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    PDF 20221227 154024 0000

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    This document is a physics investigatory project report on a light dependent resistor (LDR). [1] It introduces the motivation to automatically control street lights using an LDR circuit. [2] The aim is to study how the current flowing in an LDR circuit varies with changes to the power and distance of an incandescent light source. [3] The document describes the components, principle, applications and procedure of the experiment. Observations of resistance and current measurements with varying light source power and distance are presented in a table.

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    PDF 20221227 154024 0000

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    This document is a physics investigatory project report on a light dependent resistor (LDR). [1] It introduces the motivation to automatically control street lights using an LDR circuit. [2] The aim is to study how the current flowing in an LDR circuit varies with changes to the power and distance of an incandescent light source. [3] The document describes the components, principle, applications and procedure of the experiment. Observations of resistance and current measurements with varying light source power and distance are presented in a table.

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    This document is a physics investigatory project report on a light dependent resistor (LDR). [1] It introduces the motivation to automatically control street lights using an LDR circuit. [2] The aim is to study how the current flowing in an LDR circuit varies with changes to the power and distance of an incandescent light source. [3] The document describes the components, principle, applications and procedure of the experiment. Observations of resistance and current measurements with varying light source power and distance are presented in a table.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    50 views14 pages

    PDF 20221227 154024 0000

    Uploaded by

    Pulkitisthatyou
    This document is a physics investigatory project report on a light dependent resistor (LDR). [1] It introduces the motivation to automatically control street lights using an LDR circuit. [2] The aim is to study how the current flowing in an LDR circuit varies with changes to the power and distance of an incandescent light source. [3] The document describes the components, principle, applications and procedure of the experiment. Observations of resistance and current measurements with varying light source power and distance are presented in a table.

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    You are on page 1of 14

    Physics Investigatory

    11/25/2016
    EMERALD INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

    PHYSICS PROJECT

    LIGHT DEPENDENT
    RESISTOR

    SUBMITTED BY -Sushant
    Class -XII (MEDICAL)
    SUBMITTED TO -MR.Narender
    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
    I would like to express my special
    thanks of gratitude to my teacher
    (Mr.Narender) as well as our
    principal (Mrs.Manisha Gulati)
    who gave me the golden
    opportunity to do this
    wonderful project on the topic
    (LDR), which also helped me in
    doing a lot of Research and i
    came to know about so many
    new things I am really thankful to
    them.
    Secondly I would also like to
    thank my parents and friends
    who helped me a lot in finalizing
    this project within the limited
    time frame.
    Page 3 of 23

    Certificate
    This is to certify that Sushantt of
    class XII A has successfully
    completed the investigatory
    project on “TO STUDY
    VARIATION OF CURRENT
    USING A LDR" under the
    guidance of Mr Narender singh
    .This project is absolutely
    genuine and doesn't not involve
    in any kind of plagiarism.
    INDEX

    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
    BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

    1.INTRODUCTION

    2.AIM & APPARATUS

    3.PHOTORESISTOR DISCOVERY
    AND MECHANISM

    4.PRINCIPLE & THEORY

    5.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF
    COMPONENTS

    6.APPLICATIONS

    7.PROCEDURE

    8.OBSERVATIONS

    9.RESULT & CONCLUSIONS

    10.BIBLOGRAPHY
    LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTANCE
    Project Report Physics

    INTRODUCTION
    In the society, sometimes street lights glow in day
    time due to any reason. In mines area people face
    many difficulties due to absence of light in the
    nights. In frontier and hilly areas, people face many
    problems due to damaged street lights.
    For solve above these problems, we create a
    device in which the lights glow in night and in
    day time, they off automatically and don't glow.
    Due to use of it, we can solve above problems
    and can also save electricity and men's power.

    AIM: To study the variations, in current


    flowing
    in a circuit containing a LDR, because of
    a variation:-
    (a) In the power of the incandescent lamp, used
    to ‘illuminate’ the LDR. (Keeping all the lamps at
    a fixed distance).
    (b) In the distance of a incandescent lamp, (of
    fixed power), used to ‘illuminate’ the LDR.
    PRINCIPLE

    This project is based on Light Dependent Resistance
    (L.D.R.). Light Dependent Resistance [LDR] is a
    resistance, in which opposing power of current
    depends on the presence of quantity of light present,
    i.e. the resistance of LDR increases or decreases,

    according to quantity of light which falls on it.

    If LDR places in darkness, the resistance of LDR


    increases and when light falls on it, the resistance of
    LDR decreases and act as a conductor. Any LDR in the
    presence of light and darkness changes its resistance is
    depends on the different types of LDR.
    ADVANTAGES
     Collection of parts of the circuit are easily available.
     Accuracy of this circuit is more than accuracy of other
    circuits.
     By using laser, it can be used for security purposes.
     It can be used to stop the wastage of electricity.
     The cost of circuit is low.
     This circuit saves the men's power.

    USES
     It can be used in street lights.
     It can be used in mines areas.
     It can be used in hilly areas.
     By using laser, it can be used for safety purposes.
     It can be used in frontier areas.
     It can be used in houses.
     It can be used in jail lights.

    BRIEF DISCRIPTION OF COM PONENTS 1.


