SANTA CRUZ MISSION SCHOOL INC.

COLLEGE DEPARTMENT
LAKE SEBU, SOUTH COTABATO

LEARNING PORTFOLIO IN SOC SCI 2

SUBMITTED BY:
Virginia Dulay

SUBMITTED TO:
MR. IAN MARK K. KAMANGKANG
Subject Teacher

Anthropology- has been defined as the study of man, beyond this definition
people have associated anthropology with simply digging for bones in some
burial sites and caves.

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This is the social science most related to sociology. Historically,
anthropologists have concentrated on the study of the non-literate or primitive
societies, whereas sociologist have focused on the complex or industrial
societies of Western civilization.
General Subdivisions of Anthropology
·         Biological or Physical Anthropology - is concerned with man`s origin and
evolution within the context of culture. The aim of physical anthropology is to
develop an exact body of knowledge concerning the biological characteristics
of human populations, ancient and modern. 
·         Cultural Anthropology- the branch of anthropology concerned with the
study of human societies and cultures and their development.
Branches of Cultural Anthropology
1.   Ethnography-the scientific description of the customs of individual peoples
and cultures.
2.    Ethnology- the study of the characteristics of various peoples and the
differences and relationships between them.
3.    Linguistics- is the scientific study of language. It involves the analysis of
language form, language meaning, and language in context.
4.   Archaeology- is the study of the ancient and recent human past through
material remains.
Anthropology and other Social Sciences
Anthropology shows certain affinities with the other discipline, history,
sociology, psychology, economics and political science.

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History and Anthropology
Anthropologist in the past relied heavily on data gathered by the historian. This
dependence continues to the present, particularly in areas where the
understanding of Philippines society and culture during pre-Spanish and
Spanish periods is concerned. Since knowledge about the present would not
be sufficient without an understanding of the past, anthropology is an important
handmaiden of history. While both archaeologists and historians are primarily
interested in the reconstruction of the past, the difference between the two
perhaps lies in the fact that the historian’s field is in the library while
archaeologists look for sites and excavate materials and fossil remains to
establish and understand the past.

Anthropology and Sociology

Anthropology is closest to sociology as evidenced by the fusion of these
discipline in one department in most universities, not only in the Philippines but
also in the United States. Both are interested in the study of social organization
and social interaction. The sociologist’s preoccupation is with larger
respondents through census, survey, experiments, and case study the work
requires the employment of statistical analysis. The Anthropologists, on the
other hand, is concerned basically with smaller societies, conducting research
through participant observation; his studies are more qualitative,
anthropological studies have now become more sophisticated though. With use

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of computers in the analysis and interpretation of field data. An Additional
concern of sociologist is social issues and problems such as population, the
environment, poverty, drugs, delinquency, crime, and mental illness, as well as
effect of broken homes. Anthropologists, on the hand, have recently shown
interest in social problems related to poverty as well as in the social impact of
industrialization and urbanization
Anthropology and Psychology
Anthropology and psychology share a common interest, i.e., human behavior
the basic difference, however, lies in the preoccupation of anthropology with
group organization and the cultural patterning of behavior, while psychology is
concerned with the behavior of the individual organism and how that organism
responds to specific stimuli.  
Economics and Political Science
The growing interest of the anthropologist in the study of the laws and customs
of particular societies has given rise to a specialized study known as legal
anthropology. Anthropologist have shown interest in the economic activities of
the cultural communities, most specifically on the micro level. Some technical
concepts used the analysis of the economies of peasant with the behavior of
the individual organism and how it responds to specific stimuli. 
LEARNING REFLECTION FOR LESSON 1.
Cultural anthropology is a focus of anthropology in relation to
social structuring, laws, beliefs, and resources. This focus reports
out on how all of these aspects comes together to shape the

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culture of society. Every form of civilization from the riches to the
poorest and be socially dissected by cultural anthropology. I have
found that studying cultural anthropology has helped me to learn
of different cultures’ circumstances that I was unaware about.
This has benefited me in a way that I can have a greater level of
empathy and understanding for other cultures. The study also
reveals things about your own culture that you formerly unaware
of. Seeing your own culture more clearly for what it really is has
helped me to appreciate certain things …show more content…
When studying the anthropology of others cultures as well as you
own you can uncover things you once overlooked in your own
culture. In my personal experience an anthropological report done
by Ho Karen has helped me to understand things that I have
previously overlooked about my own culture more specifically the
recruitment as well as the job environment on Wall Street. I had
always been told within my culture that you had to be extremely
smart as well as mathematically gifted to get a job on Wall Street
and once you get the job you will make millions. However this is
not necessarily true; according to (Ho Karen, 2009) the main
recruits come from Princeton and Harvard while other schools
including the other prestigious are overlooked. This came to me
as a great surprise because again I was told all you have to do
was be smart to work on Wall Street, you didn’t even need a
college education if you were smart enough. There are some

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exceptions to the matter will few graduates from Yale making it
into Wall Street, but the difference in levels of recruitment are
tremendous. Ho Karen also stated that is was also said within the
field that graduates from schools like M.I.T (Massachusetts
institution of technology) were too smart for the job. Learning this
about my own culture brought me to the conclusion.

ORIGINS, EVOLUTION, AND DEVELOPMENT OF MAN

            When archeologists and paleontologists explore for the remains of our
ancestors, they seek, more than ancient skeletons for museum display. They
want to reconstruct the physical characteristics and, so as for as possible, the
behavior of the creatures. If they are lucky and find good specimens, they can
estimate height and posture, the shape and capacity of the skull, and thus the
brain size. As the same time, they look for clues as to how the creature lived:
tools evidence that a cave or camp was occupied over a period of time.
Nothing is ignored. One way to study the prehistoric diet is to examine
coprolites, the fossils of human feces, which can reveal information about what
foods were common and, therefore, how prehistoric people adapted to their
environment by gathering, scavenging and hunting.
            Some clues however, are lost because materials rotted away in a
relatively short time, tools fabricated of wood and weapons are almost

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indestructible, and because they were probably used by mean, the
interpretation of the past may be sexually biased. Early humans were not
simply male hunters-gatherers, and women contributed a major share to the
food supply. They pried out edible roots with digging sticks. They collected
eggs; insects, lizards, and other small animals; berries edible leaves; and
grains. Even modern-day hunter-gatherers forage almost constantly. They
prick berries, gather nuts, pull up edible shoots, take eggs from nests, turn logs
over for grubs, and kill reptiles. They eat some of this food as they walk or
work, but they carry much of it back to share with the group. Coastal dwellers
found an abundance of seafood, reptiles, amphibians, and birds close at hand.
They vast kitchen middens of shells and bones left by prehistoric peoples are
archaeological testimony to primitive coastal economies; (Broom, Boonjean,
and Broom, 1990).
            The Hominids or Prehumans or Protohumans. The earliest known type
is Australopithecines which was discovered in South Africa in 1924. It is a
ground-dwelling ape and has an erect posture but an ape-like brain.
Homo (Man)- is allegedly the successor of Australopithecus. A Homo contains
one or more species such as the Homo Habilis (Skillful Man or Able
Man), Homo Erectus (Upright Man), and Homo Sapiens (Wise Man). 
In 1974, an expedition led by Donald Johanson worked at Hadar in Ethiopia
and found a female skeleton named Lucy after the Beatles` song in the Sky
with Diamonds. It was 40% complete and between 3 and 3.5 million years old.

