INTERNATIONAL ISO

STANDARD 24444

Second edition
2019-12

Cosmetics — Sun protection test

methods — In vivo determination of
the sun protection factor (SPF)
Cosmétiques — Méthodes d'essai de protection solaire —
Détermination in vivo du facteur de protection solaire (FPS)

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Reference number
ISO 24444:2019(E)

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Contents Page

Foreword...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
Introduction............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... vii
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references....................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
4 General principle.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3
5 Test subjects............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
5.1 Selection of the test subjects........................................................................................................................................................ 3
5.1.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
5.1.2 Skin colour of the test subjects............................................................................................................................. 4
5.1.3 Age restriction.................................................................................................................................................................... 4
5.1.4 Frequency of participation in tests................................................................................................................... 4
5.1.5 Ethics and consent.......................................................................................................................................................... 4
5.2 Number of test subjects.................................................................................................................................................................... 4
6 Apparatus and materials — Source of ultraviolet radiation.................................................................................... 5
6.1 General............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
6.2 Quality of ultraviolet radiation................................................................................................................................................... 5
6.3 Total irradiance (UV, visible and near infrared rays).............................................................................................. 5
6.4 iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
Uniformity of beam.............................................................................................................................................................................. 5
6.4.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
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6.4.2 Film densitometry........................................................................................................................................................... 6
6.4.3 UV sensor................................................................................................................................................................................ 6
6.4.4 Large beam sourceISO ..........................................................................................................................................................
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Small beam source.......................................................................................................................................................... 6
7 Maintenance and monitoring the UV solar simulator output................................................................................. 7
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7.1 Spectroradiometry................................................................................................................................................................................ 7
7.2 Radiometry.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 8
8 Reference sunscreen formulations.................................................................................................................................................... 9
8.1 General............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 9
8.2 Reference standard to be used................................................................................................................................................... 9
9 Procedure..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
9.1 Main steps.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
9.2 Test conditions...................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
9.3 Position of the test subjects....................................................................................................................................................... 10
9.4 Product application........................................................................................................................................................................... 10
9.5 Procedure for MED assessment.............................................................................................................................................. 14
9.5.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
9.5.2 Time of assessment of MED................................................................................................................................. 14
9.5.3 Data rejection criteria................................................................................................................................................ 15
9.5.4 Test failure criteria....................................................................................................................................................... 16
9.5.5 Expression of MEDs..................................................................................................................................................... 16
10 Calculation of the sun protection factor and statistics...............................................................................................16
10.1 Calculation of the individual SPF (SPFi).......................................................................................................................... 16
10.2 Calculation of product SPF.......................................................................................................................................................... 16
10.3 Statistical criterion............................................................................................................................................................................ 16
10.4 Validation of the test........................................................................................................................................................................ 17
11 Test report................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 17
11.1 Overview.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
11.2 General information......................................................................................................................................................................... 17
11.3 Data in tabular form for each test subject..................................................................................................................... 17

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11.4 Statistics for the test products................................................................................................................................................. 18

Annex A (normative) Selection criteria for the test subjects....................................................................................................19
Annex B (normative) Definition of the UV solar simulator output.....................................................................................21
Annex C (normative) SPF reference sunscreen formulations..................................................................................................28
Annex D (normative) Calculations and statistics..................................................................................................................................41
Annex E (normative) Colourimetric determination of skin colour typing and prediction
of the minimal erythemal dose (MED) without UV exposure..............................................................................47
Annex F (informative) Visual guidance for erythema grading................................................................................................51
Annex G (Normative) Sample report form...................................................................................................................................................55
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 59

