Pre Sem Lessons

CHAPTER I
Introduction to History
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Comprehend the definition, nature, methodology and

domain of History
2. Appreciate the importance of History
3. Distinguish between primary and secondary sources
4. Evaluate sources for their credibility, authenticity, and
provenance
5. Validate sources through historical criticism
ETYMOLOGY AND
DEFINITION OF HISTORY
ETYMOLOGY AND
➢History ( from the Greek word

Historie or Historia which means
“learning, inquiry and or
investigation”)
ETYMOLOGY AND
➢History is a branch of the Social

Sciences that deals with the systematic
study of significant past, a branch of
knowledge that records and explains past
events and which concerns people and
human nature.
HISTORIOGRAPHY
HISTORIOGRAPHY
➢Historiography refers to the

study of history itself.
HISTORIOGRAPHY
Historiography analyzes
✓ who is the history writer
✓ the motives of the writer,
✓ the sources of the writer
✓ theories applied and other historical methods.
✓ the context when the history was written.
ELEMENTS OF
HISTORY
ELEMENTS OF HISTORY
1. The Historian. This refers to the person writing the

history.
2. Place. The location where the history was written
3. Period. Refers to the context of the time when the
history was written.
4. Sources. Refers to the basis of claims or analysis of the
historian such as documents, written or oral accounts.
NATURE OF HISTORY AS AN
ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE
NATURE OF HISTORY AS AN
ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE
A. History has no subject matter of its own.

B. History synthesizes knowledge from other
fields.
C. History illuminates pieces of the past.
D. History is constantly changing.
E. History sheds light to truth.
IMPORTANCE OF THE
STUDY OF HISTORY
IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY
OF HISTORY
According to E. Kent Rogers, we study History because of

the following:
✓ “to know more about the roots of our current culture”
✓ “to learn about human nature by looking at trends that
repeat through history”
✓ “learn about mistakes of those who have gone before us”
THE IMPORTANCE OF HISTORY
1. To unite a nation
2. To legitimize regime and forge a sense of collective identity
through collective memory
3. To make sense of the present
4. To not repeat mistakes of the past
5. To inspire people to keep their good practices to move
forward
HISTORY IN RELATION WITH
OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES
HISTORY IN RELATION WITH
OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES
Archaeology Anthropology
Archaeology is Anthropology is the study
scientific study of of human beings and their
ancestors through time and
material remains of past space and in relation to
human life and physical character,
activities environmental and social
relations, and culture.
SOURCES OF
HISTORY
SOURCES OF HISTORY
Historians study the sources that the past has left behind. No statement
about the past can carry conviction unless it can be supported by reference
to the historical sources, the evidence upon which historians base their ideas
and interpretations. Historians inevitably spend a lot of time reading each
other’s writings, but the real historical work is done – and the real
enjoyment is to be had – in studying the sources, the actual ‘stuff ’ of
history. (University of Cambridge website)
SOURCES OF HISTORY
➢Historical evidences are important proof of

the truthfulness of the past.
➢“Sources”/ “Batis”/ “Sanggunian” refers to
the basis of claims or analysis of the historian.
They serve as the evidences utilized in the
study of history.
SOURCES OF HISTORY
Primary Sources Secondary Sources

• A primary source provides • Secondary sources are
direct or firsthand evidence interpretations of history.
about an event, object, person, • They describe, discuss, interpret,
or work of art. comment upon, analyze, evaluate,
summarize, and process primary
• These are the evidences by
sources.
eyewitnesses or created by
• These are the products of people
people who experienced the
or writers who were not part of
said event or phenomena.
the event or phenomena.
SOURCES OF HISTORY
➢Tertiary Sources
➢Tertiary sources contain information
that has been compiled from primary
and secondary sources.
TYPES OF HISTORICAL
SOURCES
TYPES OF HISTORICAL
SOURCES
• Archival Material
• Manuscripts and archives are primary sources, including
business and personal correspondence, diaries and journals,
legal and financial documents, photographs, maps,
architectural drawings, objects, oral histories, computer tapes,
and video and audio cassettes. Some archival materials are
published and available in print or online.
TYPES OF HISTORICAL
SOURCES
• Government Documents
• Government documents provide evidence of activities, functions,
and policies at all government levels. For research that relates to the
workings of government, government documents are primary
sources.
• These documents include hearings and debates of legislative bodies;
the official text of laws, regulations and treaties; records of
government expenditures and finances; and statistical compilations
of economic, demographic, and scientific data.
TYPES OF HISTORICAL
SOURCES
• Serials
• Journals, magazines, and newspapers are serial publications that are
published on an ongoing basis.
• Serials may also include book reviews, editorials, and review articles.
Review articles summarize research on a particular topic, but they do
not present any new findings; therefore, they are considered
secondary sources. Their bibliographies, however, can be used to
identify primary sources.
TYPES OF HISTORICAL
SOURCES
• Books
• Most books are secondary sources,
where authors reference primary
source materials and add their own
analysis.
TYPES OF HISTORICAL
SOURCES
• Audio and Visual Materials

• Visual materials such as maps, photographs, prints, graphic arts, and
original art forms can provide insights into how people viewed and/or
were viewed the world in which they existed.
• Films, videos, TV programs, and digital recordings can be primary sources.
Documentaries, feature films, and TV news broadcasts can provide insights
into the fantasies, biases, political attitudes, and material culture of the
times in which they were created. Radio broadcast recordings, oral
histories, and the recorded music of a particular era can also serve as
primary source material
HISTORICAL
CRITICISM
HISTORICAL CRITICISM
The historian’s role in writing history, to reiterate, is to provide

meanings to facts that he gathered from primary sources (facts
from manuscripts, documents) or those that have been
gathered by archaeologists or anthropologists (artifacts). He
can only make conclusions and generalizations based on them.
It is therefore his duty to check on the authenticity of the
sources that are presented to him to be used as basis in writing
history.
• External Criticism
a) Authorship
b) Date and Place of Publication
c) Textual Errors
d) Meanings of Words Used
• Internal Criticism
• External Criticism covers the physical

examinations of sources like
documents, manuscripts, books,
pamphlets, maps, inscriptions and
monuments.
a) Authorship. The name of the

author of the document usually
provides credence in the
establishment of validity of a
certain document.
b) Date and place of publication.

The date of the document including
the time and place of publication
should be properly analyzed in
order to establish its authenticity.
c) Textual Errors. The historian should

always be in the lookout for errors in
the text of documents and
manuscripts.
Two Types of Textual Errors: Intentional
and Unintentional
d) Meaning of Words Used. The

meaning of words used usually changes
from generation to generation,
therefore the historian have to interpret
the words used based on the time when
the document was made.
• Internal Criticism refers to understanding of both

literal and real meaning of words. A historian
therefore must be able to analyze and interpret the
contents of documents in their real meaning.
• Historians should refrain from making their own
conclusions so as not to convey their own
interpretation rather than the true meaning of the
content.
DEBUNKING “ SA AKING MGA KABATA” AND
“THE CODE OF KALANTIAW” THROUGH
SA AKING MGA KABATA
According to Dr. Nancy Kimuell Gabriel on her tesis

masterado “Timawa: Kahulugan, Kasaysayan at
Kabuluhan sa Lipunang Pilipino,” on UP Diliman,
2001the poem shows falseness. Historian Ambeth
Ocampo ,National artist of the Philippines and writer
Virgilio S. Almario and others have debunked Rizal's
traditional authorship of the poem based on the
following.
SA AKING MGA KABATA
• a.) AUTHORSHIP
• No manuscript for Sa Aking Mga Kabatà written in Rizal's
handwriting exists. The poem supposedly wrote in 1869
where he was only 8 years old then.
• b.)DATE AND PLACE OF PUBLICATION
• The poem was first published in 1906, a decade after his
death, in a book authored by the poet Hermenigildo Cruz.
SA AKING MGA KABATA
• c. TEXTUAL ERRORS
• In Rizal’s childhood they spelled words with a “c” rather than “k.”
Further, the word “kalayaan” (freedom) is used twice.(No manuscript
EXIST)
• d.)MEANINGS OF WORDS USED
• Kalayaan was not a common word in 1869 and there is irrefutable
evidence that Jose Rizal himself did not learn the word until he was 25
years old. Rizal first encountered the word atleast by 1872 the years after
the execution of GOMBURZA
CODE OF KALANTIAW
William Henry Scott, examined the pre-