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Lucy was ape-like in appearance, 3 feet 6 inches tall, and walked fully upright.
She has become famous and was called the “Superstar of Human Evolution.”
In 1976, British anthropologist Mary Leakey discovered at Laeteoli, in Northern
Tanzania, the fossil jaws and teeth of eight (8) adults and three (3) children,
between 3.35 and 3.75 million years old. She had also uncovered 57-foot
prints, set in solidified ash made by two (2) individuals- the oldest known marks
of human like creature on earth.
In 1964, the husband of Mary Leakey, L.S.B. Leakey, discovered the first
Homo at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania at a site some 1.75 millions years old. He
called it Homo Habilis, was less than 5 feet tall, weighted less than 100
pounds, walked erect, and had a well-developed opposable thumb. Crude tools
were also found such as rocks cracked and flaked into shapes used to cut
meat killed by lions and leopards.
Homo Erectus- was first discovered in Java, Indonesia in 1891, by Dr. Eugene
Dubois, a Dutch Army Surgeon; and in Peking, China in 1927 by Mr. W.C.
Peiyoung Chinese Scientist, in a cave near Peking (Zaide, 1970). The age of
this Homo is approximately about 1.8 millions years. It has a brain size larger
than Homo Habilis but smaller than our own.
Homo Sapiens
1.      Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis- the principal inhabitants of Europe and
adjacent parts of Asia and Africa. Named after the Neander or Neanderthal
Valley near Duesseldorf, Western Germany, where in 1956 their fossil remains
were unearthed, they were the first specimens of fossils man ever found.

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2.      Homo Sapiens Sapiens (Cro-Magnons)- whose fossils were found in Cro-
Magnon cave in Southern France. It occurred some 40,000 years ago.
Homo Sapiens Prevails. The fossil record shows that our own species, Homo
Sapiens, began to replace Homo Erectus more than 100,000 years ago. At the
time the Neanderthal, a subtype of Homo Sapiens, was widely spread in
Europe, North Africa, and parts of Asia, Perhaps 50,000 years later, when the
glaciers were retreating in Europe, modern, large-brained types of sapiens
became dominant.
A few examples of their achievements indicate what the large brains
accomplished. Homo Sapiens artisans invented and manufactured complex
tools, such as the sewing needle and the bow and arrow. These are the
material products of cultural progress, on cave walls they executed paintings
that are creations of talented and disciplined artists.
Increasingly sophisticated inventions had long term objectives and
consequences, when human domesticated animals and plants, they increased
their ability to master varied environments and support larger population. By
10,000 years ago there were permanent village settlements of several hundred
people in the Middle East; by 3000 BC, there were walled cities with
populations of several thousands. The inhabitants used wheeled vehicles and
plows, built irrigation canals, studied astronomy, and invited writing. Homo
Sapiens, the creator of these works, is the only surviving species of the genus
Homo, Except for Sapiens-namely us-all other types of humas are extinct
(Broom et al., 1990).

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STAGES OF MAN`S CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
1.      Paleolithic- Benjamin Franklin is credited with first defining the human
being as a Tool-Making Animal. The making and using of tools is the first
evidence of the human ability to use reason to solve problems. The use of
stone implements was the most distinctive feature of early human culture
(Walibank , et. Al., 1996). Paleolithic came from the Greek
words Palaios, meaning old, and lithos, stone. This period lasted than half a
million years, from 500,000 BC to 8000 BC. The Java, Peking, Neanderthal,
and Cro-Magnon men existed during this period (Zaid, 1970). This stage was a
food-collecting stage, characterized by hunting and the collecting of wild fruits,
nuts, and berries. According to the descendants of the Paleolithic men, the
Indians of the rainforests of Brazil, labor was divided according to sex. Men
hunted, fished and protected the group, women gathered wild plants, fruits, and
nuts and prepared food for eating; they also processed animals hides and
wood into household objects and cared for the children. Men and women
shared tasks in building, dwelling making ornaments and tools, and training
children about life.
The highest achievement of late Paleolithic culture was art, their art ranges
from animated, realistic paintings of bison, reindeer, primitive horses, and other
animals, colored in shades of black, red, yellow, and brown. These were found
in the caves inhabited by the Cro-Magnon man in Spain and France, dating
from 28,000 to 10,000 BC (Wallbank, et al., 1996).

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2.      Mesolithic Culture- they lived along the coast, fishing, and gathering shell
fish. Other lived inland, where they made bows and arrows for hunting and
devised skis, sleds, and dugout canoes. They also domesticated dogs
(Wallbank et at., 1996)
 
3.      Neolithic Revolution- this is so called the New stone age. The word
Neolithic came from the Greek words Neos, meaning New, and lithos, meaning
stone. This period was shorter than the Old stage, lasting from 8000 BC to
4000 BC. There is a shift from food gathering to food producing. Aside from
hunting and fishing, they had agriculture, herding, pottery, and weaving, they
wore clothes made of plant fibers. They domesticated animals. They
sharpened their tools and weapons by polishing their edges. Thus, the period
during which they lived has been known also as the Polished Stone Age.
Finally, they learned to build dug-outs, the worlds first boast-another conquest
of nature to serve the needs of man.
4.      Age of Metals- this new age began about 4000 BC, making the transition
from the prehistoric period to the historic period these are:
a.       Copper- the first metal used in the orient particularly the Sumerians and
Egyptians. It is a soft metal, so that the tools and weapons made from it soon
became dull.
b.      Bronze- about 3500 BC. The oriental people learned that by mixing
copper and tin, a harder metal could be produced.

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c.       Iron- about 1500 BC began the use of a harder metal. The hittites of Asia
Minor were the first people to used iron tools and weapons and it was spread
to the neighboring Europe.
 
LEARNING REFLECTION IN LESSON 2
The advancement of science as a secular methodology is a very new
phenomenon in human history. Many of its implications have challenged religious
conceptions of the universe and no less of human beings, especially at those
places where both science and religion seem to be addressing the same
phenomenon. The Bahá’í faith has many things to say about the emergence of
human beings on Earth. It has managed to retain its stress on its belief in a
spiritual origin for humankind while insisting that the most reasonable
conclusions of scientific inquiry regarding its physical origins must also be
accepted as part of the scheme of this creation. In this chapter, we will look at
some of the statements from the religious side of our study that address the
issue of the evolution of humans. Later we will discuss what they could possibly
be understood to refer to in light of what other commentators have written. We
will not, however, attempt to look for alternate interpretations beyond these since
that would be extraneous to the point of this study.