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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www​.iso​.org/​directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www​.iso​.org/​patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
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World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www​.iso​.org/​
iso/​foreword​.html. (standards.iteh.ai)
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 217, Cosmetics.
ISO 24444:2019
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 24444:2010), which has been technically
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The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows.
— The definition of the minimal erythema response (MED) criteria has been revised.
— The choice of eligible test subjects is now based solely on individual typology angle (ITA°) with a
requirement for the average ITA° for the test panel to be within the range 41° to 55°, with a minimum
of three subjects within two of the three ITA° ranges.
— The ITA° is used to define the range of unprotected MED doses for the provisional or the test day
unprotected MED determination (if no provisional MEDu determination is made).
— Three new reference standard sunscreens have been validated and added to the method to validate
SPF test panels for products with SPF equal to 25 or higher (P5, P6 and P8).
— New test methods are provided to determine the uniformity of the beam of both large and small beam
size solar simulators. A requirement for uniformity greater than or equal to 90 % has been added.
— Sunscreen application procedures have been described in greater detail.
— An informative Annex F has been added with photographic examples of erythema responses with
guidelines for grading.
— The reporting tables in Annex G) and the requirements in Clause 11 have modified to provide more
complete information on the results of the testing.
— The bibliography has been updated.

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Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www​.iso​.org/​members​.html.

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Introduction
The level of sun protection provided by sunscreen products has traditionally been estimated using the
sun protection factor or SPF test, which uses the erythemal response of the skin to ultraviolet (UV)
radiation. The SPF is a ratio calculated from the energies required to induce a minimum erythemal
response with and without sunscreen product applied to the skin of human test subjects. It uses
ultraviolet radiation usually from an artificial source.
Different standard methods are available and described in ISO/TR 26369[1]-[3].
Since the publication of the first version of this document, harmonization has been achieved in many
member countries. The objective of this updated version is to further improve reproducibility between
test sites, so as to obtain the same SPF value.

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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 24444:2019(E)

Cosmetics — Sun protection test methods — In vivo

determination of the sun protection factor (SPF)

1 Scope
This document specifies a method for the in vivo determination of the sun protection factor (SPF) of
sunscreen products. It is applicable to products that contain any component able to absorb, reflect or
scatter ultraviolet (UV) rays and which are intended to be placed in contact with human skin.
This document provides a basis for the evaluation of sunscreen products for the protection of human
skin against erythema induced by solar ultraviolet rays.

2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
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ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
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— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://​w ww​.iso​.org/​obp
ISO 24444:2019
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://​w ww​.electropedia​.org/​
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ultraviolet radiation
UVR
electromagnetic radiation in the range of 290 nm to 400 nm
3.1.1
ultraviolet B
UVB
electromagnetic radiation in the range of 290 nm to 320 nm
3.1.2
ultraviolet A
UVA
electromagnetic radiation in the range of 320 nm to 400 nm
Note 1 to entry: UVA II = 320 nm to 340 nm; UVA I = 340 nm to 400 nm.

3.1.3
erythemal effective irradiance
Eer
radiometric quantity derived by multiplying the spectral irradiance E(λ) of the solar simulator with
the erythema action spectrum[4] ser(λ) at each wavelength λ and integrating over wavelength range of
290 nm to 400 nm
400
Eer = ∫ E (λ ) ser (λ ) dλ unit: W/m2 (eff.)
290

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3.1.4
erythemal effective radiant exposure
erythemal dose
Her
radiometric quantity defined as time integral of erythemal effective irradiance Eer(t)

∫
Her = Eer ( t )dt unit: J/m2 (eff.)
t
3.2
erythema
reddening of the skin caused by UV radiation
3.3
sunscreen products
products containing any component able to absorb, reflect or scatter UV rays, which are intended to be
placed on the surface of human skin with the purpose of protecting against erythema (3.2) and other
ultraviolet induced damage
3.4
minimal erythemal dose
MED
lowest erythemal effective radiant exposure (Her) (3.1.4) that produces the first perceptible unambiguous
erythema with defined borders appearing over more than 50 % of UV exposure subsite, 16 h to 24 h
after UV exposure
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Note 1 to entry: Annex F contains visual references and guidance for the acceptable MED appearance.

3.4.1
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MEDu
minimal erythemal dose on unprotected skin ISO 24444:2019
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MEDiu
minimal erythemal dose of an individual subject on unprotected skin
3.4.2
MEDp
minimal erythemal dose on product protected skin
3.4.2.1
MEDip
minimal erythemal dose of an individual subject on protected skin
3.5
individual sun protection factor
SPFi
ratio of the individual minimal erythemal dose on product protected skin (MEDip) to the (individual)
minimal erythemal dose on unprotected skin (MEDiu) of the same subject:
MEDip
SPFi =
MEDiu
Note 1 to entry: SPFi is expressed to one decimal place by truncation.

