A matrix is a rectangular arrangement of elements organized in rows and columns. For a matrix A of order m x n, the elements aij are arranged in m rows and n columns. Two matrices are equal if they are the same size and have equal elements. Matrix operations include addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication, and multiplication. Matrix multiplication is only defined if the number of columns of the first matrix equals the rows of the second. A matrix is invertible if there exists an inverse matrix such that their product is the identity matrix. Transpose of a matrix is obtained by interchanging its rows and columns. A square matrix is symmetric if it is equal to its transpose and skew-symmetric if its transpose is its negative.
A matrix is a rectangular arrangement of elements organized in rows and columns. For a matrix A of order m x n, the elements aij are arranged in m rows and n columns. Two matrices are equal if they are the same size and have equal elements. Matrix operations include addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication, and multiplication. Matrix multiplication is only defined if the number of columns of the first matrix equals the rows of the second. A matrix is invertible if there exists an inverse matrix such that their product is the identity matrix. Transpose of a matrix is obtained by interchanging its rows and columns. A square matrix is symmetric if it is equal to its transpose and skew-symmetric if its transpose is its negative.
A matrix is a rectangular arrangement of elements organized in rows and columns. For a matrix A of order m x n, the elements aij are arranged in m rows and n columns. Two matrices are equal if they are the same size and have equal elements. Matrix operations include addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication, and multiplication. Matrix multiplication is only defined if the number of columns of the first matrix equals the rows of the second. A matrix is invertible if there exists an inverse matrix such that their product is the identity matrix. Transpose of a matrix is obtained by interchanging its rows and columns. A square matrix is symmetric if it is equal to its transpose and skew-symmetric if its transpose is its negative.
A matrix is a rectangular arrangement of elements organized in rows and columns. For a matrix A of order m x n, the elements aij are arranged in m rows and n columns. Two matrices are equal if they are the same size and have equal elements. Matrix operations include addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication, and multiplication. Matrix multiplication is only defined if the number of columns of the first matrix equals the rows of the second. A matrix is invertible if there exists an inverse matrix such that their product is the identity matrix. Transpose of a matrix is obtained by interchanging its rows and columns. A square matrix is symmetric if it is equal to its transpose and skew-symmetric if its transpose is its negative.
Matrix - A rectangular arrangement of mn elements in the form of an ordered set of m rows, each row consisting of an ordered set of n elements is called a matrix of order m x n (mxn is read as m by n) If A is a matrix of order m x n, then it is usually written in the following
A=
A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗]𝑚𝑥𝑛 ,1 ≤ i ≤ m,1 ≤ j ≤ n Comparable matrices :: The matrices are said to be comparable (or compatible) iff each one of them contains as many row and columns as the other.
Equal matrices:: Two matrices A= [𝑎𝑖𝑗]𝑚𝑥𝑛 and B = [𝑏𝑖𝑗]𝑚𝑥𝑛 are said to be equal (written as A= B) iff (i) they are of the same order, and (ii) 𝑎𝑖𝑗= 𝑏𝑖𝑗 for all i and j Type of matrices:: (i)Row Matrix - A matrix having only one row is called row matrix
(ii) Column matrix -A matrix having only one column is called column matrix.
