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    Hel 1-2

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    Nastya Beznoshchenko
    The document discusses the history of the English language from its origins with ancient Germanic tribes through the development of Old English and later periods. It notes that Germanic languages developed from Proto-Indo-European and discusses linguistic features like the first consonant shift, ablaut, and loss of case endings over time. The Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain starting in the 5th century established the roots of Old English, which was spoken until the Norman conquest in 1066 ushered in Middle English.

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    Hel 1-2

    Uploaded by

    Nastya Beznoshchenko
    36 views43 pages
    The document discusses the history of the English language from its origins with ancient Germanic tribes through the development of Old English and later periods. It notes that Germanic languages developed from Proto-Indo-European and discusses linguistic features like the first consonant shift, ablaut, and loss of case endings over time. The Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain starting in the 5th century established the roots of Old English, which was spoken until the Norman conquest in 1066 ushered in Middle English.

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    HEL 1-2

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    The document discusses the history of the English language from its origins with ancient Germanic tribes through the development of Old English and later periods. It notes that Germanic languages developed from Proto-Indo-European and discusses linguistic features like the first consonant shift, ablaut, and loss of case endings over time. The Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain starting in the 5th century established the roots of Old English, which was spoken until the Norman conquest in 1066 ushered in Middle English.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    36 views43 pages

    Hel 1-2

    Uploaded by

    Nastya Beznoshchenko
    The document discusses the history of the English language from its origins with ancient Germanic tribes through the development of Old English and later periods. It notes that Germanic languages developed from Proto-Indo-European and discusses linguistic features like the first consonant shift, ablaut, and loss of case endings over time. The Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain starting in the 5th century established the roots of Old English, which was spoken until the Norman conquest in 1066 ushered in Middle English.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 43

    History of

    the English Language


    Points at issue:

    •
    1) Germanic languages
    •
    2) Ancient Germanic tribes
    •
    3) Linguistic features of Germanic languages
    •
    4) The Anglo-Saxon settlement
    PIE::PG::CG
    Development of OLD Germanic Languages from PIE
    * - asterisk
    Modern Germanic languages

    West Germanic Languages: English, Frisian, Dutch, Flemish,


    German, Afrikaans, Yiddish.

    North Germanic Languages: Icelandic, Faroese, Norwegian,


    Swedish, Danish.

    East Germanic Languages: Gothic, Vandalic, Burgundian (extinct).


    Frisian
    Afrikaans

    Is spoken in South Africa, Namibia


    and, to a lesser extent, Botswana,
    Zambia and Zimbabwe
    Gothic

    Ulfilas, a West Gothic bishop, translated the Bible from


    Greek into Gothic in the 4th century, using the Gothic
    alphabet (modified form of the Greek alphabet).
    Although his original translation has not survived, several
    documents of the 5th and 6th centuries reproduce
    fragments of his work.
    The most important of these is the SILVER CODEX,
    which is written in gold and silver on purple-red
    parchment.
    The Goths were the first of the Teutons to become
    Christians.
    Our knowledge of the Germanic people (Teutons) is based on the
    testimonies by Old Greek and Roman writers:

    - Pytheas (4th BC)


    - Julius Caesar (1st BC) «Commentaries on the War in Gaul»
    - Pliny the Elder (1st AD) «Natural history»
    - Tacitus (I-II AD) «Germania»
    According to Pliny Germanic tribes in the 1 century AD consisted of
    6 groups:

    -the Vindili (the Goths, the Burgundians, spoke East G.L.)


    -the Ingvaeones (Ingevones) (North-western Germ. territ., North Sea
    (Jutes, Angles, Saxons, Frisians))
    -the Istaevones (Iscaevones) (the western part, the shores of Rhein,
    (Franks))
    -the Herminones (the southern part (Bavarians, the Alemans))
    -the Peucini and Bastarnae (Lived close to the Dacians (now
    Rumania))
    -the Hilleviones (inhabited Scandinavia, spoke northern G. L.)
    Friederich Engels accepted Plyn's classification with only 1 amendament:

    Tribes Languages

    -the Vindili Eastern


    -the Ingevones Western
    -the Istaevones Western
    -the Herminones Western
    -the Hillavions Northern
    LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF GERMANIC LANGUAGES

    - Word stress
    - Vowels
    - The First Consonant Shift, or Grimm's Law
    - Verner's Law
    - West Germanic Lengthening of consonants
    - Ablaut
    Word Stress in Indo-European and
    Proto-Germanic

    In ancient IE languages there existed two ways of word-


    stress: musical pitch and force stress. The position of the
    stress was free and movable.
    Both these properties of the word stress were changed in
    PG. Force stress (dynamic stress) became the only type of
    stress used. In early PG language word stress was still
    movable as in ancient IE but in Late PG its position in the
    word was stabilized. The stress was now fixed on the first
    syllable, which was usually the root of the word.
    Indo-European Proto-Germanic
    (Non-Germanic)

    - free stress (movable, i.e. can - fixed stress (can’t move either
    appear in any part of a word in form- or word-building and is
    (root, prefix, suffix)); usually placed on root or prefix);
    The Germanic Vowel Shift
    I c. BC- I c. AD
    Phonetic laws
    The First Consonant Shift
    (Grimm’s Law)
    Grimm's law (the First Germanic Sound Shift /the Rask's-Grimm's
    rule) in the 1st millennium BC establishes a set of regular correspondences
    between early Germanic stops and fricatives and the stop consonants of
    certain other centum Indo-European languages).

