Unit V: Models

Human-Computer Interaction
Content
• Models
• Descriptive Model
• Predictive model
• GOMS
• KLM- Physical & device model
• Linguistic Models
• Communication & Collaborative Models

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Models

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Models

• To represent behavior of an interactive system

• We refer to either human, computer or both

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Benefits of Models
• Understanding- use to understand the way users behave or likely to
behave during interaction with computer. Eg. website
• Design- integrate a computational user model into the system
development process itself
• The model are used to “predict” the next state of the system so as to
make the users satisfied and increase usability
• Testing- there are checklists and heuristics to be followed to ensure
the product usability
• These are derived from some models of user behavior, as in case of
design guidelines
• Automatic evaluation- algorithmic approach to evaluate systems
without direct intervention of any human evaluator to check for
usability of design
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Model Taxonomy
• Descriptive Model- describe user behavior in specific usage scenario

• Predictive model- predict user states- mathematical and can compute

state variable (or set of performance measures)
• Predictive model also called as predictive engineering models or
performance model

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Model Taxonomy
Descriptive Model- describe user behavior in specific usage scenario
1. Buxton’s 3-state model for graphical input device- simple model to
capture behaviour of users of pointing devices
2. Guiard’s model of bimanual skills: which represents our hand
movement behaviour
3. Normal model of interaction: which is a relatively detailed model of
the mental and sensory motor activities that we perform during our
interaction with computers.

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Model Taxonomy
• Predictive model- predict user states- mathematical and can compute
state variable (or set of performance measures)
• Predictive model also called as predictive engineering models or
performance model
• GOMS
• KLM- Physical & device model

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Keystroke- Level Model (KLM)
“The Keystroke-Level Model for User Performance Time with Interactive Systems”, by
Smart Card and Thomas Moran, 1980 [2,3]

- Predicting time an expert user take to perform a given task on a given computer system.

- Counting keystrokes
- Other low-level operations like user’s mental preparation and system responses
• Predictive engineering model to be used for design and analysis of interactive systems
• Primary objective- to allow designer predict the time it takes for a user to perform an
interaction task using an interface and interaction method (the task execution time)

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Keystroke- Level Model (KLM)

• Example- you are playing a video game or you are simply watching a
video and wish to close it.

• With a KLM you can predict the time you are likely to take to do that.

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KLM- Fundamental
• A KLM of an interactive task is a set of “operators” arranged in
sequence
• Operator represents a low-level cognitive activity with a pre-
determined and fixed execution time
• Assumption- any (interaction) task can be represented as a sequence
of low-level (cognitive) sub tasks or operators

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Keystroke- Level Model (KLM) conti…

KLM decomposes execution phase into five different physical motor

operators, mental operator and system response operator

K Keystroking, striking keys, including shifts and other modifier keys.

B Pressing a mouse button.
P Pointing, moving the mouse (or similar device) at a target.
H Homing, switching the hand between mouse and keyboard.
D Drawing lines using the mouse.
M Mentally preparing for a physical action.
R System response which may be ignored if the user does not have to wait
for it, as in copy typing.
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KLM - Operators

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KLM Analysis- Steps

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KLM - Operators
Texecute = TK + TB + TP + TH + TD + TM + TR

Times for various operators in

the keystroke-level model
(adapted from Card, Moran and
Newell [56], published and
reprinted by permission of
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,
Inc.)

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KLM - Operators

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Keystroke- Level Model (KLM) conti…

Task: Closing Window

F4-METHOD H[to keyboard] MK[F4 function key]

F4-METHOD = 0.4 + 1.35 + 0.28 = 2.03 seconds

CLOSE-METHOD P[to close icon] MB[LEFT up]

CLOSE-METHOD = 1.1 + 1.35 + 0.1 = 2.55 seconds

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KLM- Example-1

Step 1: “Text saving task” with file menu option - a representative task
( as it is one of the frequently performed activities)

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KLM- Example-1
• Step 2- Identify Operators

• Which operators is/are relevant for this task

• We don’t perform any keypress activity- operator K is not needed

• Four operators: P, B, H and M

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KLM- Example-1 (Operator Sequence)
Task: “Text saving task” with file menu option

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KLM- Task Execution Time
Step 3: Add up the operator times to get the total task time

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KLM Example-1
Task: “Text saving task” with file menu option
Operator Sequence & Task Execution Time

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Problem Statement
• Suppose you are typing a text. Suddenly you noticed a typing error, in the form of
a mistyped letter

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Problem Statement

• Take the cursor to the place of editing (using either arrow key or
mouse pointer)

• Edit the character (delete and retype)

• Come back to the current place of typing

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KLM Example-2 (Model)

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KLM Example-2 (Model)

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Exercise
1. Drag the file into the trash cane

2. Use the short cut “control + T”

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GOMS
• CMN GOMS model which stands for “Card Moran Newell GOMS”

• hierarchical cognitive process

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GOMS Components
ØGoals- what the user want to achieve?
ØOperators- Lowest level of cognitive activity. The basic actions that
the user must perform in order to use the system.
ØMethods- set of operators arranged in sequence to achieve goal/
sub-goal, decomposition of a goal into subgoals / operators
ØSelection Rules- means of choosing between competing methods;
sometimes, there can be more than one methods to achieve a goal,
we need to specify selection rules.