(iii) Null or zero matrix or void Matrix – An m x n matrix is called a zero
matrix whose each elements is zero is called a zero matrix and dented by O. (iv) Square Matrix - A Matrix in which the number of row equals the number of column say n, is called a square matrix of order n.Thus A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗]𝑚 𝑥 𝑛 Is a square matrix if m = n. The elements 𝑎𝑖𝑗 of a square matrix a for which i= j i.e. 𝑎11 , 𝑎22, ….𝑎𝑛𝑛 are called diagonal elements and the line joining these elements is called the principal diagonal or leading diagonal of matrix A
(v) Diagonal matrix: A square matrix A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗]𝑚 𝑥 𝑛 is called a diagonal matrix iff all its non diagonal elements are zero . The diagonal elements may or may not be zero . Thus a square matrix A is a diagonal matrix if 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 when i ≠ j
(vi) Scalar matrix -A diagonal matrix in which all diagonal elements are equal is called a scalar matrix ,
(vii) Identity matrix - A scalar matrix in which each diagonal element is unity is called identity matrix or unit matrix. It is denoted by I Operations on matrices Addition of matrices: If A and B are two matrices of the same order then their sum A+B is the matrix obtained by adding the corresponding elements of A and B
Subtraction of matrices: If A and B are two matrices of the same order then their difference A-B is the matrix obtained by subtracting the corresponding elements of A and B
Properties of matrix addition: If A, B and C are matrices of same order, then
(i) A + B = B + A (Commutative law) (ii) (A + B) + C = A + (B + C) (Associative law) (iii) For any matrix A there exists a zero matrix O of the same order such that A + O = O + A = A where O in called the additive identity of the matrices. (iv) For any matrix A there exists matrix -A such that A+ (-A) = 0 = (-A)+ A where (-A) is additive inverse of the matrix A (v) A+B=A+C then B=C (left cancellation law ) (vi) B+A =C+A then B=C (Right Cancellation laws) Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar (number) If k is any scalar (number) and A is any matrix then the matrix which is obtained by multiplying every element of A by k is called the scalar multiplication of A by k and it is denoted by kA
Properties of scalar multiplication :
If A & B are matrices of the same order and 𝜆 , 𝜇 are any two scalars, then
(i) (𝜆 + 𝜇 ) A = 𝜆𝐴 + 𝜇 A
(ii) 𝜆(A + B) = 𝜆 A + 𝜆 B
(iii) 𝜆(𝜇 A) =(𝜆𝜇)A = 𝜇 (𝜆) A
(iv) (- 𝜆𝐴) = - (𝜆𝐴 ) = 𝜆 (-A)
Multiplication of matrices:: The matrices A and B are conformable for the product AB if the number of columns in A is same as the number of rows in B. Thus, if A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗]𝑚 𝑥 𝑛 B = [𝑏𝑖𝑗]𝑛 𝑥 𝑝 are two matrices of order m x n and n x p respectively, then their product AB is of order m x p Properties of matrix multiplication :: If A. B and C are three suitable matrices and λ is any scalar, then (i) AB ≠ BA (not commutative)
(ii) (AB)C = A(BC)(Associative law)
(iii) IA=A=AI, where I is identity matrix f
(iv) A(B+C)= AB+ AC
(v) If AB = AC then ⇏ B = C (Cancellation law is not applicable)
(vi) 𝜆AB = (𝜆𝐴 ) B = A (𝜆𝐵)
(vii) If AB= 0, then it does not mean that A = O or B = 0, again product of two non zero matrices may be a zero matrix.
(viii) If A and B are two matrices such that AB exists, then BA may or may not Positive integral powers of a matrix. The positive integral powers of a matrix A are defined only when A is a square matrix. Also them 𝐴2 = AA , 𝐴3 = AAA = 𝐴2 A. Also for any positive integers m, n (i) 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴𝑚+𝑛 (ii) (𝐴𝑚 )^n = 𝐴𝑚𝑛 = (𝐴𝑛 )^m (iii) 𝐼 𝑛 = 𝐼 Matrix polynomial If f(x) = 𝑥 2 - 3x + 2 is a polynimial and A is a square matrix then F(A) = 𝐴2 - 3A + 2I is a matrix polynomial , where I is the identity matrix Of same order as that of A Transpose of a matrix Let A be a m x n matrix then transpose of A denoted by A’ or 𝐴𝑡 is the matrix obtained by interchanging its row and column . A’ is an n x m matrix
Properties of transpose Let A and B be tum suitable matrices, then (i) (A’)’ = A
(ii) (A±𝐵)’ = A’ ± B
(iii) (kA’) = kA’
(iv) (AB)’ = B’A’
(v) (ABC)’ = C’B’A’
Symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices (i) Symmetric matrix ; A square matrix A is called symmetric matrix if A’ = A
(ii) Skew-symmetric matrices : A square matrix A is called skew-symmetric matrix if A’ = -A
Important (i) Every element in the principal diagonal of a skew symmetric matrix is always zero
(ii) If A is square matrix then A + A’ is symmetric and A- A’ is skew symmetric matrix
(iii) Every matrix a can be uniquely expressed as the sum of symmetric and skew symmetric matrix i.e. A = ½ (A + A’) + ½ (A - A’) Invertible matrices Let A be a square matrix of onder n. then A is called invertible (or inversible) iff there exists a square matrix B of order n such that AB=I =BA, where I being unity matrix of order n In such a case, we say that the inverse of matrix A is B and we write 𝐴−1 = 𝐵.
If a square matrix has an inverse, then it is unique.
