SS EN 1991-1-1 : 2008 (2017)

EN 1991-1-1 : 2002, IDT

(ICS 91.010.30)

SINGAPORE STANDARD

Eurocode 1 : Actions on structures

– Part 1-1 : General actions – Densities, self-weight,
imposed loads for buildings
(This national standard is the identical implementation of EN 1991-1-1 : 2002 and is
adopted with permission of CEN, Avenue Marnix 17, 1000 Brussels)

Confirmed 2017

Published by
SS EN 1991-1-1 : 2008 (2017)
EN 1991-1-1 : 2002, IDT
(ICS 91.010.30)

SINGAPORE STANDARD
Eurocode 1 : Actions on structures
– Part 1-1 : General actions – Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for
buildings

ISBN 981-4154-69-5
 SS EN 1991-1-1 : 2008 (2017)

This Singapore Standard was approved by the Building and Construction Standards Committee on
behalf of the Standards Council of Singapore on 15 June 2008.

First published, 2008

The Building and Construction Standards Committee appointed by the Standards Council consists of
the following members:

Name Capacity

Chairman : Mr Goh Peng Thong Standards Council

st
1 Dy Chairman : Mr Lee Chuan Seng Standards Council
2nd Dy Chairman : Mr Tan Tian Chong Standards Council
Secretary : Mr James Choo SPRING Singapore
Members : Mr Boo Geok Kwang Singapore Civil Defence Force
Er. Chan Ewe Jin Institution of Engineers, Singapore
Mr Paul Fok Land Transport Authority
Singapore Institute of Surveyors and
Mr Goh Ngan Hong
Valuers
Mr Anselm Gonsalves National Environment Agency
Mr Desmond Hill Singapore Contractors Association Limited
Mr Joseph Lai Kuong Kiu JTC Corporation
Mr Benedict Lee Khee Chong Singapore Institute of Architects
Ms Andris Leong Building and Construction Authority
Assoc Prof Leong Eng Choon Nanyang Technological University
The Association of Property and Facility
Dr Lim Lan-Yuan
Managers
Real Estate Developers’ Association of
Mr McDonald Low
Singapore
Mr Larry Ng Lye Hock Urban Redevelopment Authority
Assoc Prof Gary Ong Khim Chye National University of Singapore
Mr Davis Ong Wee Choon Singapore Manufacturers’ Federation
Er. Shum Chee Hoong Housing & Development Board
Association of Consulting Engineers,
Dr Tan Guan
Singapore
Co-opted
Member : Dr Tam Chat Tim Individual Capacity

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 SS EN 1991-1-1 : 2008 (2017)

The Technical Committee on Building Structure and Sub-structure appointed by the Building and
Construction Standards Committee consists of representatives from the following organisations:

Name Capacity

Chairman : Dr Tan Guan Member, Building and Construction

Standards Committee
Co-Chairman : Er. Chew Keat Chuan Building and Construction Authority
Secretary : Ms Lee Hiok Hoong SPRING Singapore
Members : Er. Chan Ewe Jin Institution of Engineers, Singapore
Dr Chen Enyi Cement and Concrete Association of
Singapore
Dr Sujit Ghosh Ready Mix Concrete Association of
Singapore
Dr Ho Nyok Yong Singapore Contractors Association Ltd
Mr Ho Wan Boon Singapore Structural Steel Society
Mr Joseph Lai Kuong Kiu JTC Corporation
Assoc Prof Gary Ong Khim Chye Singapore Concrete Institute
Mr Song Siak Keong Land Transport Authority
Mr Sze Thiam Siong Setsco Services Pte Ltd
Ms Angeline Tan Bee Hoon Housing & Development Board
Mr Tan Jui Teck CPG Corporation Pte Ltd
Assoc Prof Tan Kiang Hwee National University of Singapore
Assoc Prof Tan Teng Hooi Nanyang Technological University
LTC Philip Tham Singapore Civil Defence Force
Co-opted
Member : Dr Tam Chat Tim Individual Capacity

The following Technical Experts contributed in their individual capacity to the preparation of the
Singapore National Annex to enable local adoption of the EN 1991-1-1:

Dr Tan Teng Hooi (WG Convenor)

