REHEARSALS

CONTENT

1. Meaning of Rehearsal
2. Activities involved in rehearsal
3. Stages of Rehearsals

Meaning of Rehearsal
Rehearsal simply means a practice done by the actors in preparation for a performance. During
rehearsals, lapses are discovered and corrected for perfections before the actual performance.

Activities Involved in Rehearsals

Diverse activities which are often controlled by a director come to play when rehearsing for
drama presentations. These activities include;

(i) Reading: This involves reading the script while acting by the cast in order to get familiar with
the story-line of the drama.

(ii) Movement: This activity involves a director’s effort in mapping out strategies on when, how
and where the actors come in and leave a scene.

This is often repeated many times in order to achieve great performance.

(iii) Prompt: Here, actors act without necessarily looking at prepared scripts. The director gives
instructions and corrects actors’ mistakes where necessary. Clues and prompting are introduced
at this stage.

Stages of Rehearsals
Stages are step-by-step approaches adopted during rehearsals in order to get good performance.

These steps are;

Stage 1: Reading out the script.

Stage 2: Blocking: This involves reading and movement happening simultaneously

Stage 3: Run through (Polishing): This stage involves the running of the play from the beginning
to the end so that the director gets the overall concept and impression of the drama.

Stage 4: Technical rehearsal: At this stage, props, lightening, sets are worked out.
Stage 5: Dress Rehearsal: At this level, make-ups and costumes are brought to use. It is the final
rehearsal before the actual performance.

EVALUATION

1. What is rehearsal?
2. Mention some activities involved in rehearsal.
3. Outline the stages involved in rehearsal.

MEANING AND TYPES OF DANCE

1. Meaning of dance
2. Types of dance (Pure dance, dance drama, dramatic dance and comic dance).
3. Dance as a career
4. Dance as a respectable profession.

Meaning of Dance
Dance is the rhythmic movement of the body to a playing music.

Types of Dance
(i) Pure dance: This deals only with movement itself. For example, a jazz dance based only on
the movements of that technique, there is no meaning to be interpreted. These dances may,
however come from an interpretation of the music.

(ii) Dance drama: This is a type of dance accompanied with dramatic plot and actions. Also in
dramatic dance, the actors dance out the story through body and gesture languages.

(iii) Comic dance: This is a dance meant to depict funny movements.

(iv) Dramatic dance: This is a type of dance that expresses emotions, character and action.

Evaluation

1. What is dance?
2. List three types of dance.
3. Briefly explain the types of dance listed in (2) above.

 
Dance as a Career
Dance now is no longer a medium of entertainment, but now seen as a career or profession. As a
career option it has now been opened up in recent times, in addition to it, there are government
and non-government funding for the artistes, various scholarships and grants are given for study,
advanced training and travel.

Dance as a career include;

1. Making a living as a dancer or choreographer.

2. One can work in government owned councils.
3. One can take part and win money and fame in talent hunt.
4. Programmes like maltina dance-all can be an opportunity for dancers.
5. One can be a dance lecturer, educator and consultant.
6. One can be employed as choreograph dancers for music video production.
7. One can own and run dance companies.

Dance as a Respectable Profession

Dance as a respectable profession has made some prosperous dancers famous both within and
outside Nigeria. Examples of such dancers are;

1. Kaffy
2. P Square
3. Segun Lawal (Spirit of David) – Maltina Dance Hall.
4. Tobi kujoore
5. Nonso Asobe
6. Samson Tobore
7. Flexzee Tunes

EVALUATION

1. State two opportunities in dance career.

2. Mention four professional dancers.

SELF CONTROL
1. Meaning of Self Control
2. How to Exercise Self Control
3. Benefits of Self Control
4. Practising Self Control
Meaning of Self Control
Self control is the act of managing one’s own behavior. It is the ability to control or hold oneself
back from an action or feeling. It is an act that holds an individual back from reacting instantly
either positively or negatively.

How to Exercise Self Control

Some ways of exercising self control are as follow;

1. Show moderation: This is the act of doing things without going to the extreme. Avoid
doing things excessively, be balance, calm and compose.
2. Be Contented: It is the act of being satisfied with what you have. Don’t covet or selfishly
desire what belongs to others.
3. Be truthful: this is the act of telling the truth always. It also means being sincere and
factual in what you say.
4. Be considerate: this is the act of welcoming other people’s ideas and opinions during
decision making.
5. Be modest: this is the act of being humble and respectful.
6. Avoid being in fighting mood always.

