Alexandria Engineering Journal (2017) xxx, xxx–xxx

H O S T E D BY
Alexandria University

Alexandria Engineering Journal

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REVIEW

A review on activities of fifth generation mobile

communication system
Arun Kumar a,*, Manisha Gupta b

a
Dept. of ECE, JECRC University, Jaipur, India
b
Dept. of Physics, JECRC University, India

Received 24 December 2016; accepted 29 January 2017

KEYWORDS Abstract In the year 2020, the fifth generation mobile communication will be deployed in many
5G; countries which aim to furnish a real wireless world free from present obstacles in communication
5G technologies; system which is a great motivating factor for all the researchers, academicians and engineers.
5G projects; Researches are going all around the world to develop a new technology which will play a very
5G issues; important role in the successful deployment of 5G. The new technologies are being investigated that
5G spectrum provide high speed, capacity, spectral efficiency, energy efficiency, pseudo outdoor communication,
etc. that solves the existed problems in mobile communication system. In this work, a comprehen-
sive study on key technologies, challenges, spectrum allocation, projects and present scenarios of
5G is discussed and described. The present study gives a detailed research to address the issues,
and development correlated with 5G deployment.
Ó 2017 Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an
open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
2. Features of 5G [5] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
3. Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
4. Project in 5G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
5. Key technologies in 5G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
5.1. OFDM (Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
5.2. Filter band multi carrier (FBMC). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
5.3. Universal filter multi carrier (UFMC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
5.3.1. GFDM (Generalized frequency domain multiplexing) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
5.4. OFBMC (orthogonal frequency band multi carrier) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
5.5. Faster than Nyquist rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00

* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: arun.kumar1986@live.com (A. Kumar), manisha.gupta@jecrcu.edu.in (M. Gupta).
Peer review under responsibility of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2017.01.043
1110-0168 Ó 2017 Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Please cite this article in press as: A. Kumar, M. Gupta, A review on activities of fifth generation mobile communication system, Alexandria Eng. J. (2017), http://dx.
doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2017.01.043
2 A. Kumar, M. Gupta

5.6. Cognitive radio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00

5.7. Energy density spectrum sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
5.7.1. Hypothesis for energy detection spectrum sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
5.7.2. Dynamic energy detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
5.7.3. Power spectral density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
5.8. Matched filter detection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
5.8.1. System model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
5.9. Cyclo-stationary detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
5.10. Challenges in cognitive radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
5.11. Femto cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
5.11.1. Need of femto cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
5.11.2. Some conventional methods to improve the indoor network are as follows [58] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
5.11.3. These entire proposals provide the indoor coverage but there are several disadvantages of them . . . . . . . . . 00
5.12. QAM 256 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
5.13. Spatial modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
5.14. Smart antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
5.15. Concept of BDMA (beam division multiple access) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
5.16. Mobile femto cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
5.17. VLC (visible light communication) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
6. Spectrum allocation for 5G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
7. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00

1. Introduction width due to the cyclic prefix is about 9% in 4G Wi-max.

Therefore, OFDM is not likely to be considered for next gen-
In the year 2020, the data consumption is expected to increase eration mobile communication system. Hence, Many
by 30% which cannot be supported by the current technologies Researchers, Scientist are exploring better modulation tech-
such as 3G and 4G. Hence there is a need of next generation niques that can be a suitable for 5G. Hence, among many
wireless communication system. Now, the rollout of 5G wire- modulation techniques, FBMC is considered as most suitable
less communication system is taking place all around the candidate for next generation mobile communication system.
world. 5G is expected to be commercially available in the year Basically, FBMC is an advanced technique of OFDM where
2020. At a same time there is huge increasing demand from no cyclic prefix is used and even gives a best performance
industries, health sectors and educational sectors to utilize and efficiency as compared to OFDM. Hence, the use of
the advantage of wireless communication. Such kind of inno- FBMC results in greater spectral efficiency and increase in
vation will give a motivation to Internet of things (IOT) [1]. capacity of the system. The details of FBMC are discussed in
Till now, 5G is not defined; however, it may be the integration latter part of article. The integration of cognitive radio in 5G
of several wireless techniques. Some of the technical require- mobile communication is considered to be latest technique that
ment of 5G is given below [2]: makes the next generation wireless communication system to
be more intelligent. Most of the researchers and academicians
1. Thousands time higher mobile data as compared to 4G. believe that the integration of 5G with cognitive radio will
2. User data-rate greater than 1 Gbps. achieve the success of accessing the communication at anytime
3. Ten to hundred times numbers of connected devices as and anywhere and by anybody [4]. In addition, cognitive radio
compared to 4G. also provides a new approach of spectrum sharing between
4. More battery life. licensed and un-licensed users also known as dynamic spec-
5. Five times reduced latency as compared to 4G. trum sharing technique which helps to overcome the crisis of
spectrum which most of the country is facing. One of the most
Currently, CDMA and OFDM are the modulation tech- challenging issues is to provide a better wireless connectivity in
niques used in 3G and 4G mobile communication system. rural areas. It is now most discussed topic in industries and
ISI (Inter-Symbol-Interference) and High power consumption academics which is still not fulfilled as in many rural areas
were certain disadvantages of CDMA [3]. CDMA was used in no wireless accessing is possible and where wireless access is
3G system which was replaced by OFDM due to several there it is not good. In true sense, the success of 5G is to pro-
advantages of OFDM like ease of implementation, immunity vide a real wireless world free from existing wireless hurdles.
to interference, high data-rate etc. But OFDM also possess The paper is organized in the following manner: Section 1
certain disadvantages like use of Cyclic Prefix (CP), large side describes the introduction, Section 2 presents the features of
lobe which limits the utilization of spectrum. Additionally, 5G, Section 3 describes the review work, Section 4 discusses
PAPR is also considered to be one of the biggest hurdles in the project going on in 5G, Section 6 presents the key tech-
OFDM which greatly reduced the performance, efficiency of nologies in 5G and Section 7 illustrates the issue related to
non-linear OFDM amplifier. For instance, the loss of band- spectrum.