Er. Tay Ah Ching (WG Secretary)
Mr Adrian Billinghurst
Er. Chan Yek Seng
Er. Ho Pui Ming
Er. Fred Lee Ka Wing
Dr Leong Eng Choon
Dr Richard Liew Jat Yuen
Er. Lim Peng Hong
Er. Low Kam Fook
Mr Mah King Kheong
Mr Ong Yew Hing
Dr Tan Kang Hai
Er. Tan See Chee
Er. Tay Yak Hong
LTC Philip Tham Sek Khow

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 SS EN 1991-1-1 : 2008 (2017)

The organisations in which the experts are involved are:

Beca Carter Hollings Ferner (SEA) Pte Ltd

Building and Construction Authority
CPG Consultants Pte Ltd
Defence Science Technology Agency
Jurong Consultants Pte Ltd
Land Transport Authority
Maunsell Consultants (Singapore) Pte Ltd
Nanyang Technological University
National Environment Agency
National University of Singapore
Singapore Civil Defence Force
TYH Consulting Engineers
Worley Parsons Pte Ltd

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 SS EN 1991-1-1 : 2008 (2017)

National Foreword
This Singapore Standard was prepared by the Technical Committee on Building Structure and Sub-
structure under the direction of the Building and Construction Standards Committee.

This SS EN is the identical implementation of EN 1991-1-1 : 2002 ‘Eurocode 1: Actions on structures –

Part 1-1 : General actions – Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings’.

Attention is drawn to the following:

– The comma has been used throughout as a decimal marker whereas in Singapore Standards,
it is a practice to use a full point on the baseline as the decimal marker.

– The Singapore Standards which implement international or European publications referred to

in this document may be found in the SS Electronic Catalogue at:
http://www.singaporestandardseshop.sg

The EN gives values with notes indicating where national choices may be made. Where a normative
part of the EN allows for national choice to be made, the range and possible choice will be given in the
normative text, and a note will qualify it as a Nationally Determined Parameter (NDP). NDPs can be a
specific value for a factor, a specific level or class, a particular method or a particular application rule if
several are proposed in the EN.

The requirements of this SS EN 1991-1-1 : 2008 are to be read in conjunction with the Singapore
National Annex (NA) to SS EN 1991-1-1 : 2008 which contains information on the Singapore Nationally
Determined Parameters and is published separately.

National choice is allowed in EN 1991-1-1 through the following clauses:

– 2.2(3),
– 5.2.3(1) to 5.2.3(5),
– 6.3.1.1 (Table 6.1),
– 6.3.1.2(1)P (Table 6.2),
– 6.3.1.2(10) & (11),
– 6.3.2.2 (1)P (Table 6.4),
– 6.3.2.2 (3),
– 6.3.3.2(1) (Table 6.8),
– 6.3.4.2 (Table 6.10) and
– 6.4 (1)(P) (Table 6.12)

This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are
responsible for its correct application.

At the time of publication, this standard is expected to be used as a reference in the Building and
Construction Authority’s ‘Approved Document – Acceptable Solutions’.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this Singapore Standard may be the
subject of patent rights. Enterprise Singapore shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all of
such patent rights.

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SS EN 1991-1-1 : 2008 (2017)

(blank page)
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EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 1991-1-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM April 2002

ICS 91.010.30 Supersedes ENV 1991-2-1:1995

English version

Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-1: General actions -

Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings

Eurocode 1: Actions sur les structures - Partie 1-1: Actions Eurocode 1: Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke - Teil 1-1:
générales - Poids volumiques, poids propres, charges Wichten, Eigengewicht und Nutzlasten im Hochbau
d'exploitation bâtiments

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 30 November 2001.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Management Centre or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the official
versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels

© 2002 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 1991-1-1:2002 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
EN 1991-1-1:2002 (E)

