Study Diagram 23.

6 True/False Questions Chapter 23 1) Food is contained in the gastrointestinal tract from the time of ingestion until it is completely digested and the waste prepared for elimination. Answer: TRUE 2) Laparoscopy is the examination of the pericardial cavity using an endoscope. Answer: FALSE 3) As food passes through the digestive tract, it becomes less complex and the nutrients are more readily vailable to the body. Answer: TRUE 4) Some of the microbes that often invade other organs of the body are rarely found in the stomach. The reason for this is the presence of HCl. Answer: TRUE 5) Kupffer cells are found in the liver and are responsible for removing bacteria and worn-out cells. Answer: TRUE 6) The pharyngeal-esophageal phase of

swallowing is involuntary and is controlled by the swallowing center in the thalamus and lower pons. Answer: FALSE 7) The cell type of the wall of the large intestine, excluding anal cells, is very different from that of the small intestine. Answer: FALSE 8) Pepsinogen is the precursor to the gastric enzyme for protein digestion and is secreted by the parietal cells. Answer: FALSE 9) The main chemical activity of the stomach is to begin the digestion of proteins. Answer: TRUE 10) Chemical digestion of lipids is initiated in the mouth. Answer: FALSE 11) The function of the enzyme salivary amylase is to begin digesting proteins. Answer: FALSE 12) The peritoneum is the most extensive serous membrane in the body. Answer: TRUE 13) Peyer's patches are found in the submucosa of the distal end of the small intestine. Answer: TRUE 14) The myenteric nerve plexus provides the major nerve supply to the GI tract wall and controls GI motility. Answer: TRUE

15) The first teeth to appear are the deciduous teeth. Answer: TRUE 16) Dentin anchors the tooth in place. Answer: FALSE 17) The digestive function of the liver is to produce bile. Answer: TRUE 18) The pancreas has both an endocrine and an exocrine function. Answer: TRUE 19) Another term for swallowing is deglutition. Answer: TRUE 20) The intrinsic ability of visceral smooth muscle to exhibit the stressrelaxation response is termed plasticity. Answer: TRUE 21) The stomach's

contractile rhythm is set by pacemaker cells found in the spinal cord. Answer: FALSE 22) The major stimulus for production of intestinal fluid is distention or irritation of the intestinal mucosa by hypertonic or acidic chyme. Answer: TRUE 23) Most nutrients are absorbed through the mucosa of the intestinal villi by active transport. Answer: TRUE 24) Ionic iron is actively transported into the mucosal cells, where it binds to the protein ferritin, a phenomenon called the mucosal iron barrier. Answer: TRUE 25) Cystic fibrosis may significantly impair the activity of the liver. Answer: FALSE 26) The layer of muscle in the intestine directly in contact with the serosa is the circular layer. Answer: FALSE 27) Mumps is an inflammation of the parotid glands caused by myxovirus. Answer: TRUE 28) The mucosa is found only in the jejunum because this is the only part of the small intestine in need of mucus. Answer: FALSE 29) Fats significantly delay the emptying of the stomach. Answer: TRUE

30) The soft palate rises reflexively to open the nasopharynx when we swallow food. Answer: FALSE Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The mechanical and chemical receptors that control digestive activity are located ________. A) in the glandular tissue that lines the organ lumen B) in the walls of the tract organs C) in the pons and medulla D) only in the esophagus because this is the only part of the tract that needs to change to accommodate food passage Answer: B 2) The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to ________. A) carry toxins to he venous system for disposal through the urinary tract B) collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage C) distribute hormones D) return glucose to the general circulation when blood sugar is low Answer: B 3) The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called ________. A) digestion B) absorption C) ingestion D) secretion Answer: A 4) When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called ________. A) absorption B) secretion C) chemical digestion D) mechanical digestion

Answer: C 5) The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called ________. A) mesenteries B) lamina propria C) serosal lining D) mucosal lining Answer: A 6) From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen. A) muscularis externa, serosa, mucosa, and submucosa B) serosa, mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis externa C) submucosa, serosa, muscularis externa, and mucosa D) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa Answer: D 7) The structure known as the fauces is the ________. A) submaxillary gland B) epiglottis C) thyroid gland D) passageway between the oral cavity and the pharynx Answer: D 8) The epithelial membrane called the mucosa ________. A) absorbs mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones B) absorbs the end products of digestion into the lymphatic system C) fights infectious disease D) contains the lamina propria Answer: D 9) The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the ________. A) muscularis mucosae

