑉1 = 30 𝑚𝑝ℎ
𝑉2 = 60 𝑚𝑝ℎ 72 = 30𝑡1 + 60(1.5 − 𝑡1 )
𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 1.5 hrs 𝑡1 = 0.6 ℎ𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑟 36 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
Mixture Problems
• a(x) + b(y) = c(x+y)
• a, b, c are % mix or cost
• x, y are “quantity”
Example 1: Two quarts of 100% orange juice are mixed with 2 quarts of water. What is the
percent concentration of the orange juice?
Orange concentration: 1(2) + 1(0) = c(4)
C = 0.5 or 50 %
No “orange” percent in
water
Mixture Problems
• a(x) + b(y) = c(x+y)
Example 2: To help sell more of a lower gade meat, a butcher mixes some premium ground
beef worth $3.1/lb with 8 lb of lower grade ground beef worth $2.05/lb. If the result was an
intermediate grade ground beef worth $2.68/lb, how much premium ground beef was used?
3.1(x) + 2.05(8) = 2.68(x+8)
x = 12 lb
Mixture Problems
• a(x) + b(y) = c(x+y)
Example 3: A 320-kg alloy containing 50% tin and 25% lead is to be added with amounts of
pure tin and pure lead to make an alloy which is 60% tin and 20% lead. Determine how
much pure tin must be added.
Tin concentration:
320(.5) + y(1) = (320 + y)(0.6)
y = 80
Work Problems
• W = σ(𝑅𝑡) = 1
𝑊𝑥 1 𝑗𝑜𝑏
• Rx = ; Example: Rx =
𝑡𝑥 3 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
Example 1: Ara can do a job in 3 days, and Christine can do the same job in 6 days. How
long will it take them if they work together?
1 𝑗𝑜𝑏 1 𝑗𝑜𝑏
( ) t+( ) t=1
3 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 6 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
t=2
Work Problems
• W = σ(𝑅𝑡) = 1
Example 2: A and B working together can complete the jobs in 6 days. A works twice as fast
as B. How many days would it take each of them, working alone, to complete the job?
( )(6) +( ) (6) = 1
𝐴 𝐵
2 𝑥 1 𝑗𝑜𝑏
𝐵
B = 18
A=9
Work Problems
• W = σ(𝑅𝑡) = 1
Example 3: Thea’s rate of doing work is three times that of Suzy’s. On a given day, Thea
and Suzy work together for 4 hours, then Suzy left and Thea finishes he rest of the job for 2
hours. How long would it take Suzy to do the complete the job alone?
RT(4) + RS(4) + RT(2) = 1
6RT + 4RS = 1
RT = 3RS
RS = 1 / 22; t = 22 hours
Clock problems
2
11
⦨ref is the initial ⦨ between Mhand and Hhand
⦨required is the final ⦨ between Mhand and Hhand
+ if Mhand and Hhand will “coincide” or “coincided” during the process
- if not
Therefore, + Therefore, -

𝑀 𝐻
( )° ( )°
10 120
Clock problems
2
11
Example 1: In how many minutes after 3 o’clock will the hands of the clock extend in
opposite directions for the first time?
What is ⦨reference ? 90 degrees