Benefits of Self Control

1. It keeps in check self destructive, addictive, obsessive and compulsive behavior.
2. It gives you a sense of mastery over your life and brings balance over your life.
3. It helps to keep over-emotional responses in check.
4. It eliminates the feeling of helplessness and being too dependent on others.
5. It makes you a responsible and trustworthy human being.

Practising Self Control

1. Identify areas of your life where you need to gain more self control.
2. Identify the emotions in you that lack control, such as anger, dissatisfaction, unhappiness
and fear.
3. Visualize yourself acting with self control.

EVALUATION

1. What is self control?

2. List three way of exercising self control.
3. State two benefits of self control.
4. In what two ways can self control be practiced?
NIGERIA TRADITIONAL ART AND
ORIGIN
CONTENT

1. Introduction to Nigerian Traditional Art

2. Types of Nigerian Traditional Arts
3. Nigerian Traditional Arts and Locations
4. Functions of Nigerian Traditional Art

Introduction to Nigerian Traditional Art

The Nigerian traditional art works includes the art culture that was discovered in various
communities and villages in Nigeria. Nigeria as a country consists of many tribe, dialects and
cultures. The forms, styles and materials that were used in those works revealed the different
traditional cultures in this country.

Types of Nigerian Traditional Arts

The traditional art of Nigeria include Nok, Benin, Ife, Igbo Ukwu, Tsoede, Ibibio, Mbari, Owo,
Ikom monolith, Esie and other monuments.

Nigerian Traditional Arts and Locations

S/N NIGERIAN TRADITIONAL ART LOCATIONS
1 Nok art Kaduna
2 Benin art Edo
3 Ife art Osun
4 Igbo ukwu art Anambra
5 Tsoede art Niger/Kogi
6 Ibibio art Akwa Ibom
7 Mbari art Imo
8 Owo art Ondo
9 Ikom monolith Cross River
10 Esie art Kwara

Functions of Nigerian Traditional Art

1. They are used for historical purposes.
2. They are used for domestic purposes.
3. They are means of livelihood for the craftsmen.
 4. They played religious and ritualistic roles.
5. They are used for social purposes.
6. They help in enforcing community authorities.
7. They hold the cultural heritage of a society.

EVALUATION

1. Name three Nigerian traditional art.

2. Identify the locations of the following Nigerian art.

(a) Benin art  _______

(b) Mbari art  _______

(c) Esie art   _______

CONTEMPORARY NIGERIAN
3. State three fu

ART AND ARTISTS

CONTENT

1. Names of Nigerian Contemporary Artists

2. Prominent Works of Some Nigerian Contemporary Artists
3. Income Generation through Contemporary Art

Names of Nigerian Contemporary Artists

1. Aina Onabolu
2. Akinola Lasekan
3. Ben Enweonwu
4. Etsu Ugbodaga
5. Madam Ladi Kwali
6. Bruce Onabrakpeya
7. Lamidi Fakeye.

Contributions of Nigerian Contemporary Artists

AINA ONABOLU

(i) He was the father of contemporary Nigerian art

(ii) He introduced art into Nigerian school curriculum

(iii) He was the first Nigerian Art educator

(iv) He encouraged the employment of expatriate art teachers.

AKINOLA LASEKAN

(i) He was the first Nigerian news paper cartoonist

(ii) He was a book illustrator.

(iii) He was a textile designer.

(iv) He tutored many contemporary artists in Nigeria who became lecturers in some higher
institution.

BEN ENWONWU

(i) He was a painter and sculptor.

(ii) He was an adviser to Federal Government on art matters.

MRS. CLARA ESTU UGBODAGA-NGU

(i) She remains the oldest female art educator in Nigeria.

(ii) She was the first female lecturer in Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.

MADAM LADI KWALI

(i) She was a renowned Nigerian potter.

(ii) She represented Nigeria in international pottery competitions.

BRUCE ONABRAKPEYA

(i) He taught Arts in many schools in Nigeria.