CONTENTS

Page

FOREWORD.............................................................................................................................................. 4
BACKGROUND OF THE EUROCODE PROGRAMME ....................................................................................... 4
STATUS AND FIELD OF APPLICATION OF EUROCODES ................................................................................. 5
NATIONAL STANDARDS IMPLEMENTING EUROCODES ................................................................................ 6
LINKS BETWEEN EUROCODES AND HARMONISED TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS (ENS AND ETAS) FOR
PRODUCTS ................................................................................................................................................. 6
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION SPECIFIC FOR EN 1991-1-1 ............................................................................ 6
NATIONAL ANNEX FOR EN 1991-1-1 ........................................................................................................ 7
SECTION 1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................................ 8
1.1 SCOPE ................................................................................................................................................. 8
1.2 NORMATIVE REFERENCES ................................................................................................................... 9
1.3 DISTINCTION BETWEEN PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATION RULES ............................................................ 9
1.4 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS................................................................................................................... 10
1.5 SYMBOLS .......................................................................................................................................... 11
SECTION 2 CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIONS ................................................................................ 12
2.1 SELF-WEIGHT .................................................................................................................................... 12
2.2 IMPOSED LOADS ................................................................................................................................ 12
SECTION 3 DESIGN SITUATIONS .................................................................................................... 14
3.1 GENERAL .......................................................................................................................................... 14
3.2 PERMANENT LOADS .......................................................................................................................... 14
3.3 IMPOSED LOADS ................................................................................................................................ 14
3.3.1 General...................................................................................................................................... 14
3.3.2 Additional provisions for buildings........................................................................................... 15
SECTION 4 DENSITIES OF CONSTRUCTION AND STORED MATERIALS ........................... 16
4.1 GENERAL .......................................................................................................................................... 16
SECTION 5 SELF-WEIGHT OF CONSTRUCTION WORKS........................................................ 17
5.1 REPRESENTATION OF ACTIONS .......................................................................................................... 17
5.2 CHARACTERISTIC VALUES OF SELF-WEIGHT ...................................................................................... 17
5.2.1 General...................................................................................................................................... 17
5.2.2 Additional provisions for buildings........................................................................................... 17
5.2.3 Additional provisions specific for bridges................................................................................. 18
SECTION 6 IMPOSED LOADS ON BUILDINGS ........................................................................... 19
6.1 REPRESENTATION OF ACTIONS .......................................................................................................... 19
6.2 LOAD ARRANGEMENTS...................................................................................................................... 19
6.2.1 Floors, beams and roofs............................................................................................................ 19
6.2.2 Columns and walls .................................................................................................................... 19
6.3 CHARACTERISTIC VALUES OF IMPOSED LOADS ................................................................................. 20
6.3.1 Residential, social, commercial and administration areas ....................................................... 20
6.3.1.1 Categories............................................................................................................................................20
6.3.1.2 Values of actions .................................................................................................................................21
6.3.2 Areas for storage and industrial activities ................................................................................ 24
6.3.2.1 Categories............................................................................................................................................24
6.3.2.2 Values for Actions...............................................................................................................................24
6.3.2.3 Actions induced by forklifts ................................................................................................................25
6.3.2.4 Actions induced by transport vehicles.................................................................................................26

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6.3.2.5 Actions induced by special devices for maintenance...........................................................................27

6.3.3 Garages and vehicle traffic areas (excluding bridges) ............................................................. 27
6.3.3.1 Categories............................................................................................................................................27
6.3.3.2 Values of actions .................................................................................................................................27
6.3.4 Roofs ......................................................................................................................................... 28
6.3.4.1 Categories............................................................................................................................................28
6.3.4.2 Values of actions .................................................................................................................................29
6.4 HORIZONTAL LOADS ON PARAPETS AND PARTITION WALLS ACTING AS BARRIERS.............................. 30
LOADED AREAS ....................................................................................................................................... 31
ANNEX A (INFORMATIVE) TABLES FOR NOMINAL DENSITY OF CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS, AND NOMINAL DENSITY AND ANGLES OF REPOSE FOR STORED
MATERIALS............................................................................................................................................ 32

ANNEX B (INFORMATIVE) VEHICLE BARRIERS AND PARAPETS FOR CAR PARKS ......... 43

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EN 1991-1-1:2002 (E)

Foreword

This document (EN 1991-1-1:2002) has been prepared by Technical Committee

CEN/TC 250 "Structural Eurocodes", the secretariat of which is held by BSI.

This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by
publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by October 2002, and
conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by March 2010.

CEN/TC 250 is responsible for all Structural Eurocodes.

This document supersedes ENV 1991-2-1:1995.

The annexes A and B are informative.

According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards

organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European
Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,
Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

Background of the Eurocode programme

In 1975, the Commission of the European Community decided on an action programme

in the field of construction, based on article 95 of the Treaty. The objective of the
programme was the elimination of technical obstacles to trade and the harmonisation of
technical specifications.

Within this action programme, the Commission took the initiative to establish a set of
harmonised technical rules for the design of construction works which, in a first stage,
would serve as an alternative to the national rules in force in the Member States and,
ultimately, would replace them.