B) serosa C) adventitia D) lamina propria Answer: D 10) The plicae circulares and intestinal villi are found in which of the four layers of the palimentary tube wall? A) mucosa B) serosa C) adventitia D) lamina propria Answer: A 11) The structures that produce new cells for the mucosa of the small intestine are the ________. A) lacteals B) cilium C) intestinal crypts D) microvilli Answer: C 12) The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task? A) plicae circulares and intestinal villi B) the vast array of digestive enzymes C) Brunner's glands D) the rugae Answer: A 13) Select the statement that is true concerning primary teeth. A) There are 27 primary teeth, and the molars are permanent. B) There are 24 primary teeth, and no new primary teeth appear after 13 months. C) There are 20 primary teeth, and by 24 months of age most children have all 20. D) There are 32 primary teeth, and most children lose these teeth due to decay because they are never very strong.

Answer: C 14) Which of the following is true concerning the number and type of permanent teeth? A) There are 32 permanent teeth, and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge. B) There are 27 permanent teeth, and the first molars are usually the last to emerge. C) The number of permanent teeth is always equal to the number of primary teeth. D) The number of upper permanent teeth is not equal to the number of lower permanent teeth. Answer: A 15) Which of the following is not true of saliva? A) cleanses the mouth B) contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of proteins C) moistens food and aids in compacting of the bolus D) dissolves food chemicals so they can be tasted Answer: B 16) The salivary glands are composed of which two types of secretory cells? A) goblet cells and squamous epithelial cells B) parietal cells and glial cells C) serous cells and mucous cells D) cuboidal epithelium and ciliated columnar cells Answer: C 17) The solutes contained in saliva include ________. A) only salts and minerals B) only proteases and amylase C) mucin, lysozyme, electrolytes, salts, and inerals D) electrolytes, digestive enzyme, mucin, lysozyme, wastes, and IgA Answer: D

18) In addition to storage and mechanical breakdown of food, the stomach ________. A) initiates protein digestion and denatures proteins B) is the first site where absorption takes place C) is the only place where fats are completely digested D) is the first site where chemical digestion of starch takes place Answer: A 19) Chyme is created in the ________. A) mouth B) stomach C) esophagus D) small intestine Answer: B 20) Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the secretory cells of the stomach? A) chief cells B) parietal cells C) serous cells D) mucous neck cells Answer: B 21) Gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin, and somatostatin are hormones or paracrines that are released directly into the lamina propria. Which of the following cell types synthesize and secrete these products? A) enteroendocrine cells B) parietal cells C) zymogenic cells D) mucous neck cells Answer: A

22) There are three phases of gastric secretion. The cephalic phase occurs ________. A) before food enters the stomach and is triggered by aroma, sight, or thought B) immediately after food enters the stomach, preparing the small intestine for the influx of a variety of nutrients C) at the end of a large meal, and the juices secreted are powerful and remain in the GI tract for a long period of time D) when the meal is excessively high in acids and neutralization is required Answer: A 23) Peristaltic waves are ________. A) segmental regions of the gastrointestinal tract B) churning movements of the gastrointestinal tract C) pendular movements of the gastrointestinal tract D) waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another Answer: D 24) Gastrin is a digestive hormone that is responsible for the stimulation of acid secretions in the stomach. These secretions are stimulated by the presence of ________. A) starches and complex carbohydrates B) protein and peptide fragments C) simple carbohydrates and alcohols D) fatty acids Answer: B 25) Pepsinogen, a digestive enzyme, is secreted by the ________. A) chief cells of the stomach B) parietal cells of the duodenum C) Brunner's glands D) goblet cells of the small intestine Answer: A 26) You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will help to digest the meal?