Hispanic history of the Philippines.
Scott raised issues on the existence of
the Code of Kalantiaw, specifically on:
CODE OF KALANTIAW
• LACK OF HISTORICAL EVIDENCE

✓ No written/ pictorial documents from that time in Philippine history
✓ No documents from other countries that mentions Kalantiaw
• LACK OF EVIDENCE FOR A KALANTIAW LEGEND
✓ No recorded Filipino legend about Kalantiaw other than the doubtful Pavon manuscripts
before the 20th century
✓ Historian Diego Alba looked for Kalantiaw in local folklore but found none
• DOUBTFUL PAVON MANUSCRIPTS
✓ Two inconsistent versions on how Jose Marco obtained the manuscripts ( looters and
cook stories)
✓ Mistakes in the Pavon manuscripts
Question and
Answer Portion
PART I: FILL IN THE BLANKS: USE CAPITTAL
LETTERS ON ANSWERING THE QUESTIONS.
1. _______________ Greek word which means “ learning, inquiry and or

investigation”
2. _______________ Refers to the basis of claims or analysis of the
historian. They serve as the evidences utilized in the study of history
3. _______________ Branch of social science that deals with the scientific
study of material remains of past human life and activities
4. _______________ Special type of secondary sources which contain
information that has been compiled from primary and secondary sources.
PART I: FILL IN THE BLANKS: USE CAPITTAL
LETTERS ON ANSWERING THE QUESTIONS.
5. _______________ Branch of social science which deals with the study of human
beings and their ancestors through time and space and in relation to physical character,
environmental and social relations and culture.
6. History is very _____________ in nature.
7. ________________ Historical criticism which covers the examination of the accuracy
in the contents of historical sources.
8. Philippine History is best written in the point of view of the ________________.
9. _________________ In Rizal’s poem “ Sa Aking Mga Kabata” , this term was
repeatedly used and was eventually employed by historians to debunk his poem
10. __________________ He is the person responsible for the introduction of Code of
Kalantiaw through the Pavon Manuscripts, which were later on debunked
II. WRITE THE LETTER OF THE BEST
ANSWER BEFORE THE NUMBER.
1. In the definition of history, the term “systematic” means_______

A . history follows a methodology in which it establishes facts and
evidences
B. history follows a perspective in which it sets a paradigm to settle its
complexity
C. history follows a methodology in which it provides historical criticisms
D. history follows a perspective in which it enables a multifaceted analysis
a certain period
2. Who is the focal point in the study of history?
A. period C. people
B. place D. sources
3. Which of the following is NOT a nature of history as an academic
discipline?
A. History is universal as to other cultures
B. History synthesizes knowledge from other fields
C. History has no subject of its own
D. History sheds light to truth
4. Primary sources provide ___________________________________
A. formal evidence about an event, object, person, or work of art. These are the
evidences by textbooks or created by people who interpreted the said event or
phenomena
B. direct evidence about an event, object, person, or work of art. These are the evidences
by textbooks or created by people who interpreted the said event or phenomena
C. direct evidences about an event, object, person, or work of art. These are the
evidences by eyewitnesses or created by people who experienced the said event or
phenomena
D. formal evidences about an event, object, person, or work of art. These are the
evidences by eyewitnesses or created by people who experienced the said event or
phenomena
5. Rojon visited the United States for a few months to see his relatives who have lived
there for decades. His uncle brought him tours around Illinois. Rojon visited the Field
Museum of Natural History where a golden sculpture of a woman caught his eye.
Alongside the sculpture was a caption from the researchers of the museum stating that “
This image originated from Agusan del Sur and believed to be made prior to the arrival
of the Spaniards in the Philippines.”
The golden image is __________ source and the caption is a ______ source respectively.
A. Primary; Secondary
B. Primary; Tertiary
C. Secondary; Primary
D. Tertiary; Primary
E. Secondary; Tertiary
PART II: MINIMUM OF FIVE SENTENCES
PER ITEM.
1. Does the Philippines have their own way of telling their

history before the colonizers came? Explain.
2. As a student of Philippine History, do you agree that English
should be used as the medium of instruction for the subject?
Justify your answer
THE FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD
AND
THE CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOG
Who is the Author of The First Voyage Around the World?
a. Ferdinand Magellan
b. Enrique de Malacca
c. Antonio Pigafetta
d. Juan de Placensia
• Pigafetta was born into a wealthy Vicenza family, and
studied navigation among other things. He served on board
the galleys of the Knights of Rhodes, and accompanied the
papal nuncio, Monsignor Chieregati, to Spain. Later, he
joined the Portuguese captain Ferdinand Magellan and his
Spanish crew on their trip to the Maluku Islands.
• While in the Philippines Magellan was killed, and
Pigafetta was injured. Nevertheless, he recovered and was
among only 18 of Magellan’s original crew who, having
completed the first circumnavigation of the world, returned
to Spain on board another vessel, the Victoria. Most
importantly, [Pigafetta] kept a journal of his voyage, and
this is a key source for information about Magellan’s
famous journey.
Age of Exploration or
Age of Exploitation?
Three Major Reasons:
1.Economic
2.Political
3.Religion
Why do Europeans need Spices?
a. Used as preservatives
b. Enhanced the taste of the food
c. For medical purposes
d. All of the above
What are the two routes that Europeans used to travel in trading from Western to East Indies?
Silk Road
Arab-Italian Route
Portugal monopolized the spices
• The first country to discover a route from East Indies

• Prince Henry- maritime school
•Put up a maritime school that trained sailors who
would later discover an eastern route to Spice Island
(Moluccas Island) and other island in Southeast Asia via
Atlantic and Indian Ocean
 Portugal – Africa- Asia - Cape of Good Hope (Africa)

Ferdinand Magellan
•a Portuguese explorer who organized the

Spanish expedition to the East Indies from 1519 to
1522, resulting in the first circumnavigation of the
Earth, completed by Juan Sebastián Elcano.
•One of his main objectives was to search for a
new maritime path to the Spice Islands that would
not violate Spain’s Treaty with Portugal (Treaty of
Tordesillas).
 Spain – Atlantic Ocean- South America (Strait of

Magellan )– Pacific Ocean - -Islas de los Ladrones
(Mariana Island)- Samar
What is Treaty of Tordesillas?
• treaty between Portugal and Spain in 1494 in which
they decided to divide up all the land in
the Americas between the two of them, no matter who
was already living there.
• Pope Alexander VI, was the Pope at the time of the

treaty. He drew an imaginary line 2,193 km to the west of
the Cape Verde Islands, gave Portugal the land to the east
of this line, and gave Spain the land to the west of this
line.
According to the Europeans, what Island in the East Indies has the most abundance in terms of
spices?
a. Molucas
b. Zamar
c. China
d. Mar Pacifica
What are the five ships that Magellan used?
And what is the only ship who returned to Spain?
King Charles V provided Magellan and his
troops five ships which are- Trinidad (55 )
under Magellan’s command, San Antonio
(60) commanded by Juan de Cartagena,
Concepcion (45) commanded by Quesada,
Santiago (32) commanded by Juan
Rodriguez Serrano, and Victoria (43)
commanded by Mendoza which carries the
supplies provisions.
Magellan’s Voyage
•At the end of the Voyage, Antonio
Pigafetta was on board the Victoria- the
only ship that was able to return to Spain
•His original diary was lost and it is not
known in what language it was written.
Survives in four manuscript versions, one
in Italian and three in French.
Reminder:
•Since Magellan and his crew

crossed the International
Dateline, there is one day added
to the original dates that Antonio
Pigafetta wrote in his book.
•Enrique of Malacca served as
the translator and slave for
Magellan.
Timeline of Magellan in the Philippines
• March 16, 1521