For fifteen years, the Commission, with the help of a Steering Committee with
Representatives of Member States, conducted the development of the Eurocodes
programme, which led to the first generation of European codes in the 1980s.

In 1989, the Commission and the Member States of the EU and EFTA decided, on the
basis of an agreement1 between the Commission and CEN, to transfer the preparation
and the publication of the Eurocodes to CEN through a series of Mandates, in order to
provide them with a future status of European Standard (EN). This links de facto the
Eurocodes with the provisions of all the Council’s Directives and/or Commission’s
Decisions dealing with European standards (e.g. the Council Directive 89/106/EEC on

1
Agreement between the Commission of the European Communities and the European Committee for Standardisation (CEN)
concerning the work on EUROCODES for the design of building and civil engineering works (BC/CEN/03/89).

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 EN 1991-1-1:2002 (E)

construction products - CPD - and Council Directives 93/37/EEC, 92/50/EEC and

89/440/EEC on public works and services and equivalent EFTA Directives initiated in
pursuit of setting up the internal market).

The Structural Eurocode programme comprises the following standards generally

consisting of a number of Parts:

EN 1990 Eurocode : Basis of Structural Design

EN 1991 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures
EN 1992 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures
EN 1993 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures
EN 1994 Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures
EN 1995 Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures
EN 1996 Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures
EN 1997 Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design
EN 1998 Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance
EN 1999 Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures

Eurocode standards recognise the responsibility of regulatory authorities in each

Member State and have safeguarded their right to determine values related to regulatory
safety matters at national level where these continue to vary from State to State.

Status and field of application of Eurocodes

The Member States of the EU and EFTA recognise that Eurocodes serve as reference
documents for the following purposes:

– as a means to prove compliance of building and civil engineering works with the
essential requirements of Council Directive 89/106/EEC, particularly Essential
Requirement N°1 – Mechanical resistance and stability – and Essential Requirement
N°2 – Safety in case of fire ;

– as a basis for specifying contracts for construction works and related engineering
services ;

– as a framework for drawing up harmonised technical specifications for construction

products (ENs and ETAs)

The Eurocodes, as far as they concern the construction works themselves, have a direct
relationship with the Interpretative Documents2 referred to in Article 12 of the CPD,
although they are of a different nature from harmonised product standards3. Therefore,
technical aspects arising from the Eurocodes work need to be adequately considered by
2
According to Art. 3.3 of the CPD, the essential requirements (ERs) shall be given concrete form in interpretative documents for
the creation of the necessary links between the essential requirements and the mandates for harmonised ENs and ETAGs/ETAs.
3
According to Art. 12 of the CPD the interpretative documents shall :
a) give concrete form to the essential requirements by harmonising the terminology and the technical bases and indicating classes or levels
for each requirement where necessary ;
b) indicate methods of correlating these classes or levels of requirement with the technical specifications, e.g. methods of calculation and
of proof, technical rules for project design, etc. ;
c) serve as a reference for the establishment of harmonised standards and guidelines for European technical approvals.
The Eurocodes, de facto, play a similar role in the field of the ER 1 and a part of ER 2.

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EN 1991-1-1:2002 (E)

CEN Technical Committees and/or EOTA Working Groups working on product

standards with a view to achieving full compatibility of these technical specifications
with the Eurocodes.

The Eurocode standards provide common structural design rules for everyday use for
the design of whole structures and component products of both a traditional and an
innovative nature. Unusual forms of construction or design conditions are not
specifically covered and additional expert consideration will be required by the designer
in such cases.

National Standards implementing Eurocodes

The National Standards implementing Eurocodes will comprise the full text of the
Eurocode (including any annexes), as published by CEN, which may be preceded by a
National title page and National foreword, and may be followed by a National annex.

The National annex may only contain information on those parameters which are left
open in the Eurocode for national choice, known as Nationally Determined Parameters,
to be used for the design of buildings and civil engineering works to be constructed in
the country concerned, i.e. :
– values and/or classes where alternatives are given in the Eurocode,
– values to be used where a symbol only is given in the Eurocode,
– country specific data (geographical, climatic, etc.), e.g. snow map,
– the procedure to be used where alternative procedures are given in the Eurocode, .
It may also contain
– decisions on the application of informative annexes,
– references to non-contradictory complementary information to assist the user to
apply the Eurocode.