Please cite this article in press as: A. Kumar, M. Gupta, A review on activities of fifth generation mobile communication system, Alexandria Eng. J. (2017), http://dx.
doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2017.01.043
Fifth generation mobile communication system 3

2. Features of 5G [5] developed for 28 GHz and 38 GHz frequency which can be uti-
lized by steerable directional antennas at the base and mobile
1. Fast Network: The user data-rate of 4G wireless communi- station [16]. This work describes role of cloud computing tech-
cation system is 100 Mbps which is fast but not so—fast nology to achieve the flexible 5G radio access network. It is
that satisfies the ever increasing demands of subscribers, regarded as one of the most complicated problems due to
industries, etc. The user in the year 2020 will experience a the increasing numbers of wireless device, sensors, etc [17].
data-rate greater or equal to 1 Gbps [5]. In this work an efficient 5G network is designed and developed
2. Reliable service in crowd areas: Due to a huge traffic, Users by using a combination of green communication and software
experiences denial of service due to overloading of network. focused mainly in energy efficient design, cognitive signaling,
Hence, 5G aimed to give a better service and connectivity in invisible base station and full duplex radio [18]. The author
crowd place such as shopping malls, metro station [5]. in this work has explored the different types of network and
3. Service in Remote Place: Some of the application for remote devices that contribute to the success of 5G mobile communi-
place includes remote meter reading for billing purpose, e- cation system [19]. In this work, the authors have proposed a
health like telemedicine, smart city, and video surveillance. separate network architecture for indoor and outdoor commu-
5G aimed to improve this services in remote place [6]. nication system. Some of the major technologies such as Mas-
4. Integration of numbers of low power devices: Already 4G sive MIMO and visible light communication are also discussed
supports huge numbers of low power devices but still for [20]. An article in communication magazine has described the
some application 4G does not meet the requirements. impact and potential of five technologies and they are device
Hence 5G aimed to supports huge number devices consum- centric architecture, millimeter wave, massive MIMO, smart
ing low power and such devices will be seamlessly inte- device and M2M communication that could bring a revolu-
grated in commercial 5G mobile [6]. tionary impact on design and concept of 5G [21].
5. Intelligent Handover: Handover means a switching of call
from one network to network or switching within the cell 4. Project in 5G
of same network. Present scenario of handover is quite
complicated since the delay occurs during handover is large This section reveals the project going on for implementation of
which results in call dropping. Hence in 5G, an intelligent 5G.
handover is expected with a least delay during the switching
of the network.
1. METIS: In METIS project, the 5G scenarios are
6. Pseudo Outdoor Communication: Research has proved explained and described. The project gives the details
that more than 50% of voice traffic and 70% of data traffic of challenges of 5G such as greater than 1 Gbps, acces-
originate from indoor areas but network coverage and ser-
sibility, mobility, reliability. Metis have also carried out
vice in indoor area are not so good as compared to outdoor the successful researches in technology component such
area. Hence, next generation mobile communication system as MIMO, Multi nodes, spectrum, rat [22].
is aimed at pseudo outdoor communication where network 2. 5G Now: This project focuses on non-orthogonal wave
coverage, data-rate and other services in indoor area are for asynchronous signaling. It introduced an efficient
equivalent to outdoor area. air interface technique that follows a strict orthogonality
7. Utilization of White Spectrum: White band utilization and synchronization. Some of the possible candidates
should be one of the important aims of 5G because at pre- for 5G waveform are universal filter multi carrier
sent white band spectrum is un-utilized and its utilization (UFMC), filter band multi carrier (FBMC), generalized
solves the issue of spectrum crisis in maximum possible frequency division multiplexing (GFDM) [23].
extent.
3. EMPHATIC: Enhanced multi carrier technology for
8. High Capacity: In the year 2020, consumption in wireless professional Ad-hoc and cell based communication has
traffic is expected to increase by 30%; hence, 5G network designed and developed efficient filter bank processor,
should accommodate the increasing numbers of users with
equalizer, etc [24].
best quality of service.
4. E3NETWORK: Energy efficient E-band transceiver for
back haul of future network has utilized SiGe BICMOS
advanced technology and digital multilevel modulation
3. Review to implement an energy efficient and high speed transcei-
ver [25].
The work done by researchers and academician in the field of 5. PHYLAWS: Physical layer wireless security aimed at
fifth generation mobile communication system is highlighted. designing of secured wireless communication by using
Fifth generation mobile communication is one of the emerging secrecy coding approaches [26].
technologies which will change the face of engineering commu- 6. DUPLO: Full duplex radio for local access designed an
nication system. So it is essential to discuss its requirements, efficient transmitter and receiver that can provide a high
challenges, benefits, disadvantages, etc., for the successful capacity and efficiently utilized the bandwidth [27].
implementation of 5G. 5G challenges including hardware 7. CROWD Project: It focuses to build a heterogeneous
and software are described and discussed [7–10]. Still 5G is network that can be integrated to next generation wire-
an undefined standard so the future technology use in 5G is less communication system [28].
open due to which a lot of innovation for 5G is in progress. 8. MAMMOET: Massive MIMO for efficient transmission
The key technologies used in 5G are described [11–15]. In this project aimed at efficient designing of massive MIMO
work, a complete hardware, millimeter wave is designed and for 5G mobile communication [29].