What is ⦨required ? 180 degrees
Will the hands coincide during the process? Yes, +
2
Minutes = (90 + 180)
11
= 49.09 Minutes
Clock problems
𝑀 𝐻
(10)° (120)°
Use 3:00 P.M. as reference. 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛 33 𝑚𝑖𝑛
∶ Therefore, x = 198°
360° 𝑥°
90°
y°  How many seconds are there
in 33 minutes?
y° Sec = 33 * 60 = 1980 sec
1
Then, H = 1980 sec * °
Therefore, between° = 198° − (90° + 16.5°) 120
H = 16.5° = y°
between° = 91.5°
Clock problems
2
11
33 90 +
2
Minutes = (⦨reference ± ⦨required)
11
2
33 = (90 + x°)
11
Therefore, x° = 91.5°
Clock Problems
Example 3: At what time after 7 o’clock will the second hand bisect the hour and the minute
hand for the first time? 𝑀°
60 𝑚𝑖𝑛 35 𝑚𝑖𝑛
Determine the reference angle. ∶
360° 𝑟𝑒𝑓°
Determine the “adjusted” angles 𝑟𝑒𝑓° = 210°
Equate, in terms of algebraic expression 𝑆°
210° + H° - S° = S° - M°
1 1
° ∗ (𝑋𝑠𝑒𝑐 ) ° ∗ (𝑋𝑠𝑒𝑐 )
120 10
6° ∗ (𝑋𝑠𝑒𝑐 ) 6° ∗ (𝑋𝑠𝑒𝑐 )
1 1 𝐻°
210° + °(𝑋𝑠𝑒𝑐 ) - 6°(𝑋𝑠𝑒𝑐 ) = 6°(𝑋𝑠𝑒𝑐 ) - °(𝑋𝑠𝑒𝑐 ) 𝑀 𝐻
120 10 S= 1 = 1
(10)° (120)°
Therefore, 𝑋𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 17.659 seconds  7:00:17.659
Motion Problems
𝐷
• V= ; D = distance, t = time, V = Velocity
𝑡
𝐷
• t= ; + for opposite direction, - for same direction
𝑉1 ±𝑉2
Example 1:
I live 260 miles from a popular mountain retreat. On my way there to do some mountain
biking, my car had engine trouble – forcing me to bike the rest of the way. If I drove 2 hours
longer than I biked and averaged 60 miles per hour driving and 10 miles per hour biking,
how many hours did I spend pedaling to the resort?
𝐷
V=
𝑡
D = σ(𝑉𝑡) 260 =60(𝑡𝑏𝑖𝑘𝑒 + 2) +10𝑡𝑏𝑖𝑘𝑒
D = 260 miles D =𝑉𝐶𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝐶𝑎𝑟 +𝑉𝑏𝑖𝑘𝑒 𝑡𝑏𝑖𝑘𝑒 𝑡𝑏𝑖𝑘𝑒 = 2 hrs
𝑚𝑖
𝑉𝐶𝑎𝑟 = 60 𝑡𝑏𝑖𝑘𝑒 + 2 hrs.
ℎ𝑟
𝑚𝑖
𝑉𝑏𝑖𝑘𝑒 = 10
ℎ𝑟
Motion Problems
Example 2:
At 9:00 AM, Linda leaves work on a business trip, gets on the expressway, and sets her
cruise control at 60 mph. At 9:30 AM, Bruce notices she had left her briefcase and
cellphone, and immediately starts driving at 75 mph. At what time will Bruce catch up with
Linda?
𝐷 𝐷1 = 𝐷2
V=
𝑡
𝑚𝑖
𝑉𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑎 𝑡𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑎 = 𝑉𝐵𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝐵𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑒
𝑉𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑎 = 60
ℎ𝑟 𝑡𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑎 - 0.5 hrs
𝑚𝑖
𝑉𝐵𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑒 = 75 60 𝑡𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑎 = 75 (𝑡𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑎 − 0.5)
ℎ𝑟
𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 0 𝑡𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑎 = 2.5 hrs
𝑡𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑎 = ? Therefore, 9:00 (when Linda left) + 2.5 hrs (Linda and Bruce will meet)
𝑡𝐵𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑒 = ? =11:30 AM
Motion Problems
Example 3:
Mike had a job interview in a nearby city 72 miles away. On the first leg of the trip, he
drove an average of 30 mph through a long construction zone, but was able to drive 60 mph
after passing through this zone. If driving time for the trip was 1.5 hrs., how long was he
driving in the construction zone?
𝐷
V= 𝐷 = 𝑉1 𝑡1 + 𝑉2 𝑡2
𝑡
D = 72 mi 𝑡2 = 1.5 - 𝑡1 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 1.5 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2
𝑉1 = 30 𝑚𝑝ℎ
𝑉2 = 60 𝑚𝑝ℎ 72 = 30𝑡1 + 60(1.5 − 𝑡1 )
𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 1.5 hrs 𝑡1 = 0.6 ℎ𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑟 36 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
Mixture Problems
• a(x) + b(y) = c(x+y)
Example 1: Two quarts of 100% orange juice are mixed with 2 quarts of water. What is the
percent concentration of the orange juice?
Orange concentration: 1(2) + 1(0) = c(4)
C = 0.5 or 50 %
No “orange” percent in
water
Mixture Problems
• a(x) + b(y) = c(x+y)
Example 2: To help sell more of a lower gade meat, a butcher mixes some premium ground
beef worth $3.1/lb with 8 lb of lower grade ground beef worth $2.05/lb. If the result was an
intermediate grade ground beef worth $2.68/lb, how much premium ground beef was used?
3.1(x) + 2.05(8) = 2.68(x+8)
x = 12 lb
Mixture Problems
• a(x) + b(y) = c(x+y)
Example 3: A 320-kg alloy containing 50% tin and 25% lead is to be added with amounts of
pure tin and pure lead to make an alloy which is 60% tin and 20% lead. Determine how
much pure tin must be added.
Tin concentration:
320(.5) + y(1) = (320 + y)(0.6)
y = 80
Work Problems
• W = σ(𝑅𝑡) = 1
Example 1: Ara can do a job in 3 days, and Christine can do the same job in 6 days. How
long will it take them if they work together?
( ) t+( ) t=1
3 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 6 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
t=2
Work Problems
• W = σ(𝑅𝑡) = 1
Example 2: A and B working together can complete the jobs in 6 days. A works twice as fast
as B. How many days would it take each of them, working alone, to complete the job?
( )(6) +( ) (6) = 1
𝐴 𝐵
2 𝑥 1 𝑗𝑜𝑏
𝐵
B = 18
A=9
Work Problems
• W = σ(𝑅𝑡) = 1
Example 3: Thea’s rate of doing work is three times that of Suzy’s. On a given day, Thea
and Suzy work together for 4 hours, then Suzy left and Thea finishes he rest of the job for 2
hours. How long would it take Suzy to do the complete the job alone?
RT(4) + RS(4) + RT(2) = 1
6RT + 4RS = 1
RT = 3RS
RS = 1 / 22; t = 22 hours

Prelimlectures

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Significant Figures

• All non-zero numbers ARE significant.

• ± least decimal places

Real (R) Imaginary (I)

Rational (Q) Irrational (H)

Integers (Z) Fractions, repeating decimals

Natural Numbers (N) Negative integers

Whole Numbers (W) Zero (0)

Word Problem Algebraic Expression

Word Problem Algebraic Expression

Word Problem Algebraic Expression

Word Problem Algebraic Expression

Example 1: What is the sum of the roots of 9x2 - 3x -12 = 0

Example 2: What is the product of the roots of 9x2 - 3x -12 = 0

• Example: Determine the remainder when x2 + 3x + 4 = 0 is divided by (x + 2)

• Properties of Binomial Expansion

Example 1: Expand (4x + 2y)3

= 64x3 + 96x2y + 48xy2 + 8y3

Example: Determine the sum of the coefficients of (4x + 5y - 4)4

• If xm=xn, then m=n provided x≠0.

• 1 movement of second hand:

What is ⦨reference ? 90 degrees

𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 0 𝑡𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑎 = 2.5 hrs

• 1 movement of second hand:

What is ⦨reference ? 90 degrees

𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 0 𝑡𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑎 = 2.5 hrs

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