Philippine Social Realities
Philippine Social Realities
Philippine Social Realities
in
SW101 PHILIPPINE SOCIAL REALITIES AND
SOCIAL WELFARE
Prepared by:
The Basilan State College remains focused in its vision and mission amidst the COVID – 19 pandemic;
practicing and advocating its core values (accountability, commitment, cultural sensitivity, excellence,
spiritual uprightness and service), aligning all efforts toward its realization, mindful and compliant to both
the Commission on Higher Education Programs, Standards and Directives and Inter Agency Task Force
Guidelines and shall use instructional design in module making that is anchored on Behaviourist and
Constructivist Theories (partly crafted CHED and WUP Webinar on “Designing Instructional Modules for
Flexible Learning” last August 14, 2020 wherein Dr. Greg Pawilen, the speaker emphasized the use of
3R’s (read, reflect, and respond) as the most practical way in designing a module in as much as with do we
not have the luxury of time.
To contextualize instruction BaSC made some modifications and added steps that are based on
existing principles of learning and teaching. Hence, each lesson in the module shall be written following the
foregoing steps:
A. Activating Prior Knowledge which shall be done either through pre-test or brainstorming
to unleash what they already know about the lesson.
B. Engagement in Relevant Content and Appropriate Learning Activities. This is part of the
module where lesson content is presented, done by any or a combination of the
following: providing relevant reading articles, listening to pre-recorded lecture or viewing
materials on related active links.
C. Reflection and Response/Action shall be facilitated with the use of convergent and
divergent questions about the given reading, listening or viewing activity which shall be
followed by a task to offer provision for application of a specific skill or combination of
skills.
D. Summative Assessment shall be done at the end of every unit through a performance
task that will contribute in addressing the outcome of the course. However, the teacher
is highly encouraged to give objective type of examination for board courses.
E. Feedback to improve learning and teaching shall be done as the need arises in each
lesson of the module that shall be written in the space provided for. The teacher has to
take note of the difficulties cited by students and as much as possible look for means to
address them. Feedback shall serve as the basis for additional knowledge. Once
assimilated, it will form part of the student’s prior knowledge. Hence, the instructional
cycle continues all activities/tasks shall be answered in the designated page number
that shall be cut and returned to the teacher on the date agreed upon
LETTER TO THE STUDENTS
Dear Students,
Truly yours,
Read learning materials below and do the activities given to you and answer the following
question for your assessment in your activity sheets given at the end of this module.
Choose one of the documentary film below and make a critique paper .What are your
insights upon watching the clip? (Please refer to Annex A for the answer sheet)
How was it? Is it difficult or easy? Well, don’t pressure yourself and just enjoy
learning.
II.Engagement in the
Learning Content and
Appropriate Learning
Activities
What is Reality?
Reality is the sum or aggregate of all that is real or existent within a system, as
opposed to that which is only imaginary. The term is also used to refer to the
ontological status of things, indicating their existence. In physical terms, reality is
the totality of a system, known and unknown.
A social problem is any condition or behavior that has negative consequences for large
numbers of people and that is generally recognized as a condition or behavior that needs
to be addressed. This definition has both an objective component and
a subjective component.
To help you further understand the different views of these three theoretical perspectives,
let’s see what they would probably say about armed robbery, a very serious form of
crime, while recognizing that the three perspectives together provide a more
comprehensive understanding of armed robbery than any one perspective provides by
itself.
A functionalist approach might suggest that armed robbery actually serves positive
functions for society, such as the job-creating function mentioned earlier for crime in
general. It would still think that efforts should be made to reduce armed robbery, but it
would also assume that far-reaching changes in our society would be neither wise nor
necessary as part of the effort to reduce crime.
Conflict theory would take a very different approach to understanding armed robbery. It
might note that most street criminals are poor and thus emphasize that armed robbery is
the result of the despair and frustration of living in poverty and facing a lack of jobs and
other opportunities for economic and social success. The roots of street crime, from the
perspective of conflict theory, thus lie in society at least as much as they lie in the
individuals committing such crime. To reduce armed robbery and other street crime,
conflict theory would advocate far-reaching changes in the economic structure of society.
For its part, symbolic interactionism would focus on how armed robbers make such
decisions as when and where to rob someone and on how their interactions with other
criminals reinforce their own criminal tendencies. It would also investigate how victims
of armed robbery behave when confronted by a robber. To reduce armed robbery, it
would advocate programs that reduce the opportunities for interaction among potential
criminal offenders, for example, after-school programs that keep at-risk youths busy in
“conventional” activities so that they have less time to spend with youths who might help
them get into trouble.
What is Poverty?
Poverty is an economic state where people are experiencing scarcity or the lack of certain
commodities that are required for the lives of human beings like money and material
things. Therefore, poverty is a multifaceted concept inclusive of social, economic and
political elements.