Please cite this article in press as: A. Kumar, M. Gupta, A review on activities of fifth generation mobile communication system, Alexandria Eng. J. (2017), http://dx.
doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2017.01.043
4 A. Kumar, M. Gupta

9. LEXNET: Low EMF exposure network focused to priate prototype filter. Due to the flexibility in the frequency
reduce electromagnetic field up to 50% without compro- domain of FBMC it is better suited for TVWS (Television
mising the quality of service [30]. White Spectrum) and spectrum usage. The channel delay
10. Tejas Network: The IIT-Hyderabad, India, working spread can be easily handled by FBMC and also fragmented
with Tejas network to implement a 5G cloud radio spectrum accessing is achievable [36,37].
access network (CRAN) [31].
11. 5G project partnership: It aimed at developing an effi- 5.3. Universal filter multi carrier (UFMC)
cient multi service air interface techniques, high capacity
network, green network and it is also working on valida- UFMC is based on a filter bank multi carrier and OFDM
tion of different developed concepts. which is considered to be best and novel modulation scheme
12. Samsung: In the year 2012, Samsung claimed to be the for 5G. In this technique a filtering operation is performed
first one to design a 5G millimeter wave band at the fre- on a group of sub-carriers unlike FBMC where filtering is
quency of 28 GHz with the speed of 1.056 Gbps to a dis- applied to each subcarriers. The technique efficiently reduces
tance up to 2 km [32]. the side lobe which increases the performance of the system.
It is usually for short burst communication because it utilized
a very short length of filter. In this technique, the bandwidth is
5. Key technologies in 5G divided into numbers of sub bands and is allocated to the num-
ber of sub-carriers. At the transmitter N-point IFFT operation
In this section the various future and key technologies are dis- is performed which converts the time domain of the signal to a
cussed which will play a very important role in development of frequency domain. At receiver, FFT is performed which con-
5G mobile communication system. verts frequency domain to a time domain [38].