Social Research Procedure

1.      Choosing a Topic- the first step of the research process, choosing the
topic, is the stage of research where your own students values and interests
are allowed free rein. This freedom of choice is the reason why you will find

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yourselves studying race relations or sex differences or studying religion. This
is the only stage where the researcher is not expected to be value-free.
2.      Reviewing the Literature- after choosing a topic, you may begin a review
of previous work in the area. To avoid rediscovering the wheel, you must find
out what is already established.
3.      Defining the Problem-after you discover what is already known, you are in
a position to design your own research project. It may be inductive method or
deductive, depending on the knowledge in the areas, but either strategy
requires that you spell out the research questions to be addressed. In a
deductive research, this means formulating specific hypotheses to test; in an
inductive research, it means stating in advance the specific information you are
looking for.
4.      Choosing a Research Design- the questions your specify will determine
the research design you will use. At this point, you need to consider operational
definitions sampling, and choice of data-gathering strategy.
5.      Gathering Data- in most research projects, data gathering is the most
expensive and time consuming step. Depending on the research design you
have specified, it may include setting up a lab, recruiting subjects, choosing
locations for observation, or making up questionnaires and choosing a sample.
After the data gathered, they must be processed. Survey the data must be
entered on terminals for computer analysis; interview and observation data
must be written up and coded.

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6.      Analyzing the Data- once the data are processed, you must begin making
sense of them. What generalizations are supported? What hypotheses are
supported? Analysis is a complex task, often requiring advanced statistical
training and computer programming skills.
7.      Presenting conclusions- the final step of the research is to present your
findings to others. Typically, sociologist report their findings in professional
sociology journals. These journals require that the entire research process
underlying your findings to described in details- operational definitions,
sampling lists, the works.
Three Strategies for Gathering Data
1.      The Experiment- it is a research method in which the researcher
manipulates the independent variable to test theories of cause and effect.
2.      The Survey- in survey research, the investigator asks a relatively large
number of people that same set of standardized questions. These questions
may be asked in a interview, over the telephone, or in a paper-and-pencil
format. This technique is the most commonly used to gather sociological data.
Because it asks the same questions of a large number of people, it is an ideal
methodology for furnishing evidence on incidence, trends, and differentials.
3.      Participant Observation- under this label there are three varieties of
research strategies- participating, interviewing, and observing.
Format in Making a Research Paper
Elements of Research Papers

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1.      Title Page- the title page of a research paper should include the title of
the paper. The students name, the course and section, the Professors name,
and the date.
2.      Outline Page- the outline page of the research paper presents a topic or
sentence outline and sometimes includes the thesis statement. The numbers
and headings on the outline page should not appear within the text of your
paper.
3.      Text (Body) and Documentation- each fact or opinion obtained from a
source, whether quoted directly or summarized, must be documented with a
parenthetical reference or with a note.
4.      Bibliography- the type of bibliography most often requested for an
undergraduate research paper is a list of the works that are referred to in the
paper.

LEARNING REFLECTION IN LESSON 3

Reflective writing is a process of identifying, questioning, and critically
evaluating course-based learning opportunities, integrated with your own
observations, experiences, impressions, beliefs, assumptions, or biases, and
which describes how this process stimulated new or creative understanding
about the content of the course. A reflective paper describes and explains in
an introspective, first person narrative, your reactions and feelings about
either a specific element of the class [e.g., a required reading; a film shown
in class] or more generally how you experienced learning throughout the
course. Reflective writing assignments can be in the form of a single paper,
essays, portfolios, journals, diaries, or blogs.

As the term implies, a reflective paper involves looking inward at

oneself in contemplating and bringing meaning to the relationship
between course content and the acquisition of new knowledge .
Educational research [Bolton, 2010; Ryan, 2011; Tsingos-Lucas et al., 2017]

15
demonstrates that assigning reflective writing tasks enhances learning
because it challenges students to confront their own assumptions, biases,
and belief systems around what is being taught in class and, in so doing,
stimulate student’s decisions, actions, attitudes, and understanding about
themselves as learners and in relation to having mastery over their learning.
Reflection assignments are also an opportunity to write in a first person
narrative about elements of the course, such as the required readings,
separate from the exegetic and analytical prose of academic research
papers.

Concept of Courtship and Marriage

                The family in all societies undergoes change. The major causes of
which are the process of modernization with their concomitant developments
such as industrialization, urbanization, and outside influences brought in by
mass media and contact with western culture.
Courtship during the early period took patience and a spirit of dedication on the
part of a man to win the hand of his fair lady. For the custom of the period, a
custom that has persisted to this day in some remote areas, required that he
serve the girls parents for months or even years. He chopped wood, fetched
water, and did chores required of him. He was not supposed to talk to his fair
lady; only their eyes meet occasionally to exchange mute messages of love.
There was no change for them to meet clandestinely, for the girls was
zealously guarded by the parents or by the grandparents, who were always on
the lookout for any sign of mischief on the part of the suitor or their girl. After

16
having satisfied themselves that the suitor would make a good son-in-law and
husband, the parents finally gave conditions (Agoncillo, 1990).
These conditions revolved around the dowry or bride price. The dowry was a
gift turned over by the groom to the brides parents, for all practical purpose in
exchange for the bride. When a man decided to marry, he consulted his
parents and the elders in his family. If the girl and her family were acceptable,
the grooms family started to negotiate with the bride`s parents in a ceremony
called the “pamamanhikan”. Elderly representatives of both partis discussed
the terms of a dowry with great tact and diplomacy.
The dowry ordinarily refers to the custom in many European societies of the
brides parents giving a substantial present to the husband. Here it has the
opposite meaning of a gift from the grooms parents to those of the bride. This
is sometimes known as “bride purchase,” although it is seldom a market-type of
transaction. The dowry is usually a marriage settlement consisting of land,
house, or other goods given by the grooms family to the new wife (Espiritu et
al., 1977).
Kinds of Dowry
1.      Bigay-kaya- consisting of land, gold, or dependents. In the absence of
these, any valuable article would do.
2.      Panghimuyat- this is a certain amount of money to be given to the bride-
to-be`s parents as payment for the mother`s efforts in rearing the girl to
womanhood;

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3.      Bigay-suso- this is another bribed to be given to the girls wet-nurse who
fed the bride during her infancy with milk from her won breast;
4.      Himaraw- sum of money to be given to the girls parents as
reimbursement for the amount spent in feeding the girl during her infancy; and
5.      Sambon- a dowry to be given to the girls relatives.
Basic Elements of Love
1.      Non-love. Absence of all three components.
2.      Liking. Intimacy without passion or commitment
3.      Infatuation. Passion without intimacy or commitment
4.      Romantic love. Intimacy and passion without commitment
5.      Companionate love. Commitment and intimacy without passion
6.      Fatuous love. Passion and commitment without intimacy.
7.      Empty love- commitment without passion or intimacy
8.      Consummated love. Combination of intimacy, passion and commitment.
Styles of Love
1.      Ludus- the ludic lover views love as a game, as a play, as fun, and
refuses to become dependent on any one person and does not encourage
another`s intimacy. Two essentials skills of the ludic lover are to juggle several
people at the same time and to manage each relationship so that no one is
seen too often. These strategies help to ensure that the relationship does not
deepen into an all-consuming love;