3.6
sun protection factor of a product
SPF
arithmetic mean of all valid individual SPFi values obtained from all subjects in the test
Note 1 to entry: SPF is expressed to one decimal place by truncation.

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3.7
test area
area for testing on the back between the scapula line and the waist
Note 1 to entry: Skeletal protrusions and extreme areas of curvature should be avoided.

3.8
test site
area of the skin where a product is applied or the site used for the determination of the unprotected MED
3.9
exposure sub-sites
areas of skin that are exposed to UV-irradiation within a test site
3.10
individual typology angle
ITA°
value characterizing the skin colour of the subject as measured by a skin contact reflectance
spectrophotometer or skin colourimeter
Note 1 to entry: Refer to Annex E for the detailed requirements of the equipment/measurement.

4 General principle
The SPF test method is a laboratory method that utilizes a xenon arc lamp solar simulator (or equivalent)
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of defined and known output to determine the protection provided by sunscreen products on human
skin against erythema induced by solar ultraviolet rays.
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The test shall be restricted to the area of the back of selected human subjects.
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A section of each subject’s skin is exposed to ultraviolet light without any protection while another
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(different) section is exposed after application of the sunscreen product under test. One further section
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is exposed after application of an SPF reference sunscreen formulation, which is used for validation of
the procedure.
To determine the sun protection factor, incremental series of delayed erythemal responses are induced
on a number of small sub-sites on the skin. These responses are visually assessed for presence of
erythema 16 h to 24 h after UV radiation, by the judgment of a trained and competent evaluator.
The individual minimal erythemal dose for unprotected skin (MEDiu) and the individual MED obtained
after application of a sunscreen product (MEDip) shall be determined on the same subject on the same
day. An individual sun protection factor (SPFi) for each subject tested is calculated as the ratio of
individual MED on product protected skin divided by the individual MED on unprotected skin, as in the
formula given in 3.5.
The sun protection factor for the product (SPF) is the arithmetic mean of all valid SPFi results from
each subject in the test expressed to one decimal place.

5 Test subjects

5.1 Selection of the test subjects

5.1.1 General

There are strict requirements governing the inclusion and non-inclusion of test subjects which should
be adhered to. The criteria shall be as set out in Annex A.

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5.1.2 Skin colour of the test subjects

Test subjects included in the SPF test shall have an ITA° value of at least 28° by colourimetric methods
(see Annexes A and E) and be untanned on the test area.
The average of the subjects making up a test panel shall have an ITA° between 41° and 55°. When
possible, there should be subjects with ITA°s in each of the three ITA° bands, 28° to 40°, 41° to 55°, and
>56°. Where this is not possible, there shall be at least three individuals in each of two of the three ITA°
bands described in the previous sentence.
A trained and competent scientist or technician should examine each subject to ensure that there is no
condition which might put the subject at risk and that the outcome of the test cannot be compromised
by adverse skin conditions such as sun damage, pigmentation marks and previous history of abnormal
response to the sun (see Annex A).
The test sites intended for UV exposure shall be free from blemishes and hair, and have an even colour
tone with no variation in ITA° greater than 5° from each other or the MEDu test area.

5.1.3 Age restriction

Test subjects below the locally regulated age of consent or older than 70 years shall not be included in
the SPF test panel.

5.1.4 Frequency of participation in tests

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Subjects may participate in a test provided that at least 8 weeks have elapsed since they participated
in a previous UV exposure study (i.e. SPF, UVA-PF, photoallergy, phototoxicity test), and all skin tanned
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marks from that previous test have cleared from the test sites on the back and are no longer visible.

5.1.5 Ethics and consent ISO 24444:2019

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All testing shall be done in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki[7]. Any national regulations
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regarding human studies should also be taken into account.
Informed, written (signature) consent shall be obtained from all test subjects and retained.