(ii) He was part of Zaria revolutionaries also called ‘Zaria rebels’

LAMIDI FAKEYE

(i) He earned international recognition through traditional carving.

(ii) He executed a lot of commissioned jobs in Nigeria and abroad.

Prominent Works of Some Nigerian Contemporary Artists

1. Statue of Sango in front of PHCN office by Ben Enwonwu
2. Sculptural decoration in National Art Theatre, Lagos by Demas Nwoko.
3. Etching work in Agbanafor Delta State by Bruce Onabrakpeya.
4. Yoruba girl, market scene, Hausa boy, Nigerian soldier and dancer all by Akinola
Lasekan.

Income Generation through Contemporary Art

1. Sale of works: The government can acquire artworks from the artists through her
agencies – the National Gallery of Art (NGA) and the National Commission for
Museums and Monuments and sell to the general public at her own time.
2. Sales of artworks during exhibitions.
3. Through taxes on sold artworks within and outside the country.
4. The designing and printing of seasonal cards and other related items.
5. Through commissions, artists can preserve their works for sale at National Galleries,
Ministries of Art and Cultural Information. After sales, commission will be saved.

EVALUATION

1. List three Nigerian contemporary Artists

2. State the contributions of any two contemporary Artists mentioned above.
3. Outline three contributions of Aina Onabolu to art development in Nigeria.
4. State two ways in which income can be generated through art in Nigeria.

CONTEMPORARY NIGERIAN ART AND

ARTISTS
CONTENT

1. Names of Nigerian Contemporary Artists

2. Prominent Works of Some Nigerian Contemporary Artists
 3. Income Generation through Contemporary Art

Names of Nigerian Contemporary Artists

1. Aina Onabolu
2. Akinola Lasekan
3. Ben Enweonwu
4. Etsu Ugbodaga
5. Madam Ladi Kwali
6. Bruce Onabrakpeya
7. Lamidi Fakeye.

Contributions of Nigerian Contemporary Artists

AINA ONABOLU

(i) He was the father of contemporary Nigerian art

(ii) He introduced art into Nigerian school curriculum

(iii) He was the first Nigerian Art educator

(iv) He encouraged the employment of expatriate art teachers.

AKINOLA LASEKAN

(i) He was the first Nigerian news paper cartoonist

(ii) He was a book illustrator.

(iii) He was a textile designer.

(iv) He tutored many contemporary artists in Nigeria who became lecturers in some higher
institution.

BEN ENWONWU

(i) He was a painter and sculptor.

(ii) He was an adviser to Federal Government on art matters.

MRS. CLARA ESTU UGBODAGA-NGU

(i) She remains the oldest female art educator in Nigeria.

(ii) She was the first female lecturer in Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.

MADAM LADI KWALI

(i) She was a renowned Nigerian potter.

(ii) She represented Nigeria in international pottery competitions.

BRUCE ONABRAKPEYA

(i) He taught Arts in many schools in Nigeria.

(ii) He was part of Zaria revolutionaries also called ‘Zaria rebels’

LAMIDI FAKEYE

(i) He earned international recognition through traditional carving.

(ii) He executed a lot of commissioned jobs in Nigeria and abroad.

Prominent Works of Some Nigerian Contemporary Artists

1. Statue of Sango in front of PHCN office by Ben Enwonwu
2. Sculptural decoration in National Art Theatre, Lagos by Demas Nwoko.
3. Etching work in Agbanafor Delta State by Bruce Onabrakpeya.
4. Yoruba girl, market scene, Hausa boy, Nigerian soldier and dancer all by Akinola
Lasekan.

Income Generation through Contemporary Art

1. Sale of works: The government can acquire artworks from the artists through her
agencies – the National Gallery of Art (NGA) and the National Commission for
Museums and Monuments and sell to the general public at her own time.
2. Sales of artworks during exhibitions.
3. Through taxes on sold artworks within and outside the country.
4. The designing and printing of seasonal cards and other related items.
 5. Through commissions, artists can preserve their works for sale at National Galleries,
Ministries of Art and Cultural Information. After sales, commission will be saved.

EVALUATION

1. List three Nigerian contemporary Artists

2. State the contributions of any two contemporary Artists mentioned above.
3. Outline three contributions of Aina Onabolu to art development in Nigeria.
4. State two ways in which income can be generated through art in Nigeria.