5.1. OFDM (Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing 5.3.1. GFDM (Generalized frequency domain multiplexing)
It is non-orthogonal in nature and is first contender for non-
OFDM stands for the orthogonal frequency division multi- orthogonal waveform for 5G mobile communication system.
plexing where bandwidth is divided into number of subcarri- In this technique, the modulation is based on a Balian low the-
ers which are orthogonal to each other. It is implemented by orem and transmission is achieved by using a time and fre-
using FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) and IFFT (Inverse Fast quency localized pulse [39]. In this technique, a filtering is
Fourier Transform) at transmitter and receiver. The advan- used for each subcarrier which reduces the side lobe, PAPR,
tage of this technique is increased in data-rate, high capacity, etc. At receiver, it utilized the Poisson summation algorithm
and immune to Inter Symbol Interference (ISI). While divid- for each symbols [40].
ing the subcarriers, the response of the channel is flat which
makes this system more efficient and hence it is preferred in 5.4. OFBMC (orthogonal frequency band multi carrier)
4G mobile also known as LTE (long-term evolution). But
when it comes for 5G, OFDM is not a suitable candidate
It can result in better utilization of available bandwidth and
due to several disadvantages such as cyclic prefix (CP) and
provide more robustness to the system. In this technique alike
PAPR (Peak Average Power Ratio). When the symbols are
OFDM, the available bandwidth is divided into number of
so close to each other, it may cause a noise; hence, CP is
subcarriers which are orthogonal with each another and fur-
inserted between the symbols due to which ISI is reduced.
ther it does not use cyclic prefix. This technique can be utilized
But addition of CP also results in loss of bandwidth and
by combining with spatial division multiplexing (SDM), space
about 9% of bandwidth is lost due to CP due to which spec-
time block codes (STBC) and space time trellis codes (SPTC)
tral efficiency will reduce. PAPR also significantly reduced
which increases the performance by reducing the ISI and other
the performance of the system which results in addition of
impairments. Co-Channel interference effect is more with
data in subcarriers. If PAPR of the system is 10 dB then it
MIMO techniques; hence, OFBMC is the further interest of
means that in order to transmit it to 1 dB of signal, and it
researchers [41].
needs a 10 watt of power which efficiently reduces the perfor-
mance of the system. Hence, OFDM is not suitable modula-
tion technique for 5G. Therefore, researchers around the 5.5. Faster than Nyquist rate
world are looking for the new modulation technique that sat-
isfies the need of 5G [33–35]. In this technique the capacity is increased by sending more data
in the time domain. It utilizes linear model techniques where a
5.2. Filter band multi carrier (FBMC) pulse is sent at a faster rate in a time domain which results in
ISI, loss of orthogonality, etc. but still the signal can be recov-
It is an advanced technique of OFDM which does not use CP ered by employing an advanced detection techniques [42].
but uses arrays of filters at transmitter and receiver. The
advantage of this technique is that without using the CP, it 5.6. Cognitive radio
can give an efficient and better performance than OFDM.
Hence, it is one of the most promising modulation techniques A CR is an intelligent communication system that is aware of
for 5G. In this technique, a bank of filter is used through which its surrounding environment and utilizes the methodology of
a set of parallel data is transmitted. The adjacent leakage and understanding the environment and takes the decision. The
localization of frequency can be controlled by using an appro- CR can be integrated with the wireless communication system.

Please cite this article in press as: A. Kumar, M. Gupta, A review on activities of fifth generation mobile communication system, Alexandria Eng. J. (2017), http://dx.
doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2017.01.043
Fifth generation mobile communication system 5

5G also known as WISDOM assimilates and interrelates all the 5.7.3. Power spectral density
radio technologies, and CR acclimates and works with all the Power Spectral Density (PSD) may be defined as the strength
radio technologies. CR efficiently utilized spectrum efficiency, of variation of energy as a function of frequency. It also gives
by unlicensed (CR users) using the free spectrum when primary the information that when frequency variation is strong and
user is ideal without creating any interference. The definition of when it is weak. The PSD of a function can be obtained by
Cognitive radio may vary from concept to concept. It may be computing autocorrelation function in a Fourier space.
defined as the radio that studies the environment and takes The PSD and auto correlation function are given by the fol-
the decision accordingly; basically, it is adding intelligence in lowing equations:
the network. The Cr depends upon a several parameters such Z 1
as idle channel, types of data to be transmitted, channel occu- YxðfÞ ¼ RxðsÞej2pfs ds
pancy and type of modulation schemes to be practiced. Hence, 1

it is necessary to use the software that re-configure itself to take Z 1

on the requirements or various requirements of the user. Cr uti- RxðfÞ ¼ SxðsÞej2pfs df
lizes a software defined radio (SDR) [43,44]. 1

The power spectral density with probability density func-

5.7. Energy density spectrum sensing tion is given by the following:
SxðfÞ
It is one of the simplest methods for spectrum sensing, since it PxðfÞ ¼ R 1
1
SxðfÞdt
do not require the prior information of primary user or estima-
tion of channel and its mathematical model is also simple to The input and output random process correlate with power
implement not involving any complexity. In this method, the spectral density is given by the following:
energy of the received signal is estimated and compared with
YðfÞ ¼ modðHðf2 Þ  XðfÞ
the threshold. If the energy of the received signal is greater
than the threshold value then it is assumed that the signal where H(f) is the frequency response of the spectrum, X(f) is
detection is assumed and if the energy of the received signal PSD input random process and Y(f) id PSD of output random
is smaller than threshold value then the signal is absent. The process [47].
energy detection method should be intelligent or sensitive
enough to compare the difference between noise and signal. 5.8. Matched filter detection
The energy detector consists of a square law device whose out-
put is given to integrator. The output of integrator at any time For Gaussian case Matched Filter detection is optimal because
is energy of input to the squaring device over the interval t [45]. it maximizes the SNR of received signal and makes it apt for
detection. But it is not optimal for non-Gaussian case. In gen-
5.7.1. Hypothesis for energy detection spectrum sensing eral, the matched filter applies the greatest weighting to spec-
On the basis of idle and busy state of primary user with the tral components that have the greatest signal-to-noise ratio.
addition of noise, the presence of signal detection at the sec- This requires a non-flat frequency response, the associated dis-
ondary user can be modeled as hypothesis for energy detection tortion is not significant in situations such as radar and digital
spectrum sensing given as follows [46]: communications, where the original waveform is known and
the objective was to detect the presence of this signal against
Hypothesis 0. Signal is absent. the background noise. But the worst part of matched filter is
that signal is being detected should be known; otherwise, it
Hypothesis 1. Signal is present. is not worth. A match Filter detection is the linear filter which
increases the signal t noise ratio (SNR) for a given input signal.
The original signal is complex component which has a real The matched filter is used when the secondary user are aware
component and complex component. The received signal is of channel information of secondary user. The work of
YðnÞ is given as follows: matched filter detection is similar to the co-relation in which
YðnÞ ¼ wðnÞ : Signal is absent: unknown signal is convolved with filter whose impulse
response is mirror and time shifted version of reference signal
aðnÞ þ rðnÞ : signal is present: [48]. Mathematically, it may be defined by the following
where aðn) is given as h  xðnÞ and h is the fading coefficient, equation:
rðnÞ ¼ rrðnÞ þ jriðnÞ is a noise sample which is a complex X
1