 They arrived in Zamal (Samar)
 The island was called Humunu (Homonhon)
 Magellan and his men called it Acquada da li
buoni Segnialli (The Watering-place of Good
Signs)
 There are many islands in the district, and
therefore they called it Archipelago of San
Lazaro (Sunday of St. Lazarus)
• April 1, 1521
 The first mass in the Philippines was held in Mazua
(Limasawa)
 It was attended by Magellan, Raia Colambu (Raja
Kolambu), Raia Siaui (Raja Siagu), Spanish voyagers
and the local islanders
• April 8
 Magellan and his men entered the port of Zubu (Cebu)
 Initially, Magellan and his men encountered some
struggle when first entering the port of Zubu
 The “King” of Zubu wanted Magellan and his men to
pay tribute to them but Magellan refused and told the
translator that they were working for the King of Spain
and threatens him with war.
• April 14, 1521
 A mass was held with Raia Humabon and
his people attending the ceremony
 Almost 800 locals were baptized
 Pigafetta showed the Queen an image of
our Lady, a very beautiful wooden child
Jesus, and a cross
 She asked for the little child Jesus to
keep in place of her idols and this image
of child Jesus is now known as the Sto.
Nino found in Cebu.
• April 26, 1521
 According to Zula, the chief of Matan
Cilapulapu refused to obey the King
of Spain
 Cilapulapu did not want to pay
Magellan and his men the goat that
they were promised
 Magellan was not please since they
went to Matan to garner food for
their expedition
• April 27, 1521
 Magellan and his crew, together with some of
Raja Humabon’s men, reached Matan three
hours before dawn
 Magellan died during the battle
What happen after Magellan died?
Who became the chief captain after Magellan died?
Did Pigafetta and his men, reached the Mollucas Island?

Juan Sebastian Elcano
• May 2, 1521 – they abandoned and burned the ship
Concepcion, the fleet reduced to Victoria and
Trinidad fled westward to Palawan.
• June 21, 1521 – left Palawan and sailed to
Boneo and eventually reached Moluccas
Island.
• December 18, 1521 – they left Moluccas
Island for Spain.
•Trinidad sprang a leak and unable to repair,
was abandoned.
• September 6, 1522 – the Ship Victoria
retuned to Spain after crossing the Indian and
Atlantic Ocean.
Relevance:
•Enriched Philippine historiography because it contains

important details about the Visayan Islands in the 16th
century.
•The prominent leaders were identifies, economic
activities, social and cultural practices, and religious
beliefs.
•It is the main historical information about the
beginning of Christianity in the Philippines.
•It showed the reaction of the natives when they first
met the Spaniards.
The Customs of the Tagalogs
What is the historical context of
Placencia’s Customs of the
Tagalogs?
• Friar of the Franciscan Order in the Philippines
• He spent most of his missionary life in the
Philippines, where he founded numerous towns in
Luzon and authored several religious and linguistic
books, most notably the Doctrina Cristiana (Christian
Doctrine), the first book ever printed in the Philippines
• He is believed to have arrived to the Philippines in
1578, after a stopover in Mexico. As soon as he arrived,
he joined forces with another missionary, Fray Diego de
Oropesa, and they both started preaching around
Laguna de Bay and Tayabas, Quezon, in Quezon
Province, where he founded several towns.
• As a friar, Juan de Plasencia lived up to his pledge, leading
a lifestyle devoid of any luxury and in constant contact with
the people he was trying to convert to Christianity. He was
also known to be a defender of the native population, looking
after the poor, ill, or neglected, and standing up for their
rights on numerous occasions
• He was also very keen on creating primary schools, and
requested official sanction for the creation of educational
centers where "Filipinos could not only learn Christian
doctrine, but also reading and writing, and some arts and
crafts, so they would become after, not only good Christians
but also useful citizens", an initiative that was approved by
Domingo de Salazar, the first Bishop of the See of Manila
(1512–1594).
•During the following years they are also credited with
the foundation of a large number of towns in the
provinces of Bulacan, Laguna and Rizal, such as
Tayabas, Caliraya, Lucban, Mahjayjay, Nagcarlan,
Lilio(Liliw), Pila, Santa Cruz, Lumban, Pangil,
Siniloan, Morong, Antipolo, Taytay, and Meycauayan
• As a friar, Juan de Plasencia lived up to his pledge,
leading a lifestyle devoid of any luxury and in constant
contact with the people he was trying to convert to
Christianity. He was also known to be a defender of the
native population, looking after the poor, ill, or
neglected, and standing up for their rights on numerous
occasions.
• He was also very keen on creating primary schools, and
requested official sanction for the creation of educational centers
where "Filipinos could not only learn Christian doctrine, but also
reading and writing, and some arts and crafts, so they would
become after, not only good Christians but also useful citizens", an
initiative that was approved by Domingo de Salazar, the first
Bishop of the See of Manila (1512–1594).
• Juan de Plasencia wrote a number of books designed primarily
to promote the understanding of both the Spanish language among
the natives, and the local languages among the missionaries, to
facilitate the task of spreading Christianity. He acknowledged at
an early stage the need of mastering the language of the natives in
order to facilitate evangelization, and in a letter to the King of
Spain, dated June 18, 1585, he mentioned some of his works to
that effect
•In the language more common in these
Islands, I have written some works like the
"Arte de la lengua tagala" and "Declaracion de
toda la doctrina Cristiana," and now I am
writing the "Vocabulario." These are very
necessary for all the ministers if they would
only be printed. It would be particularly
favorable if Your Majesty would send me a
"cedula" so they could be sent for printing in
Mexico at the expense of His Real Hacienda. It
would be of great use for these souls."
What is the first Book printed in the Philippines?
What is the purpose of Doctrina Christiana?
What is the significance of the first book to the Filipinos?

• Other works attributed to him are the "Relacion de las Costumbres de Los
Tagalos" (1589), that not only helped understand and preserve many of the
traditional ways of the local population, but also provided the first form of
Civil Code, used by local governors to administer justice
• A mystical work which he entitled "La Santina", was an Opus number on

prayer and contemplation entirely done in the Tagalog language so the
natives who did not know Spanish could also engage in the spiritual
exercises of their teachers.
• He was also very keen on creating primary schools, and requested official
sanction for the creation of educational centers where "Filipinos could not
only learn Christian doctrine, but also reading and writing, and some arts
and crafts, so they would become after, not only good Christians but also
useful citizens", an initiative that was approved by Domingo de Salazar, the
first Bishop of the See of Manila (1512–1594)
• Juan de Plasencia died in Liliw, Laguna in 1590.

The Customs of the Tagalogs
•It provide insights in the early life of the

Filipinos, it include/s:
 Forms of Governments
 Classes of the Filipinos
 Marriage and children
 Dowries
 Gods and Deties
 Description of early Filipinos
 Customs and traditions and etc.
Dato (Datu)
•Governs the barangay and

captain of wars.
•Obeyed and revered by the
members of the barangay.
• Create and execute laws.
Maharlikas
• They do not pay taxes

• Freeborn
•Must accompany the
Datu in war, at their own
expense, but divide the
spoils.
•Warriors, rich traders,
and craftsmen.
Aliping Namamahay
• Lower ranking than the Maharlika

• Also called Aliping namamahay.
• Everyday folks, forming the majority
of the population.
•They pay taxes and served the Datu
as well as the Maharlikas.
•They live in their own houses, and
are lords of their property and gold.
Alipin Namamahay
• They are allowed to earn money but have

to surrender a percentage of earnings to
their masters.
•They cannot be slaves nor either parents
nor children can be sold.
•They cannot be taken away from their
own village and be carried with the master
who is going to dwell to another village.
Aliping Saguiguilir
• Could not own anything.