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GOMS example:1
GOAL: CLOSE-WINDOW
. [select GOAL: USE-MENU-METHOD
. MOVE-MOUSE-TO-FILE-MENU
. PULL-DOWN-FILE-MENU
. CLICK-OVER-CLOSE-OPTION
GOAL: USE-CTRL-W-METHOD
. PRESS-CONTROL-W-KEYS]
For a particular user:
Rule 1: Select USE-MENU-METHOD unless another
rule applies
Rule 2: If the application is GAME,
select CTRL-W-METHOD

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GOMS Example 2
GOMS model for the interaction task: “save a file using menu option”

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 GOMS Example 3
• GOMS model for the interaction task: “save a file”- either hot-key combination
or menu option can be used

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GOMS Steps for Model Creation
• Step1- determine the high-level user goals

• Step2- for each goal, determine method ( i.e. operator sequence)

• Optionally, determine selection rules if required
• Method for a goal may invoke sub goals

• Step3- For each sub goal, go to Step2

• Goal- sub goal recursion stops only when the method for a goal contains
only operators

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Linguistic Models
• Understanding the user's behaviour and cognitive difficulty based on
analysis of language between user and system.

• Backus–Naur Form (BNF)

• Task–Action Grammar (TAG)

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Backus-Naur Form (BNF)
• Very common notation from computer science
• A purely syntactic view of the dialogue
• Terminals
• lowest level of user behaviour
• e.g. CLICK-MOUSE, MOVE-MOUSE
• Non-terminals
• ordering of terminals
• higher level of abstraction
• e.g. select-menu, position-mouse

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 Example of BNF
• Basic syntax:
• nonterminal ::= expression
• An expression
• contains terminals and non-terminals
• combined in sequence (+) or as alternatives (|)
Polyline

draw line ::= select line + choose points + last point For example, imagine a graphics system that has a
select line ::= pos mouse + CLICK MOUSE line-drawing function. To select function user must
choose points ::= choose one | choose one + choose points select ‘line’ menu option. The line-drawing function
allows user to draw a polyline, that is a sequence of
choose one ::= pos mouse + CLICK MOUSE line arcs between points. The user selects the points
last point ::= pos mouse + DBL CLICK MOUSE by clicking mouse button in drawing area. The user
pos mouse ::= NULL | MOVE MOUSE+ pos mouse double clicks to indicate last point of polyline.

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Task Action Grammar (TAG)
• Making consistency more explicit

• Encoding user's world knowledge

• Parameterised grammar rules

• Non-terminals are modified to include additional semantic

features

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Consistency in TAG
• In BNF, three UNIX commands would be described as:
copy ::= cp + filename + filename | cp + filenames + directory
move ::= mv + filename + filename | mv + filenames + directory
link ::= ln + filename + filename | ln + filenames + directory

• No BNF measure could distinguish between this and a less

consistent grammar in which
link::= ln + filename + filename | ln + directory + filenames

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Consistency in TAG (cont'd)
• consistency of argument order made explicit using a
parameter, or semantic feature for file operations
• Feature Possible values
Op = copy; move; link

• Rules
file-op[Op] ::= command[Op] + filename + filename
| command[Op] + filenames + directory
command[Op = copy] ::= cp
command[Op = move] ::= mv
command[Op = link] ::= ln
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 Assignment on “KLM & GOMS models”
Prepare the KLM and GOMS model for the given task on specified user interface.
The group wise allotment of task on UI is given in table below.
Submit this assignment on Moodle.
Bat Groups as per HCI lab Task UI
ch
Vrushali, Sweta, Madhav, Buy “HP-Laptop” on Flipkart Flipkart
Aishwarya
Ankita, Sneha, Shantanu, Book round trip to Delhi on MakeMyTrip MakeMyTrip
Shaikh
Rishikesh, shubhankar, Chetan, Book hotel in Delhi on trivago trivago
Aditya, saurabh
Pratiksha, Rupesh, Sandesh Submit assignment on moodle Moodle
Dimpal, Vaibhav, Prachi, Onkar Buy apple watch-6 from apple.in Apple.in
Rohit, Aarati, Dipshikha Add picture on Instagram Instagram
Add picture on Instagram Instagram
Join HCI course on Udemy.com Udemy.com

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Get ‘5kg Onion’ &Models
‘10kg Ashirwad Atta’ from Bigbasket Bigbasket 40
References
1. Alan Dix, Janet E. Finlay, Gregory D. Abowd, and Russell Beale. 2003.
Human-Computer Interaction (3rd Edition). Prentice-Hall, Inc., USA.
2. Card, S.K., Moran, W,P., and Newell, A. The keystroke-level model of
user performance time with interactive systems. Rep. SSL- 79-1,
Xerox, Palo Alto Res.
3. Kieras, David, “Using the Keystroke-Level Model to Estimate
Excecution Times” (PDF). p. 3. Retrieved 22 June 2015.

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Thank you

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