Gaussian variable with mean zero (m = 0) and variance is YðnÞ ¼ hðn  kÞxðkÞ:
k¼1
unity (r = 1).
The coefficient of matched filter detection is defined by
5.7.2. Dynamic energy detection complex conjugate reverse signal. Two types of coherent
In order to improve the traditional energy detection technique, matched filter detection are used. Coherent receiver is used
dynamic energy detection method is used. In this method the when the amplitude and phase of the primary signal are known
detected signals are squared and the square detected signals by secondary user and for non-coherent receiver, the received
are subtracted with square value of current symbol. Mathe- signal is Xerox of original signal with random phase error. For
matically it is given as follows: non-coherent receiver, matched filter detection is based on
power or magnitude of signal. One of the reasons for the
S ¼ ai2  ðai2  1Þ; where i ¼ 1; 2; 3 . . . m: design of matched filter detection is to analyze the Pu signal

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6 A. Kumar, M. Gupta

in a given spectrum over a time. The primary matched filter is The SCF determines the occupancy status of the spectrum
most suited for wireless communication, radar, sonar, intelli- that needs to be detected. Fresh filters can be also employed
gent radio system, etc. [49]. for the detection of signal which consists of array of branches
that consist of frequency shifter followed by invariant filter. It
5.8.1. System model is also known as frequency shift filter which exploits the spec-
Let X (t) be the original signal. The received signal for matched tral coherence in the signal. In this process both conjugate and
filter is given by non-conjugate cycliced power also imply reduction in interfer-
ence toward other users [50].
YðrÞ ¼ xðtÞ þ nðtÞ
where n (t) be the additive white Gaussian noise in a time 5.10. Challenges in cognitive radio
domain. The output of matched filter is convoluted with the
impulse response of a matched filter h (t). Hence, the received 1. Spectrum sensing challenge:
signal is given by the following: Despite advanced technique introduced and proposed for
YðrÞ ¼ hðtÞ  xðtÞ þ hðtÞ  nðtÞ accessing the spectrum, still the accessing of spectrum is diffi-
cult due to the following process:
YðrÞ ¼ hðtÞ  xðtÞ þ xðnÞ
a. The detection of ideal spectrum is considered to be one
where xðnÞ is noise with m = 0 and r = 1. of the most difficult tasks. Hence, a very sensitive detec-
The convolution function will match the received signal with tor is needed to sense the signal more precisely.
the signal of Pu. The method of maximizing the SNR of the sig- b. It is very difficult to detect the primary user operating in
nal is not popular because it demands the prior information of frequency bands where transmission and reception are
primary user. Match Filter is basically an integrator which dynamic.
extracts the energy of the signal. With noise being random obvi- c. The False alarm detection occurs when the noise is mis-
ously the energy due to noise over one bit duration will be very interpreted as a signal and it is most common in real
much lower the signal energy, and thus improved SNR. world environment.
d. Detection of primary user/ideal spectrum at a minimum
5.9. Cyclo-stationary detection interval of time is considered as one of the critical issues
in Cr.
A signal is said to be stationary if its frequency or spectrum is e. The hidden terminal problem is also considered as one
not changing with respect to time. The frequency is constant of the important issues in spectrum sensing.
because the function generator or any software device uses
to generate a sin wave where a constant frequency is selected. The introduction of Cognitive radio will solve the many
This method is also known as interleaved stationary process problems of wireless communication system. The future of
which is not periodic function of time but its statistical features Cognitive technology plays an important role to solve the
exhibit a periodicity. For this technique, the mean value of the bandwidth utilization problem by introducing the dynamic
signal and its autocorrelation function exhibit a periodicity. spectrum sharing techniques. It is expected that for next gener-
This method deals with the first order and second order trans- ation wireless communication, the cognitive radio is essential
formation of a function and its spectral representation. This and it should be integrated with each next generation wireless
method gives better results as compared to other detection communication system. The rollout of 5G is going everywhere
techniques at low SNR because of its ability to rejecting the which aims to increase the speed up to 1GBps, capacity to be
noise. This method utilized the periodicity property of a pri- increased by 10 times, everybody connected at anytime, any-
mary signal to identify the presence of signal. This method uses where. However, the motto of communication system cannot
a Cyclic Spectral Correlation Function (CSCF) for detection be fulfilling without introducing the cognitive radio. However,
of primary signal. SCF uses a two dimensional spectral corre- in this chapter, the basic theory, implementation of CR, prob-
lation method to identify the periodic characteristics of Pri- lems in Cr, and possible area of future research are discussed.
mary user. It uses signals that are periodic at time t. The The techniques such as Energy detection spectrum sensing,
periodic auto-correlation function is given by the following Matched Filter spectrum sensing, Cyclo-Stationary detection
equation: are also discussed with its implementation, advantages and dis-
Ryðt þ sÞ ¼ Ryðt þ To;sÞ; advantages [51,52,53].

