Physics Project

This is to certify that Ankur Pandey of class
XII-‘Bio’ of Roll no. 02 of De Paul School,

Rewa has successfully completed and
submitted investigatory project entitled “To
investigate the dependence, of the angle of
deviation on the angle of incidence, using
a hallow prism filled, one by one, with
different transparent fluids” to the
department of physics for AISSCE practical
examination 2022-23 as set by Central Board
of Secondary Education and it wholly fulfilled
the standard set by Central Board of
Secondary Education.
Teacher’s sign Student’s sign
……………… …...................
It is my proud
privilege to offer my sincere
thanks to the Central Board of Secondary
Education who has given me this
opportunity to make a project on this subject
successfully.
I would like to offer my sincere thanks and
gratitude to Fr. Johnson, the principal of my
school to complete this in time.
I am extremely indebted to our physics
teacher Mrs. Neha Srivastava for his able
guidance, timely help and constructive
encouragements towards the completion of
this project.
And at last, I would like to offer my sincere
thanks to our lab assistance for guiding me
on a step by step basis and ensuring that I
completed all my experiments with ease.
ro
It
n
cti
u
d
In optics, a prism is a transparent optical element
with flat, polished surfaces that refracts light. The
exact angles between the surfaces depend on the
application. The traditional geometrical shape is
that of a triangular prism with a triangular base
and rectangular sides, and in colloquial use
“prism” usually refers to this type.
Some types of optical prism are not in fact in the
shape of geometric prisms. Prisms can be made
from any material that is transparent to the
wavelengths for which they are designed. Typical
materials include glass, plastic and fluorite. Prism
can be used to break light up into its constituent
spectral colors (the colors of the rainbow). Prisms
can also be used to reflect light, or to split light
into components with different polarizations.
Before Isaac Newton, it was believed that white
light was colorless, and that the prism itself
produced the color. Newton’s experiments
demonstrated that all the colors already existed in
the light in a heterogeneous fashion, and that
“corpuscles” (particles) of light were fanned out.
Because particles with different colors traveled with
different speeds through the prism. It was only later that
Young and Fresnel combined Newton’s particle theory
with Huygens’ wave theory to show that color is the
visible manifestation of light’s wavelength. Newton
arrived at his conclusion by passing the red color from
one prism through second prism and found the color
unchanged. From this, he concluded that the colors must
already be present in the incoming light and white light
consists of a collection of colors. As the white light
passes through the triangular prism, the light separates
into the collection of colors: red, orange, yellow, green,
blue, indigo and violet. This collection of colors formed
by the prism is called the spectrum. The separation of
white light into its spectrum is known as dispersion.
Dispersion occurs because each color travels through
the prism at different speeds. Violet travels the slowest
through the prism; hence we can see it refracting the
most. On the other hand, red passes through at a much
fast rate which makes its angle of refraction less, hence
red is too scarce to be seen.
AIM: To investigate the dependence, of the angle
of deviation on the angle of incidence, using a
hallow prism filled, one by one, with different
transparent fluids.
APPARATUS:
Drawing board, white sheets of paper, hollow
prism, different liquids (water, kerosene oil, etc),
drawing pins, pencil, half meter scale, and thump
pins, graph papers and a protractor.
THEORY:
Refraction of Light through a Prism -
Diagram shows section ABC of a prism taken by a

vertical plane, perpendicular to the edge. BC is the
base of the prism and AB and AC are its two
refracting surfaces.
DIAGRAM: Refraction through a prism.
RQ is the incident ray.

QS Is the refracted
ray. ST is the emergent
ray.
RQN1 = i = angle of incidence
SQN3 = r1 = angle of refraction inside
prism QSN3 = r2 = angle of incidence
inside prism TSN2 = e = angle of
emergence
BAC = A = angle of
prism SFK = D = angle
of deviation
In QFS, KFS = FQS + FSQ
D = (i – r1) + (e – r2)
D = i + e – (r1 + r2)… (1)
In QS1N3, r1 + r2 + QN3S = 180⁰… (2)

The quadrilateral AQN3S is cyclic quadrilateral,
then A + QN3S = 180… (3)
From (2) and (3)
A = r1 + r2… (4) Eq. (1) becomes
D=i+e–A
D + A = i + e… (5)
Angle of Minimum Deviation -
➢ Definition: The minimum value of angle of
deviation is called angle of minimum
deviation. It is represented by the symbol Dm.
➢ Explanation: For same angle of deviation (D)

There are two values of angle of incidence.
One value equals ‘i’ and other value equals
‘e’.
As angle ‘i’ is increased from a small value,

‘e’decreases from large value and angle of
deviation decreases. When angle of deviation is
minimum (Dm), then, ‘i’ and ‘e’ becomes equal.
The refracted ray QS goes parallel to base BC.
Since i = e, we have r1 = r2. ( sin i = sin e
∵ n= sin
r1
sin r 2 )
Hence, at minimum deviation, when r1 = r2 = r (say).