5.2 Number of test subjects

The minimum number of valid SPFi results shall be 10 and the maximum number of valid SPFi results
shall be 20. In order to achieve between 10 and 20 valid results, a maximum of five individual invalid
results may be excluded from the calculation of the mean SPF. For the test to be considered valid for the
first 10 subjects, the resulting range of the 95 % CI of the mean shall be within ±17 %. Consequently, the
actual number of test subjects used will fall between a minimum of 10 and a maximum of 25 subjects
(i.e. a maximum of 20 valid results plus 5 rejected invalid results).
Results may only be declared invalid and excluded from the calculation of the mean SPF according to
9.5.3 or because of non-compliance with the related protocol.
In order to determine the number of test subjects, the 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI) on the mean
SPF shall be taken into account. A minimum of 10 subjects shall be tested. The test shall be considered
valid for the first 10 subjects if the resulting range of the 95 % CI of the mean SPF shall be within ±17 %
of the mean SPF. If it is not within ±17 % of the mean SPF, the number of subjects shall be increased
stepwise from the minimum number of 10 until the 95 % CI statistical criterion is met (up to a maximum
of 20 valid results from a maximum of 25 subjects tested). If the statistical criterion has not been met
after 20 valid results from a maximum of 25 subjects, then the test shall be rejected. For details on
statistical definitions, sequential procedure and calculations, refer to Annex D.

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6 Apparatus and materials — Source of ultraviolet radiation

6.1 General
The artificial light source used shall comply with the source spectral specifications as described in 6.2
and Annex B. A xenon arc solar simulator with appropriate filters shall be used.

6.2 Quality of ultraviolet radiation

6.2.1 The solar UV simulator shall emit a continuous spectrum with no gaps or extreme peaks of
emission in the UV region. The output from the solar UV simulator shall be stable, uniform across the
whole output beam and suitably filtered to create a spectral quality that complies with the required
acceptance limits (see Table B.1).

6.2.2 To ensure that appropriate amounts of UVA radiation are included in the spectrum of the solar UV
simulator, the total radiometric proportion of the UVA II (320 nm to 340 nm) irradiance of the simulator
shall be ≥20 % of the total UV (290 nm to 400 nm) irradiance. Additionally, the UVA I region (340 nm to
400 nm) irradiance shall be ≥60 % of the total UV irradiance.

6.2.3 The source spectral specification is described in terms of cumulative erythemal effective
irradiance by successive wavelength bands from <290  nm up to 400  nm. The erythemal effective
irradiance of each wavelength band is expressed as a percentage of the total erythemal effective
irradiance from <290 nm to 400 nm, or as the percentage relative cumulative erythemal effectiveness
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(% RCEE). The definition and calculation of % RCEE values is described in Annex B and the acceptance
limits are given in Table B.1.
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6.3 Total irradiance (UV, visible and ISOnear infrared rays)
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If total irradiance is too intense, an excessive feeling of heat or pain may be induced in the irradiated
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skin of subjects and heat induced erythema may result. Therefore, total irradiance shall not exceed
1 600 W/m2. When total irradiance is <1 600 W/m2, it shall still be confirmed, prior to conducting an
SPF test, that the irradiance to be used (UV, visible and near-infrared rays) will not induce an excessive
feeling of heat in the skin. The output of the solar simulator shall be measured with a broad spectrum
sensor (capable of measuring between 280 nm and 1 600 nm) calibrated against a standard reference
source over the range of 280  nm to 1  600  nm. Alternatively, the source may be measured with a
calibrated spectroradiometer over this same wavelength range to determine the total irradiance.

6.4 Uniformity of beam

6.4.1 General

Uniformity of the beam shall be measured depending on the solar simulator type using either UV
sensitive film or UV sensor methods (see 6.4.2 and 6.4.3). Solar simulators with large beams (>1,3 cm
diameter) or with multiple output ports shall be measured at least every 6  months, or when any
modifications are made to the lamp optical components, or when non-uniform erythema spots are seen
in test subsites. Solar simulators with a single output port beam (≤1,3 cm diameter) shall be measured
at least every 1 month, or when any modifications are made to the lamp optical components, or when
non-uniform erythema spots are seen in test subsites.
Uniformity measurements may be conducted using UV sensitive paper that darkens with exposure, or
by using a UV sensor that is smaller in active area compared to the beam size by a ratio of at least 1:4.8
with sufficient measurements to cover more than 75 % of the beam area.
Measurements are to be made using the orientation of the source output as used for subject exposures.