Now taking the FFT of autocorrelation function is given by 5.11. Femto cell
following equation:
Z t
s s Research has proved that more than 50% of voice Traffic
RYa ðsÞ ¼ lim yðt þ Þyðt  Þej2pxtdt and 70% of data traffic originate from indoor area but
t!1 t 2 2
the network/coverage is very less in indoor area as com-
where a is fundamental cyclic and RYa is cyclic autocorrela- pared to the outdoor area which is considered to be an
tion function. From above, SCF may be defining following important issue in modern world where most of the users
equation: spend their time in the indoor area. Femto Cell is a home
Z  node base station which takes the signal from macro cell
1 1 Dt=2
a  a
SyaðfÞ ¼ lim YT t; f þ YðtÞ t; f  and further propagates the wave to mobile connected to
Dt!at; aDt t Dt=2 2 2 Femto Cell. Basically, Two types of Femto Cell are com-

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Fifth generation mobile communication system 7

Figure 1 Energy detection spectrum sensing.

Figure 2 User moving on a cell edge.

Figure 3 Installation of femto cell.

Table 1 Analysis of Fig. 1.

Position Reception Remarks
Position 1 Excellent signal strength The distance between the transmitter and receiver is less and there are no obstacles between them.
Hence, user will experience an excellent radio
Position 2 Good signal strength The user is at the cell edge where the distance between the transmitter and receiver is increased but no
obstacles are between them
Position 3 Poor reception The user is at the cell edged where the distance between the transmitter and receiver is more and the
presence of obstacles such as tree, vehicles, mountain, wall introduces a fading of the signal which
reduces the quality of the signal and efficiency of the signal
Position 4 Poor reception The user is at the building (inside the indoor area) where quality of signal is reduced due to the
multipath propagation caused by the obstacles between transmitter and receiver

mercially available known as home based Femto cell which equipment to macro cell is a matter of great concern. In
connects six to eight mobiles with it and industrial based the year 2008, Femto forum was established whose mem-
Femto cell which connects up-to Fifteen mobiles with it. bers include many European countries, China, Japan, India,
The range of this cell is around 10–50 m. The back-haul till now [54,55] (see Fig. 3).
connection of Femto cell utilizes the ADSL (Advance digi-
tal subscribers line) through which it is connected to Inter- 5.11.1. Need of femto cell
net service provider. Some of the advantages of this By the year 2010, it is expected that the data traffic will
technique include fast data rate due to short distance increase a lot and surpass the traffic all-inclusive worldwide
between transmitter and receiver, increase in battery life, Internet in 2000. By 2015, nearly one billion subscribers access
quality of service; however, the interference between macro the Internet through a mobile devices and maximum amount
cell to femto cell, femto cell to user equipment and user of data initiates from indoor areas; hence, it is important to