We have
A = r1 + r2 = r + r = 2r
A
⇒ 2
r=
Also, at minimum deviation, D = Dm and i =e

From relation, A+D=i+e
We have, A + Dm = i + i = 2i
A+ Dm
⇒ 2
i=
From Snell’s law,
n = sin i/ sin r
A + Dm
Sin 2
We have n Sin
A
=
2
This relation is useful for determination of n for Prism

material.
DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1. A white sheet of paper was fixed on the
drawing board with the help of drawing pins.
2. A straight line XX’ parallel to the length of the
Paper was drawn nearly in the middle of the
paper.
3. Points Q1,Q2,Q3 and Q4 were marked on the
straight line XX’ at suitable distances of
about 6cm.
4. Normal’s N1Q1,N2Q2,N3Q3 and N4Q4 were
drawn
On points Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4.
5. Straight lines R1Q1, R2Q2, R3Q3 and R4Q4 were
drawn making angles of 40⁰,45⁰,50⁰ and 55⁰
respectively with the normals.
6. One corner of the prism was marked as A and
it
was taken as the edge of the prism for all the
observations.
7. Prism with its refracting face AB was put in the
Line XX’ and point Q1 was put in the middle
of AB.
8. The boundary of the prism was marked.
9. Two pins P1 and P2 were fixed vertically on
the line R1Q1 and the distance between the
pins were about 2cm.
10. The images of points P1 and P2 were looked
Through face AC.
11. Left eye was closed and right eye was
opened and was brought in line with the
two images.
12. Two pins P3 and P4 were fixed vertically at
About 2cm apart such that the open right eye
sees pins P4 and P3 as images of P2 and P1 in
one straight line.
13. Pins P1,P2,P3 and P4 were removed and their
Pricks on the paper were encircled.
14. Steps 7 to 13 were again repeated with
points Q2, Q3 and Q4 for i=45⁰,50⁰ and
55⁰.Straight lines through points P4 and
P3 were drawn to obtain emergent rays
S1T1, S2T2, S3T3 and S4T4.
15. T1S1, T2S2, T3S3 and T4S4 were produced inward
in the boundary of the prism to meet produced
incident rays R1Q1, R2Q2, R3Q3 and R4Q4 at points
F1, F2, F3 and F4.
16. Angles K1F1S1,K2F2S2,K3F3S3 and K4F4S4 were
Measured. These angles give angle of
deviation D1, D2, D3 and D4.
17. Values of these angles were written on the
paper.
18. Angle BAC was measured in the boundary of
the prism. This gives angle A.
19. Observations were recorded.
OBSERVATIONS:
Angle of hollow prism A = 60⁰

S.No. Angle of Angle of Angle of Angle of
incidence deviation deviation deviation
for water for for
kerosene turpentine
oil oil
1 40⁰ 23⁰ 36⁰ 32⁰

2 45⁰ 24⁰ 33⁰ 33⁰
3 50⁰ 25⁰ 34⁰ 34⁰
4 55⁰ 26⁰ 35⁰ 35⁰
RESULTS:
➢The angle of minimum deviation for –
Water Dm = 23⁰C
Kerosene oil Dm = 33⁰C
Turpentine oil Dm = 32⁰C
➢The refractive indices of the-
Water n = 1.32
Kerosene oil n = 1.46
Turpentine oil n = 1.44
➢Speed of light in-
Water v = 2.3x108 m/s

Kerosene oil v = 2.05x108 m/s
Turpentine oil v = 2.08x108 m/s
PRECAUTIONS:
 The angle of incidence should lie between
35⁰ – 60⁰.
 The pins should be fixed vertical.
 The distance between the two pins should not
be less than 10mm.
 Arrow heads should be marked to represent
The incident and emergent rays.
 The same angle of prism should be used for all
the observations.
SOURCES OF ERRORS:
 Pin pricks may be thick.
 Measurement of angles may be wrong.

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This is to certify that Ankur Pandey of class

XII-‘Bio’ of Roll no. 02 of De Paul School,

Teacher’s sign Student’s sign

Diagram shows section ABC of a prism taken by a

RQ is the incident ray.

In QS1N3, r1 + r2 + QN3S = 180⁰… (2)

➢ Explanation: For same angle of deviation (D)

As angle ‘i’ is increased from a small value,

Hence, at minimum deviation, when r1 = r2 = r (say).

Also, at minimum deviation, D = Dm and i =e

From Snell’s law,

This relation is useful for determination of n for Prism

Angle of hollow prism A = 60⁰

1 40⁰ 23⁰ 36⁰ 32⁰

➢The refractive indices of the-

➢Speed of light in-

Water v = 2.3x108 m/s

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