Links between Eurocodes and harmonised technical specifications (ENs and

ETAs) for products

There is a need for consistency between the harmonised technical specifications for
construction products and the technical rules for works4. Furthermore, all the
information accompanying the CE Marking of the construction products which refer to
Eurocodes should clearly mention which Nationally Determined Parameters have been
taken into account.

Additional information specific for EN 1991-1-1

EN 1991-1-1 gives design guidance and actions for the structural design of buildings
and civil engineering works, including the following aspects:
– densities of construction materials and stored materials ;
– self-weight of construction elements, and
– imposed loads for buildings.

4
see Art.3.3 and Art.12 of the CPD, as well as clauses 4.2, 4.3.1, 4.3.2 and 5.2 of ID 1.

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 EN 1991-1-1:2002 (E)

EN 1991-1-1 is intended for clients, designers, contractors and public authorities.

EN 1991-1-1 is intended to be used with EN 1990, the other Parts of EN 1991 and EN
1992 to EN 1999 for the design of structures.

National annex for EN 1991-1-1

This standard gives alternative procedures, values and recommendations for classes with
notes indicating where National choices have to be made, therefore the National
Standard implementing EN 1991-1-1 should have a National Annex containing all
Nationally Determined Parameters to be used for the design of buildings and civil
engineering works to be constructed in the relevant country.

National choice is allowed in EN 1991-1-1 through:

– 2.2(3),
– 5.2.3(1) to 5.2.3(5),
– 6.3.1.1 (Table 6.1),
– 6.3.1.2(1)P (Table 6.2),
– 6.3.1.2(10) & (11),
– 6.3.2.2 (1)P (Table 6.4),
– 6.3.2.2 (3),
– 6.3.3.2(1) (Table 6.8),
– 6.3.4.2 (Table 6.10) and
– 6.4 (1)(P) (Table 6.12)

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EN 1991-1-1:2002 (E)

Section 1 General

1.1 Scope

(1) EN 1991-1-1 gives design guidance and actions for the structural design of buildings
and civil engineering works including some geotechnical aspects for the following
subjects:

- Densities of construction materials and stored materials;

- Self-weight of construction works;

- Imposed loads for buildings.

(2) Section 4 and Annex A give nominal values for densities of specific building
materials, additional materials for bridges and stored materials. In addition for specific
materials the angle of repose is provided.

(3) Section 5 provides methods for the assessment of the characteristic values of self-
weight of construction works.

(4) Section 6 gives characteristic values of imposed loads for floors and roofs according
to category of use in the following areas in buildings:
- residential, social, commercial and administration areas;
- garage and vehicle traffic areas;
- areas for storage and industrial activities;
- roofs;
- helicopter landing areas.

(5) The loads on traffic areas given in Section 6 refer to vehicles up to a gross vehicle
weight of 160 kN. The design for traffic areas for heavy vehicles of more than 160 kN
gross weight needs to be agreed with the relevant authority. Further information may be
obtained from EN 1991-2.

(6) For barriers or walls having the function of barriers, horizontal forces are given in
Section 6. Annex B gives additional guidance for vehicle barriers in car parks.

NOTE Forces due to vehicle impact are specified in EN 1991-1-7 and EN 1991-2.

(7) For the design situations and effects of actions in silos and tanks caused by water or
other materials see EN 1991-3.

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1.2 Normative References

This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference provisions from other
publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and
the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or
revisions of, any of these publications apply to this European Standard only when
incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of
the publication referred to applies (including amendments).

NOTE 1 The Eurocodes were published as European Prestandards. The following European Standards
which are published or in preparation are cited in normative clauses :

EN 1990 Eurocode : Basis of Structural Design

EN 1991-1-7 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures: Part 1-7: Accidental actions from
impact and explosions
EN 1991-2 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures: Part 2:Traffic loads on bridges
EN 1991-3 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures: Part 3: Actions induced by cranes
and machinery
EN 1991-4 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures: Part 4: Actions in silos and tanks

NOTE 2 The Eurocodes were published as European Prestandards. The following European Standards
which are published or in preparation are cited in NOTES to normative clauses :

EN 1991-1-3 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures: Part 1-3: Snow loads

EN 1991-1-4 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures: Part 1-4: Wind actions
EN 1991-1-6 Eurocode 1:Actions on structures: Part 1-6: Actions during execution