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8 A. Kumar, M. Gupta

ensure a reliable, efficient data service where signal quality of 5.14. Smart antenna
UE placed in indoor should be good [56,57].
A situation is created when a user with his/her mobile is In general antennas are not smart but the antenna system is
roaming around the cell edge in four different positions as smart. The adaptive beam steerable antennas are used in those
shown in figure below. Based on the position of user, it will places where we want to increase the capacity at a limited spec-
experience a different quality of reception as discussed below trum. Ericson has developed some array antennas that operate
(see Fig. 2 and Table 1 ). at a frequency of 900, 1800, 1900 MHz frequency band. The
efficiency and performance of communication system are
5.11.2. Some conventional methods to improve the indoor greatly affected by fading and co-channel interference. Smart
network are as follows [58] antenna is one of the best and most promising techniques that
can increase the capacity and speed by reducing the effect of
1. Dividing a construction into a small cell, such that each cell fading and co-channel interference. A smart antenna consists
is served by its own dedication.
2. Cell splitting technique where micro-cell is integrated with
the macro cell each aiding a diverse class of user. However, Table 2 Spectrum proposed for different countries.
the unalike cell services a several access.
Australia
3. Use of repeaters mounted by the machinist to improve the Supports WRC-19 agenda item to consider higher bands from
indoor coverage. among mobile bands. Proposed: 10–10.6, 21.4–23.6, 25.25–27,
4. By positioning the machinist in the sites to solve the signal 31–31.3, 31.8–33.4, 37–40, 40.547, 50.4–52.6, 59.3076, 81–86 GHz
coverage problem. Proposal submitted to APG July 2015 (see note 1)
China
Supports WRC-19 agenda item - no specific proposal is publicly
5.11.3. These entire proposals provide the indoor coverage but presented at this stage
there are several disadvantages of them Current ranges expressed (May 2015): 25–30, 40–50, 71–76, 81–
86 GHz
1. Needs an extra infrastructure support to cellular network in Finland
all indoor areas where signal quality is low. Supports WRC-19 agenda item looking for IMT spectrum
2. Some technology involves the use of multi-mode which may between 6 GHz and 100 GHz. Proposed: 8.5–10.6, 13.4–15.2,
create a huge interference. 15.7–17.3, 19.7–21.2, 24–27.5, 30–31.3, 33.4–36, 37–52.6, 59.376,
81–86, 92–100 GHz
Proposal submitted to CPG. CPG September 2015 will finalize
regional views
5.12. QAM 256
Japan
Till today modulation system is defined as process of No specific ranges publicly mentioned. Supports a new agenda
item to consider identification of frequency bands for IMT in
transmitting a message with the help of carrier but now the
higher frequency ranges for WRC-19
definition of modulation is changed. The efficiency, perfor- Initial expression of ranges (2014): 14, 28, 40, 48, 70, 80 GHz
mance of communication system depends upon the choice
of modulation system. Hence by choosing a reliable modula- Korea
tion and better filtration technique one can achieve a high Supports a future agenda to support wide and contiguous
spectrum in the frequency bands below. Proposed: 27.529.6,
speed. For QAM-256, each symbol represents an eight bits
31.8–33.4, 37–42.5, 45.550.2, 50.4–52.6, 66–74 GHz
which is transmitted and it can generate a mobility speed Proposal submitted to APG July 2015 (see note 1)
of 40mbps and additionally it can provide a 33% efficiency
as compared to QAM-64. This means with the use of Sweden
QAM, the data rate is tremendously increased. One of the Supports a new agenda item in the range 5925 MHz to 100 GHz
from among mobile and fixed bands. Proposed: 5.925–7.025,
disadvantages of high data rate is distortion between the
7.235–7.25, 7.750–8.025, 1010.45, 10.5–10.68, 12.75–13.25, 14.3–
two symbols which is also called inter-symbol interference 15.35, 17.7–19.7, 21.423.6, 24.25–29.5, 31–31.3, 32.333.4, 38–47,
(ISI) but ISI can be reduced by using an equalizer which 47.2–50.2, 50.452.6, 55.78–76, 81–86 GHz
increased the complexity in transmitter and receiver part of Proposal submitted to CPG. CPG September 2015 will finalize
communication system [59]. regional views
United Kingdom
5.13. Spatial modulation Supports a future agenda item for ‘IMT above 6 GHz’ focussed
on number of identified bands: 10.125–10.225 GHz/
It is one of the most promising techniques that can increase 10.47510.575 GHz; 31.8–33.4 GHz; 40.5–43.5 GHz; 45.5–
the performance of the system by utilizing the index of 48.9 GHz; and 66–71 GHz
transmitting antennas. A third dimension called index of Seeking comments, Proposal to CPG. CPG September 2015 will
antennas is introduced in this concept which transmits the finalize regional views
multiples of data at a same time. The best performance of United States
this technique can be achieved only when it is integrated The United States has decided on proposing the following ranges
with MIMO. The practical simulation of spatial modulation to be studied for consideration at WRC-19. 27.5–29.5 GHz, 37–
is described in [60,61]. 40.5 GHz, 47.2–50.2 GHz, 50.4–52.6 GHz, and 59.3–71 GHz