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2.      Pragma- this is the love of the pragmatic who is logical and rational. The
pragma lover assess his or her partner on the basic of assets and liabilities.
Economic security may be regarded as very important. The pragma lover does
not seek interracial, long distance, or age-discrepant partners, because logic
argues against doing so:
3.      Eros- just the opposite of pragma, the erotic lover is consumed by
passion and romance. Intensity of both emotional and sexual feelings dictates
one`s love involvements.
4.      Mania-the person with manic love feels intense emotional and sexual
passion but is out of control. The person is possessive and dependent and
must have the beloved. Persons who are extremely jealous and controlling
reflect manic love.
5.      Storge- storge love is calm, soothing, non-sexual love devoid of intense
passion. Respect, friendship, commitment, and familiarity are characteristics
that help to define the relationship. The partners care deeply about each other
but not in a romantic or lustful sense. Their love is also more likely to endure
than fleeting romance.
6.      Agape- is selfless and giving, expecting nothing in return. The nurturing
and caring partners are concerned only about the welfare and growth of each
other.
 
Marriage -the legally or formally recognized union of two people as partners in
a personal relationship (historically and in some jurisdictions specifically a

19
union between a man and a woman). Is a fundamental sacrament that gives us
grace and love and holiness.
The Case of Marriage
Benefits of Marriage Liabilities of Singlehood
HEALTH: Spouses have fewer hospital Singles are hospitalized more often,
admission, see a physician more have fewer medical checkups, and
regularly, are sick less often, are sick more often.
LONGEVITY: Spouses live longer than Singles die sooner than those
singles. married.
HAPPINESS: Spouses report being Singles report less happiness than
happier than singles. those married
SEXUAL SATISFACTION: Spouses Singles report being less satisfied
report being more satisfied with their sex with their sex lives, both physical and
lives, both physically and emotionally. emotionally.
MONEY: Spouses have more economic Singles have fewer economic
resources than singles. resources than those married.
LOWER EXPENSES: Two can live more Cost is greater for two singles than
cheaply together than separately one couple.
DRUG USE: Spouses have lower rates Singles have higher rates of drug use
of drug use and abuse. and abuse.
CONNECTEDNESS: Spouses are Singles have fewer individuals upon
connected to more individuals who whom they can rely for help.
provide a support system partner, in-

20
laws, etc.
CHILDREN: Rates of high school drop Rates of high school drop-outs, teen
outs, teen pregnancies, and poverty are pregnancies, and poverty are higher
lower among children reared in two- among children reared by single
parent homes. parents.
HISTORY: Spouses develop a shared Singles may lack continuity and
history across time with significant commitment across time with
others. significant others.

THEORIES OF MATE SELECTION

Monogamy- the practice or state of being married to one person at a time.
Polygamy-, "state of marriage to many spouses") is the practice of marrying
multiple spouses.
Polyandry (is a form of polygamy in which a woman takes two or more
husbands at the same time.
Polygyny  is the most common and accepted form of polygamy, entailing the
marriage of a man with several women.
INCEST TABOO
Societies impose rules as to whom can marry and cannot marry. A practically
universal rule in the incest taboo. Incest is the prohibition of sexual intercourse.
Marriage between persons who are consanguineally related or have other
categories relationship. No society permits the sexual intercourse or marriage
between parents, children and between brothers and sisters.

21
ENDOGAMY- prescribes that one should marry within one`s clan, social class,
religion, ethnic group.
EXOGAMY- prescribe that one should marry outside of his own group.
LEVIRATE- is the practice of requiring a widow to marry the brother or nearest
kin of the deceased husband.
SORORATE- the widower is made to marry the sister or nearest kin of the
deceased wife.
LEARNING REFLECTION IN LESSON 4
This article presents a conceptual, time-ordered, and developmental
framework, centered on courtship processes, to study the premarital
roots of marital success and failure. In this model, we assume that
partners bring relatively stable qualities to their courtship that
independently and in combination affect the course of the courtship
and, in turn, shape how well couples fare in marriage. We argue that
to appreciate the courtship features that predict marital success or
failure, social scientists must understand the importance of moving
beyond static variable-centered approaches to more developmental
ones (both conceptually and analytically) that emphasize the interplay
among premarital partners' qualities, the dynamics of their courtships,
including the social and cultural contexts within which they are
embedded, and the stability and satisfactoriness of the marriages
they establish.

This article presents a conceptual, time-

ordered, and developmental
framework, cen-

22
tered on courtship processes, to study
the premarital roots of marital success
and fail-
ure. In this model, we assume that
partners bring relatively stable qualities
to their
courtship that independently and in
combination affect the course of the
courtship
and, in turn, shape how well couples
fare in marriage. We argue that to
appreciate the
courtship features that predict marital
success or failure, social scientists must
under-
stand the importance of moving beyond
static variable-centered approaches to
more

23
developmental ones (both conceptually
and analytically) that emphasize the
inter-
play among premarital partners’
qualities, the dynamics of their
courtships, including
the social and cultural contexts within
which they are embedded, and the
stability and
satisfactoriness of the marriages they
establish.
When family scientists began to
conduct research on marital
success, they often
looked to the character of the
courtship for clues foreshadowing
the quality and st

24
This article presents a conceptual, time-
ordered, and developmental
framework, cen-
tered on courtship processes, to study
the premarital roots of marital success
and fail-
ure. In this model, we assume that
partners bring relatively stable qualities
to their
courtship that independently and in
combination affect the course of the
courtship
and, in turn, shape how well couples
fare in marriage. We argue that to
appreciate the
courtship features that predict marital
success or failure, social scientists must
under-

25
stand the importance of moving beyond
static variable-centered approaches to
more
developmental ones (both conceptually
and analytically) that emphasize the
inter-
play among premarital partners’
qualities, the dynamics of their
courtships, including
the social and cultural contexts within
which they are embedded, and the
stability and
satisfactoriness of the marriages they
establish.
When family scientists began to
conduct research on marital
success, they often

26
looked to the character of the
courtship for clues foreshadowing
the quality and st
This article presents a conceptual, time-
ordered, and developmental
framework, cen-
tered on courtship processes, to study
the premarital roots of marital success
and fail-
ure. In this model, we assume that
partners bring relatively stable qualities
to their
courtship that independently and in
combination affect the course of the
courtship
and, in turn, shape how well couples
fare in marriage. We argue that to
appreciate the

27
courtship features that predict marital
success or failure, social scientists must
under-
stand the importance of moving beyond
static variable-centered approaches to
more
developmental ones (both conceptually
and analytically) that emphasize the
inter-
play among premarital partners’
qualities, the dynamics of their
courtships, including
the social and cultural contexts within
which they are embedded, and the
stability and
satisfactoriness of the marriages they
establish.