Poverty is an economic state where people are experiencing scarcity or the lack of certain
commodities that are required for the lives of human beings like money and material
things. Therefore, poverty is a multifaceted concept inclusive of social, economic and
political elements.
On the basis of social, economical and political aspects, there are different ways to
identify the type of Poverty:
1. Absolute poverty.
2. Relative Poverty.
3. Situational Poverty.
4. Generational Poverty.
5. Rural Poverty.
6. Urban Poverty.
It was first introduced in 1990, the “dollar a day” poverty line measured absolute poverty
by the standards of the world's poorest countries. In October 2015, the World Bank reset
it to $1.90 a day. This number is controversial; therefore each nation has its own
threshold for absolute poverty line.
2. Relative Poverty: It is defined from the social perspective that is living standard
compared to the economic standards of population living in surroundings. Hence it is a
measure of income inequality. For example, a family can be considered poor if it cannot
afford vacations, or cannot buy presents for children at Christmas, or cannot send its
young to the university.
Usually, relative poverty is measured as the percentage of the population with income
less than some fixed proportion of median income.
“Occurs in families where at least two generations have been born into poverty.
Families living in this type of poverty are not equipped with the tools to move out of their
situation” (Jensen, 2009).
5. Rural Poverty: It occurs in rural areas with population below 50,000. It is the area
where there are less job opportunities, less access to services, less support for disabilities
and quality education opportunities. People are tending to live mostly on the farming and
other menial work available to the surroundings.
The rural poverty rate is growing and has exceeded the urban rate every year since data
collection began in the 1960s. The difference between the two poverty rates has averaged
about 5 percent for the last 30 years, with urban rates near 10–15 percent and rural rates
near 15–20 percent (Jolliffe, 2004).
6. Urban Poverty: It occurs in the metropolitan areas with population over 50,000.
These are some major challenges faced by the Urban Poor:
• Limited access to health and education.
• Inadequate housing and services.
• Violent and unhealthy environment because of overcrowding.
• Little or no social protection mechanism.
Keeping the multiple dimensions of poverty at the heart of development
Impressive gains in reducing extreme poverty have been made at the global
level, but the world is still far from ending poverty.
Many people who have escaped poverty as defined by Millennium
Development Goal 1a are still poor according to different thresholds of income
poverty, or when measuring poverty according to its many other dimensions.
The MDGs’ focus on global progress also masks uneven progress across and
within countries, localities and population groups.
Uneven progress reflects a fundamental weakness in current approaches to
measuring poverty, influencing the targets chosen and the policies adopted. The
goals framework which replaces the MDGs should get these approaches right if
it is to meet the urgent challenge of ending poverty in all its dimensions.
A wide range of policies beyond those focused on growth will be essential to
redistribute resources, devise and implement targeted approaches to reduce
poverty and inequality and to increase resilience.
The future goals framework should: promote inclusive and sustainable
economies that improve well-being and enable all, including the poorest, to
participate in and benefit from economic growth; include a goal of reducing
income inequality; and a set of indicators of inequality across the various goals;
include multidimensional measures of poverty; be global, but recognise
national realities; and integrate poverty and environment objectives.
The OECD is developing a range of measures and indices for measuring the
multiple, non-income dimensions of poverty, from well-being, to gender and
social cohesion. These could be considered in defining the new development
goals beyond 2015.
This is the traditional approach, which most people and experts hold (even if they don’t
know they do). It basically defines poverty as the lack of material resources, i.e. income.
That is, people are poor if they don’t have money.
Capability approach
The Capability approach, proposed by novel prize laureate Amartya Sen, goes beyond the
materialistic understanding of poverty of the monetary approach. It notes that material
resources are not enough to guarantee well-being since their presence doesn’t entail their
enjoyment. As we mentioned before, a rich person with a disease might not be able to
enjoy his wealth. He may actually be greatly deprived, or, in other words, be poor.
Considering this, the capability approach defines poverty as the lack of opportunities to
enjoy the kind of lives people value. The approach calls this opportunities “capabilities, ”
and gets its name from this concept.
Social Exclusion
The Social Exclusion approach also notes the narrowness of the monetary approach, but
focuses on the processes of marginalization to specific groups. For example, some people
may have good jobs, but if they are marginalized by the majority because of their
race/religion/ethnicity/etc., then they cannot be said to have a good life. According to this
approach, a person may be suffering poverty if he or she is being excluded by other
members of society.
Participatory approaches
Participatory approaches do not bother to ask the experts what poverty is. Rather, they
seek to understand poverty from the perspective of the poor. They gather the testimonies
of greatly deprived people on what poverty is. Based on these testimonies, they note
common themes and propose a broad conception of poverty which includes many
dimensions.