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Fifth generation mobile communication system 9

of number of array of antenna, and these elements of array are 1. 24 GHz Bands: 24.25–24.45 GHz and 25.05–25.25 GHz.
combined to form a movable beam pattern whose main beam 2. LMDS Bands: 27.5–28.35 GHz, 29.1–29.25 GHz and 31–
follows a desired user [62]. 31.3 GHz.
3. 39 GHz Band: 38.64–40 GHz.
5.15. Concept of BDMA (beam division multiple access) 4. 37/42 GHz: 37–38.6 GHz, 42–2.5 GHz.
5. 60 GHz band: 57–64 GHz and 64–711 GHz.
In order to accommodate the increasing capacity with limited 6. 70/80 GHz: 71–76 GHz, 81–86 GHz and 92–95 GHz.
spectrum there are many multiple accessing technologies such
as FDMA, TDMA, CDMA and OFDMA. In BDMA, the The below figures also summarized the states of public pro-
mobile communication communicates with the user. In this posed for 5G: [67] (see Table 2).
concept, the beam of antenna is divided that follows the user
thus achieving the multiple accesses which in turn increases 7. Conclusion
the capacity, speed, etc. The mobile base station and the user
are in LOS (Line of sight) so that they know each other’s posi- The present work gives the comprehensive study of 5G indicat-
tion. The communication between user and base station is ing the key technologies, current development in 5G, require-
achieved by allocating an orthogonal beam to each other [63]. ments of future wireless communication, etc. The work also
indicates the key areas where improvement is required. The
5.16. Mobile femto cell study outlines the bandwidth scarcity a major concern in the
field of telecommunication and suggested a cognitive technol-
In many area or place sometimes the signal coverage is miss- ogy, FBMC modulation scheme combined with 5G to solve
ing which results in poor network service. Hence, Mobile the issue. One of the major concerns in 5G is the validation
femto cell that can integrate with 5G network can solve this of new concept proposed by different researchers and identify-
problem. Mobile femto cell utilizes the concept of femto cell ing the new spectrum for 5G. Basically, the main aim of 5G
and relays used in mobile communication. The size of Mobile was to provide a real wireless world free from present obstacles
femto cell is small and can be easily integrated with operator and this is only possible if all the existed radio technologies
[64]. The mobile femto cell can be configured on vehicles such and future technologies were integrated with 5G. Overall, the
as train, car, etc. where the signal coverage is poor. Some of year 2020 will bring a revolutionary change in the field of
the advantages of this technique are that increase in spectral Communication system where everybody is connected from
efficiency, battery life increases, and signal overhead is anywhere, at any time.
reduced. In this technique all the data can be transmitted
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Fifth generation mobile communication system 11

[56] V. Chandrasekhar, J.G. Andrews, Femtocell networks: a survey, Dr. Arun Kumar has completed his B.E in
IEEE Commun. Mag. (2008). Electronics & Communication from KNSIT,
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Deployment, <www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/1842/4720/1/ M.Tech Research (Communication System)
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OFDMA femtocell networks, Electrical Engineering University, on ‘‘Comparative Study and
Department Columbia University New York, NY 10027. Analysis of bit error rate of CDMA, OFDM
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power line communication model, Telecommunications and niques”. He started his Career as an Asst.
Signal Processing (TSP), 2012 35th International Conference on. Professor in EIILM University, Sikkim; He
IEEE, 2012. was the Dept In-Charge of ECE Department for the period of
[60] Rajab M. Legnain, Roshdy H.M. Hafez1, Abdelgader M. 3.7 years. He has published 10 research papers in International and
Legnain, Improved spatial modulation for high spectral National Journals such as Electronics world, springer, Elsevier, AJAS.
efficiency, Int. J. Distrib. Parall. Syst. (IJDPS) 3(2) (2012) 13–19. Currently he is pursuing a Ph.D. in JECRC University, Jaipur.
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Marco Di Renzo, Cheng-Xiang Wang, Peter M., Mark A.
Dr. Manisha Gupta is an Associate Professor
Beach, Harald Haas, Practical implementation of spatial
in the Department of Physics at JECRC
modulation, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 62(9) (2013) 4511–4523.
University. She has 14 years’ of experience in
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the field of Teaching and Research. She was
Design, John Wiley & Sons, 2012.
awarded Ph.D. from University of Rajasthan,
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on ‘‘Computer aided designing of Micro-strip
technology, Int. J. Eng. Innovative Technol. (IJEIT) 1(1) (2012)
patch and array antennas in different envi-
26–30.
ronmental conditions”. She has published
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papers in various national and international
Simulation Based Study of Mobile Femtocell Assisted LTE
journals and conferences. One of her papers
Networks.
was awarded a certificate of merit by Institu-
[65] Chung Ghiu Lee, Visible light communication, Adv. Trends
tion of Engineers National conferences. She has also been awarded
Wireless Commun. (2011) 327–338.
‘‘Rajasthan Energy Conservation Award-2010” by Hon. Chief Min-
[66] Metis12]. ICT-317669 METIS project: Intermediate description
ister Mr. Ashok Gehlot for outstanding contribution in the field of
of spectrum needs and usages principles, 2013, <www.
Energy conservation. She is also a senior member of IEEE.
metis2020.com/documents/deliverables>.
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Please cite this article in press as: A. Kumar, M. Gupta, A review on activities of fifth generation mobile communication system, Alexandria Eng. J. (2017), http://dx.
doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2017.01.043