28
When family scientists began to
conduct research on marital
success, they often
looked to the character of the
courtship for clues foreshadowing
the quality and st

THE FILIPINO FAMILY

            Filipino Family plays a unique role for the child as it gives him affection,
care, attention, protection, and engenders in him a sense of belonging or
security. The Filipino family is an institution of security which protects its
members from exigencies of living. The members are bound to help each
other, to help the unemployed or the physically handicapped and to take care
of the aged. 
FOUR KINDS OF LOVE EXIST WITH IN A FAMILY
1.      Conjugal love- refers to the natural affection of husband and wife. It is a
love that never falls away. It is love that demands unity and undissolubility of
the marriage bond of husband and wife, and it involves unswerving mutual
loyalty.

29
2.      Parental love- manifested in the desire for children and in self-sacrificing
care, protection, and love of offspring.
3.      Filial love- it is the attraction of the child to his father and mother. It is a
vital integrating factor in the home. It exerts a powerful influence over the
personality of the child.
4.      Fraternal love- refers to the love between siblings. Brothers and sisters
stand in a special relationship toward each other. It is a special natural
attraction that is not found between anu others.

MEMBERS OF THE FILIFINO FAMILY

1.      The husband and father- the father is the leader or head of the family and
his authority is respected. He set rules for all the members to observe in order
to maintain order, discipline, and harmony. A father who expects respect from
the other members of the family should be a good provider because the right of
the father  to rule gives him the duty of providing for the necessity of the family.
2.      The wife and mother- if the father is the head or leader of the family the
mother is the heart. She rules in the home in the absence of the father. She
also holds the family together by managing the household and directing the
lives of its members.
3.      The children- in the Filipino family, the children acknowledge and respect
the authority of the home. Every child is entitled to be taken care of by parents.
Such care includes the child`s physical health and well-being. This mean

30
proving him with his essential needs as well as medical attention, whenever
needed.
ORIGINS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE FAMILY
1.      Sociobiological Theory- this theory suggests that families began once
human females no longer came into estrus, which mean going into heat.
Losing the biological mandate that determined when mating occurred allowed
humans to focus on permanence in relationships. Sexual urges could be
satisfied at anu time, not just when biological processes switched them on.
From this viewpoint, it is possible that relationships were formed for reasons of
sexual protection. Consequently, attractiveness and choice became a part of
mate selection and bonds between mates and offspring were formed.
2.      Polyandrous Theory- from the beginning of written history, marriage and
the family were well-established social system in all cultures. Family systems
have evolved throughout history and vary in composition, style, and how they
interact with the society-at-large. Difference in family system are bases on
environmental conditions, it theorized that since the status of women are
extremely low and sharing wives was an adaptive strategy to a short supply of
food. In other words, it took tow or more men to produce enough food to
support one woman, who was considered a burden on the community.
3.       Polygynous Theory- this asserts that men can legitimately take more
than one wife, is a very common marriage system. It is found in non-Christian,
pre-industrial or industrializing cultures and do not value women politically,

31
economically, and socially. Having multiple wives is a status marker of the
husband’s wealth. The more money he has, the more wives he can support.
FUNCTIONS OF THE FAMILY
1.      Regulation of sexual behavior and reproduction- all societies have rules
governing who can engage in sexual activities with whom and under what
conditions children should be conceived and born.
 
2.      Protection- unlike the young of animal species, human infants need
constant care and security. They experience an extremely long period of
dependency, which places special demands on elder family members. Families
in all societies provide various forms of care and protection to their members,
helping them when they are too young, weak, sick, or old to help themselves.
3.      Status Conferral- we inherit a social position because of the family
background and reputation of our parents and siblings. The family units
presents the newborn child with an ascribes status of race, nationality or
citizenship, and ethnicity that help to determine his place with in the society.
4.      Affection and companionship – all human beings needs warm and
intimate relationships, affection, love, psychological support, and for many
people these needs are fulfilled by the family members. A family member may
find such rewards outside the family-from peers, in school, at work, etc. and
may perceive the home as an unpleasant place.
5.      Economic activity- the family often serves as the basic unit for production,
with kinship ties defining who is obliged to work together in order to catch

32
game, grow food, or build shelters, family members work together to
accomplish the economic task necessary for survival, kinship ties also
determine the distribution and consumption of economic goods by establishing
who has a right to a share of the goods produced by a family.
 
Family Subsystems
Marital Subsystem
1.      Provide emotional satisfaction to adults without compromising the
psychosocial development of each individual.
2.      Be supportive of spouse`s needs, activities, and aspirations.
3.      Develop problem-solving techniques that allow individual needs to be
fulfilled, but also facilitate feelings of closeness, shared identity, and mutual
accommodation.
4.      Foster creativity, learning, and personal growth;
5.      Maintain boundaries to separate marital function, such as sex, from other
subsystems.
Parental Subsystem
1.      Protect and show affection to children.
2.      Socialize children through guidance, rules, and appropriate discipline
3.      Adapt flexible parenting styles to the age and specific needs of the child,
rather than needs of the individuals parents.

33
4.      Develop communication and effective problem solving techniques that
foster developmental growth in children.
Sibling Subsystem
1.      Learn to relate to peers through negotiation, cooperation, and
competition.
2.      Learn how to make and keep friends
3.      Learn how to achieve through use of skills
4.      Adapt to the adult world by following rules, mastering school
assignments, and learning to respect others as human beings.
5.      Strive toward independence and develop a personal identity and code of
ethics.
KINDS OF FAMILY OR FAMILY PATTERNS
1.      Membership, organization, and Structure Patterns:
a.       Nuclear Family- the basic unit of the family is the wife-husband pair and
their children. When the married pair and their children form an independent
household living apart from other kin, we call them a nuclear family.
b.      Extended Family- it is a nuclear family plus relatives of any one of the
nuclear family members, including aunts, uncles, cousins, nephews,
grandparents and grandchildren.

RESIDENCE PATTERN

34
1.      Neolocal Residence- occurs when norms of residence require that a
newly married couple take up residence away from their relatives, couples
leaves independently from their parents.
2.      Matrilocal residence- occurs when norms of residence require newly
married couple to take up residence with the wife`s kin.
3.      Patrilocal residence- occurs when norms of residence require a newly
married couple to take up residence with the husband`s kin.
4.      Bilocal residence- providing that the newly married couple has the
freedom to select where to reside is  a kin to neolocal residence pattern since
the couple will not take side on either of their families.
5.      Avunculocal residence- the newly wed couple resides with or near the
maternal uncle of the groom or husband.
Authority Patterns
1.      Patriarchy or Patriarchal- societies vary in the way that power within the
family is distributed. Under this kind of authority pattern, male dominance is the
approved norm. the eldest male wields the greatest power. As leader of the
family, he controls economic, resources, decision-making, and has the final say
in all matters related to the family.
2.      Matriarchy or Matriarchal- female dominance is the approved norm.
matriarchies may have emerged among Indian tribal societies and in nations in
which men were absent for long periods of time for warfare or food gathering.
3.      Equalitarian- it is one in which spouses are regarded as equals. This
does not mean, however, that each decision is shared in such families.