MOTIF
CONTENT

1. Meaning of Motif
2. Types of Motif
3. Uses of Motif
4. Types of Repeat Patterns

Meaning of Motif
Motif is a unit of design which is repeated severally to form a pattern.

Pattern is an arrangement of regular and repeated motifs so as to create rhythm in lines, shapes,
and colors. Pattern features in textile design, wall papers, wrappers, carpets, boarder designs, etc.

Types of Motif
1. Plant motif

2. Floral motif (flower)

3. Traditional motif

4. Geometrical motif

5. Abstract motif

Uses of Motif
1. For decorating borders
2. For making greeting cards
3. For designing patterns

Repeat Patterns
Repeat pattern is the arrangement of motifs in a repeated way so as to achieve rhythm and
balance.

Types of Repeat Patterns

1. Simple repeat pattern

It is a repeat method where motifs are arranged beside each other on each row both vertically and
horizontally.

2. Mirror repeat pattern

It is a repeat method where motifs are arranged to reflect one another in a design.

3. Brick repeat pattern

This is a repeat method where motifs are arranged in a brick-laying pattern.

4. Half drop repeat pattern

This is a repeat method that has the motifs arranged in a half drop way in a design

5. Diamond repeat pattern

This is a repeat method that takes after a diamond effect. The motifs are arranged in an angle that
is not right angles.

6. Checkerboard repeat pattern

The motifs are arranged to follow the pattern of a draught. It has equal square spaces having the
motifs placed and coloured alternately in contrasted colors.

EVALUATION

1. Define motif.
2. What is pattern?
 3. State two uses of motif.
4. Name two types of repeat pattern.

PRACTICALS

Produce the following repeat patterns

(i) Mirror repeat.

(ii) Simple repeat.

(iii) Diamond repeat.

(iv) Half drop repeat.

NATURE DRAWING (Practical)

Produce the following in drawing:

1. A fish
2. Oranges
3. Tubers of yam
4. A flower in a vase
5. A hen

STILL LIFE DRAWING (Practical)

Produce the following in drawing:

1. A bell
2. A tea cup and saucer
3. An Aeroplane
4. A house
5. A bottle
INTRODUCTION TO PRINTING/PRINT-
MAKING
CONTENT

1. Meaning of Printing
2. Printing Techniques

Meaning of Printing
Printing is a technique of expressing ideas, activities or emotions in words or pictures on any
possible surface through manual or mechanical means. Such surface could be paper, fabric, wall,
wood, plastic, rock, etc.

Print making therefore, is a technique through an artist creates a design and transfer such into
another surface.

Printing Techniques
There are three major types of printing which are:

1. Relief
2. Intaglio
3. Planographic

Relief printing technique

This is a process in which designs or images are cut out or modeled from a flat surface for
printing purpose. Ink is then applied on the raised surface which is now relief form and then
printed on another surface through some manual or mechanical pressure.

Intaglio

This is printing technique made by cutting a hollowed design in material such as stone before
transferring to the desired surface.

Planographic

This is a process of printing from a flat surface upon which has been deposited a thin layer of
greasy ink in the shape of the image. This method is sub-divided into Silk-screen printing and
lithography.
(i) Silk Screen

This is a process in which silk or organ die mesh is tightly stretched over a wooden frame, while
paint or ink is forced through some pre-determined areas unto another such like paper, fabric,
plastic etc.

(ii) Lithography

This a printing process using a plate on which only the image to be printed takes up ink. The area
that is not to be printed is treated to repel ink.

 LETTERING
CONTENT

1. Meaning of Lettering
2. Forms of Lettering
3. Stages in the Construction of Letters
4. Qualities of Good Lettering

Meaning of Lettering
Lettering is the art of letter construction of the alphabets from letter A-Z. Lettering is also the art
of using letters to  form words for communication purpose.

Forms of Lettering
(i) Pen lettering

(ii) Block lettering

Pen Lettering

Pen lettering is also known as calligraphy or script lettering. Letters under pen lettering are
handwritten not drawn or constructed.

Materials Used for Pen Lettering

Materials used for pen lettering are

(i) pen (ii) ink (iii) calligraphic pen

Block Lettering

In block lettering letters are drawn or constructed.