    Discovered by Friedrich von Schlegel (1806) and Rasmus Christian Rask


    (1818), elaborated by Jacob Grimm (1822)
    Grimm’s Law

    1 Indo-European voiceless stops (p, t, k) correspond to Germanic voiceless


    fricatives (f, þ, h).
    2 Indo-European voiced stops (b, d, g) correspond to Germanic voiceless stops
    (p, t, k).
    3 Indo-European voiced aspirated stops (bh, dh, gh) correspond to Germanic
    voiced stops (b, d, g)
    Grimm’s Law or
    The First Sound Shifting
    (BC mid-1st mill.)

    Aspirated Voiced Voiced Stops Voiceless Voiceless


    Stops Stops Fricatives

    *bh → *b → *p → *f

    *dh → *d → *t → *Θ

    *gh → *g → *k → *h
    Latin pa'ter – Gothic 'fadar

    t d= ?
    Verner’s Law
    In 1877 Danish scholar Karl Verner explained the apparent exceptions to
    Grimm’s Law:

    If an IE voiceless stop was preceded by an unstressed vowel, the voiceless


    fricative which developed from it in accordance with Grimm’s law became
    voiced and then this voiced fricative became a voiced stop.
    Rhotacism

    PG [z] underwent a phonetic modification into [r] and thus became a


    sonorant, which ultimately merged with the older IE [r], e.g.
    Gt. Wasjan, OE werian (NE wear).

    Rotasizm: voicing of PIE /s/ > PG /z/


    Cf. Goth. maiza, OHG mêra, PDE more
    Goth. dags, ON dagr, Run. dagaR
    West Germanic Gemination of consonants

    is the doubling of consonants – in West Germanic group PG


    phoneme /j/ in position after one consonant assimilated
    completely with the proceeding consonant.
    Goth. saljan – OE sellan.
    Goth. satjan – OE settan.

    The change didn’t affect the sonorant [r], e.g. OE werian; nor
    did it operate if the consonant was preceded by a long vowel.
    Ablaut
    The earliest set of vowel interchanges, which dates from
    PG and PIE, is called vowel gradation or ablaut.
    The term is introduced by Jacob Grimm.

    Ablaut is an independent vowel interchange


    unconnected with any phonetic conditions; different
    vowels appear in the same environment, surrounded by
    the same sounds thus indicating a corresponding
    modification of function or meaning.
    The principal gradation series used in the IE languages – [e~o~zero] –
    can be shown in Ukrainian examples:

    нести - носити
    везти - возити
    сон - сну

    Germanic ablaut -[i~a~zero] — can be shown in English


    sing-sang-sung
    Word structure
    The structure of noun in PG as in other Indo-
    European languages included three main
    morphological components.
    root + stem building suffix + case inflection
    Later the stem-suffix merged with other components of
    the word (inflection) and the three-morpheme
    structure was transformed into a two-morpheme
    structure: stem and inflexion with fixed stress on the
    first root syllable in the stem.
    Late PG - stem + inflection
    Periods in the History of English


    The English scholar Henry Sweet (1845-1912) proposed the following
    classification of English according to the state of unstressed endings:


    1st period, Old English, the period of full endings.

    2nd period, Middle English, the period of levelled endings.

    3rd period, Modern English, the period of lost endings.
    Periods in the History of English

    Old English - from about V-VII century till 1066.


    Middle English – from 1066 till 1485.
    Modern English – from 1500 till our times.

    Within Modern English we distinguish:


    Early Modern English (approximately 1500-1660)
    Late Modern English (from 1660 till our times)
    OLD ENGLISH
    V-VII c. - 1066
    The Roman Conquest

    55 B.C. - Julius Caesar


    43 A.D. - Claudius
    410 - Roman legions were recalled from Britain
    The history of English started with the arrival of three
    Germanic tribes, who invaded Britain during the 5th
    century AD.

    Jutes
    Angles
    Saxons
    Heptarchy

    The Germanic tribes which conquered Britain formed 7


    kingdoms:


    Jutes – Kent

    Angles – East Anglia, Northumbria, Mercia

    Saxons - Sussex, Wessex, Essex
    Heptarchy:
    Seven Kingdoms in England
    VII-IX centuries

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