35
Descent Patterns
1.      Bilineal Descent- this mean that both sides of a persons family are
regarded as equally important. No higher values is given to the brothers of
ones father as opposed to the brothers of one`s mother.
2.      Patrilineal Descent- from the Latin word pater which mean “father” this
indicates that only the fathers relatives are important in terms of property,
inheritance, and the establishment of emotional ties.
3.      Matrilineal Descent- from the Latin word mater which mean “mother” this
means that only the mother`s relatives are significant; relatives of the father are
unimportant.
 DISSOLUTION OF MARRIAGE
Marriage has a profound meaning for most people. Although some marriages
eventually end in annulment or legal separation, for reasons known only to
them, but they believe, that their marriage will last “till death do they part”.
Marriage is formal, legal union in which debts and assets shared.
Methods in which Filipino couples could dissolve their marriage bond.
1.      Legal Separation- a petition for legal separation may be filed on any of
the following grounds:
a.       Repeated physical violence or grossly abusive conduct directed against
the petitioner, a common child, or a child of the petitioner.
b.      Physical violence or moral pressure to compel the petitioner to change
religious affiliations.

36
c.       Attempt of respondent to corrupt or induce the petitioner, a common
child, or a child of the petitioner to engage in prostitution, or connivance in such
corruption or inducement.
d.      Final judgement sentencing the respondent to imprisonment of more than
six years even if pardoned.
e.       Drug addiction or habitual alcoholism of the respondent.
f.       Lesbianism or homosexuality of the respondent.
g.      Contracting by the respondent of  subsequent bigamous marriage,
whether in the Philippines or abroad.
h.      Sexual infidelity or perversion.
i.        Attempt by the respondent against the life of the petitioner
j.        Abandonment of petitioner by respondent without justifiable cause for
more than once year.
2.      Annulment of Marriage. A marriage may be annulled for any of the
following causes existing at the time of the marriage.
a.       Absence of parental consent if one of the parties is eighteen years old
but below twenty one.
b.      Either of the party was of unsound mind.
c.       Consent of either party was obtained by fraud.
d.      Consent of either party was obtained by force, intimidation, or undue
influence.
e.       Physical incapacity

37
f.       Affliction of serious and incurable sexually transmissible disease.

 LEARNING REFLECTION IN LESSON 5

The Filipino family is considered a highly valuable social institution in the
Philippines. In general, Filipino families are bilaterally extended and residentially
nuclear. Although Filipinos recognize husbands and fathers to be household
heads, the family structure continues to be egalitarian in giving importance to
both male and female family members. Like in other cultures in Asia, families in
the Philippines uphold the principle of seniority in assigning authority within
kinship groups. The kinship system is established through blood ties, marriage,
and rituals. Kin groups are maintained primarily for mutual assistance. Moreover,
when Filipino families become transnational due to migration and overseas work,
they capitalize on computer-mediated communication to maintain their familial
connections across borders. A number of changes are happening among Filipino
families including the increased participation of women in the labor force, a
decline in family authority in terms of its influence over individual members, and
an increasing number of single-parent families.

CULTURE
Culture is a powerful force in the lives of all people. Although its impact is never
total its content is for changing, culture shapes and guides people’s
perceptions of reality.

38
Allan G. Johnson (1996), said that culture is the sum of symbols, ideas, forms
of expressions, and material products associated with a social system. It is a
dynamic medium through which societies create a collective way of life
reflected in such things as beliefs, values, music, literature, art dance, science,
religious, ritual and technology.
Four Kinds of Symbols
1.      Symbolic Objects- flag representing nations, money representing labor
and goods.
2.      Symbolic characteristics of Objects- purple for royalty, yellow for
cowardice, red for war.
3.      Gestures, actions that have meanings in particular cultural contexts-a
wink, a clenched fist, a raised right hand, and others and.
4.      Spoken and written words that make up language- it is the most important
set of symbols in any culture, for it contains the building blocks used to
construct ideas.
The significance of language, in the transmission of culture is so enormous for
without this spoken or written words, culture could not be bequeathed to the
next generation. The cultural heritage of the peoples of the world were
preserved because of their ability to communicate the same of their peers. It is
also this ability of mankind to dialogue that separates or distinguishes them
from animals.
KINDS OF CULTURE
Non-material culture includes the following:

39
1.      Knowledge such as natural, supernatural, magical, and technical.
2.      Social Norms or norms such as folkways, mores, and laws,
3.      Ideas such values and beliefs
Knowledge- is the body of facts and beliefs that people accumulate over time.
The sociology of knowledge is both an important starting point and an
appropriate topic to conclude with. The sociology of knowledge is a perspective
which emphasize the social character of knowledge. 
Social Norms- it is a specific guidelines action; it is rule that says how people
should be have in particular situations. (Light Keller, and Calhoun, 1989). They
specify what people ought to or ought not to do. The list of things we ought to
do something seems endless (Brinkerhoff and white, 1988). Norms are societal
prescriptions on how one is to act in given situations- for example, at a football
game, concert, restaurant, church, park, or classroom.
There are several types of norms; the most important are folkways, mores, and
each of which can take the form of a law.
Folkways- in the 19th century, the word folkways was coined by William
Graham Sumner to describe norms that are simply the customary, normal,
habitual ways a group does things. Folkways in a broad concept that covers
relatively permanent traditions (like Christmas trees, white wedding dresses,
and thank you notes) as well as short-lived fads and fashion (such as wearing
raybans, spaghetti dresses and sporting or earrings by men). Customs are
forms of folkways. It is the way of doing folk customs e.g. manner and style of

40
dressing, the nature of marriage ceremony, and the kissing of the hand as a
sign of respect. Whereas traditions are the way of leaving.
Mores- are norms people consider vital to their well-being and to their most
cherished values. Examples ate the prohibition against incest, cannibalism,
and sexual abuse of children, people who violate mores are considered unfit
for society and may be ostracized, beaten, locked up in prison or a mental
hospital, exiled or executed.
Mores focus on what most of us think as morality, and several social
characteristics distinguish moral acts from immoral acts. Allan G. Johnson
(1996) identified the social characteristics of an act, thus:
1.      Moral acts never have the actor’s self-interest as their only goal. This is
what distinguishes Robin Hood`s acts of stealing from similar acts by someone
who steals for personal gain. This does not imply that an act is immoral if done
purely for personal reasons; to run into a burning house to save peoples lives
is a moral act, but to stay outside out of concern for our own lives usually will
be excused. A moral act, thus, differs from other acts in that it is performed in
the interest of other people.
2.      They have a quality of command. We do them because we feel a sense
of obligation not simply to another individual, but to the values embodies in the
act (the value of honesty or of a human life). We refrain from some acts simply
because they are forbidden in our culture.
3.      It has an element of social desirability, they are good, just a immoral acts
are bad, and we feel genuine pleasure simply from doing the right thing (or guilt