    TRANSISTOR:- When a thin slice of p-type is sandwiched
    between two blocks of n-type, then n-p-n transistor is formed. It
    consists of emitter, base, and collector. In the project, common
    emitter n-p-n transistor ( BC-147 & SL-100) is used.
    2. DIODE:- When a p-type and n-type semiconductors are joined a
    diode is formed. It conducts when forward biased and does not
    conduct when reverse biased. In the project, IN-4007diode is used.
    Page 10 of 23

    3. RELAY:- It helps to contact and discontact. In the project, we use


    relay of 6 ohms.
    4. CARBON RESISTOR:- A carbon resistor has generally four rings
    or bands A,B,C and D of different colours corresponding to the value
    of resistance. In project, we use carbon resistance of 220 kilo-ohms,
    1.5 kilo-ohms and 820 ohms.
    5. LDR:- LDR means light dependent resistance which is used to
    complete the circuit.
    6. TRANSFORMER:- Transformer is
    used to convert low alternating voltagePhotoresistor
    to high alternating voltage by
    decreasing the current and vice-versa.
    We use a transformer of 6-0-6V for the
    circuit.
    7. CAPACITOR :- Capacitor is used to
    block DC. In the circuit, we use the
    capacitor of 220mfd and 1000mfd.
    8.BULB:- An electric bulb is connected
    to the circuit when LDR comes in the
    darkness. The symbol for a
    photoresistor
    9.PHOTORESISTOR-
    A photoresistor (or
    dependent , ,
    or photocell) is a light-controlled
    variable resistor. The resistance of a
    photoresistor decreases with
    increasing incident light intensity; in
    other words, it exhibits photoconductivity. A photoresistor can
    be applied in light-sensitive detector circuits, and light- and
    dark-activated switching circuits.
    A photoresistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor. In
    the dark, a photoresistor can have a resistance as high as
    several megohms (MΩ), while in the light, a photoresistor can
    have a resistance as low as a few hundred ohms. If incident
    light on a photoresistor exceeds a
    certain frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give
    bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction
    band. The resulting free electrons (and their hole partners)
    conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance. The resistance
    range and sensitivity of a photoresistor can substantially differ
    among dissimilar devices. Moreover, unique photoresistors may
    react substantially differently to photons within certain
    wavelength bands.
    A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. An
    intrinsic semiconductor has its own charge carriers and is
    not an efficient semiconductor, for example, silicon. In
    intrinsic devices the only available electrons are in the
    valence band, and hence the photon must have enough
    energy to excite the electron across the entire band gap.
    Extrinsic devices have impurities, also called dopants, added
    whose ground state energy is closer to the conduction band;
    since the electrons do not have as far to jump, lower energy
    photons (that is, longer wavelengths and lower frequencies)
    are sufficient to trigger the device. If a sample of silicon has
    some of its atoms replaced by phosphorus atoms
    (impurities), there will be extra electrons available for
    conduction. This is an example of an extrinsic
    semiconductor.
    Applications

    The internal components of a photoelectric control for a typical


    American streetlight. The photoresistor is facing rightwards,
    and controls whether current flows through the heater which
    opens the main power contacts. At night, the heater cools,
    closing the power contacts, energizing the street light.
    Photoresistors come in many types. Inexpensive cadmium
    sulphide cells can be found in many consumer items such as
    camera light meters, clock radios, alarm devices (as the
    detector for a light beam), nightlights, outdoor clocks, solar
    street lamps and solar road studs, etc.
    Photoresistors can be placed in streetlights to control when the
    light is on. Ambient light falling on the photoresistor causes the
    streetlight to turn off. Thus energy is saved by ensuring the light
    is only on during hours of darkness.
    They are also used in some dynamic compressors together with
    a small incandescent or neon lamp, or light-emitting diode to
    control gain reduction. A common usage of this application can
    be found in many guitar amplifiers that incorporate an onboard
    tremolo effect, as the oscillating light patterns control the level
    of signal running through the amp circuit.
    The use of CdS and CdSe [3 ] photoresistors is severely
    restricted
    in Europe due to the RoHS ban on cadmium.
    Lead sulphide (PbS) and indium antimonide (InSb) LDRs (light-
    dependent resistors) are used for the mid-infrared spectral
    region. Ge:Cu photoconductors are among the best far-
    infrared detectors available, and are used for infrared
    astronomy and infrared spectroscopy.

    PROCEDURE
    1.Choose a specific position for the source
    and mount it using a holder,
    make sure it is stable.
    2.Select the bulb with the lowest power
    rating and connect it to the
    holder as shown in the figure.
    3.Connect the LDR, battery (6V) and
    the multimeter in series.
    4.Set the multimeter to ohm section and
    select suitable range and measure
    the resistance with a bulb on.
    5.Similarly switch to current section and
    move to micro ampere in the
    Page 14 of 23

    OBSERVATIONS :-
    The experiment has been conducted by using various sources with
    different power ratings. Voltage of the battery = 6 V.

    OBSERVATIONS TABLE :-
    (a)Variation in current of LDR with lamps of different power,
    keeping distance fixed.
    FOR 15 W POWER SOURCE

    Distance between
    S.No. LDR and theResistance(Ω ) source Current(µA)
    d(cm)
    1. 41010 5.94
    2. 61350 4.44
    3. 81490 4.03
    4. 101610 3.73
    5. 121740 3.45
    6. 141880 3.19
    7. 162300 2.61
    8. 182540 2.36
    9. 202800 2.14
    10. 223000 2.00


    11. 243240 1.85


    CONCLUSION & RESULT
    1.The LDR resistance decreases with increase in intensity of light
    and hence there is an increase in the flow of current.
    2.There is an increase in the current as the distance from the
    source decreases.
    3.The intensity decreases as the distance from the source
    increases
    4.The error lies within the experimental limit.

    SOURCES OF ERROR
    1.The LDR may not be perpendicular to the source.
    2.Connections may be faulty.
    3.The experiment should be conducted in a dark room.
    4.Measurements should be taken accurately.

    Bibliography
    1.NCERT CLASS 12 PHYSICS TEXTBOOK 2.
    www.google.co.in
    3. www.wikipedia.com
    4. www.yahoo.co.in

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