• Usually captives of war or sentenced
criminal.
• Could be bought or sold at will.
• Couldn’t enter into a contract or marriage.
• Used in sacrificial ceremonies and could be
buried alive upon the death of their masters,
to continue serving them in the after life.
Marriage and Children
•Those who are maharlikas on both father’s and

mother’s side continue to be so forever; if it happens
they should be slaves, it is through marriage.
•If maharlikas (men) had children among their slaves,
the children and their mothers became free.
•If a slave-woman is pregnant, she is compelled to give
her master half of the gold tael because of her risk of
death, and for her inability to work during pregnancy.
• If two persons married, of whom one was a
maharlika and the other a slave, whether
namamahay or sagigilid, the children were
divided; first, whether male or female
belonged to the father, as did the third and
fifth; and the second, fourth, and the sixth
fell to the mother.
•In this manner if the father were free, all
those belonged to him were free; if he were
a slave all those who belonged to him were
slaves; and same applied to mother.
•Maharlikas could not, after marriage move from one
village to another, without paying a certain fine of
gold, as arranged among them.
• This fine is larger or smaller according to the
inclination of the different villages, running from one
to three taels and banquet to the entire barangay.
•Failure to pay the fine might result in a war
between the barangay where the person left and one
which he entered.
•This applied equally to men and women except that
when one married a woman of another village, the
children were divided equally to two barangays.
Dowries
• Dowries are given by men to women’s parents.

•If the women’s parents are living, they will enjoy the
use of it. At their death, provided the dowry has not
been consumed, it is divided like the rest of the estate,
equally among the children.
• If the wife, at the time of her marriage has neither
father, mother, nor grandparents, she enjoys her dowry.
• In case of a divorce before the birth of children, if the
wife left the husband to marry another, all her dowry and
an equal additional amount goes to the husband; but if she
left him, and did not marry another, the dowry is
returned.
•When the husband left his wife, he lost half of the dowry,
and the other half is returned to him.
• If the husband possessed children at the time of his
divorce, the whole dowry and fine will be given to the
children, and held for them by their grandparents or other
responsible relatives.
• There are fine stipulated in the contract, that he who
violates it shall pay a certain sum which varies according
to the practice of the village and the affluence of the
individual.
•If upon the death of the parents, the son
or daughter should be unwilling to marry
because it was arranged by his or her
parents, the dowry which the parents
received is returned nothing more.
•If the parents are living, they pay a fine,
because it was assumed that is was their
design to separate the children.
Laws and Punishment
• Investigations made and sentences passed by the datu must

take place in the presence of those in his barangay.
• If any of the litigants (being sued) felt himself aggrieved, an
arbiter (judge) is unanimously selected from another village.
•A man of low birth who insulted the daughter or wife of the
Datu will be condemned to death.
•Witches were killed, and their children and accomplices
becomes slaves of the Datu.
• All other offenses were punished by fines in gold, which id not
paid in promptness, expose the culprit to serve until the payment
should be made.
Worship of the Tagalogs
•Pandot - a celebration of festival or worship which is

held at the large house of the Datu.
•Sibi - a temporary shed to shelter the people during
worship.
•Sorohile – small lamps to illuminate the sibi during
worship.
•Naagnitos – the act of worshipping that unites the
whole barangay and families.
•At the center of the house, worshippers place
one large lamp adorned with leaves of white palm
wrought into many designs.
• They also bought together many drums, large
and small which they beat successively during the
feast, which usually lasted for four days.
Tagalog Gods and Deties
• 1. Bathala- all powerful, maker of all things
• 2. Mayari (Moon)- especially when it was new which they had

great rejoicing, adoring it and bidding its welcome.
• 3. Apolaki- Sun was also worshipped and is being accounted for

its beauty, and it is universally respected and honored
• 4. Tala- the morning star
• 5. Mapolon- the God of season, medicine and health
• 6. Dian Masalanta- goddess of love, conception and childbirth and

the protector of lovers.
Tagalog Gods and Deities
•7. Lacapati- identified as the most important fertility
deity. The goddess of cultivated land
• 8. Balactic- The greater Bear
•9. Lic-Ha- images with different shapes, sometimes
worshipped with little importance
• 10. Idianale- the goddess of labor and good deeds.
•Note: Tagalog deties are fluied genders, she was also
known as a female deity of animal husbandry, and a
male deity of agriculture. Deity of craftmanship
Ancient Tagalog Counterpart of Hell
Ancient Tagalog Counterpart of Hell
1. Sitan- The guardian of Kasamaan and the keeper of all souls

therein. In a 1589 record, Sitan and Bathala is said to have once waged a
war with each other to determine who should rule the realms intended for
ancestral souls.
2. Catolonan- one of the priestess of the devil
3. Manisilat or Mansisilat- she was tasked to destroy and break very
happy and united family.
4. Mangagauay- witches who pretends to heal the sick
5. Silangan- if they saw anyone clothed in white, it will tear out his liver
and eat it.
6. Mancocolam- the only male agent of Sitan, he was to emit fire at night
and when there was bad weather, hence he is referred to as fire god. Fire
caused during bad weather are associated with him or Kidlat.
7.Hocloban- could change herself into any form she desired. She can
kill or make people unconscious simply by greeting them. She could
also kill someone by simply raising her hand and could heal without
any difficulty as she wished.
8. Magtatangal- shows himself at night to may persons without his
head or entrails.
9. Osuang- a flying creature that murders men and eat their flesh
10. Mangagayoma- they made charms out of herbs, stones and
woods, which infuse the heart with love.
11. Sonat- helps someone die
12. Panatahojan- predicts the future
13. Bayoguin- a cotquean (masculine woman), a man whose nature
inclined toward that of a woman.
Death
• Maca- a place of another life of rest. The paradise or village of

rest. Those who go to this place are the just, the valiant, and
those who lived without doing harm, or who possessed moral
virtues.
• Casanaan- place of punishment, grief, and affliction. Which is
also called plase of anguish
• Vibit- ghost
• Tigbalaang- phantoms
• Patianic- the lament, which can be heard at night, of a woman
died during childbirth. She and her child suffered punishment
Relevance
•Disapproves the claim of some Spaniards that when

they arrived in the Philippines, Filipinos were still
uncivilized and lacking culture.
•Filipinos were already politically and economically
organized.
•Filipinos has a functioning government, tax system,
set of laws, criminal justice system, indigenous
calendar, and long- standing customs and traditions.
• They had the concept of supreme
being called Bathala, practicd burial
customs and believed in life after
death.
• Peoplethen were already wearing
garments and gold ornaments, and
their houses were decorated with
idols.
CONTENT & CONTEXTUAL
ANALYSIS of “Kartilya ng
Katipunan” by Emilio Jacinto
Chapter 5
Learning Objectives
O Analyze the context, content and perspective of
different kinds of primary sources
O Determine the contribution of different kinds of
primary sources in understanding Philippine history.
O Develop critical and analytical skills with exposure to
primary sources.
O Appreciate the teachings of the Kartilya and be able
to live up to these principles as good citizens of our
nation.
The KKK or Katipunan
Background
O The Kataastaasan,
Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng
mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK) or
Katipunan is arguably the most
important organization formed in the
Philippine history.
O The two principal aims of the KKK as
gathered from the writings of
Bonifacio:
1. Unity of the Filipino people
2. Separation from Spain through
revolution
O July 7, 1892- Bonifacio and his
friends met secretly at Deodato
Arellano’s house at no.72
Azcarraga Street (now Claro M.
Recto) near Elcano Street in
Tondo Manila.
O July 7, 1892- They decided to form a
secret revolutionary society called
Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan
(KKK) or Katipunan, dedicated
through national independence
through armed revolution.
O Triangle Method- mode of recruiting
members.
Katipunan Membership
O The recruitment process of the Katipunan
followed Masonic initiation rites.
O The new members of the society were
indoctrinated with the Katipunan rules an its
teachings that emphasized the value of love of
one’s country and fellow Filipinos.
O New members performs the ancient blood
compact, and signed their membership papers
with their own blood.
O Payment of Entrance Fee
- Real Fuerte (25centavos)
O Monthly Due
- Media Real (about 12centavos)
O Katipunan was a government
itself with a constitution
promulgated in 1892, and
another constitution replacing
the first one in 1894.
O Kataastaasang Sanggunian (Supreme
Council)- central government
O Sagguniang Bayan (Provincial Council)-
province
O Sagguniang Balangay (Popular Coouncil)-
town
O Sagguniang Hukuman (Judicial Council)
O Three Grade Members of Katipunan
Grade Password Common Attire
Katipun Anak ng Bayan Wore a black mask during
(associate) meetings
Kawal GomBurZa Wore a green mask during
(soldier) meetings
Bayani Rizal Wore a red mask during