41
from doing the wrong thing) whether or not we tell other people and bask in the
glow of their approval.
4.      Ideas about morality are sacred. Because they reflect the deepest,
collective feelings about who we are and should be, we attach strong feelings
to them. While specific laws may allow some people to do things forbidden to
others, the idea that “no one is above the law” is a moral one that applies to us
all.
Laws- in political sense, law is the body of rules, made by government for
society, interpreted by the courts, and backed by the power of the State
(Schaffer and Lamn, 1992).
Crazes, Fads, and Fashions. They usually are described as being more
temporary but less rational than ordinary man`s behavior.
Crazes- is the most irrational of these three variations. These crazes are also
sometimes called rages or social epidemics. Hair coloring, among the young, is
a good example of craze.
Fads- this word is applied to behavior which is similar to that of a craze but no
so extreme. Body piercing and tattooing  are good illustrations. People,
especially the youth, venture for a while on these fads then their interest  dies
out. Fads may also appear in a verbal form.
Fashions-  usually have a longer life than fads or crazes. In addition, they have
other special differences, fashions generally have a direct relationship to
prestige. If one has clothes, house furniture and types of automobiles  which fit
the fashions of the time, one can gain prestige.  Other forms of mass behavior

42
do not usually have such a close relationship  to group approval. This means
that a fashion follows a special pattern of growth and speed. It has been
observed that fashions tend to spread from the upper levels of a society
downward. A contemporary fashion now is telecommunications. The spread of
text messaging made the people so busy, this technology penetrated the
Filipinos in all walks of life (Espiritu, 1977. Bold supplied).
Ideas. They comprise mans conceptions of his physical, social, and cultural
world. These are manifested in the beliefs and values of the people.
Belief embody mans perceptions and convictions about reality and includes the
primitive mans concept, idea of the universe as well as the scientist empirical
view of the earth or world (Panopio et al.,1977).
Values are the general ideas that individuals share about what is good or bad,
right or wrong, desirable or undesirable (Light and Keller, 1985). according to
Vander Zanden (1988) values are abstract ideas of what is desirable, correct,
and good, that most members of a society share, values are so general and
encompassing that they do not explicitly specify which behaviors are
acceptable and which are not.
Material Culture. The physical objects of culture as machines, tools, books,
clothing and so on are called material culture.
For many thousands of years, human beings have been using the elements of
their natural surroundings to increase their chances for survival and to enrich
their lives. They have turned the soils, trees, rocks, metals, animals, and other
natural resources into shelter, tools, clothes, and forms of communications.

43
The nature of the material culture produced by a given society is a function of
the society`s level of  technology, the available resources, and the need of its
people. Modern societies have access to minerals, enormous labor pools, and
highly advanced technology. When we apply these resources to the problem of
transportation, we produce cars, trucks, trains, airplanes, and a number of
vehicles.
Characteristics of Culture
1. Culture is learned and acquired- culture is not instinctive or innate in human
beings; it is not a part of the biological equipment of human species. The ability
of man to think and put forward his ideas about the society where he lived in is
a manifestation that there is an acquisition and learning of things. This is
because we are symbol-making creatures capable of attaching meaning to
particular objects and actions and communicating these meanings to other
people (Eitzen and Zinn, 1993) culture could be learned from the
neighborhood, family, playmates, schools, churches, and other agents of
socialization or change.
2. Culture is shared and transmitted- the acquisition and learning of culture is a
process of culture preservation. To continuously preserve such culture, it is
best to transmit and share them with others lest it will die a natural death. For a
long as man communicates their thoughts, cultures possibility of extinction is
remote. Culture is transmitted through the medium of expressions such as oral,
written and symbolic.

44
3. Culture is adaptive or dynamic- society changes so rapidly and the people
should know how to conform to these changes. As man pursues to live in this
world, he creates things and advances ideas that may initiate change in the
society. Culture is constantly changing in a pervasive state. The changes may
be imperceptible but they are changes nonetheless. The practices of today will
never be the same tomorrow. A culture is always changing because new ideas
and new techniques are added and old ways are constantly being modified or
discarded. This is true for the most isolated and simple society in the world as it
is highly complex society. The degree of change and the rate of change may
vary enormously. Change is slow in a primitive, isolated society and rapid in a
contemporary industrialized society, but nowhere does the culture of a group
remain static (Hunt et al.,1995)
4. Culture is cumulative- being original is unique. But in today`s era, originality
is passe since new ideas are but the products of man`s innovation through his
being a social creature. Knowledge is stored and passed on from one
generation to the next, and new knowledge is constantly being added to the
existing stock. Each culture has worked out solutions to the basic problems of
life, which is then passes on to its children.
5. Culture is ideational- culture is an ideal pattern of behavior which the
members are expected to follow. Man assigns meaning to his environment and
experiences by symbolizing them. These are internalized by the individual and
he sees or approached his world from the standpoint of this culture.

45
6. Culture gratifies human needs- culture plays a significant role in satisfying
human needs. The thirst for finding solutions to recurring problems in society
whether it is material or non-material or whether how simple and complex it
might be, is provided by the people’s knowledge of things around him.
7. Culture is social- it is basically a group product. When a group interacts, the
sharing of ideas is expected. Out of this sharing a new culture sprout. More
often this is viewed as a subculture trait of a particular group.
OTHER CULTURAL CONCEPTS
Ethnocentrism – to view one`s own culture as the best and to judge other
cultures as inferior in comparison to due to the feeling of superiority, leads to
division and conflict among subgroups within a society and among societies.
(Sullivan, 1995). For example, “My fraternity is the best”, “My class is greater:,
Xenocentrism- when a group of people deny the superiority of their culture or a
part thereof and favor another. This is somewhat akin to colonial mentality
syndrome. This is the idea that what is foreign is best are inferior to that of
others. Xenocentrism is a common cultural phenomenon many people in Third
World countries assume that Western cultures are superior and might devalue
their own as a result (Johanson, 1996).
Cultural Relativity- simply means that a particular action only has meaning as it
interacts with other practices in the society, for example, in a monogamous
society, a man who married his brother`s widow while his own wife was still
living would be regarded, quietly right, as violating the rules which upheld the
integrity of the family.