A) gastrin B) amylase C) cholecystokinin D) trypsin Answer: B 27) The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively, unite to form the ________. A) portal vein B) pancreatic acini C) bile canaliculus D) hepatopancreatic ampulla Answer: D 28) The enzymatic breakdown of any type of food molecule is called ________. A) diffusion B) active transport C) hydrolysis D) denatured Answer: C 29) Short-chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation for absorption. Which of the following enzymes is responsible? A) rennin B) pepsin C) lipase D) cholecystokinin Answer: C 30) Parietal cells of the stomach produce ________. A) mucin B) pepsinogen C) hydrochloric acid D) rennin Answer: C

31) Hepatocytes do not ________. A) produce digestive enzymes B) process nutrients C) store fat-soluble vitamins D) detoxify Answer: A 32) Which of the following is not a phase of gastric secretion? A) cephalic B) gastric C) intestinal D) enterogastric Answer: D 33) Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed? A) B12 B) K C) A D) C Answer: A 34) Chief cells ________. A) occur in the intestine B) produce HCl C) are found in the basal regions of the gastric glands D) produce mucin Answer: C 35) Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of ________. A) mastication B) catabolism C) anabolism D) fermentation Answer:

B 36) The _______ contains lobules with sinusoids (lined with macrophages) that lead to a central venous structure. A) liver B) spleen C) pancreas D) stomach Answer: A 37) If an incision has to be made in the small intestine to remove an obstruction, the first layer of tissue to be cut is the ________. A) serosa B) mucosa C) muscularis externa D) submucosa Answer: A 38) The terminal portion of the small intestine is known as the ________. A) duodenum B) ileum C) jejunum D) pyloric sphincter Answer: B 39) The dental formula for an adult is 2-1-2-3. What does the 1 stand for? A) incisor tooth B) molar tooth C) premolar tooth D) canine tooth Answer: D 40) Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged? A) lipids B) carbohydrates C) proteins

D) starches Answer: A 41) _______ is locally regulated in the blood by the active form of vitamin D, which acts as a cofactor. A) Iron B) Sodium C) Phosphorus D) Calcium Answer: D 42) Important peritoneal folds do not include the ________. A) omenta B) peritoneum C) mesentery D) round ligament Answer: D 43) The lamina propria is composed of ________. A) loose connective tissue B) dense irregular connective tissue C) dense regular connective tissue D) reticular connective tissue Answer: A 44) ________ is/are not important as a stimulus in the gastric phase of gastric secretion. A) Distension B) Carbohydrates C) Peptides D) Low acidity Answer: B 45) Pancreatic amylase does not get to the small intestine via the ________. A) accessory pancreatic duct

B) main pancreatic duct C) cystic duct D) hepatopancreatic ampulla Answer: C 46) The function of the goblet cells is to ________. A) absorb nutrients from digested food and store them for future use B) produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion C) secrete buffers in order to keep the pH of the digestive tract close to neutral D) provide protection against invading bacteria and other disease-causing organisms that enter the digestive tract in food Answer: B 47) Under normal conditions, the gastric mucosa pours out as much as ________. A) 10 liters of gastric juice per hour B) 1 pint of gastric juice following each meal C) 2 to 3 liters of gastric juice per day D) 6 liters of gastric juice when the meal is unusually heavy in fats Answer: C 48) Nervous control of gastric secretion is provided by ________. A) somatic neurons in the spinal cord B) the vagus nerve and enteric plexus C) the rubrospinal tracts D) the reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts Answer: B 49) Which of the following are types of papillae on the tongue that contain taste buds? A) fungiform and circumvallate B) palatine and circumvallate C) circumvallate and filiform D) fungiform, circumvallate, and filiform Answer:

A 50) Which of the following produce intrinsic factor? A) parietal cells B) zymogenic cells C) mucous neck cells D) enteroendocrine cells Answer: A 51) Which of the following enzymes is specific for proteins? A) dextrinase B) amylase C) trypsin D) lipase Answer: C 52) Surgical cutting of the lingual frenulum would occur in which part of the body? A) tongue B) esophagus C) nasal cavity D) salivary glands Answer: A 53) A fluid secreted into the small intestine during digestion that contains cholesterol, emulsification agents, and phospholipids is ________. A) bile B) pancreatic juice C) intestinal juice D) gastric juice Answer: A 54) The layer of the digestive tube that contains blood vessels, lymphatic nodes, and a rich supply of elastic fibers is the ________. A) mucosa B) submucosa C) muscularis externa