(patriot) meetings
O During the first election, the following
officers of the Supreme Council were
chosen:
President- Deodato Arellano
Comptroller- Andres Bonifacio
Fiscal- Ladislao Diwa
Secretary- Teodoro Plata
Tresurer- Valentin Diaz
OIn 1895, Andres
Bonifacio was elected
Supremo (President)
Kartilya ng Katipunan
Written by Emilio Jacinto
O It was penned by Emilio Jacinto (Pingkian),
the greatest writer of the Katipunan.
O It was printed as a small pamphlet that was
distributed to the members of the Katipunan.
O Serves as a primer as the primary lessons for
the members of the Katipunan.
O Emilio Jacinto was born in 1875 on the 15th of
December.
O He was the only son of a man named Mariano
Jacinto and a woman named Josefa Dizon.
O Shortly after he was born, his father passed
away. This untimely death forced his mother to
send Emilio to live with his uncle, Don Jose’
Dizon. His mother believed that his uncle could
care for the young Emilio better then she could
after the death of Mariano
O Emilio attended the San Juan de Latran
College when he first embarked on his
college career. However, he later attended
the University of San Tomas in order to study
law. Emilio left college before completing his
law degree.
O After dropping out of college at the age of 20,
Emilio joined the Katipunan, a secret
revolutionary society. This was a group whose
objective was to gain Philippine independence
from Spain in 1892.
O Jacinto became the secretary, directly reporting
to the leader of the Katipunan. He also became
the chief advisor on fiscal matters concerning this
secret society. In addition to these duties, Emilio
also wrote the society’s newspaper, the Kalayaan.
O Emilio was given a new name when he was part of
this group. To the Katipunan, he was often referred
to as Utak ng Katipunan. However, he wrote under
the pseudonym Dimasailaw when writing for the
newspaper and he was more commonly referred to
in the group as Pingkian. Jacinto was also placed in
charge of writing the guidebook for new members
and current members of the Katipunan, which was
called Kartilya ng Katipunan.
O When the leader of the Katipunan passed away,
Emilio continued to carry out the wishes of Bonifacio.
The Katipunan at this time had many factions and not
all of them operated in the same way in their efforts
to gain their independence from Spain. As with his
predecessor before him, Jacinto refused to join with
these factions who had different views. This included
refusing to join the Magdalo faction of the Katipunan
under the leadership of Emilio Aguinaldo.
O These teachings are expected from the
members even after the attainment of
freedom from the colonizers.
O The teachings are followed by a form to be
filled out with name, hometown, age,
occupation, status, and address.
To those who want to join this
association
O In order that all who want to enter this
Association may have a full understanding and
knowledge of its guiding principles and main
teachings, it is necessary to make these things
known to them so that they will not, tomorrow or
the next day, repent, and so that they may
perform their duties wholeheartedly.
O This Association pursues a most worthy and momentous
object: to unite the hearts and minds of all the Tagalogs
(*) by means of an inviolable oath, in order that this
union may be strong enough to tear aside the thick veil
that obscures thought, and to find the true path of
Reason and Enlightenment.
O
O (*The word Tagalog means all those born in this
Archipelago; even a person who is a Visayan, Ilocano, or
Kapampangan, etc. is therefore a Tagalog too.)
O
O One of the foremost rules here is true love of the native
land and genuine compassion for one another.
O Poor, rich, ignorant, wise – here, all are equal
and true brethren.
O
O As soon as anybody enters here, he shall
perforce renounce disorderly habits and shall
submit to the authority of the sacred commands
of the Katipunan.
O
O All acts contrary to noble and clean living are
repugnant here, and hence the life of anyone
who wants to affiliate with this Association will
be submitted to a searching investigation.
O If the applicant merely wishes to know the secrets of
the Association, or to seek personal gratification, or
to know who is here in order to sell them for a
handful of silver, he cannot proceed, for here the
many who are watching him will already know his
intentions, and will immediately have recourse to an
effective remedy, such as befits traitors.
O Here, only actions are demanded and esteemed;