46
Cultural Universals- These are behavioral patterns that are found in all human
cultures (Brinkerhoff, 1988). It is much harder to find traits that are common to
all cultures that it is to find ways in which cultures differ. Some cultural
universals are sports, dancing, educating, funeral rites, gift giving, hospitality,
incest taboos, joking, language, religious rituals, sexual restrictions, and tool
making (Smesler, 1981).
Culture Shock- all humans tends to believe that their way of life, which has
been handed down from generation to generation, is the right way, because
their own values and norms are so ingrained, people of one culture sometime
become upset when they are confronted with those of another culture. When
these people go to other societies very different from theirs, they may lose
familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse and experience some kind of
unpleasant events. (Palispis, 1997).
Cultural lag- some parts of culture pattern change more rapidly than others, so
that one institution sometimes becomes outmoded in relation to others in a
society. When different parts of a society fail to mesh harmoniously, numerous
examples of this lag could be cited: the exploitation of child laborers during the
19th century, the failure to allow women to vote until this century, and the
tragedy of hunger in the midst of plenty (Wallbank et al., 1996).
Civilizations. These are advanced cultures. They usually have form the
expression in writing and the arts, powerful economic activity and political
institutions, and innovative technologies. These influence all other cultures with
which they come into contact.

47
Acculturation- the process by which this taking and incorporating occur. Most
acculturation occurs through intercultural contact and the borrowing or imitation
of cultural norms. But there have been many instances of forced acculturation,
in which one culture has been forced to adopt the language or other traits of a
more dominant one.
Assimilation- when culturally distinct groups within a larger civilization adopts
the language, values, and norms of the host civilization, and their acculturation
enables them to assume equal statuses in the social groups and institutions of
the host civilization.
Accommodation- larger and smaller societies do not usually develop ways of
living together without the smaller ones becoming extinct or totally assimilated
into the larger ones. But when the smaller, less powerful society is able to
preserve the major features of its culture even after prolonged  contact,
accommodation is said to have occurred. Accommodation requires that each
side tolerate the existence of the other and even share territory and social
institutions.
FILIPINO CULTURAL VALUES
1.      Amor Propio- self-esteem or self-love. It is amor proprio that makes the
Filipino fear to lose social acceptance. The most important thing to a Filipino is
his self-image or amor propio.
2.      Balat-kayo- disguise, hypocrisy, pretension: appearing to be what one is
not. This is because a Filipino could be hardly say no, for to do so would
embarrass his fellowman.

48
3.      Balikatan- the shouldering of a common burden for a mutual advantage.
During drinking sprees, Filipinos even pitch in on the expenses so that
everyone can enjoy. Sometimes this takes the form of pooling money on
payday to raise a common fund from which the members can barrow upon
need.
4.      Bayanihan- this is coined from the root word bayad which means to pay,
and refers to the practice of asking for payment for a service done when there
is not supposed to be any free; bayanihan “mean “ tulungan ng bayan sa isang
Gawain;”
5.      Doble Kara- tagalog term for doubled-faced. Filipinos values honesty and
integrity and admire a person who means what he says and says what he
means. In other words, they dislike double-faced people;
6.      Eh, Ano? “So What?” “So What If…”- this expressions is often used by
the associated with easy-go-lucky persons. It is similar to the bahala na
psychology, a common Filipino attitude.
7.      Filipinoo “I’ll Try.” To a Filipino this phrase has certain well-defined
meaning according to the manner in which it is said. In some cases, it clearly
means, “I can`t finish it by the date given by you, but I don`t want to upset you
by saying no.”
8.      Gaya-gaya- to imitate. Some Filipinos have a tendency to imitate others,
especially Westerners: the way they dress, dance, talk, celebrate and look,
during the Spanish period.
9.      Inggit- the feeling of envy over the good fortune or success of someone.

49
10.  Kapalaran. Fate. “Palad” is the tagalog word for palm. The Filipino believes
that his fortune is written in his palm.
11.  Karma- this is an adapted Indian word which means “the law of nature.”
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
12.  Mahilig sa ayusan- the Filipino way of fixing matters in an unorthodox and
usually illegal way. For instance, an apprehended jeepney driver will negotiate
with the police authority to just fix matters instead of issuing the usual “ticket”
showing a violation of the pedestrian law;
13.  Oho/Opo. This replies “yes” to a question, attached to a term of respect.
“Ho” is used for those of the same age or social position; while “po” is used for
those who are older or higher in the social scale or those in authority.
14.  Pakikisama- sama means to go with. Thus, it is uniting one`s will with the
will of others in a gang or peer group for the sake of camaraderie.
15.  Ramay- this is a variation of “damay” which is a values inherent in the
Filipino culture because of its clannishness and close-knit families.
16.  Smooth Interpersonal Relationship (SIR). This is the strong cultural force
among Filipinos in their effort to achieve social acceptance and maintain
harmonious relationship. SIR is the ability to get along with others in such a
way as to avoid outward signs of conflict. 
LEARNING REFLECTION IN LESSON 6

The Philippines is a culture in which East meets West. The Filipino

people have a distinct Asian background, with a strong Western
tradition. The modern Filipino culture developed through influence from
Chinease traders, Spanish conquistadors, and American rulers. Filipino

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people tend to be very hospitable, especially to Western visitors (1).
Because of their strong ties to Spanish culture, Filipinos are emotional
and passionate about life in a way that seems more Latin than Asian
(1). This is easily seen in the works of comporary artists such as Rody
Herrera in his painting Unahan Sa Duluhan.
The family is the basic and most important aspect of Filipino culture.
Divorce is prohibited and annulments are rare (2). The family is the
safety net for indivuduals, especially older people, during difficult
economic times. Children will often stay with their parents into
adulthood, only leaving when they get married (2). Political and
business ties are often influenced by family relationships (2).
Two traits that many foreign visitors often have a difficult time
understanding are Pakikisama and Utang na Loob. Pakikisama roughly
means "getting along" and requires individuals overlook slight
improprieties or indiscretions for the sake of preserving peace within the
family, personal, or business relationship. Utang na Loob refers to the
custom of paying back one favor with another (2). These traits
emphasize the importance that Filipino people place on maintaining
pleasant interpersonal relationships and puting the needs of the group
ahead of the individual.
More than 80% of the population of the Philippines is Roman
Catholic. Fiestas in honor of the patron saint of a town are quite
common. Criticism of the Catholic church is not taken lightly - and
should be avoided (2).
In the Philippines, people greet each other with a handshake. A smile
or raised eyebrows can mean "Hello" or "Yes". Someone can be
summoned with a downward wave of the hand (3).

Tourism
Anyone with a valid passport (from a country in which the Philippines
has diplomatic relations) may enter the Philippines for up to 21 days
without a visa. All travelers should keep in mind, however, that is costs
P500 to leave the country.
The Philippines has much to offer tourists and sight-seerers:
mountains, beaches, caves, and markets filled with exotic goods. Hotels

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range in price from about $50.00 per night to several hundred dollars
per night. A tax of 15% is added to the cost of each room.

            

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