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6.4.2 Film densitometry

Exposure doses of the UV sensitive film shall be calibrated to achieve film darkening (converted to
grey scale) to a density in the mid-range of the scale (on a 0 to 255 range of black to white). A series
of exposures shall be used to determine the mid-range density exposure using a calibrated scanning
measurement device with at least 600 dots per inch (dpi) resolution. Exposures can be modified
by use of neutral density filters or exposure times to achieve this level of exposure for uniformity
measurements. Areas to be measured shall be the same as those diagrammed below (see Figures 1 and
2). Films are to be scanned for density values, and average values for each area of the beam as outlined
above shall be calculated, and beam uniformity calculated as per Formula (1) (see 6.4.4.3).

6.4.3 UV sensor

Alternatively, a small aperture (quadrant) UV sensor with a mechanical alignment fixture may be
used to measure sub-sections of the output beam intensity as outlined below and the beam uniformity
calculated as per Formula (1) (see 6.4.4.3).

6.4.4 Large beam source

When a large-beam UV source is used to simultaneously expose several sub-sites (i.e. at least two sub-
sites) within an irradiation series by varying the exposure time, the intensity of the beam shall be as
uniform as possible. A UV film densitometry method or a UV radiometer method may be used. The
minimum number of sample sites of equal area within the beam (Area of Interest – AOI) to be assessed
shall be determined by dividing the area of the beam by 6,45. (For example, if the beam is 232 cm2 in
area, then the minimum number of measurements shall be 36).
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6.4.4.1 (standards.iteh.ai)
UV film densitometry method: The UV sensitive film at least as large as the beam shall be
exposed by the entire beam so that the entire beam fits inside the borders of the film.
ISO 24444:2019
6.4.4.2 UV Radiometer method: A UV radiometer sensor may be used to sample the beam intensity at
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at equally distributed points.

6.4.4.3 The uniformity shall be ≥90 % as calculated by Formula (1):

Uniformity % = (1 − ( max-min ) / ( average ) ) % (1)

If the uniformity is less than 90  %, then optical components should be adjusted or appropriate
compensation for different irradiance shall be made in the exposure time on each sub-site.

6.4.5 Small beam source

For a small beam UV source, which exposes sub-sites individually, the beam intensity uniformity shall
be as measured. A UV sensitive film densitometry method or a UV radiometer method may be used.

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6.4.5.1 Single output device. For a single output device, five equal size areas of the beam intensity
shall be measured to assess the uniformity within the beam as shown in Figure 1. The uniformity shall be
≥90 % as calculated by Formula (1).

Figure 1 — Single output device

6.4.5.2 Multiple output device. For a multiple output device, the intensity uniformity of each output
beam shall be determined by measuring at least 4 circles of equal area of each output beam (see Figure 2),
as calculated Formula (1).

The average uniformity of all beams for the multiple output device shall be ≥90 %
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If the uniformity is less than prescribed above, then adjustments to the lamp optical system shall be
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made to bring the uniformity within the limits above.

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Figure 2 — Multiple output device

7 Maintenance and monitoring the UV solar simulator output

7.1 Spectroradiometry
There shall be a spectroradiometric check of the spectrum of each solar simulator output port (UVA
and UVB) and intensity made by the laboratory at least once every 12 months or after 2 500 h of lamp
running time and after changing any significant physical (optical) component (including the bulb) of
the solar simulator. The simple use of specific filters is not in itself adequate assurance that the UV
output is of the correct quality. This periodical inspection should be conducted by a trained, competent,
and suitably qualified person (internal or external) using a spectroradiometer that has been calibrated
against a standard lamp that is traceable to a national or an international calibration standard, with a
band width of 2 nm or smaller and having a dynamic range of at least 5 decades which is usually met by

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