hence anybody who is not willing to act should not
enter, no matter how good a speaker he might be.
O It is also announced that the duties to be performed
by the members of this association are exceedingly
hard, especially if one remembers that there can be
no dereliction or willful evasion of duty without the
exaction of a terrible punishment.
O
O If an applicant merely desires financial support relief
or wants to lead a life of bodily comfort and ease, he
had better not proceed, for he will encounter weighty
tasks, like the protection of the oppressed and the
relentless fight against all that is evil. In this way, his
fate will be a vexatious life.
O Nobody is unaware of the misfortune that threatens the
Filipinos who contemplate these things that are sacred (and
even those that are not) and the sufferings they are made to
endure by the reign of cruelty, injustice and evil.
O Everybody also knows the need for money, which today is one
of the main things upon which we depend to bring sustenance
to all. In this regard, the punctual payment of dues is required:
one peso upon entry and then twelve and a half centimos each
month. The custodian of the funds will periodically render an
account to the members, and each member has a right to
examine the accounts, should he so wish. The funds cannot
be expended without the consent of the majority.
O All this must be thought over and
deliberated upon calmly, as it cannot be
accomplished or endured by anyone who
has no love for his native land and no
genuine desire to promote progress.
O 1. Ang kabuhayang hindi
ginugugol sa isang malaki at
banal na kadahilanan ay kahoy
na walang lilim, kundi damong
makamandag.
O 2. Ang gawang magaling na
nagbubuhat sa pagpipita sa
sarili, at hindi sa talagang
nasang gumawa ng kagalingan,
ay di kabaitan.
O 3. Ang tunay na kabanalan ay ang
pagkakawang gawa, ang pagibig sa
kapua at ang isukat ang bawat
kilos, gawa’t pangungusap sa
talagang Katuiran.
O 4. Maitim man at maputi ang kulay
ng balat, lahat ng tao’y
magkakapantay; mangyayaring ang
isa’y higtan sa dunong, sa yaman,
sa ganda…; ngunit di mahihigtan sa
pagkatao.
O 5. Ang may mataas na kalooban
inuuna ang puri sa pagpipita sa
sarili; ang may hamak na
kalooban inuuna ang pagpipita
sa sarili sa puri.
O6. Sa taong may
hiya, salita’y
panunumpa.
O 7. Huag mong sasayangin ang
panahun; ang yamang nawala’y
magyayaring magbalik; nguni’t
panahong nagdaan na’y di na
muli pang magdadaan.
O8. Ipagtanggol mo
ang inaapi, at
kabakahin ang
umaapi.
O 9. Ang taong matalino’y ang
may pagiingat sa bawat
sasabihin, at matutong
ipaglihim ang dapat
ipaglihim.
O 10. Sa daang matinik ng
kabuhayan, lalaki ay siyang
patnugot ng asawa’t mga anak;
kung ang umaakay ay tungo sa
sama, ang patutunguhan ng
iaakay ay kasamaan din.
O 11. Ang babai ay huag mong tignang isang
bagay na libangan lamang, kundi isang
katuang at karamay sa mga kahirapan
nitong kabuhayan; gamitan mo ng buong
pagpipitagan ang kaniyang kahinaan, at
alalahanin ang inang pinagbuhata’t nagiwi
sa iyong kasangulan.
O 12. Ang di mo ibig na gawin
sa asawa mo, anak at
kapatid, ay huag mong
gagawin sa asawa, anak, at
kapatid ng iba.
O 13. Ang kamahalan ng tao’y wala sa pagkahari, wala sa
tangus ng ilong at puti ng mukha, wala sa pagkaparing
kahalili ng Dios wala sa mataas na kalagayan sa balat ng
lupa; wagas at tunay na mahal na tao, kahit laking gubat at
walang nababatid kundi ang sariling wika, yaong may
magandang asal, may isang pangungusap, may dangal at
puri; yaong di napaaapi’t di nakikiapi; yaong marunong
magdamdam at marunong lumingap sa bayang tinubuan.
O 14. Paglaganap ng mga aral na ito at maningning na sumikat
ang araw ng mahal na Kalayaan dito sa kaabaabang
Sangkalupuan, at sabugan ng matamis niyang liwanag ang
nangagkaisang magkalahi’t magkakapatid ng ligaya ng walang
katapusan, ang mga ginugol na buhay, pagud, at mga tiniis na
kahirapa’y labis nang natumbasan. Kung lahat ng ito’y mataruk
na ng nagiibig pumasuk at inaakala niyang matutupad ang mga
tutungkulin, maitatala ang kaniyang ninanasa sa kasunod nito
Relevance
O It established the rules not only for the
members of the Katipunan but the principles
for the citizens of a nation once independence
had been achieved.
O Though written in the 19th century, the
Kartilya is significant to the lives of modern
Filipinos as it reads like a simple creed for
living in the light of the many changes
occurring in the present.
CONTENT & CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF “ON
THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION OF 1896 AND ITS
AFTERMATH” AND “MGA GUNITA NG
HIMAGSIKAN” BY EMILIO AGUINALDO
CHAPTER 6
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• ANALYZE THE CONTEXT, CONTENT AND PERSPECTIVE OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF
PRIMARY SOURCES
• DETERMINE THE CONTRIBUTION OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF PRIMARY SOURCES IN
UNDERSTANDING PHILIPPINE HISTORY.
• DEVELOP CRITICAL AND ANALYTICAL SKILLS WITH EXPOSURE TO PRIMARY
SOURCES.
• CRITICALLY EVALUATE THE ROLE OF AGUINALDO DURING THE 1896 REVOLUTION
AND HOW HE SHOULD BE JUDGED BY OUR HISTORY.
THE REVOLUTION OF 1896
•BY THE MIDDLE OF 1896, AS THE
KATIPUNAN WAS BUSY PREPARING FOR A
REVOLUTION, HINTS ABOUT ITS EXISTENCE
REACHED THE SPANISH AUTHORITIES.
• JULY 5, 1896- MANUEL SITYAR REPORTED THE
QUESTIONABLE ACTIVITIES OF SOME FILIPINOS.
• AUGUST 13, 1896- FATHER AGUSTIN FERNANDEZ WROTE
TO DON MANUEL LUENGO, ABOUT THE EVENING
GATHERINGS IN HIS PARISH, APPARENTLY BY MEN
PLOTTING AGAINST THE SPANIARDS.
•AUGUST 19, 1896- TEODORO PATIÑO,
A MEMBER OF THE KATIPUNAN
BETRAYED THE SECRECY OF IT TO
FATHER MARIANO GIL.
•THE SPANISH CAZADORES
BEGAN MAKING HUNDREDS OF
ARREST.
• AUGUST 21-22, 1896- BONIFACIO CALLED FOR A
MEETING TO ISSUE THE CALL TO ARMS.
• EMILIO JACINTO SUMMONED THE HEADS OF
KATIPUNAN COUNCILS TO DISCUSS THEIR
MEASURES AGAINST THE SPANISH FORCES.
• AUGUST 23, 1896- KATIPUNEROS MET AT BAHAY TORO,
PUGADLAWIN, BALINTAWAK AND GATHERED AT THE
RESIDENCE OF MELCHORA AQUINO.
• THE KATIPUNEROS TORE THEIR CEDULAS PERSONALES AT
THE SAME TIME SHOUTING, “LONG LIVE THE PHILIPPINES!
LONG LIVE THE KATIPUNAN!”
• AT HAGDANG BATO, MANDALUYONG, BONIFACIO
GAVE HIS LAST MANIFESTO KATIPUNANG
MARARAHAS NG MGA ANAK NG BAYAN
(SOCIETY OF THE ENRAGED SONS OF THE
COUNTRY) REGARDING THE REVOLUTION THAT
WOULD TAKE PLACE IN MANILA.
•AUGUST 29, 1896- MELCHORA AQUINO
WAS ARRESTED BY THE GUARDIA CIVIL AT
PASONG PUTIK, NOVALICHES, AND JAILED
AT THE BILIBID.
•AUGUST 30, 1896 (MORNING)-
BONIFACIO LED HIS ATTACK TO THE
POLVERIN (POWDER DEPOT) IN
SAN JUAN.
• AUGUST 30, 1896 (AFTERNOON)-GOVERNOR GENERAL
RAMON BLANCO ISSUED A DECREE DECLARING A STATE
OF WAR ON MANILA AND SEVEN LUZON PROVINCES
(CAVITE, LAGUNA, BATANGAS, BULACAN, PAMPANGA,
NUEVA ECIJA, AND TARLAC) AND PLACED THEM UNDER
MARTIAL LAW.
• AUGUST 31, 1896- THE KATIPUNEROS IN CAVITE ROSE IN
ARMS.
• AT CAVITE EL VIEJO, THE MAGDALO TROOPS LED BY
CANDIDO TRIA TIRONA ATTACKED THE ENEMY GARRISON.
• THE MAGDIWANG FORCES POUNDED THE SPANIARDS IN
NOVELETA.
•SEPTEMBER 4, 1896- FOUR
MEMBERS OF THE KATIPUNAN
WERE EXECUTED AT BAGUMBAYAN.
•SEPTEMBER 5, 1896- EMILIO AGUINALDO
AND HIS MEN ASSAILED THE SPANISH
TROOPS STATIONED AT IMUS.
•AGUINALDO WAS NAMED HENERAL MIONG
INSTEAD OF CAPITAN MIONG.
•SEPTEMBER 12, 1896- 13 WERE
PUT TO DEATH AT PLAZE DE ARMAS,
CAVITE.
•SEPTEMBER 16, 1896- 22
PROMINENT RESIDENTS OF MANILA
WERE IMPRISONED IN THE FORT
SANTIAGO.
•SEPTEMBER 28, 1896- RIZAL WAS
ARRESTED WHILE ON HIS WAY TO
CUBA TO SERVE AS A DOCTOR FOR
THE SPANISH ARMY.
•NOVEMBER 9-11, 1896- THE SPANISH
REGULAR ARMY WERE TREMENDOUSLY
DEFEATED AT THE TWIN BATTLESOF
BINAKAYAN AND DALAHICAN IN
CAVITE.
•NOVEMBER 20, 1896- DR. JOSE RIZAL
APPEARED BEFORE COLONEL
FRANCISCO GARCIA OLIVE TO
ANSWER THE CHARGES FILED AGAINST
HIM.
•DECEMBER 26, 1896- THE LITIGATION
OF RIZAL TOOK PLACE BEFORE A
MILITARY COURT. TWO DAYS AFTER,
GOVERNOR CAMILO PALAVIEJA
APPROVED THE VERDICT.
•DECEMBER 30, 1896- RIZAL WAS
EXECUTED BY A FIRING SQUAD AT
BAGUMBAYAN FIELD.
THE RIVALRY IN THE KATIPUNAN
MAGDALO MAGDIWANG
•HEADED BY •HEADED BY
BALDOMERO MARIANO ALVARES
AGUINALDO
MAGDALO MAGDIWANG
• IMUS IS THE CAPITAL • NOVELETA IS THE CAPITAL, THEN
TRANSFERRED TO SAN FRANCISCO DE
• KAWIT, DASMARIÑAS, SILANG, MALABON.
AMADEO, MENDEZ, NUÑEZ, • ROSARIO, TANZA, NAIC, TERNATE,
MARAGONDON, MAGALLANES,
BACOOR, AND CARMEN.
BAILEN, ALFONSO, INDANG, AND SAN
ROQUE.
•DECEMBER 01, 1896- BONIFACIO