D) serosa Answer: B 55) Which of the following is not characteristic of the large intestine? It ________. A) does not contain villi B) exhibits external muscular bands called teniae coli C) is longer than the small intestine D) has haustra Answer: C 56) Tooth structure includes ________. A) the dentin, which is the hardest substance in the body B) a root covered with enamel C) a thin periodontal ligament that holds the tooth in place D) pulp, an avascular connective tissue filling the hollow cavity of the tooth Answer: C 57) The propulsion of food down the gastrointestinal tract includes ________. A) the pharyngeal-esophageal phase, an involuntary process B) deglutition, which is the elimination of undigested materials C) the buccal phase, an involuntary phase controlled by swallowing centers in the medulla and pons D) the gastric phase, activated by distension of the stomach receptors Answer: A 58) Select the correct statement about the regulation of gastric secretion. A) Vagus stimulation of the stomach results in decreased secretion of gastric juice. B) The presence of food in the stomach prevents hormonal control of gastric secretion. C) Gastric secretion can be stimulated before food has entered the mouth. D) Gastric secretion is enhanced by very low pH (below a pH of 2). Answer: C

59) Paneth cells ________. A) are more common in the ileum than in the jejunum B) are absorptive cells in the small intestine C) secrete enzymes that kill bacteria D) are located next to the lacteal in a villus Answer: C 60) Select the correct statement about digestive processes. A) Enterogastrone is a hormone that helps increase gastric motility. B) Pepsin is an enzyme produced by the stomach for the purpose of starch digestion. C) Chyme entering the duodenum can decrease gastric motility via the enterogastric reflex. D) All commonly ingested substances are significantly absorbed by the mucosa of the stomach. Answer: C 61) Chemical digestion in the small intestine involves ________. A) a significant amount of enzyme secretion by the intestinal mucosa B) cholecystokinin (CCK), an intestinal hormone responsible for gallbladder contraction C) secretions from the spleen that contain all enzymes necessary for complete digestion D) bile salts that help emulsify carbohydrates so that they can be easily digested by enzymatic action Answer: B 62) Select the correct statement about absorption. A) Eighty percent of ingested materials have been absorbed by the end of the large intestine. B) Carbohydrates diffuse across the villus epithelium and are then

actively transported into blood capillaries. C) If intact proteins are transported across the villus epithelium, an immune response may be generated. D) Amino acid transport is linked to chloride transport. Answer: C 63) Select the correct statement about electrolyte absorption. A) Chlorine ion absorption is coupled to glucose and amino acid transport. B) Potassium moves across the epithelium by active transport. C) If vitamin B is not present, calcium is not absorbed. D) Iron and calcium are absorbed mostly by the duodenum. Answer: D 64) You have just eaten french fries, buttered toast, ice cream, and whole milk. Which of the following glands would be active in helping you to digest this food? A) the pancreas B) the buccal glands C) the thyroid gland D) the parotid glands Answer: A

65) The ingestion of a meal high in fat content would cause which of the following to occur? A) Severe indigestion would occur, caused by the lack of sufficient digestive enzymes. B) This type of food would cause secretion of gastrin to cease, causing digestive upset. C) Bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum. D) The acid secretions from the stomach would be sufficient to digest this food. Answer: C 66) The mucosa of the developing alimentary tube comes from ________. A) ectoderm B) mesoderm C) endoderm D) pachyderm Answer: C 67) A baby is admitted to the hospital with a history of projectile vomiting after each feeding. On examination, it is found that the sphincter controlling food passage from the stomach to the duodenum is thickened and does not open readily. Because of the baby's loss of gastric juice, his blood probably indicates ________. A) acidosis B) ketosis C) alkalosis D) dysphagia Answer: C 68) Hormones or paracrines that inhibit gastric secretion include ________. A) ACh B) secretin C) gastrin D) histamine Answer: B 69) Which of these is not part of the splanchnic circulation?

A) hepatic portal vein B) inferior vena cava C) superior mesenteric artery D) celiac artery Answer: B 70) Which of these is not a component of saliva? A) lysozyme B) a cyanide compound C) defensins D) nitric oxide Answer: D 71) There are some 20 known pathogens found in the large intestine; our Ig ___ antibody-mediated response restricts them from going beyond the mucosa and causing problems. A) D B) A C) M D) E Answer: B