Philippines Causes of Poverty
From one perspective, poverty is a function of total output of an economy relative to its
population--GNP per capita--and the distribution of that income among families. In the
World Bank's World Development Report, 1990, the Philippines were ranked at the lower
end of the grouping of lower middle-income economies. Given its relative position, the
country should be able to limit the extent of poverty with a reasonably equitable sharing
of the nation's income. In fact, the actual distribution of income was highly skewed.
Although considerable underreporting was thought to occur among upper-income
families, and incorrect reporting from lack of information was common, particularly with
respect to noncash income, the data were adequate to provide a broad overview.
In 1988 the most affluent 20 percent of families in the Philippines received more than 50
percent of total personal income, with most going to the top 10 percent. Below the richest
10 percent of the population, the share accruing to each decile diminished rather
gradually. A 1988 World Bank poverty report suggested that there had been a small shift
toward a more equal distribution of income since 1961. The beneficiaries appear to have
been middle-income earners, however, rather than the poor.
The World Bank report concluded, and many economists associated with the Philippines
concurred, that the country's high population growth rate was a major cause of the
widespread poverty, particularly in the rural areas. Implementation of a government-
sponsored family-planning program, however, was thwarted by stiff opposition from the
hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church. Church pronouncements in the late 1980s and
early 1990s focused on injustice, graft and corruption, and mismanagement of resources
as the fundamental causes of Philippine underdevelopment. These issues were in turn
linked to the concentration of control of economic resources and the structure of the
economy. Land ownership was highly unequal, but land reform initiatives had made little
progress.
In urban areas also, the extent of poverty was related to the concentrated control of
wealth. Considerable portions of both industry and finance were highly monopolized.
Access to finance was severely limited to those who already possessed resources. The
most profitable investment opportunities were often in areas in which tariff or other forms
of government protection ensured high profits but did not necessarily result in rapidly
expanding employment opportunities. In her election campaign President Aquino pledged
to destroy the monopolies and structures of privilege aggravated by the Marcos regime.
She looked to the private sector to revitalize the economy, create jobs for the masses of
Filipinos, and lead the society to a higher standard of living. The state-protected
monopolies were dismantled, but not the monopoly structure of the Philippine economy
that existed long before Marcos assumed power. In their privileged positions, the
business elite did not live up to the President's expectations. As a consequence,
unemployment and, more importantly for the issue of poverty, underemployment
remained widespread.
III. REFLECTION/RESPONSE
ACTION
Imagine the current situation of the Philippines. Widen your imagination and create a
poster regarding the poverty here in our country and place it in a 1/8 size cardboard.
(50pts) Goodluck!
Activity 3. Essay
After making your poster, now explain and describe the message of your drawing.
(Please refer to Annex B for the answer sheets.) (50pts.)
IV. SUMMATIVE
ASSESSMENT
Activity 4. List down the possible roots of poverty using this graphic organizer. ( Please
refer Annex C for the Answer sheets)
POVERTY
V. FEEDBACK
Vision:
A center of excellence
in instruction, research,
extension and
production directed
ANNEX A
towards global and
sustainable human
development.
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Republic of the Philippines
BASILAN STATE COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
Main Campus Sumagdang, Isabela City, Basilan
Vision:
A center of excellence
in instruction, research,
extension and
ANNEX B
production directed
towards global and
sustainable human
development.
Activity 3. Essay
After making your poster, now explain and describe the message of your drawing.
Mission: (Please refer to Annex B for the answer sheets.) (50pts.)
Basilan State College shall
provide quality human
resources equipped with ___________________________________________________
adequate knowledge, skills, Title
and attitude in
technological, vocational
and professional fields of
instruction, research,
extension, and production ______________________________________________________________________________
to improve the quality of
life of its clientele. ______________________________________________________________________________
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Republic of the Philippines
BASILAN STATE COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
Main Campus Sumagdang, Isabela City, Basilan
Vision:
A center of excellence
in instruction, research,
extension and
production directed
ANNEX C
towards global and
sustainable human
development.
Activity 4. List down the possible roots of poverty using this graphic organizer.
(Please refer Annex C for the Answer sheets)
Mission:
Basilan State College shall
provide quality human
resources equipped with
adequate knowledge, skills,
and attitude in
technological, vocational
and professional fields of
instruction, research,
extension, and production
to improve the quality of
life of its clientele.
POVERTY
Republic of the Philippines
BASILAN STATE COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
Main Campus Sumagdang, Isabela City, Basilan
Vision:
A center of excellence
in instruction, research,
extension and
ANNEX D
production directed
towards global and
sustainable human
development.
Mission:
Basilan State College shall
provide quality human
resources equipped with
adequate knowledge, skills,
and attitude in
technological, vocational
and professional fields of
instruction, research,
extension, and production
to improve the quality of
life of its clientele.