WENT TO CAVITE UPON THE
INVITATION OF THE MAGDIWANG
PROVINCIAL IN CAVITE.
•DECEMBER 31, 1896- THE

MAGDALO COUNCIL HOSTED A
GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF BOTH
FACTIONS IN IMUS.
• DECEMBER 31, 1896- AMONG THE ISSUES
DISCUSSED WERE THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A
REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT UNDER THE NEW
ELECTED OFFICIALS UNITING THE MAGDIWANG
AND MAGDALO FORCES UNDER A SINGLE
COMMAND.
MAGDALO MAGDIWANG
• THEY BELIEVED THAT WITH THE • THEY INSISTED THAT THERE WAS NO
OUTBREAK OF REVOLUTION, THE NEED TO CREATE A REVOLUTIONARY
KATIPUNAN HAD CEASED TO BE A GOVERNMENT BECAUSE THE
SECRET SOCIETY AND THEREFORE KATIPUNAN WAS ACTUALLY A
SHOULD BE REPLACED WITH A GOVERNMENT WITH A
NEW ONE. CONSTITUTION AND BYLAWS
RECOGNIZED BY EVERYONE.
• GENERAL EDILBERTO EVANGELISTA TRIED TO RECONCILE
THE TWO GROUPS BY DRAFTING A CONSTITUTION
ESTABLISHING THE PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC.
• DUE TO HEATED DEBATE ARISING FROM THE ISSUES, THE
ASSEMBLY ACCOMPLISHED NOTHING DEFINITE.
•MARCH 22, 1897- HELD AT

TEJEROS, SAN FRANCISCO DE
MALABON, CAVITE.
• THE SESSION WAS PRESIDED BY JACINTO LUMBRERAS.
• SEVERINO DE LAS ALAS SUGGESTED THAT THE
CONVENTION ASSEMBLED SHOULD RESOLVE WHETHER
THERE SHOULD BE A NEW GOVERNMENT TO REPLACE THE
KATIPUNAN.
• ANDRES BONIFACIO PRESIDED OVER THE ELECTION.
• PRESIDENT- EMILIO AGUINALDO
• VICE PRESIDENT- MARIANO TRIAS
• CAPTAIN GENERAL- ARTEMIO RICARTE
• DIRECTOR OF WAR- EMILIANO RIEGO DE DIOS
• DIRECTOR OF THE INTERIOR- ANDRES BONIFACIO
• DANIEL TIRONA PROTESTED BONIFACIO’S ELECTION
SAYING THAT HIS POSITION SHOULD BE OCCUPIED BY A
LAWYER.
• HE SUGGESTED A CAVITEÑO LAWYER, JOSE DEL ROSARIO,
FOR THE POST.
• BONIFACIO DECLARED THE ELECTION NULL AND VOID.
• FROM PASONG SANTOL, AGUINALDO WENT TO TEJEROS AS
INFORMED BY A SPECIAL COMMITTEE HEADED BY COL. VICENTE RIEGO
DE DIOS.
• BEING THE NEW PRESIDENT, HE HAD TO TAKE HIS OATH.
• HE WAS SWORN INTO OFFICE INSIDE THE CATHOLIC CHURCH OF
SANTA CRUZ MALABON (TANZA) TOGETHER WITH OTHER NEWLY
ELECTED OFFICIALS.
• MARCH 23, 1897- BONIFACIO GATHERED HIS
FOLLOWERS AND DRAFTED A DOCUMENT CALLED
ACTA DE TEJEROS.
• THIS DOCUMENT REJECTED THE REVOLUTIONARY
GOVERNMENT OF AGUINALDO.
• GROUNDS ON WHY THEY REJECTED THE REVOLUTIONARY
GOVERNMENT:
1. TEJEROS CONVENTION LACKS LEGALITY
2. THERE WAS A MAGDALO CONSPIRACY TO OUST BONIFACIO FROM
LEADERSHIP
3. THE ELECTION OF OFFICIALS WAS FRAUDULENT
4. THE ACTUAL PRESSURE HAS BEEN BROUGHT UPON THE PRESIDENCY
• APRIL 19, 1897- AT THE FRIAR ESTATE HOUSE IN NAIC,
BONIFACIO AND HIS CO-CONSPIRATORS DREW UP A
DOCUMENT CALLED NAIC MILITARY PACT.
• AN ARMY CORPS UNDER THE COMMAND OF GENERAL
PIO DEL PILAR WAS CREATED.
• WHILE BONIFACIO AND HIS COMPANIONS WERE BUSY CONFERRING,
MAJOR LAZARO MAKAPAGAL WHO WAS HELD PRISONER
DOWNSTAIRS MANAGED TO ESCAPE AND INFORMED PRESIDENT
AGUINALDO.
• SEEING THAT AGUINALDO’S SOLDIERS HAD ALREADY SURROUNDED
THE ESTATE HOUSE, BONIFACIO AND HIS MAGDIWANG FOLLOWERS
LEFT HURRIEDLY EXCEPT GENERAL PIO DEL PILAR AND GENERAL
MARIANO NORIEL.
• AGUINALDO CONVOKED A REVOLUTIONARY ASSEMBLY IN NAIC. THE
FOLLOWING MATTERS WERE TAKEN UP:
1. ADOPTION OF THE NEW RED FLAG WITH A WHITE SUN OF EIGHT
RAYS AT THE CENTER.
2. A STANDARD UNIFORM FOR THE SOLDIERS- RAYADILLO AND A SET
OF NEW RULES FIXING MILITARY RANKS AND THEIR INSIGNIAS
3. REORGANIZATION OF THE REVOLUTIONARY ARMY
• BONIFACIO WITH HIS WIFE, GREGORIA, HIS TWO BROTHERS
(CIRIACO AND PROCOPIO) AND LOYAL FOLLOWERS FLED TO
LIMBON.
• UPON LEARNING OF BONIFACIO’S PRESENCE AT LIMBON,
AGUINALDO SUMMONED COLONELS AGAPITO BONZON, FELIPE
TOPACIO, AND JOSE IGNACIO PAUA AND SOME TROOPS TO
GO TO LIMBON TO ARREST BONIFACIO.
• CIRIACO BONIFACIO AND TWO SOLDIERS WERE KILLED,
WHILE BONIFACIO WAS WOUNDED IN THE LEFT ARM AND
NECK.
• BONIFACIO, GREGORIA, AND THE SURVIVING SOLDIERS
WERE TAKEN PRISONERS AND BROUGHT TO NAIC.
• MAY 05, 1897- BONIFACIO’S TRIAL BEGAN.
• PLACIDO MARTINEZ- DEFENSE ATTORNEY FOR
BONIFACIO
• TEODORO GOZALES- DEFENSE ATTORNEY FOR
PROCOPIO
• WITNESSES:
1. PIO DEL PILAR
2. SEVERINO DE LAS ALAS
3. LIUTENANT COLONEL PEDRO GIRON
• MAY 10, 1897- GENERAL NORIEL ORDERED MAHOR
LAZARO MAKAPAGAL TO RELEASE THE BONIFACIO
BROTHERS FROM PRISON.
• MAKAPAGAL AND HIS MEN EXECUTED THE BONIFACIO
BROTHERS AT MOUNT NAGPATONG, MARAGONDON.
DECLARATION
OF
PHILIPPINE
INDEPENDENC
E
HISTORICAL
CONTEXT
• The first phase of Philippine Revolution
ended up in a stalemate between the
Spaniards and the Filipino rebels.
• The new Governor General Primo de
Rivera even declared “ I can take Bik-na-
Bato, any army can capture it. But I
cannot end the Rebellion.”
• Lawyer Pedro Paterno volunteered as
negotiator between the two sides. After 4
months of negotiation, the Pact of Biak-
na-Bato was signed.
• Conditions:
• The surrender of Aguinaldo and the rest
of the revolutionary corps.
• Amnesty for those who participated in
the revolution.
• Exile to Hong Kong for the
revolutionary leader.
• Payment by the Spanish government to
the revolutionaries: 400,000 pesos upon
leaving the country, 200,000 pesos upon
the declaration of general amnesty.
• Aguinaldo agreed into accord with the
Spaniards, agreeing to exile in Hong Kong
in exchange of 400,000 pesos. Soon as his
arrival, he purchased weapons for his
troops that would require to continue the
struggle.
• After the surrender of Aguinaldo,
revolutionaries were forced to retreat into
the mountains.
• The truce however only lasted for a few
months before it collapsed.
The Battle of Manila Bay
• Due to the conflict between Spain and the
United States, this eventually led to Spanish-
American war, and the arrival of a new
colonizers to the Philippines.
• April 25, 1898 – Commodore Dewey
commander of American Aquatic Squadron,
sailed for Manila with fleet of 7 ships that was
based in Hong Kong.
• May 1, 1898 - Americans entered Manila Bay
and engaged with Spanish fleet. The battle
lasted for only few hours, with the Spanish
army defeated.
Renewal of Revolution
• Aguinaldo remained in Hong Kong and met
with the American consul general
Rounseville Wildman, and paid 117,000 pesos
to purchase rifles and ammunition. A first
shipment worth 50,000 pesos was made, but
the other half was never delivered. Wildman
never retuned the money given to him.
• May 19, 1898 – Aguinaldo finally returned to
the Philippines on board the US cruiser
McCulloch.
• Aguinaldo conferred with Dewey on the
Philippine conditions and was supplied with
arms captured from the Spaniards.
• From his headquarters in Cavite, Aguinaldo
announced the resumption of the revolution
against the Spaniards, thus beginning the
second phase of the revolution.
• The Filipinos immediately flocked to the
province and joined the army. By the end of
May, Aguinaldo was in command of 12,000
troops.
• May 24, 1898 – Aguinaldo announced the
creation of dictatorial government. He
emphasized that the dictatorship was only
temporary as it would be a prelude to the
establishment of a republican form of
government.
• May 28, 1898 – the Filipino forces won their
first victory in Alapan, Imus. The newly
made Filipino flag was hoisted for the first
time.
• The republican form is one in which the powers
of sovereignty are vested in the people and are
exercised by the people, either directly, or
through representatives chosen by the people, to
whom those powers are specially delegated.
• The Philippine flag was sewn by Marcela
Marino de Agoncillo, Lorenza Agoncillo,
and Delfina Herbosa de Natividad in Hong
Kong. It was formally unfurled during the
Proclamation of Philippine Independence.
Declaration of Philippine
Independence
• June 12, 1898 – Aguinaldo declared Philippine
independence from Spanish rule at a ceremony
in his house in Kawit, Cavite.
Independence
• Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista (penned the
declaration document) read the declaration of
independence that was later signed by 177
persons, including American military officers.
• Marcha Nacional Filipina composed by Julian
Felipe was played by the Banda de San
Francisco de Malabon and the Philippine flag
was once again unfurled by Aguinaldo.
Independence
• Contents of the declaration of independence:
• Tyranny and abuses of Spaniards
• Reason for the revolution
• Start of Spanish colonization
• Pact of Biak-na-Bato
• Spanish-American War
Independence
• Spread of the second phase of revolution to
other provinces
• Right to be independent and ceased any
allegiance to the Spanish crown
• Redemption of the country as foretold by
Jose Rizal
Independence
• Unjust execution of the people who fought
against the Spanish abuses
• The Cavite Mutiny
• Declaring that the Nation is free and
independent
Independence
• Meaning of the Philippine Flag
• the white triangle signifying the
distinctive emblem of the famous Society
of the "Katipunan" which by means of its
blood compact inspired the masses to
rise in revolution;
the tree stars, signifying the three principal
Islands of these Archipelago - Luzon, Mindanao,
and Panay where the revolutionary movement
started;
the sun representing the gigantic step made by