Materials Needed for Block Lettering

Materials needed for block lettering include; (i) paper (ii) pencil (iii) ruler (iv) cutter (v) eraser.

Types of Block Lettering

1. Gothic Lettering
2. Roman lettering
3. Italic lettering
4. Text lettering

Gothic Lettering

Gothic letterings are upright letters. They have strokes of equal or uniform thickness. They have
no serif they are also known as old English text.

Roman Lettering

This is characterized by thick and thin strokes and serif. Vertical strokes are usually thick while
horizontal strokes are thin.
Italic Lettering

They are letters that are learning or tilting to the right.

Text Lettering

This is the earliest form of lettering. It is full of designs highly ornamental.

Stages in the Construction of Letters

(i) Arrangement of letters: This is necessary to give rhythm and avoid omission.

(ii) Planning: This is also necessary to enhance or achieve balance

(iii) Calculation: This necessary to determine the space each letter will occupy.

(iv) Marking: Marking is identifying the area a letter will occupy in the boxes provided

(v) Joining points: This is the joining of the identified and marked point together to bring out
the form or shape of a letter.

(vi) Spacing: This gives room for readability.

Qualities of Good Lettering

(i) Legibility: Good lettering must be legible or bold

(ii) Readability: Good lettering must be readable.

(iii) Spacing: Good lettering must be well spaced.

(iv) Uniformity: Good lettering must be uniform.

(v) Simplicity: Good lettering must be simple.

 

EVALUATION

1. State the two forms of letters you have learnt.

2. State two differences between the Roman letters and the Gothic letters.
3. Define lettering. (b) State the qualities of good lettering.

CONSTRUCTION OF LETTERING
(PROJECT)
PRACTICAL WORKS
Teachers should engage the students to produce the following

1. KEEP NIGERIA CLEAN

2. READERS ARE LEADERS
3. THIS WAY TO DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL
4. EDUCATION IS THE BEST LEGACY

(These can be done on a banner, signpost or wall)

PACKAGE DESIGN
CONTENT

1. Meaning of Package Design

2. Method/Process Involved in Package Design
3. Captions for Packages
4. Functions of Package Design
5. Trade Label

Meaning of Package Design

Package design is a design done on wrappers that protect some products. It is a paper or
polyethylene container or other material beautifully patterned, and specifically design to package
a particular product or goods.

Method/Process Involved in Package Design

Step 1: Make thumbnail sketches/rough layout

Step 2: Select desired design among the several sketches prepared.

Step 3: Develop the desired design.

Step 4: Measure out the dimension

Step 5: Transfer the design to the desired surface

Step 6. Carefully cut out the finished package design.

Step 7: Fold the package and used adhesive to gum the flaps

Captions for Packages

Caption, symbols and forms or designs in general on the packages should be attractive to
fascinate the curiosity and interest of buyers.

Functions of Package Design

1. It is used for advertisement.
2. It is used for protection of the products
3. It is for durability especially during transportation and storage.
4. It is used to arouse interest in a product package.
5. It enhances patronage.
6. It creates awareness about a product.

Trade Label
These are pieces of paper, rubber or any materials pasted or placed on products with some
information about the product and the manufacturer.

PRACTICAL

Design packages for advertisement.

EVALUATION

1. What is trade label and package design?

2. list any three functions of package design.
3. What are the processes involved in package design.
DRAWING
CONTENT

1. What is drawing?
2. Shading Techniques

What is drawing?
Drawing is the use of lines to express an idea on a flat surface (picture plane)

Drawing develops the power of observation automatically and the best model to work from is
reality itself (i.e.) real objects.

When drawing the eye of the artist or student focus upon the model and “touch” it’s surfaces.

With this power of observation communicating the information, requires the brain in turn to
gives direction to the hand holding the pencil. Through this direct study, the student comes to
feel and understand the form and structure of her model and gradually gains the ability to
represent the subject in a drawing exercise.

ACTIVITY

Educator should place items in front of the students and encourage them to draw from it.

Shading Techniques
Definition of Shading Techniques

Shading Techniques is a method or process of indicating or reflection light and shade in a

drawing.

Tonal Gradation

This is the observation light and tones which are highlight; mid-tone, shade or dark tone reflected
light and shadow in a pictorial composition (chiaroscuro).