the son of the country along the path of Progress
and Civilization;
the eight rays, signifying the eight provinces -

Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva
Ecija, Bataan, Laguna, and Batangas - which
declares themselves in a state of war as soon as
the first revolt was initiated;
and the colors of Blue, Red, and White,
commemorating the flag of the United States
of America, as a manifestation of our
profound gratitude towards this Great Nation
for its disinterested protection which it lent
us and continues lending us.
https://filipino.biz.ph/history/declaration.htm
l
Relevance
• The sole document that proves the value
Filipinos place on their freedom.

Pre Sem Lessons

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Pre Sem Lessons

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Pre Sem Lessons

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHAPTER I

1. Comprehend the definition, nature, methodology and

➢History ( from the Greek word

➢History is a branch of the Social

➢Historiography refers to the

1. The Historian. This refers to the person writing the

A. History has no subject matter of its own.

According to E. Kent Rogers, we study History because of

➢Historical evidences are important proof of

Primary Sources Secondary Sources

• Audio and Visual Materials

The historian’s role in writing history, to reiterate, is to provide

• External Criticism covers the physical

a) Authorship. The name of the

b) Date and place of publication.

c) Textual Errors. The historian should

d) Meaning of Words Used. The

• Internal Criticism refers to understanding of both

According to Dr. Nancy Kimuell Gabriel on her tesis

William Henry Scott, examined the pre-

• LACK OF HISTORICAL EVIDENCE

1. _______________ Greek word which means “ learning, inquiry and or

1. In the definition of history, the term “systematic” means_______

1. Does the Philippines have their own way of telling their

• The first country to discover a route from East Indies

 Portugal – Africa- Asia - Cape of Good Hope (Africa)

•a Portuguese explorer who organized the

 Spain – Atlantic Ocean- South America (Strait of

• Pope Alexander VI, was the Pope at the time of the

•Since Magellan and his crew

• March 16, 1521

Who became the chief captain after Magellan died?

Did Pigafetta and his men, reached the Mollucas Island?

•Enriched Philippine historiography because it contains

What is the purpose of Doctrina Christiana?

What is the significance of the first book to the Filipinos?

• A mystical work which he entitled "La Santina", was an Opus number on

• Juan de Plasencia died in Liliw, Laguna in 1590.

•It provide insights in the early life of the

•Governs the barangay and

• They do not pay taxes

• Lower ranking than the Maharlika

• They are allowed to earn money but have

• Could not own anything.

•Those who are maharlikas on both father’s and

• Dowries are given by men to women’s parents.

• Investigations made and sentences passed by the datu must

•Pandot - a celebration of festival or worship which is

• 1. Bathala- all powerful, maker of all things

• 2. Mayari (Moon)- especially when it was new which they had

• 3. Apolaki- Sun was also worshipped and is being accounted for

• 4. Tala- the morning star

• 5. Mapolon- the God of season, medicine and health

• 6. Dian Masalanta- goddess of love, conception and childbirth and

1. Sitan- The guardian of Kasamaan and the keeper of all souls

• Maca- a place of another life of rest. The paradise or village of

•Disapproves the claim of some Spaniards that when

Bayani Rizal Wore a red mask during

O Here, only actions are demanded and esteemed;

•DECEMBER 01, 1896- BONIFACIO