Some shading methods are

1. Hatching: This is a free stroke method of shading with lines in either vertical horizontal
or slanting directions to create form.
 2. Cross hatching: This is a shading method that requires a combination of strokes vertical
and horizontal lines with adequate blending to create form in an object.
3. Pointillism: It is a technique of shading pictures with small dots.
4. Blurring, smuggling, rubbing: This is a shading method in which medium used (pencil)
is allowed to blend in tone grades by rubbing with the use of the finger or rag.

EVALUATION

1. Define drawing.
2. Define shading techniques.

MARKETING OF ART PRODUCTS

CONTENT

1. Marketing Outlets
2. Sources of Funding
3. Ways of Marketing Art Products
4. Determining Price of Artworks

Introduction
The marketing of art products is unique because artworks have no fixed prices like any other
products. A lot of factors determine the price of an artwork. One of these factors is the level or
standard of the artist. For example, a well-known artist would give a higher price than an
unknown one.

Sources of Funding Art Production

These are some sources of funding art business:

1. Non-governmental organizations: There are non-governmental organization that

committed to the growth of art in the country. They are ready to finance exhibition,
production as well as marketing of genuine artworks.
2. Individual savings: Personal income saved over a period of time can be used as start-up
capital for the business.
3. Parents and relatives: Capitals can be raised by borrowing from parents, friends and
relatives.
4. Financial institutions: Capitals can be obtained as a form of loans from banks to fund
art business.
5. Government: Through some government agencies such as National Gallery of Art
(NGA), National Commission for Museum and Monuments (NCCM), etc., loans are
 released to people as a support to a particular scheme. Also, Small and Medium
Enterprises (SME), National Directorate of Employment (NDE) release funds to
unemployed graduates, among others so as to set up small scale businesses.

Marketing Outlets for Art Products

1. Trade fair: This is an event where different companies and individuals display and sell
their goods. Trade fairs are avenues that can be explored by artists to sell their products,
contacts can also be made with prospective customers.
2. Hotels: Most hotels patronize artists by buying their artworks to decorate the hotels.
Some hotels make provision for arts and craft shops in their premises where visitors buy
artworks.
3. Supermarkets: In various supermarkets, a section can be used to display artworks such
as crafts, painting, textile design and customized gift items.
4. Festivals: The National Festival of Art and Culture (NAFEST) and some other cultural
festivals such as Argungun fishing festival, Osun festival, etc. can be used for marketing
art products. For example branded T-shirts, caps, printed postcards and calendars could
be displayed for sale.
5. Art Exhibitions: Artists make use of art exhibitions to showcase and market their
creative works. This can either be one-man or group exhibition.
6. Individual Collectors and Dealers: Some individuals are connoisseurs. These
individuals buy works of art from artists based on their taste. Artists contact these
individuals in order to sell their works.
7. Galleries/Museums: Galleries serve as places where artists showcase their works to the
public. Art lovers visit galleries to buy works of art such as paintings, crafts and
sculptures. Though artworks in museums are not meant for sale, some museums have
provision for art and crafts shops within the premises.

Determining Price of Artworks

Artists throw in their hearts and souls into the making of creative works. At times, they are
awake at night so as to avoid distractions as well as to meet up with their customers’ demands.
There are factors that determine the prices for artworks. The factors that determine the prices of
artworks include the following;

1. The Media Used: The materials used to create an artwork will determine its price. Since
there are varieties of materials which could be used in making artworks, each of these
materials has a price attached to it, and all of them will have an impact on the price of the
artwork.
2. Size of the Artwork: Bigger artworks such as sculpture, painting and ceramic will
typically be costlier than smaller pieces.
3. Cost of Transportation: In the overall charging an artist needs to consider the cost of
transporting his works to the buyer.
4. Time Spent in Production: An artist should consider treating himself as an artwork
employee by setting a reasonably hourly rate for himself on the work being produced. For
 example, if a painting took you twenty hours to complete, and you have set your hourly
rate at one thousand naira. If your materials for this work cost ten thousand naira, then the
price of the work will be thirty thousand naira.

EVALUATION

1. List two outlets for marketing art products.

2. State three sources of funding art business.
3. State two factors that determine the price of an artwork.